text:
Research ArticleWHOLE PLANT AND ECOPHYSIOLOGY
Water Relations of Chusquea ramosissima and Merostachys claussenii in Iguazu National Park, Argentina
Sonali Saha, Noel M. Holbrook, Lía Montti, Guillermo Goldstein, Gina Knust Cardinot
Sonali Saha
Noel M. Holbrook
Lía Montti
Guillermo Goldstein
Gina Knust Cardinot
Published April 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.129015
© 2009 American Society of Plant Biologists
Bamboos are prominent components of many tropical ecosystems, yet little is known about the physiological mechanisms utilized by these gigantic forest grasses. Here, we present data on the water transport properties of Chusquea ramosissima and Merostachys claussenii, monocarpic bamboo grasses native to the subtropical Atlantic forests of Argentina. C. ramosissima and M. claussenii differed in their growth form and exhibited contrasting strategies of water transport. Maximum xylem hydraulic conductivity of C. ramosissima culms was 2-fold higher than that of M. claussenii. C. ramosissima cavitated at relatively high water potentials (50% loss of conductivity at ≥1 MPa), whereas M. claussenii was more drought tolerant (50% loss at ≤3 MPa). Both species exhibited significant loss of hydraulic conductivity during the day, which was reversed overnight due to the generation of root pressure. The photosynthetic capacities of both bamboo species, estimated based on electron transport rates, were moderate, reflecting both the large amount of leaf area supported by culms and diurnal loss of hydraulic conductivity due to cavitation. Leaf hydraulic conductance was also relatively low for both species, congruent with their modest photosynthetic capacities. Within its native range, C. ramosissima is highly invasive due to its ability to colonize and persist in both forest gaps and land cleared for agriculture. We propose that a highly vulnerable vasculature, coupled with diurnal root pressure and an allometry that allows substantial leaf area to be supported on relatively slender culms, are key traits contributing to the ecological success of C. ramosissima.
Bamboos are woody grasses that have dramatic effects on turnover rates, species composition, and biomass of forests (Judziewicz et al., 1999; Silveira, 1999; Saha and Howe, 2001; Griscom and Ashton, 2003). Like many invasive grasses, bamboos are aggressive competitors because they monopolize space by exhibiting clonal growth (Acosta et al., 2006), as well as alter light availability and quality in the forest understory (Coleman and Levine, 2007; Ito and Hino, 2007). Bamboos have a competitive advantage under a moderate disturbance regime due to a clonal growth form that combines underground storage organs with short-lived, fast-growing culms (Gagnon et al., 2007). The physiological mechanisms underlying their rapid spread and success in colonizing gaps, however, are not well understood.
Rapid plant growth has been related to high xylem-specific conductivity (Rosner et al., 2007) because an enhanced ability to transport water enables greater stomatal conductance and thus higher photosynthetic rates (Meinzer and Grantz, 1991; Sperry et al., 1993; Meinzer et al., 1995; Saliendra et al., 1995; Lambers et al., 1998; Hubbard et al., 1999). Studies on fast-growing pioneer species suggest that high growth rates are accompanied by a trade-off between hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation (Barigah et al., 2006). Little is known, however, about the vulnerability of bamboo xylem to cavitation or their xylem- and leaf-specific conductivity. A study of Rhipidocladum racemiflorum (Cochard et al., 1994) shows that this climbing rainforest bamboo is relatively resistant to cavitation, but also able to generate root pressure to refill embolized vessels. Root pressure as a mechanism of cavitation repair has been reported in other grasses, such as Chloris gayana (Ogata et al., 1985), rice (Oryza sativa; Stiller et al., 2003), and maize (Zea mays; McCully et al., 1998). Rice is vulnerable to cavitation (Stiller et al., 2003), but refills embolized vessels on a daily basis either by generating positive root pressure or by other, less well-understood, refilling mechanisms (Stiller et al., 2005). Similarly, drought-induced cavitation followed by refilling occurs in field-grown maize (Zhang et al., 1995; McCully et al., 1998).
In this study, we investigate the ecophysiological properties of two woody bamboo species in Iguazu National Park, located in Misiones Province, Argentina, situated within the largest continuous remnant of Atlantic Forest. Four bamboo species, Chusquea ramosissima, Merostachys claussenii, Guadua trinii, and Guadua chacoensis, are common at this site. C. ramosissima is the most aggressive of this group, colonizing canopy gaps and land cleared for agriculture, and attaining culm densities up to approximately 25,000 stems ha−1 (Campanello et al., 2007). Here, we focus on the hydraulic properties of C. ramosissima Lindman (hereafter C. ramosissima) and M. claussenii Munro (hereafter M. claussenii) with the goal of understanding what aspects of bamboo physiology might explain their ecological success. Specifically, we ask whether (1) the two focal species differ in xylem hydraulic capacity; (2) their vasculature is protected against or susceptible to drought-induced cavitation; and (3) root pressure allows either species to recover from catastrophic xylem failure by refilling embolized vessels.
Xylem Hydraulic Conductivity
Xylem hydraulic conductivity (KS) and leaf-specific conductivity (KL) of C. ramosissima culms was more than 1 order of magnitude higher than the same parameters measured in M. claussenii. Mean KS was 43.7 ± 4.92 (mean ± se) for C. ramosissima and 3.1 ± 0.53 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1 for M. claussenii (n = 12 for each species). KL for C. ramosissima and M. claussenii was 33.9 ± 1.0 × 10−4 and 1.1 ± 0.06 × 10−4 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1, respectively.
Vulnerability to Drought-Induced Cavitation
C. ramosissima culms were highly vulnerable to drought-induced cavitation, exhibiting greater than 50 percent loss in conductivity (PLC) at −1 MPa (Fig. 1A ). In contrast, M. claussenii was much more resistant to cavitation, with a P50 value of ≤3 MPa (Fig. 1B). The mean midday leaf water potential experienced by C. ramosissima was −1.7 to −1.5 MPa, values predicted to induce >50 PLC. Midday leaf water potentials in M. claussenii varied from to −2.2 to −1.7 MPa, corresponding to PLC values of approximately 20.
Vulnerability of culm xylem to drought induced by bench drying. Vulnerability curves were produced by fitting a third-order sigmoidal curve, PLC = 100/{1 + exp [a(Ψ − b)]} to the data with 50% loss occurring at ≥1 and −3 MPa for C. ramosissima (A) and M. claussenii (B), respectively.
Leaf Hydraulic Conductance
Leaf tissue properties were quantified by analyzing pressure-volume data (Fig. 2A ). Turgor loss for C. ramosissima occurred at −1.98 ± 0.14 MPa, πft (osmotic potential at full turgor) was −1.68 ± 0.19 MPa, ϵft (modulus of elasticity at full turgor) was 2.62 ± 0.21 MPa, whereas Ra (relative water content of tissue apoplasm) was 0.33 ± 0.07. M. claussenii lost turgor at −2.12 ± 0.21 MPa, πft was −1.58 ± 0.16 MPa, ϵft was 1.49 ± 0.11 MPa, and Ra was 0.37 ± 0.04. Leaf area normalized Cleaf at pre- and post-turgor loss points were 181.8 ± 22.60 and 401.0 ± 46.74 mmol m−2 MPa−1, respectively, for C. ramosissima, and 347.6 ± 38.61 and 533.5 ± 64.28 mmol m−2 MPa−1, respectively, for M. claussenii. Maximum area-normalized hydraulic conductance of leaves (Kleaf) was 8.4 and 4.2 mmol m−2 s−1 MPa−1 for M. claussenii and C. ramosissima, respectively (Fig. 2B). In both species, Kleaf declined with decreasing ΨL, with a marked drop slightly preceding the turgor loss point.
A, Pressure volume curves (1/ΨL, MPa−1/relative water content) on single leaves of bamboo. These data were used to determine leaf capacitance (C) normalized by leaf area. B, Vulnerability of Kleaf (mmol m−2 s−1 MPa−1) to drought-induced depression in ΨL induced by bench drying the leaves.
Diurnal Patterns of Leaf Water Potential, PLC, Stomatal Conductance, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Diurnal measurements of hydraulic and photosynthetic parameters were made in April and June, 2004. In terms of environmental parameters, April was warmer and less humid compared to June (Fig. 3, A and B ). Leaf water potential for C. ramosissima ranged from −0.7 to −1.9 MPa through the day in April (Fig. 4A ) and −1.0 to −1.5 MPa in June (Fig. 5A ). In both cases, the minimum water potentials were sufficiently negative to cause losses in xylem conductivity of >50%, as estimated from measured vulnerability curves. In M. claussenii, leaf water potentials were between −0.5 and −2.2 MPa in April (Fig. 4A) and −0.5 and −2.0 MPa (Fig. 5A) in June. In both species, leaf water potentials in April approached the turgor loss point, although visible signs of wilting were not observed. In June, both species exhibited leaf water potentials more positive than the turgor loss point (Fig. 5A).
Diurnal microclimatic variation. A, Mean ambient temperature. B, Relative humidity. C, PPFD at the study site.
Diurnal variation in leaf water potential (ΨL; A), PLC (B), stomatal conductance (C), and apparent ETR (D) measured in C. ramosissima and M. claussenii in April 2004 (April 8–11). Mean ± 95% confidence intervals are presented for n = 5 individuals per sampling time.
Diurnal variation in leaf water potential (ΨL; A), PLC (B), stomatal conductance (C), and apparent ETR (D) measured in C. ramosissima and M. claussenii in June 2004 (June 18–23). Mean ± 95% confidence intervals are presented for n = 5 individuals per sampling time. Stomatal conductance, ETR, and ΨL could not be measured at 8 am in June because the leaves were covered with water deposited as a result of condensation and profuse guttation.
Significant diurnal variation in PLC was observed in both species. PLC was assumed to be zero at dawn due to the abundant guttation from leaves and positive root pressures (see below). In both species, PLC was highest in the afternoon, but declined by 1,700, coincident with the measurement of positive root pressures. In April, maximum PLC in C. ramosissima was 60% to 70%, whereas for M. claussenii it was 30% to 40% (Fig. 4B). In June, PLC was between 20 and 40 for both species (Fig. 5B). The fact that M. claussenii exhibited greater PLC than expected from the tensions generated in leaves during midday may reflect the difficulty in measuring hydraulic conductivity in this species due to rapid wounding that reduced flow rates through excised culm segments (see "Materials and Methods").
C. ramosissima exhibited greater maximum stomatal conductance rates compared to M. claussenii during both April (Fig. 4C) and June (Fig. 5C), with the higher values reported for C. ramosissima reflecting the amphistomatous character of this species. Stomatal conductance declined in the afternoon for both species and overall both species exhibited higher stomatal conductance in June than in April.
Quantum yield of photosynthesis and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) exhibited trends parallel to stomatal conductance, decreasing in response to declining photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) values in the afternoon (Figs. 4D and 5D). Maximum mean ETR increased from April to June for both species; Figs. 4D and 5D), whereas the mean midday light levels ranged from 1,300 μmol m−2 s−1 in April to 1,100 μmol m−2 s−1 in June. Species differences may be due to C. ramosissima leaves having greater exposure to the sun due to greater self-shading in M. claussenii.
Root Pressure
Abundant guttation demonstrated the existence of positive xylem pressures in both species, which we quantified during both April and June, 2004. Systematic monitoring of root pressure using pressure transducers showed that both species exhibited positive root pressure for a shorter time span in April than in June (Fig. 6A ). C. ramosissima exhibited a buildup of positive root pressure between 9 pm and 7 am in April compared to 5 pm and 9 am during June (Fig. 6A). The average root pressure built by C. ramosissima culms spanning entire sampling time was 13.46 ± 2.68 kPa in April and 19.58 ± 4.54 kPa in June, although the temporal patterns were different across seasons. Maximal root pressure was recorded at 3 am in April, whereas in June the root pressure peaked at 9 pm followed by a slow decline (Fig. 6, A and B). M. claussenii generated positive pressure only between 3 am to 7 am during both sampling periods (Fig. 6, A and B).
Root pressure measured on five culms at each sampling time, measured every 2 h (April 10–15; A and June 19–24; B). Error bars = mean ± 95% confidence intervals (n = 15) per sampling time.
The root pressures measured in C ramosissima were of sufficient magnitude to generate positive pressures throughout the culms of the sampled individuals, whose stature was approximately 3 to 4 m above the ground. This level of root pressure, however, would not be sufficient to raise the water potentials of the entire xylem above atmospheric pressure in larger plants. It is possible that larger individuals of C. ramosissima produce greater root pressures or that the diffusion of air into embolized conduits is slowed by the dense fiber matrix surrounding each vascular bundle such that the vapor pressure of the emboli is <0.1 MPa. Alternatively, the values measured in this study may underestimate the actual pressures in the xylem as a result of small leaks introduced when the apparatus was attached to the culm. The situation for M. claussenii suggests that this may be the case because measured pressures were too small to account for visible guttation that was regularly observed in this species at heights above 2 m.
C. ramosissima and M. claussenii exhibit distinct traits with regard to their water transport properties. C. ramosissima has exceptionally high KS and highly vulnerable xylem that cavitates and refills on a diurnal basis. M. claussenii, on the other hand, has lower KS and more cavitation-resistant xylem. Compared to another bamboo species, R. racemiflorum, which has a P50 of −4.5 MPa (Cochard et al., 1994), both C. ramosissima and M. claussenii exhibit greater vulnerability to cavitation. Vulnerability of C. ramosissima xylem to cavitation and nighttime refilling using root pressure parallels the daily cycle of xylem failure followed by refilling exhibited by rice cultivars (Stiller et al., 2003).
Hydraulic differences between the two species are paralleled by differences in anatomical structure. The density of vascular bundles is higher in C. ramosissima, approximately 1,000 vascular bundles cm−2 as opposed to approximately 225 cm−2 in M. claussenii (Rúgolo de Agrasar and Rodríguez, 2003). The basal portions of C. ramosissima culms have vessel lengths of up to 1 m, whereas the entire M. claussenii vasculature is characterized by short (<20 cm) vessels. C. ramosissima leaves are amphistomatous, as opposed to M. claussenii leaves, which have stomata only on the abaxial side.
Comparison with xylem hydraulic measurements on dicotyledonous woody stems shows that M. claussenii's maximum KS falls squarely within the range of values for dicotyledonous saplings growing at the same site (1.0–8.8 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1; Campanello et al., 2008), whereas C. ramosissima's maximum KS is higher than typical tree values, falling in the lower range of values reported for topical lianas (25 to >100 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1; Tyree and Zimmermann, 2002). The maximum measured KL for both species, however, places C. ramosissima in the middle of reported values for temperate angiosperms, whereas M. claussenii's KL value sits at the low end of values reported for angiosperms (Tyree and Zimmermann, 2002). The reason for this is that both species of bamboo support large leaf areas relative to their cross-sectional area of their culms. The mean ratio of leaf area to culm cross-sectional area was 1.43 × 104 ± 1.26 × 103 for C. ramosissima and 3.6 × 104 ± 3.77 × 103 for M. claussenii; more than 1 order of magnitude larger than the range of values reported for 1.5-cm-diameter stems of temperate angiosperm trees (Tyree and Zimmermann, 2002). These values, however, are similar to those reported for dicotyledonous saplings (<1 m height) native to Iguazu National Park (Campanello et al., 2008).
The modest ETRmax and low Kleaf measured for both species suggest that realized photosynthetic rates are low. In particular, Kleaf values, which are correlated with maximum assimilation rates (Brodribb et al., 2007), fall at the low end of the range (approximately 5–35 mmol m−2 s−1 MPa−1) reported for angiosperms (Brodribb et al., 2005; Sack and Holbrook, 2006). Before both species exhibited substantial diurnal loss in culm hydraulic conductivity, this suggests that leaf parameters are more closely related to midday hydraulic capacity than to their maximum values. Characteristics of bamboo leaves, such as high silica content (>25% on a dry mass leaves in Sasa veitchii; Motomura et al., 2007), relatively low leaf nitrogen concentrations, and slow leaf litter decomposition rates (Singh and Singh, 1999), are consistent with leaves exhibiting lower photosynthetic rates. C. ramosissima, however, exhibited surprisingly high stomatal conductance values, which declined during the day as culm hydraulic conductivity decreased due to cavitation. Further studies are needed that explore the photosynthetic properties of this species in relation to patterns of water use. Nevertheless, the ability of the bamboo growth form to support large leaf areas on their slender culms may, in part, compensate for what appear to be surprisingly low photosynthetic rates for plants that exhibit such rapid growth rates.
L. Montti, P.I. Campanello, and G. Goldstein (unpublished data) argue that the coexistence of multiple life history stages (seedlings, nonflowering and flowering culms) in space and time due to asynchronous flowering allows C. ramosissima to achieve monospecific dominance. Our data suggest that structural and hydraulic traits play a role as well. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that a combination of root pressure and high maximum KS enables C. ramosissima to out-compete other growth forms despite its susceptibility to drought-induced cavitation. In contrast, M. claussenii occurs primarily in forest gaps, lacks the high KS of C. ramosissima, and exhibits less root pressure. Rapid colonization of space by C. ramosissima, whose culms elongate at rates of 0.5 to 1 m d−1 (McClure, 1966), may be related to root pressure. Liese (2007) reported high solute (sugars) concentration in rhizomes of Phyllostachys bissetii and Sasa palmate, which diminished after the carbon was allocated to the culms and leaf tissue during the initial shoot growth. Vascular segmentation, especially between culms and leaves, may help prevent the spread of emboli to the less conductive leaves, whereas a disproportionate allocation to leaves likely contributes to the ability of C. ramosissima to colonize disturbed areas.
Study Site and Species
Annual precipitation at Iguazu National Park is approximately 2,000 mm without a marked dry season, although drought spells of short duration can occur any time of the year and maximum and minimum temperatures are 42°C and 0°C, respectively (Campanello et al., 2007). We sampled from several populations of both species in gaps at different locations in Iguazu National Park. Laboratory measurements were made at the Centro de Investigaciones Ecologia Subtropicales' research facility and the Universidad de Buenos Aires' Laboratorio Ecologia Funcional, both located within the park. The plants sampled in this study ranged from 2 to 4 m in height for both species.
Chusquea ramosissima and Merostachys claussenii are running and clump-forming bamboo, respectively. Although both species initially produce erect culms (up to 4 m tall in C. ramosissima; Campanello et al., 2007), C. ramosissima acquires a scandent habit because it grows culms up to 10 m in height (Clayton et al., 2006). Maximum culm diameter in C. ramosissima is 1.5 cm, whereas M. claussenii has wider and more robust culms, reaching 3 cm in diameter and attaining maximal culm height of 8 m (L. Montti, P.I. Campanello, and G. Goldstein, unpublished data). Vessel diameters in C. ramosissima range from 40 to 60 μm in the central bundles; in M. claussenii vessel diameters range from 60 to 90 μm in mature culms (Rúgolo de Agrasar and Rodríguez, 2003). Another notable difference between the two species is that C. ramosissima culms are solid as opposed to the hollow culms of M. claussenii. C. ramosissima and M. claussenii are monocarpic, fast growing, and quick to take advantage of gaps, which they colonize rapidly. Populations of C. ramosissima flower asynchronously with irregular flowering intervals on the order of 10 to 15 years (L. Montti, P.I. Campanello, and G. Goldstein, unpublished data), whereas M. claussenii flowers synchronously. M. claussenii clumps can cover an area as large as 250 m2. Both species are evergreen and exchange leaves continuously.
KS of C. ramosissima was measured on six culms each in April and in June. Six culms were sampled for M. claussenii in April and five culms in June. Culms were cut under water from bamboo clumps separated by a minimum distance of 50 m before 7 am, while stems of C. ramosissima were still bleeding water, and leaves were saturated. Measurements were made on culm segments longer than 2.5 m (C. ramosissima) and 0.75 m (M. claussenii) to avoid vessels open at both ends, with all samples collected from near the base of the culm to minimize the number of nodal branches. Maximum vessel lengths were determined using the air-injection method (Zimmerman and Jeje, 1981).
Bamboo culms and attached leaves were kept in black plastic bags moistened from inside (two to three bags, if necessary) to prevent water loss before being connected to the flow-measuring apparatus. Although we endeavored to use culm segments that did not have any nodal branches, this was not always possible, although in all cases the number of attached leaves was small (<5%) relative to the downstream leaf area. These leaves were removed followed by flushing of stems with distilled water to ensure that no embolisms were present. Cut nodal branches were sealed with cyanoacrylate glue to prevent water from leaking out during the measurement. The cut ends of the M. claussenii culms had to be reshaved immediately prior to making measurements as the conductivity of M. claussenii culms decreased rapidly with time and within 5 min essentially ceased, probably as a result of response to wounding (Liese, 1998).
This blockage appeared to be located entirely at the cut ends of the segment because reshaving the cut surfaces resulted in an immediate increase in flow that would remain steady for several minutes, after which it slowly declined. In contrast, measurements of C. ramosissima remained steady for an hour (the maximal time for which we had left the stem attached for observation) and the flow did not increase in response to reshaving or recutting.
KS and KL were calculated as KS = JL/ΔPAx and KL = JL/ΔPAL, where J is the flow rate (kg s−1), L is the length of the stem segment (m), ΔP is the pressure drop across the segment (MPa), Ax is the cross-sectional area of the culm (m2), and AL is the leaf area distal to the measured segment (m2). Flow rates were measured using a portable steady-state flow meter as described in Feild and Brodribb (2001) calibrated against a balance (Mettler Toledo AB 104-S, readability of 0.1 mg). Distilled water was used to make a perfusing solution of 20 mm KCL, which was supplied at a delivery pressure of 5 kPa. The entire stem cross-section was considered conductive for C. ramosissima, whereas the conductive area (Ax) for M. claussenii was estimated by subtracting the area of hollow circular pith from the total area of the culm transverse surface. Leaf area distal to the measured segment was measured using a leaf area meter (LI-COR 3100C). We obtained steady-state values by averaging five measurements, each recorded for 60 s.
The vulnerability of the xylem-to-water stress-induced embolism was characterized in both culms and leaves. Vulnerability in culms was quantified by measuring the PLC of increasingly dehydrated segments (Sperry et al., 1993). Culms, 1 m in length, from the upper one-half of the bamboo culms were cut under water. These culms were placed immediately in tightly sealed plastic bags containing wet tissue paper. In the laboratory, the culm segments were removed from the bags and allowed to dehydrate under laboratory conditions (20°C) for between 0 to 5 h. A 20-cm piece consisting typically of one internode was then excised under water and the flow rate through this segment measured using 1-mL pipettes. Following this initial measurement, each test segment was flushed to the maximum flow rate, allowing calculation of PLC. Because vessel lengths decrease toward the culm apex, it is unlikely that air was able to enter into the test segment from either of the cut ends or that a vessel open at both ends was present in the test segment.
Kleaf (mmol m2 s−1 MPa−1) was determined by measuring the ΨL relaxation rate of leaves detached under water as described in Brodribb and Holbrook (2003): Kleaf = C ln (Ψo/Ψf)/t, where C is the capacitance per leaf area (kg MPa−1 m−2), Ψo is the leaf water potential prior to rehydration, Ψf is the leaf water potential after dehydration, and t is the time of rehydration (s).
Kleaf was measured for single leaves dehydrated to a range of initial water potentials. Branches were cut early in the morning while ΨL was high, and most leaves were removed except for terminal clusters of four to eight leaves. These branches were then allowed to desiccate very slowly to prevent large gradients in ΨL from developing. Periodically, branches were bagged and placed in the dark for 30 min to ensure stomata were closed and ΨL was homogeneous among leaves. Two leaves were then removed to determine Ψo of the leaves remaining on the branch, after which two further leaves were detached with their pseudopetioles underwater and allowed to rehydrate as described above. The standard rehydration period was between 30 and 45 s. Branches were progressively desiccated during the course of a single day, and Kleaf was monitored as ΨL dropped.
Leaf capacitance per area was estimated by multiplying the intrinsic capacitance (MPa−1), as calculated from pressure volume curves, by the mass of water per unit leaf area (kg m−2) and the leaf dry mass per unit area (kg m−2). Pressure volume curves were derived from five samples per species using the bench drying technique (Tyree and Hammel, 1972).
Diurnal Measurements of Hydraulic Parameters and ETRmax
We measured hydraulic properties and photosynthetic capacity of M. claussenii and C. ramosissima every 2 h starting at 8 am and continuing until 6 pm on five clumps of each species. Measurements took place over a period of 4 d in April and 6 d in June 2003. The restricted sampling for PLC reflects the greater time required to make these measurements, which limited the number of replicates that could be made between two consecutive sampling times.
Leaf water potential was measured using a pressure chamber (PMS 1000; PMS Instrument Co.). We immediately wrapped the excised leafy shoots in plastic bags until they were inserted in a pressure bomb within 5 min for measuring water potential. Stomatal conductance was measured using a portable steady-state porometer (LI-COR LI-1600). C. ramosissima leaves are amphistomatous, whereas M. claussenii has stomata restricted to the abaxial surface. Data reported for C. ramosissima represent the sum of measurements made on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces. Conductance measurements were made within 30 s of placing the leaf in the cuvette while maintaining the humidity inside the porometer chamber near ambient.
Due to its portability and availability, we used a miniPAM portable fluorometer (Waltz) to measure the instantaneous ETR as a measure of photosynthetic capacity at native light levels (1,200–1,800 μmol m−2 s−1). We calculated ETR as Yield × PPFD × 0.5 × 0.84 (Björkman and Demmig, 1987; Edwards and Krall, 1992), assuming a constant leaf absorbance value of 0.84 (Schreiber and Bilger, 1987).
We used short culm segments (20 cm) for measurement of PLC due to cavitation. These segments were cut under water and transported to the lab within 5 min of cutting. The cut segments were wrapped in thoroughly wet plastic bags containing wet paper towels to prevent postexcision desiccation. Initial flow rates through these segments was measured at a constant pressure (<3 kPa) using 1.0-mL pipettes to measure volume flow rates using a perfusion solution of 20 mm KCl. Given that xylem diameters ranged from 90 to 110 μm in C. ramosissima and 100 to 110 μm in M. claussenii (measured with a light compound microscope Wild M20), there was little chance that air bubbles trapped within xylem vessels would be dislodged during the flow measurements under such low delivery pressure.
After the initial flow measurement was made, each sample was flushed at a higher pressure (100 kPa) for 60 to 120 s to remove any air bubbles within the xylem and the flow rate remeasured (Jmax). PLC was calculated as the difference between the original flow rate measured at low pressure (Jinitial) and the maximum value obtained after high pressure flushes (Jmax): PLC = 100 (Jmax − Jinitial)/Jmax.
Measurements of root pressure were made on three nights per species during April and June 2004. Five bamboo culms per species were cut approximately 3 cm above the soil at 5 pm and the cut end was fitted with a tube connected to a pressure transducer (Omega 236PC100GW, 12VDC, 1 PSI = 1 mV). The tube was filled with water, making sure that no air bubbles were trapped. Pressures were read every 2 h between 5 pm to 7 am using a multimeter. Because exudation was not observed in M. claussenii culms until 4 am, we cut five different stems every 2 h between 12 to 4 am and a stiff 2-cm-long tube was connected to the cut end of the culms to facilitate observation of initial exudation. If bleeding was observed at a particular sampling time, we attached the pressure transducer and recorded the pressure within 2 to 3 min.
We thank Paula Campanello, Genoveva Gatti, and Amartya Saha for assistance with fieldwork and Juan Pablo Giraldo and Tony Rockwell for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful for logistic support provided by Iguazu National Park and the Universidad de Buenos Aires.
The author responsible for the distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Sonali Saha (saha{at}regionalconservation.org).
www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.108.129015
↵1 This work was supported by The Arnold Arboretum and The David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, both of Harvard University, and The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
↵2 Present address: The Institute for Regional Conservation, 22601 SW 152nd Ave., Miami, FL 33170.
↵3 Present address: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Received September 1, 2008.
Accepted February 4, 2009.
Published February 11, 2009.
Acosta A, Izzi CF, Stanisci A (2006) Comparison of native and alien plant traits in Mediterranean coastal dunes. Community Ecol 7: 35–41
Barigah TS, Ibrahim T, Bogard A, Faivre-Vuillin B, Lagneau LA, Montpied P, Dreyer E (2006) Irradiance-induced plasticity in the hydraulic properties of saplings of different temperate broad-leaved forest tree species. Tree Physiol 26: 1505–1516
Björkman O, Demmig B (1987) Photon yields of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of different origin. Planta 170: 489–504
Brodribb TJ, Feild TS, Jordan GJ (2007) Leaf maximum photosynthetic rate and venation are linked by hydraulics. Plant Physiol 144: 1890–1898
Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM (2003) Stomatal closure during leaf dehydration, correlation with other leaf physiological traits. Plant Physiol 132: 2166–2173
Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA, Palma B (2005) Leaf hydraulic capacity in ferns, conifers and angiosperms: impacts on photosynthetic maxima. New Phytol 165: 839–846
Campanello PI, Gatti MG, Ares A, Montti L, Goldstein G (2007) Tree regeneration and microclimate in a liana and bamboo-dominated semideciduous Atlantic Forest. For Ecol Manage 252: 108–117
Campanello PI, Gatti MG, Goldstein G (2008) Coordination between water-transport efficiency and photosynthetic capacity in canopy tree species at different growth irradiances. Tree Physiol 28: 85–93
Clayton WD, Harman KT, Williamson H (2006) GrassBase—The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/ (November 23, 2008)
Cochard H, Ewers FW, Tyree MT (1994) Water relations of a tropical vine like bamboo (Rhipidocladum racemiflorum): root pressures, vulnerability to cavitation and seasonal changes in embolisms. J Exp Bot 45: 1085–1089
Coleman HM, Levine JM (2007) Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic annual grasses in a coastal California meadow. Biol Invasions 9: 65–71
Edwards GE, Krall JP (1992) Metabolic interactions between organelles in C4 plants. In AK Tobin, ed, Plant Organelles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 97–112
Feild T, Brodribb TJ (2001) Stem water transport and freeze-thaw xylem embolisms in a Tasmanian treeline heath. Oecologia 127: 314–320
Gagnon PR, Platt WJ, Moser EB (2007) Response of a native bamboo [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.] in a wind-disturbed forest. For Ecol Manage 241: 288–294
Griscom BW, Ashton PMS (2003) Bamboo control of forest succession: Guadua sarcocarpa in Southeastern Peru. For Ecol Manage 175: 445–454
Hubbard RM, Bond BJ, Ryan MG (1999) Evidence that hydraulic conductivity limits photosynthesis in old Pinus ponderosa trees. Tree Physiol 19: 165–172
Ito H, Hino T (2007) Dwarf bamboo as an ecological filter for forest regeneration. Ecol Res 22: 706–711
Judziewicz E, Clark LG, Londoño X, Stern MJ (1999) American Bamboos. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC
Lambers H, Chapin FS III, Pons TL (1998) Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York
Liese W (1998) The Anatomy of Bamboo Culms. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan Technical Reports, 18. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
Liese W (2007) Bamboo updated. Bamboo Bulletin 9: 2–10
McClure FA (1966) The Bamboos. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
McCully ME, Huang CX, Ling LEC (1998) Daily embolism and refilling of the xylem vessels in roots of field grown maize. New Phytol 138: 327–342
Meinzer FC, Goldstein G, Jackson P, Holbrook NM, Gutierrez MV, Cavelier J (1995) Environmental and physiological regulation of transpiration in tropical forest gap species—the influence of boundary-layer and hydraulic-properties. Oecologia 101: 514–522
Meinzer FC, Grantz DA (1991) Coordination of stomatal, hydraulic, and canopy boundary-layer properties—do stomata balance conductances by measuring transpiration. Physiol Plant 83: 324–329
Motomura H, Hikosaka K, Mitsuo S (2007) Relationships between photosynthetic activity and silica accumulation with ages of leaf in Sasa veitchii (Poaceae, Bambusoideae). Ann Bot (Lond) 101: 463–468
Ogata S, Saneoka H, Matsumoto K (1985) Nutritional-physiological evaluation of drought resistance of warm season forage species: comparative studies on root development water and nutrient absorption of forage species at various soil moisture levels. J Jpn Soc Grass Sci 31: 263–271
Rosner S, Klein A, Muller U, Karlsson B (2007) Hydraulic and mechanical properties of young Norway spruce clones related to growth and wood structure. Tree Physiol 27: 1165–1178
Rúgolo de Agrasar ZE, Rodríguez MF (2003) Culm anatomy of native woody bamboos in Argentina and neighboring areas: cross section. J Am Bamboo Soc 17: 28–43
Sack L, Holbrook NM (2006) Leaf hydraulics. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 361–381
Saha S, Howe HF (2001) The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis: a comment. Am Nat 158: 658–663
Saliendra NZ, Sperry JS, Comstock JP (1995) Influence of leaf water status on stomatal response to humidity, hydraulic conductance, and soil drought in Betula occidentalis. Planta 196: 357–366
Schreiber U, Bilger W (1987) Rapid assessment of stress effects on plant leaves by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. In JD Tenhunen, FM Catarino, OL Lange, WC Oechel, eds, Plant Response to Stress—Functional Analysis in Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp 27–53
Silveira M (1999) Ecological aspects of bamboo-dominated forest in southwestern Amazonia: an ethnoscience perspective. Ecotropica 5: 213–216
Singh AN, Singh JS (1999) Biomass, net primary production and impact of bamboo plantation on soil redevelopment in a dry tropical region. For Ecol Manage 119: 1–3
Sperry JS, Alder NN, Eastlack SE (1993) The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation. J Exp Bot 44: 1075–1082
Stiller V, Lafitte HR, Sperry JS (2003) Hydraulic properties of rice and the response of gas exchange to water stress. Plant Physiol 132: 1698–1706
Stiller V, Sperry JS, Lafitte R (2005) Embolized conduits of rice (Oryza sativa, Poaceae) refill despite negative xylem pressure. Am J Bot 92: 1970–1974
Tyree MT, Hammel HT (1972) Measurement of turgor pressure and water relations of plants by the pressure bomb technique. J Exp Bot 23: 267–282
Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH (2002) Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Zhang J, Zhang X, Liang J (1995) Exudation of rate and hydraulics conductivity of maize roots are enhanced by drying and abscisic acid treatment. New Phytol 131: 329–336
Zimmerman MH, Jeje AA (1981) Vessel-length distribution in some American woody plants. Can J Bot 59: 1882–1892
You are going to email the following Water Relations of Chusquea ramosissima and Merostachys claussenii in Iguazu National Park, Argentina
Plant Physiology Apr 2009, 149 (4) 1992-1999; DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.129015
Advertising (PDF)
Ed Board (PDF)
Acclimation of Leaf Nitrogen to Vertical Light Gradient at Anthesis in Wheat Is a Whole-Plant Process That Scales with the Size of the Canopy
Functional Characterization of a Silicon Transporter Gene Implicated in Silicon Distribution in Barley
Composition and Physiological Function of the Wax Layers Coating Arabidopsis Leaves: β-Amyrin Negatively Affects the Intracuticular Water Barrier
Show more Whole Plant and Ecophysiology
The Grasses


text:
Colonie police arrest 48-year-old man for trying to meet 13-year-old girl for sex
Feb 13, 2019 Jim Franco Crime, News 0
COLONIE — Police arrested a 48-year-old Ticonderoga man earlier this month for trying to sexually engage who he thought was a 13-year-old girl. Instead of a teenage girl, though, John West was...
Black History Step Show & HYP3stPICK of the WEEK: Dance Competition at the Palace on Sunday
Feb 13, 2019 Spotlight News Art, Entertainment, The Spot 0
ALBANY — The Palace Theatre will host the Black History Step Show & HYP3st Dance Competition on Sunday, Feb. 17 at 5 p.m. The Price Chopper Black History Month Step Show features some of the...
King Thiel residents ready to fight cell tower plan
Feb 13, 2019 Jim Franco Community, Government, News 0
COLONIE — Residents of the King Thiel Senior Community are up in arms over a proposal to build a cell tower about 100 feet from their building. It's a somewhat convoluted story. In 2006, Verizon...
Bethlehem gets $200,000 more for micro-enterprise grant program
Feb 13, 2019 Diego Cagara Bethlehem, Business, News 0
#DiegoCagara #Bethlehem #MicroenterpriseGrantProgram #TownOfBethlehem #Business BETHLEHEM — The Town of Bethlehem has announced it received another $200,000 in state aid last December to continue...
Mike Reiss, writer of The Simpsons, says 'Homer is America'
Feb 13, 2019 Jim Franco Entertainment, The Spot 0
ALBANY — Mike Reiss, the longest-serving writer and producer for "The Simpsons," joked to a nearly-packed theater on Friday, Feb. 8 that they probably never heard of him before despite having...
The office love affair moves from taboo to heightened concern for employers in Me Too movement
Feb 13, 2019 Diego Cagara Business, Culture, News, The Spot 0
With Valentine's Day approaching, romance could take center stage, even in the office. But the recent #MeToo movement has highlighted how sexual assault, especially in the workplace, has long been...
Colonie police are highest paid employees, and they earn the most through overtime
Feb 13, 2019 Jim Franco Colonie, Government, News, Towns 0
COLONIE — Salaries, wages and benefits make up about 68 percent of the town's $95.6 million budget. To put that into dollar and cents, the town will spend $65.2 million this year on its employees...
Bethlehem Central superintendent shares survey comments within her address
Feb 13, 2019 Diego Cagara Bethlehem, News, Schools, Towns 0
Bethlehem Central School District Superintendent Jody Monroe went outside the numbers and shared what was stated within the recently released climate survey while she delivered her State of the...
'It's a lifestyle' — Moriah Formica is sticking to who she is
Feb 13, 2019 Kaitlin Lembo Entertainment, Music, The Spot 0
After a much anticipated wait, local rock star Moriah Formica has decided not to release a planned single. The single, "Take Me," was a pop-centric song featuring her younger brother, Gabriel....
BCSD to grapple over $1.5M difference between income and proposed spending
Bethlehem Central School District Chief Financial Officer Judith Kehoe noted in the 2019-2020 proposed budget that there is a baseline budget gap of around $1.5 million between $99.5 million in...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HERALD OF A NEW ERA in distant signalling at sea. The yacht Elettra, 633 tons gross, is equipped by Marchese Marconi as a floating laboratory in which experiments in long-distance wireless communication are conducted. By the use of wireless world-wide communications can be made where formerly distant signalling was limited to the range of vision.
THE perfection of wireless telegraphy has been the cause of distant visual signals at sea falling into disuse. There is no doubt that some such boon to seafarers as wireless was much overdue. Few things could have been more complicated and clumsy than some of the methods of signalling at long ranges which were provided for ships in the preceding years.
The real value of sail signals came from their being visible when one vessel was hull down to the other, or even twice that distance. If a man were sent to the masthead with a telescope, two ships could communicate, even when they were entirely invisible to one another from the deck. In this way ranges of from twenty to thirty miles might be covered.
Burney's Young Seaman's Manual, one of several text-books that devoted some attention to signalling, will help us understand how the sail signals were operated. Instructions on the subject were contained also in the Admiralty signal books from 1859 to 1879. Two top-gallant sails and two royals were used; or in smaller vessels without royals, topgallant sails and topsails. There were two methods, "exhibited furled, and loosed" and "exhibited furled, and set." Men were kept on the yards to let fall or pick up the canvas as required.
The Admiralty instructions said also, "If the distance be so great, or the position of the ship, as respects land, or other circumstances be such as to render communication by Distant Signals impracticable, recourse must then be had to Sail Signals." This throws some light on the relative range of the system.
feet long, with a beam of 73 feet and a mean draught of 28 ft 10-in.
Of almost equal antiquity with sail signals was the wheft. Spelt variously as waft, waif, whiff and weft, this word has been through a number of vicissitudes and has often changed its meaning. For the last three hundred years or so, however, it has generally been recognized as a distant signal and almost always as denoting distress or urgency. Sir Henry Mainwayring wrote in 1644, "Wafts are used for signes to have the boate come aboord (which is Coate, Gowne, or the like hung-up in the Shrowdes); also it is a common signe of some extremitie, when a ship doth hang a waft upon the main-stay." About a hundred years later, the weft was mentioned in the Sailing and Fighting Instructions for His Majesty's Fleet, when it could be made with the topgallant sail, as part of the distant signal upon discovering a strange sail, or with the jack or the ensign to signify distress in time of battle.
It is not clear how a sail could be made into a wheft, and opinions have differed as to the method of making a flag into one. Falconer's Marine Dictionary of 1769 speaks of hoisting the ensign furled up into a long roll, and other authorities convey the same impression that a wheft would appear as a sort of long flexible roll of cloth.
Other writers in modern times seem to think it was made by tying a knot in a flag; but it is difficult to see how this would be feasible unless the flag were a long, narrow piece. The printed naval signal books of the 1790 period, however, generally contain the following kind of description: "Whefts. To speak with the Admiral. And is to be repeated by intermediate ships discovering it, until seen to be observed by the Admiral. After which it is to be continued only by the ship in which it was first exhibited. N.B. - The Whefts to be made by any flag, stopped only at the head, the fly loose." In this way the wheft would appear to be an enormous tassel, and this must have been the true wheft. Its meaning here was, obviously, "urgent information".
In the transitional year for practising the revised (1931) International Code, that is, during 1933, it was laid down that, when exercising the new code, a "weft" was to be hoisted. The Board of Trade explained that this was to consist of the code pendant with its "tail" tied to the halyards, or in a strong wind the same flag tied in the centre. The tying of the fly to the halyards did not constitute a proper wheft, as reference to the old International Code will show.
Signalling with flags generally fails either when there is not a breath of wind and the flags hang down in confused folds, or when the distance is too great for their colours to be distinguished. In 1849, Captain Liardet, Royal Navy, proposed his "Calm Weather Signals". They consisted of fourteen canvas balls painted in different colours. Marryat's famous Code in its later years included "geometrical" shapes made of canvas on frames, coloured red, blue and yellow, and consisting of rectangles, triangles and hexagons. In 1854 an ingenious American named Henry J. Rogers designed a set of flags with the bunting so sewn together that their identities could he distinguished whether they were blowing out or drooping inert. None of these plans was widely adopted, though Rogers's plan certainly deserved to be adopted.
THE CURVATURE OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE affects the visibility from ships' decks. The ships to right and left in the diagram are hull down to the one in the centre, though she can see all their sails. The two outer ships are entirely invisible to one another from the deck, though the topgallant sails of the one can be seen from the cross-trees of the other. By signalling with the upper sails, ranges up to twenty or thirty miles could be covered. In the diagram the curvature is intentionally much exaggerated, as are the sizes of the ships.
To remedy the failure of colours at a distance, the most general plan was to employ flags of enormous size and unspecified colour, and to rely upon their permutations of shape and position for composing a code. The use of a black canvas ball in combination with distant signal flags is of ancient origin and was common for some time before the end of the eighteenth century.
That the long-distance code was used in Nelson's day has been shown by an incident that occurred two days before the battle of Trafalgar. On October 19, 1805, the line of look-out vessels was passing in to the Commander-in-Chief the important message, "The enemy's ships are coming out of port." It is on record that the coloured code flags hoisted on board H.M.S. Mars, the last in the line, were not answered by the main fleet, so they were hauled down and distant signals substituted.
This was done by hoisting a ball, pendant, square flag and pendant at the main, and a ball at the fore. The two balls signified 300 and the flags 70, making 370 in all, which was the number corresponding with the signal already mentioned. The effect of receiving such a message was immediate and sensational, as it was the message which Nelson had been so anxiously awaiting.
In the Commercial Code, which later became the International Code of Signals, a distant signal system was at first provided, making use of balls, pendants and square flags much on the lines of those already in existence. It seems to have been a mistake not to have made this system more flexible by using more than one mast and thus allowing the different symbols a greater variety of values.
The system of shapes, however, seems never to have been put into practice. The reason is that, although an ordinary well-equipped ship might carry the balls, and even the cones, no provision ever appears to have been made to supply drums, namely the square or cylindrical canvas shapes. Certainly no ship's staff could be expected suddenly to manufacture such an article on the rare occasions on which a distant signal might be required.
"MY SHIP IS ON FIRE". The two sail signals on the left of this illustration represent the numerals 6 and 5, In Chapman's code of signals, dated 1859, these numerals represent the message "My ship is on fire". The signal on the right shows the sails set by a ship about to reply to such a message. Chapman's code was intended for use by merchant ships, but sail signals were used in the Royal Navy from the earliest times.
There was, also, a far deeper objection to employing these cumbersome codes. In the earlier times the symbols had had a numerary value, and when distant signals were used at the time of Trafalgar, the number was obvious and the meaning could be looked out in the signal book opposite the figures. In the International Code, letters of the alphabet took the place of figures, so that to denote its letters more than one numeral group had to be displayed before the phrase in the Code could be referred to.
It is generally believed that the much simpler distant Distress Signals were often resorted to, but here there was nothing complicated; ball over square flag, or square flag over ball, or anything resembling these symbols was sufficient to denote some form of "wanting assistance". In a boys' book called The Gold Ship there is a description of a steamer in distress with broken shaft, hoisting "bucket over hatchway cover". It is not plain what this refers to, but no doubt in an emergency a wooden hatch cover might be made to serve the purposes of the "square". Vice-Admiral Philip Colomb was an eminent naval inventor, and there are occasionally read accounts of the Royal Navy carrying out trials of some of his signalling apparatus round about the period 1870-90. This apparatus included a variety of strange and ugly-looking black objects, cones folding up in the same way as umbrellas, and drums collapsing as Chinese lanterns do. These signals were really an adaptation of a once important arrangement known as Redl's Cone Telegraph. This consisted of four huge cones, joined in pairs at their bases, which were formed of large hoops. The cones were collapsible into the hoops, and numerals could be signalled by closing and opening the cones in various combinations.
SEMAPHORE STATIONS were established in series along many parts of the coast of Great Britain. A line of these stations was built in 1827 between Anglesey and Liverpool The station illustrated above was situated at Llysfaen, near Colwyn Bay, North Wales. It is said that the first ship reported by this line from Holyhead was the American ship Napoleon and that the message took only fifteen minutes to pass from Holyhead to the port of Liverpool station on Bidston Hill, Birkenhead.
The sole surviving instance of a distant signal at-sea to-day is the "Distance Signal" of Distress, consisting of a square flag having either above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball. This signal might yet prove useful in the event of the wireless apparatus breaking down. Although this is the only signal so called, it ought to be remembered that there are many offshoots of what were once a species of distant signals. Some of these are illustrated on page 252. A vessel employed in laying or picking up a submarine cable is to display two red balls ("globular in shape"), with a white diamond between them, each two feet in diameter. A vessel aground "in or near a fairway" will be required to carry three black balls, also two feet in diameter, and six feet apart. It is clear from these measurements that the shapes are meant to be visible at a long distance.
Semaphores of different sorts were used in the Royal Navy, with varying degrees of success, from 1816 onwards. With one exception, they were employed only for fleet work and over distances not much in excess of a mile. The exception was the masthead semaphore, a contrivance intended for long-distance work and considered remarkably successful for that purpose at one period. It was introduced by Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Wilson in 1895, and because it was placed at the truck of the mainmast, it was officially known as the "Truck Semaphore". Its arms were twelve feet long, and the only limit to its range in clear weather was the curvature of the earth's surface.
The few years at the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth centuries witnessed the struggle for mastery between the truck semaphore and the newly installed wireless telegraph, both of which had their apparatus side by side at the masthead. Wireless gained the day and masthead semaphores were abandoned round about 1905 and 1906.
AN IMPRESSION OF THE FAMOUS SIGNAL STATION on Bidston Hill, Birkenhead. Incoming vessels were sighted from this point. The jug illustrated was made in 1795 and shows the code of flag signals used, with a key of numbers and names below. The jug is now in the Liverpool Public Museum. There are still a lighthouse and an observatory at this site on Bidston Hill.
When considering long-distance signalling between ships, it is appropriate to relate the share taken by the land stations in. keeping up maritime communication. On the continent of Europe there were some extensive systems of visual or "optical" telegraphs, the best known being that invented by Citizen Claude Chappe. In France, Germany and Russia telegraphs were established between inland towns and had little to do with ships and the sea.
In England and Wales the only telegraphs ever built were essentially for the service of shipping, whether naval or mercantile, and for no other purpose. The directions of the lines and the names of the terminal towns and places alone would show the truth of this: London to the Downs, London to Portsmouth and to Plymouth and to Yarmouth, Deal to Yarmouth along the coasts of Kent, Essex and Suffolk, and Holyhead to Liverpool along the coasts of Anglesey, Denbighshire and Flintshire.
The London lines radiated from the Admiralty and were used for sending orders to the naval ports and stations, and for receiving information brought in to the coast by our men-of-war. Before 1796 all such communications had been dependent on horse transport. The speed of the telegraph improved until messages occupied only a matter of minutes, but even if they had taken hours, they would still have outstripped the post-horse and the stage-coach.
The East Coast chain consisted of a continuous series of semaphore stations, not worked with arms, as are modern semaphores. These stations could pass messages quickly along the line or signal to ships in the offing. The chain included such well-known Kentish, Essex and Suffolk posts as Ramsgate, Reculvers, Shoeburyness, Clacton, The Naze, Harwich, Landguard, Aldeburgh, Southwold and Lowestoft.
Later on the examples set by the Admiralty were followed by people connected with shipping concerns. In 1827 the famous line of signal stations from Anglesey to Liverpool was built. Most of its stations were situated at some point on the coast familiar to seamen sailing out of the River Mersey - Holyhead Mountain, Point Lynas, Great Orme, Hilbre Island and Bidston Hill.
As a ship arrived in sight of Holyhead and established her identity, the news was quickly transmitted to Liverpool, often in a few seconds. Communication with the ship could be kept up, if necessary, as she passed along the coast to her destination.
A similar privately-owned line ran from London Bridge to the Downs in 1842. The Admiralty occasionally made use of this after its own line had been abolished. The two most famous of all the lines were undoubtedly the Admiralty-Portsmouth line, which operated successfully from 1822 to 1848, and the Holyhead-Liverpool line, which worked continuously from 1827 to 1860. These were abandoned only because of the arrival of the electric telegraph. In the United States a similar line ran from the island of Martha's Vineyard to Boston (Mass.), through sixteen stations and over a distance of seventy-two miles. This was at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the apparatus was similar to Chappe's semaphore. Communication in the interests of arriving and departing vessels was kept up from 1801 to 1807.
Although the foregoing systems ran across country, they have been dealt with here because they were long-distance systems and were intimately concerned with shipping. The shore-to-ship distant signals were given up comparatively recently.
For the best part of a hundred years the coasts of France bristled with semaphore posts which carried three long arms and were extremely valuable for communication with ships passing in the distance. In later years there were as many as a hundred stations in France and about thirty more on her Mediterranean seaboards, and all were linked up internally by the electric telegraph.
Other countries also installed the same apparatus and thus the movements of ships all over the world were able to be published immediately and their owners' instructions sent to them when they were far out to sea.
A TRUCK SEMAPHORE was installed in H.M.S. Minerva, a cruiser of 5,600 tons displacement built in 1895. Introduced in that year by Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Wilson, the apparatus was placed at the truck of the mainmast. The semaphore arms were 12 feet long and were visible for long distances. They could be trained round to signal on all bearings.
You can read more on "Buoys and Beacons", "Day and Night Signals at Sea" and "Signalling at Sea" on this website.


1 Principles: what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month.
2 Rules: what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month.
what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month – you ask? I will tell you – it is easy! But for most people this is not the case. A sedentary lifestyle, seductive dishes or fast food, eating at night and other bad habits distract us from the ideal figure.
Principles: what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month.
To solve the problem – what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month – you need a comprehensive approach.
Fulfillment of these principles will allow you to solve the problem – what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month.
Rules: what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month.
Only discipline will help you achieve the goal – what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month. Be disciplined .
You gained weight for a long time. Therefore, to lose it you need to have patience. In the question: what is a safe amount of weight to lose in a month – be patient .


text:
export LLVM_LIB="/home/pericles/lge/nike/build-debug"
export LLVM_PATH="/home/pericles/lge/build-debug/bin"
export CLANG="$LLVM_PATH/clang"
export OPT="$LLVM_PATH/opt"
export LINKER="$LLVM_PATH/llvm-link"
export DIS="$LLVM_PATH/llvm-dis"

$CLANG -c -emit-llvm -g utils.c -o utils.bc
$CLANG -c -emit-llvm -g prefix_sum.c -o prefix_sum.bc
$CLANG -c -emit-llvm -g prefix_sum_main.c -o main.bc
$LINKER *.bc -o prefix_sum.bc

# Compile the program without restrictification using -O0
$OPT prefix_sum.bc -o prefix_sum.rbc
$DIS prefix_sum.rbc -o prefix_sum.ll
$CLANG prefix_sum.ll -o prefix_sum.exe
echo "[-O0]:"
./prefix_sum.exe 10000 1

# Compile the program without restrictification using -O1
$OPT -O1 prefix_sum.bc -o prefix_sum.rbc
$DIS prefix_sum.rbc -o prefix_sum.ll
$CLANG prefix_sum.ll -o prefix_sum.exe
echo "[-O1]:"
./prefix_sum.exe 10000 1

# Compile the program without restrictification using -O2
$OPT -O2 prefix_sum.bc -o prefix_sum.rbc
$DIS prefix_sum.rbc -o prefix_sum.ll
$CLANG prefix_sum.ll -o prefix_sum.exe
echo "[-O2]:"
./prefix_sum.exe 10000 1

# Compile the program without restrictification using -O3
$OPT -O3 prefix_sum.bc -o prefix_sum.rbc
$DIS prefix_sum.rbc -o prefix_sum.ll
$CLANG prefix_sum.ll -o prefix_sum.exe
echo "[-O3]:"
./prefix_sum.exe 10000 1

# Using Pericles' optimization
$OPT -O3 -load $LLVM_LIB/PtrRangeAnalysis/libLLVMPtrRangeAnalysis.so -load $LLVM_LIB/AliasInstrumentation/libLLVMAliasInstrumentation.so  -ptr-ra -function-alias-checks prefix_sum.bc -o prefix_sum.rbc
$DIS prefix_sum.rbc -o prefix_sum.ll
$CLANG prefix_sum.ll -o prefix_sum.exe
echo "[Restrictifiction]:"
./prefix_sum.exe 10000 1

rm -rf *.bc *.rbc *.ll *.exe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'Hunger Games' TV Spot Features Action, Plot Hints and Taylor Swift
Every year it seems like the summer movie season starts earlier and earlier. You can argue that last year it started in April with the release of 'Fast Five.' This year, you can argue that it starts in March with the release of 'The Hunger Games.'
The movie is set to open on March 23rd (about six weeks before 'The Avengers' formally kicks off the summer movie season on May 3rd) and early reports indicate the first installment of the trilogy should be insanely successful.
To help stoke the fire of excitement, Lionsgate has released an new extended TV commercial that highlights some new footage from the film. Unlike the previous trailer, which was a little more action-heavy, this one only teases the events of the film, set to the beat of "Safe and Sound" by Taylor Swift. Check out the new clip below.
Filed Under: Movie Trailers, The Hunger Games
Categories: Movies


text:
Result: 18 January
Next Draw: 25 Jan
Join the Dukinfield Rugby Union Football Club lottery and win up to £25,000!
Number of entries 1 Ticket 2 Tickets 3 Tickets
Weekly Cost
Thank you for supporting Dukinfield Rugby Union Football Club and our fundraising efforts. By partaking in this Lottery, you will be helping us to support both the junior and senior teams. The money raised will be used to provide training equipment, to allow us to improve the playing skills of all the teams, and playing strips to ensure that the club is held in high regard in the North West.
sign up to SUPPORT THIS CAUSE!
Latest Results: 18 Jan
Next Draw: 25 Jan 2021
View past results
The Lottery results are calculated using the temperatures from selected destinations around Europe on a particular day each week.
Players are assigned 6 numbers when registering, that are then checked against the last 6 digits of temperatures in Fahrenheit that are published in the Daily Mail on the day of the draw.
Enter your lucky lottery numbers and find out if you've been a winner!
Last Draw
Last 4 Draws
Last 12 Draws
© Copyright Prize Provision Services Ltd
Self Exclude
Players Terms and Conditions
Service Notices
Good Causes Fund
Prize Provision Services Limited is a member of The Lotteries Council. Players must be 16 or over. For help, support and advice visit www.begambleaware.org
Between June 2019 and May 2020, an average of 43p in every £1 went directly to the societies as profit. This ranged between 37p and 60p for any individual society. 15p was used to fund prizes. 42p covered the cost of recruiting new players and the cost of running the Lottery.


text:
Current Events, Politics/Economics
Historical Amnesia at Charlottesville
August 25, 2017 August 25, 2017 griffin525
Everyone is aware that neo-Nazis were in Charlottesville earlier this month to protest the removal of a Confederate sculpture. Also among the ranks of protesters were members of the Alt-Right. Though it is commonly believed to be the case, the terms Nazi and Alt-right are not synonymous. The Alt-Right is multifaceted, just like any other ideological movement.
When violence inevitably broke out, all fingers pointed towards the Unite The Right (UTR) attendees holding tiki torches. Due to the tunnel vision of major media outlets, it seems that everyone in the mainstream has failed to condemn the violent leftist factions. The violence of one of the opposing parties, communist flag wielding Antifa members, remains virtually unacknowledged as problematic. Antifa, asserting their violence is honorable because they aren't demanding national homogeneity and racism, has claimed the moral high ground over the neo-Nazis. Both violent groups have a serious case of historical amnesia, and their intellectual deficiencies need to be addressed.
Neo-Nazis and Nazism
Immediately after the conclusion of the Second World War and the Potsdam Conference, Germany was divided by the major allied powers. A gradual course of denazification began to return the country to normalcy, prevent a last-ditch guerrilla campaign, and avoid the atrocities of the Third Reich from ever occurring again. Nazi regalia was removed from state buildings (those that weren't destroyed), propaganda was censored and destroyed, Germans began filling out questionnaires to help their occupiers determine their culpability, and the Nuremberg Trials were conducted to bring justice to those accountable for both war crimes and crimes against humanity. This denazification process did not, however, completely eliminate Nazism and Nazi-sympathy, as we have seen. Even in 1945, many German citizens rejected the possibility of the Holocaust, claiming the exploit to be logistically impossible or too horrific to have possibly occurred. All of this destruction, World War II and the Holocaust, was carried out in the name of pan-German nationalism and made possible through the power of a totalitarian State.[1]
As previously suggested, Pan-German nationalism motivated Adolf Hitler and the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist GERMAN Workers Party). The actions of the Nazi party had nothing to do with the creation of an explicitly white nation. Even though ethnic Germans have white skin, it's important to realize that the Nazis regarded the Untermensch (non-Aryan) nations as inferior to themselves. Equally imperative for readers to understand is that the qualities which defined Hitler's 'pure' Germans – the infamous Aryan physical traits of tall individuals with blond hair and blue eyes – are more consistently found amongst inhabitants of the Netherlands and in Scandinavian countries.[2] All of these neo-Nazis brandishing swastikas and chanting "Sieg Heil" and "Heil Hitler" while promoting white nationalism are glorifying a totalitarian dictator whose war aims, flawed understanding of race, and practice of economic socialism was responsible for the deaths of millions of white Europeans. Stalin is the only dictator that has killed more white people than Adolf Hitler.
Antifa and Communism
While the masked members of Antifa thought they were violently punching the hate out of neo-Nazis at Charlottesville, they too were hypocritically waving the emblems of mass murdering socialists. Communism is often expected to be an international phenomenon where the proletariat classes reject the war drums of their bourgeois overlords and rise to take over the means of production. All of the communist countries of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, however, were and are nationalist. At the outbreak of the First World War, many proclaimed socialists like Benito Mussolini, urged involvement and enlisted to fight in the fight between nation-states. The disruption of nationalism within Marx's theory of history is not unfamiliar to Marxist academics. Benedict Anderson, the author of Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism asserts, "that nationalism has proved an uncomfortable anomaly for Marxist theory."[3] Eric Hobsbawm, another prevalent Marxist Historian, also notes "Marxist movements and states have tended to become national not only in form but in substance, i.e. nationalist" and that "there is nothing to suggest that this trend will not continue."[4]
One needn't search far to find an example of deliberate ethnic cleansing within Communist countries. Both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin employed "the national question" in ways that furthered their own agenda.[5] Stalin, though he himself was Georgian, promoted Russian nationalism and deliberately forced starvation upon, murdered, and deported members of nationalities he deemed dangerous to the industrialization process of the Soviet Union. In particular, Stalin's deadly process of dekulakization (Kulaks are Soviet peasants) and the resulting Ukrainian Famine, according to historian Timothy Snyder, "was at first glance a class terror," but was often concentrated "against 'nationalists.'"[6] Given the nationalistic violence of the Soviet Union alone, it's hard to take seriously any of these violent Antifa members waving USSR flags and wearing hammer and sickle t-shirts to attack promoters of white nationalism. Just like the Nazis, the communists have their own historical baggage when it comes to nationalistic violence.
It seems odd that the crimes of the twentieth-century totalitarian regimes need to be constantly repeated to those who would invoke their violent and dangerous philosophies. If people would spend more time reading about the past rather than trying to relive it or run from it, then the violent extremism found at Charlottesville may not have occurred. Until then, individuals can expect the irrational and historically illiterate violence of Charlottesville to continue.
[1] Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harvest Book, 1968), 227.
[2] James Wilkinson and H. Stuart Hughes, Contemporary Europe: A History (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2004), 225-226.
[3] Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Versa Press, 2006), p. 3.
[4] Eric Hobsbawm, "Some Reflection on 'The Break-Up of Britain,'" New Left Review, 105 (September – October 1997), 13.
[5] Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010), 11.
[6] Snyder, Bloodlands, 85.
Tagged alt-right, antifa, Charlottesville, communism, History, nationalism, Nazism, Totalitarianism
Published by griffin525
View all posts by griffin525
Previous postHow "Time Preferences" Make Or Break Civilization
Next postPreferring Some Policies/Candidates Over Others Is Not Statist


DAILY MARKET OUTLOOK : 16/11/2009.
Global markets are strong and should help our markets open higher. The market is poised for higher levels if the Nifty manages a close above 5036.
Sensex Resistance 17092-17195-17350. Support 16760-16666-16606.
Nifty Reistance 5036-5077-5110. Support 4973-4957-4924.
Buy Infosys 2359 SL 2332 Tgt 2389-2421.
Buy JsW Steel 896 SL 876 Tgt 929-951.
Buy IDFC 171 SL 166 Tgt 177-186.
Buy IDBI 128 SL 125 Tgt 133-137.
Buy FinTech 1403 SL 1373 Tgt 1445-1481.
Buy Engineers(I) 1459 SL 1420 Tgt 1501-1533-1631.
Buy Nag Const 168 SL 163 Tgt 174-181.
Buy Patni 505 SL 493 Tgt 521-545.
Buy Patel Engg 480 SL 471 Tgt 488-499.
Buy Siemens 558 SL 551 Tgt 571-590.


Listen to the audio podcasts that are part of the award-winning Health Care Fraud Prevention and Enforcement Action Team (HEAT) Provider Compliance Training Initiative. These audio podcasts are available in video format.
Daniel R. Levinson, Inspector General for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, introduces OIG's compliance training videos and audio podcasts.
OIG reviews compliance program basics.
OIG discusses Compliance Program Guidance, Advisory Opinions and other guidance.
OIG reviews the Physician Self-Referral Law.
OIG reviews the False Claims Act.
OIG discusses the Federal Anti-kickback Statute.
OIG explains Exclusion Authorities and Effects of Exclusion.


Somos especializados Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços fabricantes e fornecedores / fábrica da China. Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços atacado com alta qualidade como preço baixo / barato, uma das Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços marcas líderes da China, Hebei Monband Water Soluble Fertilizer Co., Ltd..
Wholesale Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços from China, Need to find cheap Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços as low price but leading manufacturers. Just find high-quality brands on Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços produce factory, You can also feedback about what you want, start saving and explore our Npk 30 10 10 Fertsilizer Preços, We'll reply you in fastest.


The last step before the irrigation are the high tanks. After the steal was delivered from South Africa the stand was erected and the tanks placed on top. With these tanks the research fields can now be irrigated.


text:
Transcript: Saudi King Abdullah Talks to Barbara Walters
Oct. 14, 2005 -- -- In his first television interview since he took the throne, Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah told ABC News' Barbara Walters about his plans to expand women's rights in his country and his country's own struggles with terrorism and extremism.
Following is a transcript of the interview which aired on "20/20" and "Nightline."
BARBARA WALTERS: I understand that now that you are king, you prohibited your subjects from kissing your hand. Were you embarrassed to have your hand kissed?
KING ABDULLAH:I have tremendous distaste for such matters because I believe that one only bows before one's God, not before another human being.
WALTERS:When you visited President Bush this past April, there were photographs of you and the president holding hands. This is not a gesture common among American men. Did it have significance?
ABDULLAH:Yes. In our culture, holding hands is a sign of friendship and a sign of loyalty and you do it with people dear to you. And President Bush is a friend whose friendship I value and ... and treasure.
WALTERS:Fifteen of the 19 hijackers were Saudis, is this something that has caused you great grief? Would you like to say anything to the American people about that?
ABDULLAH:Yes, of course it had, and we were shocked. It has had a negative impact on all Saudis because this is not who we are nor is it what our faith teaches us. We as Arabs are always loyal to our friends and we value such friendships.
WALTERS:Well, officially our two countries are friends and allies, but unofficially there seems to be some suspicion and even hatred. Why do you think this is?
ABDULLAH:Yes, the Saudi people have some disagreements with the United States, in particular when it comes to the issue of the Palestinian question, the war in Afghanistan and the war with Iraq, and I believe this may have influenced the opinion of the Saudi public towards the United States ... What we ask for is that justice and equity prevail among all of the ethnic groups in Iraq. We believe that all Iraq is one country in which all Iraqis live in peace and justice. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia until today has not interfered in Iraq's affairs. We have not done so because we don't want to open ourselves up to charges or accusations that we are ... that we have a hand in the disintegration of ... of Iraq. We also have been accused in the past of having a hand in what happened in Iraq, in particular with regards to terrorism and the violence, and we are innocent of these charges. And we have remained neutral in spite of the injustices that we see currently going on.
WALTERS:Let's talk about Iran ... Iran has become more powerful as a result of the turmoil in Iraq. Do you see that as a concern for Saudi Arabia?
ABDULLAH:The questioner is often times more knowledgeable than the questionee.
WALTERS:(Laughs) So, you are not worried about Iran becoming more powerful?
ABDULLAH:Iran is a friendly country. Iran is a Muslim country. We hope that Iran will not become an obstacle to peace and security in Iraq. This is what we hope for and this is what we believe the Iraqi people hope for.
ABDULLAH:The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, like other countries in the region, rejects the acquisition of nuclear weapons by anyone, especially nuclear weapons in the Middle East region. We hope that such weapons will be banned or eliminated from the region by every country in the region
WALTERS:President Bush has said that one of his goals is to spread democracy in your region. Is this realistic?
ABDULLAH:If you look at democracy in the United States, you will see that it took many, many, many years to develop.
WALTERS:A flash point for Westerners is that Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world in which women are not allowed to drive. It seems to be symbolic of a women's lack of independence. Would you support allowing a woman to drive?
ABDULLAH:I believe strongly in the rights of women ... my mother is a woman, my sister is a woman, my daughter is a woman, my wife is a woman. I believe the day will come when women drive. In fact, if you look at the areas in Saudi Arabia, the deserts and in the rural areas, you will find that women do drive The issue will require patience. In time, I believe it will be possible.
WALTERS:But there are so many restrictions against women. Do you see this changing?
ABDULLAH:Yes, I believe we can. But it will require a little bit of time ... Our people are just now beginning to open up to the world, and I believe that with the passing of days in the future everything is possible.
WALTERS:Why do you think Saudi Arabia is becoming fertile ground for al Qaeda?
ABDULLAH:Madness. ... Madness and evil, it is the work of the devil. ... Such acts cannot be perpetrated by any individual who has a sense of decency or humanity or justice or faith.
WALTERS:Do you feel that you have eliminated the threat here in your own country?
ABDULLAH:No.
WALTERS:You're still worried about it?
ABDULLAH:I have stated after the first terrorist attack that we will fight the terrorists and those who support them or condone their actions for 10, 20 or 30 years if we have to until we eliminate this scourge. I believe that the world must stand shoulder to shoulder with each other if we are to eliminate this evil from our midst.
WALTERS:Terrorism to some degree starts with extremism, and there are people who feel that the educational system here in Saudi Arabia has in the past contributed to extremism and hatred. When we were here three years ago, we found textbooks that called for the killing of Jews. What is being done to stop this ... extremist teaching?
ABDULLAH:I will not deny that such extremism existed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, but such extremism exists in almost every country in the world. If you look at the United States and what people have said about Islam I ask myself why the focus is only on Saudi Arabia when it comes to such matters when we all should be fighting such extremist talk everywhere. Muslims are not bloodthirsty people. Islam is a religion of peace that forbids the killing of the innocent. Islam also accepts the Prophets, whether those prophets are Mohammed, God's peace and blessing be upon Him, or Moses or the other prophets of the Books.
WALTERS:In this country, however, you cannot practice a religion other than Islam publicly, although there are 5 million foreigners in this country.
ABDULLAH:Public worship is not allowed -- you are correct -- because Saudi Arabia, as you know, is the birthplace of Islam. To allow the construction of places of worship other than Islamic ones in Saudi Arabia it would be like asking the Vatican to build a mosque inside of it. However, people in Saudi Arabia are free to practice their faith in the privacy of their homes.
WALTERS:The Council of Foreign Relations reported last year, and I'm quoting, "Saudi Arabia continues massive spending on fundamentalist religious schools which export radical extremism that can lead to terrorism." Will you or can you stop the funding of these schools?
ABDULLAH:It doesn't seem logical. We are fighting terrorism and extremism in our midst. Why would we be funding it somewhere else? It is not logical or rational for us to be supporting it. We have also regulated our charities and we have closed offices around the world, and we have withdrawn support for institutions that we found to be extremist.
WALTERS:And changed your textbooks?
ABDULLAH:Yes, we have. ... We have toned them down.
WALTERS: Toned them down ... I want to talk about young people. Sixty percent of your people are under the age of 20 and they're reaching the age when they'll need jobs. There is already a good deal of unemployment. That can lead to discontent and some people feel it can lead to radicalism. What are you doing about that?
ABDULLAH: I would like to say first that the issue of unemployment in Saudi Arabia has improved greatly in recent years, and we have been able to reduce it substantially. We need to find approximately 100,000 jobs for those who are seeking jobs but cannot find them at this time.
WALTERS: Since this is the first interview that you are doing on television and the first for America, what would you most like my country to know about yours? What would your message be for America?
ABDULLAH:Yes, and the message is that the American people have been our friend for over 60 years. There was no conflict or problem or doubt that existed between us until the tragic events of a few years ago in New York City, which were perpetrated by a small and deviant group of individuals who have no respect for humanity or for the teachings of their faith. I also want to convey my greetings to President Bush and all Americans, young and old.


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import migrations

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('wf', '0003_auto_20170919_1426'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.AlterUniqueTogether(
            name='monthendbalances',
            unique_together=set([('masked_id', 'asof_yyyymm')]),
        ),
    ]


Worried about Secondary/Family Exposure to Asbestos?
When one family member is Exposed to Asbestos, the rest of the family is also at risk. Download our FREE Guide which covers the 5 things every family should know about secondary asbestos exposure.


A premium high strength industrial work glove.
Heavy duty clip fastener to tighten around wrist.
Made from 100% Australian Kangaroo Leather this soft leather is suitable for gardening and general purpose work.


text:
Дама Фрэ́нсис Розмари «Фрэн» Уолш (; 10 января 1959, Веллингтон, Новая Зеландия) — новозеландская сценаристка, кинопродюсер, кастинг-директор, актриса, автор песен и композитор. Лауреат многочисленных премий в области кино и музыки, включая 3 премии «Оскара» в 2004 году за фильм «Властелин колец: Возвращение короля» (2003) в номинациях Лучший фильм, Лучший адаптированный сценарий и Лучшая песня к фильму.

Биография
Фрэнсис Уолш родилась в 1959 году в ирландской семье. В 1981 году окончила Университет Виктории в Веллингтоне.

Фрэн — супруга режиссёра Питера Джексона с 1987 года. У пары есть двое детей — сын Билли Джексон (род.1995) и дочь Кэти Джексон (род.1996), актёры.

Фильмография

Сценарист
  — «» / Worzel Gummidge Down Under
  — «Познакомьтесь с Фиблами» / Meet the Feebles
  — «» / Shark in the Park
  — «Живая мертвечина» / Braindead
  — «Небесные создания» / Heavenly Creatures
  — «» / Jack Brown Genius
  — «Страшилы» / The Frighteners
  — «Властелин колец: Братство кольца» / The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
  — «Властелин колец: Две крепости» / The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  — «Властелин колец: Возвращение короля» / The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
  — «Кинг-Конг» / King Kong
  — «Милые кости» / The Lovely Bones
  — «Хоббит: Нежданное путешествие» / The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
  — «Хоббит: Пустошь Смауга» / The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
  — «Хоббит: Туда и обратно» / The Hobbit: There And Back Again
  — «Хроники хищных городов» / Mortal Engines

Продюсер
  — «Страшилы» /The Frighteners
  — «Властелин колец: Братство кольца» / The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
  — «Властелин колец: Две крепости» / The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
  — «Властелин колец: Возвращение короля» / The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
  — «Кинг-Конг» / King Kong
  — «Нимб» / Halo
  — «» / Crossing the Line
  — «Милые кости» / The Lovely Bones
  — «» / West of Memphis
  — «Хоббит: Нежданное путешествие» / The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
  — «Хоббит: Пустошь Смауга» / The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug
  — «Хоббит: Туда и обратно» / The Hobbit: There And Back Again
 2018 — «Хроники хищных городов» / Mortal Engines

Кастинг-директор
  — «Живая мертвечина» / Braindead

Актриса
  — «Живая мертвечина» / Braindead — мать в парке

Примечания

Лауреаты премии BAFTA
Лауреаты премии «Грэмми»
Лауреаты премии «Сатурн» за лучший сценарий
Лауреаты премии «Оскар» за лучшую песню к фильму
Лауреаты премии «Оскар» за лучший фильм (продюсеры)
Выпускники Университета Виктории в Веллингтоне
Лауреаты премии «Оскар» за лучший адаптированный сценарий

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Gadget Samsung Chromebook to feature Sony Camera
Samsung Chromebook to feature Sony Camera
Samsung to join in with Sony. Well, not literally, but in terms of its Chromebook features. Now, Samsung is not any stranger to this Chromebook scene and the followup to its already popular Chromebook Pro and Plus, code-named as Nautilus, would have a Sony IMX258 camera on board, according to a code commit targeted to the upcoming Chromebook.
Further, this commit specifically refers to the camera, emphasizing on the fact that it would support video and even still photos in RAW format.
Here it is also worth noting that this camera is the same one found on the LG G6 and the Essential PH-1, and this definitely marks a significant step up in the world of Chromebook cameras. Also, it is not just any coincidence that such a sensor is making its Chrome OS debut on a detachable platform. This is where one could conceivably take the tablet along for an adventure and take some nice photos, then return home and use a keyboard and trackpad to retouch those photos. As a side note, though it was all but confirmed before, the language in the commit makes it extremely clear that Nautilus is a Samsung product.
Another very interesting thing to note here is that the IMX258 is commonly used in dual camera setups, which further refers that Nautilus might as well sport dual cameras. Also, even without dual cameras, it's one of the best setups for mobile devices currently on the market. On top of that, Samsung is no stranger to configuring and using Sony's sensors in its devices, as the flagship Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8 Plus have used Sony cameras in some variants.
To be clear, not much is known about Nautilus just now. Initially, it was first spotted back in October as an Intel Kaby Lake detachable of some sort, and since then more information has gradually come down the pipeline. However, still, now it is not known what Kaby Lake processor is or how much RAM it would have, what type of screen it would have, or how big the battery would be. Now, that which vendors and employees to watch for news on Nautilus has been revealed, it would become much easier to track this particular device as development continues. Though it hasn't been in development long, it may end up making a showing at this year's CES, since its predecessors, the aforementioned Chromebook Plus and Pro, did just that kind of a thing in 2017.
Sony IMX258 camera
Previous articleSamsung brings VR glasses for visually impaired and lots more for CES 2018
Next articleNissan future cars would read your mind
Infosys appoints Capgemini's Salil S. Parekh as CEO and MD
News Desk - December 4, 2017
Nokia 1 revealed at MWC 2018: Things you need to know
News Desk - March 2, 2018
Top 10 Tech News For This Week
News Desk - April 29, 2018
Oppo Find X with 3D Face Unlock launched
Diwali's 'Laxmi' Offer : BSNL Offers 50% Extra Talktime


text:
Gustav Holzmüller (* 2. Januar 1844 in Merseburg; † 27. November 1914  in Charlottenburg bei Berlin) war ein deutscher Mathematiker und Direktor der Provinzial-Gewerbeschule in Hagen, der späteren Höheren Maschinenbauschule und heute einer der Standorte der Fachhochschule Südwestfalen.

Leben
Holzmüller studierte Mathematik und Physik an der Universität Halle, wo er 1870 promoviert wurde (Über die Anwendung der Jacobi-Hamiltonschen Methode auf den Fall der Anziehung nach dem electrodynamischen Gesetze von Weber).

Danach war er zunächst Hilfslehrer in Salzwedel und Merseburg, 1871 Lehrer am Domgymnasium Magdeburg, 1872 in Elberfeld und 1874 Direktor der Gewerbeschule und späteren höheren Maschinenbauschule in Hagen. 1881 wurde er Mitglied der Leopoldina.

Daneben veröffentlichte er mathematische Aufsätze und Schriften zur Schulreform. Er propagierte für die Einrichtung höherer Schulen ohne Lateinunterricht (Realschulen und Oberrealschulen) und war von 1894 bis 1901 der Herausgeber einer Zeitschrift für lateinlose höhere Schulen. 1897 ging er aus gesundheitlichen Gründen in den Ruhestand, widmete sich ganz der Mathematik und veröffentlichte mehrere Lehrbücher.

Gustav Holzmüller war seit 1883 Mitglied des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI) und zeitweiliges Vorstandsmitglied des VDI-Bezirksvereins an der Lenne. Er starb 1914 im Alter von 70 Jahren in Charlottenburg bei Berlin und wurde auf dem Alten Zwölf-Apostel-Kirchhof in Schöneberg bei Berlin beigesetzt. Das Grab ist nicht erhalten.

Gustav Holzmüller wurde mit dem Roten Adlerorden IV. Klasse und III. Klasse ausgezeichnet. Der VDI-Bezirksverein an der Lenne ernannte ihn bei seinem Ausscheiden aus dem Vorstand zu seinem Ehrenmitglied.

Schriften
 Geschichte der Hagener Gewerbeschule. Butz, Hagen 1884
 Der Kampf um die Schulreform in seinen neuesten Phasen. Hagen 1890 Online
 Elemente der Stereometrie. 4 Bände, Leipzig, Göschensche Verlagshandlung, 1900–1902
 Einführung in die Theorie der isogonalen Verwandtschaften und der conformen Abbildungen. Teubner 1882,Online
 Einführung in das stereometrische Zeichnen. Mit Berücksichtigung der Krystallographie und Kartographie. Teubner 1886. Online
 Methodisches Lehrbuch der Elementarmathematik. Teubner 1894 (auch ins Spanische übersetzt) Online
 Die neueren Wandlungen der elektrischen Theorie einschließlich der Elektronentheorie. Springer Verlag 1906

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Träger des Roten Adlerordens 3. Klasse
Mathematiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Leopoldina (19. Jahrhundert)
Absolvent der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
Deutscher
Geboren 1844
Gestorben 1914
Mann


10% OFF EARLY BIRD DINNERS VALID MONDAY – THURSDAY ONLY. GOOD FOR ENTIRE PARTY.
Not to be combined with any other offer. Exp. 10/31/19. Must present this coupon for offer. DINE IN ONLY. CASH ONLY.
offers. Must present this coupon for offer. Exp. 10/31/19. TAKE-OUT OR DELIVERY ONLY. CASH ONLY.
Not to be combined with any other offer. One discount per coupon.
Exp. 10/31/19 Must present this coupon for offer.
Must present this coupon for discount. DINE-IN ONLY. Not to be combined with early bird or other offers. Excludes beer and wine. Exp. 10/31/19.
Baked Ziti, Eggplant Parmigiana, Spaghetti Meatballs, or Ravioli.
Valid 3:00pm-8:00pm 5/1/19 – 9/30/19. Dine-in only, not to be combined with other offers. No substitutions. No Sharing.
Eggplant Rollatini, Chicken Ziti & Broccoli, Chicken Caccitore or Lasagna.
Veal & Peppers, Veal Caccitore, Shrimp Marinara, or Broiled Tilapia.


text:
Q: How do you manipulate input arrays in an always block (verilog)? I'm very new to verilog and i'm just starting to understand how it works.
I want to manipulate an input to a module mant[22:0], in an always block but I am not sure how to go about it.
module normalize(mant,exp,mant_norm,exp_norm);

    input [22:0]mant;
    input [7:0]exp;

    output [22:0]mant_norm;
    output [7:0]exp_norm;

    reg mantreg[22:0];
    reg count=0;

    always@(mant or exp)
    begin

    mantreg<=mant; //this gives an error
        if(mant[22]==0)
        begin

          mant<={mant[21:0],1'b0};//this also gives an error
          count<=count+1;

        end
    end
endmodule

so i have to shift the mant register if the bit22 is zero and count the number of shifts. I am so confused about when to use reg and when to use wire and how to do the manipulation. please help let me know how to go about it.

A: As you can see in your code you are assigning vector value (mant)  to array of 23(mantreg). Instead you should declare mantreg as  reg [22:0] mantreg (which is vector of 23 bit).
Wire type variable can not be assigned procedurally. They are used only in continues assignment. Other way around reg varible can only be procedural   assigned.
For that try to read out LRM of Verilog .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hidden Valley® Ranch has recently introduced a new dip&topping, suggestively called Hidden Valley® for Everything Topping & Dip. Although advertised as "The New Ketchup", the product is not made of tomatoes. It is, however, mimicking the traditional American salad-dressing taste, with a creamier, thicker texture. The purpose was to target a wider niche of consumers, who put salad dressing on many other types of food.
According to 2011 research from NPD, more than 30 percent of Hidden Valley Ranch use is outside of salads, with chicken, potatoes (including French fries), pizza and sandwiches. The new Hidden Valley for Everything line tastes just like the Hidden Valley® Original Ranch® salad dressing and Salsa Ranch combined.
The suggested retail price for the new dressings is $4.39 for the 20 oz. size and $3.19 for the 12 oz. variety. It will be available in spring 2012 at retailers in the USA.


As most of you know, I am a die hard Android Fanboy and use Ubuntu GNOME as my primary desktop operating system. I am often accused of being a bit overly critical of Apple products and people claim that I have never given them a fair chance. While I have my reasons for my distaste for Apple products, many tend to discredit me as I have not spent more then a few hours with one of their products. That changes TODAY.
Over the next 2 weeks, I will be using an iPad Air with Rectal Display as my primary tablet as part of an experiment. I will be posting my experiences daily on this website including what Apple is doing right and what Apple is doing wrong. At the conclusion of the 2 week trial, I will post a lengthily findings post and determine what the fate of the iPad will be.
The iPad will be my primary general purpose tablet for items such as e-mail and web browsing while away from my computer.
I need to use an Application that I need to pay for again. It makes no sense to purchase an application a second time for use on the iPad that I have already purchased on Android.
Games – I am sorry, but nothing beats the Nvidia Shield when it comes to games.
I will use the full Apple Experience including Apple's mail client and Siri when possible however will resort for Google Applications for items such as Music, Movies and Google Now.
I am under no obligation to install the virus known as iTunes.
I must be honest with my findings, if Apple does indeed do something better then Android, I must point it out.
For this experiment, I will be using a 16 GB version of the iPad Air (2014). I will be using a Logitech Folio Case with Bluetooth Keyboard to protect the weapon and for use in meetings.


Grab a fork, we have cake! There were a lot of yummy cake, pie and dessert recipes shared last week. This week's Piece of Cake Monday Motivation will have you running to get a fork. But be safe and make sure the tines are pointing down, giggle.
Strawberry Shortcake from Scratch shared by Sparkle Living looks divine and I love that she made this cake her own. In flavor and presentation.
Dizzy Busy and Hungry has a yummy Chocolate Zucchini Cake recipe to try. I wish we lived closer I would share some of ours with you. Hubby's garden is producing them faster than we can use them. I'm working on new recipes this year.
Which one of these delish Piece of Cake recipes will you make first?
Did you see the new Tablescape blog challenge. If you missed it you can catch up HERE. I think you'll like this one.
The new giveaway started on Friday. Get your entries in to win!
Chocolate and zucchini – now that is an unusual combination.
Have you had kale brownies my friends? You really don't taste the veggies. It's a great way to get little ones to eat their veggies ( wink) hugs for you my friend.
I would love to try the Chocolate Zucchini Cake recipe.
Who doesn't love a good cake? I just made one with blueberries yesterday for an event. I should have stopped by here to get some ideas. Next time I will!
The Strawberry Shortcake is a lovely recipe! It would be nice for Valentine's Day!
guaranteed to make your tummy smile, Hugs!