It has been suggested that this article be merged with Condorcet criterion. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2017.
Example Condorcet method voting ballot. Blank votes are equivalent to ranking that candidate last.
A Condorcet method (English: /kɒndɔːrˈseɪ/) is an election method that elects the candidate that would win a majority of the vote in all of the head-to-head elections against each of the other candidates, whenever there is such a candidate. A candidate with this property is called the Condorcet winner.
A Condorcet winner does not always exist in every election because the preference of a group of voters selecting from more than two options can be cyclic — that is, it might happen that each candidate might have an opponent who would win a majority of the votes in a two-candidate contest. (This is similar to the game rock-paper-scissors, where each hand shape wins against only one opponent and loses to another). The possibility of such cyclic preferences in a group of voters is known as the Condorcet paradox. Also, the Condorcet winner is not necessarily the utilitarian winner (the one which maximizes social welfare).
Condorcet voting methods are named for the 18th-century French mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, who championed such voting systems.
Condorcet methods may use preferential voting or separate rounds of runoff elections.
Most Condorcet methods have a single round of voting, in which each voter ranks the candidates from most popular (number 1) to least popular (a higher number). A voter's ranking is often called their order of preference, although it may not match their sincere order of preference since voters are free to rank in any order they choose and may have strategic reasons to misrepresent preferences. The votes can be tallied in many ways to find a winner. Some - the Condorcet methods - will elect the Condorcet winner if there is one. They can also elect a winner when there is no Condorcet winner. But some arrive at different winners than others - Condorcet methods differ on which other criteria they satisfy.
The procedure given in Robert's Rules of Order for voting on motions and amendments is also a Condorcet method, even though the voters do not vote by expressing their orders of preference. There are multiple rounds of voting, and in each round the vote is between two of the alternatives. The loser (by majority rule) of a pairing is eliminated, and the winner of a pairing survives to be paired in a later round against another alternative. Eventually only one alternative remains, and it is the winner. This is analogous to a single-winner tournament; the total number of pairings is one less than the number of alternatives. Since a Condorcet winner will win by majority rule in each of its pairings, it will never be eliminated by Robert's Rules. But this method cannot reveal a voting paradox in which there is no Condorcet winner and a majority prefer an early loser over the eventual winner. A considerable portion of the literature on social choice theory is about the properties of this method since it is widely used and is used by important organizations (legislatures, councils, committees, etc.). It is not practical for use in public elections, however, since its multiple rounds of voting would be very expensive for voters, for candidates, and for governments to administer.
Ramon Llull devised the earliest known Condorcet method in 1299. It was equivalent to Copeland's method in cases with no pairwise ties.
In a contest between candidates A and B run using the preferential-vote form of Condorcet method, if more voters mark their ballots that they prefer candidate A over candidate B than the number of voters who mark their ballots to the contrary, then Candidate B is not elected.
Because of the possibility of the Condorcet paradox, it is possible, but unlikely, that this objective cannot be realized in a specific election. This is sometimes called a Condorcet cycle or just cycle and can be thought of as Candidate Rock beating Candidate Scissors, Candidate Scissors beating Candidate Paper, and Candidate Paper beating Candidate Rock. It is only in how the various Condorcet methods resolve such a cycle that they effectively differ. If there is no cycle, all Condorcet methods elect the same candidate and are operationally equivalent.
Each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference (top-to-bottom, or best-to-worst, or 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). The voter may be allowed to rank candidates as equals, to express indifference between them. To save time, candidates omitted by a voter may be treated as if the voter ranked them at the bottom.
For each pairing of candidates (as in a round-robin tournament) count how many votes rank each candidate over the other candidate. Thus each pairing will have two totals: the size of its majority and the size of its minority.
For most Condorcet methods, those counts usually suffice to determine the complete order of finish. They always suffice to determine whether there is a Condorcet winner. Additional information may be needed in the event of ties. Ties can be pairings that have no majority, or they can be majorities that are the same size; these ties will be rare when there are many voters. Some Condorcet methods may have other kinds of ties; for example, it would not be rare for two or more candidates to win the same number of pairings, when there is no Condorcet winner.
A Condorcet method is a voting system that will always elect the Condorcet winner (if there is one); this is the candidate whom voters prefer to each other candidate, when compared to them one at a time. This candidate can be found by conducting a series of pairwise comparisons, using the basic procedure described above. For N candidates, this requires ½N(N−1) pairwise hypothetical elections. For example, with 5 candidates there are 10 pairwise comparisons to be made. The family of Condorcet methods is also referred to collectively as Condorcet's method. A voting system that always elects the Condorcet winner when there is one is described by electoral scientists as a system that satisfies the Condorcet criterion.
In certain circumstances, an election has no Condorcet winner. This occurs as a result of a kind of tie known as a majority rule cycle, described by Condorcet's paradox. The manner in which a winner is then chosen varies from one Condorcet method to another. Some Condorcet methods involve the basic procedure described below, coupled with a Condorcet completion method, which is used to find a winner when there is no Condorcet winner. Other Condorcet methods involve an entirely different system of counting, but are classified as Condorcet methods because they will still elect the Condorcet winner if there is one.
It is important to note that not all single winner, ranked voting systems are Condorcet methods. For example, instant-runoff voting and the Borda count are not Condorcet methods.
In a Condorcet election the voter ranks the list of candidates in order of preference. So, for example, the voter gives a "1" to their first preference, a "2" to their second preference, and so on. In this respect it is the same as an election held under non-Condorcet methods such as instant-runoff voting or the single transferable vote. Some Condorcet methods allow voters to rank more than one candidate equally, so that, for example, the voter might express two first preferences rather than just one.
Usually, when a voter does not give a full list of preferences they are assumed, for the purpose of the count, to prefer the candidates they have ranked over all other candidates. Some Condorcet elections permit write-in candidates but, because this can be difficult to implement, software designed for conducting Condorcet elections often does not allow this option.
The count is conducted by pitting every candidate against every other candidate in a series of hypothetical one-on-one contests. The winner of each pairing is the candidate preferred by a majority of voters. Unless they tie, there is always a majority when there are only two choices. The candidate preferred by each voter is taken to be the one in the pair that the voter ranks higher on their ballot paper. For example, if Alice is paired against Bob it is necessary to count both the number of voters who have ranked Alice higher than Bob, and the number who have ranked Bob higher than Alice. If Alice is preferred by more voters then she is the winner of that pairing. When all possible pairings of candidates have been considered, if one candidate beats every other candidate in these contests then they are declared the Condorcet winner. As noted above, if there is no Condorcet winner a further method must be used to find the winner of the election, and this mechanism varies from one Condorcet method to another.
Condorcet methods use pairwise counting. For each possible pair of candidates, one pairwise count indicates how many voters prefer one of the paired candidates over the other candidate, and another pairwise count indicates how many voters have the opposite preference. The counts for all possible pairs of candidates summarize all the preferences of all the voters.
Pairwise counts are often displayed in matrices such as those below. In these matrices each row represents each candidate as a 'runner', while each column represents each candidate as an 'opponent'. The cells at the intersection of rows and columns each show the result of a particular pairwise comparison. Cells comparing a candidate to themselves are left blank.
Imagine there is an election between four candidates: A, B, C and D. The first matrix below records the preferences expressed on a single ballot paper, in which the voter's preferences are (B, C, A, D); that is, the voter ranked B first, C second, A third, and D fourth. In the matrix a '1' indicates that the runner is preferred over the 'opponent', while a '0' indicates that the runner is defeated.
A '1' indicates that the runner is preferred over the opponent; a '0' indicates that the runner is defeated.
Using a matrix like the one above, one can find the overall results of an election. Each ballot can be transformed into this style of matrix, and then added to all other ballot matrices using matrix addition. The sum of all ballots in an election is called the sum matrix.
When the sum matrix is found, the contest between each pair of candidates is considered. The number of votes for runner over opponent (runner,opponent) is compared with the number of votes for opponent over runner (opponent,runner) to find the Condorcet winner. In the sum matrix above, A is the Condorcet winner because A beats every other candidate. When there is no Condorcet winner Condorcet completion methods, such as Ranked Pairs and the Schulze method, use the information contained in the sum matrix to choose a winner.
Cells marked '—' in the matrices above have a numerical value of '0', but a dash is used since candidates are never preferred to themselves. The first matrix, that represents a single ballot, is inversely symmetric: (runner,opponent) is ¬(opponent,runner). Or (runner,opponent) + (opponent,runner) = 1. The sum matrix has this property: (runner,opponent) + (opponent,runner) = N for N voters, if all runners were fully ranked by each voter.
As can be seen from both of the tables above, Nashville beats every other candidate. This means that Nashville is the Condorcet winner. Nashville will thus win an election held under any possible Condorcet method.
While any Condorcet method will elect Nashville as the winner, if instead an election based on the same votes were held using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting, these systems would select Memphis and Knoxville respectively. This would occur despite the fact that most people would have preferred Nashville to either of those "winners". Condorcet methods make these preferences obvious rather than ignoring or discarding them.
On the other hand, note that in this example Chattanooga also defeats Knoxville and Memphis when paired against those cities. If we changed the basis for defining preference and determined that Memphis voters preferred Chattanooga as a second choice rather than as a third choice, Chattanooga would be the Condorcet winner even though finishing in last place in a first-past-the-post election.
As noted above, sometimes an election has no Condorcet winner because there is no candidate who is preferred by voters to all other candidates. When this occurs the situation is known as a 'majority rule cycle', 'circular ambiguity', 'circular tie', 'Condorcet paradox', or simply 'cycle'. This situation emerges when, once all votes have been added up, the preferences of voters with respect to some candidates form a circle in which every candidate is beaten by at least one other candidate. For example, if there are three candidates, Candidate Rock, Candidate Scissors, and Candidate Paper, there will be no Condorcet winner if voters prefer Candidate Rock over Candidate Scissors and Scissors over Paper, but also Candidate Paper over Rock. Depending on the context in which elections are held, circular ambiguities may or may not be common. Nonetheless an ambiguity is always possible, and so every Condorcet method must be capable of determining a winner when this occurs. A mechanism for resolving an ambiguity is known as ambiguity resolution or Condorcet completion method.
Circular ambiguities arise as a result of the voting paradox—the result of an election can be intransitive (forming a cycle) even though all individual voters expressed a transitive preference. In a Condorcet election it is impossible for the preferences of a single voter to be cyclical, because a voter must rank all candidates in order and can only rank each candidate once, but the paradox of voting means that it is still possible for a circular ambiguity to emerge.
The idealized notion of a political spectrum is often used to describe political candidates and policies. Where this kind of spectrum exists, and voters prefer candidates who are closest to their own position on the spectrum, there is a Condorcet winner (Black's Single-Peakedness Theorem).
In Condorcet methods, as in most electoral systems, there is also the possibility of an ordinary tie. This occurs when two or more candidates tie with each other but defeat every other candidate. As in other systems this can be resolved by a random method such as the drawing of lots. Ties can also be settled through other methods like seeing which of the tied winners had the most first choice votes, but this and some other non-random methods may re-introduce a degree of tactical voting, especially if voters know the race will be close.
The method used to resolve circular ambiguities is the main difference between Condorcet methods. There are countless ways in which this can be done, but every Condorcet method involves ignoring the majorities expressed by voters in at least some pairwise matchings.
Many one-method systems and some two-method systems will give the same result as each other if there are fewer than 4 candidates in the circular tie, and all voters separately rank at least two of those candidates. These include Smith-Minimax, Ranked Pairs, and Schulze.
One family of Condorcet methods consists of systems that first conduct a series of pairwise comparisons and then, if there is no Condorcet winner, fall back to an entirely different, non-Condorcet method to determine a winner. The simplest such methods involve entirely disregarding the results of pairwise comparisons. For example, the Black method chooses the Condorcet winner if it exists, but uses the Borda count instead if there is an ambiguity (the method is named for Duncan Black).
Smith set: The smallest non-empty set of candidates in a particular election such that every candidate in the set can beat all candidates outside the set. It is easily shown that there is only one possible Smith set for each election.
Every candidate inside the set is pairwise unbeatable by any other candidate outside the set (i.e., ties are allowed).
No proper (smaller) subset of the set fulfills the first property.
Landau set (or uncovered set or Fishburn set): the set of candidates, such that each member, for every other candidate (including those inside the set), either beats this candidate or beats a third candidate that itself beats the candidate that is unbeaten by the member.
One possible method is to apply instant-runoff voting to the candidates of the Smith set. This method has been described as 'Smith/IRV'.
Copeland's method: This simple method involves electing the candidate who wins the most pairwise matchings. However, it often produces a tie.
Kemeny–Young method: This method ranks all the choices from most popular and second-most popular down to least popular.
Minimax: Also called Simpson, Simpson–Kramer, and Simple Condorcet, this method chooses the candidate whose worst pairwise defeat is better than that of all other candidates. A refinement of this method involves restricting it to choosing a winner from among the Smith set; this has been called Smith/Minimax.
Nanson's method and Baldwin's method combine Borda Count with an instant runoff procedure.
Dodgson's method extends the Condorcet method by swapping candidates until a Condorcet winner is found. The winner is the candidate which requires the minimum number of swaps.
Ranked pairs: This method is also known as Tideman, after its inventor Nicolaus Tideman.
Schulze method: This method is also known as Schwartz sequential dropping (SSD), cloneproof Schwartz sequential dropping (CSSD), beatpath method, beatpath winner, path voting and path winner.
Tideman alternative method restricts to the Smith or Schwartz set and, if more than one candidate remains, eliminates the candidate with the fewest votes and repeats the process. It is similar to Smith/IRV, except that it finds the Smith set before each round of IRV.
Ranked Pairs (and its variants) starts with the strongest defeats and uses as much information as it can without creating ambiguity.
Schulze repeatedly removes the weakest defeat until ambiguity is removed.
Minimax could be considered as more "blunt" than either of these approaches, as instead of removing defeats it can be seen as immediately removing candidates by looking at the strongest defeats (although their victories are still considered for subsequent candidate eliminations).
The Kemeny–Young method considers every possible sequence of choices in terms of which choice might be most popular, which choice might be second-most popular, and so on down to which choice might be least popular. Each such sequence is associated with a Kemeny score that is equal to the sum of the pairwise counts that apply to the specified sequence. The sequence with the highest score is identified as the overall ranking, from most popular to least popular.
When the pairwise counts are arranged in a matrix in which the choices appear in sequence from most popular (top and left) to least popular (bottom and right), the winning Kemeny score equals the sum of the counts in the upper-right, triangular half of the matrix (shown here in bold on a green background).
In this example, the Kemeny Score of the sequence Nashville > Chattanooga > Knoxville > Memphis would be 393.
Calculating every Kemeny score requires considerable computation time in cases that involve more than a few choices. However, fast calculation methods based on integer programming allow a computation time in seconds for some cases with as many as 40 choices.
The order of finish is constructed a piece at a time by considering the (pairwise) majorities one at a time, from largest majority to smallest majority. For each majority, their higher-ranked candidate is placed ahead of their lower-ranked candidate in the (partially constructed) order of finish, except when their lower-ranked candidate has already been placed ahead of their higher-ranked candidate.
For example, suppose the voters' orders of preference are such that 75% rank B over C, 65% rank A over B, and 60% rank C over A. (The three majorities are a rock-paper-scissors cycle.) Ranked pairs begins with the largest majority, who rank B over C, and places B ahead of C in the order of finish. Then it considers the second largest majority, who rank A over B, and places A ahead of B in the order of finish. At this point, it has been established that A finishes ahead of B and B finishes ahead of C, which implies A also finishes ahead of C. So when ranked pairs considers the third largest majority, who rank C over A, their lower-ranked candidate A has already been placed ahead of their higher-ranked candidate C, so C is not placed ahead of A. The order of finish is "A, B, C" and A is the winner.
An equivalent definition is to find the order of finish that minimizes the size of the largest reversed majority. (In the 'lexicographical order' sense. If the largest majority reversed in two orders of finish is the same, the two orders of finish are compared by their second largest reversed majorities, etc. See the discussion of MinMax, MinLexMax and Ranked Pairs in the 'Motivation and uses' section of the Lexicographical Order article). (In the example, the order of finish "A, B, C" reverses the 60% who rank C over A. Any other order of finish would reverse a larger majority.) This definition is useful for simplifying some of the proofs of Ranked Pairs' properties, but the "constructive" definition executes much faster (small polynomial time).
For each pair of undropped candidates X and Y: If there is a directed path of undropped links from candidate X to candidate Y, then we write "X → Y"; otherwise we write "not X → Y".
For each pair of undropped candidates V and W: If "V → W" and "not W → V", then candidate W is dropped and all links, that start or end in candidate W, are dropped.
The weakest undropped link is dropped. If several undropped links tie as weakest, all of them are dropped.
The procedure ends when all links have been dropped. The winners are the undropped candidates.
In other words, this procedure repeatedly throws away the weakest pairwise defeat within the top set, until finally the number of votes left over produce an unambiguous decision.
Winning votes: The number of votes on the winning side of a defeat.
Margins: The number of votes on the winning side of the defeat, minus the number of votes on the losing side of the defeat.
Using the winning votes definition of defeat strength, the defeat of B by C is the weakest, and the defeat of A by B is the strongest. Using the margins definition of defeat strength, the defeat of C by A is the weakest, and the defeat of A by B is the strongest.
Using winning votes as the definition of defeat strength, candidate B would win under minimax, Ranked Pairs and the Schulze method, but, using margins as the definition of defeat strength, candidate C would win in the same methods.
If all voters give complete rankings of the candidates, then winning votes and margins will always produce the same result. The difference between them can only come into play when some voters declare equal preferences amongst candidates, as occurs implicitly if they do not rank all candidates, as in the example above.
The choice between margins and winning votes is the subject of scholarly debate. Because all Condorcet methods always choose the Condorcet winner when one exists, the difference between methods only appears when cyclic ambiguity resolution is required. The argument for using winning votes follows from this: Because cycle resolution involves disenfranchising a selection of votes, then the selection should disenfranchise the fewest possible number of votes. When margins are used, the difference between the number of two candidates' votes may be small, but the number of votes may be very large—or not. Only methods employing winning votes satisfy Woodall's plurality criterion.
An argument in favour of using margins is the fact that the result of a pairwise comparison is decided by the presence of more votes for one side than the other and thus that it follows naturally to assess the strength of a comparison by this "surplus" for the winning side. Otherwise, changing only a few votes from the winner to the loser could cause a sudden large change from a large score for one side to a large score for the other. In other words, one could consider losing votes being in fact disenfranchised when it comes to ambiguity resolution with winning votes. Also, using winning votes, a vote containing ties (possibly implicitly in the case of an incompletely ranked ballot) doesn't have the same effect as a number of equally weighted votes with total weight equaling one vote, such that the ties are broken in every possible way (a violation of Woodall's symmetric-completion criterion), as opposed to margins.
Under winning votes, if two more of the "B" voters decided to vote "BC", the A->C arm of the cycle would be overturned and Condorcet would pick C instead of B. This is an example of "Unburying" or "Later does harm". The margin method would pick C anyway.
Under the margin method, if three more "BC" voters decided to "bury" C by just voting "B", the A->C arm of the cycle would be strengthened and the resolution strategies would end up breaking the C->B arm and giving the win to B. This is an example of "Burying". The winning votes method would pick B anyway.
the candidate who is less preferred than every other candidate in a pairwise matchup.
a candidate who beats or ties with every other candidate in a pairwise matchup. There can be more than one weak Condorcet winner.
a candidate who is defeated by or ties with every other candidate in a pairwise matchup. Similarly, there can be more than one weak Condorcet loser.
Some Condorcet methods produce not just a single winner, but a ranking of all candidates from first to last place. A Condorcet ranking is a list of candidates with the property that the Condorcet winner (if one exists) comes first and the Condorcet loser (if one exists) comes last, and this holds recursively for the candidates ranked between them.
Many proponents of instant-runoff voting (IRV) are attracted by the belief that if their first choice does not win, their vote will be given to their second choice; if their second choice does not win, their vote will be given to their third choice, etc. This sounds perfect, but it is not true for every voter with IRV. If someone voted for a strong candidate, and their 2nd and 3rd choices are eliminated before their first choice is eliminated, IRV gives their vote to their 4th choice candidate, not their 2nd choice. Condorcet voting takes all rankings into account simultaneously, but at the expense of violating the later-no-harm criterion and the later-no-help criterion. With IRV, indicating a second choice will never affect your first choice. With Condorcet voting, it is possible that indicating a second choice will cause your first choice to lose.
Plurality voting is simple, and theoretically provides incentives for voters to compromise for centrist candidates rather than throw away their votes on candidates who can't win. Opponents to plurality voting point out that voters often vote for the lesser of evils because they heard on the news that those two are the only two with a chance of winning, not necessarily because those two are the two natural compromises. This gives the media significant election powers. And if voters do compromise according to the media, the post election counts will prove the media right for next time. Condorcet runs each candidate against the other head to head, so that voters elect the candidate who would win the most sincere runoffs, instead of the one they thought they had to vote for.
B is preferred by a 501–499 majority to A, and by a 502–498 majority to C. So, according to the Condorcet criterion, B should win, despite the fact that very few voters rank B in first place. By contrast, IRV elects C and plurality elects A. The goal of a ranked voting system is for voters to be able to vote sincerely and trust the system to protect their intent. Plurality voting forces voters to do all their tactics before they vote, so that the system does not need to figure out their intent.
The significance of this scenario, of two parties with strong support, and the one with weak support being the Condorcet winner, may be misleading, though, as it is a common mode in plurality voting systems (see Duverger's law), but much less likely to occur in Condorcet or IRV elections, which unlike Plurality voting, punish candidates who alienate a significant block of voters.
B would win against either A or C by more than a 65–35 margin in a one-on-one election, but IRV eliminates B first, leaving a contest between the more "polar" candidates, A and C. Proponents of plurality voting state that their system is simpler than any other and more easily understood.
All three systems are susceptible to tactical voting, but the types of tactics used and the frequency of strategic incentive differ in each method.
Like all voting methods, Condorcet methods are vulnerable to compromising. That is, voters can help avoid the election of a less-preferred candidate by insincerely raising the position of a more-preferred candidate on their ballot. However, Condorcet methods are only vulnerable to compromising when there is a majority rule cycle, or when one can be created.
Many Condorcet methods are vulnerable to burying. That is, voters can help a more-preferred candidate by insincerely lowering the position of a less-preferred candidate on their ballot.
B is the sincere Condorcet winner. But since A has the most votes and almost has a majority, A can win by publicly instructing A voters to bury B with C (see * below). If B, after hearing the public instructions, reciprocates by burying A with C, C will be elected, and this threat may be enough to keep A from pushing for his tactic. B's other possible recourse would be to attack A's ethics in proposing the tactic and call for all voters to vote sincerely.
B beats A by 8 as before, and A beats C by 82 as before, but now C beats B by 12, forming a Smith set greater than one. Even the Schulze method elects A: The path strength of A beats B is the lesser of 82 and 12, so 12. The path strength of B beats A is only 8, which is less than 12, so A wins. B voters are powerless to do anything about the public announcement by A, and C voters just hope B reciprocates, or maybe consider compromise voting for B if they dislike A enough.
Supporters of Condorcet methods which exhibit this potential problem could rebut this concern by pointing out that pre-election polls are most necessary with plurality voting, and that voters, armed with ranked choice voting, could lie to pre-election pollsters, making it impossible for Candidate A to know whether or how to bury. It is also nearly impossible to predict ahead of time how many supporters of A would actually follow the instructions, and how many would be alienated by such an obvious attempt to manipulate the system.
In the above example, if C voters bury B with A, A will be elected instead of B. Since C voters prefer B to A, only they would be hurt by attempting the burying. Except for the first example where one candidate has the most votes and has a near majority, the Schulze method is very resistant to burying.
Scholars of electoral systems often compare them using mathematically defined voting system criteria. The criteria which Condorcet methods satisfy vary from one Condorcet method to another. However, the Condorcet criterion implies the majority criterion; the Condorcet criterion is incompatible with independence of irrelevant alternatives, later-no-harm, the participation criterion, and the consistency criterion.
The Wikimedia Foundation used the Schulze method to elect its Board of Trustees until 2013, when it switched to a ratings ballot with Support/Neutral/Oppose ballots.
The Student Society of the University of British Columbia uses ranked pairs for its executive elections.
Kingman Hall and Hillegass Parker House, two loosely affiliated student housing cooperatives, each use the Schulze method to elect their management teams.
Condorcet election results show the win margins for every head to head runoff. If the Condorcet winner (A) is part of an A beats B beats C beats A Smith set, supporters of Candidate C will know that Candidate C would win a recall election if candidate B is somehow kept off the ballot. If Condorcet voting is used, the rules for ballot access in recall elections may need to be evaluated to take the potential motives into consideration.
If every seat in a legislature is elected (in separate elections, by the same pool of voters – use of districts will avoid this) by the Condorcet method, the legislators would all be centrists and might all agree with each on what laws to pass. Some voters prefer to have opposites in the legislature so they can't pass laws easily. These voters might prefer the Condorcet method for electing executive offices.
If 10 candidates run for governor in a Condorcet race, ballot counters may need to count 9+8+7+6+5+4+3+2+1 = 45 head to head runoffs to find the winner. While this is doable, it might be more practical to still use ballot access laws or primaries, defeating some of the original intent of the Condorcet method. Computers can be used to speed up the counts, though some voters fear computers can be hacked and used for ballot counting fraud. Another option would be to allow several independent scanner owners count the ballots and compare results. Volunteer hand counters could then spot check various candidates and ranks to make sure they match the subtotals reported by the scanners.
^ Pivato, Marcus (2015-08-01). "Condorcet meets Bentham". Journal of Mathematical Economics. 59: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.jmateco.2015.04.006. Indeed, it is easy to construct examples where the Condorcet winner does not maximize social welfare [...however...] in a large population satisfying certain statistical regularities, not only is the Condorcet winner almost guaranteed to exist, but it is almost guaranteed to also be the utilitarian social choice.
^ G. Hägele and F. Pukelsheim (2001). "Llull's writings on electoral systems". Studia Lulliana. 41: 3–38.
^ Colomer, Josep (2013). "Ramon Llull: From Ars Electionis to Social Choice Theory". Social Choice and Welfare. 40 (2): 317–328. doi:10.1007/s00355-011-0598-2. hdl:10261/125715.
^ The largest bloc (plurality) of first place votes is 42% for Memphis; no other rankings are considered. So even though 58%—a true majority—would be inconvenienced by having the capital at the most remote location, Memphis wins.
^ Chattanooga (15%) is eliminated in the first round; votes transfer to Knoxville. Nashville (26%) eliminated in the second around; votes transfer to Knoxville. Knoxville wins with 58%.
^ Satterthwaite, Mark. "Strategy-proofness and Arrow's conditions: Existence and correspondence theorems for voting procedures and social welfare functions".
^ "Wikimedia Foundation elections 2013/Results – Meta". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
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Gorr, Eric, Condorcet Voting Calculator .
STV (software for computing Condorcet methods and STV), Sourceforge .
Surveys, Vote fair : free ranking service.
VoteFair ranking (open-source election software), CPAN , which calculate Condorcet–Kemeny results.
This page was last edited on 26 March 2019, at 12:36 (UTC).


text:
Honda S660 sports car revives Beat
The Honda S660 sports car concept complies with Kei-car rules and harks back to the 1990s Beat
by: Stephen Dobie
The Honda S660 concept previews a comeback for the Honda Beat sports car. Described slightly clunkily as an 'open-top sports-type mini-vehicle', it's a small roadster that takes clear inspiration from 2011's Honda EV-STER concept as well as the Beat, which battled the Suzuki Cappuccino in the 1990s.
The stars of the 2013 Tokyo motor show
Styling has changed little since the EV-STER, with the grille and lights now looking much more production ready, while the drivetrain has switched from 78bhp electric power to a 660cc three-cylinder turbo engine with 64bhp, which allows the dinky S660 to comply with Japan's dinky Kei-car rules, something the Beat, Cappuccino and later the Daihatsu Copen took advantage of.
While the S660 could hark back to the Beat with a mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout, its gearbox is a little less exciting, eschewing a manual for a CVT transmission. Expect a modest top speed below 100mph and a 0-60 time of over 10 seconds, though the S660's diminutive size (and therefore low weight) should ensure it's agile.
A production version of the Honda S660 is expected in 2015, with a retractable roof and smaller alloy wheels likely to be the key changes. The interior is also likely to gain a more conventional steering wheel and air conditioning controls. The 660cc model is set to remain in Japan, but a bigger engined version – perhaps with a 100bhp 1-litre turbo petrol engine – could be exported elsewhere. With Honda's UK range lacking a sports car since the S2000's 2009 demise, fingers crossed we see a version on our shores.
The Honda S660 will debut at November's 2013 Tokyo motor show, two years after the EV-STER made its bow in the same halls. Also on Honda's stand will be the latest NSX concept and an array of motorbikes and Honda's ASIMO robot.
Honda S2000: review, history and specs of an icon
Honda S2000 convertible
Considered flawed in its day, has the passage of time seen the appeal of the high-revving, naturally aspirated Honda S2000 grow?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SINSYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Co., Ltd.
SINSYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Co., Ltd. ("SINSYO") is a maker of marble-pattern bath goods which have been their long-selling products. This time, SINSYO developed a new product for dining; lettuce-shaped cups to put into lunchboxes, which looks even more real than real lettuce. It has developed by the idea of one female employee, but it turned out to be difficult because of complex, different shape from their standard bath goods. So, it started from looking for a molder. They investigated lettuce to pieces with a figure molder in Osaka. They precisely reproduced color of every part of lettuce such as veins, using molding technology gained by marble patterns. But there came another problem; it was difficult to put it off from a mold. So, they tried hard to find a mold factory, then they happened to find one in their neighborhood, which finally led to productization. It was indeed one and a half year since they started development. They have moved on to marketing from this spring, with high marks they received at an exibition.
Copyright © Monodzukuri Business Information-center Osaka. Alln Rights Reserved.


text:
Posted on April 17, 2018 by Times Gazette
HCS honors 'Marching Mothers'
Hillsboro Elementary has new school resource officer
By Jeff Gilliland - jgilliland@timesgazette.com
Hillsboro Superintendent Tim Davis shakes the hand of Eleanor (Curtis) Cumberland in honor of her family's role more than 60 years ago in helping force the integration of the Hillsboro schools.
Hillsboro Middle School Principal Kim Beam, left, is pictured with middle school robotics students Sara Newsome, center, and Abi Koogler, who were honored at Monday's board of education meeting. Not present to be recognized was student Eden Edenfield.
One day shy of the 62nd anniversary of the Hillsboro elementary schools being integrated, the group of African American mothers and their children who were responsible for bringing that integration to fruition were honored Monday by the Hillsboro City Schools Board of Education.
School board member Larry Lyons said superintendent Tim Davis nominated the group for an Ohio School Board Association Proud Products of Education award. The school board presented certificates of appreciation for each of the 22 mothers and 36 children who spent two years from 1954 to 1956 marching to Hillsboro's elementary schools in an attempt to have the school integrated.
Davis said it would likely be the middle of the year before the school district learns if the group has been selected as a recipient of the award.
Only two of the mothers are still alive and one of them, Elsie Steward Young, who will turn 102 on on June 30, was at the meeting. The other surviving mother is Zella Mae Cumberland.
Eleanor (Curtis) Cumberland, whose late mother, Imogene Curtis, was the leader of the group, thanked the school board for all those deceased or not able to attend the meeting.
"By honoring them, you honor us," Cumberland said.
School board president Bill Myers said, "I love this and want to thank you for what you've done. It's not just for our school, it's for our community."
In 1954, Hillsboro High School was fully integrated, but there were two all-white elementary schools (Washington and Webster) and one all-black elementary school (Lincoln).
In 1954, the group of African American mothers decided to enroll their children in Webster Elementary, but were denied because of what school officials said was overcrowding. Their only remaining choice for a public school education was the Lincoln School, which was built in 1870 and was severely deteriorating, Lyons said.
"Under the leadership of Imogene Curtis, this group of mothers began a daily walk with their children to the Webster School, and each day they were turned away at the door," Lyons said. "This went on every school day for two years. This activity got the attention of Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP, who sent Constance Baker Motley to Hillsboro to help the mothers and their children with their endeavor. Also during this time several Quaker teachers from Wilmington College came to Hillsboro to teach these children in local homes.
"The importance of this activity was highlighted as the first northern challenge of the renowned Brown vs. Board of Education decision and in a landmark legal decision the Hillsboro School Board was directed to open the doors of Washington and Webster elementary students to the African American elemtary students in April of 1956."
In October of last year, the Lincoln School "Marching Mothers" and their children were inducted into the Ohio Civil Rights Hall of Fame.
"We are honored to recognize this group. They played a great role in public education," Lyons said.
In other news from the meeting, longtime hunter education instructors John Kidder and Tim Schlater asked the about the possibility of an archery program being started at the school. They said that a few years back the Highland County Rod and Gun Club donated some bows and arrows to the school. They said that if Hillsboro was not interested in starting an archery program, they would like to have the equipment back so it could be used elsewhere.
Davis said there was archery instruction at one time for sixth grade students in the school district, although the program has been discontinued. He said he would look into the matter and get back with Kidder and Schlater.
During the meeting's committee reports, Davis said that with help from Hillsboro Police Chief Darrin Goudy, the school district has been able to place a school resource officer at the elementary school for the remainder of the current school year. The district already had one resource officer. Davis said the district plans to upgrade its security cameras over the summer as another safety measure.
At the beginning of the meeting, Hillsboro Middle School Principal Kim Beam recognized middle school students Eden Edenfield, Abi Koogler and Sara Newsome for awards they have won this year at robotics competitions. Beam said 15 middle school students are involved in the robotics program that is in its third year. She said the group qualified for state competition at a contest in Hillsboro, won a design award at a Great Oaks competition and won a judge's award at a competition in Milford.
Reach Jeff Gilliland at 937-402-2522 or jgilliland@timesgazette.com.
http://www.timesgazette.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2018/04/web1_School-board-pic-1.jpgHillsboro Superintendent Tim Davis shakes the hand of Eleanor (Curtis) Cumberland in honor of her family's role more than 60 years ago in helping force the integration of the Hillsboro schools.
http://www.timesgazette.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/2018/04/web1_School-board-pic-2.jpgHillsboro Middle School Principal Kim Beam, left, is pictured with middle school robotics students Sara Newsome, center, and Abi Koogler, who were honored at Monday's board of education meeting. Not present to be recognized was student Eden Edenfield.
By Jeff Gilliland
jgilliland@timesgazette.com
Hi! A visitor to our site felt the following article might be of interest to you: HCS honors 'Marching Mothers'. Here is a link to that story: http://www.timesgazette.com/news/26325/hcs-honors-marching-mothers


>> > a fast path in the microcode and reduce its overhead by an order of magnitude.
>> If the CR4 writes happen in for this use case, that's a bug.
> one per mm struct, etc).
I was thinking one global unless more are needed for some reason.
>> > you plan to use, you could be causing even more unnecessary TLB replacements.
>> entries should be for the writable aliases of pages that are written.
>> The rest of the pages are global and should be shared for all PCIDs.
>    from the current PCID.
entries with a given PCID".


Texans head coach Bill O'Brien called a racist comment made by the Onsalaska ISD superintent "outdated, inaccurate, ignorant, [and] idiotic."
Texans head coach Bill O'Brien denounced a racist comment made by Onsalaska ISD superintendent Lynn Redden.
Following Houston's 20-17 loss to Tennessee last week, Redden criticized quarterback Deshaun Watson on the Houston Chronicle's Facebook page, writing "you can't count on a black quarterback."
Seemingly agitated by the incident, O'Brien responded during a press conference, calling Redden's comment "outdated, inaccurate, ignorant [and] idiotic." O'Brien continued, adding that Watson's success on the field, his character, and the respect he commands from both coaches and teammates makes him one of the greatest players he's coached.
Watson, whose impressive rookie campaign last season was cut short by a torn ACL, has completed 59% of his passes this year for 486 yards, three touchdowns and two interceptions this year.
The Texans, who are 0-2, will face the Giants in Week 3.


The TG4 Irish Traditional Music Award for Musician of the Year 2001—Gradam Cheoil TG4—was presented to Máire "for the excellence and pioneering force of her music, the remarkable growth she has brought to the music of the harp & for the positive influence she has had on the young generation of harpers" at a televised ceremony in the Cork Opera House in November 2001. (TG4 is Ireland's Irish-language TV station.) The Gradam is the highest, most prestigious honour for a traditional Irish musician.


ScienceDaily (Apr. 21, 2010) — A 3,000-year record from 52 of the world's oldest trees shows that California's western Sierra Nevada was droughty and often fiery from 800 to 1300, according to new research.
Scientists reconstructed the 3,000-year history of fire by dating fire scars on ancient giant sequoia trees, Sequoiadendron giganteum, in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park. Individual giant sequoias can live more than 3,000 years.
"It's the longest tree-ring fire history in the world, and it's from this amazing place with these amazing trees." said lead author Thomas W. Swetnam of the University of Arizona in Tucson. "This is an epic collection of tree rings."
The new research extends Swetnam's previous tree-ring fire history for giant sequoias another 1,000 years into the past. In addition, he and his colleagues used tree-ring records from other species of trees to reconstruct the region's past climate.
The scientists found the years from 800 to 1300, known as the Medieval Warm Period, had the most frequent fires in the 3,000 years studied. Other research has found that the period from 800 to 1300 was warm and dry.
"What's not so well known about the Medieval Warm Period is how warm it was in the western U.S.," Swetnam said. "This is one line of evidence that it was very fiery on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada -- and there's a very strong relationship between drought and fire."
Droughts are typically both warm and dry, he added.
Knowing how giant sequoia trees responded to a 500-year warm spell in the past is important because scientists predict that climate change will probably subject the trees to such a warm, dry environment again, said Swetnam, a UA professor of dendrochronology and director of UA's Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.
During the Medieval Warm Period extensive fires burned through parts of the Giant Forest at intervals of about 3 to 10 years, he said. Any individual tree was probably in a fire about every 10 to 15 years.
The team also compared charcoal deposits in boggy meadows within the groves to the tree-ring fire history. The chronology of charcoal deposits closely matches the tree-ring chronology of fire scars.
The health of the giant sequoia forests seems to require those frequent, low-intensity fires, Swetnam said. He added that as the climate warms, carefully reintroducing low-intensity fires at frequencies similar to those of the Medieval Warm Period may be crucial for the survival of those magnificent forests, such as those in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.
Since 1860, human activity has greatly reduced the extent of fires. He and his colleagues commend the National Park Service for its recent work reintroducing fire into the giant sequoia groves.
The team's report was published in the electronic journal Fire Ecology in February.
To study tree rings, researchers generally take a pencil-sized core from a tree. The oldest rings are those closest to the center of the tree. However, ancient giant sequoias can have trunks that are 30 feet in diameter -- far too big to be sampled using even the longest coring tools, which are only three feet long.
To gather samples from the Giant Forest trees, the researchers were allowed to collect cross-sections of downed logs and standing dead trees, he said. It turned out to be a gargantuan undertaking that required many people and many field seasons.
"We were sampling with the largest chain saws we could find -- a chain-saw bar of seven feet," he said. "We were hauling these slabs of wood two meters on a side as far as two kilometers to the road. We were using wheeled litters -- the emergency rescue equipment for people -- and put a couple hundred pounds on them."
To develop a separate chronology for past fires, co-authors R. Scott Anderson and Douglas J. Hallett looked for charcoal in sediment cores taken from meadows within the sequoia groves.
"We can compare the charcoal and tree-ring fire records. It confirms that the charcoal is a good indicator of past fires," Swetnam said.
Such charcoal-based fire histories can extend much further into the past than most tree-ring-based fire histories, he said. The charcoal history of fire in the giant sequoia groves extends back more than 8,000 years.
Increasingly, researchers all over the world are using charcoal to reconstruct fire histories, Swetnam said. Many scientists are analyzing the global record of charcoal to study relationships between climate, fire and the resulting addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Swetnam's co-authors are Christopher H. Baisan and Ramzi Touchan of the University of Arizona; Anthony C. Caprio of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in Three Rivers, Calif.; Peter M. Brown of the Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research and Colorado State University in Fort Collins; R. Scott Anderson of Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff; and Douglas J. Hallett of the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada.
The National Park Service, the U.S. Geological Survey, Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest and Calaveras Big Trees State Park provided funding.


Buying a house or a flat is a major investment, and as with all investments, you need to know exactly what you are buying before you sign on the line. A thorough, professional property survey gives you an independent inspection and assessment of the property as it stands, free from estate agent waffle and emotional pressure from the owner.
A building survey by Tim Wilyman Chartered Surveyors will reveal if there are any problems with the structure of the property, highlight any repairs that may need to be made, and identify any risk associated with the building. Our written report, backed by our surveyors' RICS qualified status, gives you the knowledge and information to decide if the property is right for you, negotiate a new price or ask for faults to be solved before contracts are drawn up.
A standard format survey, perfect for standard housing stock built after 1900 or so in reasonable condition.
Sometimes called a full structural survey, this is a detailed inspection of all aspects of the building, regardless of age or construction particularly suitable for older properties, those in a poor state of repair, or homes of unusual construction.
We offer a full Valuation service to establish a market value for your property for both buyers and sellers, and for probate, inheritance tax and other purposes.
TAKE CARE! Valuations and Surveys are not the same!
If you have a loan from a Bank or Building Society they may have a valuation carried out on your property. Although it often costs a lot of money, a valuation is NOT a survey and will not give you the information you need to make an informed decision. A valuation is purely for the benefit of the lenders, not you. If you ask us to carry out a survey, we can include a valuation, giving you an impartial view that is not slanted towards the lender's requirements.


text:
RBC cees
We've detected that you're in Europe, adjust your location here
Location: Jersey - EN
Online Services & RBC Hub
Location - language JE-EN
A decade of racing for the kids - a monumental milestone in London
In 2010, RBC first partnered with GOSH to stage a 5km fun run to raise much-needed funds for the hospital's neurosciences department. That first event saw 1,500 runners raise £315,000. Fast forward ten years and RBC Race for the Kids has raised more than £5 million for GOSH's young patients and their families. The team at the RBC Neurosciences Unit, which officially opened in Jan. 2018, now treats some of the most serious medical conditions in the country.
The funds raised from this year's Race will go towards Royal Bank of Canada House, an accommodation block located right next to the hospital's main entrance that will be extensively renovated over the coming year. This much needed accommodation will provide families with a home away from home while their children are being treated at the hospital.
Dave Thomas, CEO, RBC Europe said: "At RBC, we recognise that it's not only the children at GOSH that face challenges and hardships, but families are also exposed to a huge amount of trauma. That's why projects with families in mind, such as Royal Bank of Canada House, are incredibly important to us."
RBC is committed to supporting youth and communities and over the last ten years RBC and its employees have formed a special connection with GOSH. The London event is one of 17 RBC Race for the Kids fun runs globally, with over 210,000 participants taking part.
Thank you to all of our employees, clients, suppliers and members of the community for their continued support.
Race for the Kids
For more information on Race for the Kids, or to get involved please visit RBC Race for the Kids
+44 (0) 20 7002 2220 | Calls may be recorded.
Comments, complaints & feedback


The year was 1984 when the folks at Baby Jogger created the first jogging stroller; faced with the challenge of how to jog with a toddler, they built a business around the solution. Having moved beyond joggers, the company offers ingenious solutions for parents who want to do more than ever with their children; in 2015 the brand was acquired by Newell Rubbermaid. The extensive product line includes double strollers, single strollers, four–wheel strollers and stroller accessories such as prams and bassinets, second seats, car seat adapters, carry bags and glider attachments along with rain canopies and foot muffs. Whether you are looking for a travel system, a double stroller, a solo stroller or a pram, the company continues to innovate for your modern family with a stroller for every terrain and every level of activity. Get a multi–functional stroller designed to grow with your family, turn into a travel system or fold up to nothing.


text:
Q: Testing Beanstalkd jobs in codeception I am currently introducing Banstalkd to my Yii2 project, but I've had some problems for the tests. An example is testing a sent mail, before, when the unit test was syncronous, I verified if the mail was sent, and the correct email format, and if contains some text, but now with Beastalkd I dont know wtha to do. I plan to add first the verification if the job has finished, then, check the rest. But how can I do all stuff?
I am using Codeception, and I checked the documentation http://codeception.com/docs/modules/Queue#.VuwE2x_I7eR, but I dont see any method which help for check a job status, and second thought, if the job is in other context (Console application), How can I verify all the things? I honestly think that  everything I can to do, is just verify if the job was done, but not if it failed.
Any idea, resource or whatever, I'd be really grateful.
There is a part of a syncronous code:
    expect('email should be correct', $user->email)->equals('rad8329+8@example.com');
    expect('password should be correct', $user->validatePassword('asdqwe123'))->true();
    expect('email sent', $model->sendEmail())->true();

    $this->specify('message has correct format', function () use ($model) {

        expect('message file exists', file_exists($this->getMessageFile()))->true();

        $message = file_get_contents($this->getMessageFile());
        expect('message "from" is correct', $message)->contains(Yii::$app->params['supportEmail']);
        expect('message "to" is correct', $message)->contains($model->email);

    });

A: In this instance Beanstalkd would appear to be a 'seam' between separate parts of the application. One side puts a message into the queue, and if you can verify the message is correct, and in the queue, that's fine. Even having a real message put into the queue is probably too much for a simple test.
Likewise, reading a real message out of the queue and having it send an email may be too much. A message out of a fake source and then sending a fully-formed email to a fake email-sender class is enough to prove your code works. The rest are other, integration, tests, making sure a message can be put into, an taken out of the queue, or an email can be sent.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It's our biggest Die Sale EVER!! Save 30% off every In Stock Die.
Our Website will indicate sold out as orders are finalized. NO BACKORDERS!
Sale ends Monday June 8th at Midnight EST. Please note that for the best selection SHOP NOW!!


text:
How Children Grow into Stable, Successful Adults: A Conversation with Erica Komisar, LCSW
Reality Check with Jeanne Allen, June 18th
Erica Komisar, LCSW is a clinical social worker, psychoanalyst and parent guidance expert who has been in private practice in New York City for 25 years. She is best known in the media and parenting groups nationwide for her recent book Being There: Why Prioritizing Motherhood in the First Three Years Matters. Based on more than two decades of clinical work and breakthrough neurobiological research on caregiving, attachment and brain development, this book challenges established concepts (and myths) of infant resiliency, 'having it all' and even the definition of feminism. One thing this book is not about is quitting your job. Author Komisar emphasizes, "It's not about working vs. not working – it's really a book about more is more."
Don't dismiss a new mom's boredom. It could be a sign of something more serious.
By Erica Komisar, July 25, in the Washington Post
As I sat in my psychotherapy office with the mother of a 3-month-old girl, she expressed concern over her feelings of boredom while caring for her daughter. Her quiet days of feeding, diapering, dressing and entertaining her baby left her disinterested, and she longed to return to her fast-paced life as a litigation attorney.
I empathized with her and her bored and uncomfortable feelings, and told her that mothering, as with other work, inevitably involves moments of boredom. However, if a woman's principal feeling toward her child is disinterest, it may be a sign of postpartum depression.
Video: Working moms are producing mentally ill children, says author
By Erica Komisar in NY Post
Working moms are more likely to have children with mental illness, according to psychoanalyst Erica Komisar. "I was actually seeing an epidemic level of mental disorders in very young children," the author of "Being There" told The Post. Her advice for working moms is to maximize attachment time at home. "Put all of your distractions in a basket: your computers, your iPads, your phones.
Don't pick them up 'til your baby goes to sleep," Komisar warned. In the United States, 27 percent of new moms go back to work after just a few weeks.
The Politicization of Motherhood
By James Taranto in Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2017
Motherhood used to be as American as apple pie. Nowadays it can be as antagonistic as American politics. Ask Erica Komisar.
Ms. Komisar, 53, is a Jewish psychoanalyst who lives and practices on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. If that biographical thumbnail leads you to stereotype her as a political liberal, you're right. But she tells me she has become "a bit of a pariah" on the left because of the book she published this year, "Being There: Why Prioritizing Motherhood in the First Three Years Matters."
Just be there: Why moms should stay with children in their early years
By Erica Komisar, New York Daily News
I am a mother and I work, but I am a mother first to my three teenagers.
As a psychoanalyst and parent-guidance expert, I have seen society increasingly devalue mothering while idealizing work. At the same time, I have seen an epidemic of troubled children who are being diagnosed and medicated earlier and earlier with ADHD, early aggression and other behavioral and social disorders.


text:
Novel parvoviruses in reptiles and genome sequence of a lizard parvovirus shed light on Dependoparvovirus genus evolution
Pénzes, Judit J; Pham, Hanh T; Benkö, Maria; Tijssen, Peter (2015). Novel parvoviruses in reptiles and genome sequence of a lizard parvovirus shed light on Dependoparvovirus genus evolution Journal of General Virology , vol. 96 , nº 9. p. 2769-2779. DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000215.
PDF (Le document est disponible en accès libre à l'adresse URL suivante: http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.000215) - Image de couverture
URL Officielle: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26067293
Here, we report the detection and partial genome characterization of two novel reptilian parvoviruses derived from a short-tailed pygmy chameleon (Rampholeon brevicaudatus) and a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) along with the complete genome analysis of the first lizard parvovirus, obtained from four bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Both homology searches and phylogenetic tree reconstructions demonstrated that all are members of the genus Dependoparvovirus. Even though most dependoparvoviruses replicate efficiently only in co-infections with large DNA viruses, no such agents could be detected in one of the bearded dragon samples, hence the possibility of autonomous replication was explored. The alternative ORF encoding the full assembly activating protein (AAP), typical for the genus, could be obtained from reptilian parvoviruses for the first time, with a structure that appears to be more ancient than that of avian and mammalian parvoviruses. All three viruses were found to harbour short introns as previously observed for snake adeno-associated virus, shorter than that of any non-reptilian dependoparvovirus. According to the phylogenetic calculations based on full non-structural protein (Rep) and AAP sequences, the monophyletic cluster of reptilian parvoviruses seems to be the most basal out of all lineages of genus Dependoparvovirus. The suspected ability for autonomous replication, results of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, intron lengths and the structure of the AAP suggested that a single Squamata origin instead of the earlier assumed diapsid (common avian-reptilian) origin is more likely for the genus Dependoparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae.


Sector Research - Energy from Waste - 350PPM Ltd.
350 PPM is now raising money for Waste to Energy Solutions Ltd, a UK company developing multiple Waste to Energy plants in the UK and abroad.
non-recyclable waste sustainably; generating reliable, decentralised and low carbon energy.
To carry on reading, please download the report using the above link.


text:
package files

import (
	"context"
	"io"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"

	"github.com/mikolajb/servedir/internal/archivist"
	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
)

type zipHandler struct {
	path string
}

func newZipHandler(path string) targetHandler {
	return &zipHandler{
		path: path,
	}
}

func (zh *zipHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer) error {
	log := zerolog.Ctx(ctx)

	log.Info().Msg("serving a zip file")
	archivist := archivist.New(w)

	err := filepath.Walk(zh.path,
		func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
			if err != nil {
				log.Err(err).Msg("filepath Walk error")
				return err
			}

			archRelpath, err := filepath.Rel(zh.path, path)
			if err != nil {
				log.Err(err).Msg("error while resolving a relative path")
				return err
			}

			if info.IsDir() {
				return nil
			}

			file, err := os.Open(path)
			if err != nil {
				log.Err(err).Msg("error while opening a file")
				return err
			}

			return archivist.Add(archRelpath, file)
		})
	if err != nil {
		log.Err(err).Msg("error while traversing a directory")
		return err
	}

	if err := archivist.Close(); err != nil {
		log.Err(err).Msg("archivist error on closing")
		return err
	}

	return err
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


cat & mouse. | spielwiese.
november 11, 2012 at 12:55 by felix.
yesterday my cat miukumauku had her first mouse (according to kornel, it's a wood mouse). well, she didn't catch it – that was done by the black cat, the only one of our cats who actually hunts –. but then, she somehow took it off the black cat, proceeded to play with it, while running around the appartment with the mouse in her mouth while growling (scaring off the other cats, most of whom didn't care anyway, and in part maybe because she didn't really know what to do with the mouse, i think). then, she finally managed to kill the mouse, and after some more playing proceeded to eat it. completely, with bones, skin and tail.


Traders at the New York Stock Exchange listen as Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell is seen on a video screen giving a news conference from Washington after the Fed announced a rate increase, Dec. 19, 2018.
Stocks gave up a big rally and took a dive in afternoon trading Wednesday after the Federal Reserve raised interest rates again and signaled it's likely to keep raising them next year. The market finished at its lowest level since September 2017.
The U.S. central bank said it expects to increase interest rates at a slightly slower pace next year, and also said it isn't planning any changes in the gradual shrinking of its large bond portfolio. But investors appeared to hope the Fed would unveil a sharper slowdown in interest rate hikes and other credit tightening policies because economic growth is likely to slow down.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average swung from a gain of 381 points right before the Fed's decision was announced at 2 p.m. Eastern time to a closing loss of 351 points. The index is down almost 9 percent in December.
The rate increase, to a range of 2.25 percent to 2.5 percent, was the Fed's fourth this year. Its benchmark interest rate is at its highest point since 2008, which means higher borrowing costs for many consumers and businesses.
Bond prices rose, sending yields sharply lower. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note fell to 2.77 percent from 2.84 percent immediately before the Fed's announcement and 2.82 late Tuesday. That's a substantial move for that benchmark lending rate. Bonds yields are benchmarks for many kinds of long-term loans including mortgages.
The yo-yo movements for the stock market were a result of markets trying to parse Fed Chairman Jerome Powell's comments, which essentially were: The economy is strong enough to warrant a rate increase now, but not so strong to need three rate increases, as the Fed had indicated a few months ago.
But Powell may have failed to smooth the market's key anxieties. They fear that continued increases in interest rates will slow the economy too dramatically. They're also concerned about the trade dispute between the U.S. and China, which threatens economic growth and corporate profits.
Internet, technology and consumer-focused companies dropped. Facebook fell sharply after the New York Times reported that the social media network gave companies more access to users' personal data than it has previously said. The report said Facebook had arrangements with more than 150 companies including Microsoft, Amazon, Spotify and Netflix that some companies read, write and delete users' private messages or see the names of a user's friends or their news feeds without their consent.


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Blog Teams AC Milan David Beckham: Professionalism Personified
David Beckham: Professionalism Personified
Steve Amoia 12 January, 2009 AC Milan, David Beckham, England, Serie A
As I watched him both before, during, and after the game tonight in Rome, one has to marvel at the professionalism of this man. He hasn't played competitive football since November, yet he played virtually the entire game tonight at the Stadio Olimpico against AS Roma. The teams drew, 2 x 2.
According to Panini Digital, David Beckham played 91 total minutes (he was subbed out in the 89th minute by Mathieu Flamini), and had 48 successful passes. He also had one shot on goal.
He also took several corners, along with a few free kicks. Carlo Ancelotti must wonder why the football Gods smiled on him. For the next two months, he has Beckham, Andrea Pirlo, and Ronaldinho Gaucho to take free kicks for AC Milan.
He seemed to fit Milan like a glove.
Joking in the Tunnel
Before the game, he embraced and seemed to be joking with Julio Baptista, his former Real Madrid teammate, in the tunnel. He also shared a warm smile with Cicinho, another Merengue colleague who was opposing him today.
When Pato scored his first goal of the evening, Beckham leaped on his back in celebration.
After the game, he came off the bench to congratulate players on both sides.
Comments After the Game
"Mi sono anche divertito, grazie ai compagni che mi hanno aiutato. Nel complesso sto bene, non mi aspettavo di giocare dall'inizio"… Tra due mesi dovrò tornare ai Los Angeles Galaxy, ma sono contento di avere questa occasione adesso".
"I enjoyed myself, thanks to my teammates who helped me. Overall I am well, I didn't expect to play from the start… In two months, I will have to return to the Los Angeles Galaxy, but I am pleased to have this experience now."
Source: La Gazzetta dello Sport, 11 January 2009.
Italian translation by Steve Amoia.
A Great Professional
It seems to be the mantra of anyone quoted about Beckham.
Ancelotti, Paolo Maldini, and Clarence Seedorf have used this term since their Dubai training camp. In the past, Fabio Capello said it several times. Even after he benched him in Madrid, he noted the great professionalism of Beckham.
The man travels around the world and receives the scrutiny of a Head of State. Yet he seems to handle the pressure, both on and off the pitch, with unusual grace and courtesy.
He may be a global brand, but for those of us who are not concerned by such media-created frenzies, he epitomizes professionalism.
In any language.
Un grande professionista, David Beckham.
Steve Amoia writes the World Football Commentaries blog. He has written for AC Cugini Scuola Calcio, Football Media, Keeper Skool, and Soccerlens.
Transfer Rumors (12 Jan 09): Chelsea to bid for Barcelona's Iniesta, West Ham reject another Manchester bid for Bellamy, Barcelona to make summer move for Lyon's Benzema, and more
Manchester United denied penalty against Chelsea, Everton's first goal was offside and West Ham denied penalty against Newcastle
steveamoia
Steve is a freelance writer, editor and translator from Washington, D.C. He was the founder of World Football Commentaries in 2006. He has written for AC Cugini Scuola Calcio (Soccer School), Football Media, Italian Soccer Serie A, International Herald Tribune 2006 World Cup Fan Blog, Keeper Skool and Soccerlens. Steve has also created three football-related sites: World Football, Italian Calcio and History of the Azzurri, and The Amoias of the Americas. Steve translated player and manager quotes from Italian and Spanish to English for Soccerlens during the FIFA 2010 World Cup.
Victor Li 12 January, 2009
Agreed. Criticize Beckham all you want for his lack of defensive skills, his lack of pace, and his lack of versatility. However, you can't criticize his professionalism. He could have bagged it after being excluded from the Real Madrid squad, but he didn't. He continued training hard and showing up every day, and when Capello had to give him another chance, he was ready to contribute. He could have left England after the 98 World Cup, but he persevered and turned in some of his best seasons, eventually becoming captain of England. No matter what anyone might think of his abilities as a footballer, you have to admire his strength of character.
Now, if he welches on his contract with the L.A. Galaxy in order to stay in Milan, then that's another story. I'd be very disappointed if that happened.
Fateh 12 January, 2009
Great article. And well,let's not forget that he's an excellent footballer too.He might not challenge maradonna and pele for the title of the greatest footballer ever, but the fact that he has been nominated for world player of the year is a testament to his quality
Marco Pantanella 12 January, 2009
Eheh the funny thing Steve is that the original Gazzetta article quoting the interview was probably, in itself, a translation. Becks still can't speak Italian… 😀
But yeah, a model professional for sure. By the way, were you actually at the stadium Steve?
Ishaq(South Africa) 13 January, 2009
Professional. Maybe. Ultimate Showboater, Limelight hunter, Hollywood Prima Donna? OFCORZ!!!
Way off target on the first one Ishaq. You can accuse Beckham of many things, but showboating definitely ain't one of them.
outsider 13 January, 2009
Great article! Yeah..he is the ultimate professional this sport, or any other sport, ever seen. And he is a great footballer too!
But Victor Li..I don't think if he left LA to go to Milan it will deem him as unprofessional anymore. Besides, it is revealed now that his contract has an out clause after 2009. If you have a better future for your life, your career..would you not take it? Of course you would..and so would him I hope. He deserves only the best (or better) after all of his hard work and things he sacrifices for this game, not to mention his personal life. And it will do Galaxy good too!
Ahmed Bilal 13 January, 2009
there's only one david beckham…
Outsider,
I respectfully disagree. First of all, we don't know the exact term of the "out clause." Not all "out clauses" are as cut-and-dried as one party simply saying "I'm done" to the other party. We don't know if there are any conditions attached to it that might make things complicated.
Secondly, Beckham has stated, repeatedly, that he is committed to the Galaxy and intends to return. If he then goes back on his word and decides that he likes life in Milan after all, then that is unprofessional.
I agree that he has the right to do what's best for himself and his family. If he wants to stay in shape and remain in the England picture for a few months rather than stay in L.A. and go to Lakers games and learn about Scientology from Tom Cruise, then I have no problem with that. But he signed a contract with MLS, not just for his $250 million, but for a chance to make American soccer relevant. We all knew he wouldn't be Pele, but we expected that he would do his best in order to boost MLS' profile. Quitting on the team because he likes Milan isn't right. I hope that he stays true to his word and goes back to L.A.
He'll go back. Summer is a diff story, but for now he'll go back.
World of Beckham 14 January, 2009
I can't really see Beckham wanting to go back to LA to continue the failed experiment that even Gullit bailed out on muttering something about 'family-related issues'. The Galaxy have resolutely refused to acknowledge his loan to AC Milan on their website but they talk about Donovan's loan. Donovan criticised Beckham saying there was no value in his loan deal, and then promptly secures himself an identical deal in Germany… it looks very much like there is considerable discord between Becks and The Galaxy and whilst it would be noble to see the contract through I wonder if he feels there is little point continuing??
James 14 January, 2009
David Beckham needs to think about himself now. He has only a couple years left of quality football. Once he gets a bit older, he wont be able to play at the top level. Being a sportsman is a short life span. He needs to make the most of his time. I feel he should stay at Milan until the World Cup. Then once that is finished, he can go back to LA if he wants to. His ultimate dream is to win the World Cup. The only way he has a chance of being in that squad is to stay in Europe and play top quality football.
Diane 15 January, 2009
I have to agree with "World of Beckham" and James, the last two comments, and I did notice the sudden silence from club and league regarding Beckham — although it looked more like childish sullenness to me 😉 .
To go a bit further, no matter how much money AEG (LA Galaxy owners) and MLS put into the deal, the way they treated Beckham on his arrival was horrifying — anyone with common sense was relieved that no permanent damage was done by playing him injured. Now, also adding to what has been said in previous comments, sacked Galaxy personnel are coming out of the woodwork to lay each of the team's faults at Beckham's feet, with nary a word from above. Talk about poor form.
I might feel bad for the fans if Beckham did not return to LA — the more important of two things I suspect would draw him back — he didn't play well for much of last season and he would want to put that right if his history is any indicator. The second draw would be his commitment to his teammates in LA, but which of them would not jump at the chance to enjoy the players at Milan and atmosphere at San Siro. I can't imagine they could hold it against him.
As for owing the Galaxy or MLS anything, they made enough to cover the whole five years of his contract within six months of his arrival, they're poorly managed from above and their back room has been a shambles. For someone with a couple of years left to play, possibly, staying in hopes that's sorted is a huge risk.
Andy Sammons 16 January, 2009
This is entirely true. I dont disagree with the principle behind what the article says, although you cant help but feel its one giant back-scratching exercise. It seemed intuitively obvious when I heard the report that commented Beckham "didn't do anything special".
The "brand Beckham" thing makes the issue vastly more complex than it actually is. At the end of the day, I dont think Milan would have bought him to the club if it were based on his footballing abilities alone. There are so many players who have been on their way out that havent been given the chance to perform with such huge clubs. Set pieces, ok, he still does the business, but at the end of the day Ronaldinho was still on set pieces in the Roma match.
Sport Videos 19 January, 2009
Beckham best player in england. i like it


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Michelle Concha advocates for vulnerable families
One woman's mission
Court-appointed social advocate Michelle Concha poses for a portrait Feb. 13 by the Red Willow Education Center.
Morgan Timms/The Taos News
Posted Wednesday, March 20, 2019 10:07 am
I'm housed at the Pueblo as a family support services advocate for victims of crime."
By Dawn Franco
Michelle Concha's Taos Pueblo ancestral lineage and her work in the Taos community intertwine with pride and passion.
For two and a half years, Concha has been a family navigator. As a court-appointed social advocate, she works with Taos Youth Heartline, a children's advocacy agency for vulnerable families in the community, located in the Pueblo's Health and Community Services building.
Through work with a Taos Pueblo home visiting service, Tiwa Babies, which provides families resources for optimal child development for the Pueblo community, Concha was called to service. Recognized for her compassionate demeanor and outreach abilities, her position was created through a memorandum of understanding between the Taos Youth Heartline director, the health and community services director and Taos Pueblo social services director.
Concha is the second-oldest daughter of master drum maker Mike and mother Celestine. One of five siblings, Concha and her family grew up in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The family worked as ranch hands at Flying W Ranch. At the end of each summer the Conchas organized a social powwow. They spent the school year in Colorado and returned to Taos Pueblo each summer to visit her grandparents.
"Those were the best times. I would look forward to them, coming down here and staying with my grandparents at their house in the Pueblo, in the village," said Concha.
It was important to Concha and her family to keep the connection to the Pueblo and stay versed in the traditional Tiwa language, to attend the ceremonial functions and be initiated in Pueblo ways.
"The spirituality of the mountain — it's the force. The vibe that it gives out is so welcoming and loving. That's what our religion and traditions are, everything is based on the environment; the trees, the animals, the snow," expressed Concha.
Before long, Concha's family moved back to the Pueblo permanently returning to their sacred mountain, but still continued their work producing social powwows at the Garden of the Gods in Colorado Springs. Tribes from all over the United States attended.
The "gray area"
Later in life, Concha went studied forestry at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado. After college she moved to Denver to work for an oil company, but found the city to be out of her element. She chuckled recalling the suit and heels she used to wear. Before long Concha decided that was not her calling and Denver was not her place.
"I started missing Taos a lot," she said.
Concha longed for her Pueblo culture, her friends in Taos and her siblings were starting to have children. She didn't want to miss out on the growth of the next generation of family.
After returning to her homeland, she helped organize the Taos Marathon and was involved in the Tiwa language immersion program at Headstart. She was already actively participating in the community before she landed in her current position.
"We wouldn't really know that my position was needed until I worked with a group of women at the Pueblo called Tiwa Babies," said Concha. "They were needing advocates for their clients who were homeless because of domestic violence and who were homeless because the housing situation we have at our pueblo right now."
Concha's occupation and her services, however, extend beyond the Pueblo. She is currently serving all of Taos and Colfax counties, including Native and non-Native people. Her focus is what Youth Heartline calls the "gray area".
"I'm not a social services worker. I don't work primarily in town, but I'm housed at the Pueblo as a family support services advocate for victims of crime," Concha explained.
Some of the services Concha navigates her cases through include civil advocacy for court hearings, finding counseling and recovery for drug use, obtaining transitional and supportive housing, as well as completing Crime Victim Reparation Commission applications so that victims may receive compensation for rental and relocation means. Concha often feels her vehicle is an office, all in Taos. She regularly helps with transportation so families may visit the Giving Tree, St. James Episcopal Church food pantry or the Community Against Violence office.
Many of the resources she guides her clients through must be outsourced. In 2015, Taos lost a detox center, and last year behavioral services provider Tri-County closed. She works alongside other local agencies such as the group the State of Homelessness, the DreamTree project, Inside Out Recovery and shelters throughout the state to discuss bringing more resources to Taos. Concha also devotes time to networking so her clients have the opportunity to receive the resources they so desperately need.
"My frustrations are that there are not enough resources for my clients for sheltering, rehab and detox," Concha said. "There's not enough resources here. We are all scrambling, all these agencies that work with the homeless and victims of crime."
However, Concha refuses to lose the battle. Her long-term goals are to gather a larger team of people in order to create more housing to address the homelessness situation and a rehabilitation center. She is passionate about helping and hopeful that in time Taos will gain more resources.
Concha — the mother of three children and grandmother of two grandsons — strives to leave her family a better world. She practices her trade with vigilance, understanding and sincerity. She is inspired by the community and by the women in her life.
"My passion for helping others is just community, the love of community, the love of people. We don't know what their plights are in life, we don't know what their dreams were, but if somehow I can make it better for them to get their dreams back, to better their situation in life, that's what everybody wants," Concha said.
We hit these bumps, these little hiccups in our lives and sometimes one is a bigger bump or a bigger hiccup, so I feel that my passion in helping not only my tribal community members, but our community as a whole, is to be there for them and show them we care, that there are people here."
Taos,	news,	woman,	women,	Pueblo,	homeless,	domestic violence,	social worker,	Michelle Concha
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Global Recordings Network missionaries depend on the ongoing financial support and prayers of generous believers like you. Thank you for helping us tell the story of Jesus in every language.
Marcos Mejia
Intern Recordist
Sinaloa, Mexico
How Marcos Serves with Global Recordings Network
Marcos is a GRN recordist working under Senior Recordist Larry D as part of a two-year internship program. This internship is focused on recording Gospel messages in unreached languages worldwide and training new recordists to continue this task in their own countries.
Marcos was called to GRN full-time in June 2021 when Larry D requested some young men to join him for a two-year recording internship. Throughout the rest of 2021, he served the Lord in Mexico, training, recording, editing, and uploading newly recorded languages. He looks forward to continuing this in 2022 as the Lord leads the team to further recording projects around the world.
On Faith and Family
Marcos was born and raised in Navolato, Sinaloa, Mexico. His family eventually became Christians but was hugely affected by the narco-cartels for which this part of Mexico is famous. As a youth Marcos was involved in working in the agricultural camps where GR has conducted distribution from Culiacan for decades. Eventually Marcos and his church were directly involved with the annual GR distribution outreach. Marcos was converted as a result of the changed lives of his grandfather, mother, and father. Marcos expanded his involvement with GR by traveling with Mike Hendricks into other evangelistic distribution projects.
Background and Qualifications
Marcos majored in engineering in University and actually left that to join the recording team. Marcos has a gift and love for music and effectively plays several instruments and leads worship. He was actually on a distribution trip with Mike Hendricks in southern Mexico when he called Larry and asked if he could sign up. Though a Mexican national Marcos came directly under GRN USA leadership for this internship.