text:
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Pt 2
Starring: Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Donald Sutherland, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Sam Claflin, Elizabeth Banks, Jena Malone, Mahershala Ali, Willow Shields, Jeffrey Wright, Stanley Tucci, Paula Malcomson, Natalie Dormer, Evan Ross, Elden Henson, Wes Chatham, Patina Miller, Michelle Forbes, Gwendoline Christie
Directed By: Francis Lawrence
I would say some liberties were taken from the book, I believe. Its honestly been so long since I read Mockingjay, but I do believe there is a character who dies in the film that had an "off screen" death in the book (meaning, Katniss wasn't present), and has a much more distinguished finish in the movie. Johanna's arc is also a bit different. She's marginalized here, for reasons unknown. I guess "one more person" following Katniss on her journey would have weighed them down. Otherwise, it's a really faithful adaptation. Seriously, the Divergent series could take note. They even kept in all of the "uncomfortable" moments, and the deaths of beloved characters. They had all the opportunities in the world to change key plot points, but they didn't. I automatically give them props for that.
Mockingjay pt 2 is all the action that Mockingjay pt 1 lacked. It's the conclusion, and it's actually a rather fierce conclusion. It's actually now my favorite film in the franchise. It allows Jennifer Lawrence to really show her range, something she's gotten better at doing since the first film, as well as Hutcherson and Hemsworth, both who have to hold her up at various times in the story. The supporting cast offers solid performances too, from Malone, Sutherland, and Hoffman to more supporting characters like Elden Henson, whose silent bravery does not go unnoticed in this entry.
This is the film Hunger Games fans have been asking for, and I think they delivered. I wish we had had a few more minutes to "wrap up" some of the characters. That's really my only problem. Because the series has amassed such a massive ensemble over four films, I felt some of the series characters got shoved out. Caesar's fate is left to the imagination, Effie is barely in this film, and while it was nice to see Game Of Thrones' Gwendoline Christie, she's in the film for about a minute. Also, the "closure" between Gale and Katniss just doesn't cut it for fans who were hoping she'd pick him in the end.
Small nitpicky things, I know. It's just shy of being a perfect way to finish the franchise.
Lots of action, lots of acting, and really good direction and pacing keep Mockingjay pt 2 from feeling like a bunch of deleted scenes from the first film. Francis Lawrence hopefully can find himself a good followup to this.
FINAL GRADE: A-
November 27, 2015 December 21, 2015 Donald Sutherland, Elden Henson, Elizabeth Banks, Evan Ross, Francis Lawrence, Gwendoline Christie, Jeffrey Wright, Jena Malone, Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Julianne Moore, Liam Hemsworth, Mahershala Ali, Michelle Forbes, Natalie Dormer, Patina Miller, Paula Malcomson, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Sam Claflin, Stanley Tucci, The Hunger Games Mockingjay pt 2, Wes Chatham, Willow Shields, Woody Harrelson
One thought on "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Pt 2"
Barry the Blogger says:
I thought this was the weakest film in the franchise. There's a lot of nothing between the handful of action scenes. Josh Hutcherson is fantastic as the damaged Peeta – would have liked more of him.
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Going on With or Without EUV?
The development of smaller, more advanced process nodes has slowed as the semiconductor machinery industry has struggled to produce the technology expected to improve the costs of manufacturing smaller nodes. However, many producers now seem to be ready to move forward.
Over the 2006-2016 decade, pigment prices saw considerable volatility, growing significantly in the 2009-2012 period, but declining through 2016. In particular, the prices of carbon black and titanium dioxide pigments experienced the fastest gains and the steepest declines. Key factors that propelled these trends included rising global demand, supply constraints, and increases in the cost of key raw materials.
US demand for analytical instruments is forecast to total $50.2 billion in 2021. Much of this increased demand stems from the need for pharmaceutical companies to produce novel drugs in the face of a laundry list of expiring patents in the coming months and years. Without new pharmaceutical developments, companies' profits will plummet as their blockbuster medications are exposed to competition from third parties producing generic formulations.


text:
Oscar S Rodriguez, Mayor of San Fernando and member of the Constitutional Commission
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Local government in The Philippines
Government system based on US
and Spanish models under review
By Andrew Stevens, Deputy Editor
29 December 2008: The Philippines is a country in Southeast Asia consisting of some 7,000 islands, which sit on the Philippine Archipelago. A republic with an executive presidency elected by popular vote, its 1987 constitution is loosely modelled on that of the United States, with a 24 member Senate and a House of Representatives consisting of 250 seats. It is further divided into 79 provincial governments, with 136 cities enjoying varying powers of self-government. 1,494 municipalities also exist, with a traditional 'parish' unit known as the barangay also playing an important role in local affairs, of which there are 41,939.
The Philippines today represents a bridge between East and West, with profound Catholic influences (East Timor is the only other in the region) and the widespread use of the Spanish language in an East Asian setting. Two areas have majority Muslim or indigenous populations however. Spain's colonisation of the Philippine islands began in 1565 with the creation of its East Indies outpost. The islands were then governed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City, which ended in 1898 with the Spanish-American War. An insurrection waged against American forces ultimately proved futile with the US failing to acquiesce to Philippine demands for independence following its staged 'liberation' from Spain and in 1913 it was declared a US territorial possession. Clarification of its status was achieved under the 1935 self-governing Commonwealth, though it was then invaded by Japan in 1941. The US' declared policy of allowing Philippine independence was achieved in 1946 following the end of the war. However, independence treaties granted the US access to natural resources and allowed it to retain possession of 23 military bases that were to prove invaluable in the Korean and Vietnam wars.
Elections to the Philippine presidency following independence were subject to covert (and not so covert) intervention by the US Central Intelligence Agency, with rule alternating between the Liberal and Nationalist parties. Its most famous post-war president, Ferdinand Marcos of the Nationalists, was elected in 1965 and again in 1969, credited with achieving considerable economic success. Against a backdrop of urban student unrest and communist-led separatist insurgency elsewhere, Marcos declared martial law in 1972 and began a period of 'constitutional authoritarianism' known as the 'New Society'. The Marcos regime enjoyed the support of the US throughout this period, unsurprising given his support to military efforts during the Vietnam War and his economic liberalisation. Flawed congressional elections were held in 1978, with an all-out victory for the party headed by Marcos' now equally infamous wife Imelda.
The 1983 assassination at Manila airport of opposition leader Benigno Aquino following his return from exile in the US was instrumental in creating the turning point that ended hitherto solid US support for the Marcos regime. The kleptocratic regime ended in 1986 following the army's refusal to put down the 'ESDA revolution' on the streets of Manila that later saw the couple exiled and Aquino's widow Cory installed as the country's first democratically elected President in 17 years. A Constitutional Commission issued a new democratic constitution in 1987, which remains in place today. The Aquino administration suffered from repeated coup attempts and she herself alienated supporters of the ESDA revolution by backing Marcos' army chief Fidel Ramos as her successor in 1992. Although Ramos, as head of the military and a member of Marcos' elite guard, was responsible for overseeing the 1972 declaration of martial law, his subsequent support for the opposition in the 1980s was crucial in securing military support for Aquino. As head of armed forces under her, he also foiled no less than seven coup attempts. Ramos' presidency, though credited with achieving peace with separatist rebels, ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis and he left office in 1998, replaced by his vice president Joseph Estrada.
Estrada became Ramos' vice president in 1992 when his running mate Eduardo Cojuangco (the cousin of Cory Aquino) was defeated by Ramos, even though Estrada himself won the vice president's election. A former actor known for tough guy roles in over 100 films, Estrada cultivated a street fighter image that later played well electorally in his populist pitches to stand up for the 'downtrodden' masses. Estrada unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of San Juan, a district of Manila, in 1968 but was later installed after contesting the election. He served throughout the Marcos regime but was removed by an Aquino-sponsored anti-corruption drive in 1986. However, he successfully contested a senate seat in 1987 under his own party banner (the 'Party of the Filipino Masses'). Although Estrada was successful in his 1998 presidential campaign, largely fought on an anti-elitist platform, corruption allegations quickly surfaced. The refusal of Estrada's congressional allies to investigate the allegations (even refusing to open irrefutable evidence) led to the second ESDA revolution in 2001, which saw Estrada removed from office and placed under house arrest on anti-corruption charges, where he remains. Although ESDA II was supported by influential political figures, including ex-presidents Aquino and Ramos, the action was heavily criticised by foreign governments (especially the US) who denounced it as a de facto coup. Estrada was replaced by his former vice president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who also won the 2004 presidential elections amid accusations of ballot fraud.
The Philippine local government system originates from the era of Spanish colonial occupation, insofar as the period was characterised by excessive centralisation under the authority of the Governor General in Manila. While decentralisation over the past half century has bequeathed the country its current system, its organic tier of barangay communal units (comparable to parishes) began under Spanish occupation with these arranged around recognisable neighbourhood entities coupled with church functions. The Filipino term barangay has been revived following the more colonial term barrio (common throughout the Latin world) and is named after the boats used by the first settlers on the island group, with each coastal settlement forming a council. Each barangay is headed by a barangay captain, who presides over the barangay council. The League of Barangays currently has 41,939 members and is the largest NGO in Filipino civil society. Barangays also have a separate youth council to oversee the provision of sporting and cultural activities for local youth.
The 1,494 municipalities are units recognised as towns under the four-yearly population audits used to classify the distinction between towns and cities. Each municipality is headed by an executive mayor, who alongside the vice mayor, eight councillors and the presidents of the youth council and the local barangay union forms the municipal council. All are elected to three-year terms and may not serve more than three consecutive terms.
The 136 recognised cities belonging to the League of Philippine Cities are regarded as belonging to the same sub-tier as the municipalities but are given more central government subsidy to fulfil their duties. Though they have the same governance arrangements as the municipalities, a number are awarded further distinctions by Congress in view of their large populations. As such, they are denoted as charter cities and fall into two classification groups for purposes of self-government - chartered cities and component cities. Chartered cities, which include a number regarded as Highly Urbanised Cities, are accorded significant powers of self-government and individual representation as congressional districts (which are otherwise based on provincial boundaries), while component cities are recognised only as titular cities. Three metropolitan areas exist in the Philippines, including the National Capital Region Manila, which consists of the city of Manila and 16 neighbouring cities, including Quezon (the largest in the country). The Manila Metropolitan Development Agency is a division of central government, with a chairman appointed by the president. The current mayor of the city of Manila is Jose "Lito" L. Atienza, currently on his third and final term, who oversees a city council consisting of the vice mayor and 36 elected councillors (six from each congressional district).
The province is however, the primary unit of local government in the Philippines, of which there are 79 in number (as well as the National Capital Region). Provinces are largely modelled on the three branches of central government, with an elected executive governor and their vice presiding over the provincial legislature. Similar to the sub-tier, there is ex-officio representation for barangay and youth council provincial presidents. The provinces are given presidential oversight through the Department of Interior and Local Government and grouped into 17 regions for administrative purposes at central government level. Two regions have political jurisdiction as recognised autonomous groupings of provinces, namely the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao in the south west (adjacent to Malaysia) and the Cordillera Administrative Region of the indiginous Igorot in the north.
The 1987 constitutional settlement and the role of local government itself is currently under debate, with a presidential Constitutional Commission set up to deliberate revisions to the constitution and local government code. 'ConCom', which reported to the president in December 2005, has proposed shifting to a parliamentary form of government, the creation of autonomous territories and the strengthening of local autonomy. Mayor Mel Senen S. Sarmiento of Calbayog City and Mayor Oscar S. Rodriguez of San Fernando City, Pampanga were the League of Cities representatives on the commission.
The best Mayors for Stronger | Fairer | Greener cities. Elect your candidate for the 20/21 World Mayor Prize and Honours. The Prize has been awarded since 2004.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bryn og vipper bryn 75 kr. bryn og vipper 150 kr. vipper 75 kr. vask og fn vask og fn 220 kr. permanent permanent kort 520 kr.About The Author Ordog. Im a webdesigner from Transylvania working in Adobe Ilgraphicrator and Corel Draw i just love vector ilgraphicration ) Owner of Vectorgraphit.com.
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This is an index of all 7866 pages in PrintWiki. 1 2 3 4 6 8 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Show All Answers. 1. What is a Comprehensive Master Plan Our community is thriving. As more residents and business owners discover Castle Rock as a desirable place to raise a family or grow a business its important to have a guiding plan.


text:
#include "condor_common.h"
#include "condor_config.h"
#include "stat_wrapper.h"

StatWrapperIntBase::StatWrapperIntBase( const StatWrapperIntBase &other )
{
	other.GetAccess( m_access );
	m_name = other.GetFnName( );
	m_valid = other.IsValid( );
	m_rc = other.GetRc( );
	m_errno = other.GetErrno( );
	m_buf_valid = other.m_buf_valid;
}

StatWrapperIntBase::StatWrapperIntBase( const char *name )
{
	m_name = name;
	m_valid = false;
	m_buf_valid = false;
	m_rc = 0;
	m_errno = 0;
}

int
StatWrapperIntBase::CheckResult( void )
{
	if ( 0 == m_rc ) {
		m_buf_valid = true;
		m_errno = 0;
	}
	else {
		m_errno = errno;
		m_buf_valid = false;
	}
	return m_rc;
}

//
// StatWrapper internal -- Path Version
//

// Basic constructor
StatWrapperIntPath::StatWrapperIntPath(
	const char *name,
	int (* const fn)(const char *, StatStructType *) )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( name ), m_fn( fn ), m_path( NULL )
{
	// Do nothing
}

// Copy constructor
StatWrapperIntPath::StatWrapperIntPath( const StatWrapperIntPath &other )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( other ), m_fn( other.GetFn() )
{
	SetPath( other.GetPath() );
}

// Destructor
StatWrapperIntPath::~StatWrapperIntPath( void )
{
	if ( m_path ) {
		free( const_cast<char*>(m_path) );
		m_path = NULL;
	}
}

bool
StatWrapperIntPath::SetPath( const char *path )
{
	if ( m_path && strcmp( path, m_path ) ) {
		free( const_cast<char*>(m_path) );
		m_path = NULL;
	}
	if ( path ) {
		if ( !m_path ) {
			m_path = strdup( path );
		}
		m_valid = true;
	} else {
		m_valid = false;
	}
	m_buf_valid = false;
	m_rc = 0;
	return true;
}

int
StatWrapperIntPath::Stat( bool force )
{
	if ( !m_fn ) {
		return SetRc( -2 );
	}
	if ( !m_path ) {
		return SetRc( -3 );
	}
	if ( m_valid && !force ) {
		return GetRc( );
	}
	m_rc = m_fn( m_path, &m_access.getStatBufRw() );
	return CheckResult( );
}

//
// StatWrapper internal -- FD Version
//

// FD Version: do the stat
StatWrapperIntFd::StatWrapperIntFd(
	const char *name,
	int (* const fn)(int, StatStructType *) )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( name ), m_fn( fn ), m_fd( -1 )
{
	// Do nothing
}

StatWrapperIntFd::StatWrapperIntFd( const StatWrapperIntFd &other )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( other ),
		  m_fn( other.GetFn() ),
		  m_fd( other.GetFd() )
{
	// Do nothing
}

StatWrapperIntFd::~StatWrapperIntFd( void )
{
	// Do nothing
}

// Set the FD
bool
StatWrapperIntFd::SetFD( int fd )
{
	if ( fd != m_fd ) {
		m_buf_valid = false;
		m_rc = 0;
	}
	if ( fd >= 0 ) {
		m_valid = true;
	} else {
		m_valid = false;
	}
	m_fd = fd;
	return true;
}

int
StatWrapperIntFd::Stat( bool force )
{
	if ( !m_fn ) {
		return SetRc( -2 );
	}
	if ( m_fd < 0 ) {
		return SetRc( -3 );
	}
	if ( m_valid && !force ) {
		return GetRc( );
	}
	m_rc = m_fn( m_fd, &m_access.getStatBufRw() );
	return CheckResult( );
}

//
// StatWrapper internal -- NOP Version
//

// FD Version: do the stat
StatWrapperIntNop::StatWrapperIntNop(
	const char *name,
	int (* const fn)(int, StatStructType *) )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( name ), m_fn( fn )
{
	// Do nothing
}

StatWrapperIntNop::StatWrapperIntNop( const StatWrapperIntNop &other )
		: StatWrapperIntBase( other ),
		  m_fn( other.GetFn() )
{
	// Do nothing
}

StatWrapperIntNop::~StatWrapperIntNop( void )
{
	// Do nothing
}

int
StatWrapperIntNop::Stat( bool force )
{
	(void) force;
	return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Hashtag Trending, May 10, 2021 – Most users' like Apple's ATT feature; Cyberattack shuts down pipeline; What's up WhatsApp?
Hosted by Alex Coop
PodcastsTechnology
Researchers say only four per cent of iPhone users in the U.S. have agreed to app tracking after updating their device, a cyberattack shuts down a U.S. pipeline, and WhatsApp scraps its May 15 deadline for accepting its privacy policy, but there's a catch.
It's all the tech news that's popular right now. Welcome to Hashtag Trending! It's Friday, May 7 and I'm your host Alex Coop.
Just 4% of US iPhone Users Let Apps Track Them After iOS Update from technology
After Apple rolled out its App Tracking Transparency feature at the end of April, a new report says only four per cent of iPhone users in the U.S. have agreed to let apps track them on their device. The report from Verizon-owned analytics firm Flurry says that number jumps to 12 per cent when talking global figures, but it's still not the best news for companies like Facebook that have made fortunes by sell your data to advertisers. Users who want to turn off tracking altogether without rejecting permissions for each app individually can toggle "Allow Apps to Request Track" in the iPhone's privacy settings.
Cyber-attack forces shutdown of one of the US's largest pipelines: Colonial Pipeline said it shut down 5,500 miles of pipeline, which carries 45% of the east coast's fuel supplies from technology
A cyberattack has shut down 5,500 miles of a U.S. pipeline that carries nearly half of the east coast's fuel supplies, according to the Washington Post. Colonial Pipeline told that publication that the cyberattack took place Friday and included ransomware. The company says it's acquired the services of a third-party cybersecurity firm as well as law enforcement and other federal agencies.
And lastly, multiple reports have confirmed that WhatsApp won't delete user accounts that refuse to opt in to its new privacy policy. In a statement given to Android Central, WhatsApp has confirmed that while it won't terminate accounts immediately, users who don't accept the new terms will have only "limited account functionality" available to them until they do. For now, that means losing access to your chat list, but you will still be able to see and respond to notifications as well as answer voice and video calls. However, after a few weeks of that, WhatsApp will then switch off all incoming notifications and calls for your account.
That's all the tech news that's trending right now. Hashtag Trending is a part of the ITWC Podcast network. Add us to your Alexa Flash Briefing or your Google Home daily briefing. Make sure to sign up for our Daily IT Wire Newsletter to get all the news that matters directly in your inbox every day. And catch the next episode of Hashtag Tendances, our weekly Hashtag Trending episode in French, which drops every Friday at 3 pm. I'm Alex Coop, thanks for listening!
Alex Coophttp://www.itwc.ca
Former Editorial Director for IT World Canada and its sister publications.
LifeLabs partners with Telus Health to improve virtual mental health service offerings in Ontario
Cyber Security Today, May 10, 2021 – Deadline looms for Women In Cyber Day petition, data theft from insurance quote websites and advice from Canada's top cyber agency
Follow this Cyber Security Today
More Cyber Security Today
Cyber Security Today, May 27, 2022 – Another warning to app developers, and an alleged leader of a business email compromise gang is arrested
Cyber Security Today, May 25, 2022 – A Linux trojan is spreading, malware aimed at security researchers and more
Cyber Security Today, May 23, 2022 – A work from home warning, students are victims of ransomware, and more
Cyber Security Today, May 9, 2022 – Breaches of security controls at Ikea Canada and two American healthcare providers


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Text boxes overlap, graphics don't display, etc, etc We delete comments that violate our policy , which we encourage you to read. In Australia, consumers have a legal right to obtain a refund from a business if the goods purchased are faulty, not fit for purpose or don't match the seller's description. This monitor ran beautifully for 7 months. You are not purchasing the power supply board only the capacitors needed to replace those on your monitor's power supply board. Chi Mei Corporation A Monitor. International postage and import charges paid to Pitney Bowes Inc.
See terms – opens in a new window or tab. Please read our FAQ, it answers most questions! Flat Panel Mount Interface. Stevenson Ranch, California, United States. Sign in to check out Check out as a c,v. Have one to sell? For additional information, see the Global Shipping Program terms and conditions – opens in a new window or tab.
Chimei CMV T39D LCD Monitor Replacement Capacitors, Board not Included.
The capacitors used in this kit are Panasonic Series FR, FM and FC capacitors, all of these capacitors are the very highest quality capacitors refer to the attached photo for information as to how to identify the manufacturer and series of the capacitors included in this kit.
See all condition definitions – opens in a new window or tab. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. It's all we sell! I hope this helps fix your problem and if you need further assistance please let me know.
You have basically two options get another CRT or LCD display, or if it is still under warranty call the company get a "Return Authorization Number" and ship it back to the m Add to watch list.
It's black in colour. Interest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. A new, unused item with absolutely no signs of wear. See other items More Please do not assume you are ordering the board, you are not.
Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Contact the seller – opens in a new window or tab and request a postage method to your location. The item may be missing the original packaging, or in the original packaging but not sealed.
Sign in to check out Check out as guest. Can the chimei 17 monitor cmv A be used for a TV screen? When the power supply detects a short circuit, it turn off by itself. This kit does not include the large v uf capacitor.
It is like the screen has a odd looking Wave that goes from the top right corner of the screen to the bottom left.
Cyber Monday deals you can still get: It can be found HERE. Shipping cost cannot be calculated. Mouse over to Zoom – Click to enlarge. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Postage cost can't be calculated.


Introduced in 2011, Litecoin is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that enables instant payments to anyone in the world. It is based on Bitcoin's open source platform; hence it can be modified by anyone to include new features.
The Litecoin founder Charlie Lee introduced Litecoin with a view of increasing efficiency of the hashing and thereby reducing the block time.
Fork describes any divergence in blockchain which may affect existing transactions. Fork can be a soft or a hard fork.
Hard fork results into permanent divergence from the previous version of the Blockchain; hence it renders the existing nodes as irrelevant or incompatible with the new code.
In contrast to this, a soft fork divergence allows both the existing and new nodes to perform operations at the same time.
Hard fork is implemented only when there is a confirmation from almost all the miners in the blockchain. Soft fork changes do not require the consent of all miners and hence takes less time to implement.
Recently, first hard fork of the Litecoin was launched without any technical hitch. The new fork came with superior mining difficulty retargeting, via the use of DarkGravity algorithm.
Users of Litecoin are recommended to move their currency from existing address to a completely new address created with the development of fork.
If we examine the above details, then it is apparent that as compared to Bitcoin, the block time (Bitcoin- 10 minutes, LCC- 2.5 minutes) is extremely less.
By reducing the transaction cost, the Litecoin team intends to invite transactions in higher number.
However, the market is not exactly embracing the new fork. The Litecoin fork got opened at around $1.4 and surged to $9.25 in mid-February. This is a 560 % increase as noted by CoinCodex. Despite this, many of the cryptocurrency platforms have not yet integrated the new LCC fork.
The reasons, quoted by experts, behind the less acceptance of LCC include market confusion, legitimacy concerns that arose due to LCC related scams in which its origin and name were questioned.
Bitcoin Update Today: 17th Jan | Why is Bitcoin Falling?
Should you invest in Crypto Currencies or Mutual Funds?


Theres not much on here by Micky And The Motorcars, I figured I would throw something together and put it on here. I`m not very good at this, and this is my first time, so if its that bad, just close your eyes and listen to the music.
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text:
Previous (Telepathy)
Next (Television)
A basic telephone
The telephone (or phone) (from Greek: tele = far away; phone = voice) is a telecommunications device that is used to transmit and receive sounds (most commonly voice and speech) across distances. Most telephones operate through the transmission of electric signals over a complex telephone network that allows almost any phone user to communicate with almost any other. The communication links may be established by wire connections, radio waves, or broadband Internet. In addition, basic phone service is often enhanced with such features as voicemail, caller ID, teleconferencing, direct distance dialing, and last call return. Unfortunately, the phone system is also misused through such activities as fraud, prank calls, bomb threats, "phreaking," and "war dialing."
3 Digital Telephony
3.1 Public Switched Telephone Network
3.2 VoIP Telephony
4 Wireless phone systems
4.1 Cordless telephone
4.2 Mobile phones
4.2.1 Satellite phones
4.3 Semi-Cordless Phone
5 Telephone hacking and exploitation
5.1 Fraud, prank calls, bomb threats
5.2 Phreaking
5.3 War dialing
6 Some additional equipment and components of telephone systems
A touch-tone telephone keypad
An elementary telephone system consists of three basic elements:
each subscriber's equipment, which converts sound to electrical signals and vice versa, and which allows the subscriber to initiate or answer a call;
a central switching facility that interconnects the subscribers;
wiring or other equipment that connects the subscribers to the central switching facility.
A subscriber may be connected to the telephone network in one of three principal ways:
Historically, and still very commonly, by dedicated physical wire connections run in overhead or underground cables.
By radio, as in a cordless, cellular, satellite, or radio telephone.
By voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) telephones, which use broadband Internet connections.
Between end users, transmissions across a network may be carried by fiber optic cable, landline cable, point-to-point microwave or satellite relay.
Until relatively recently, a "telephone" generally referred only to landlines. Cordless and mobile phones are now common in many places around the world, with mobile phones expected to gradually displace the conventional landline telephone. Unlike a mobile phone, a cordless phone is considered landline because it is usable only within a short distance of a personal or domestic base station connected to a fixed phone line.
The identity of the inventor of the electric telephone remains in dispute. Antonio Meucci, Johann Philipp Reis, and Alexander Graham Bell, among others, have all been credited with the invention. Moreover, the early history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits that hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. Much money was expended, particularly in the Bell Telephone companies, and the aggressive defense of the Bell patents resulted in much confusion. Additionally, the earliest investigators preferred publication in the popular press and demonstration to investors instead of scientific publication and demonstration to fellow scientists.
It is important to note that there is probably no single "inventor of the telephone." The modern telephone is the result of the work of many, all worthy of recognition of their contribution to the field. Recently, however, the British government announced that it now recognizes (primarily for educational purposes) Antonio Meucci (see below) as the 'first inventor' of the telephone.
A timeline of the invention and development of the telephone is given below.
1849: Antonio Meucci demonstrates a device later called a telephone to individuals in Havana. (It is disputed if this was an electric telephone.)
1854: Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-break telephone transmitter and receiver but does not construct a working instrument.
1854: Meucci demonstrates an electric telephone in New York [2].
1860: Johann Philipp Reis demonstrates a "telephon" using a pressure contact transmitter after Bourseul's make-break design and a knitting needle receiver. Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
1860: Meucci demonstrates his telephone on Staten Island.
1861: Reis manages to transfer voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet.
1864: In an attempt to give his musical automaton a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'speaking telegraph.' He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
1865: Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes, "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important." Manzetti, if he read Meucci's implicit suggestion to collaborate, does not respond.
1871: Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to patent).
1872: Elisha Gray founds Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
1872: Prof Vanderwyde demonstrates Reis's telephone in New York.
July 1873: Thomas Edison notes variable resistance in carbon grains due to pressure and builds a rheostat based on the principle. He, however, abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
May 1874: Gray invents an electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use metallic diaphragms.
December 1874: Gray demonstrates his musical tones device at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois, and lectures on the possibility of transmitting speech.
June 2, 1875: Alexander Graham Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
July 1, 1875: Bell uses a bidirectional "gallows" telephone that could transmit "indistinct but voicelike sounds" but not clear speech. Both the transmitter and receiver were identical membrane electromagnets.
1875: Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in November builds an electrodynamic receiver but does not exploit it.
Copy of the original phone of Graham Bell at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris
February 11, 1876: Elisha Gray invents liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but does not build one.
February 14, 1876 (about 9:30 A.M.): Gray or his lawyer brings to the Patent Office Gray's caveat for the telephone. (A caveat was a notice of intent to file a patent application at a later date.)
About two hours later, Bell's lawyer brings Bell's patent application for the telephone to the Patent Office. Bell's lawyer requests that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
Another two hours later, Gray's caveat was registered in the cash blotter. Although Gray could have converted his caveat into a patent application, he did not do so based on his lawyer's advice and involvement with acoustic telegraphy. As a result, the patent was awarded to Bell. [1]
March 7, 1876: Bell's U.S. patent 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
March 10, 1876: Bell transmits speech, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you," using a liquid transmitter described in Gray's caveat and an electromagnetic receiver described in Gray's July 1875 U.S. patent 166,095.
May 16, 1876: Edison files first patent application for acoustic telegraphy.
October 1876: Edison tests his first carbon microphone.
January 20, 1877: Edison "first succeeded in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure-sensitive variable resistance, under the pressure of a diaphragm (Josephson, 143).
January 30, 1877: Bell's U.S. patent 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone with transmitter and receiver using steel diaphragms and a call bell.
March 4, 1877: Emile Berliner invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on the Reis telephone, and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
April 27, 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon transmitter that included the first use of an induction coil or transformer with the transmitter and battery in the primary circuit. The patent was granted after a 15 year delay due to litigation. In 1892, a federal court ruled Edison and not Berliner was the inventor of the carbon transmitter. Edison's carbon transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver were used by the Bell system for many decades thereafter (Josephson, 146).[2]
June 4, 1877: Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
December 1, 1877: Western Union enters the telephone business using Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.
January 1878: First North American telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Connecticut.
February 4, 1878: Edison demonstrates telephone between Menlo Park, New York, and Philadelphia, a distance of 210 kilometers.
June 14, 1878: The Telephone Company Ltd (Bell's patents) is registered in London. Opened in London on August 21, 1879 - Europe's first telephone exchange.
September 12, 1878: The Bell Telephone Co. sues Western Union for infringing on Bell's patents.
Early months of 1879: The Bell Telephone Co. is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
1879: Bell merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company.
1879: Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's, thereby saving the Bell company from extinction.
August 2, 1879: The Edison Telephone Company of London Ltd is registered. Opened in London on September 6, 1879.
September 10, 1879: Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial).
1880: National Bell merges with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company.
1896 telephone (Sweden)
1882: A telephone company, an American Bell affiliate, is set up in Mexico City.
1885: American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) is formed.
1886: Gilliland's automatic circuit changer is put into service between Worcester and Leicester, allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
January 13, 1887: The U.S. Government moves to annul the patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell, on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. Bell remanded for trial.
1899: AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
November 2, 1889: A. G. Smith patents a telegraph switch that provides for trunks between groups of selectors, allowing fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
March 10, 1891: Almon Strowger patents the "Strowger switch"—the first automatic telephone exchange.
October 30, 1891: The Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company is formed.
May 3, 1892: Edison awarded patents for the carbon microphone, against applications lodged in 1877.
November 3, 1892: The first Strowger switch goes into operation in LaPorte, Indiana, with 75 subscribers and a capacity for 99.
February 27, 1901: The U.S. Court of Appeals declares void Berliner's patent of the Bell telephone system.
1915: Vacuum tubes used in coast-to-coast telephone circuits.
1919: AT&T installs the first dial telephones in the Bell system, in Norfolk, Virginia. The last manual telephones in the system were not converted to dial until 1978.
Rotary-dial telephone
1927: First public trans-Atlantic phone call (via radio), between New York City and London.
1935: First telephone call around the world.
1941: Touch Tone® dialing (DTMF) is introduced for operators in Baltimore, Maryland.
1946: National numbering plan (area codes).
1946: First commercial mobile phone call.
1946: Bell Labs develops the germanium point contact transistor.
1951: Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) is first offered at Englewood, New Jersey, to reach 11 major cities across the United States. This service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s.
Touch-tone telephone
1955: The laying of trans-Atlantic cables begins.
1958: Modems used for direct connection via voice phone lines.
1961: Touch Tone® released to the public.
1962: T-1 service in Skokie, Illinois.
1970: Modular telephone cords and jacks are introduced.
1972: U.S. patent 3,663,762 granted to Amos Joel of Bell Labs, inventor of the "cellular mobile communication system."
1975: Last manual telephone switchboard in Maine is retired.
1982: Caller ID patented by Carolyn Doughty of Bell Labs.
1987: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is introduced.
1993: Telecom Relay Service becomes available for the disabled.
1995: Caller ID implemented nationally in the United States.
2002: The U.S. House of Representatives, in House Resolution 269 (dated June 11), recognizes Meucci as the first inventor of the telephone. The Parliament of Canada retaliates by passing a bill recognizing Canadian immigrant Alexander Graham Bell as the only inventor of the telephone.
2005: Mink, Louisiana, gets phone service—the last community in the United States to do so.
Digital Telephony
Public Switched Telephone Network
The traditional telephone network, known as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), has gradually developed toward digital telephony, thereby improving the capacity and quality of the network. End-to-end analog telephone networks were first modified in the 1970s by upgrading long-haul transmission networks with SONET technology and fiber optic transmission methods. Digital transmission made it possible to carry multiple digitized switched circuits on a single transmission medium—a capability known as "multiplexing." Today, the end instrument remains analog, but the analog signals reaching the central office (or Serving Area Interface) are typically converted to digital signals.
A typical VoIP solution
Internet telephony, or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), competes with and appears to be rapidly replacing PSTN. VoIP technology, grouped under digital telephony, uses a broadband Internet connection to transmit conversations as data packets. It may also compete with mobile phone networks by offering free or lower cost connections, but it requires equipment that is connected to the Internet. VoIP is also used on private wireless networks which may or may not have a connection to the outside telephone network.
Wireless phone systems
The term "wireless" can refer to any telephone that uses radio waves for transmission, but it is primarily used for cell phones. In the United States, wireless companies tend to use the term wireless to refer to a wide range of services, while the cell phone itself is called a mobile phone, mobile, PCS (Personal Communications Service) phone, cell phone, or simply cell. The trend is now moving toward "mobile." The changes in terminology are partially the result of providers using different terms in marketing, to differentiate newer digital services from older analog systems and services of one company from another.
Cordless telephone
Cordless telephones, invented by Teri Pall in 1965, consist of a base unit that connects to the landline system and also communicates with remote handsets by low-power radio. This permits use of the handset from any location within range of the base. Given that power is required to transmit to the handset, the base station is connected to an electronic power supply. Consequently, cordless phones typically do not function during power outages.
Initially, cordless phones used the 1.7 megahertz (MHz) frequency range to communicate between the base and the handset. Because of quality and range problems, these units were soon superseded by systems that used frequency modulation (FM) at higher frequency ranges—49 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 gigahertz (GHz), and 5.8 GHz. The 2.4 GHz cordless phones can interfere with certain wireless "LAN" (local area network) protocols, due to usage of the same frequencies. On the 2.4 GHz band, several "channels" are utilized in an attempt to guard against degradation in the quality of the voice signal due to crowding. The range of modern cordless phones is normally on the order of a few hundred meters.
Most modern mobile phone systems are cell-structured. Radio waves are used to communicate between a handset and nearby cell sites. When a handset gets too far from a cell site, a computer system commands the handset and a closer cell site to take up the communications on a different channel without interrupting the call.
Radio frequencies are a limited, shared resource. The higher frequencies used by cell phones have advantages over short distances. Connection distance is somewhat predictable and can be controlled by adjusting the power level. By using just enough power to connect to the "nearest" cell site, phones using one cell site will cause almost no interference with phones using the same frequencies on another cell site. The higher frequencies also work well with various forms of multiplexing, which allows more than one phone to connect to the same tower with the same set of frequencies.
To establish communications from remote locations and disaster zones, where constructing a cell network would be too unprofitable or difficult, some mobile telephones are set up to communicate directly with an orbiting satellite. Such devices tend to be bulkier than cell-based mobile phones, as they require a large antenna or satellite dish for communicating with the satellite, but they do not require ground-based transmitters.
Semi-Cordless Phone
There are phones that work as cordless phones when near their corresponding base station (and sometimes other base stations), and they work as wireless phones when in other locations. For a variety of reasons, however, they did not become popular.
Some kinds of cordless phones work like cellular phones but only within a small private network covering a building or group of buildings. These kinds of systems, using VoIP, are popular in hospitals and factories where the same wireless network can be used for both data and voice.
Telephone hacking and exploitation
Fraud, prank calls, bomb threats
The telephone system has long been beset with such abusive activities as fraud, prank calls, bomb threats, and so forth. Fraud may take any of several forms: a consumer attempting to defraud the telephone company; the telephone company attempting to defraud consumers; or a third party attempting to defraud either of them. A prank call (or crank call) is often a practical joke, but it also takes the form of harassment. The telephone is also used to deliver bomb threats or demand ransom money. Such threats, whether made seriously or jokingly, carry severe legal penalties.
Phreaking
"Phreaking" is a slang term coined to describe the activity of a subculture of people who study, experiment with, and exploit telephone systems for the sake of hobby or utility. The term "phreak" is a portmanteau of the words "phone" and "freak." It may also refer to the use of various audio frequencies to manipulate a phone system. Phreaking is often considered similar to computer hacking, and they are sometimes grouped together as the "H/P culture" (for Hacking and Phreaking culture).
The blue box previously owned by Steve Wozniak, on display at the Computer History Museum
Early phreaks, such as Joybubbles (Joe Engressia), started developing a rudimentary understanding of how the phone system works. Joybubbles taught himself to whistle a tone (2600 hertz) that would cause a trunk line to reset itself. John Draper discovered, through his friend Joybubbles, that the free whistles given out in Cap'n Crunch cereal boxes made exactly a 2600-Hz tone when blown. This allowed control of phone systems that worked on "single-frequency" (SF) controls. One could produce a long whistle to reset the line, and then dial with groups of whistles (a short one for a "1"; two short ones for a "2"; and so on). This was the predecessor of "multi-frequency" (MF) controls, or "MFing," which became common after the Bell System (in 1964) released the frequencies of tones in a technical journal.
An early phreaking tool was the "blue box," an electronic device that simulates a telephone operator's dialing console. It functioned by replicating the tones used to switch long-distance calls and using them to route the user's own call, bypassing the normal switching mechanism. The blue box was typically used to get free telephone calls. The blue box got its name because the first device confiscated by Bell System security was in a blue plastic case. These devices were not just the domain of "pranksters" and "explorers"; others (such as the Mafia) used them to make free phone calls for criminal purposes. Blue boxes no longer work in most western nations, as the switching system is now digital and involves "out-of-band signaling" that cannot be accessed from the line a person is using [3].
War dialing
"War dialing" (or wardialing) refers to the act of using a modem to dial every telephone number in a local area to find out where computers may be available, then attempting to access them by guessing passwords. The name for this technique refers to the 1983 film WarGames, in which the protagonist programs his computer to dial every telephone number in Sunnyvale, California, to find other computer systems. The technique itself predates the film, but the term "war dialing" gained rapid popularity in the computing culture [3].
In a related technique, called "demon dialing," a computer was programmed to repeatedly dial a number (usually to a crowded modem pool) in an attempt to gain access immediately after another user had hung up. The terms demon dialing and war dialing are sometimes used synonymously.
A more recent phenomenon is "war driving," involving the search for Wi-Fi wireless networks from vehicles on the road. War driving was named after war dialing, as both techniques involve brute-force searches to find computer networks.
Some additional equipment and components of telephone systems
Basic exchange telecommunications radio service
Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC)
Electronic Switching System (ESS)
Emergency telephone
Foreign exchange service
Incumbent local exchange company (ILEC)
Key system
Local exchange company (LEC)
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
Private branch exchange (PBX)
Station set
Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD or TTY)
Telephone switchboard
↑ Hounshell, David A. 1975. "Elisha Gray and the Telephone: On the Disadvantages of Being an Expert." Technology and Culture 16 (2):133-161.
↑ Edison, Thomas A. 1880. The Speaking Telephone Interferences, Evidence for Thomas A. Edison, Vol. 1 [jpg image], [cited 21 April 2006]. [1]
↑ Wargames, Wardialing, Wardriving, and the Emerging Market for Hacker Ethics
Coe, Lewis. The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History. McFarland, N.C., 1995. ISBN 0786401389
Evenson, A. Edward. The Telephone Patent Conspiracy of 1876: The Elisha Gray - Alexander Bell Controversy. McFarland, N.C., 2000. ISBN 0786408839
Baker, Burton H. The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone. St. Joseph, MI: Telepress, 2000. ISBN 061511329X
Huurdeman, Anton A. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. IEEE Press and J. Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN 0471205052
Josephson, Matthew. Edison: A Biography. New York: McGraw Hill, 1959. ISBN 070330468
Sobel, Robert. The Entrepreneurs: Explorations within the American Business Tradition. Weybright & Talley, 1974. ISBN 0679400648
1906 telephones and equipment (Swedish) Kungliga Telegrafverkets apparater (Royal Telegraph Administration apparatus) at Project Runeberg - digitized images of telephone and switchboard equipment
Howstuffworks.com article on telephones
Timeline_of_the_telephone history
War_dialing history
Demon_dialing history
Phreaking history
Blue_box history
History of "Telephone"
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Telephone&oldid=1031069


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Janet Louise (Pearson) Wolf, 89, West Branch, died on December 29, 2021 at The Birdhouse Hospice in Iowa City, Iowa.
Services will take place on Saturday, January 8 at the Henderson-Barker Funeral Home in West Branch, Iowa. Visitation will take place at 10:00 a.m. and the service will begin at 11:00 a.m. The funeral service will be live streamed beginning at 11 A.M. via the funeral home Facebook Page: https://fb.me/e/1nC3VhB5d. Graveside services will be held at the Oak Ridge Cemetery in West Liberty, immediately following the service. Online condolences may be made to the family at www.hendersonbarkerfuneralhome.com. Memorials may be made to The Birdhouse – Hospice Home of Johnson County Iowa or the West Branch United Methodist Church.
She was born on October 24 1932, the daughter of Melvin and Lorene (Morris) Pearson of West Branch. She was active in West Branch School girls' basketball, drama, band, vocal music, FFA, and 4-H. She graduated Valedictorian in 1950 and went to the Iowa State University to study clothing and textiles.
She married her high school sweetheart John Charles (Chuck) Wolf on January 5, 1951, and they began farming in the West Liberty area. Through Chuck's work, the family lived in West Liberty, Iowa; Moberly, Missouri; Hartley, Iowa and West Branch. In each of these communities she worked outside of the home as bank teller, a book keeper and as the Administrative Assistant for the Publications Department at ACT.
Janet was an active member of the community, serving on several West Branch United Methodist Church committees. She was also a Brownie troop leader, band parent, CiMota service group, women's golf league, bridge club, and supported many West Branch Lion Club activities. She enjoyed sewing, gardening, canning, dancing, playing cards, and spending time with family and friends.
She and Chuck were able to enjoy many travel adventures during their 69-1/2 years of marriage. Their adventures took them on church work trips to Alaska and Montana. They also toured Hawaii, Australia, Mexico, Italy, New Zealand, Switzerland, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the Panama Canal.
She is survived by her three daughters, Linda (Paul) Jeziorski, Glen Ellyn, Illinois; Laurie (Jeff Freude), Des Moines, Iowa; and Elizabeth (Glen) Taylor, North Liberty, Iowa; and two grandchildren, Helen Freude, Des Moines, Iowa and John Freude (Laura Proescholdt), Minneapolis, Minnesota; sisters, Mary Roth, Iowa City, Margaret Colony, North Liberty; and numerous cousins.
She was preceded in death by her husband, Chuck Wolf; her parents; and her brother, Bob Pearson.


"My skin inspires me in a way that I can't really put into words. It gives me a whole range of opportunities, not only in learning how my body and my skin work, but my place as an artist and discovering the things that interest me to work with.
You all know how much I looooove it when people send me photographs of their dermatographia! Well, I especially love it when people are doing amazing things with their skin, playing around with it and making something interesting and unique–making it art. Enter Isabella De la Mora, a young artist from Mexico making beautiful photographs of skin drawings.
Her images are so powerful! This one with bite marks is kind of unsettling, yet gorgeous. I love the push and pull of attraction and repulsion in this image. It makes it even more impactful because it's skin and the human body she's playing with…. it definitely makes me feel very present in and aware of my own body, which is a great thing!
My name is Isabella. I am an artist from Mexico, and I also have dermatographia.
I first found your artwork a few years ago and it was really a revelation for me because growing up with dermatographia wasn't always easy for me.
My artwork was basically painting and drawing, each I love, but I always felt something was missing.
When I started experimenting drawing in my skin and creating these images was when I realized I has something really interesting going on. Doing research about this condition and what I could do with it was how got to take a look at your amazing work.
It has being really helpful for me to see a different side of myself and how can I be my own canvas.
Here are pictures of some of my work so far. Thank you for being an inspiration!
Ariana Page Russell (APR): When and how did you find out you have dermatographia?
Isabella De la Mora (IDM): I have had dermatographia for my whole life. My parents always thought that I was allergic to a lot of things and they just kept me away from the things that could make it worse. It was a real problem for me growing up because I was itchy all the time and I couldn't control it. It was a real struggle. When I was around twelve I began to learn how to control the itchiness and how to actually live with it. That's when I discovered that I could actually draw on my skin. So I went to the doctor and they told me that it was dermatographia and that I was just born that way, there wasn't anything that I could do that would actually make it go away.
Since then I have just been learning as I grow up that it actually goes with me everywhere, and now, I always have something red or swollen going on in my body,but it doesn't really bother my anymore.
(APR): I'm so glad it doesn't bother you anymore! That's how it's been for me too. I've learned how to manage the itch and make the most of it :=) How did you control it when you were 12? What did you do?
(IDM): At first, my mom would get me lotions and would help the itchiness go away and this way I would stop scratching myself.
As I got older, I started to learn that I didn't need the lotions or anything, just to control the need to scratch myself because of the itchiness my dermatographia brings with every mark. I think it's a matter of self-control. Don't get me wrong, there are times when I just can't take it and I scratch myself all over like crazy. But this just produces more marks and the skin gets more swollen and with this comes more itchiness and it's a never ending cycle. So yeah, it is easier for me just to keep calm and breath and go through the itchiness, it's better for me.
(APR): It's better for me too! Do you take antihistamines or anything?
(IDM): I actually don't take anything. I just let it be. It has become a part of me and in some way is something that defines me.
Doctors have told me that I could take antihistamines or something to take care of my condition, but honestly, I just don't care. Right now I'm in a period of my life where I'm just embracing it and everything that comes with it.
(APR): Yay for embracing it! Do you do anything special for your skin (like for example, how I use coconut oil)?
(IDM): Not really. My skin is actually very dry, so I use products and lotions that help me with this. I think that I take care of my skin as much as the next girl fighting against dry skin and pimples. Although I use sunscreen everyday because of the Mexican sun but in terms of my dermatographia I don't really do anything special.
(APR): How does your skin inspire you?
(IDM): My skin inspires me in a way that I can't really put into words. It gives me a whole range of opportunities, not only in learning how my body and my skin work, but my place as an artist and discovering the things that interest me to work with.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, so it clearly makes sense to take care of it, and mine turns out to be also a huge blank canvas for me to work.
I love to show people about my skin. I have my own blog in spanish yodibujoenmipiel ("I draw on my skin" in english). This virtual space gives me the chance to show people how I develop my pieces and my work and to express how is like to grow with dermatographia, as a person and as an artist.
Like I already mentioned, my skin is part of who I am, is how I put myself out-there and how I introduce myself as an artist. As I grow up, I find it more and more amazing how my condition works and how I can get the most I can out of it. You could say that I am "dermatographic" and proud.
(APR): So awesome to hear that! And I love your blog, such a great idea to have it. What inspired you to make art with your dermatographia?
(IDM): I've always been interested in working with the human body. Wherever it is conceptually or literally. Being able to use my own body as a canvas, as a raw material to work with is just a huge bonus for me.
I use my dermatographia as a bridge between my inside world and the outside. A bridge that reflects what's going on in the inside and how it is affected by the outside. I really like the idea of experimenting with canvases and different elements to create different juxtapositions between the softness of the skin and the hardness of the marks in it.
I usually use either photography or video to document these images that I've been creating. Always with a different concept and a different topic behind. I use my skin as the medium, but at the end it is a whole lot of ideas, concepts, research, among other things and bring my work together.
(APR): It's amazing how much of our past and present show up on our skin. I'm constantly fascinated by it! Where do you live, and what else do you do (besides make art and blog)?
(IDM): I live in both Mexico City and Puebla, both in Mexico. I am in my forth year of my Fine Arts Degree and basically I have a pretty normal student life. I focus my time in my art and searching for it, reading different things that could help me develop projects. I'm always interested in trying new things in terms of my art and developing new techniques. Besides working with my skin I also like to paint and draw and I try to always keep investigating contemporary art and new proposals in this world.
(APR): Keep up the good work! What do people think about you and your skin once they find out about your dermatographia?
(IDM): Lately I have been to parties and different get-togethers where people approach me and ask me: "Are you the girl with the skin?". As weird as this sounds, it actually makes me quite happy. For people to recognize me for something such as my art is exactly what I'm aiming for.
People that know me and what I do don't really ask questions, they are just used to it and are only waiting for my next photographic project or video or the next idea I come up with.
But nowadays, it is pretty normal for me to explain to people about my condition, is almost an everyday thing, which actually excites me and with me the thrill to keep creating these images.
(APR): Me too! I love talking with people about dermatographia, and being known as the woman with skin writing, who makes art about it. Is there anything you'd like to know about dermatographia?
(IDM): All the questions I have had, time has been the one to answer them for me. It's just a matter of me growing up and becoming who I am that has answered me all the question about my condition.
I would like to know if they are like different levels or types of dermatographia because I do believe that mine is very developed. I have met people who have a more subtle kind of condition and their skin doesn't get as swollen as mine. Also, I got mine with birth and they are others that develop it as they get older. That's what I would like to know basically, if they are different kinds of dermatographia and if it manifests in different ways.
As far as I know everyone just has a different severity of dermatographia, and it's not necessarily more developed. It's more about the individual and how sensitive s/he is, what the triggers are, etc. It's such a nuanced condition, experienced very differently for everyone.
Readers: Please share the ways your dermatographia manifests itself! We have different experiences of it, we'd love to hear what yours is like. Do you have really bad itching? How do you treat it? Have you tried the 'no scratching' treatment that Isabella and I have adopted?


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Jacob van Artevelde, middeleeuws staatsman (1290-1345)
 Jacob van Artevelde (roman), historische roman van Hendrik Conscience uit 1849
 Jacob van Artevelde (toneel), toneelstuk van Cyriel Verschaeve uit 1911

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mariusz Rutkowski (ur. 5 września 1963) - polski kajakarz, wicemistrz świata, mistrz Polski.

Był zawodnikiem Posnanii. Jego największymi sukcesami w karierze było wicemistrzostwo świata w konkurencji K-4 10000 m - w 1990 (razem z Andrzejem Gajewskim, Grzegorzem Kaletą i Andrzejem Gryczką) i  brązowy medal mistrzostw świata w tej samej konkurencji w 1989 (razem z Andrzejem Gajewskim, Grzegorzem Kaletą i Tomaszem Franaszkiem).

Był mistrzem Polski w konkurencji K-2 1000 m w 1990 (z Dariuszem Zyberem).

Bibliografia
 Bogdan Chruścicki 80 lat w kajakach, wyd. Fundacja Dobrej Książki, b.d. i m.w.,

Polscy kajakarze
Kajakarze Posnanii
Urodzeni w 1963
Członkowie Rady Języka Polskiego


As the sun emerges from a long lull in activity, the star's emissions in the radio band of the spectrum have also picked up. And from a shed on three acres of land outside Santa Fe, New Mexico, amateur radio astronomer Thomas Ashcraft is making recordings of them available for download.
"The Sun has become hyper-dynamic the past few days," Ashcraft wrote on his website Sunday, along with links to four "specimens" of radio bursts, as he calls them.
The sun is crackling with solar flares now as a very large sunspot continues to circle our star. The recent solar activity almost assuredly signals the end of the solar minimum. Only 5 percent of the days in 2010 have seen a blank sun. In 2008 and 2009, more than 70 percent of the days had no sunspot activity.
Here is what one long burst sounded like on Sunday.
Not all bursts sound the same, though. Another kind, Type V, is generally shorter and sharper. They happen to be Ashcraft's favorites.
Ashcraft recorded a decently powerful Type V on Sunday.
The wires running from the antennas on his property to his observatory are visible in the photo above.
The physics of solar radio emissions are quite complicated, but Ashcraft just likes to listen to the radio static out in the shed on his property. It gives him a feel for what the sun is doing, he said. He held up the phone to his speakers where the standard hiss of the radio, speckled by cosmic background radiation, constantly plays.
When he processes the recordings, Ashcraft likes to track one frequency (say, 21 megahertz) in one channel and another (say, 24 megahertz) in the other channel. It tends to give his specimens what he calls "spatiality" and a kind of pulsating effect. That's because he isn't just trying to record the sun, he's trying to make it into something with which people can connect.
After almost 20 years of studying the sun, Ashcraft said his view of being a human has actually changed.


For many years canine distemper virus was the most feared of the viral diseases affecting dogs. Parvovirus may have surpassed it in this regard but it is still a deadly virus that kills dogs and other members of the canine family. It is also infective to ferrets, mink, weasels and their kin among the Mustelidae family as well as raccoons, pandas and other members of the Procyonidae family. Recently it is believed to be the culprit in the death of a number of African lions.
Canine distemper virus is an RNA virus from the morbillivirus family. In humans, measles is caused by a member of this virus family. Distemper virus is more likely to affect puppies than older dogs. This is probably due immunity acquired through canine distemper virus vaccination or exposure to the virus naturally, leading to immunity. It can affect dogs of any age, though. It causes very variable clinical signs which makes ruling it out in a young sick dog a difficult process. In some dogs a transient fever, perhaps accompanied by a lack of appetite or mild depression may be the only signs of onset of distemper. Other dogs are affected by a systemic illness with nasal and ocular discharges, coughing, fever, depression, lack of appetite, vomiting and diarrhea. It is not uncommon for dogs to have some but not all signs associated with this disease.
Since the inapparent infections often go undiagnosed and the severe infections often are present in dogs who die from distemper virus, the mortality rate of canine distemper was always thought to be very high. Over time, it was recognized that a number of dogs were surviving the initial infection only to develop neurologic signs from one to a few weeks after infection. Seizures, behavioral changes, walking in circles and other ambulatory problems commonly develop. Many dogs who develop neurologic signs develop rhythmic motions or "tics". These are known as chorea. Sometimes affected dogs appear to be chewing gum due to the steady contractions of the muscles of the head. Dogs that survive both the initial infection and subsequent neurologic disease may go on to develop retinal damage, corneal discoloration or extreme hardness of the skin of the nose or foot pads. Infection with the distemper virus can be hard to diagnose with certainty.
It is not uncommon for puppies with suggestive clinical signs to have a recent vaccination for the virus. This makes it hard to judge infection by antibody titers in many instances. There is a latent period from the time the virus enters a dog's body until clinical signs appear of approximately 10 to 14 days which means that puppies already infected may be vaccinated before clinical signs appear. The vaccination is not likely to be effective in preventing the disease when it is given after infection occurs.
Sometimes the virus can be identified in infected tissues using immunofluorescent techniques. This works in the white blood cells several days after infection and in conjunctival (the pink part of the eye area) swabs up to 21 days after infection. Inclusion cysts may be seen in conjunctival swabs as well. General blood chemistry and blood cell count values are usually pretty uninformative when distemper is present. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) taps may indicate antibodies to distemper virus and increased protein. X-rays may show signs of pneumonia that are typical for viral infection but not definite for distemper virus alone. In many instances the course of the disease finally provides the diagnosis as initial signs of a generalized illness change to neurologic signs over time.
At present there is no specific treatment to kill the distemper virus. General supportive care and control of neurologic signs such as seizures may result in a reasonable recovery from this infection. This may be a long term project, though.
Prevention of infection is the best way to deal with canine distemper. Adequate vaccination of puppies is necessary. Veterinarians tend to begin vaccinations for this disease at approximately 6 weeks of age and continue until 12 or even 16 weeks of age at 3 to 4 week intervals. The vaccine is repeated due to interference with vaccination from antibodies passed to puppies in the mother's milk. These antibodies prevent the vaccine from working in about 75% of puppies at six weeks of age, about 25% of puppies at nine weeks of age and only a very few puppies at twelve weeks of age. The first vaccination is therefore an attempt to treat the 25% of puppies who are susceptible and the follow-up vaccinations are given to eventually provide protection to almost all puppies who receive vaccination.
Some strains of distemper vaccine provide nearly lifelong immunity after the initial series and one-year booster while other strains provide a shorter duration of immunity. Some puppies develop signs of canine distemper following vaccination even though they do not appear to have the disease. In these puppies encephalitis occurs. This can be fatal, although most puppies probably recover. Canine distemper virus is shed in all body secretions from infected animals. Dogs may spread the virus for several weeks during the illness and subsequent recovery period. The virus is not especially stable in the environment, probably lasting no more than a few weeks. It is susceptible to disinfectants, especially the quaternary ammonium compounds such as Roccal (TM).
The incidence of canine distemper infections is much lower than in the past. Good vaccination practices are almost certainly a big part of the reduction in cases of distemper. It is still present all over the world and continued vigilance on the part of veterinarians and dog owners is necessary to prevent a resurgence of this deadly illness.


Too often we see clients jump into brand stretch initiatives without too much care or caution. There seems to be an inherent belief that they will be cheaper and quicker than launching full blown innovations.
However, brand extensions ARE innovations from our (and certainly the consumer's!) point of view. They need just as much time, care and attention as any other product or service you are considering bringing to the market.
Below is our checklist of questions to ask yourself to set your brand extensions up for the best possible chance of success.
Have you identified what your brand owns in the consumer's mind?
Have you identified all areas in which the consumer gives your brand permission to play. Which areas are totally off-limits and why?
Do you have a clear understanding of whether your brand is over-extended (when its identity does not cause an emotional response)? Or under-extended (it has a strong emotional response but a limited product offer)?
Are you clear about what consumers in the category think the various brands offer and stand for? It is likely to be quite different to how the brands are marketed and sold.
Have you identified all the ways your brand and others in its category have made compromises with the consumer? Have you found ways to break those compromises?
Have you identified new categories for growth? Can you create new categories that meet previously unmet consumer needs?
What are the emotional positioning gaps for your brand and your competitors? This will give you clues on how your brand extension can enhance and build your brand equity. It will also occupy any unmet emotional needs in the broader category.
Have you targeted new market segments to which you would like your brand to appeal?
Have you explored ways to make your brand more relevant to the next generation of consumers?
Do you have a plan that specifies what categories your brand will enter next, in what order it will enter them and in which time frame?
Have you considered taking your brand global as an alternative growth strategy to brand extension?
Have you considered acquisition as a way to extend the brand?
Have you developed decision criteria to determine whether an extension should: a) sit under the master brand, b) sit under an existing or new sub-brand or c) be an endorsed brand?
Are you looking at it from a category / trade perspective rather than just how consumers see it? What is the main thread of your sales story to a prospective buyer?
How do you screen all new brand extension ideas for their fit with the brand promise and impact on brand equity?
Are you sure that the brand's positive associations will not become negative when associated with a new product category?
Have you thoroughly researched how proposed brand extensions might reposition the original brand in consumers' minds?


Spanish poetess; lived at Madrid; died after 1680. She distinguished herself in the different academies at Madrid. Isaac (Fernando) Cardoso dedicated to her his work, "Del Color Verde," on the color green, which is the symbol of hope (Madrid, 1634). She openly embraced Judaism, and settled at Amsterdam. It is reported that she distributed amulets alleged to protect against physical harm. D. L. de Barrios quotes a "decima" from her manuscript "Obras Poeticas."
idem, Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud. p. 52.


Perfect for relaxing outdoors and adding charm to your yard or porch, this Solid Wood & Steel Park Bench features a classic design with a modern touch made of solid wood with a powder-coated black metal framing with curved arm rests. Measures approximately 48" x 23.5" x 31". Sits 2-3 people comfortably. Weight capacity: 450 pounds. Comes packaged in an individual box. Box measures approximately 52" x 2.625" x 25.25".
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MOONACHIE — The mayors of two Meadowlands towns say that after waiting months for Hurricane Sandy relief funds, a looming federal sequester is only making things worse.
"It affects us," Moonachie Mayor Dennis Vaccaro said Monday. "It affects not only the municipality, it affects residents in the municipality. We still have many residents that aren't back in their homes, that are still rebuilding."
U.S. Rep. Bill Pascrell convened a press conference inside Moonachie's borough hall, which remains gutted and inoperable from storm flooding, to call for Congressional action to prevent the sequester. The automatic spending cuts will go into effect on Friday, and Pascrell said that deadline was supposed to be a fail safe against inaction.
"We said that by March of 2013, the fallback for achieving defect reduction would be sequester," Pascrell said. "We made it bad enough so that no one in his right mind would play with the idea — but here we are."
Citing figures from HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan's testimony at a February Senate hearing, the Congressman said federal Sandy aid could be reduced by $3 billion. That includes assistance to individual victims and businesses shuttered by the storm, as well as transportation, housing and long-term mitigation projects.
Both Vaccaro and Little Ferry Mayor Mauro Raguseo say Sandy-related long-term mitigation projects that would be funded through Community Development Block Grants are threatened by the looming deadline. Those projects wouldn't include construction on private residences, but would impact the boroughs' government-owned properties and infrastructure.
"Once again the Congress is moving from manufactured crisis to manufactured crisis," Raguseo said. "Well, I invite the Speaker of the House of Representatives and anybody else in Congress who feels the sequester should go through, to come and visit the people of Little Ferry and Moonachie. These aren't manufactured crises."
Both towns are still in the thick of rebuilding from the storm, which sent floodwaters from the Hackensack River into their streets, swamping a majority of their homes and businesses.
In Moonachie, the borough administration and police department are operating out of converted trailers while they renovate the municipal complex. In Little Ferry, volunteers from Rebuilding Together Bergen County are finishing up work on the fire department's hook and ladder company for a ribbon cutting later this week.
The sequester also calls for a $1 billion reduction to FEMA's Disaster Relief Fund, which puts money toward reimbursing state and local governments for their response to the storm. Vaccaro, whose town bonded out $6 million to respond to the storm, said eventually those costs will be passed on to borough taxpayers if the gap isn't filled.
Pascrell said it remains likely that Congressional Democrats and Republicans won't reach a deal by Friday.
"This is nothing short of a fiscal hurricane, a fiscal storm for the victims that have already been devastated by Sandy," Pascrell said.
Related: White House outlines what spending cuts mean for N.J.


The Xcode compiler keeps complaining about the error above, and when looking at the detail, you find that the file's path is wrong, although you've put the file in another path already. This gives the reason/solution: your project > target > Build Phases > Compile Sources is trying to compile a file that doesn't exist. Delete those (in red) and bingo!
1. Wrapping your code in calls to UIGraphicsBeginImageContext() and UIGraphicsEndImageContext().
UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext grabs the CURRENT context, thus it doesn't need the size, it grabs an existing context and returns it to you.
So when is there an existing context? Always? No. When the screen is rendering a frame, a context is created. This context is available in the DrawRect: function.
Normally, your functions aren't called in DrawRect:, so they don't actually have a context available. This is when you call UIGraphicsBeginImageContext.
Dispatch queues let you execute arbitrary blocks of code either asynchronously or synchronously with respect to the caller.
You can use dispatch queues to perform nearly all of the tasks that you used to perform on separate threads. The advantage of dispatch queues is that they are simpler to use and much more efficient at executing those tasks than the corresponding threaded code.
You define tasks by placing the corresponding code inside either a function or a block object and adding it to a dispatch queue.
Dispatch queues let you focus on the work you actually want to perform without having to worry about the thread creation and management.
The key to writing your code is to design tasks that are self-contained and able to run asynchronously.
Serial queues (also known as private dispatch queues) execute one task at a time in the order in which they are added to the queue.
Serial queues are often used to synchronize access to a specific resource.
You can create as many serial queues as you need, and each queue operates concurrently with respect to all other queues. In other words, if you create four serial queues, each queue executes only one task at a time but up to four tasks could still execute concurrently, one from each queue.
Concurrent queues (also known as a type of global dispatch queue) execute one or more tasks concurrently, but tasks are still started in the order in which they were added to the queue.
The exact number of tasks executing at any given point is variable and depends on system conditions.
In iOS 5 and later, you can create concurrent dispatch queues yourself by specifying DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT as the queue type.
The main dispatch queue is a globally available serial queue that executes tasks on the application's main thread.
This queue works with the application's run loop (if one is present) to interleave the execution of queued tasks with the execution of other event sources attached to the run loop. Because it runs on your application's main thread, the main queue is often used as a key synchronization point for an application.
Although you do not need to create the main dispatch queue, you do need to make sure your application drains it appropriately.
A framework is a collection of resources; it collects a static library and its header files into a single structure that Xcode can easily incorporate into your projects.
structure that Xcode can easily incorporate into your projects. On OS X, it's possible to create a Dynamically Linked framework. Through dynamic linking, frameworks can be updated transparently without requiring applications to relink to them. At runtime, a single copy of the library's code is shared among all the processes using it, thus reducing memory usage and improving system performance.
On iOS, you cannot add custom frameworks to the system in this manner, so the only dynamically linked frameworks are those that Apple provides.
However, this doesn't mean frameworks are irrelevant to iOS. Statically Linked frameworks are still a convenient way to package up a code-base for re-use in different apps.
When you build a framework or application using Xcode, the linker exports all of the symbols defined in your code by default, which can lead to performance problems at runtime.
In Xcode, you can limit the symbols exported by your executable by specifying an exports file in your linker options.
In iOS, it seems const char array ends with \x13 before \0. So we must be careful when using strcmp().
const char *sucHead = "SucGetStudyList"; // Actually it is SucGetStudyList\x13\0.
NSLog(@"%lu", strlen(sucHead)); // 16, not 15!
// So we need to -1 from strlen() result.
// Or we could use this instead?
Ref. Like NSNumber and NSDecimalNumber, NSString is an immutable type, so you cannot change it after it's been instantiated. It does, however, have a mutable counterpart called NSMutableString.
// Watch out when the formatter has '%': "The tank is 50% full".
// unichar, which is a typedef for unsigned short, Unicode demical.
// Use caseInsensitiveCompare for case-insensitive.
// If the data is null-terminated, you should instead use -stringWithUTF8String: to avoid the extra \0 at the end.
// Assuming: NSString *filename has content: "/path/to/file.ext".
// and stringByDeletingPathExtension will further remove ".ext".
// So theFileName becomes "file".
When to use mutable version?
// An anti-pattern. DO NOT DO THIS. EVER.
Since arrays can contain more than one reference to the same object, it's possible that the first occurrence isn't the only one. To find other occurrences, you can use the related indexOfObject:inRange: method.
Remember that sets are more efficient for membership checking, so if you're querying against a large collection of objects, you should probably be using a set instead of an array.
sortedArrayUsingComparator: accepts an ^NSComparisonResult(id obj1, id obj2) block. Like NSSet, NSArray is immutable, so the sorted array is actually a new array, though it still references the same elements as the original array .
NSArray *ukMakes = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:@"Aston Martin", @"Lotus", @"Jaguar", @"Bentley", nil]; // Note the last nil.
// The following are the same.
NSLog(@"First german make: %@", germanMakes); // This is newer.
// isEqualToArray: Returns YES when both arrays have the same number of elements and every pair pass an isEqual: comparison.
It's most efficient to add or remove items at the end of an array.
Filtering works the same as it does with immutable arrays, except items are removed from the existing array instead of generating a new one, and you use the filterUsingPredicate: method.
As with all mutable collections, you're not allowed to alter it in the middle of an enumeration, but instead of using allObjects for the snapshot, you can create a temporary copy of the original array by passing it to the arrayWithArray: class method.
Objective C is derived from smallTalk, which was a beginner of event-based programming.
Property list. The file is naed AppName-Info.plist under project.
A block object is actually called lambda function in other languages such as lisp and c.
// Now comes the definition.
printf("%d\n", oneFrom(10)); // Use it.
// To trasfer the variable into block, declare it with __block.
Objective-C runtime also defines a block type: NSComparator for comparison tasks.
The way to send/receive events around.
A good article by Jonatha Levin.
The story board is the main entrance to an IOS application. Is it possible to run an IOS app without any story board?
Fixed size of main view controller?
Choose Main.storyboard, and make sure the utilities panel on the right is shown.
Click on the main viewController.
Go to the forth tab on the utilities panel. Change the size to select Freeform. You can also check with the size in the fifth tab.
Re-run your app and hola!
Why CGContextDrawImage draws an flipped image?
The reference page also has a discussion that the whole context is affected by the CTM. A good suggestion is to use CGContextSaveGState() and CGContextRestoreGState() to save and restore the CTM.
UIGraphicsPushContext/UIGraphicsPopContext(context). Push context onto a stack of CGContextRefs and the following drawings will be performed on the context.
CGContextSaveGState/CGContextRestoreGState(context). Save the current graphics state onto the stack of graphics state maintained by context, e.g. save the CTM.
Here is the reference. Note that it is not needed to call super.dealloc, otherwise there could be compiler error.
// [super dealloc]; // Shouldn't call super.dealloc since ARC.
Another reference on GNU. It's written for GNU Mach, a microsystem.