The holiday of Purim entails a curious mixture of prayer and parody, law and levity. The scrupulous manner in which we perform Purim's mitzvot ha-yom contrasts sharply with the lively and boisterous atmosphere of the day. Yet, explains the Rav zt"l,(2) Maran Rabbi Joseph B. HaLevi Soloveitchik, this is precisely the point of Purim. It is a day which recognizes both man's salvation and his vulnerability. Our redemption from doom merits song and praise, gaiety and celebration. However, prayer, petition, and faithful shemirat ha-mitzvot, are also in order, as events and circumstances can change all too quickly. Man, with all his success, is painfully aware that he cannot master his own fate. Thus, Purim is a reflection of the human experience.
This dialectical idea in Purim is not merely an aberration, a peculiar quirk in the character of the day. On the contrary, Purim's penchant for duality appears to be rooted in its origins. Let us, therefore, discuss Purim's distinctive status in the manifold world of halakha.
It is possible, though, that subtler and more heterogeneous categories may also exist in the halakhic system. For instance, somewhere on the continuum between minhagim and rabbinic law we find the idea of minhag she-nitkan ke-mitzva. This classification, conceived of by R' Yitzchak Zev ha'Levi Soloveitchik zt"l,(7) assigns a formalized status to certain minhagim, and treats them similarly to legislated rabbinic law. Do similar concepts appear elsewhere on the halakhic spectrum? For example, is there a parallel median category located between Biblical and rabbinical law?
Two relevant sources, in articulating conflicting messages, provide a foundation for discussion. First, Gemara Rosh Hashana(8) teaches that it is unnecessary to bolster the divrei kabbala prohibition of fasting on the third of Tishrei(9) through forbidding fasting on the second and fourth days of Tishrei, just as there is no need to bolster the d'orayta prohibition of fasting on Rosh Chodesh. This is so, says the gemara, because "divrei kabbala ke-divrei Torah damu;" divrei kabbala are treated like Biblical law, and therefore do not need chizuk,(10) reinforcement. Clearly, divrei kabbala are treated differently than that of classic rabbinic law. The gemara does not explicate, however, to what extent, and in what detail, we treat divrei kabbala like divrei Torah.
At the very least, it is obvious that divrei kabbala are not identical to divrei Torah. This is because Gemara Chaggiga(11) teaches: "We do not learn divrei Torah from divrei kabbala." Moreover, this second source, in driving a wedge between divrei Torah and divrei kabbala, aggravates the tension between them, and calls into question their entire relationship. This strain is magnified by the fact that divrei kabbala do not incur punishments of malkut (lashes),(12) nor obligations to offer sacrifices, whereas divrei Torah do.
We must ask, then, two related, questions. First, what category of law do divrei kabbala belong to? Are divrei kabbala a lenient form of divrei Torah,(13) or, conversely, are divrei kabbala a more stringent category of rabbinic law? A third possibility to consider is that divrei kabbala are a unique and independent cast of law, which occasionally expresses stringencies akin to Biblical law, and other times leniencies similar to rabbinical law.
Second, with regard to what details do we treat divrei kabbala like divrei Torah? Is the principle of "divrei kabbala ke-divrei Torah damu" limited merely to "chizuk," i.e. reinforcement, or does it carry broader halakhic implications? The more extensive the impact, the more likely that divrei kabbala are a form of divrei Torah. Similarly, the less divrei kabbala express elements of divrei Torah, the more probable it is that divrei kabbala are merely a stricter form of rabbinic law.
To clarify the extent of the gemara's analogy between divrei kabbala and divrei Torah, and the exact halakhic expression of divrei kabbala, it is necessary to conduct an extensive examination of all the various cases of divrei kabbala. The evidence which emerges from such an investigation will help form a sharper picture and a more accurate classification of this enigmatic idea. As merely a step in this direction, let us investigate divrei kabbala through the lens of Purim.
What precisely qualifies as divrei kabbala? Mishna Ta'anit,(14) Gemara Sota,(15) and other sources(16) cite verses from Nakh and label them "kabbala." Thus, Rashi(17) explains that verses from Nakh are considered "divrei kabbala." If so, the source for the holiday, which is located in Nakh,(18) should also qualify Purim as divrei kabbala.
Yet, in contrast to Rashi's broad interpretation of divrei kabbala, Ran(19) cites a Yerushalmi which might limit divrei kabbala to specifically Sifrei Nakh written through the medium of Nevua, prophecy. This would exclude Purim from the category of divrei kabbala since Megillat Esther was written merely through ruach ha-kodesh, divine inspiration, and not by prophecy.(20) Such an approach would presumably place divrei kabbala in a category above rabbinic law.
Nonetheless, a majority of Rishonim(21) accept the broad understanding of divrei kabbala which includes all halakhot found in Nakh. Accordingly, the holiday of Purim is considered divrei kabbala le-halakha (on a practical level).(22) The nature of divrei kabbala, however, is, as of yet, open and unresolved.
Even within mikra megilla, however, there exists an ambiguity. Gemara Megilla(27) states: "A person is obligated to read the megilla at night and again during the day." Are both of these readings obligatory on the divrei kabbala level, or is perhaps one of them merely a rabbinic requirement? This question provides an opportunity for insight into the relationship between divrei kabbala and rabbinic law.
An obvious litmus test to confirm a difference, or the lack thereof, in the obligations of the night and day readings is the berakhaof shehechiyanu. We recite this blessing when we perform a mitzva for the first time in a given year.(28) Therefore, shehechiyanu is said when we read the megilla on the night of Purim.(29) Ought we say shehechiyanu a second time when we read Megillat Esther again during the day? If the shehechiyanu must be repeated, this would indicate that the daytime reading is a different and more elevated obligation than that of the night time; it is a new mitzva, so too speak. If the shehechiyanu need not be repeated, then this would suggest that there is no difference in their chiyuvim, or that the differences are not acute enough to justify defining the two readings as two separate mitzvot.
According to this approach, Tosafot and Rambam both agree that divrei kabbala and rabbinic law are different enough categories to be considered two distinct mitzvot and require two birkot shehechiyanu. Their only point of contention is whether the two kriot of Megillat Esther stem from different levels of chiyuv, or whether they are both mi-divrei kabbala. This evidence fundamentally and qualitatively divides divrei kabbala from rabbinic law. It does not provide, however, any revelations with regard to divrei kabbala's association with Biblical law.
However, a second opinion of Tosafot(38) rules that "af hen" may be applied to mitzvot d'oraita as well. Accordingly, no inference may drawn from the gemara's application of "af hen" to mikra megilla. However, one may speculate that the latter opinion of Tosafot was motivated to extend "af hen" to mitzvot d'oraita precisely because mikra megilla is mi-divrei kabbala. This would define divrei kabbala as a lenient form of d'oraita law.
No evidence has been presented, however, which would place divrei kabbala as a cast of law unto itself. In fact, Rishonim never once mention the term "divrei kabbala" in their discussion of "af hen ha'yu be-oto ha-nes." This would indicate that they perceive divrei kabbala as either a form of rabbinic or Biblical law, but not as an independent category.
An additional test of divrei kabbala's character is how it behaves in conflict with dinei Torah. For instance, there is an opinion in Rishonim(39) that an onen (one who has lost a close relative whose body has not yet been buried) may eat meat and drink wine on Purim since a positive commandment pertaining to an individual - aveilut (mourning) - cannot override a mitzvat aseh pertaining to the public - simchat Purim. They assert that rejoicing on Purim is indeed treated as an positive commandment, since divrei kabbala ke-divrei Torah damu. In fact, this ruling and phraseology is accepted as law.(40) Clearly, allowing Purim to compete with, and to override, divrei Torah, and to refer to Purim as a positive commandment - a most striking appellation - pulls divrei kabbala into the purview of divrei Torah.
In a different case of conflict between megilla and divrei Torah, however, there is a dispute amongst halakhic decisors. Some Rishonim and later Poskim(41) rule that while we interrupt avoda in the Beit Ha-mikdash to hear mikra megilla b'tzibbur (public reading of the Megilla),(42) that is only if the avoda can be completed afterwards. However, if the avoda cannot be subsequently accomplished, we do not nullify avoda d'oraita for megilla d'rabanan.(43) This wording clearly defines divrei kabbala as rabbinic law. Moreover, this ruling does not assign additional validity to divrei kabbala that would allow it to compete with divrei Torah.
Taz(44) and Biur ha'Gra(45) vehemently assert that mikra megilla does completely override avoda be-mikdash and other mitzvot d'oraita, just as it uproots talmud Torah,(46) because "divrei kabbala ke-divrei Torah damu." Moreover, argues Taz, this seems to be the ruling of Rambam and Shulchan Arukh, for they state without qualification: "We nullify talmud Torah in order to hear mikra megilla; and this is certainly the case with regard to other mitzvot d'oraita, that they are overridden due to mikra megilla." This is yet a further example of divrei kabbala's Biblical traits.
Another yardstick for determining the status of divrei kabbala is whether we generally treat it stringently or leniently.(47) For example, how does divrei kabbala respond in cases of "safek" (doubt)?
Mishna Megilla(50) states that "large cities" read Megillat Esther on the fourteenth of Adar, and "walled city from the times of Yehoshua ben Nun" read the megilla on the fifteenth of Adar. According to Gemara Megilla,(51) those who were in doubt about the status of Tiveria and Hutzal, i.e. whether they are defined as a "walled city from the times of Yehoshua ben Nun" or not, read Megillat Esther both on the fourteenth and fifteenth of Adar.
On the surface, this course of action would seem to be a function of the general rule, safek le-chumra, which we apply to Biblical law. If so, this is a prime example of divrei kabbala responding as a d'oraita law. The Geonim(52) explain, however, that the practice of reading Megillat Esther in Tiveria and Hutzal on both days was not an halakhic ruling, but rather a midat chassidut - it was a pious act, not a normative one. In fact, argue these Geonim, this is a case of safek d'rabanan, and the normative ruling is to be lenient. These Geonim clearly place divrei kabbala in the category of rabbinic law.
Yet, Rambam, Tur, and Shulchan Arukh all write that such cities must read the megilla on both days. These decisors, clearly, do not understand the gemara's presentation as referring to mere midat chassidut. It is expressing, rather, normative demands upon such cities in doubt as to their status. This ruling, apparently, is an expression of the general rule "safek d'orayta le-chumra," and is yet another instance of the d'oraita dimension of divrei kabbala. Indeed, Turei Even(53) articulates this idea outright, explaining that since "divrei kabbala ke-divrei Torah damu," in a case of doubt we must be as stringent as we are with regard to divrei Torah.(54) Moreover, writes Turei Even, it is perfectly sensible to treat them similarly, as both divrei Torah and divrei kabbala are utterances of the Master of the World.
A similar situation of safek regarding mikra megilla occurs in the Diaspora due to a sefeika deyoma. Why do we not celebrate a second day of Purim in the Diaspora like we do for Pesach, Shavuot, and Succot? Why is there no obligation to read on the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Adar in chutz la-aretz if theris a doubt as to the correct date of the month?
One answer could be that Purim is treated like a rabbinical ordinance, in which case we say safek d'rabanan le-kula. Mordechai(55) provides a different response. He writes that one cannot, out of doubt, read Megillat Esther on a date following the fourteenth since Megillat Esther states: "ve-lo ya'avor," one is forbidden to read the megilla past the proper date. Since it is possible that one truly read Megillat Esther on the proper day, i.e. the fourteenth of Adar, we do not read again the next day as this would be running the risk of violating "ve-lo ya'avor." The implication is that were it not for "ve-lo ya'avor," one would be obligated to rule strictly and read the megilla on the fifteenth as well. This might be another example of safek divrei kabbala le-chumra.
However, it is also possible that Mordechai would rule stringently for a different reason, and not because safek divrei kabbala le-chumra. Avudraham(56) indicates that even with regard to classic rabbinical laws, we rule stringently in a sefeika deyoma. Avudraham asks why we do not celebrate nine days of Chanukah in the Diaspora. He answers that this is so because we know the proper dates. Clearly, then, were we unsure of the date, Avudraham would rule stringently, obligating us to celebrate a ninth day of Chanukah. In fact, Minchat Chinukh(57) rules that in the future, when we will again sanctify the months through the testimony of witnesses, places which have a sefeika deyoma will certainly celebrate nine days of Chanukah, as they did in the past!
B. Can a Chiyuv D'rabanan Motzi a Chiyuv Mi-divrei Kabbala?
Magen Avraham(62) notes a discrepancy between Shulchan Arukh's formulation in these two laws. Why does Shulchan Arukh give credence to the opinion that a minor can motzi an adult in the mitzva of lighting Chanukah candles, if he does not similarly cite that opinion for mikra megilla?(63) Magen Avraham comments that this is indeed problematic as "it is difficult to distinguish between mikra megilla and ner Chanukah."(64) Magen Avraham, thus, clearly considers mikra megilla, i.e. divrei kabbala, to be a form of rabbinic law, no different in level than the mitzva d'rabanan of ner Chanukah.
Pri Migadim(65) offers an explanation for the difficulty in Shulchan Arukh. He asserts that since lighting Chanukah candles is merely rabbinic, Shulchan Arukh is justified in also quoting the opinion that a minor can motzi an adult. After all, both the minor and the adult are obligated on a rabbinic level, and perhaps the fact that a minor is trei d'rabanan is of no concern. However, writes Pri Migadim, mikra megilla is mi-divrei kabbala. It is, therefore, impossible for a minor, whose obligation is only d'rabanan, to motzi an adult who is obligated at the higher level of divrei kabbala.
This idea is similarly expressed by Turei Even(66) with regard to whether or not a woman can motzi a man in mikra megilla. Behag(67) rules that women cannot motzi men for mikra megilla. Turei Even explains that this is so because a woman's obligation to read the megilla is me-d'rabanan(68) while men are obligated mi-divrei kabbala, and a chiyuv d'rabanan cannot motzi a chiyuv mi-divrei kabbala.
Pri Migadim and Turei Even evidently understand that divrei kabbala is on a different plane than dinei d'rabanan. It is unclear, however, whether they consider divrei kabbala to be a more lenient form of Biblical law, or an independent category.
In sum, it is apparent that Purim, which is mi-divrei kabbala, has some elements and features akin to divrei Torah. However, the precise character of divrei kabbala is not at all a simple matter. Even at best, divrei kabbala cannot be considered an unalloyed category. While commentators and decisors argue about emphases, nonetheless, all agree it is still a hybrid - a diversified mix of Torah and rabbinic law. The issues of shehechiyanu, safek, af hen, discharging another's obligation, and competition with other mitzvot d'oraita, by revealing two distinct schools of thought, all seem to underscore the tension and dissonance that exist within divrei kabbala. Can a reconciliation exist?
The Rav zt"l proposed the following explanation.(69) While the category of divrei kabbala is undeniably heterogeneous, it also, nonetheless, has an inner logic. The fact that halakhot or ideas are found in any part of Torah, Nevi'im, or Ketuvim, confer upon them the special status of "cheftza shel Torah she-b'ketav," i.e. they are halakhically considered "The Written Law." Thus, for example, if one were to burn Megillat Esther, he would violate the Torah prohibition of "You shall not do so unto the Lord your God."(70) Megillat Esther has the same kedusha as other verses in the Torah, since they are both literary expressions of Divine Will. However, at the same time, if one would avoid reading the megilla, he will have violated only a mitzva d'rabanan. While this may appear incongruous, it does not change the fact that this is how divrei kabbala functions.
If so, it is possible that all the disputes with regard to "divrei kabbala" may in fact be how to interpret Purim's "cheftza shel Torah" status. Does this status transform Purim into a new mitzva - one that would require a shehechiyanu? Do we apply "af hen ha'yu be-oto ha-nes" to such a status? Is one who is obligated mi-divrei kabbala considered on a higher level of obligation than a one who is obligated mi-d'rabanan? Can Purim compete with other mitzvot d'oraita? Thus, instead of divrei kabbala being some indiscriminate cross between divrei Torah and rabbinic law, it is emerges, rather, as a Torah-ordained statute which generates a rabbinical obligation.
Purim, then, is much more than a rabbinical holiday. It is a day which is rooted and fostered in a Torah she-be-ketav environment. This, of course, is not a result of merely being located in Tanakh. It reflects the fact that Purim is the word of the Living God, and that as we accomplish the mitzvat ha-yom, we fulfill not merely Divine Will, but Divine Law.
1. This article will focus primarily on the divrei kabbala status of Purim. Further aspects of Purim will be discussed be-ezrat Hashem in the next Shevat-Adar edition of Alei Etzion.
2. Shiurei HaRav, edited by Joseph Epstein, Ktav Publishing House, 1994, pp.175-180.
3. For a more comprehensive overview of the range of halakhot, see Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim, part I.
4. See Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim, 1:41. This of course does not mean one may treat minhagim cavalierly. Minhagim demand careful observance, and a violation of them may actually engender a severe issur d'oraita. See Teshuvot Chatam Sofer, Yora Dea, siman 107. See also, however, Yam Shel Shlomo, Chulin, chap. 1, siman 36, and Rav Avraham Isaac Kook's Teshuvot Da'at Kohen, siman 18, p. 49, and siman 84, p. 189, who have a moderated approach to minhagim.
5. Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim, 60:3. See also Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim, 1:32.
6. See Encyclopedia Talmudit, "Issur d'Rabanan", for a more expanded list of leniencies. This does not mean, however, that one may be lax in his observance of dinei d'rabanan. According to Gemara Eruvin 21b, one must be more scrupulous in performing mitzvot d'rabanan than mitzvot d'oraita.
7. Griz al ha'Rambam, Hilkhot Berakhot 11:16. See also Beit Yit, 1993, vol. 25, pp. 20-21, for Maran Ha'Rav Joseph B. ha'Levi Soloveitchik's more developed formulation.
9. I.e. Tzom Gedalia, which in the time of the Beit Ha-mikdash was a day of feasting.
10. See Ran (Ta'anit 7a in the pages of the Rif) who suggests that according to the Talmud Yerushalmi 2:12 divrei kabbala do need chizuk. According to this approach, one would be hardpressed to establish a relationship between divrei kabbala and divrei Torah.
12. See Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim 1:18, that there is, however, makot mardut. See also Yerushalmi Yevamot 2:6, and Rashi, Sanhedrin 84a, s.v. lo yavo.
13. According to this approach, all that which is revealed by God, whether in Torah she-b'ktav, Torah she-be'al peh, nevua, or ruach ha-kodesh, has the status of Biblical law. It is just that some forms of Biblical law express certain leniencies whereas other forms do not.
16. See Encyclopedia Talmudit, "Divrei Kabbala", p. 106 for an expanded listing of sources.
17. Bava Kama 2b, s.v. Divrei kabbala.
18. See Megillat Esther, Chap. 9. See also Gemara Megilla 5b and 7a.
19. Ta'anit 7a in the pages of the Rif. Ran, however, suggests that it is also entirely possible the Yerushalmi agrees that Purim is divrei kabbala, but disputes the position that divrei kabbala do not need chizuk.
21. Ba'al Ha'Maor (Megilla 4a in the pages of the Rif), Ran ibid., Rosh (Ta'anit 2:24), Mordechai (Megilla 1: 776). In fact, according to these Rishonim, the reason why we may fast Ta'anit Esther the day before Purim is because Purim is divrei kabbala, and does not need chizuk to prevent one from fasting on Purim itself.
22 Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim 696:7, and Taz ibid. 687 note 2.
26. It is possible, however, that while Purim is mi-divrei kabbala, mikra megilla may merely be mi-d'rabanan. This is so since according to Rashi (Ta'anit 15a, s.v. kabbala) only that which is stated in Nakh in the form of a command qualifies as divrei kabbala. Thus, since mikra megilla is not "commanded" to us by Nakh, but rather is presented in the form of "sippur," a story, it may merely be a mitzva d'rabanan. See Teshuvot Dovev Meisharim, by R. Dov Baersh Weidenfeld, the Tchebiner Rav, Vol. 1, siman 15. To be sure, it is questionable whether Rashi is the author of the Rashi commentary found in our editions of Ta'anit. Moreover, compare this idea with Ramban, Ha'sagot Le-sefer Ha-mitzvot, in the latter section of Shoresh 2, that a command found in Nakh has the status of actual devar Torah.
28. Rambam, Hilkhot Berakhot 11:9.
29. Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim, 692:1.
30. Megilla 4a, s.v. chayev.
32. See, for example, Turei Even (Megilla 4a) and Noda b'Yehuda (siman 41, mahadura kama).
33. See Mishnat Ya'avetz by R' Bezalel Zolti, Orach Chaim, 77:2.
35. Although generally woman are exempt from mitzvot aseh she-ha'zman grama, they are nonetheless obligated in some time-bound mitzvot since "af hen hayu be-oto ha-nes," i.e. they too were included in the miracle. For an elaboration on this topic, see this author's article in Alei Etzion, vol. 5, "The Seder Night: A Halakhic Overview, part II", pp. 29-33.
36. Pesachim 108b, s.v. ha'yu.
37. One might possibly diffuse this proof by suggesting that, however unlikely, this opinion of Tosafot limits divrei kabbala to nevua in accordance with the Yerushalmi quoted by the Ran above. Thus, Purim is merely d'rabanan and one cannot extrapolate from it the nature of divrei kabbala. Another unlikely response is that Tosafot was merely eliminating "af hen" from mitzvot d'oraita, but not necessarily limiting "af hen" to mitzvot d'rabanan. Thus, perhaps, divrei kabbala is an independent category, and, as a non-d'oraita, qualifies for the application of "af hen."
38. Megilla 4a, s.v. she'af.
39. Orchot Chaim, Megilla siman 39.
40. Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim 696:7.
41. See Ran, Megilla 2b in the pages of the Rif, s.v. yisrael be-ma'amadan; Tosafot Megilla 3a, s.v. mevatlin; Beit Yosef, siman 687, and Rema, Orach Chaim 687:2. See also Teshuvot Chavat Yair, simanim 8-11.
43. While "megilla d'rabanan" is the exact phrase of Ran, it is also apparently the intent of Rema.
44. Orach Chaim, 687:2. See also Turei Even, Megilla 3a.
45. Ibid. Biur ha'Gra, in fact, quotes Ran, and comments: "His words are cause for wonder."
47. There are numerous implications to this question. For instance, is it necessary to determine whether a bar-mitzva boy, who wishes to read the megilla for the congregation, has reached physical maturity? For dinei d'rabanan we rely on chazaka d'Rava that he has reached physical maturity (Bava Batra 155a-b. See also Rema, Orach Chaim 55:5 and 199:10, who allows him to join a minyan and mezuman.). However, with regard to dinei Torah, e.g. chalitza, the gemara ibid. rules we cannot rely on this chazaka (see Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim, siman 199, note 7). Can we rely on chazaka d'Rava in cases of divrei kabbala, such as mikra megilla?
Another example which hinges on this question is can we rely on the chazaka that shaliach oseh shlichuto, i.e. an agent will carry out his agency (Eruvin 31b), for mishloach manot? Mishna Berura (siman 695, note 18) cites Binyan Zion who suggests that perhaps one can only fulfill sending mishloach manot through an agent, a shaliach. If so, must one check to see if his shaliach indeed fulfilled his shlichut of mishloach manot? For dinei d'rabanan, we do rely on chazaka shaliach oseh shlichuto, whereas for dinei Torah, this is a debate among the Rishonim. What would be the law for divrei kabbala, such as mishloach manot?
A final example which may depend on the character of divrei kabbala is whether we encounter the problem of "ein osin mitzvot chavilot chavilot" (see Pesachim 102b) in sending mishloach manot. Rambam (Shabbat 29:13) rules that this prohibition only applies to mitzvot d'oraita, but not to mitzvot d'rabanan. K'tav Sofer (Orach Chaim siman 139) thus queries whether one may send mishloach manot to an indigent person to thereby fulfill mishloach manot and matanot le-evyonim with one act. Is this a violation of "ein osin mitzvot chavilot chavilot"? He asserts that the answer hinges on the character of divrei kabbala.
48. This question concerned the Pri Migadim (Mishbetzot Zahav, Orach Chaim 687:1) in his discussion of whether or not one fulfills reading Megillat Esther during bein ha-shemashot (twilight). Shulchan Arukh (ibid. 692:4) rules that in pressing circumstances one may fulfill reading Megillat Esther from plag ha-mincha (one and one-quarter of a halakhic hour before sundown). Pri Chadash disputes this, asserting that Megillat Esther must be read specifically at night. Pri Migadim discusses whether according to Pri Chadash one fulfills reading the megilla during bein ha-shemashot, which is safek yom safek layla (in doubt whether it is considered to be night or day). In a case of safek divrei kabbala, do we rule stringently, that one has not fulfilled his obligation, or leniently, that one has done so?
49. See Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim, 1:18.
52. Cited in Ran, Megilla 2a in the pages of the Rif. See also Ramban, Rashba, and Ritva, ad loc.
54. This also seems to be the opinion of Pri Migadim, General Introduction to Orach Chaim, 1:41.
55. Gemara Megilla, siman 775.
59. See Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim, siman 689 note 4, who implies that Shulchan Aruch rules in accordance with the second opinion. However, Pri Migadim, in his Machtzit ha'Shekel ibid., notes that Magen Avraham did not mean this, but rather was emphasizing the difference between Shulchan Arukh's formulation in Hilkhot Chanukah and in Hilkhot Megilla. According to Machtzit ha'Shekel, in general, the first opinion cites by Shulchan Arukh is his true ruling.
61. That is, since a minor is obligated to fulfill mikra megilla which is a rabbinic din, and he is concomitantly rabbinically obligated to fulfill mikra megilla mi-din chinukh, for educational purposes, his obligation is considered weaker and at a lower level than that of an adult who is rabbinically obligated in mikra megilla at the primary level. See Machtzit ha'Shekel ibid. note 4, and Tosafot Megilla 19b, s.v. ve-rebbe Yehuda.
Interestingly, Magen Avraham (Orach Chaim, siman 186, note 3) rules that a minor who eats a ke-zayit of bread can be motzi an adult who ate a ke-zayit of bread, i.e. a trei d'rabanan can motzi a chad d'rabanan, against Tosafot Megilla 19b. However, Machtzit ha'Shekel explains that Magen Avraham only rules such when the trei d'rabanan could become a chad d'rabanan. Thus, since a minor could in theory eat k'dei se'via and become a chad d'rabanan, he, as a trei d'rabanan, can motzi an adult who only ate a ke-zayit. If, however, the trei d'rabanan could not become a chad d'rabanan, as in the case of a minor who wishes to light Chanukah candles or read the megilla, then Magen Avraham agrees that a trei d'rabanan cannot motzi a chad d'rabanan.
62. Orach Chaim, siman 689, note 4.
63. See Machtzit ha'Shekel, ibid.
64. Pri Migadim, in his Eshel Avraham, Orach Chaim 689:4, comments that Magen Avraham thought it was difficult to distinguish between mikra megilla and ner Chanukah by saying that in mikra megilla an adult is obligated to read the megilla whereas a minor must hear the megilla. The point of such a distinction would be that it is obvious that a minor cannot motzi an adult in mikra megilla and therefore no credence should be given to a contrary opinion. However, in ner Chanukah, where this is not as clear cut, Shulchan Arukh justly mentions an opposing opinion.
65. General Introduction to Orach Chaim 1:18.
66. Turei Even, Megilla 4a.
67. Tosafot Megilla, 4a, s.v. nashim.
68. This assumes that "af hen hayu be-oto ha-nes" can only generate a chiyuv d'rabanan.
69. Shiurim l'Zecher Abba Mari z"l, vol. 1, "Kavod Ve-oneg Shabbat," p. 52.
70. Devarim 12:4, and Rambam, Sefer Ha-mitzvot, mitzva 65 of the Negative Commandments.


It really doesn't have to be a hard thing to find a licensed painting contractor in Kansas City, KS, even though it could appear so. You won't need to use your own time for finding the most competitive contractors. You need to realize that the professionals at The Painting Pro Guys are highly rated and most trusted. Below are some of the important things that you may want to think over when working with someone for your painting job.
Value and pricing are important aspects of the project when determining a painting contractor. Hiring the cheapest contractor around can end up ultimately costing you more. You may want to reconsider hiring the cheapest contractor you can find if you want to have your project done only once. Ensure that you find out the quality of the paint brand by calling a local paint store close by.
You should be wary of pricing that seems unrealistic when you are negotiating the price of the job. It might favor you if you stick with a licensed painting contractor who stays in business, especially if you really want to benefit from your warranty. Sometimes a licensed painting contractor will end up going out of business, so avoid working with them afterwards. Always insist on written warranties, because oral agreements are unenforceable.
The best thing to do when looking for a painter is to request three local references. Before we leave the site of the project, we make sure our customer is contented with the paint. We'll provide you with access to a number of customers who are more than happy with the completion of their individual projects. The people of our customer base are happy to take your calls.
If you need to find out how your hired painter will protect your property, just contact any customer references he provides you. After the project came to an end, find out how they cleaned up the mess. When the job is finished, a dependable painting contractor will return your home to the condition it had been in before the work began. It's important that whatever contractor you employ protects your floors and furnishings from paint drips and splatters.
Ask potential painting contractors to show you evidence of their liability insurance. Liability policies for insurance are generally only entrusted with people who do not make claims or run the risk of a lawsuit. Working with an uninsured contractor puts you at extreme risk of loss. Lawsuits can increase their insurance premium, thus, insured painters normally pay attention to details.
The importance of verifying vehicle signage should not be overlooked. Anyone can borrow a pickup truck from a close friend or visit a car rental place and rent one. Also note the phone number on the vehicle and make sure it is a local, working number. When you call the number, the phone should be answered professionally.
Competent professionals will explain step by step how they will control the mess, if you're planning to live on site during the project. While you may not intend on being at the area while the painting project is being worked on, you should, in any case, get a pre-project arrangement. You need to learn about the time frames, details surrounding the project and the rate at which the work will probably be competed. The Painting Pro Guys will assist you throughout the plan and make sure that you have understood the process.
Working with a painter means that you must find out the process from beginning to end. Find out whether he will probably be finishing one room at a time or bringing in a crew that will probably be working in multiple rooms at the same time. Painting is a messy process that generates a lot of trash, so make sure your contractor agrees to remove it at the end of each and every work day. The procedure of how trash is cleaned is a question you must ask the contractor.
Painters must be conscious of potential messes and how to avoid them. They typically cover the floors and furnishings with heavy plastic sheeting to protect them from paint splatters. Overlapping sheets of plastic form a very effective barrier against both paint and dust. 'Men Working' red tape is wrapped throughout the room, which gives the illusion of a crime scene from the movies.
When you get a quote from a painter, ensure that you confirm that the cost of the plastic draping to keep children out is covered. The plastic drapes will keep any children in your household from touching freshly painted walls. Any professional painter should know how to prevent unnecessary messes. You would not want a case where the painter needs to come back and redo the entire wall.
Knowing his product lines from memory is what every professional painter that has had a house painting service for a certain amount of time should exhibit. He should also have professionally designed presentation materials to show you. They should have the option to discuss the relative merits of each product and quote prices accurately without having to look anything up. An excellent and competent contractor should not need to look things up all of the time.
Contracts should only be presented before the project begins to really ensure all parties agree to the expectations. Failing to catch any errors or omissions before you sign can end up being a very expensive mistake should altercations arise later. That's why it's so important to ensure all of your questions have been answered and you're in complete agreement with everything in the legal agreement before you sign it. If there're legal terms within the legal agreement you find unfamiliar, find a legal representative who is able to decipher and explain the meanings.
The first coat is sometimes an implication, that all of the great care the customer has taken selecting their applications was wasted. It's always worth paying a little more to purchase high quality paint for your home. You really want to be as comfortable as possible in your surroundings, so it makes sense to spend a little more to achieve the very best results. The Painting Pro Guys always try hard to delight customers with the quality of the work done for them.


Discussion in 'Introductions' started by Brattythott, Mar 5, 2019.
Looking to pass time & chat with individuals drop me a message if your interested men & woman alike. Inquire away my loves ill answer as efficiently as possible.
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I'm an older guy but I'm happy to chat with you about whatever you like whenever you want. Like your artistic photo taken in the mirror.


text:
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News : PONY MUSIC Happy Hour Sale - Wed 24th April 5-7pm!
GeoffMison writes"
PONY MUSIC Happy Hour - Wed 24th April 5pm-7pm Only. SUPER DEALS, CRAZY PRICES and ONE OFF SPECIALS
PONY MUSIC Happy Hour
Be There!!
News : PONY MUSIC
PONY MUSIC wish you all a Safe and Musical Holiday Season
News : Grammy-winning Record Producer looking for original songs
Tomaino writes"
Melbourne Recording Artist Masterclass- seeking YOUR songs
Presenting Grammy-winning, multi-platinum, multi-instrumentalist Record Producer and Song Doctor, Scott Mathews: the name behind giants of the music industry, including:
+ The Beach Boys + David Bowie + Johnny Cash + Snoop Dogg + Eric Clapton + Chris Isaak + Elvis Costello + Mick Jagger + Carlos Santana + Van Morrison + Roy Orbison + Joe Satriani!
Register your interest by sending your best mp3 demo to:
artist.masterclass@gmail.com
Receive free written feedback from the internationally acclaimed record producer.
Selected artists will be invited to attend Scott's free career accelerating RECORDING ARTIST MASTERCLASS in Melbourne in Jan 2013.
A truly unique opportunity here, guys. Don't miss out.
News : DO YOU WANT A RECORD DEAL?
questionmedia writes"
Want a record deal?..too bad; but,
a record deal simply isn't always the maker of fairy tales and dreams.
Visit www.questionmediastore.com for a dvd that might just change your band, life and business forever!
Entitled 'Essential Business Communications & Management skills for Independent Performing Artists' this dvd is a must have tool for any entry level entrepreneur.
Don't wait for that elusive talent scout to spot your business in some smelly, dirty, pub. Get the skills and knowledge to get your band, or business, where you want it.
AND GET IT REALLY CHEAP FOR A LIMITED TIME!!!!
Disclaimer: This is SERIOUS business communications, and is designed as a tool for business owners to refer to during different phases of their business' operations. development and growth.
ONLY FOR MUSICIANS THAT WANT SERIOUS BUSINESS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
With the right attitude...this dvd could be better than a record deal!
www.questionmediastore.com
News : Guitar Mic Shootout @ Pony Music - Sun 29th July
Anonymous writes"
GUITAR MIC SHOOTOUT @ Pony Music
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
<?php

namespace PhpGitHooks\Module\Composer\Contract\Exception;

class ComposerFilesNotFoundException extends \Exception
{
    protected $message = 'Composer files not found';
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am contacting you regarding the dynamometer test results that you have published. I am using RC scale shocks to do earthquake engineering experiments in buildings.
At the moment, I am testing traxxas GTR shocks in a setup similar to the dynamometer you have shown in your report. I have an electromagnetic shaker displacing the shock piston in a sinusoidal fashion. I have a load cell connected in series with the shock to record force, and the piston motion is also being recorded.
Unfortunately, I was unable to get any linear response from the shocks and there always seems to be lag between the force I am recording, and the velocity of the piston. I have even gone to the extent of testing the damper with no cap (open to air) but I still see this lag.
I am wondering whether you had to do any post processing of your force traces to capture the linear damper trends you show. I would really appreciate any advice you may have on this.


Created for the modern dog, Pimp up Dog Travel Mat means your furry friend can always come along for the ride. Whether your pooch is joining you out for dinner or for a picnic in the park, this dog travel mat provides a soft and familiar place for your friend to relax.
Pimp up Travel Dog Mat features durable Faux Fur top and soft filling with anti-slip bottom. The handle is for easy folding and carrying, also it hides into inside of the mat. For the dog on the go, this cosy Dog Travel Mat is easy rolled up for a trip to the pub on your next dog friendly holiday.


What's your point of difference? You'd be surprised how many business owners can't answer this one.
Thing is, customers want to know what's in it for them. Why should they buy your product or service when there are other, seemingly identical, often better-marketed ones out there?
Differentiating yourself from the competition, then making that difference known, is crucial.
But how do you do that? How do you find your point of difference so you can broadcast it loud and clear?
You're in the midst of building your business, trying to keep on top of everything from IT support to accounting to keeping your employees engaged. It can be hard to see the woods for the trees.
Your customers, on the other hand, see your business from a completely different angle. Finding your point of difference can be as simple as asking your customers. How do they see you as different from your competitors?
You might be surprised by the answers you get. And you just might find your answer there.
With 49,156 new businesses registered in New Zealand alone in 2014, we won't blame you if you can't immediately see how your business differs from similar ones out there.
But don't despair: There are many ways to differentiate yourself from your competitors once you start thinking about it.
It might pay to start a list of how you're similar to your competitors. This might trigger some thoughts on why you're better than them in other ways.
This isn't an easy one but, needless to say, it's one of the best from a customer point of view.
Eyebobs, for instance, markets trendy eyewear reminiscent of high-fashion ones to Baby Boomers, at a fraction of the cost. Similarly, online watchmaker MVMT differentiates the brand as being premium, without the big brand markups and outdated retail model.
Are your products vegan? Green? Does the wool for your shawls come from goats fed only organic grass, sheared by Himalayan farmers on fair wages? There's a market waiting to hear from you.
Allbirds Shoes founder Tim Brown looked at the sheep roaming around in his native New Zealand and thought, wool's a sustainable, super-comfy product. I think I'll make sneakers and loafers from that. Since its launch in 2016, happy customers worldwide have come to agree with Brown that "Allbirds are the most comfortable shoes in the world".
Creating a feeling of exclusivity through price or limited membership is another way to differentiate yourself. Think about the Hermes Birkin Bag - a handbag that's become so iconic that, rumour goes, unless you're Vogue editor Anna Wintour, there's a two-year waiting list to get your perfectly manicured fingers on your bit of Nile crocodile skin.
Most people want as many customers as possible. But once you've identified your ideal customer, you might realise that you only have the time and capacity to work with a niche group, especially when you're providing a service.
Say you're a personal trainer. Maybe you've won several bodybuilding championships. When people know this about you, they'll line up to be trained under your watchful eye. It's all about scarcity and exclusivity.
It's not always about your product or service, but about how it makes your customers feel.
Do you focus on creating an ongoing relationship with your customer? Are you proactive about letting them know about new products on the market that will help their own customer service and bottom line?
Maybe your clients love the peace of mind they get from you remembering when it's time for their monthly order. Whatever it is you do to connect with people, share that. People love to connect.
Maybe you're a self-taught artisan, maybe you've risen against the odds to be where you are today. There's only one of you. And your story might be the most important thing about you.
Because when you share your story, your potential customers find areas in which they can relate to you. They come to feel like they know you.
Other points of difference may include quality, benefits, a bigger variety of goods or a more specialised service. Once you start investigating, you're bound to come up with a few ways in which you beat your competitors, hands down.
Need help communicating your point of difference and sharing your story? Finding the right words is our passion. Get in touch.


A quick note with respect to the outstanding service and care I received at the Scardina Law Firm: The staff was unpretentious and inviting when I approached the firm with my situation. Sean (an actual Lawyer) was extremely generous with his time to insure that I had complete understanding of the process to resolve my situation; he was very engaged and I felt he was genuinely concerned for my well being. I also felt that he was dedicated to his work and kept me well informed throughout the entire process without pressure. He made it clear that he was representing me and that I had complete control over the decision making process. He did exactly what he said that he would do when he said that he would do! The Scardina Law Firm has earned my respect; I would recommend this firm to anyone who has legal issues that are within their area of expertise.
Back in May 2015 my youngest child had been taken out of my care based on false accusations. The following month I hired Scardina Law to handle my custody case. At the initial meeting they were very upfront about best-/worst-case scenarios and did not just promise everything I wanted like most law offices I had met with. This was very refreshing after what I heard from the first few law offices I had met with. This was a very difficult case with many variables at play, but at the end of the day they got me the results I wanted…My son back in my care full-time! I would highly recommend both Todd and Autumn to anyone in need of help with the custody of their child(ren).
I'm writing this review because I firmly believe that Autumn and her team do an exceptional job. My divorce case is quite difficult and this team has worked diligently to see that my family and I get the support we need and deserve. Autumn is very personable. On days when I feel like everything is crumbling down, Autumn comes in and gives me that one example that makes everything clear and my worries subside. I enjoy working with her, Autumn and her team are trustworthy, responsive, knowledgeable and have kept me informed in every step during this long process. I highly recommend Scardina Law for your divorce matters.
Autumn Scardina was an associate of our litigation firm for three years. We never before, and have not since, had a more industrious, creative and persistent litigator. If I had need for my own representation, Autumn is whom I'd turn to.
I consulted with Ms. Scardina about a possibly complicated case involving international issues. She was prompt to respond to my request. She seemed very familiar with international interactions. During the consultation, she was patient to listen to my complicated long story, and she gave me concise feedback. She was quick to focus on my goals, the possible outcomes and my options. Instead of securing business, she was very honest to tell me lower cost resources in case I needed them in the future. When I talked with her, I felt that her focus was on what I wanted, not her personal agenda. I am very impressed with her. I had had an attorney/firm that sucked me dry and did not have my best in heart. Ms. Scardina was a refreshing contrast, and I feel that I can trust her. I have not hired her because I have not decided what I want to do with my case, but she is certainly on my go-to list.
I had a very unique case. I interviewed several attorneys before choosing the Scardina Law. I came to them very broken and beat down by my situation, they immediately made me feel like I wasn't alone in my case. There were numerous times throughout the process that I was ready to throw in the towel, but Autumn's good council kept me hanging in there. Then when I read how Todd drafted the Joint trial management Cert. I knew I had the right firm. The final result of my case turned out better than I ever expected! Thank you Todd and Autumn.
Unfortunate events occur in our lives all the time and the majority of them can be quite stressful. My divorce was by far the most traumatic experience in my life but during the entire process I felt at ease. I felt like someone was finally in my corner. There is no possible way I could've gone through the divorce on my own and done the work myself. I wouldn't think twice about hiring them again. Not having to stress during the process was worth every single penny. And to be quite honest, it was cheaper than I expected. Lastly, I was NEVER left out of decision-making and updated on every detail of my case. Although it's a business, Todd and Autumn always made me feel like family and they cared for my well-being. Todd and Autumn, thank you. Thank you for your diligent work and caring personalities.
I came to the Scardina Law firm scared and unsure what I would be able to do with my divorce proceedings. They were the very first law firm that I consulted with, but from that first meeting I felt sure that they would do all they could for me.
I am a breast cancer thriver (not "survivor") and was in need of reconstruction. I have epilepsy and am dealing with that, and, lastly, my husband had been incarcerated for 3 years, and left me raising our daughter alone.
Things change as they always do and a divorce was imminent. I had no money and desperately needed help. Autumn spoke honestly with me, and I put my faith in her and Todd completely.
They proceeded to handle my case and allowed me to pay upon settlement. Otherwise, I would not have been able to hire them. Well worth it.
The outcome was wonderful for my daughter and me. I highly recommend this firm to everyone. They are very smart, and, they have heart! Autumn and Todd, you know how much I appreciate everything!


Drivers and car enthusiasts should get down to the Paris Motor Show from September 29th to October 14th 2012. Bip&Go will be there to promote its simple, fast and economical electronic toll payment system among French motorway users, with a special offers for show attendees.
It will be a chance to present our Liber-t offers, which suit every kind of motorway use and are accessible 100% online à partir de 1,20€ per month.


Financial terms of the acquisition are not being disclosed. Diamond Chain was founded in 1890 and employs 370 people in the U.S. and China.
"The acquisition of The Diamond Chain Company adds another strong industrial brand with a reputation for quality, reliability and performance to Timken's growing power transmission portfolio," said Richard Kyle, chief executive officer of Timken. "Diamond Chain is a premier brand in the North American distribution channel and is an excellent strategic fit with our Drives chain business. The acquisition expands our leadership in roller chain, builds on our strong position in distribution and adds depth to our manufacturing capabilities in Asia."
Kyle says Timken expects to create significant savings by combining Diamond Chain with the company's Drives business. Timken says the acquisition makes its power transmission portfolio account for about one-third of the company's revenues.
Timken did not specify whether any jobs would be affected by the deal.


Are you inquiring yourself, where do I start, what do I need, how a lot do built in double ovens price? This is the question that many individuals who are searching to buy a double oven are asking themselves. The brief answer is that it truly depends on the size of the oven, which make you purchase and which model you buy. But, this wouldn't be much use if I just gave you the brief answer, so I'll go into a little bit much more depth! Constructed in double ovens can be truly helpful as long as you think logically about which one you need.
You shouldn't have to inquire twice about the pricing structure of an electrical contractor. If they ask for an up-front deposit, you should consider that as a crimson flag. This is not how a trustworthy business does company in this area. If they have any experience and longevity in your town, they should have open vendor accounts and won't need up-front cash to pay for provides. You ought to, nevertheless, get a cost before the function starts so you know what to expect in a invoice at the end.
Ask your neighbors for recommendations- The initial thing you ought to do as you relocate in any location is discover out from your neighbor about the supply of their help. They would tell you where you ought to go to get a cleaning maid, gardener, plumber, electrician near me, and so on. Your initial point of contact at first, ought to be your neighbors for great guidance. This is because they would not only suggest someone they have already attempted, but also someone who is accessible in the vicinity.
When I had been in an auto accident I experienced becoming mentally blank or issues operating slowly. Fortunately, it did not final lengthy and I went around checking on the other people to make certain they were alright. I was in shock, but did not realize it.
However, with the improve in interest from the typical consumer in escaping the power hamster wheel, option power sources are becoming much more and more of an option.
Then you should have look at the areas that the on-line electrical training plan will impart the training into. Read and go via the demo plan being offered by the service supplier. This will give you an perception into whether or not the plan is exhaustive or not. You should also inquire for the on-line tutors. These tutors are an absolute requirement in the area of on-line electrical coaching. There will be a point in the training when the course material will not be sufficient to eliminate all of your doubts. So at that point tutor is the person to whom you will turn for the support. You can deliver them your uncertainties via email or you can also make a telephonic contact to eliminate your uncertainties.
Another factor you should do prior to you haul of and develop a few of photo voltaic panels is verify with your nearby government to make certain you can install them your self. In the past numerous states frowned on this practice. But with the recent change in attitudes about energy utilization they may have calm these standards. You will probably have to employ an electrician to do the wiring but this is a good idea anyway.


text:
Q: Can't Add Headers Using Express.js I have an Express app that serves a some static files. I was able to add the Strict-Transport-Security header but when I try to add more headers, (X-Frame-Options and Content-Security-Policy) Express does not add them to the response.
I am using Express 4.17.1 and my server.js is below.
const express = require('express');
const path = require('path');
const port = process.env.PORT || 8080;
const app = express();

if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== "development") {
  app.use(function(req, res, next) {
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    next();
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  res.setHeader('Content-Security-Policy', "frame-src 'none'; " \
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app.use('/dist', express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'dist')));

app.get('*', (req, res) => {
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app.listen(port);

A: Using \ for newlines is not valid syntax. You can replace them with + or combine the values for the Content-Security-Policy header into one string using backticks, for example.
The rest of the headers work, just keep in mind that you can only use res.setHeader for one header at a time. See https://stackoverflow.com/a/40841390/3499115
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
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  res.setHeader('Content-Security-Policy', `frame-src 'none'; object-src 'none'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self';`);

  next();
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation
Home » Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation
The Truth, Racial Healing & Transformation (TRHT) program is a comprehensive, national and community-based process to plan for and bring about transformational and sustainable change, and to address the historic and contemporary effects of racism. This program was created by the W. K. Kellogg Foundation in an attempt to unearth and address the deeply held and subconscious beliefs created by racism.
Millsaps was one of ten colleges and universities across the country selected in 2017 by the Association of American Colleges & Universities (AAC&U) to create a campus where all students, faculty and staff are aware of and thoughtful about our shared history, where the struggle for racial equality is understood and translates into a commitment to eradicate racism, and where members of the campus and broader community work together to dismantle racial hierarchies and transform existing racial narratives to reflect truth and promote healing.
TRHT is guided by a Campus Leadership Team comprised of faculty, staff, students, and community members who guide planning, action and evaluation. Our priorities and strategies are driven by the community. Individuals across racial and ethnic identities, and from various walks of life, experiences, vocations and levels of influence, work together in teams aligned with the pillars of the Kellogg Foundation Framework:
NARRATIVE CHANGE
The Narrative Change Team creates educational opportunities for a shared understanding of history and race, often as it relates to local and national practices and policies. Additional activities include documenting and distributing inclusive storytelling from marginalized communities and challenging incomplete versions of racial history and contemporary narratives that perpetuate stereotypes.
Visiting speakers, forums, and lectures
Curriculum development and classroom integration
Narrative collections
RELATIONSHIP BUILDING & HEALING
The Racial Healing & Relationship Building Team creates brave spaces for honest conversations and shared learning about race and racism within and across racial identities. The Team provides relationship and trust-building activities, such as racial healing circles, that bring people together and reaffirm the humanity in all of us.
Dialogue Circles
Affinity Circles
United Methodist Conference partnership
BEYOND SEPARATION (developing)
The Beyond Separation Team is building a coalition of community members, activists, and campus / community leaders to address policy and practices that serve as barriers to opportunity and equity in the community. The Team has identified (example: faculty / staff hiring practices) as priority focus areas and is working to develop partnerships and sustainable solutions to eliminate disparities.
Get out the Vote
We all can and should play a role in creating a more inclusive and equitable community. We encourage community members and organizations to take ownership of the TRHT principles and weave them into the fabric of the community, embedding TRHT in all aspects of the work we do alone and in collaboration with one another.
Current Projects & Activities:
My Story Mondays
In partnership with the student newspaper, the Purple & White, TRHT sponsors a weekly column encouraging students, faculty, staff, and alumni to submit short essays telling their racial story.
A Circle of Hope event involves bringing a group of individuals together to share individual stories through honest, heartfelt conversations. A Circle lifts what unites us rather than what divides us, while discovering, respecting and honoring the unique experiences of each person. A trained Circle practitioner or a pair facilitates the circle, leading with questions and reflections that provoke conversations.
TRHT hosts this annual campus wide event on Tuesday after MLK Day to bring focus to the progress that has been made in racial equity and the continued work that is required for healing and transformation.
Follow TRHT on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram!
Interested in being involved with TRHT? Contact us:
Susan Womack
Michael Pickard
Rev. Dr. Joey Shelton
John Sewell


Original digital design created from my own photographs of flowers and insects, printed onto quality silk and velvet, and made into scarves, cushions and bags.
Heading down North Street away from the traffic lights, turn second right down Dollin's Lane. Turn left opposite Wareham Day Centre and 2 St Martins Lane is on the left.


DOUBLE TWISTED BAVARIAN SOFT PRETZEL: Two strips of dough twisted together to make a unique top selling signature pretzel. Available in 7 ounce and 11 ounce sizes.
NEW YORK Style: This pretzel allows your patrons to take a quick visit to the "Big Apple" where for decades residents and visitors have been devouring the famous twisted treats on subway trains, sport stadiums, and while walking along the city streets. The robust pretzel flavor, rustic crust, and soft center demonstrate out commitment to produce the finest New York soft pretzel experience.
Available in 2 ounce 3.5 ounce, and 5 ounce sizes.
MUNICH Style: Your customers will experience one of the world's oldest snacks. Our Munich soft pretzels are rolled into the classic Swabian shape of Southern Germany, offering two distinct textures, thin crunchy arms and a doughy body; a truly epicurean soft pretzel experience - great for Oktoberfests.
Available in 2 ounce, 5 ounce, and 8 ounce sizes.
PHILLY Style: The unique shape of the Philly soft pretzels are a result of bakers striving to fit as many pretzels in the oven at once, typically baked in chains of 10 – 12 pretzels. Our Philly soft pretzels are baked in pairs so that each pretzel is a preferred "end" piece that maximizes freshness and flavor.
Available in 5 ounce size.
SOFT PRETZEL PUFFS: We've taken our finest authentic Bavarian pretzels and made them into small bite size pieces. Puffs are great for dipping or covered with a cheese sauce.
CUSTOM SHAPED RRETZEL AND ROLLS: Because all of our pretzels and rolls are made by hand and not made by a machine, we have the flexability to shape our dough into anything you and your customer's hearts desire. We will be happy to discuss all the possibilities with you.


What does the latest Nu Shooz release, Kung Pao Kitchen, have in common with a donut?
For starters, both have a hole in the center. While we could go deep into the meaning of that Negative Space, it's the part we can see where the richness lies. This richness can only be experienced directly. Bite into the donut. Dive into the music.
Only then is the true flavor to be revealed.
Both the donut and Kung Pao Kitchen contain mood-enhancing qualities. Who can stay in a bad mood when biting into a fresh Maple Bar or a classic Old-Fashioned? And who can resist the pleasing thump and bleat of 80s-heavy Nu Shooz beats?
Of course, there are differences. We don't recommend dipping the album in coffee, and we don't recommend putting a donut into your CD player. But Nu Shooz music and fresh donuts share one more important trait: Both are common pleasures that make us glad to be alive.
And both are worthy subjects for meditation.
If you're into meditation, mood enhancement and/or Portland, you should most definitely join us on Thursday June 21 for the Kung Pao Kitchen CD Release Party at Lucky Strike! Sadly, there will be no donuts available (that we know of), but John & Valerie will be mingling with guests as we indulge in tasty KPK grooves from 7-9pm. For more information, visit our website or RSVP on Facebook!


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DW Earns Awards of Merit
Judges for the 2019 Gold Nugget Awards named Drewett Works as an Award of Merit winner in its annual competition, which honors architectural design and planning excellence and draws entries from throughout the United States and internationally. Drewett Works garnered two awards at the May 2019 ceremony. Drewett Works' honored projects were Casa Palomilla, honored for [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-01T17:19:52+00:00June 3rd, 2019|Accolades, Culture, Featured|
DW Named Best of Houzz 2018
Drewett Works has won "Best Of Design" on Houzz®, the leading platform for home remodeling and design. The award-winning and frequently published architecture firm which specializes in luxury residential and boutique commercial spaces was chosen by the more than 40 million monthly unique users that comprise the Houzz community from among more than one million [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-02T18:01:43+00:00May 20th, 2019|Accolades, Culture, Featured|
Desert Prairie wins Silver Award
DW-designed project Desert Prairie captured a Silver Award at the Nationals for Best One of Kind Home - Custom or Spec. NAHB's National Sales and Marketing Council (NSMC) has announced Silver Award Winners for The Nationals new home sales and marketing awards for home builders, developers, associates, and consultants. Drewett Works received Silver Award honors for Best [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-02T18:03:09+00:00March 5th, 2019|Accolades, Culture, Featured|
DW Selected Best INArizona
Drewett Works was recently named Best for Home & Design in INArizona magazine and featured on the magazine's pages. We are always honored to be recognized for our work and appreciate this recognition in particular -- being selected to represent the rich design industry in the Phoenix metropolitan area as well as throughout the state [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-03T19:39:01+00:00March 4th, 2019|Accolades, Culture|
DW Wins Home of the Year
Outdoor In, a striking custom home that opens out to the rocky red hills and colorful desert plants in Paradise Valley, Ariz., was named Home of the Year in the 2018 Best in American Living Awards by the National Association of Home Builders. Positioned near the base of iconic Camelback Mountain, Outside In celebrates outdoor [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-02T18:03:51+00:00February 26th, 2019|Accolades, Culture, Featured|
Desert Prairie featured in Luxe
DW-designed project Desert Prairie was featured in the September/October 2018 issue of Luxe Interiors + Design. Thank you to Luxe magazine for featuring the project, writer James Munn for a beautiful article, and photographer Werner Segarra who brings the architecture to life on the page. Enjoy! Modern Prairie Nestled near [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-03T04:57:55+00:00January 14th, 2019|Accolades, Culture|
DW Earns Five Gold Nugget Awards
What's better than five golden rings from your true love at Christmas? Five Gold Nuggets at the annual Gold Nugget Awards, of course! Judges for the 2018 Gold Nugget Awards named Drewett Works as an Award of Merit winner in its annual competition, which honors architectural design and planning excellence and draws entries from throughout [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-02T18:04:30+00:00October 30th, 2018|Accolades, Culture, Featured|
Development of the final parcel at Desert Mountain in Scottsdale, AZ has been long-awaited. Home of six Jack Nicklaus designed golf courses, Desert Mountain has long been a destination for golfers from around the globe. Additionally, its dramatic city lights and mountain views, extraordinary clubhouses and facilities, and luxury residential offerings have made it one [...]
Outside In featured in Luxe
DW designed Outside In was featured in the January/February 2018 issue of Luxe Interiors + Design. We're honored to have also been featured on the cover of the issue. Thank you to Jorge Arango for the wonderful article and also to Werner Segarra who took some fantastic photos of this beautiful, award-winning home. [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-03T02:21:54+00:00March 14th, 2018|Accolades, Culture|
Watering Hole in AZ Golf Insider
Article excerpt: "We had four goals for the Li'l Wick short-game park experience," says Brownlee. "The first was to introduce people into golf that hand's played golf. Second, to create golf that is fun and entertaining and not a 4- or 5-hour round that is difficult for many. Third, to [...]
By Drewett Works|2019-07-01T17:25:06+00:00July 27th, 2017|Accolades, Culture|


2011 marked the first time that Austria spent more than € 8bn on research and experimental development (R&D). In 2012 this amount is set to increase by 4.2% to a predicted € 8.6bn, according to forecasts from Statistics Austria . This corresponds to a research rate of 2.8% of gross domestic product (GDP).


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You are here: Home / NEWS / China's Singles' Day sets new e-commerce sales record with $1bn in 85 seconds
China's Singles' Day sets new e-commerce sales record with $1bn in 85 seconds
12 November 2018 by Grow Global
Singles' Day, the Chinese antithesis of Valentine's Day, celebrated its 10th anniversary by setting new e-commerce sales records on 11 November 2018, with the first $1bn racked up in an incredulous 85 seconds on Alibaba's various sites. Jack Ma's e-commerce companies drew in over $30bn in sales in just 24 hours, a spectacular increase of 27% in last year's sales.
The discount online shopping festival has been popular in China since 2009, encouraging the unattached to treat themselves with gifts. Also known as 'Double Eleven' or '11:11', it takes place annually on 11 November, with the digits representing 'single sticks'. Previously popular mainly among young adults, the zany festival has become a multibillion-dollar industry, with Alibaba expanding the event to other countries.
Singles' Day is the largest online shopping day in the entire world, bigger than the Black Friday/Cyber Monday combo
Alibaba shoppers spent $30.8bn by the end of the first day, up 27% from last year's $25.4bn, setting a new sales record in e-commerce
Alibaba accumulated sales of $1bn within 85 seconds of the event, climbing to almost $10bn by the end of the first hour
Most purchases were made via Alibaba's e-commerce platforms, Tmall (B2C) and Taobao (C2C)
They were further boosted by Alibaba's move into 'new retail' with retail units and other stores acting as collection points
Last year, Alibaba brought the event to the global market with AliExpress and Lazada, its international e-commerce sites
Other Chinese e-commerce retailers also take part in the promotion, including JD.com which itself netted over $23bn (so it's not just all about Alibaba)
Big global brands were winners, with Apple, Dyson and Xiaomi among the 180,000 brands available for purchase during the event
Keen to spark a similar explosion in sales, Amazon launched Prime Day in 2015 which generated $1bn this year.
Bloomberg: How Singles Day Became the Biggest Shopping Spree Ever
The Drum: JD.com Achieves £23bn Record Sales on Singles Day
BBC News: Alibaba Singles Day Sales Frenzy Surpasses Records
GET IN TOUCH IF YOU\'D LIKE TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT HOW TO SELL ONLINE IN CHINA>>
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Pragmatism and Foresight
I was particularly concerned that most PR systems contain fundamental flaws that cannot be eradicated so I devised a transparent system and applied it to the 2015 and 2010 general elections. That produced a complete set of alternative results exceeding expectations of existing PR systems by any critical criteria one might use to judge them. However, It's a tough ask to get people in positions of influence to be capable of personally evaluating and adopting new ideas so, it may well remain an academic exercise but, with the consolation that it will not be alone amongst a number of PR systems destined for the same fate, in the UK at least. You can see the F2PTP system here F2PTP Voting System
Smaller, but electorally substantive smaller parties, include voting reform as a part of the mix, citing the great unfairness that resulted from the 2015 general election and seeking, what is seemingly an obvious solution. Change the system so that they can do better. The arguments though, so far presented are poorly constructed and rely too heavily on old ideas.
It might seem odd for someone (me) who spent a considerable amount of time and energy in developing a simple and understandable alternative voting system to now council against that but, sometimes, unless one has immersed oneself in the opposing arguments and practicalities, it's difficult to see clearly which way might be the best for the future. PR is always PR and the traditional set of systems almost always create coalition governments. Most systems (Not F2PTP) are also bewilderingly complex, contain arbitrary benchmarks, afford some people two votes and others just one and require computers to determine the results.
It's clear that the 2015 general election threw up the most stark and visible contrast through FPTP. The SNP gained 56 seats with 1.5 million votes and UKIP only one seat with 3.8 million votes and it is easy to conclude that only a change to the way we choose a government will correct this but what isn't considered is the probability that whilst solving one seemingly significant problem one could easily create something much worse or much less advantageous under different circumstances. It's always as well to look at least one step beyond and analyse the range of possibilities that may play out. Had we done that before bombing Libya and invading Iraq, Afghanistan, and supporting the Arab Spring the current troubles may not have turned out to be so unmanageable.
So, what are we to do about voting reform?
What's so good about PR for smaller parties?
Firstly, perhaps we ought to consider the position of UKIP and others and consider whether or not, despite the election results of the past, it would be to their advantage in the longer term. UKIP secured 3.8 million votes and got one seat but had they got 5 million votes that may well have been 25 seats and 8 million votes 150 seats so you can see that the payback becomes almost exponentially attractive the more votes one gets. This doesn't happen with any proportional system.
partys with national agendas try to increase support because thay want to speak for all people and not just the fringe of society. Parties like the Greens and Liberal Democrats will always want a proportional system because their fundamentals appeal only to a small proportion of voters. The Greens will never be seen as economically competent and will always be an insignificant party and the LDs don't have a mind of their own filching bits from all the other parties to appear to be centralist but which has always come across as sitting on the fence so they are unlikely to attract the 6.8 million votes they did in 2010 unless something bizarre happens between 2020 and 2025. Their flagship and solely LD policies were either completely wrong (€) or abandoned (tuition fees). However, UKIP isn't like that so as a party with a real intention to be in government perhaps it should embrace FPTP or such ambitions could never be realised. FPTP sets the bar very high but, shouldn't that be the case for a government?
Any party seriously seeking government mustn't act or look like a protest party, particularly at a time when the Labour party is set to self destruct. Clamouring for some form of PR along with all the other permanently small parties just reaffirms an association with small thinking and short term advantage. That's may not be how the third party wants to be seen.
It is unlikely that enough pressure could be applied to get a second referendum before 2020 but, not impossible. It is also unlikely that anything would also happen between 2020 and 2025 unless there was another uneasy coalition and a further referendum extracted from the largest governing party. There are substantive arguments against this happening, not least of which is the fact that we've only just had one (2011) so, even with a following wind the opportunity to once again put some kind of PR system to the British people is unlikely to be considered until the 2025 -2030 parliament.
The pragmatic approach would most certainly be to cease wasting breath on something that can't happen for at least 13 years. All the huffing and puffing in the world won't change that scenario and the spectacular irony waiting for us at around that time is that UKIP may well be the second largest party by then (under FPTP) and vying for government, exactly the time when we would want the voting system to remain exactly where it is.
There is nothing wrong with pragmatism so if UKIP can't change the voting system in the foreseeable future then they should drop the subject, come out for FPTP unashamedly and fight for power under the current rules. It would make them look grown up (as a party) and resilient. However, such thinking hasn't reached the movers and shakers yet but, if it does I suspect this article will be several years old.
The Great British Public
In 2011 the proposal to move to the alternative vote system for general elections was defeated by a 2-1 majority. In referendum terms this was a landslide. It is inconceivable that a change to our voting system could be achieved by any mechanism other than another referendum and even if all that I have said before in this article were to be in error than we would still have this one last hurdle to jump, that of the British people.
PR systems, including mine, all contain one enormous inevitability, that of coalition government. With the UK voting patterns of the recent and not so recent past the likelihood of a single party gaining more than 50% of the national vote is slim to non existent. It isn't impossible but, dramatic circumstances would need to be in play and even then, when those circumstances has subsided the return to coalition under any PR system would be inevitable. One has to consider why the people, so overwhelmingly, voted no.
There are many opinions as to why AV didn't fly but little hard evidence. Some PR systems are beset by the same problem, that of bewildering complexity (except mine) and it is also likely that the general public didn't like Nick Clegg however, there is one major disadvantage that I've already mentioned and that is a permanence of coalition government for evermore.
Perhaps the British people don't like coalitions, or to re-phrase we do like strong government and the ability to sack it. Under most coalitions the government is there in perpetuity and fluctuations in voting patterns simply change the shade a bit. Under FPTP we can and regularly do, tip the government out of bed lock stock and barrel. It is a magnificent expression of people power to consign the most powerful man in the country yesterday to a powerless nobody today. That's one hell of a lever to give up.
It's important to realise that referendums are rarely decided on facts or predictions. They always raise an emotional question and they always receive emotional responses which is why we need to gain the hearts and minds of the people to get out of the disastrous EU. However, this complex question is a difficult argument to make because there are so many reasons to leave and so few to stay and whilst that might seem to be an advantage it is confusing and such complexity can be counter productive. However the argument for strong government is simple and memorable and any case against PR would be severely damaged by one single mantra. 'Do you want to give up your ability to completely sack your government?'
Whilst PR might seem to be to the advantage of UKIP today that may not be the case in the future so they need to be careful what they wish for. UKIP could be in government with 30% of the vote in 20 years but could never achieve over 50%. Why would they want to make it harder to achieve?
It's not going to happen for at least 13 years anyway so why waste breath now? UKIP would gain credibility and credence by accepting the way things have always been done.
The great British public have already given this idea the heave-ho. They quite like strong government and love being able to turf them out. That is a hard argument to overturn.
I thought a great deal about our voting system, enough to design a new one but, I'm not convinced it is for the best and certainly not now. However, were it to be put to the people again then my system, of F2PTP, is the option all smaller parties should support.
ps: I now have to say and in accordance with my latest article on this site and because of the new analysis detailed in the new article that I do think another referendum could be achieved before 2020. I have also successfully derived an argument to overturn the 'strong government' argument and have myself been convinced of the revised paradigm.
Author makevotescountPosted on 30th May 2016 2nd December 2017 Categories Uncategorized
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Rivard Report (https://therivardreport.com/san-antonio-nba-mourns-passing-of-erin-popovich-recalls-her-kindness/)
San Antonio, NBA Mourn Passing of Erin Popovich, Recall Her Kindness
By Ken Rodriguez | April 19, 2018
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Courtesy / San Antonio Spurs
Gregg and Erin Popovich
Russ Bookbinder remembers the Christmas cards. They arrived in the mail each December with a handwritten note to him and his wife, a warm expression of holiday cheer from Erin Popovich, who stayed far from the spotlight of her famous husband.
"Tammy and I could always count on a personal Christmas note from Erin," said Bookbinder, the Spurs' former executive vice president for business operations and current President and CEO of San Antonio Sports. "She always included an encouraging note in our card. It went beyond a salutation. It was meaningful. She was kind and humble and gracious. You are always sad when you lose a member of your greater family."
Erin Popovich, the wife of Spurs coach Gregg Popovich, died on Wednesday, reportedly after a long illness. The couple was married for four decades, according to a team news release, and had two children and two grandchildren. They were married while Popovich was an assistant coach at the U.S. Air Force Academy in the mid-1970s.
Spurs general manager RC Buford released a statement: "We mourn the loss of Erin. She was a strong, wonderful, kind, intelligent woman who provided love, support and humor to all of us."
The team announced Thursday morning that Popovich would not coach the Spurs in Game 3 of its first-round playoff series against the Golden State Warriors on Thursday night. Assistant Coach Ettore Messina will lead the team's in Popovich's absence.
Popovich rarely spoke about his wife with the media. But on one memorable occasion in October 2012, during an interview with Miami radio host Dan Le Batard, the coach revealed how she felt about his cold, abrasive encounters with sideline reporters.
"It entertains everybody but my wife," the coach said. "When I get home and she says, 'Geez, why are you so mean? You're a jerk. People hate you.' I go, 'I'm sorry honey. I have to do better next time."
The Spurs coach said he would point out the ridiculous questions of reporters to Erin. But that didn't change her view.
"That's no excuse,'" Popovich recalled his wife saying. "'You're a grown man. Show some maturity.' I said, 'I can't. I can't do it.'"
Related: Coach Pop Enters Playoffs After a Season of Strong Play and Even Stronger Words
The sudden passing of Erin Popovich stunned San Antonio and was felt across the NBA and beyond. Condolences and prayers poured in from dignitaries, such as former President Bill Clinton, and NBA players, including LeBron James and Kevin Durant.
Clinton tweeted, "Coach Popovich – I join the NBA family and countless fans across the country who are thinking of you, Jill and Micky tonight as you mourn the loss of your Erin."
Erin rarely spoke with reporters, preferring to live as quietly and invisibly as any head coach's wife in the league. Some players spoke of her kindness and friendliness. Others said they simply didn't know her well enough to comment.
Erin Popovich is the daughter of the late Jim Conboy, the first athletic trainer at the Air Force Academy, where her husband played basketball and graduated in 1970. Conboy served as the athletic trainer at the academy from 1955 until his passing in 1998. He was inducted in the Air Force Academy Athletic Hall of Fame in 2011.
About Ken Rodriguez
Ken Rodriguez is a San Antonio native and award-winning journalist.
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8 thoughts on "San Antonio, NBA Mourn Passing of Erin Popovich, Recall Her Kindness"
West on April 19, 2018 at 8:24 AM said:
Typo alert in this otherwise sensitive, beautifully written story. Last sentence, third paragraph: "There" should be "They were".
Beth Frerking on April 19, 2018 at 9:16 AM said:
Thanks to our observant reader, on both counts. We appreciate it.
Tom Santee on April 19, 2018 at 9:06 AM said:
My wife and I are so sorry to hear about the passing of your wife. I know as much as you love basketball that your family was the most important in your mind. I hope you know that besides your Spurs family all Spurs fans and people all our country are hurting and praying for you and your family.
Leona Boone on April 19, 2018 at 9:45 AM said:
Dear Coach: I mourn with you in the loss of your beautiful Erin. I did not know her personally, but the kind and beautiful attributes that was shared made me strive to display those characteristics.
Just know that God is with you and your Family. It's one of those things in life you never get over, you just learn to live with.
Sandra Henny on April 19, 2018 at 10:45 AM said:
Dear Coach Popovich, Sorry to hear about the passing of your wife Erin. My condolences to you and your family. Praying that you will find comfort and understanding real soon. Cherish her memories.
Roger T. Trevino Sr. on April 19, 2018 at 11:00 AM said:
Dear Popovich Family
Words cannot express the pain you all are experiencing at the loss of your wife and mother.
My family walked down this same path 14 years ago and thankfully the pain does become manageable in time.
As a believer, I know there is life after death and Erin now has a pain free, glorify body in Heaven.
Please know you now have a personal "prayer warrior" in Heaven watching over your family.
God Bless The Popovich Family.
Lars on April 19, 2018 at 3:10 PM said:
I wish the Popovich family peace and privacy during this difficult time.
Maria and Alicia Richarte on April 19, 2018 at 8:51 PM said:
To Pop and your entire family we are so sorry for your beloved Erin's passing. May you find comfort in the weeks to come.


Our Sphynx kittens at Sphynx World are raised with love and attention. We play with our kittens daily and they are fed a healthy and well balanced diet. All of our kittens are litter trained and will be up to date on all shots when they arrive at their new home. Please visit the nursery to see our lovely Sphynx kittens, both current and up coming litters.
We are closed cattery and therefore do not stud out our kings as I believe the risk of bringing infection or illness into our home is too great of a risk. Please do not acquire for stud service.


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O óleo de soja é extraído da semente de soja e é utilizado como fonte de alimento e com as novas tecnologias também pode ser usada como biocombustível. A soja (Glycine max (L) Merrill) pertence à família das leguminosas, plantas cuja semente encontra-se dentro de vagens.

Extração
Para extrair o óleo é necessário colocar suas sementes em uma prensa de alta pressão que as espremerá até retirar-se todo o óleo contido nelas. A alta pressão causa variações positivas de temperatura o que torna o óleo de coloração escura e sabor forte. Após a prensa é feito o processo de clarificação e refinação para eliminar impurezas. O produto final é chamado de óleo virgem que deve estar sem a presença de partículas sólidas e corpos estranhos.

Na prensa a frio, ou seja, extração à baixa pressão, não há aquecimento do óleo e o rendimento é bem inferior, em termos quantitativos, ao procedimento de alta pressão. A prensa a frio produz um óleo de qualidade superior, mas, por motivos de altos custos, não é acessível à maior parte da população, que tem certos limites financeiros e opta por outros tipos de menor qualidade, contudo de menor preço.

Porém, este processo é utilizado em maior escala em óleos de oliva, pois um bom procedimento para óleo de soja é o de embeber as sementes num líquido, solvente orgânico geralmente, capaz de dissolver o óleo. A mistura de óleo e solvente é posteriormente submetida a uma série de processos para separá-los.

Produção Mundial

Fonte: Soybean oil production by FAO.</small>

Ver também
 Óleo
 Óleo de canola
 Óleo de amendoim
 Reciclagem de Óleo Vegetal Usado

Soja
Alimentos à base de soja

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Program 31
Elliot's story
Jenny Rissveds and SCOTT-SRAM agree to part ways
Stockholm/Falun, Sweden – February 22, 2018
The Olympic gold medalist Jenny Rissveds has today announced that she is terminating her contract with the professional UCI Elite Mountain Bike team SCOTT-SRAM. Jenny has been part of the SCOTT-SRAM team since 2014 and has had many successes, including World Cup victories and podiums in great championships such as the European and World Championships.
Jenny made her decision last week and she has informed the head of the SCOTT-SRAM team, Mr Thomas Frischknecht, who has accepted Jenny's wishes and released her from their contract.
The background behind Jenny's decision lies with her being absent from the competitive scene due to the mental issues that originates from a drawn out contractual disagreement with the Swedish national team coupled with the death of family members during 2017. As a result of all this, Jenny only competed in a handful of races during 2017 and has not been able to fulfill her contractual obligations towards the team. Even though SCOTT-SRAM and Frischknecht, without hesitation, have accepted her absence, it is Jenny's belief that the quickest way back to the top of the world will be to fully focus on her rehabilitation process, without subsequently disregarding any contractual obligation.
Jenny Rissveds:
"I am very thankful for the years I have had with Thomas and the SCOTT -SRAM Team. They have provided me with a unique and vital support. Without Thomas and the team, I would have never done what I have been able to do on the bike over the last few years. I also want to thank Scott Sports for their un-waivered support and belief in me, especially throughout the last year. I would love to stay a part of the team but to be part of a team you need to contribute and unfortunately, I am simply not able to do so at the moment. It hasn't been an easy decision, but I am convinced this is for the best for all parties involved and that this will give me the best conditions to coming back, better and stronger than ever."
Thomas Frischknecht:
"The whole mountain bike scene and in particular the SCOTT-SRAM Team is tremendously sad about what has happened to Jenny. In order to get healthy again and to be free of any kind of obligations I not only respect Jenny's decision, I believe it is the best way for Jenny to find her way back to a balanced life. I truly believe she will be back at some point and I hope that we can help her on her journey. Our team's door will always be wide open for Jenny to come back whenever she wants to. Even though we are deeply saddened by this outcome, the SCOTT-SRAM Team fully accepts and supports Jenny's decision. The most important thing is that Jenny gets healthy again."
The contract with SCOTT-SRAM is being terminated in a very amicable way and Jenny has currently no intentions of signing a new contract until she is fully fit.
Media release in pdf format
Sportyard's 2017
Sportyard (formally Sportyard Aktiebolag) has made a few changes during 2016 and into the 2017...
An update regarding Jenny Rissveds and the Swedish Cycling Federation (in Swedish only)
Gemensam kommunikation från Sportyard och Svenska Cykelförbundet beträffande...
info@sportyard.com | +46 (0)8 410 269 40 | Sportyard International AB | Sankt Göransgatan 84, SE-112 38 Stockholm, SWEDEN


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The "Simple Life" star was wearing iconic pink sweatsuit, oversized gold aviators, huge hoop earrings, accessorized with a Louis Vuitton bag. She added her outfit with her hair up in a bun. Meanwhile, Nicol advised other girls to avoid wearing a "slutty" costume on her Facebook page.