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From mutual trust to mutual distrust in the EU's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, by Ermioni Xanthopoulou
15Oct 2021 15 Oct 2021
The legal principle of mutual trust in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) includes an obligation of national authorities to show confidence in – and recognise – their counterparts' decisions. The principle is founded on the presumption that Member States (including their public bodies, such as prisons and asylum reception centres) respect EU and international fundamental rights law. EU and international fundamental rights laws commonly accepted by Member States offer a common denominator that renders different approaches equivalent and trustworthy. Mutual trust constitutes the basis for several mutual recognition instruments of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ): examples include the Framework Decision on Supervision Measures, the Directive on the European Protection Order, the Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant (FDEAW). Mutual trust further enables the mutual recognition of administrative and judicial decisions. Under the FDEAW, for instance, judicial authorities of one Member State trust the judicial authorities of the Member State issuing a European Arrest Warrant (EAW), and act upon it by surrendering the person requested to the issuing Member State. In the context of the Dublin III Regulation, one Member State is recognised as responsible for examining an asylum application, while the rest trust that the asylum seeker will be treated in accordance with EU law.
The development of the principle of mutual trust is thoroughly analysed here and here. When studied through the lens of two AFSJ instruments – the FDEAW and the Dublin III Regulation – mutual trust appears to have been progressively transformed, growing from a phase of blind trust to a phase of pragmatic trust. Cooperating authorities, acting in a spirit of urgency and effectiveness, were initially compelled to presume their counterparts' compliance with fundamental rights (blind mutual trust). However, reported violations of fundamental rights in the AFSJ fuelled distrust in some areas which gradually led to an increase of exceptions to mutual trust. Distrust manifests itself through exceptions to the obligation to trust, and eventually through exceptions to mutual recognition. The recognition of exception arguably constitutes a pragmatic refinement of mutual trust which is shifting away from the original model of blind trust. This can be seen as a positive development, as argued by Hamenstädt. However, it is also argued that it is of no added value, since the increase of exceptions to trust perplexes the function of cooperation in the AFSJ as mutual recognition of decisions becomes increasingly difficult.
This post examines judicial manifestations of distrust by classifying the relevant case-law based on several underlying roots of distrust linked to either inhuman asylum reception and prison conditions or the rule of law backsliding. This blog article argues that indications of distrust do not constitute the fall of the principle of mutual trust. On the contrary, recognising limits to the principle is necessary for building actual trust, given that this signifies the Court of Justice's syncing with reality as well as a process of maturity in EU criminal law.
Asylum reception conditions
The first 'crackdown' on mutual trust in the AFSJ took place in EU asylum law in light of reports of inhuman and degrading treatment of asylum seekers located in Greece. The then Dublin II Regulation was suspended, as the Court held in N.S. and M.E. that EU law prevents the application of a conclusive presumption that Member States' public bodies operating in the field of asylum law always respect the law on the protection of fundamental rights (para 105). Thus, a transfer of an asylum seeker to the responsible Member State may be prohibited where systemic violations of rights present a well-founded danger of exposing the applicant to conditions where their right under Article 4 of the Charter could be breached (para 106). Furthermore, in C.K. and Others, the CJEU held, expanding the exception, that despite the lack of systemic failures in the asylum procedure and the reception conditions of the responsible Member State, a transfer in itself could still entail a risk of inhuman or degrading treatment, where an applicant is seriously ill (para 96). Recently, in Jawo, the CJEU further conceded that not only systemic but also deficiencies of a general nature may make a Dublin transfer incompatible with Article 4 of the Charter. Therefore, breaches of Article 4 of the Charter in the context of Dublin III Regulation constitute the first reason of distrust.
Distrust, however, is neither generic in relation to the whole regime nor endemic to all Dublin transfers. The exceptions recognised are specific and limited to the localised conditions that gave rise to it in certain domestic environments. Mutual trust did not collapse, but continued to support cooperation in asylum matters. This is the very reason why the law, even in its reformed version, still stands despite the heavy criticism. If distrust was widespread, the Dublin III Regulation that has been so heavily criticised would perhaps no longer stand.
Prison conditions
Prisons conditions in Hungary and Romania posed similar concerns about potential violations of Article 4 of the Charter. This is because overcrowding in correctional facilities (which again are public bodies operating in the field of criminal justice) resulted in inhuman living standards. Consequently, a surrender of a person to Hungary and Romania requested by an EAW could expose them to a real risk of violation of Article 4 of the Charter. Indeed, in Aranyosi and Caldararu, the Court held that when judicial authorities have evidence that there is a risk of inhuman or degrading treatment, they are bound to assess the possible existence of that risk, relying on 'objective, reliable, precise and duly updated elements' (para 89). The establishment of the fact that such a risk exists is not sufficient to allow the executing authority to refuse the execution of an EAW (para 91). A second test also needs to be conducted where the authorities must establish that the specific person concerned will be exposed to this risk specifically because of the conditions of their detention (para 92). If an executing authority is convinced of the existence of this risk for the particular person, it has to postpone – but not abandon – the EAW and make a decision on detention after informing Eurojust (para 99). Furthermore, according to Generalstaatsanwaltschaft (ML), an assessment of detention conditions in the issuing Member State must be limited to the prisons in which it is actually intended that the person concerned will be held (para 84). Dorobantu further specified the minimum standards for custodial conditions required under Article 4 of the Charter and resorted to ECtHR jurisprudence in the same spirit of recognising specific limits to mutual trust (para 72). Moreover, according to Lanigan, the executing authority may decide to hold the requested person in custody only if the procedure for the execution of the EAW has been done in a sufficiently diligent manner and the 'duration of the custody is not excessive' (para 58).
The judgments denote a significant shift from Radu and Melloni and thus from the initial phase of blind trust. They introduce exceptions to mutual recognition based on a climate of distrust towards prison conditions in Hungary and Romania. Still, the Court adopts a specific tone of controlled derogations from the obligation to trust and makes a measured recognition of existing deficiencies within a wider context of mutual trust. In fact, the judgments read as an opportunity for the Court to establish guidelines for judicial authorities in matters of criminal justice beyond the nation-state from which questions may naturally arise.
Rule of law backsliding and judicial independence
Another set of EAW case-law that manifests an environment of distrust is the one relating to judicial independence and the right to a fair trial. Distrust is here particularly expressed towards the Polish judicial system, following governmental judicial reforms that granted the executive greater powers over the judiciary. In this regard, the Court was asked, in LM, whether Article 1(1) of the FDEAW could be interpreted in a way that a judicial authority may refuse the surrender where a breach of the right to a fair trial is feared due to reports concerning systemic breaches of the rule of law.
The Court, in principle, ruled that this may happen and set out a two-fold elaborate test, thus adapting Aranyosi and Caldararu to the case in question. The judgment, following that of Aranyosi, established that when there is a real risk of breach of the fundamental right to a fair trial, an executing authority must determine whether,
having regard to his personal situation, as well as to the nature of the offence for which he is being prosecuted and the factual context that form the basis of the European arrest warrant, and in the light of the information provided by the issuing Member State pursuant to Article 15(2) of the framework decision, there are substantial grounds for believing that that person will run such a risk if he is surrendered to that State.
The Court also held that a surrender may not happen when there is a real risk of breach of the essence of the right. It is worth noting that the Court accepted for the first time that mutual trust may be challenged even where non-absolute rights are under threat – a significant expansion of the recognised exceptions to mutual recognition. The judgment is of course clear evidence of distrust towards the Polish judicial system – given that it is not sufficiently independent – which squarely affects a meaningful exercise of the right to a fair trial. At the same time, the judgment defines and defends the minimum content of mutual trust, further informing in a substantial way the legal principle.
Besides, distrust was also manifested towards the UK in Brexit-related case-law because of the growing uncertainty in relation to the applicable law, including human rights law. In RO, Irish judicial authorities were unsure about whether they should surrender the requested persons to the UK based on two EAWs. The CJEU ruled that Ireland had to execute the EAWs in question as long as the UK had not left the EU, but the submission of a preliminary question to the CJEU is telling of the general lack of certainty – and, subsequently, trust – in the procedure. Although this line of case-law is no longer pertinent and the Court anyway clarified that the law was applicable, a crucial message here is that legal certainty is a prerequisite for mutual trust.
Distrust as an opportunity to define trust
The evolution of the principle of mutual trust might be welcome from a rights perspective, but comes with its own challenges from a cooperation perspective. At first glance, cooperation seems perplexed. At a second glance, however, the Court's case-law serves as a manual answering important questions on what the minimum content of trust is. Acknowledging fundamental rights issues in Europe that naturally affect EU cooperation – such as the rule of law backsliding, overcrowded prisons, and the actual treatment of asylum seekers – is necessary. The legal principle of mutual trust was initially constructed as an axiom which compels authorities to trust in a rather dogmatic fashion, thus resisting any regular 'check-in' with the reality. Syncing law with reality by recognising the dissonance between law and practice is a very important opportunity for a pragmatic and nuanced development of the principle.
Posted by Dr Ermioni Xanthopoulou, Senior Lecturer in Law, Brunel University London
Ermioni is a senior lecturer in law at Brunel Law School, where she is currently teaching criminal law, migration and refugee law, and where she is also participating in the European Commission's Horizon 2020 ITFLOWS research project. Her research focuses on the EU's area of freedom, security and justice – particularly in EU criminal, migration, and asylum law, as well as human rights. She is the author of 'Fundamental Rights and Mutual Trust in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A Role for Proportionality?' published with Hart Publishing in 2020 and of several other publications. Her article, 'Mutual Trust and Rights in EU Criminal and Asylum Law: Three Phases of Evolution and the Unchartered Territory beyond Blind Trust', was awarded the 2017 Common Market Law Review Prize for young academics. Ermioni conducted her doctoral research at King's College London (2012-2017) with a scholarship from the Centre of European Law.
Mutual trust
Tags: #AFSJ
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This is a regularly updated list with movies, series and documentaries with Vanessa Bellardini on Netflix. The best rated item with Vanessa Bellardini on Netflix is "Casper's Scare School" and appeared on screen in 2011.
Below you find an overview of all movies and series with Vanessa Bellardini on Netflix. We found 2 titles with Vanessa Bellardini on Netflix.


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from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.conf import settings

class LoginRequiredMiddleware:
    """
    Middleware that requires a user to be authenticated to view any page other
    than the LOGIN_URL.
    """
    def process_request(self, request):
        if not request.user.is_authenticated():

            path = request.path_info.rstrip('/')
            if path != settings.LOGIN_URL:
                return HttpResponseRedirect(settings.LOGIN_URL)

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This dual island piece of paradise includes everything you could ask for from a Caribbean holiday. You have warm crystal clear waters, beautiful sunshine with temperatures that hardy vary throughout the year, an exquisite amount of history and culture, the non spoilt natural beauty that is Nevis along side the slightly more developed St Kitts.
These islands are both volcanic formed which in turn gives the islands its rainforest covered peaks, with the highest point being 1.156 meters tall on mount liamuiga in St Kitts. Nevis is just 93.2 Sq Km and St Kitts 168.4 Sq Km which are home to around 45000 people of which a quarter live in the capital Basseterre, alongside 176 species of birds with the national bird being the brown pelican, you will also find the green vervet monkey resides here.
Visited St Kitts & Nevis
Recommended St Kitts & Nevis
Would Come Back To St Kitts & Nevis
Over in Nevis 2 miles southeast of St Kitts the main town is Charlestown a picturesque town with many 19th century churches and beautiful buildings, its fair to say that the atmosphere on Nevis is calm and inviting with the beautiful people that live here, the stunning beaches, quaint restaurants and laid back bars. One of the best beaches on this island is Pinneys beach. If you are lucky enough to be visiting from the last week in July though to early August then you will get chance to explore culturaman festival with lasts 3 weeks long. Nevis does have its own airport called Vance. W. Amory international airport.
The temperature on St Kitts and Nevis are fairly consistent varying only slightly from 23.9ºC to 26.6ºC with an average rainfall of around 2400 millimetres. The language of the islands is English and the currency used is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar. The airport on St Kitts is the Robert. L. Bradshaw international airport. Frigate Bay is a more lively area, known as the party strip, this is where many of the resorts, bars and restaurants are. Cockshell and Turtle beaches are popular beaches with the locals they boast the calm waters and have food stands along the beach where you can pick up some tasty Caribbean food. Reggae beach is also very nice, with much activity such as horse back riding available, zip lining and fly boarding. If sports are more your thing than you can always visit warner park cricket stadium in Basseterre, cricket is hugely popular here. If you are still feeling active there are many mountains you can go hiking up and take in those breath-taking views. Call yourself a good swimmer than why not take part in the swimming competition which takes place every spring and is a race across the narrows around 2 miles wide, bear in mind though that the time to beat is just 56 minutes and 9 second.
Your First View
Due to the volcanic origin of the islands there is a mix of sand colour that you will find with the powerful deep black sand to the north and the white sand in the south of St Kitts. The islands are broken up via the narrows which is just two miles wide in some points, you can take a short ferry ride from one island to the other which takes just 45 minutes.
For those of you that are interested in the fascinating history of the islands then you can visit the national museum, which is situated in a late 19th century old treasury building and has been open since 2002. There is also independence square, located in the city which was constructed in 1790 once used for council meetings and slave auctions, now however this square is a symbol of there independence from Britain. The Brimstone hill fortress a world National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage and a must see. You can also visit some of the old sugar cane plantations, the sugar cane industry only finished in 2005.
The people of St Kitts and Nevis are mostly west African which were brought to the islands during slavery, they have brought with them a wonderful vibe and fantastic culture including salsa, jazz, soca, calypso and steelpan music. Much of the cuisine you will find to be seafood, west Indian curry's and goat water (stew). Carnival is between 18th December and the 3rd of January and St Kitts music festival is normally in the last week of June.
After the ending of the sugar can industry, St Kitts and Nevis economy is now mainly focused on tourism, agriculture and light manufacturing industries. There has been some redevelopment on the island especially around Port Zante, this is where the cruise ships come in, and is now very modern with a pier and marina. There are large stone arches and columns that provide a walkway through to beautifully landscaped gardens with fountains, shops, galleries, casinos and restaurants.
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Valley Christian Cross Country: WCAL Preview
San Jose, CA - The sun is dropping down below the Santa Cruz Mountains, the long shadows that now cover the trails bring a crispness to the air that signifies the start of cross country. In actuality the season has been going on for months, and seven races into the schedule it feels like only now the season is about to begin.
Cross Country is a sport that lends itself to those who perform when it counts the most. There is no regular season record that gets you to the playoffs, just one 3-mile race at the end of the year, sudden death. You deliver or you don't.
The Valley Christian boys understand that too well. They are hoping to become the first team in school history to qualify for CCS in DIII by hitting the automatic qualifying standard. It's not easy running with the powerhouse teams of the WCAL but the Warriors have proven they can hang, and are trending up. The top four teams automatically advance to the CCS Championship no matter your division. If you are outside of the automatic qualifying spots you have to qualify by time.
Every Second Counts.
Nathan Lynch has been leading by example this fall. He is the first to get going and the last to finish, accumulating the miles that he is confident will serve him well in the end. Averaging 60-70 miles per week he continues to work on the little things, hoping that come November they will add up to a lot. His example has also inspired a slew of younger runners that have made the jump to the varsity level: four sophomores are currently in the team's top seven.
"The key is meticulously and methodically doing the little things no one else wants to do," Lynch said. "We aren't going to make it by leaving practice early, skipping drills or giving a half effort at practice. Every runner has to be bought in every day."
A cross country team is a collective of individuals. While each runner competes in their individual effort the top five runners contribute to a team score. Places are at a premium in high level meets and are often bunched together; a dozen runners may be separated by mere seconds. This makes a teams depth and strength of their 3-4-5 runners all the difference. It can be the difference from advancing to the Championships or staying home.
The team must average 17:16 on the challenging Crystal Springs course at the WCAL Championships. For every runner, every second counts. Four sophomores are up to the challenge: Nedu Nedili, Justin Baraona, Cameron Lockard and Mathew Weeks all look to contribute and score for the team come November 5. Depth is the strength for the Warriors as three juniors are also ready to deliver. Jeremy Dong, Dean DeMoss and Peter Enfantino have all scored in the top 3 for the Warriors this season. Also adding to the depth is senior Jason Li who ran 17:00 at Crystal Springs last season.
"I am proud of our guys," Lynch said after a tough practice on Monday. "I think we are ready."
The Warriors put it all on the line November 5 at the WCAL Championship held at Crystal Springs Country Park in Belmont, CA. Races begin at 2 pm.


Exactly the look you have in your mind for a Belhaven cottage on a fantastic street. Come see the 3 bedroom, 2 bath recently updated with open floor plan living and dining room, great natural light, gourmet kitchen with granite countertops and custom cabinets, keeping room connects the kitchen to the screen porch. Private master suite with vaulted ceiling, master bath with marble floors, soaker tup, and double vanity. Two bedrooms and a hall bath near the front of the house. Amazing yard! Come see today.


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This is one of my all-time favorite soups. It's light and cooks quickly, but has enough body, protein, and substance to sustain us through all our activities.
I love bean soups. I find that they are a delicious way to get the protein I need in life. They also freeze well, making life easier. This one is a little spicy so it's strengthening and good for circulation, as well as being a good source of protein, folate, and fiber, low in fat and beneficial to digestion (because they contain compounds including that butyric acid , which aids in the digestion of protein).


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How would you describe your house to a stranger coming to stay?
What are the dynamics like living in your house, what can they expect?
The property is airy and bright with a large open living area, a well designed kitchen with 3 good sized bedrooms and a nice backyard to relax. Located a short walk to public transport, you can easily get to the local shopping centre in 15 minutes and there you will find restaurants, cinema, shopping and a fitness centre. Central to number of schools and local universities you will find this home clean, fresh and welcoming. There are two residents in the home myself and my partner. Our 3 spare bedrooms are set up with a study desk, lamp and chair to offer comfortable, quiet and private accommodation for students. The bathroom is only used by the students and is roomy with a privacy lock. We have ceiling fans in the rooms and the main living area also has air-conditioning installed.
The purpose of the web description is to encourage students to take a closer look and then, send in a booking request.
Photos play a big part of attracting a student so if you don't have any loaded don't be surprised if your bookings are quiet, students are visual. So here are a few tricks… Make sure your photos are all similar size. preferably square, and good clean resolution. Remember, students want to be able to visualise living in our home and what their room is going to be like. Taking a little time to get this right will pay off with the sound of happy students on arrival.
Keep your profile up to date. Take a moment to check students in on arrival. Keep your room information up to date and make sure you load any additional students you may have in your home into your dashboard so that students looking can see who else is staying with you. Many students wish to live with other cultures not their own so they have to practice english and others want the extra support.
The dash board is easy to navigate and you can update information in seconds.
(1) room requests – Booking request will show up here, you will also receive an email to confirm or decline a booking.
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(4) contact info – your registration contact information.
(6) room availability control – If you have another guest staying in your property you can book out the dates the room is occupied and load the guests basic information so that your property displays accurate occupancy information.
(9) review – students are given the opportunity to review your homestay at departure and you can view them here.
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You will always get an alert from us if you receive a booking via email. It is very important that you keep your property availability up to date. The reason for that is, when students search they will be getting accurate information and can make a decision there an then.


This paper, while not fundamentally groundbreaking, serves as a nice introduction to the field of mesoporous materials. I like that it covers synthesis, characterization, and an application of the materials. I have used this paper in our senior seminar course as the basis for discussion of this area of chemistry. Discussion questions cover aspects of sol-gel chemistry, powder diffraction, gas adsorption, IR, solid state NMR, UV-Vis, and catalysis.
Related note: Although we are moving to a two-course inorganic sequence in AY 2012-13, I do not have the ability to "squeeze" materials chemistry into my (currently) one semester course; I therefore relish the opportunity to present this paper in our seminar course. If you have the time to cover materials in your normal inorganic sequence, you may be able to present this paper in one class instead of two.
If you have faculty privileges on VIPEr, then solutions to the questions can be found in the linked learning object (see related activities).
Yu, W. et al. Micro. Meso. Mat. 2007, 104, 151-158.
Tanev, P.T.; Pinnavaia, T. J. Chem. Mater. 1996, 8, 8, 2068-2079.
Unless a student has done some independent research (lab or literature) in this area previously, I expect that none of them will have any experience with this work. Therefore, I assess on the effort that students made to answer the assigned questions and on their contribution to in-class discussion. The instructor of record (for senior seminar) is also present to observe the class proceedings and can decide how to integrate that into an overall grade for the course.
Without the review of unfamiliar terms and concepts on the first day of the two-day activity, I doubt that many students would be able to tackle this paper. However, after going through all that, students do a fair job of answering the questions.
The answers to most of the "general questions" can be found from web searching. The students that are motivated to do so have dug up answers for these questions. Question #6 is difficult for them, but serves as a good point to initiate conversation about why larger mesoporous materials are useful. Question #7 is also foreign, but it usually comes up in the first class and so students can piece together a response for it here.
Answering the "characterization method" questions has proven more difficult for the students, particulalry because most if not all of them lack experience with x-ray diffraction and gas adsorption techniques. They can look up Bragg's Law and calculate a parameter given the other values (solve for x, essentially) even if they don't know exactly what that value represents. A4 is particularly difficult as they need to find the answer in the accompanying paper. Responses to questions on gas adsorption are understandably murkier yet. Again, this is where I can go into more detail on the method in class discussion. On the other hand, questions in C and D on UV-Vis and IR, respectively, are easier for them given their familiarity with those techniques. These questions are usually answered well. D1, on site-isolation, sometimes requires further explanation. And, finally, while students have NMR experience from organic, they're not usually knowledgeable on solid-state NMR. Some of these answers can be found online or in the paper, but this is another are where a short discussion is helpful.
Depending on the length of discussion in a particular class, there is not always time to fully get into the catalysis results. However, the answers to these questions can be found in the main manuscript and are correctly reported.


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Duy Tan Dream
DTU and Business
Second Degree, Vocation, eUniversity
DTU Joins the Phan Chau Trinh High School Folklore Festival
On January 15th and 16th, Phan Chau Trinh High School held a Folklore Festival. Local universities and overseas study consultants also attended. DTU had a booth displaying...
The Awards Ceremony of Student Beauty Through the Lens and Short Film Contests
DTU and the 2015 Book Festival at the Tran Phu High School
DTU at Community Cultural Space Exhibit
DTU Hosts "Go See and Do Danang" Photo Exhibition
DTU Takes Part in Culture Day at Hoang Hoa Tham High School
On March 26th, Hoang Hoa Tham High School held a Culture Day, providing students with information about admissions procedures at local universities...
DTU Enters the National Finals of VUG Mini-Football Tournament
On March 21st, DTU met Back Khoa College at the Military Zone 5 Stadium in the regional finals of the tournament. In keeping with their reputation...
A Guinness World Record Set in Danang
On June 15th, 2014, more than 300 people participated in constructing a giant spring roll, including DTU students, foreign chefs and local tourism companies...
DTU advances to the Semi finals of the VUG
With a high scores in their match against the College of Education team, DTU secured the second place in the group and advanced to the semi finals of the Vietnam ...
DTU Sets Record at Private Football Competition with 2 Gold Cups
After over a week of heated competition, the third Danang Private University and College Mini-Football in 2015 came to an impressive end with two Gold Cups...
DTU Mini-football team Overwhelms the Opposition in Opening match
The third Danang Private University and College Mini-Football competition kicked off on March 6th at the Duc Tri College stadium. Several matches were played that day...
DTU takes part in Cutural Festival Day
Cutural Festival Day was an annual activity, held at Phan Chau Trinh High School from January 9th to 10th. Many universities and oversea study companies in Danang city...
DTU students win high prizes at the 2014 National Karatedo and Badminton Tournament
Although this was the first time DTU attended the 2014 National Karatedo and Badminton Tournament for pupils and students, DTU won one silver and two bronze medals in Badminton...
Exciting Activities for 20th Anniversary of University
In the evening of November 11, 2014, thousands of DTU students from all Faculties gathered at the K7/25 Quang Trung campus, to take part in a special "music party" and various activities...
Offline Meeting to Welcome New 2014 DTU Students
An offline meeting entitled "Welcome New 2014 DTU Students", was held in Tien Sa port on September 28th. In groups, students from different faculties, including K20 freshmen...
DTU Has Four More Associate Professors
2019 was the first year that the evaluation was based on the new professorial title criteria of the Prime Ministerial Resolution 37. As a result, almost all eligible candidates had already published...
Duy Tan – Aspirations for Reform
Over the last 25 years, DTU has developed into the strong university it is now. Initially it was authorized to enroll only 550 students for four majors, but now admits 5,500 students a year into 28...
The "2012 Beauty of Students through the Lens Contest" held at DTU
Appreciating the interests of students in local high schools, colleges and universities, DTU collaborated with MTV Vietnam is holding the "2012 Beauty of Students through...
DTU's Students joint the "Ring The Golden Bell" Gameshow
On the evening of March 20th 2010, DTU's students took part in the "Ring The Golden Bell" gameshow broadcast on the VTV3 channel. One hundred students participated in the show as...
See Danang with the Free Tour Hometown Club
In addition to the many tour companies, visitors to Danang now have another choice with the Danang Free Tour Hometown club at DTU. They are able to meet young people who will take them on free guided...
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text:
"""
Run the swarm simulation.
"""

##########################################################################
## Imports
##########################################################################

import os
import sys
import csv
import time
import argparse
import cProfile

from swarm import World
from swarm import visualize
from swarm.exceptions import SimulationException

##########################################################################
## Command Line Variables
##########################################################################

DESCRIPTION = "Run the multi-agent swarm simulation."
EPILOG      = "(C) Copyright University of Maryland 2014"
VERSION     = "1.3"

##########################################################################
## Commands
##########################################################################

def visual(args):
    """
    Run the visual/PyGame version of the simulation
    """
    start = time.time()
    world = World(ally_conf_path=args.conf_path)
    size  = args.screen_size
    fps   = args.fps
    visualize(world, [size, size], fps)
    finit = time.time()
    delta = finit - start

    output = []
    output.append("Ran %i time steps in %0.3f seconds" % (world.time, delta))
    output.append("Agents successfully collected %i resources" % world.ally_home.stash)
    return "\n".join(output)

def simulate(args):
    """
    Run a headless simulation with configuration file
    """
    start = time.time()
    world = World(ally_conf_path=args.conf_path)

    print "Starting headless simulation, use CTRL+C to quit."
    while world.time < world.iterations:
        try:
            world.update()
            if world.time % 1000 == 0:
                print "%ik iterations completed" % (world.time / 1000)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print "Quitting Early!"
            break

    finit = time.time()
    delta = finit - start

    output = []
    output.append("Ran %i time steps in %0.3f seconds" % (world.time, delta))
    output.append("Agents successfully collected %i resources" % world.ally_home.stash)
    return "\n".join(output)

def profile(args):
    """
    Use cProfile to audit 100 timesteps of the simulation
    """

    def run():
        world = World(ally_conf_path=args.conf_path)
        while world.time < args.iterations:
            try:
                world.update()
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                break

    print "Starting profiling for %i timesteps, use CTRL+C to quit." % args.iterations
    cProfile.runctx('run()', globals(), locals(), args.filename, args.sort)
    return ''

def head2head(args):
    """
    Run a head to head simulation, outputing the magnitude of the stash of
    each team in the simulation at every time step.
    """
    start = time.time()
    world = World(ally_conf_path=args.conf_path, maximum_time=args.iterations)

    print "Starting headless simulation, use CTRL+C to quit."
    writer = csv.writer(args.stream, delimiter='\t')
    writer.writerow(('black', 'red'))
    while world.time < world.iterations:
        try:
            world.update()
            writer.writerow((str(world.ally_home.stash), str(world.enemy_home.stash)))
            if world.time % 1000 == 0:
                print "%ik iterations completed" % (world.time / 1000)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print "Quitting Early!"
            break

    finit = time.time()
    delta = finit - start

    output = []
    output.append("Ran %i time steps in %0.3f seconds" % (world.time, delta))
    output.append("Agents successfully collected %i resources" % world.ally_home.stash)
    return "\n".join(output)

##########################################################################
## Main method
##########################################################################

def main(*argv):

    # Construct the argument parser
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=DESCRIPTION, epilog=EPILOG, version=VERSION)
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(title='commands', description='Administrative commands for simulations')

    # parser for visual simulation
    visual_parser = subparsers.add_parser('visual', help='Run the visual/PyGame version of the simulation')
    visual_parser.add_argument('-s', '--screen-size', metavar='SIZE', type=int, dest='screen_size',
                               default=720, help='size of window to run in.')
    visual_parser.add_argument('-f', '--fps', type=int, default=30, help='frames per second to run simulation in.')
    visual_parser.add_argument('-c', '--conf-path', type=str, dest='conf_path', default='./conf/params.yaml', help='path to ally configuration file.')
    visual_parser.set_defaults(func=visual)

    # parser headless simulation
    headless_parser = subparsers.add_parser('simulate', help='Run a headless simulation with the configuration file')
    headless_parser.add_argument('-c', '--conf-path', type=str, dest='conf_path', default='./conf/params.yaml', help='path to ally configuration file.')
    headless_parser.set_defaults(func=simulate)

    # parser for profiling
    profile_parser = subparsers.add_parser('profile', help='Use cProfile to audit 100 timesteps of the simulation')
    profile_parser.add_argument('-f', '--filename', metavar='PATH', type=str, default=None,
                                help='Filename to write the stats out to.')
    profile_parser.add_argument('-s', '--sort', choices=('calls', 'cumulative', 'name', 'time'),
                                default=-1, help='Sort the statistics on a particular field.')
    profile_parser.add_argument('-i', '--iterations', metavar='STEPS', type=int, default=100,
                                help='Number of iterations to profile')
    profile_parser.add_argument('-c', '--conf-path', type=str, dest='conf_path', default='./conf/params.yaml', help='path to ally configuration file.')
    profile_parser.set_defaults(func=profile)

    # head2head headless simulation
    head2head_parser = subparsers.add_parser('head2head', help='Run a headless simulation with the configuration file')
    head2head_parser.add_argument('-c', '--conf-path', type=str, dest='conf_path', default='./conf/params.yaml', help='path to ally configuration file.')
    head2head_parser.add_argument('-o', '--outpath', dest='stream', type=argparse.FileType('w'), default=sys.stdout, help='Write head to head results out.')
    head2head_parser.add_argument('-i', '--iterations', metavar='STEPS', type=int, default=10000,
                                    help='Number of iterations to profile')
    head2head_parser.set_defaults(func=head2head)

    # Handle input from the command line
    args = parser.parse_args()            # Parse the arguments
    try:
        msg = args.func(args)             # Call the default function
        parser.exit(0, msg+"\n")          # Exit clearnly with message
    except SimulationException as e:
        parser.error(str(e)+"\n")          # Exit with error

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main(*sys.argv)


text:
Reinterpreting the Plays of Arthur Miller: An Approach Using Cultural Semiotics and New Historicism
Author: Polster, Joshua
This study uncovers untapped symbolic layers in some of Miller's best-known plays by linking them to famed media events or social concerns of the period of each play's initial production.
"It is fascinating to explore with Polster the cultural anxieties which prompt both All My Sons and the legends of Howard Hughes, or the anguish of The Crucible and the horrific executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg." - Dr. Barry Witham, University of Washington
"Polster's New Historicist approach uncovers untapped symbolic layers in some of Miller's best-known plays to allow for new and exciting perspectives. Going beyond traditional sources, to offer fresh and intriguing readings, Polster focuses our attention on what each play may have signified to the general theater audience, by linking them to famed media events or social concerns of the period of each play's initial production." - Dr. Sue Abbotson, Rhode Island College
"This work fills a much-needed gap in Miller scholarship and also opens up a new area of analysis which can be applied to other plays. Focusing on how audiences read the text may have the significant effect of placing Miller in the pantheon of playwrights whose work will have universal significance for generations of audiences to come." - Dr. Stephen Marino, St. Francis College (Editor, The Arthur Miller Journal)
"Joshua Polster has conceived and executed an ambitious and significant project. . . This volume makes a substantial contribution both to our understanding of Arthur Miller's plays and to the practice and use of cultural criticism in relation to drama and theater. It should be read by critics, scholars, and students of drama and theater as well as those who are interested in cultural criticism and theory." - Dr. Brenda Murphy, University of Connecticut
Foreword by Barry Witham
Chapter 1. Joe Keller and Howard Hughes: A Symbolic Reading of All My Sons
Chapter 2. Willy Loman and James Forrestal: A Symbolic Reading of Death of a Salesman
Chapter 3. The Proctors and the Rosenbergs: A Symbolic Reading of The Crucible
Chapter 4. The Revolt of Responsibility: A Symbolic Reading of Incident at Vichy
Works Consulted
Other Cultural Studies Books
1996 - Gender, Ethnicity and Class in Modern Portuguese Speaking Culture
1996 - Americanisation and the Transformation of World Cultures Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl?
1999 - Changing Face of Literary and Cultural Studies in English in a Transnational Environment
>> See all our Cultural Studies books


. . . one of the speakers will be Phil N. Craword, fourth generation member of Lake County's pioneer family.
His great-grandfather, Woods Crawford, was a member of the first white settlers group, the Hammack Party in 1854. He was appointed one of the three commissioners to organize Lake County from a portion of Napa County. He also suggested the name of Forbesville be changed to Lakeport, and prior to the organization of the county in 1861, was elected constable of Napa County in 1856 and the following year justice of the peace. He served as district attorney on four separate occasions, and his son, C, M. Crawford, also was elected district attorney in 1908 and served in that capacity for a number of years. Howard, son of C. M. Crawford, also was elected district attorney and served several terms. Phil has followed his father, grandfather and great-grandfather in the practice of law here.
[S501] 1870 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1870," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MN6J-LZF : 12 April 2016), Crockett M Crawford in household of Morris Crawford, California, United States; citing p. 32, family 198, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 545,572.
[S954] 1900 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1900," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M9PX-NSS : accessed 30 October 2017), Woods Crawford, Township 4 Lakeport town, Lake, California, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 46, sheet 7A, family 163, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,240,088.
[S543] Find A Grave (www.findagrave.com) (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
[S506] 1850 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1850," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M85L-68D : 12 April 2016), Woods Crawford in household of Alexander Crawford, De Kalb, De Kalb, Illinois, United States; citing family 173, NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).
[S500] 1860 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1860", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDK6-TMG : 28 July 2017), Woods Cranford, 1860.
TCS Note: Lake County was created in 1861 from Napa County. Incorrectly indexed as "Johann," the census record says "No Name" Crawford, age 2/12.
TCS Note: "Woods" is visible in the record but was indexed as Morris.
[S960] 1880 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1880," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6GY-DZ9 : 26 August 2017), Woods Crawford, Lakeport, Lake, California, United States; citing enumeration district ED 51, sheet 54A, NARA microfilm publication T9 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 0066; FHL microfilm 1,254,066.
[S57] 1910 U.S. Census (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
"United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MVK1-4XN : accessed 30 October 2017), Woods Crawford, Lakeport, Lake, California, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 39, sheet 11B, family 218, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 78; FHL microfilm 1,374,091.
[S1081] California, Death Index, 1905-1939, (https://familysearch.org) (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.
[S1192] Missouri, Marriage Records, 1805-2002, (Ancestry.com) (Reliability: 3), 30 Oct 2017.