text:
Network Working Group C. Huitema
Request for Comments: 3904 Microsoft
Category: Informational R. Austein
S. Satapati
R. van der Pol
NLnet Labs
Evaluation of IPv6 Transition Mechanisms for Unmanaged Networks
This document analyzes issues involved in the transition of
"unmanaged networks" from IPv4 to IPv6. Unmanaged networks typically
correspond to home networks or small office networks. A companion
paper analyzes out the requirements for mechanisms needed in various
transition scenarios of these networks to IPv6. Starting from this
analysis, we evaluate the suitability of mechanisms that have already
been specified, proposed, or deployed.
1. Introduction ................................................. 2
2. Evaluation of Tunneling Solutions ............................ 3
2.1. Comparing Automatic and Configured Solutions ........... 3
2.1.1. Path Optimization in Automatic Tunnels ......... 4
2.1.2. Automatic Tunnels and Relays ................... 4
2.1.3. The Risk of Several Parallel IPv6 Internets .... 5
2.1.4. Lifespan of Transition Technologies ............ 6
2.2. Cost and Benefits of NAT Traversal ..................... 6
2.2.1. Cost of NAT Traversal .......................... 7
2.2.2. Types of NAT ................................... 7
2.2.3. Reuse of Existing Mechanisms ................... 8
2.3. Development of Transition Mechanisms ................... 8
Huitema, et al. Informational [Page 1]
RFC 3904 Unmanaged Networks Transition Tools September 2004
3. Meeting Case A Requirements .................................. 9
3.1. Evaluation of Connectivity Mechanisms .................. 9
3.2. Security Considerations in Case A ...................... 9
4. Meeting case B Requirements .................................. 10
4.1. Connectivity ........................................... 10
4.1.1. Extending a Subnet to Span Multiple Links ...... 10
4.1.2. Explicit Prefix Delegation ..................... 11
4.1.3. Recommendation ................................. 11
4.2. Communication Between IPv4-only and IPv6-Capable Nodes . 11
4.3. Resolution of Names to IPv6 Addresses .................. 12
4.3.1. Provisioning the Address of a DNS Resolver ..... 12
4.3.2. Publishing IPv6 Addresses to the Internet ...... 12
4.3.3. Resolving the IPv6 Addresses of Local Hosts .... 13
4.3.4. Recommendations for Name Resolution ............ 13
4.4. Security Considerations in Case B ...................... 14
5. Meeting Case C Requirements .................................. 14
6. Meeting the Case D Requirements .............................. 14
6.1. IPv6 Addressing Requirements ........................... 15
6.2. IPv4 Connectivity Requirements ........................ 15
6.3. Naming Requirements .................................... 15
7. Recommendations .............................................. 15
8. Security Considerations ...................................... 16
9. Acknowledgements ............................................. 16
10. References ................................................... 16
11. Authors' Addresses ........................................... 18
12. Full Copyright Statement ..................................... 19
This document analyzes the issues involved in the transition from
IPv4 to IPv6 [IPV6]. In a companion paper [UNMANREQ] we defined the
"unmanaged networks", which typically correspond to home networks or
small office networks, and the requirements for transition mechanisms
in various scenarios of transition to IPv6.
The requirements for unmanaged networks are expressed by analyzing
four classes of applications: local, client, peer to peer, and
servers, and are considering four cases of deployment. These are:
A) a gateway which does not provide IPv6 at all;
B) a dual-stack gateway connected to a dual-stack ISP;
C) a dual-stack gateway connected to an IPv4-only ISP; and
D) a gateway connected to an IPv6-only ISP.
During the transition phase from IPv4 to IPv6 there will be IPv4-
only, dual-stack, or IPv6-only nodes. In this document, we make the
hypothesis that the IPv6-only nodes do not need to communicate with
IPv4-only nodes; devices that want to communicate with both IPv4 and
IPv6 nodes are expected to implement both IPv4 and IPv6, i.e., be
dual-stack.
The issues involved are described in the next sections. This
analysis outlines two types of requirements: connectivity
requirements, i.e., how to ensure that nodes can exchange IP packets,
and naming requirements, i.e., how to ensure that nodes can resolve
each-other's names. The connectivity requirements often require
tunneling solutions. We devote the first section of this memo to an
evaluation of various tunneling solutions.
2. Evaluation of Tunneling Solutions
In the case A and case C scenarios described in [UNMANREQ], the
unmanaged network cannot obtain IPv6 service, at least natively, from
its ISP. In these cases, the IPv6 service will have to be provided
through some form of tunnel. There have been multiple proposals on
different ways to tunnel IPv6 through an IPv4 service. We believe
that these proposals can be categorized according to two important
* Is the deployment automatic, or does it require explicit
configuration or service provisioning?
* Does the proposal allow for the traversal of a NAT?
These two questions divide the solution space into four broad
classes. Each of these classes has specific advantages and risks,
which we will now develop.
2.1. Comparing Automatic and Configured Solutions
It is possible to broadly classify tunneling solutions as either
"automatic" or "configured". In an automatic solution, a host or a
router builds an IPv6 address or an IPv6 prefix by combining a pre-
defined prefix with some local attribute, such as a local IPv4
address [6TO4] or the combination of an address and a port number
[TEREDO]. Another typical and very important characteristic of an
automatic solution is they aim to work with a minimal amount of
support or infrastructure for IPv6 in the local or remote ISPs.
In a configured solution, a host or a router identifies itself to a
tunneling service to set up a "configured tunnel" with an explicitly
defined "tunnel router". The amount of actual configuration may vary
from manually configured static tunnels to dynamic tunnel services
requiring only the configuration of a "tunnel broker", or even a
completely automatic discovery of the tunnel router.
Configured tunnels have many advantages over automatic tunnels. The
client is explicitly identified and can obtain a stable IPv6 address.
The service provider is also well identified and can be held
responsible for the quality of the service. It is possible to route
multicast packets over the established tunnel. There is a clear
address delegation path, which enables easy support for reverse DNS
lookups.
Automatic tunnels generally cannot provide the same level of service.
The IPv6 address is only as stable as the underlying IPv4 address,
the quality of service depends on relays operated by third parties,
there is typically no support for multicast, and there is often no
easy way to support reverse DNS lookups (although some workarounds
are probably possible). However, automatic tunnels have other
advantages. They are obviously easier to configure, since there is
no need for an explicit relation with a tunnel service. They may
also be more efficient in some cases, as they allow for "path
optimization".
2.1.1. Path Optimization in Automatic Tunnels
In automatic tunnels like [TEREDO] and [6TO4], the bulk of the
traffic between two nodes using the same technology is exchanged on a
direct path between the endpoints, using the IPv4 services to which
the endpoints already subscribe. By contrast, the configured tunnel
servers carry all the traffic exchanged by the tunnel client.
Path optimization is not a big issue if the tunnel server is close to
the client on the natural path between the client and its peers.
However, if the tunnel server is operated by a third party, this
third party will have to bear the cost of provisioning the bandwidth
used by the client. The associated costs can be significant.
These costs are largely absent when the tunnels are configured by the
same ISP that provides the IPv4 service. The ISP can place the
tunnel end-points close to the client, i.e., mostly on the direct
path between the client and its peers.
2.1.2. Automatic Tunnels and Relays
The economics arguments related to path optimization favor either
configured tunnels provided by the local ISP or automatic tunneling
regardless of the co-operation of ISPs. However, automatic solutions
require that relays be configured throughout the Internet. If a host
that obtained connectivity through an automatic tunnel service wants
to communicate with a "native" host or with a host using a configured
tunnel, it will need to use a relay service, and someone will have to
provide and pay for that service. We cannot escape economic
considerations for the deployment of these relays.
It is desirable to locate these relays close to the "native host".
During the transition period, the native ISPs have an interest in
providing a relay service for use by their native subscribers. Their
subscribers will enjoy better connectivity, and will therefore be
happier. Providing the service does not result in much extra
bandwidth requirement: the packets are exchanged between the local
subscribers and the Internet; they are simply using a v6-v4 path
instead of a v6-v6 path. (The native ISPs do not have an incentive
to provide relays for general use; they are expected to restrict
access to these relays to their customers.)
We should note however that different automatic tunneling techniques
have different deployment conditions.
2.1.3. The Risk of Several Parallel IPv6 Internets
In an early deployment of the Teredo service by Microsoft, the relays
are provided by the native (or 6to4) hosts themselves. The native or
6to4 hosts are de-facto "multi-homed" to native and Teredo hosts,
although they never publish a Teredo address in the DNS or otherwise.
When a native host communicates with a Teredo host, the first packets
are exchanged through the native interface and relayed by the Teredo
server, while the subsequent packets are tunneled "end-to-end" over
IPv4 and UDP. This enables deployment of Teredo without having to
field an infrastructure of relays in the network.
This type of solution carries the implicit risk of developing two
parallel IPv6 Internets, one native and one using Teredo: in order to
communicate with a Teredo-only host, a native IPv6 host has to
implement a Teredo interface. The Teredo implementations try to
mitigate this risk by always preferring native paths when available,
but a true mitigation requires that native hosts do not have to
implement the transition technology. This requires cooperation from
the IPv6 ISP, who will have to support the relays. An IPv6 ISP that
really wants to isolate its customers from the Teredo technology can
do that by providing native connectivity and a Teredo relay. The
ISP's customers will not need to implement their own relay.
Communication between 6to4 networks and native networks uses a
different structure. There are two relays, one for each direction of
communication. The native host sends its packets through the nearest
6to4 router, i.e., the closest router advertising the 2002::/16
prefix through the IPv6 routing tables; the 6to4 network sends its
packet through a 6to4 relay that is either explicitly configured or
discovered through the 6to4 anycast address 192.88.99.1
[6TO4ANYCAST]. The experience so far is that simple 6to4 routers are
easy to deploy, but 6to4 relays are scarce. If there are too few
relays, these relays will create a bottleneck. The communications
between 6to4 and native networks will be slower than the direct
communications between 6to4 hosts. This will create an incentive for
native hosts to somehow "multi-home" to 6to4, de facto creating two
parallel Internets, 6to4 and native. This risk will only be
mitigated if there is a sufficient deployment of 6to4 relays.
The configured tunnel solutions do not carry this type of risk.
2.1.4. Lifespan of Transition Technologies
A related issue is the lifespan of the transition solutions. Since
automatic tunneling technologies enable an automatic deployment,
there is a risk that some hosts never migrate out of the transition.
The risk is arguably less for explicit tunnels: the ISPs who provide
the tunnels have an incentive to replace them with a native solution
Many implementations of automatic transition technologies incorporate
an "implicit sunset" mechanism: the hosts will not configure a
transition technology address if they have native connectivity; the
address selection mechanisms will prefer native addresses when
available. The transition technologies will stop being used
eventually, when native connectivity has been deployed everywhere.
However, the "implicit sunset" mechanism does not provide any hard
guarantee that transition will be complete at a certain date.
Yet, the support of transition technologies has a cost for the entire
network: native IPv6 ISPS have to support relays in order to provide
good performance and avoid the "parallel Internet" syndrome. These
costs may be acceptable during an initial deployment phase, but they
can certainly not be supported for an indefinite period. The
"implicit sunset" mechanisms may not be sufficient to guarantee a
finite lifespan of the transition.
2.2. Cost and Benefits of NAT Traversal
During the transition, some hosts will be located behind IPv4 NATs.
In order to participate in the transition, these hosts will have to
use a tunneling mechanism designed to traverse NAT.
We may ask whether NAT traversal should be a generic property of any
transition technology, or whether it makes sense to develop two types
of technologies, some "NAT capable" and some not. An important
question is also which kinds of NAT boxes one should be able to
traverse. One should probably also consider whether it is necessary
to build an IPv6 specific NAT traversal mechanism, or whether it is
possible to combine an existing IPv4 NAT traversal mechanism with
some form of IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling. There are many IPv4 NAT
traversal mechanisms; thus one may ask whether these need re-
invention, especially when they are already complex.
A related question is whether the NAT traversal technology should use
automatic tunnels or configured tunnels. We saw in the previous
section that one can argue both sides of this issue. In fact, there
are already deployed automatic and configured solutions, so the
reality is that we will probably see both.
2.2.1. Cost of NAT Traversal
NAT traversal technologies generally involve encapsulating IPv6
packets inside a transport protocol that is known to traverse NAT,
such as UDP or TCP. These transport technologies require
significantly more overhead than the simple tunneling over IPv4 used
in 6to4 or in IPv6 in IPv4 tunnels. For example, solutions based on
UDP require the frequent transmission of "keep alive" packets to
maintain a "mapping" in the NAT; solutions based on TCP may not
require such a mechanism, but they incur the risk of "head of queue
blocking", which may translate in poor performance. Given the
difference in performance, it makes sense to consider two types of
transition technologies, some capable of traversing NAT and some
aiming at the best performance.
2.2.2. Types of NAT
There are many kinds of NAT on the market. Different models
implement different strategies for address and port allocations, and
different types of timers. It is desirable to find solutions that
cover "almost all" models of NAT.
A configured tunnel solution will generally make fewer hypotheses on
the behavior of the NAT than an automatic solution. The configured
solutions only need to establish a connection between an internal
node and a server; this communication pattern is supported by pretty
much all NAT configurations. The variability will come from the type
of transport protocols that the NAT supports, especially when the NAT
also implements "firewall" functions. Some models will allow
establishment of a single "protocol 41" tunnel, while some may
prevent this type of transmission. Some models will allow UDP
transmission, while other may only allow TCP, or possibly HTTP.
The automatic solutions have to rely on a "lowest common denominator"
that is likely to be accepted by most models of NAT. In practice,
this common denominator is UDP. UDP based NAT traversal is required
by many applications, e.g., networked games or voice over IP. The
experience shows that most recent "home routers" are designed to
support these applications. In some edge cases, the automatic
solutions will require explicit configuration of a port in the home
router, using the so-called "DMZ" functions; however, these functions
are hard to use in an "unmanaged network" scenario.
2.2.3. Reuse of Existing Mechanisms
NAT traversal is not a problem for IPv6 alone. Many IPv4
applications have developed solutions, or kludges, to enable
communication across a NAT.
Virtual Private Networks are established by installing tunnels
between VPN clients and VPN servers. These tunnels are designed
today to carry IPv4, but in many cases could easily carry IPv6. For
example, the proposed IETF standard, L2TP, includes a PPP layer that
can encapsulate IPv6 as well as IPv4. Several NAT models are
explicitly designed to pass VPN traffic, and several VPN solutions
have special provisions to traverse NAT. When we study the
establishment of configured tunnels through NAT, it makes a lot of
sense to consider existing VPN solutions.
[STUN] is a protocol designed to facilitate the establishment of UDP
associations through NAT, by letting nodes behind NAT discover their
"external" address. The same function is required for automatic
tunneling through NAT, and one could consider reusing the STUN
specification as part of an automatic tunneling solution. However,
the automatic solutions also require a mechanism of bubbles to
establish the initial path through a NAT. This mechanism is not
present in STUN. It is not clear that a combination of STUN and a
bubble mechanism would have a technical advantage over a solution
specifically designed for automatic tunneling through NAT.
2.3. Development of Transition Mechanisms
The previous sections make the case for the development of four
transition mechanism, covering the following 4 configurations:
- Configured tunnel over IPv4 in the absence of NAT;
- Automatic tunnel over IPv4 in the absence of NAT;
- Configured tunnel across a NAT;
- Automatic tunnel across a NAT.
Teredo is an example of an already designed solution for automatic
tunnels across a NAT; 6to4 is an example of a solution for automatic
tunnels over IPv4 in the absence of NAT.
All solutions should be designed to meet generic requirements such as
security, scalability, support for reverse name lookup, or simple
management. In particular, automatic tunneling solutions may need to
be augmented with a special purpose reverse DNS lookup mechanism,
while configured tunnel solutions would benefit from an automatic
service configuration mechanism.
3. Meeting Case A Requirements
In case A, isolated hosts need to acquire some form of connectivity.
In this section, we first evaluate how mechanisms already defined or
being worked on in the IETF meet this requirement. We then consider
the "remaining holes" and recommend specific developments.
3.1. Evaluation of Connectivity Mechanisms
In case A, IPv6 capable hosts seek IPv6 connectivity in order to
communicate with applications in the global IPv6 Internet. The
connectivity requirement can be met using either configured tunnels
or automatic tunnels.
If the host is located behind a NAT, the tunneling technology should
be designed to traverse NAT; tunneling technologies that do not
support NAT traversal can obviously be used if the host is not
located behind a NAT.
When the local ISP is willing to provide a configured tunnel
solution, we should make it easy for the host in case A to use it.
The requirements for such a service will be presented in another
An automatic solution like Teredo appears to be a good fit for
providing IPv6 connectivity to hosts behind NAT, in case A of IPv6
deployment. The service is designed for minimizing the cost of
deploying the server, which matches the requirement of minimizing the
cost of the "supporting infrastructure".
3.2. Security Considerations in Case A
A characteristic of case A is that an isolated host acquires global
IPv6 connectivity, using either Teredo or an alternative tunneling
mechanism. If no precaution is taken, there is a risk of exposing to
the global Internet some applications and services that are only
expected to serve local hosts, e.g., those located behind the NAT
when a NAT is present. Developers and administrators should make
sure that the global IPv6 connectivity is restricted to only those
applications that are expressly designed for global Internet
connectivity. The users should be able to configure which
applications get IPv6 connectivity to the Internet and which should
Any solution to the NAT traversal problem is likely to involve
relays. There are concerns that improperly designed protocols or
improperly managed relays could open new avenues for attacks against
Internet services. This issue should be addressed and mitigated in
the design of the NAT traversal protocols and in the deployment
guides for relays.
4. Meeting Case B Requirements
In case B, we assume that the gateway and the ISP are both dual-
stack. The hosts on the local network may be IPv4-only, dual-stack,
or IPv6-only. The main requirements are: prefix delegation and name
resolution. We also study the potential need for communication
between IPv4 and IPv6 hosts, and conclude that a dual-stack approach
is preferable.
4.1. Connectivity
The gateway must be able to acquire an IPv6 prefix, delegated by the
ISP. This can be done through explicit prefix delegation (e.g.,
[DHCPV6, PREFIXDHCPV6]), or if the ISP is advertising a /64 prefix on
the link, such a link can be extended by the use of an ND proxy or a
bridge.
An ND proxy can also be used to extend a /64 prefix to multiple
physical links of different properties (e.g., an Ethernet and a PPP
link).
4.1.1. Extending a Subnet to Span Multiple Links
A /64 subnet can be extended to span multiple physical links using a
bridge or ND proxy. Bridges can be used when bridging multiple
similar media (mainly, Ethernet segments). On the other hand, an ND
proxy must be used if a /64 prefix has to be shared across media
(e.g., an upstream PPP link and a downstream Ethernet), or if an
interface cannot be put into promiscuous mode (e.g., an upstream
wireless link).
Extending a single subnet to span from the ISP to all of the
unmanaged network is not recommended, and prefix delegation should be
used when available. However, sometimes it is unavoidable. In
Huitema, et al. Informational [Page 10]
addition, sometimes it's necessary to extend a subnet in the
unmanaged network, at the "customer-side" of the gateway, and
changing the topology using routing might require too much expertise.
The ND proxy method results in the sharing of the same prefix over
several links, a procedure generally known as "multi-link subnet".
This sharing has effects on neighbor discovery protocols, and
possibly also on other protocols such as LLMNR [LLMNR] that rely on
"link local multicast". These effects need to be carefully studied.
4.1.2. Explicit Prefix Delegation
Several networks have already started using an explicit prefix
delegation mechanism using DHCPv6. In this mechanism, the gateway
uses a DHCP request to obtain an adequate prefix from a DHCP server
managed by the Internet Service Provider. The DHCP request is
expected to carry proper identification of the gateway, which enables
the ISP to implement prefix delegation policies. It is expected that
the ISP assigns a /48 to the customer. The gateway should
automatically assign /64s out of this /48 to its internal links.
DHCP is insecure unless authentication is used. This may be a
particular problem if the link between gateway and ISP is shared by
multiple subscribers. DHCP specification includes authentication
options, but the operational procedures for managing the keys and
methods for sharing the required information between the customer and
the ISP are unclear. To be secure in such an environment in
practice, the practical details of managing the DHCP authentication
need to be analyzed.
4.1.3. Recommendation
The ND proxy and DHCP methods appear to have complementary domains of
application. ND proxy is a simple method that corresponds well to
the "informal sharing" of a link, while explicit delegation provides
strong administrative control. Both methods require development:
specify the interaction with neighbor discovery for ND proxy; provide
security guidelines for explicit delegation.
4.2. Communication Between IPv4-only and IPv6-capable Nodes
During the transition phase from IPv4 to IPv6, there will be IPv4-
only, dual-stack, and IPv6-only nodes. In theory, there may be a
need to provide some interconnection services so that IPv4-only and
IPv6-only hosts can communicate. However, it is hard to develop a
translation service that does not have unwanted side effects on the
efficiency or the security of communications. As a consequence, the
authors recommend that, if a device requires communication with
IPv4-only hosts, this device implements an IPv4 stack. The only
devices that should have IPv6-only connectivity are those that are
intended to only communicate with IPv6 hosts.
4.3. Resolution of Names to IPv6 Addresses
There are three types of name resolution services that should be
provided in case B: local IPv6 capable hosts must be able to obtain
the IPv6 addresses of correspondent hosts on the Internet, they
should be able to publish their address if they want to be accessed
from the Internet, and they should be able to obtain the IPv6 address
of other local IPv6 hosts. These three problems are described in the
next sections. Operational considerations and issues with IPv6 DNS
are analyzed in [DNSOPV6].
4.3.1. Provisioning the Address of a DNS Resolver
In an unmanaged environment, IPv4 hosts usually obtain the address of
the local DNS resolver through DHCPv4; the DHCPv4 service is
generally provided by the gateway. The gateway will also use DHCPv4
to obtain the address of a suitable resolver from the local Internet
service provider.
The DHCPv4 solution will suffice in practice for the gateway and also
for the dual-stack hosts. There is evidence that DNS servers
accessed over IPv4 can serve arbitrary DNS records, including AAAA
Just using DHCPv4 will not be an adequate solution for IPv6-only
local hosts. The DHCP working group has defined how to use
(stateless) DHCPv6 to obtain the address of the DNS server
[DNSDHCPV6]. DHCPv6 and several other possibilities are being looked
at in the DNSOP Working Group.
4.3.2. Publishing IPv6 Addresses to the Internet
IPv6 capable hosts may be willing to provide services accessible from
the global Internet. They will thus need to publish their address in
a server that is publicly available. IPv4 hosts in unmanaged
networks have a similar problem today, which they solve using one of
three possible solutions:
* Manual configuration of a stable address in a DNS server;
* Dynamic configuration using the standard dynamic DNS protocol;
* Dynamic configuration using an ad hoc protocol.
Manual configuration of stable addresses is not satisfactory in an
unmanaged IPv6 network: the prefix allocated to the gateway may or
may not be stable, and in any case, copying long hexadecimal strings
through a manual procedure is error prone.
Dynamic configuration using the same type of ad hoc protocols that
are common today is indeed possible, but the IETF should encourage
the use of standard solutions based on Dynamic DNS (DDNS).
4.3.3. Resolving the IPv6 Addresses of Local Hosts
There are two possible ways of resolving the IPv6 addresses of local
hosts: one may either publish the IPv6 addresses in a DNS server for
the local domain, or one may use a peer-to-peer address resolution
protocol such as LLMNR.
When a DNS server is used, this server could in theory be located
anywhere on the Internet. There is however a very strong argument
for using a local server, which will remain reachable even if the
network connectivity is down.
The use of a local server requires that IPv6 capable hosts discover
this server, as explained in 4.3.1, and then that they use a protocol
such as DDNS to publish their IPv6 addresses to this server. In
practice, the DNS address discovered in 4.3.1 will often be the
address of the gateway itself, and the local server will thus be the
gateway.
An alternative to using a local server is LLMNR, which uses a
multicast mechanism to resolve DNS requests. LLMNR does not require
any service from the gateway, and also does not require that hosts
use DDNS. An important problem is that some networks only have
limited support for multicast transmission, for example, multicast
transmission on 802.11 network is error prone. However, unmanaged
networks also use multicast for neighbor discovery [NEIGHBOR]; the
requirements of ND and LLMNR are similar; if a link technology
supports use of ND, it can also enable use of LLMNR.
4.3.4. Recommendations for Name Resolution
The IETF should quickly provide a recommended procedure for
provisioning the DNS resolver in IPv6-only hosts.
The most plausible candidate for local name resolution appears to be
LLMNR; the IETF should quickly proceed to the standardization of that
4.4. Security Considerations in Case B
The case B solutions provide global IPv6 connectivity to the local
hosts. Removing the limit to connectivity imposed by NAT is both a
feature and a risk. Implementations should carefully limit global
IPv6 connectivity to only those applications that are specifically
designed to operate on the global Internet. Local applications, for
example, could be restricted to only use link-local addresses, or
addresses whose most significant bits match the prefix of the local
subnet, e.g., a prefix advertised as "on link" in a local router
advertisement. There is a debate as to whether such restrictions
should be "per-site" or "per-link", but this is not a serious issue
when an unmanaged network is composed of a single link.
5. Meeting Case C Requirements
Case C is very similar to case B, the difference being that the ISP
is not dual-stack. The gateway must thus use some form of tunneling
mechanism to obtain IPv6 connectivity, and an address prefix.
A simplified form of case B is a single host with a global IPv4
address, i.e., with a direct connection to the IPv4 Internet. This
host will be able to use the same tunneling mechanisms as a gateway.
Connectivity in case C requires some form of tunneling of IPv6 over
IPv4. The various tunneling solutions are discussed in section 2.
The requirements of case C can be solved by an automatic tunneling
mechanism such as 6to4 [6TO4]. An alternative may be the use of a
configured tunnels mechanism [TUNNELS], but as the local ISP is not
IPv6-enabled, this may not be feasible. The practical conclusion of
our analysis is that "upgraded gateways" will probably support the
6to4 technology, and will have an optional configuration option for
"configured tunnels".
The tunnel broker technology should be augmented to include support
for some form of automatic configuration.
Due to concerns with potential overload of public 6to4 relays, the
6to4 implementations should include a configuration option that
allows the user to take advantage of specific relays.
6. Meeting the Case D Requirements
In case D, the ISP only provides IPv6 services.
6.1. IPv6 Addressing Requirements
We expect IPv6 addressing in case D to proceed similarly to case B,
i.e., use either an ND proxy or explicit prefix delegation through
DHCPv6 to provision an IPv6 prefix on the gateway.
6.2. IPv4 Connectivity Requirements
Local IPv4 capable hosts may still want to access IPv4-only services.
The proper way to do this for dual-stack nodes in the unmanaged
network is to develop a form of "IPv4 over IPv6" tunneling. There
are no standardized solutions and the IETF has devoted very little
effort to this issue, although there is ongoing work with [DSTM] and
[TSP]. A solution needs to be standardized. The standardization
will have to cover configuration issues, i.e., how to provision the
IPv4 capable hosts with the address of the local IPv4 tunnel servers.
6.3. Naming Requirements
Naming requirements are similar to case B, with one difference: the
gateway cannot expect to use DHCPv4 to obtain the address of the DNS
resolver recommended by the ISP.
7. Recommendations
After a careful analysis of the possible solutions, we can list a set
of recommendations for the V6OPS working group:
1. To meet case A and case C requirements, we need to develop, or
continue to develop, four types of tunneling technologies:
automatic tunnels without NAT traversal such as [6TO4],
automatic tunnels with NAT traversal such as [TEREDO],
configured tunnels without NAT traversal such as [TUNNELS,
TSP], and configured tunnels with NAT traversal.
2. To facilitate the use of configured tunnels, we need a
standardized way for hosts or gateways to discover the tunnel
server or tunnel broker that may have been configured by the
local ISP.
3. To meet case B "informal prefix sharing" requirements, we would
need a standardized way to perform "ND proxy", possibly as part
of a "multi-link subnet" specification. (The explicit prefix
delegation can be accomplished through [PREFIXDHCPV6].)
4. To meet case B naming requirements, we need to proceed with the
standardization of LLMNR. (The provisioning of DNS parameters
can be accomplished through [DNSDHCPV6].)
5. To meet case D IPv4 connectivity requirement, we need to
standardize an IPv4 over IPv6 tunneling mechanism, as well as
the associated configuration services.
This memo describes the general requirements for transition
mechanisms. Specific security issues should be studied and addressed
during the development of the specific mechanisms.
When hosts which have been behind a NAT are exposed to IPv6, the
security assumptions may change radically. This is mentioned in
sections 3.2 and 4.4. One way to cope with that is to have a default
firewall with a NAT-like access configuration; however, any such
firewall configuration should allow for easy authorization of those
applications that actually need global connectivity. One might also
restrict applications which can benefit from global IPv6 connectivity
on the nodes.
Security policies should be consistent between IPv4 and IPv6. A
policy which prevents use of v6 while allowing v4 will discourage
migration to v6 without significantly improving security. Developers
and administrators should make sure that global Internet connectivity
through either IPv4 or IPv6 is restricted to only those applications
that are expressly designed for global Internet connectivity.
Several transition technologies require relays. There are concerns
that improperly designed protocols or improperly managed relays could
open new avenues for attacks against Internet services. This issue
should be addressed and mitigated in the design of the transition
technologies and in the deployment guides for relays.
This memo has benefited from the comments of Margaret Wasserman,
Pekka Savola, Chirayu Patel, Tony Hain, Marc Blanchet, Ralph Droms,
Bill Sommerfeld, and Fred Templin. Tim Chown provided a lot of the
analysis for the tunneling requirements work.
[UNMANREQ] Huitema, C., Austein, R., Satapati, S., and R. van der
Pol, "Unmanaged Networks IPv6 Transition Scenarios",
[IPV6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version
6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[NEIGHBOR] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor
Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December
[6TO4] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6
Domains via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.
[6TO4ANYCAST] Huitema, C., "An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay
Routers", RFC 3068, June 2001.
[TUNNELS] Durand, A., Fasano, P., Guardini, I., and D. Lento,
"IPv6 Tunnel Broker", RFC 3053, January 2001.
[DHCPV6] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[DNSDHCPV6] Droms, R., "DNS Configuration options for Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3646,
[PREFIXDHCPV6] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6",
RFC 3633, December 2003.
[STUN] Rosenberg, J., Weinberger, J., Huitema, C., and R.
Mahy, "STUN - Simple Traversal of User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) Through Network Address Translators
(NATs)", RFC 3489, March 2003.
[DNSOPV6] Durand, A., Ihren, J., and P. Savola. "Operational
Considerations and Issues with IPv6 DNS", Work in
[LLMNR] Esibov, L., Aboba, B., and D. Thaler, "Linklocal
Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR)", Work in Progress.
[TSP] Blanchet, M., "IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel
Setup Protocol(TSP)", Work in Progress.
[DSTM] Bound, J., "Dual Stack Transition Mechanism", Work in
[TEREDO] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
NATs", Work in Progress.
Christian Huitema
EMail: huitema@microsoft.com
Rob Austein
Internet Systems Consortium
EMail: sra@isc.org
Suresh Satapati
EMail: satapati@cisco.com
Ronald van der Pol
Kruislaan 419
1098 VA Amsterdam
EMail: Ronald.vanderPol@nlnetlabs.nl
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/S HE
REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE
INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
on the IETF's procedures with respect to rights in IETF Documents can
be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.


Wife, Jing-Jing, is a dentist at Justice Dental in Lexington and they have a daughter, Elise. They take an international trip each year to experience different cultures. He has also spent considerable time flipping houses.
Dr. Pratt first worked at White, Greer, and Maggard during college as a sterilization technician and assistant.


text:
Who benefits from a new coaching staff?
By Kyle Lobner Nov 10, 2008, 12:00pm CST
Share All sharing options for: Who benefits from a new coaching staff?
With Ned Yost, Mike Maddux and Jim Skaalen gone, Dale Sveum and Bill Castro returning in new roles, and the additions of Ken Macha, Willie Randolph, Brad Fischer and a bullpen coach to be named later, the Brewers are about as close as you can get to a coaching clean slate in 2009. And while the 2009 Brewers will still play their home games in the same venue, hang out in the same clubhouse and play next to a lot of the same teammates, this full coaching staff switch probably feels like a change of scenery for several of them. Let's take a look at some Brewers who could perform differently with a new hand at the controls:
Rickie Weeks
Consider these numbers, from 2007 and 2008:
First half: .218/.326/.377
Second half: .254/.404/.467
Weeks' first half performances would have ranked him 12th in OPS of the 15 NL second basemen with 300 PA's in 2008. His second half performances would rank third, behind only Chase Utley and Dan Uggla.
Also worth noting, for contrast: In the first half of the last two seasons, Weeks hit one home run every 40.2 at bats. In the second halves, he's hit a home run every 21.3 at bats.
We now have two seasons of evidence to suggest that Rickie Weeks is not the same player in the first half of seasons as he is in the second half. The potential for big things is obviously there. We've all seen flashes of greatness from Weeks. But we've also seen him sneak most of the way through May with a batting average under .200, striking out in almost 25% of his at bats.
So what's to blame for such a lapse in performance? Will a change in coaching philosophy help Weeks get ready to live up to his potential in the first half of 2009? Can Willie Randolph, a former All Star second baseman, help him clean up his footwork defensively and learn to turn the double play? Has my entire paragraph of questions gotten you thinking about the subject?
Dave Bush
I think we've all bounced back and forth with opinions on the value of Dave Bush over the last few years. Through August and September of 2008, Bush may have been the Crew's most reliable starter not named CC Sabathia. In his last 11 appearances (10 starts), Bush went 4-1 with a 3.27 ERA in 66 innings. He went 4-0 and had a 2.12 ERA in August.
But as good as Good Bush can be, Bad Bush is worse. He lost five of his first eight starts in 2008, had an ERA over 6.50 almost all of the way through May, and if not for Yovani Gallardo's knee injury, Bush may have spent a fair amount of 2008 in AAA.
There has been a lot of talk on this site over the last couple of years about Dave Bush as one of Ned Yost's favorites. There have been an awful lot of "Well, Bushie really battled today" quotes from Yost after Bush got shelled in the sixth inning for the fifth straight start. There's an argument to be made that Dave Bush is the greatest example of Yost's inability to manage a pitching staff.
So, does a new coaching staff change the way Dave Bush is handled? Will he still get the ball every fifth day if he looks lost for a month at a time? Will a new management team have a quicker hook and get him out of games before the wheels come off? Will Ken Macha come up with a more creative nickname than 'Bushie?'
Ryan Braun
Obviously, there's not much wrong with Ryan Braun. When the NL MVP award is announced, I fully expect to see him somewhere between 8th and 10th in the balloting. He's quickly turned from a bad defensive third baseman into a very good/elite defensive corner outfielder. He's got massive power, good speed, and the ladies seem to like most, if not all, of his physical features.
But, there's one big, notable difference between a hitter like Ryan Braun and the best of the best, like Albert Pujols: plate discipline.
Braun has drawn just 73 walks over his first two seasons in the majors. His 2007 OBP was a respectable .370, fueled largely by his .324 batting average. In fact, in 2007 he had more home runs (34) than walks (29). In 2008, his OBP dropped to .335, and he walked about once every 14.5 plate appearances.
Obviously Braun isn't the only Brewer with plate discipline problems, as the 2008 Brewers had six regulars with 100 strikeouts (and J.J. Hardy with 98) and only two with 60 walks. The team OBP was .325, 10th in the NL. On a team that could bring back five hitters who hit 20 home runs, a little improvement in OBP could go a long way.
Willie Randolph finished with a career OBP over .370, and Ken Macha managed in Oakland under Billy Beane, where the A's finished fourth, third, third again and second in the AL in walks over his four seasons.
Can these two guys with a history of encouraging the walk get the Brewers to take one?
What do you think? Who else might experience a change under new management?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Penepodium taschenbergi är en biart som först beskrevs av Kohl 1902.  Penepodium taschenbergi ingår i släktet Penepodium och familjen grävsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Grävsteklar
taschenbergi

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text:
Vehicle ratings
Large trucks
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Pedestrians and bicyclists
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Access our comprehensive bibliography
Bibliography Reference
The association between strengthened cellphone laws and police-reported rear-end crash rates
Reagan, Ian J. / Cicchino, Jessica B. / Teoh, Eric R. / Cox, Aimee E.
Introduction: Prior evaluations of the relationship between cellphone bans and crash outcomes show unclear effects. Advances in smartphone functionality have coincided with legislation to comprehensively define and prohibit cellphone use while driving. California, Oregon, and Washington enacted legislation (effective in 2017) to update earlier bans specific to handheld phone calls and texting. The current study evaluated the relationship between strengthening cellphone laws and the rates of rear-end crashes, a crash type sensitive to visual-manual cellphone use, in California, Oregon, and Washington.
Method: Negative binomial regression compared the change in monthly per capita rear-end crash rates in California, Oregon, and Washington before and after the law changes relative to the rates in two control states, Colorado and Idaho, during 2015–2019. Analyses examined (a) rear-end crashes with injuries in all three study states, including minor to fatal injuries; and (b) rear-end crashes of all severities in California and Washington, including property-damage-only crashes and crashes with injuries; Oregon was excluded from this analysis because of a 2018 change to its reporting criteria for property-damage-only crashes.
Results: Washington's strengthened law was associated with a significant 7.6% reduction in the rate of monthly rear-end crashes of all severities relative to the rates in the control states. The law changes in Oregon and Washington were associated with significant reductions of 8.8% and 10.9%, respectively, in the rates of monthly rear-end crashes with injury relative to the rates in the control states. In contrast, California did not experience changes in rear-end crash rates of all severities or with injuries associated with the strengthened law.
Conclusion: The results of this study are mixed, with law changes associated with significant reductions in rear-end crash rates in two of the three study states. Differences in the wording of the laws, levels of enforcement, and sanction severity may help explain the divergent results. Practical application: The crash reductions in Oregon and Washington suggest that enacting legislation that comprehensively bans practically all visual-manual cellphone activity may have made the laws easier to enforce and clarified to drivers that handheld cellphone use is unacceptable in these states.
, ID: 2260
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Home / American Football / Hanover College Panthers headed to Play Scotland's Top Team the East Kilbride Pirates
Hanover College Panthers headed to Play Scotland's Top Team the East Kilbride Pirates
By Roger Kelly on 04/25/2015@RogerKelly18
The Hanover College Panthers from Indiana, are headed to Europe to take on the East Kilbride Pirates, the top team in Scotland and British 2014 semi-finalists, on May 16 at Hamilton Rugby Club on the outskirts of Glasgow.
While this is a spring game for the NCAA Division III Panthers, East Kilbride will have played four games going into the game including a win against the Irish champions, the Belfast Trojans, and last weekend's surprise loss to the Lancashire Wolverines.
For the Panthers, the trip will include an historical tour of Ireland as well.
Their opponents in the challenge game that will highlight the overseas visit, the East Kilbride Pirates, are focused on their opponents in the British American Football Association National Leagues but are looking forward to the challenge of playing against an American college team.
Last season the Pirates posted an unbeaten 10-0 record during regular season and reached the semi finals of the British premiership playoffs under head coach Ross Templeton. Following its annual three-day residential training camp at Strathallan School in Perthshire, where almost 80 players, coaches and staff attended, the Pirates opened the football season with the win against the Trojans from Belfastb and are in the midst of their BAFL season. But the game against the Panthers is clearly on their minds.
"Everyone in the Pirates is really looking forward to this game," said coach Templeton. "It will be great to be able to measure ourselves against a team from the United States. We're expecting it to be an exciting and challenging encounter, and hopefully it will help us continue to get better and take the next step in our growth as a team."
Hanover head coach Steve Baudendistel, who has been a member of the Panther coaching staff for ten seasons and led them to a second placed finish in the HCAC (Heartland College Athletic Conference) in 2012, said:
"I am very excited to be bringing the Hanover Panthers to Scotland for our game against the Pirates. The opportunity to visit Ireland and Scotland will be a great cultural and educational experience for our players, but also allows us to promote the game of football internationally. Our trip to Germany with Global Football five years ago was a great trip and I know this will be as well."
While in Ireland and Scotland, the traveling Hanover party will visit Dublin, St Patrick's Cathedral, Croke Park Stadium, the GAA Museum, the Guinness Storehouse, the Titanic Belfast, Trim Castle, and take a ferry ride from Northern Ireland to Scotland.
Patrick Steenberge, president of Global Football arrangers of the trip for the Panthers, is especially eager for this tour, adding:
"During the 19 years of running Global Football tours we have never had the opportunity to travel to Scotland, where they have a solid tradition of good football. By combining the competition in Scotland with the very special culture and history of Ireland, this will prove to be a memorable journey for Hanover. It is wonderful that Coach Baudendistel continues the tradition of international travel there."
The game has the support of the British American Football Association, and has been approved by the International Federation of American Football and USA Football.
Roger Kelly is an editor and a writer for AFI. A former PR Director the B.C. Lions of the Canadian Football League for 7 years, he now lives in Sweden writing about and scouting American Football throughout the world.
Related ItemsAmerican FootballEast Kilbride PiratesHanoverHanover College PanthersIndianaIrelandNCAA footballNewsScotland
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Whether it's to backup your servers, upgrade your hardware or move towards a full-blown cloud based system, virtualization has become a popular solution for many companies. While the term virtualization has increasingly become a cost-effective strategy for many businesses, is it the right one for you? Here are some advantages to deploying a virtual system to your company plus some factors you should consider before making the final decision.
This entry was posted in General Articles A, Virtualization and tagged 2016Mar18_Virtualization_A, disaster recovery, Hardware, server backup, Software, virtual machines, Virtualization. Bookmark the permalink. Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed.


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Pamaze - May 30, 2022
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Netflix Has Some Good Romantic Comedies and Recommended Teen Movies
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Spectacular Sites That Are Hosting the Database of horror movies Sites That Are Hosting the Database of horror movies If you are fond of horror movies, then you must also be fond of horror movies database. This is a compilation of horror movies in the form of lists and rankings. The best part of this type of website is that, you...
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Best The 2022 Fantasy Movies You Can Look Forward To The 2022 Fantasy Movies You Can Look Forward To The release of Beauty And The Beast opens the door for fantasy movies in June. While some are bound to disappoint, others which have been made by Hollywood's top talent and produced by the largest franchise producers may prove to be box...
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Studies have shown that people will basically run a little faster and somewhat longer with Vibram shoes as compared to generic rubber shoes. 'Â This is due to the fact that the feet will have more contact and sensation with the ground and thereby giving more effective cues in terms of balance, stability, propulsion, and overall running performance.
With Vibram's supposedly improved foot contact to the ground, other specific muscles on the foot and the legs will also get more strengthening when compared to generic running shoes. 'Â With many muscle groups specifically strengthened, injuries may also be prevented. 'Â Targeted stimulation of muscles in the foot and legs is also beneficial for those who have musculo-skeletal ailments.
Toes will improve in terms of range of motion when using Vibram shoes. 'Â More nerve endings on the sole of the feet will also be stimulated and this will result to better communication from the foot to the body and brain. 'Â With better neural stimulation, people will also experience more stability when running for example.
Wearing or using Vibram shoes basically gives a more natural experience for a particular runner or exerciser. 'Â With increased sensation and stimulation on the feet, people will have a near-barefoot experience which is overall a good thing.


text:
Q: Python dictionary comprehension I have an input dictionary, I want to compare keys with another dictionary and if the key in the lookup dict gets hit, I want it to run a function as the value in the lookup dict.
The function in the look up dict will return a key, value pair that needs to be "updated" into a new dict. So here is an example:
out = {getattr(self,self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k:query[k]}) for k in query.keys() if k not in self.exclusions}

The result of
getattr(self,self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k:query[k]})

Is a dictionary that looks like this:
{'new_key':'new_val'}

In the comprehension I am getting
TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'

Because it is expecting a key value pair.
Now I can just run a regular loop and an if statement, but I've become kind of adverse to those. Any workaround here?
TLDR:
Dictionary comprehensions, how to insert a dict like this:
{{'k':'v'} for k in blahblah}

and make k the key and v a value. Note that the dict is returned from a function that gets ran in the expression.

A: A dictionary comprehension expects separate key and value expressions:
{key_expr: value_expr for iterable [more if and for parts]}

but if your function produces both, you'd be better of using a dict() function with loop:
out = dict(getattr(self, self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k: query[k]})
           for k in query if k not in self.exclusions)

because that function takes a sequence of tuples each containing a key-value pair.
Note that the .keys() call is not needed here; iteration directly over query is enough to yield keys. You could use set intersections here instead; the dict.keys() object is a dictionary view that itself acts as a set:
out = dict(getattr(self, self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k: query[k]})
           for k in query.keys() - self.exclusions)

where the query.keys() - self.exclusions expression produces a set of keys that are in query but not in the iterable (set, dict, list, tuple, etc.) self.exclusions.
If the self.LOOKUPDICT values map to attributes on self, it could be useful to directly reach into the instance dictionary with:
attrs = vars(self)
out = dict(attrs[self.LOOKUPDICT[k]]({k: query[k]})
           for k in query.keys() - self.exclusions)

A: how about this
out = {_k:_v for k in query.keys() for _k,_v in
        getattr(self,self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k:query[k]}).items()
        if k not in self.exclusions}
although this one is probably more what you're after
out = {_k:_v for k in set(query.keys()).difference(self.exclusions)
        for _k,_v in  getattr(self,self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k:query[k]}).items()}
the second one is better because it won't do the getattr(self,self.LOOKUPDICT[k])({k:query[k]}) call for the exclusions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The U10's enjoyed an exciting match against Knighton House yesterday. The ball certainly went up and down the court evenly and the first quarter finished at 1-1. Hanford started think more about their spacing and passing and went on to win the match by three goals. The final score was 9-6 to Hanford.
After a slow start in the first quarter the U11A team jumped into action and played some beautiful netball against Knighton. They started to find more space on the court and the 'flow' of their netball is coming on well.


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Pupils and staff learnt about the different zodiac animals that are used to help celebrate the most important date in the Chinese calendar. The assembly went through what Chinese New Year means to the Chinese people and the ways that they celebrate. Various examples were shared including room decorations, cultural hats and outfits, a video of a dancing dragon and pictures of different festive decorations. Pupils experienced what it was like to receive a red envelope that is traditionally given to children during the New Year celebrations with a gift or surprise. Each class then enjoyed a culinary competition using chopsticks whilst tasting some Asian food including Prawn crackers, Spring rolls, Noodles and a tangerine.
The assembly ended with a reflection of how different cultures celebrate different celebrations and how we could compare these to events that we celebrate in our year.


In order to make the registration in the congress, you have to create an account in the website, where you'll have access to all the information related to the status of your registration and abstract submission. If you created an account last year, you can use the same data.
Please check your account regularly. To create an account, following the instructions or check the support video here.
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If you close the browser window before you have concluded the process, you'll receive an email with the confirmation of your registration, nevertheless, the registration will not be completed until the payment is made.
Note: For each accepted submission with less than five authors (individual oral presentation, presentation in a symposium or poster), at least one author must register for the conference to be included in the conference program. If an accepted submission has five or more authors, at least two authors must register. Posters and symposium proposals will not be limited and will not account to the individual oral presentation limit.
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Each participant is limited to three submissions at the category of Individual oral presentation , either as first or as co-author. Posters and Symposia presentions are not included in this limite.
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We also inform you that the virtual presentation is only available for approved abstracts on the category of "Oral communication". The abstracts included in the category "Posters" don't have the opportunity of presenting virtually.
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This certificate is only available to the submitter, who should download it and send it to the other co-authors.
Accepted abstracts will be published in the Abstract Book. Authors are invited to submit their papers for peer review and possible publication in a special issue of the inED journal, Sensos-e (http://parc.ipp.pt/index.php/sensos).
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The Atlantic Forest, also known as Mata Atlantica, once covered 130 million hectares across Brazil. Now, this tropical rainforest ecosystem is home to more than half of the country's population. Centuries of deforestation for timber, sugar cane, coffee, cattle ranching, and urban sprawl have reduced the size of the forest by over 90%. Although the water supply for Brazil's two most populous cities (Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo) comes from this forest, there is a lack of public policies and resources to protect it.
Our partners in Brazil are working to restore 15 million hectares of the Atlantic Forest by 2050. By helping plant trees in this critically important forest you are promoting the conservation of biodiversity, creating jobs and income opportunities for communities, and establishing sustainable land management practices among Brazilian land owners. The 15 million hectares of restored forest also has the potential to sequester 200 million tonnes of CO2 annually, and will help restore water quality and quantity for the millions of people in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and so many of the surrounding communities.
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DEFORESTATION IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST
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Our planting project in the Atlantic Forest is part of a larger project to restore more than 15 million hectares of forest by 2050 (an area larger than Greece).
To accomplish this goal, more than 260 organizations joined forces in 2009, including governments, non-profits, private companies, and research institutions. These organizations have come together to tackle some of the biggest problems the Atlantic Forest faces. Beyond planting trees and restoring land they are conducting research, developing tools and technology to monitor the forest, and producing public policy to make sure the forest is protected well into the future.
The Atlantic Forest is home to some 20,000 species of plant and some 2,000 animal species. Planting trees here helps restore one of the top five priority conservation areas in the world!
PROMOTE FOREST MANAGEMENT
Our partners work with private land owners to promote sustainable land management. Planting trees gives land owners an incentive to protect the forest for years to come.
SUPPORT CRITICAL WATERSHEDS
Planting trees in this region helps to restore critical watersheds to help provide clean air and water to the more than 120 million people who now live in and around the Atlantic Forest.
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Home News Newcastle News Newcastle University Clamps down on Student Anti-Social Behaviour
photo courtesy of Joe Lodge, from Flickr Creative Commons
Newcastle University Clamps down on Student Anti-Social Behaviour
DavidSunderland
Newcastle University has drawn up plans to tackle anti-social behaviour by the city's students after a recent increase in police callouts to raucous house parties.
The plan involves printing postcards which will be delivered to student houses or handed out by university tutors. The postcards will make clear the impact that noisy and inconsiderate behaviour can have on families and the elderly.
One postcard features a mother saying, "How do I explain their tiredness tomorrow to their teacher?" Another shows an elderly couple talking about "one of our most frightening experiences ever. They behaved as a mob, expletive-laden shouting and screaming as they rampaged up and down the street."
Newcastle University's Student Union will also send leaflets to households in neighbourhoods with big student populations, encouraging residents to contact the university if they have any problems.
The university has promised to follow up any complaints and to inform people of any sanctions applied to students found to have behaved in an anti-social manner.
The Student Union has also organised litter picks in student-heavy areas and encouraged students moving out for the summer to give any unwanted belongings to charity.
Our staff, students and local police join forces to help clean-up Jesmond https://t.co/zHAFd6CJK2
— Newcastle University (@UniofNewcastle) June 13, 2017
Another campaign, entitled 'Halls to Home', seeks to educate students who've recently moved out of student halls about how to live responsibly in their neighbourhoods and to inform them about the hazards of overcrowded house parties.
Newcastle University's attempts to deal with anti-social behaviour are being supported by Northumbria University, Newcastle City Council and Northumbria Police.
A spokesperson for Northumbria Police said, "There has been an increase in the number of house parties we have been called to this year, and we continue to receive reports from local people about issues regarding noise, anti-social behaviour and concern for their community."
"Both our universities are an important part of our city and they have shown a real willingness to engage with both students and local communities to resolve any issues that affect the lives of residents in areas like Heaton and Jesmond."
Newcastle University also plans to stress that it is only a minority of students who behave anti-socially and that many students contribute positively to local communities.
Students have recently helped out with a 'Green Day' at West Jesmond Primary School and have helped older residents improve their computer skills through the IT on the Move project.
(Featured image courtesy of Joe Lodge, from Flickr Creative Commons)
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UN Secretary General Promotes Women's Rights, Gay Rights
In a speech to the African Union Summit in Ethiopia, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called for the end to discrimination based on gender and sexual orientation. General Ban Ki-moon encouraged renewed efforts to ensure women's greater representation in parliaments in African countries and stated the importance of ensuring that women are part of the peace process in Africa.
He remarked, "We must ensure that women are fully represented in in decision-making bodies, including in Egypt and Tunisia where they played a role" in the protests of the Arab Spring. He also described women as "champions of peace."
The Secretary General denounced discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, which is criminalized in many African countries, saying, "This has prompted some governments to treat people as second-class citizens, or even criminals. Confronting discrimination is a challenge." Homosexuality is illegal in most African countries with the exception of South Africa, which recognizes gay marriage, but even there, anti-gay practices such as "corrective rapes" of lesbians, are commonplace.
UN News Centre 1/29/12; Huffington Post 1/29/12; BBC 1/29/12; Feminist Daily Newswire 11/30/11


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Linnet - Portland Bill, May 31st 2002 © Martin Cade
May 31st The arrival of promising-looking conditions led to a general air of high expectation around the island today. Unfortunately, the rarity that appeared - a Black Kite over Easton - proved to be no more than a rapid fly-over, and most observers had to be content with views of it disappearing northwards over Weymouth. Spotted Flycatchers were conspicuous everywhere, with as many as 50 dotted widely around the island, but there were otherwise just 5 Reed Warblers, 4 Turtle Doves, 2 Yellow Wagtails, 2 Chiffchaffs and a Cuckoo to show for plenty of fieldwork.
May 30th Another fairly quiet day. On the land there were 7 Spotted Flycatchers between Weston and the Bill, a Lesser Redpoll in Top Fields and a Reed Warbler near the Obs. Manx Shearwaters continued to pass the Bill in fair numbers, where there were also 19 Common Scoter and 2 Storm Petrels.
May 29th A Tree Sparrow was the minor highlight of the day at the Bill, where there were also 7 Spotted Flycatchers and a Yellow Wagtail; another 3 Spotted Flycatchers were also at Southwell. Seawatching produced single Pomarine, Arctic and Great Skuas at Chesil Cove, and plenty of Manx Shearwaters off the Bill. Also of interest, today we received the results of the DNA analysis of feathers from the the putative Blyth's Reed Warbler present at the Bill between October 16th and November 3rd 2001. Feathers from this bird, as well as some from the Blyth's Reed Warbler trapped on November 12th 2001, were submitted for analysis to Dr David Parkin of the Institute of Genetics, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham; he has commented: 'Both birds were Blyth's Reed Warblers - or, at least, their mothers were! The gene that we sequenced is transmitted from mother to offspring, so that the male plays no part. Thus, either the birds were Blyth's Reed, or hybrids. If hybrids, then the mother was a Blyth's.'
May 28th After the brief respite yesterday, wind and rain swept back in and there was yet another pulse of Pomarine Skuas: 8 passed the Bill and another 7 were off Chesil Cove. The sea otherwise produced 200 Manx Shearwaters, a Storm Petrel and single Arctic and Great Skuas off the Bill, and 300 Manx and a Balearic Shearwaters, 4 Arctic and a Great Skua and a Storm Petrel at Chesil Cove. On the land the only reports were of the Nightingale still at Southwell, and 7 Spotted Flycatchers and a Reed Warbler at the Bill.
May 27th The first fine, calm morning for a week produced a small flurry of new arrivals. Counts from Weston southwards included 5 Spotted Flycatchers, 3 Chiffchaffs, a Hobby, a Yellow Wagtail, a Nightingale, a Reed Warbler and a Lesser Whitethroat. Seawatching at the Bill was quieter than of late, with just a few Manx Shearwaters, 31 Common Scoter, 2 Arctic Skuas and a Great Northern Diver passing through, although the most peculiar sighting was of a Nightjar flying west offshore during the morning.
May 26th Although the wind had dropped away a little, nothing of note was discovered on the land. Seawatching at the Bill produced 200 Manx Shearwaters, 40 Common Scoter, 4 Sandwich Terns, 10 Storm Petrels, 1 Pomarine and 1 Arctic Skua, and a Little Gull.
May 25th More wind and fewer birds. Six Arctic Skuas were seen at both Chesil Cove and the Bill, but apart from small numbers of Manx Shearwaters the only other bird of note offshore was a Great Northern Diver at the Bill. A Wheatear and a Reed Warbler were the only new arrivals on the land at the Bill.
May 24th With no end in sight to the unseasonably stormy weather, today was another seawatching day. Chesil Cove produced 1300 Manx Shearwaters, 13 Pomarine, 12 Great and 6 Arctic Skuas, 2 Red-throated and a Great Northern Diver, and a Storm Petrel, whilst off the Bill there were 250 Manx Shearwaters, 7 Arctic Skuas and 3 Storm Petrels. The only migrant of any note on the land was a lone Spotted Flycatcher at the Bill.
May 23rd Migrants remained very thin on the ground, with just 2 Reed Warblers, a Turtle Dove, a Yellow Wagtail and a Spotted Flycatcher at the Bill, and a Lesser Redpoll at Southwell. Persistent seawatchers were rewarded with fair numbers of Manx Shearwaters, 2 Balearic Shearwaters and 2 Pomarine Skuas off the Bill, and a late Long-tailed Duck passing Chesil Cove.
May 22nd In gale force southerly winds, searching for migrants on the land was all but a lost cause, and a lone Turtle Dove at Southwell was the noteworthy sighting. Seawatchers hardly fared better, with just single Arctic and Great Skuas off the Bill along with a steady but light movement of Manx Shearwaters. To complete the rather woeful picture, even wader passage has completely ground to a halt: for the second successive day the only migrant at Ferrybridge was a solitary Bar-tailed Godwit.
May 21st There was an exciting start to the day with a singing Golden Oriole in the Obs garden soon after dawn; unfortunately it didn't linger and made only brief stops at Culverwell and Southwell as it headed north. Migrants otherwise remained thin on the ground, with just 4 Spotted Flycatchers, 2 Reed Warblers, a Turtle Dove, a Yellow Wagtail and a Whinchat around the southern half of the island. On the sea there were a few Manx Shearwaters, 2 Arctic and a Great Skua, and 2 more Great Northern Divers off the Bill (the 2 Great Northern Divers take the spring tally of this species at the Bill to 46 - the previous highest spring total was 31 in 2000).
May 20th Migrants scattered about the island today included 5 Whimbrel, 5 Turtle Doves, 3 Whinchats, 2 Reed Warblers, 2 Spotted Flycatchers and a Yellow Wagtail. The sea produced just a trickle of Manx Shearwaters, 4 Sandwich Terns and an Arctic Skua, whilst the only migrant waders at Ferrybridge were a Dunlin and a Bar-tailed Godwit.
Golden Oriole - Portland Bill, May 19th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 19th A Golden Oriole at the Bill was the highlight today: it was first seen briefly at the Observatory early in the morning, but later settled in Top Fields where it remained for the rest of the day. Late migrants around the Bill area included 4 Whimbrel, 4 Turtle Doves, 3 Bar-tailed Godwits, 2 Yellow Wagtails, 2 Spotted Flycatchers, a Whinchat and a Sedge Warbler, whilst a Red-throated Diver and a Great Skua were the only birds of note offshore.
May 18th Another very quiet day, with the sea producing most of the interest. Four Arctic Skuas, a Pomarine Skua and 2 Great Northern Divers passed the Bill, and another 3 Arctic Skuas lingered off Chesil Cove. A Hen Harrier flew north over the north of the island at midday, but the only grounded migrant of any note was a lone Spotted Flycatcher at the Bill.
May 17th Thundery weather and south-easterly winds promised much but in the event failed to deliver anything of great interest. The sea again produced most of the worthwhile birds, with 107 commic and 1 Black Tern, 26 Bar-tailed Godwits, 19 Grey Plover, 11 Dunlin and 4 Arctic Skuas off Chesil Beach, and 150 Manx Shearwaters, 25 Sandwich Terns, 20 Bar-tailed Godwits, 1 Pomarine and 1 Arctic Skua off the Bill. The pick of the very few migrants on the land were a Cuckoo, a Tree Pipit and a Lesser Redpoll at the Bill.
May 16th Passage all but dried up on the land, and it left to the sea to produce most of what little interest there was today. Seawatching at the Bill produced 190 commic Terns, 156 Common and 2 Velvet Scoter, an Arctic Skua and a few Manx Shearwaters. Hirundines were still on the move in good numbers but a solitary Bullfinch at the Bill was the only noteworthy 'migrant' discovered anywhere. Sanderling numbers increased to 40 at Ferrybridge, where there were also 2 Bar-tailed Godwits and a Little Ringed Plover.
May 15th The arrival of warmer and less windy weather saw interest on the sea dwindle, with watches from the Bill producing just 4 Arctic and 1 Great Skua, a Red-throated and a Great Northern Diver, and a few terns. On the land, there was another small arrival of tardy migrants and a heavy passage of overflying Swallows. The Bill area produced more than 1500 Swallows, along with a couple of Turtle Doves, 2 Redpolls, a Hobby, a Cuckoo and a sprinkle of commoner species. Elsewhere, highlights included a Hobby and a Blue-headed Wagtail at Barleycrates Lane. Waders at Ferrybridge included 15 Sanderlings and a Grey Plover.
Pomarine Skuas - Chesil Cove, May 14th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 14th The sea again provided most of the interest, with up to 13 Pomarine, 8 Arctic and 4 Great Skuas lingering off Chesil Cove for much of the morning; 2 Mediterranean Gulls also passed through there, and another 11 Pomarine Skuas passed in the evening. Two Arctic, and single Pomarine and Great Skuas, as well as 2 Great Northern Divers and a Storm Petrel passed the Bill. A Honey Buzzard and 240 Swifts flew north over Verne Common in the early afternoon, and a Hobby passed through at the Bill, but the pick of the few grounded migrants were 7 Turtle Doves dotted around the south of the island, and a lone Cuckoo at Verne Common.
May 13th A seawatching day, with gale force south-easterly winds and heavy rain having swept in overnight. Good numbers of birds passed through off Chesil Beach, with totals including 750 commic, 5 Roseate and 3 Black Terns, 16 Arctic and 2 Great Skuas and a Great Northern Diver; another Black Tern was settled at Ferrybridge in the afternoon. In the inclement weather the majority of birds took the short-cut over Portland Harbour, and the Bill only produced small numbers of terns, 6 Arctic and 3 Great Skuas, and single Red-throated and Great Northern Divers. The only noteworthy reports from the land were of 7 Turtle Doves between Weston and the Bill, a small passage of Swifts at the Bill and 2 Hobbies passing through there.
May 12th A Melodious Warbler was a surprise new arrival at Culverwell today; unfortunately it proved to be extremely elusive and only showed on a few occasions in the late morning. The land otherwise remained pretty quiet, with little more interesting than a late Goldcrest and a Black Redstart at the Bill and a Grasshopper Warbler at Weston among the small numbers of common migrants. Despite promising weather conditions, sea passage was hardly spectacular: the Bill produced 8 Eider, 2 Velvet Scoter, a Red-throated Diver and an Arctic Skua, whilst the highlight off Chesil Beach was a Nightjar lingering offshore during the evening.
May 11th There was no sign of the Woodchat Shrike today, but a thin scatter of common migrants at least gave weekend visitors something to look at. Hirundines and Swifts passed through in fair numbers, and among the grounded migrants Sedge Warblers, Blackcaps, Garden Warblers and Spotted Flycatchers just made double figures. Scarcer species included a couple of Purple Sandpipers, a Cuckoo and a Pied Flycatcher at the Bill, and a Hobby and a Turtle Dove at Weston. A few Manx Shearwaters, as well as single Red-throated and Great Northern Divers, an Arctic Skua and a Mediterranean Gull were the only worthwhile sightings on the sea.
May 10th With there being virtually no noteworthy passage on either the land or the sea, it was left to the Woodchat Shrike at Weston to again save the day. A lone Turtle Dove was the only faintly unusual migrant among the ones and twos of commoner species at the Bill, where seawatching only produced a single Manx Sheawater. Two Buzzards that lingered overhead around the middle of the island were the only notable sighting elsewhere. The selection of waders at Ferrybridge included several Bar-tailed Godwits.
May 9th The Woodchat Shrike was still at Weston and salvaged some respectability from what would otherwise have been a very quiet day. Among the small numbers of common migrants there were a couple of Turtle Doves and a Cuckoo at the Bill, and a Hobby and a late Fieldfare at Weston. Seawatching at the Bill produced 29 Manx Shearwaters, 2 Great Northern and 2 Black-throated Divers, and 2 Arctic and a Pomarine Skua.
Turtle Dove - Weston, May 8th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 8th The Woodchat Shrike remained at Weston, but it was otherwise a much quieter day than of late, with only the thinnest sprinkle of common migrants about the island. Oddities included a Marsh Harrier flying north over Weston, single Hobbies over the Bill and Weston, 4 Turtle Doves at Weston, 2 Redpolls passing through at the Bill and single Siskins at the Bill and Weston. Other than hirundines and Swifts that were on the move in fair numbers, all the commoner migrants were reduced to just single figure totals. The first couple of Pomarine Skuas for several days passed through off the Bill, but seawatching there otherwise produced just 3 Great Northern and a Red-throated Diver.
Woodchat Shrike - Weston, May 7th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 7th Although common migrants have been abundant in recent days, rarities have been conspicuously thin on the ground, so the arrival of a Woodchat Shrike today at Weston was very welcome; it was discovered behind the Weston Craft Centre and later moved across Weston Street and frequented the area around Watery Lane. Whitethroats continued to arrive in astonishing numbers, with another 100 counted at the Bill and very many more present throughout the island; 39 were trapped and ringed at the Obs, where more have been trapped so far this spring than in any whole year since 1968 (indeed only four annual totals ever are higher than the 223 trapped there so far). Willow Warblers also numbered around 100 at the Bill, where other totals included 75 Wheatears, 35 Whinchats, 20 Sedge Warblers and 15 Blackcaps, as well as a sprinkle of other species in lower numbers. Elsewhere the highlight was a single Turtle Dove at Avalanche Road. Sea passage showed no sign of improvement, with just 2 Arctic Skuas and a Little Gull at the Bill.
May 6th Migrants were again plentiful, although today the Bill area scored much more heavily than other island areas that were distinctly quiet by comparison. Whitethroats dominated again, with another 71 trapped and ringed at the Obs out of the 200 or so present at the Bill. Blackcaps and Willow Warblers both numbered about 75, and there were also 30 Whinchats, 30 Sedge Warblers and lower numbers of all the other expected common migrants. Oddities included an Osprey flying north over Verne Common, 8 Redpoll spp at the Bill, 4 Hobbies passing through at the Bill, 3 Greylag Geese at the Bill and later at the Windmills, and a Short-eared Owl at the Bill. Seawatching at the Bill only produced 14 commic Terns, a Great Northern Diver and an Arctic Skua.
Greenland Wheatear - Portland Bill, May 5th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 5th There was another whopping arrival of common migrants today, with the total of 235 new birds ringed at the Obs making it the far the best trapping day there this spring. The total of at least 500 Whitethroats on the island included 83 trapped and ringed at the Obs: the highest day-total of this species since the Whitethroat 'crash' of 1968/69. Other noteworthy all-island totals included 200 Wheatears, 150 Sedge Warblers and 100 Whinchats, with many other species in well above average numbers. Oddities were few and far between, but included 3 Wood Warblers dotted about the island and a Corn Bunting at the Bill. The sea remained very quiet, with the just 2 Great Northern and a Black-throated Diver, and a single Arctic Skua off the Bill.
Puffin - Portland Bill, May 4th 2002 © Martin Cade
May 4th A promising start to the May Bank Holiday weekend, with another good arrival of common migrants on the island. Numbers were hard to estimate as most birds were again moving through very quickly, but counts from the Bill area included 1000 Swallows, 150 House Martins, 150 Willow Warblers, 60 Wheatears, 40 Sedge Warblers, 40 Whitethroats, 30 Whinchats, 30 Blackcaps, 20 Sand Martins, 20 Garden Warblers, 15 Yellow Wagtails, 10 Redstarts, 6 Whimbrel, 5 Reed Warblers, 5 Chiffchaffs, 4 Purple Sandpipers, 4 Tree Pipits, 3 Grasshopper Warblers, 1 Buzzard, 1 Hobby, 1 Cuckoo, 1 Black Redstart, 1 Lesser Whitethroat, 1 Wood Warbler, 1 Pied Flycatcher, 1 Spotted Flycatcher and 1 Redpoll. Other areas were just as productive, with notable sightings including further single Wood Warblers at Southwell School and the Windmills, a Nightingale at Verne Common and a Corn Bunting at Reap Lane. Seawatching remained very unproductive, with only 3 Red-throated Divers, 2 Arctic Skuas and a Garganey off the Bill. Puffins are being seen more frequently there now: today 3 were showing well early in the morning on the sea below the Auk colony on the West Cliffs.
May 3rd There were plenty more common migrants around the island today, as well as a couple of rarities: an Osprey flew in off the sea at the Bill in the morning, and a Red-rumped Swallow flew north at Blacknor in the afternoon. In very fine weather most common migrants passed through pretty quickly rather than lingered, and counts at the Bill included 2000 Swallows, 300 Willow Warblers, 100 Wheatears, 25 Blackcaps, 20 Yellow Wagtails, 20 Whitethroats, 15 Redstarts, 6 Garden Warblers, 5 Whinchats, 3 Sedge Warblers, 2 Common Sandpipers, 6 Lesser Whitethroats, 2 Wood Warblers, 2 Pied Flycatchers and 2 Spotted Flycatchers; similar numbers and variety were reported from other sites across the island. The sea produced nothing of note at all.
Whinchat - Portland Bill, May 2nd 2002 © Martin Cade
May 2nd Sea passage died a death today, but the land was busier than for some time. The only rarity reported was a fly-over Serin at the Grove in the morning. Common migrants around the Bill area included 100 Willow Warblers, 50 Wheatears, 10 Whitethroats, 8 Redstarts, 8 Blackcaps, 4 Sedge Warblers, 3 Yellow Wagtails, 3 Whinchats, 2 Garden Warblers, a Common Sandpiper, a Grasshopper Warbler, a Lesser Whitethroat and a Pied Flycatcher; another Pied Flycatcher was also seen at Verne Common. Hirundines were on the move all day, with at least 5000 Swallows passing through at the Bill alone. The only birds of note on the sea were a handful of Manx Shearwaters and 2 Great Northern Divers off the Bill.
May 1st The sea continued to produce plenty of birds, with counts at the Bill of 11 Pomarine, 2 Great and an Arctic Skua, 8 Great Northern, a Black-throated and a Red-throated Diver, and a Little Egret. The land was still not busy, but there was much more about than in recent days, with the Bill area producing 25 Willow Warblers, 8 Whimbrel, 10 Wheatears, 6 Blackcaps, 4 Sedge Warblers, 3 Grasshopper Warblers, 2 Garden Warblers, a Hobby, a Whinchat and a Pied Flycatchers; another Pied Flycatcher was at Weston Craft Centre.


Remnant ROCOR: Do We Have the Same God as Non-Christians?
DO WE HAVE THE SAME GOD THAT NON-CHRISTIANS HAVE?
"The Hebrew and Islamic peoples, and Christians... these three expressions of an identical monotheism, speak with the most authentic and ancient, and even the boldest and most confident voices. Why should it not be possible that the name of the same God, instead of engendering irreconcilable opposition, should lead rather to mutual repsect, understand and peaceful coexistence? Should the reference to the same God, the same Father, without prejudice to theological discussion, not lead us rather one day to discover what is so evident, yet so difficult -- that we are all sons of the same Father, and that, therefore, we are all brothers?"