text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sect:1}

Exploring the properties of compressed baryonic matter, or, more
generally, strongly interacting matter at high densities and/or
temperatures, has become a forefront area of modern physics.
Experimentally, the properties of such matter are being probed with
the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC at Brookhaven and the Large
Hadron Collider LHC at Cern. Great advances in our understanding of
such matter are also expected from the next generation of heavy-ion
collision experiments at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion
Research at GSI) and NICA (Nucloton-based Ion Collider fAcility at
JINR) \cite{CBMbook11:a,NICA} as well as from the study of neutron
stars (for an overview, see \cite{glendenning00:book,fridolin1,%
  blaschke01:trento,lattimer01:a,weber05:a,%
  page06:review,haensel06:book,klahn06:short,sedrakian07:a,klahn07:a,%
  alford08:a,CBMbook11:a,Weber:2014qoa,grigorian15:a} and references
therein).

Neutron stars (NSs) contain nuclear matter compressed to densities
which are several times higher than the densities of atomic nuclei.
At such extreme conditions, the fundamental building blocks of matter
may no longer be just neutrons and protons immersed in a gas of
relativistic electron and muons, but other nuclear degrees of freedom
such as hyperons, delta particles and, most intriguingly, deconfined
up, down and strange quarks may begin to play a role.  Neutron stars
containing deconfined quark matter in their central core are referred
to as quark-hybrid stars (hybrid stars, for short).

The most massive neutron stars observed to date are
  $J1614-2230$ ($1.97 \pm 0.04 \, M_{\odot}$)~\cite{Demorest2010} and
  $J0348+0432$ ($2.01 \pm 0.04\, M_{\odot}$)~\cite{Antoniadis13}.  In
  several recent papers
  \cite{Orsaria:2013,Orsaria:2014,Chen:2013tfa,Chen:2015mda,%
    Alvarez-Castillo:2014dva,Lastowiecki:2015mpa,Dexheimer:2014pea},
  it has been shown that they may contain significant fractions of
  quark-hybrid matter in their centers, despite the relatively stiff
  nuclear equation of state (EoS) that is required to achieve such
  high masses. The radii of these neutron stars would be between 13
  and 14~km, depending on the nuclear EoS
  \cite{Orsaria:2013,Orsaria:2014}, increasing to respectively 13.5
  and 14.5~km for lighter neutron stars with canonical masses of
  around $1.4\, M_\odot$. Such radius values lie between the radius
  determinations based on X-ray burst oscillations of neutron stars in
  low-mass X-ray binaries \cite{Ozel:2015,Guillot:2014,Steiner:2013,Suleimanov:2011}
  and the estimates of the radius of the isolated neutron star RX
  J1856-3754 \cite{Truemper:2011}, emitting purely thermal radiation
  in the X-ray and in the optical bands.

If the dense interior of a neutron star contains deconfined quark
matter, it will most likely be three-flavor quark matter, since such
matter has lower energy than two-flavor quark matter
\cite{ellis91:a,glendenning92:a}. Furthermore, just as for the hyperon
content of neutron stars, strangeness is not conserved on macroscopic
time scales which allows neutron stars to convert confined hadronic
matter to three-flavor quark matter until equilibrium brings this
process to a halt.  We considered the transition from hadronic to
quark matter to be first order. There are two distinct ways to
construct a first order phase transition in neutron stars. The first
option is a Gibbs construction, where the electronic and baryonic
chemical potentials as well as the pressure are continuous during the
phase transition; the second option is a Maxwell construction, where
only the baryonic chemical potential and pressure are continuous and
the electronic chemical potential is characterized by a discontinuity
at the phase boundary. The surface tension at the interface between
the quark-hadron phase is what determines whether a Gibbs or Maxwell
phase transition may be taking place. Several authors
\cite{lida:2008,Palhares:2010be,endo:2011,Pinto:2012aq,lugones:2013,Ke:2013wga}
have attempted to estimate the value of the surface tension,  with
mixed results. For what follows, we will assume that the surface
tension is less than 40~MeV~fm$^{-2}$, such that the Gibbs condition
is favored and a mixed phase of quark matter and nuclear matter exists
above a certain density \cite{alford01:b}.

In the mixed phase, the presence of quarks allows the hadronic
component to become more isospin symmetric, which is accomplished by
the transference of electric charge to the quark phase. Thus, the
symmetry energy can be lowered at only a small cost in rearranging the
quark Fermi surfaces. The implication of this charge rearrangement is
that the mixed phase region of a neutron star will have positively
charged hadronic matter and negatively charged quark
matter~\cite{glendenning00:book,glendenning92:a,glendenning01:a}. This
should have important implications for the electric and thermal
properties of NSs.  Studies of the transport properties of
quark-hybrid neutron star matter have been reported in
~\cite{reddy00:a,na12:a}.

As already mentioned above, this study is carried out for neutron
stars containing deconfined quark matter in their centers (so-called
quark-hybrid stars). To describe the quark matter phase, we use a
non-local extension of the SU(3) Nambu Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model
\cite{Nambu,Scarpettini,Contrera2008,Contrera2_2010} with vector
interactions. For the hadronic phase we consider a non-linear
relativistic mean-field model
\cite{Walecka1974,boguta77:a,boguta77:b,boguta83:a,Serot1986} solved
for two different parametrizations, GM1~\cite{Glendenning1991} and
NL3~\cite{Lalazissis}. The transition from the confined hadronic phase
to the deconfined quark phase is treated as a Gibbs transition,
imposing global electric charge neutrality and baryon number
conservation on the field equations. We find that the non-local NJL
model predicts the existence of extended regions of mixed quark-hadron
(quark-hybrid) matter in neutron stars with masses up to $2.4\,
M_{\odot}$.

The paper is organized as follows. In Sect.\ \ref{sect:2}, we describe
the non-local extension of the SU(3) NJL model at zero temperature. In
Sect.\ \ref{sect:3}, the non-linear relativistic mean-field model,
which is used for the description of confined hadronic matter, is
briefly discussed.  In Sect.\ \ref{sect:4}, the construction of the
quark-hadron mixed phase is discussed for neutron star matter
characterized by global charge neutrality. Our results for the global
structure and composition of quark-hybrid stars are discussed in
Sects.\ \ref{sect:5}. A discussion of their thermal evolution is
presented in \ref{sect:6}. Finally, a summary of our results and
important conclusions are provided in Sect.\ \ref{sect:7}. \\

\section{Quark Matter Phase}\label{sect:2}

In this section we briefly describe the non-local extension of the
SU(3) Nambu Jona-Lasinio (n3NJL) model.  The Euclidean effective
action for the quark sector, including the vector coupling
interaction, is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
S_E &=& \int d^4x \left\{ \bar \psi (x) \left[ -i \partial{\hskip-2.0mm}/ +
\hat m \right] \psi(x) \right.
\nonumber \\ &-&
 \frac{G_S}{2} \left[ j_a^S(x) \ j_a^S(x) + j_a^P(x) \ j_a^P(x) \right]
\nonumber \\ &-&
 \frac{G_P}{4} \ T_{abc} \left[ j_a^S(x)
  j_b^S(x) j_c^S(x) - 3\ j_a^S(x) j_b^P(x) j_c^P(x) \right]
\nonumber \\ &-&
\left.   \frac{G_{V}}{2} \left[j^\mu_{V a}(x)
j^\mu_{V a}(x)\right]  \right\} \, ,
\label{se}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\psi$ stands for the light quark fields, $\hat m$ denotes the
current quark mass matrix, and $G_S$, $G_P$ and $G_V$ are the scalar,
pseudo-scalar, and vector coupling constant of the theory,
respectively. For simplicity, we consider the isospin symmetric limit
in which $m_u = m_d=\bar m$.  The operator $\partial{\hskip-2.0mm}/ =
\gamma_\mu\partial_\mu$ in Euclidean space is defined as $\vec \gamma
\cdot \vec \nabla + \gamma_4\frac{\partial}{\partial \tau}$, with
$\gamma_4=i\gamma_0$. The scalar ($S$), pseudo-scalar ($P$), and
vector ($V$) current densities $j_a^{S}(x)$, $j_a^{P}(x)$, and $j_{V
  a}^{\mu}(x)$, respectively, are given by
\begin{align}
j_{a}^S(x) & =\int d^{4}z\ \widetilde{g}(z)\ \bar{\psi}\left(
x+\frac{z}{2}\right) \ \lambda_{a}\ \psi\left( x-\frac{z}{2}\right)
\ ,\nonumber\\ j_{a}^P(x) & =\int
d^{4}z\ \widetilde{g}(z)\ \bar{\psi}\left( x+\frac{z}{2}\right) \ i
\ \gamma_5 \lambda_{a} \ \psi\left(
x-\frac{z}{2}\right)\ ,\nonumber\\ j^{\mu}_{V a}(x) & =\int
d^{4}z\ \widetilde{g}(z)\ \bar{\psi}\left( x+\frac{z}{2}\right)
\ \gamma^{\mu}\lambda_{a}\ \psi\left( x-\frac{z}{2}\right) \, ,
\label{currents}
\end{align}
where $\widetilde{g}(z)$ is a form factor responsible for the
non-local character of the interaction, $\lambda_a$ with $a=1,
\ldots,8$ denotes the generators of SU(3), and $\lambda_0=\sqrt{2/3}\,
\openone_{3\times 3}$.  Finally, the constants $T_{abc}$ in the t'Hooft
term accounting for flavor-mixing are defined by
\begin{equation}
T_{abc} = \frac{1}{3!} \ \epsilon_{ijk} \ \epsilon_{mnl} \
\left(\lambda_a\right)_{im} \left(\lambda_b\right)_{jn}
\left(\lambda_c\right)_{kl}\;.
\end{equation}

After the standard bosonization of Eq.\ (\ref{se}), the integrals over
the quark fields can be performed in the framework of the Euclidean
four-momentum formalism.  Thus, the grand canonical thermodynamical
potential of the model within the mean field approximation at zero
temperature is given by
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{gcp}
&&\Omega^{NL} (M_f,\mu_f)  =  -\frac{N_c}{\pi^3}\sum_{f=u,d,s}
\int^{\infty}_{0} dp_0 \int^{\infty}_{0}\, dp \,\mbox{ ln }\left\{
\left[\widehat \omega_f^2 + M_{f}^2(\omega_f^2)\right]
\frac{1}{\omega_f^2 + m_{f}^2}\right\} \label{omzerot} \\ & & -
\frac{N_c}{\pi^2} \sum_{f=u,d,s} \int^{\sqrt{\mu_f^2-m_{f}^2}}_{0}
dp\,\, p^2\,\, \left[(\mu_f-E_f) \Theta(\mu_f-m_f) \right]
- \frac{1}{2}\left[\sum_{f=u,d,s} (\bar \sigma_f \ \bar S_f +
  \frac{G_S}{2} \ \bar S_f^2) + \frac{G_P}{2} \bar S_u\ \bar S_d\ \bar
  S_s\right]
- \sum_{f=u,d,s}\frac{\varpi_f^2}{4 G_V} \, , \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $N_c=3$, $E_{f} = \sqrt{p^{2} + m_{f}^{2}}$, $\omega_f^2 =
(\,p_0\,+\,i\,\mu_f\,)^2\,+\,p^2$, and $\bar\sigma_f$ denotes the
mean-field values of the quark flavor ($f=u,d,s$) fields.  The vector
coupling constant $G_V$ is treated as a free parameter and expressed
as a fraction of the strong coupling constant $G_S$.

The constituent quark masses $M_{f}$ are treated as momentum-dependent
quantities. They are given by
\begin{equation}
M_{f}(\omega_{f}^2) \ = \ m_f + \bar\sigma_f g(\omega_{f}^2)\, ,
\end{equation}
where $g(\omega^2_f)$ is the Fourier transform of the form factor
$\widetilde{g}(z)$.  The vector mean fields $\varpi_f$ are associated
with the vector current densities $j_{V a}^{\mu}(x)$, where a
different vector field for each quark flavor $f$ has been considered.

We followed the method described in \cite{Blaschke:2007ri} to include
the vector interactions. The inclusion of vector interactions shifts
the quark chemical potential as follows,
\begin{eqnarray}
 \widehat{\mu}_f &=&\mu_f - g(\omega^2_f)\varpi_f\, , \\
\widehat{\omega}_f^2 &=& (\,p_0\, + \,i\,\widehat{\mu}_f\,)^2\, +
\,p^2 \, .
\end{eqnarray}
Note that the shift in the quark chemical potential does not affect
the Gaussian non-local form factor,
\begin{equation}
g(\omega^2_f) = \exp{\left(-\omega^2_f/\Lambda^2\right)}\, ,
\label{rg}
\end{equation}
avoiding a recursive problem as discussed in
\cite{Blaschke:2007ri,Weise2011,Contrera:2012wj}.  In Eq.\ (\ref{rg}),
$\Lambda$ plays the role of an ultraviolet cut-off momentum scale and
is taken as a parameter which, together with the quark current masses
and coupling constants $G_S$ and $G_P$ in Eq.\ (\ref{se}), can be
chosen so as to reproduce the phenomenological values of pion decay
constant $f_\pi$, and the meson masses $m_{\pi}$, $m_\eta$,
$m_{\eta'}$, as described in \cite{Contrera2008,Contrera2_2010}.  In
this work we use the same parameters as in
\cite{Orsaria:2013,Orsaria:2014}.

For the stationary phase approximation \cite{Scarpettini}, the
mean-field values of the auxiliary fields $\bar S_f$ in
Eq.\ (\ref{gcp}) are given by
\begin{equation}
\bar S_f = -\, 4\,N_c\, \int^{\infty}_{0}\,\frac{dp_0}{2\pi}
\int \frac{d^3p}{(2\pi)^3} \, g(\omega_f^2)\, \frac{
  M_{f}(\omega_f^2)}{\widehat{\omega}^2 + M_{f}^2(\omega_f^2)}\, .
\end{equation}
Due to the charge neutrality constraint, we consider three scalar
fields, $\bar \sigma_u$, $\bar \sigma_d$ and $\bar \sigma_s$, which can
be obtained by solving the coupled system of ``gap'' equations
\cite{Scarpettini} given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\bar \sigma_u + G_S\,\bar
S_u + \frac{G_P}{2} \, \bar S_d \bar S_s &=& 0\, , \nonumber \\
\bar \sigma_d + G_S\,\bar
S_d + \frac{G_P}{2} \, \bar S_u \bar S_s &=& 0\, , \\
 \bar \sigma_s + G_S\,\bar
S_s + \frac{G_P}{2} \, \bar S_u \bar S_d &=& 0\, . \nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
The vector mean fields $\varpi_{f}$ are obtained by minimizing
Eq.\ (\ref{gcp}), i.e.  $\frac{\partial \Omega^{\rm NL}}{\partial
  {\varpi_{f}}}= 0$.

For quark matter in chemical equilibrium at finite density, the basic
particle processes involved are given by the strong process $u+d
\leftrightarrow u+s$ as well as the weak processes $d(s)\rightarrow u
+ e^{-}$ and $u+e^{-}\rightarrow d(s)$.  We are assuming that
neutrinos, once created by weak reactions, leave the system, which is
equivalent to supposing that the neutrino chemical potential is equal
to zero. Therefore, the chemical potential for each quark flavor $f$
is given by
\begin{equation}
\mu_f = \mu_b - Q \mu_e \, ,
\end{equation}
where $Q = {\rm diag}(2/3,-1/3,-1/3)$ in flavor space and $\mu_b = 1/3
\sum_f \mu_f$ is the baryonic chemical potential.

The contribution of free degenerate leptons to the quark phase is
given by
\begin{equation}
\label{elezero}
\Omega_{\lambda=e^{-} , \mu^{-}}(\mu_e) = - \frac{1}{\pi^2}
\int_{0}^{p_{F_{\lambda}}} p^2 \left(\sqrt{p^2 + m_{\lambda}^{2} } -
\mu_e \right) dp \, .
\end{equation}
Muons appear in the system if the electron chemical potential $\mu_e =
\mu_\mu$ is greater than the muon rest mass, $m_\mu = 105.7$~MeV. For
electrons we have $m_e = 0.5$ MeV. Thus, the total thermodynamic
potential of the quark phase is given by Eq.\ (\ref{omzerot})
supplemented with the leptonic contribution of Eq.\ (\ref{elezero}).

\section{Confined Hadronic Matter}
\label{sect:3}

The hadronic phase is described in the framework of the non-linear
relativistic nuclear field theory
\cite{Walecka1974,boguta77:a,boguta77:b,boguta83:a,Serot1986}, where
baryons (neutrons, protons, hyperons and delta states) interact via
the exchange of scalar, vector and isovector mesons ($\sigma$,
$\omega$, $\rho$, respectively). The parametrizations used in our
study are GM1 \cite{Glendenning1991} and NL3 \cite{Lalazissis}.
The lagrangian of this model is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L} = \mathcal{L}_{\it H} + \mathcal{L}_{\ell} \, ,
\label{eq:lag}
\end{eqnarray}
with the leptonic lagrangian given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{L}_{\ell} = \sum_{\lambda=e^-, \mu^-} \bar{\psi}_\lambda
(i\gamma_\mu\partial^\mu - m_\lambda) \psi_\lambda \, .
\label{eq:leplag}
\end{eqnarray}
The hadronic lagrangian has the form
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
  \mathcal{L}_{\it H} &=& \sum_{B=n,p, \Lambda, \Sigma,
    \Xi}\bar{\psi}_B \bigl[\gamma_\mu (i\partial^\mu - g_\omega
    \omega^\mu - g_\rho \vec{\rho}_\mu) - (m_N - g_\sigma\sigma)
    \bigr] \psi_B + \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu \sigma\partial^\mu
  \sigma - m_\sigma^2 \sigma^2) - \frac{1}{3} b_\sigma m_N (g_\sigma
  \sigma)^3 - \frac{1}{4} c_\sigma (g_\sigma \sigma)^4 \nonumber \\
&&- \frac{1}{4}\omega_{\mu\nu} \omega^{\mu\nu}
  +\frac{1}{2}m_\omega^2\omega_\mu \omega^\mu + \frac{1}{2}m_\rho^2
  \vec{\rho}_\mu \cdot \vec{\rho\,}^\mu - \frac{1}{4}
  \vec{\rho}_{\mu\nu} \vec{\rho\,}^{\mu\nu} . \label{eq:Blag}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
The quantity $B$ sums over all baryonic states which become populated
in neutron star matter at a given density
\cite{glendenning00:book,fridolin1}. Intriguingly, we have found
 that, aside from hyperons, the $\Delta^-$ state
becomes populated in neutron star matter at densities that could be
reached in the cores of stable neutron stars \cite{Orsaria:2014}.  Simpler treatments of
the quark-hadron phase transition, based on the MIT bag model
\cite{glendenning92:a,glendenning01:a} do not predict the occurrence
of the $\Delta^-$ state in stable neutron stars.

For the models of this paper, $\Delta$ states become populated when
the vector repulsion among quarks reaches values of $G_V \gtrsim 0.05
\, G_S$, leading to a substantial stiffening of the EoS. This
stiffening more than offsets the softening of the EoS caused the
generation of the $\Delta$ states, resulting in an EoS which is
readily capable to accommodate even very heavy ($2 \, M_\odot$)
neutron stars. Without this additional stiffening, it would be
difficult to account for $2 \, M_\odot$ neutron stars with equations
of state that are characterized by an early appearance of $\Delta$'s,
at densities between around 2 to 3 times nuclear saturation density
\cite{Drago:2014}.

\section{Quark-Hadron Mixed Phase}
\label{sect:4}

To determine the mixed phase region of quarks and hadrons we start
from the Gibbs condition for pressure equilibrium between confined
hadronic ($P^H$) matter and deconfined quark ($P^q$) matter.  The
Gibbs condition is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 P^H(\mu_b^H, \mu_e^H, \{\phi \} ) = P^q(\mu_b^q, \mu_e^q, \{\psi \} )
 \, ,
\label{eq:GibbsP}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\mu_b^H = \mu_b^q$ for the baryon chemical potentials and
$\mu_e^H=\mu_e^q$ for the electron chemical potentials in the hadronic
($H$) and quark ($q$) phase. The quantities $\{ \phi \}$ and $\{
\psi\}$ stand collectively for the field variables and Fermi momenta
that characterize the solutions to the equations of confined hadronic
matter and deconfined quark matter, respectively. By definition, the
quark chemical potential is given by $\mu_b^q = \mu_n/3$, where
$\mu_n$ is the chemical potential of the neutrons.  In the mixed
phase, the baryon number density, $n_b$, and the energy density,
$\varepsilon$, are given by
\begin{equation}
    n_b = (1-\chi) n_b^H + \chi n_b^q \, ,
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}
    \varepsilon = (1-\chi) \varepsilon^H + \chi\varepsilon^q\, ,
\end{equation}
where $n_b^H$ ($\varepsilon^H$) and $n_b^q$ ($\varepsilon^q$) denote
the baryon number (energy) densities of the hadronic and the quark
phase, respectively. The quantity $\chi \equiv V_q/V$ denotes the
volume proportion of quark matter, $V_q$, in the unknown volume
$V$. Therefore, by definition $\chi$ varies from 0 to 1 depending
on how much confined hadronic matter has been converted to quark
matter at a given density.
\begin{figure}[!hbtp]
\includegraphics[width=.9\linewidth,clip]{EoS_thermal.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Pressure, $P$, as a function of the energy
  density, $\epsilon$, for the different nuclear parametrizations
  (GM1, NL3) and vector coupling constant $G_V/G_S$ $(0, 0.05, 0.09)$
  considered in this paper.  Panel (a) shows the hybrid EoSs computed
  for GM1, panel (b) shows the hybrid EoSs computed for NL3.  The
  triangles in both panels indicate the central densities of the
  maximum-mass neutron stars (see Fig.\ \ref{MR}) associated with each
  EoS. The quantity $\chi$ denotes the fraction of quark matter inside
  of the most massive neutron star for each EoS.}
\label{fig:EoS}
\end{figure}
The condition of global electric charge
neutrality is given by the equation
\begin{equation}
(1 - \chi) \sum_{i=B,l} q_i^H \, n_i^H + \chi \sum_{i=q,l}q_i^q \,
  n_i^q = 0 \, ,
\end{equation}
where $q_i$ is the electric charge of particle species $i$, expressed
in units of the electron charge.  Because of the global conservation
of electric charge and baryonic number, the pressure in the mixed
phase increases monotonically with increasing energy density, as shown in
Fig.\ \ref{fig:EoS}. In this work we have chosen global rather than local
electric charge neutrality, since the latter is not fully consistent
with the Einstein-Maxwell equations and the micro-physical condition
of chemical equilibrium and relativistic quantum statistics, as shown
in \cite{Rufini2011}.  In contrast to local electric charge
neutrality, the global neutrality condition puts a net positive
electric charge on hadronic matter, rendering it more isospin
symmetric, and a net negative electric charge on quark matter,
allowing neutron star matter to settle down in a lower energy state
that otherwise possible \cite{glendenning92:a,glendenning01:a}.

\section{Structure of neutron stars}
\label{sect:5}

We now turn to the discussion of the structure of neutron
stars, which are computed for the microscopic models of quark-hybrid
matter discussed in Sect.\ \ref{sect:2} and \ref{sect:3}.  We shall
explore three values for the vector coupling constant $G_V/G_S$, i.e.\
 0,  0.05, and 0.09. The mass-radius relationships of these
stars are shown in Fig.~\ref{MR}.
\begin{figure}[!hbtp]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{ToVgibbs_nl2.eps}
\caption{ (Color online) (a) Mass-radius relationships of
    neutron stars made of quark-hybrid matter.  (b) Enlargement of the
    maximum mass region of (a). The labels GM1 and NL3 label the
    hadronic model for the EoS, $G_V$ indicates the strength of the
    vector coupling constant among quarks.}
\label{MR}
\end{figure}
One sees that increasing values of $G_V$ lead to higher maximum masses
for both equations of state (GM1 and NL3) studied in this work. This
is expected, since the stiffness of the equation of state increases
with $G_V$. We also note that all neutron stars computed for NL3 have
larger radii than those obtained for the GM1 parametrization. This is
so because the NL3 equation of state is stiffer than the GM1 equation
of state, leading to quark deconfinement at densities that are lower
than for the GM1 parametrization, as can be seen in
Fig.\ (\ref{fig:EoS}).  This figure also shows that the neutron stars
close to the mass peaks possess extended mixed phase regions with
approximately 40\% quark matter for NL3 and 35\% quark matter for
GM1. In addition, we find that calculations carried out for
GM1 and a vanishingly small value of $G_V$ lead to neutron star masses
of around $1.8 \, M_\odot$, which is well below the masses observed
for neutron stars J1614-2230 ($1.97\pm 0.04\, M_{\odot}$)
\citep{Demorest2010} and J0348+0432 ($2.01 \pm 0.04 \,M_{\odot}$)
\citep{Antoniadis13}. Therefore, this combination of model
parameters for the equation of state can be ruled out. The
  calculations have been carried out using a combination of the
  Baym-Pethick Sutherland \citep{BPS} and Baym-Bethe-Pethick
  \citep{BBP} EoS at sub-saturation densities.

\section{Thermal Evolution}
\label{sect:6}

We now turn our attention to the thermal evolution of neutron stars
whose structure and interior composition are given by the microscopic
models described in the previous sections.

Here we briefly describe the thermal evolution equations that govern
the cooling of neutron stars. The thermal balance and transport
equations for a general relativistic, spherically symmetric object is
given by
\begin{align}
 \frac{\partial{(L e^{\nu})}}{\partial{r}}&=-\frac{4\pi
   r^2}{\sqrt{1-2m/r}} \left[\epsilon_\nu e^{\nu} + c_v
   \frac{\partial{(T e^{\nu /2})}}{\partial{t}} \right],
\label{eq:enbal}
\\ \frac{L e^{\nu}}{4 \pi r^2 \kappa}&=\sqrt{1-2m/r} \,
\frac{\partial{(T e^{\nu/2})}}{\partial{r}}\, ,
\label{eq:entransp}
\end{align}
where $r$, $m(r)$, $\rho(r)$, and $\nu(r)$ represent the radial
distance, mass, energy density, and gravitational potential,
respectively. Furthermore, the thermal variables are given by the
interior temperature $T(r,t)$, the luminosity $L(r,t)$, neutrino
emissivity $\epsilon_\nu(r, T )$, thermal conductivity $\kappa(r,T)$,
and the specific heat per unit volume $c_v(r,T)$.

The solution of Eqs.~(\ref{eq:enbal})--(\ref{eq:entransp}) is obtained
with the help of two boundary conditions, one at the core, where the
luminosity vanishes, $L(r=0)=0$, since the heat flux there is
zero. The second boundary condition has to do with the surface
luminosity, which is defined by the relationship between the mantle
temperature and the surface temperature
\citep{2004ApJS..155..623P,Yakovlev2004,Page2009}. Furthermore we consider all neutrino emission processes relevant to the thermal evolution of compact stars, including the Pair Breaking and Formation process (PBF) responsible for a splash of neutrinos on the onset of pair formation. We now describe
pairing effects and its corresponding effects on the thermal evolution
on the quark-hybrid stars discussed in this paper.

\subsection{Pairing Models}

In addition to the microscopic model described in the previous
sections, we now devote some time to the discussion of pairing of
nucleons, which will be used in our cooling simulations below. Pairing
among nucleons has received enormous interest recently due to the
unusual thermal data observed for the neutron star in Cassiopeia A
(Cas A) (see e.g.\ \citep{Page2011,Yakovlev2011,blaschke12:a} for a
recent study of the effects of pairing in the thermal evolution of
compact stars).

A full-blown microscopic description of pairing among neutrons and
protons in beta stable matter at high densities is a challenging task,
and so far there are still many uncertainties, particularly with
respect to proton-pairing at high-densities \cite{Chen1993}. In this
work we use a phenomenological description, as described in
\cite{2001PhR...354....1Y}. We assume that neutrons form singlet
$^1S_0$ pairs in the crust and triplet $^3P_2$ pairs in the core.

As for the protons, there is still much discussion as to how high densities
protons may form pairs in the cores of neutron stars.  As discussed in
\cite{Steiner2006}, the presence of the direct Urca process in the
core of neutron stars depends strongly on the symmetry energy and on
its possible dependence on a so-called ``quartic term" (a term that is
of fourth order in the deviation from symmetric matter). As pointed
out in \cite{Steiner2006}, it is very difficult to interpret neutron
star cooling without more information regarding the symmetry energy
and its ``quartic term" dependence at high densities. For that reason
we have chosen to study three different models for proton pairing,
\begin{figure}[!hbtp]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig2.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Critical temperature, $T_C$, for the
    onset of proton ($^1S_0$) singlet pairing in neutron star matter
    as a function of baryon number density, $n_b$.}\label{fig:3patt}
\end{figure}
which are referred to as shallow, medium, and deep. As the labeling
indicates, these models correspond to proton pairing that ends at low,
medium and high densities, respectively.  In Fig.~\ref{fig:3patt} we
show the critical temperature for the three models used for proton
  $^1S_0$ singlet pairing in the cores of the stars studied in this
  paper.

\subsection{Neutron Star Cooling Curves}

We now show the thermal evolution obtained by numerically integrating
the energy balance and transport equations
(\ref{eq:enbal})--(\ref{eq:entransp}).  We have chosen to perform
simulations on two different neutron stars; the first has a
gravitational mass of $1.4\, M_\odot$, and the second has a mass that
is closer to the maximum-mass value of each stellar sequence.  The
thermal evolution of neutron stars with masses between these two
limiting
\begin{table}
\begin{center}
  \caption{Properties of the neutron stars whose thermal
        evolutions are investigated for the nuclear parametrizations
        (GM1 and NL3) of this paper. $G_V$ is the vector coupling
        constant among quarks, $M$ and $R$ denote the neutron stars'
        gravitational masses and radii, respectively.}
  \label{tab:1}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c l}
\hline
\hline
    Parametrization &  $G_V/G_S$ & $M$ $[M_\odot]$ & $R$ [km] &
        $\rho_c$ [MeV/fm$^{3}$]  \\
\hline
GM1 & 0     & 1.4   & 13.84  &  375.27      \\
    &       & 1.87  & 12.63  &  961.10    \\
\hline
GM1 & 0.05  & 1.4   & 13.85  &  375.27          \\
    &       & 2.0   & 12.48  &  819.58     \\
\hline
GM1 & 0.09  & 1.4   & 13.91 &   355.08          \\
    &       & 2.0   & 12.74  &  443.28     \\
\hline
NL3 & 0     & 1.4   & 14.32  &  343.30          \\
    &       & 2.0   & 13.75  &  541.10      \\
\hline
NL3 & 0.05  & 1.4   & 14.47  &  333.76        \\
    &       & 2.2   & 13.62  &  675.07     \\
\hline
NL3 & 0.09  & 1.4   & 14.68  &  311.33            \\
    &       & 2.0   & 14.12  &  693.88     \\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
cases will then lie within the bounds of these two cooling curves.
  In Table \ref{tab:1} we show the properties of the neutron stars
  whose thermal evolution is being studied.

We show in Fig.~\ref{fig:res1} the surface temperature $T_s$ as a
function of time $t$ (in years) for the GM1 parametrization. The
results for the NL3 parametrization are shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:res2}. Figure \ref{fig:res1} shows that the shallow and
medium proton pairing cases obtained for the GM1 parametrization
exhibit very little difference. For both cases pairing is not strong
enough to completely suppress all fast neutrino processes so that
these stars exhibit fast cooling. Stars with a lower mass show
slightly slower cooling due to their smaller core densities (and thus
smaller proton fractions). The situation is different for the deep
pairing model where only for the lighter stars ($G_V = 0$ and $G_V =
0.05 \, G_S$) the neutrino process is completely suppressed.
Furthermore, for the deep pairing model, all stars obtained for $G_V =
0.09 \, G_S$ have their fast neutrino processes suppressed.

As for the NL3 parametrization, Fig.~\ref{fig:res2} shows that the
shallow and medium cases have similar behavior in that there is no
complete suppression of the fast neutrino processes. The deep case,
however, exhibits a behavior that is somewhat opposite to what we
found for the GM1 parametrization.  One sees that the fast neutrino
processes are totally suppressed in both light and heavy neutron stars
when $G_V = 0$ and $G_V = 0.05 \, G_S$.  In contrast to this, when
$G_V = 0.09 \, G_S$ we see that the fast neutrino processes are only
suppressed in lighter neutron stars.

\begin{figure}[!hbtp]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig3.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig4.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig5.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Thermal evolution of neutron stars for the
  different proton pairing scenarios (shallow, medium, and deep)
  considered in this paper. The calculations are carried out for the
  GM1 parametrization and vector coupling constants ranging from zero
  to $0.09\, G_S$.}\label{fig:res1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig6.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig7.eps}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth,clip]{Fig8.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Same as Fig.\ \ref{fig:res1}, but for the NL3
  parametrization.}\label{fig:res2}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Comparison with Observed Data}

We complete our study of the thermal evolution by comparing our
results with the thermal behavior observed for compact stars,
and, in particular, that of the neutron stars in Cassiopeia A (Cas
A). This object is the youngest known neutron star from which the
thermal emission has been observed continuously for a decade.  Heinke
\& Ho found that the surface temperature of Cas A has dropped by $4\%$
between $2000$ and $2009$, from $2.12$ to $2.04\times10^6$~K
\cite{HeinkeHo2010}. The rapid cooling has been attributed to the
onset of neutron superfluidity in the stellar core. The observed data
for the neutron star in Cas A has been revisited recently by Ho {\it
  et al.} (2015) \cite{2015PhRvC..91a5806H}, where two new Chandra
ACIS-S graded observations are presented. We note, however, that the
statistical significance of Cas A observed data has been called
into question, as discussed in Ref. \cite{Posselt:2013xva}.

For the models of this paper, only the $1.4\, M_\odot$ neutron star
computed for the NL3 parametrization ($G_V=0$ and $G_V=0.05 G_S$) and
with deep pairing for the protons agrees with the data observed for
Cas A. The reason being that this model strongly suppresses the fast
neutrino cooling processes, which is necessary to explain the thermal
behavior of Cas A as discussed in \cite{Page2011,Yakovlev2011}. We
show this result in Fig.~\ref{fig:res3}.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth,clip]{Fig9.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Cooling curves of a $M=1.4\, M_\odot$
      neutron star computed for NL3 and vector coupling constants
      $G_V=0$ and $G_V=0.05 \, G_S$. The inset shows the data observed
      for Cas A over a time period of one decade. (Data taken from
      \citep{2015PhRvC..91a5806H}.)} \label{fig:res3}
\end{figure}
We note that agreement with the observed Cas A data is obtained
  for neutron stars with masses of $1.4\, M_\odot$, before the onset of quark
  matter in the stellar core. This result is in agreement with
  estimates of the mass of Cas A \cite{2015PhRvC..91a5806H}, which indicates
  that the mass of this object is probably too low to contain quark
  matter.

 We now confront the two NL3 models that are in agreement with Cas A
 (i.e., $G_V=0$ and $G_V=0.05 G_S$ with deep proton pairing) with
 observed thermal data on compact stars. We use two sets of observed
 data (see \cite{Page2009} and references therein), one for age
 estimates based on the stars' spin-down properties, and the other
 based on the so called kinematic age. We note that the kinematic ages
 constitue more realistic age estimates as they are associated with
 kinematic properties of supernovae belived to be the progenitors of
 the neutron stars in question. For the few cases where both kinematic
 and spin-down ages have been estimated, large discrepancies have been
 found. This indicates that the spin-down age needs to be considered
 very carefuly, perhaps serving only as an upper limit on the true
 age of a given neutron star.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:cooling_obs}, we compare the cooling tracks of neutron
stars computed for the NL3 parametrization with the observed data.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth,clip]{cooling_obs.eps}
\caption{(Color online) Theoretical cooling curves of neutron
    stars, computed for NL3 and vector coupling constants $G_V=0$ and
    $G_V=0.05 \, G_S$, compared with observed data.  Pink (green) diamonds denote
    spin-down (kinematic) age estimates.} \label{fig:cooling_obs}
\end{figure}
We note that our model agrees fairly well with some observed data, but
fails to reproduce the data of several other neutron stars. This is
not an inherent feature of our model but, rather, appears symptomatic for
most thermal models that agree with the Cas A data (see for instance \cite{Yakovlev2011}). It may indicate that these objects are subjected
to a heating mechanism which keeps them warm during their evolution.

\section{Summary and conclusions}
\label{sect:7}

In this work, we have used an extension of the non-local 3-flavor
Nambu-Jona Lasinio model to study quark deconfinement in the cores of
neutron stars. Confined hadronic matter is described by non-linear
relativistic nuclear field theory, adopting two popular hadronic
parametrizations labeled GM1 and NL3.  The phase transition from
confined hadronic matter to deconfined quark matter is modeled via the
Gibbs condition, imposing global electric charge neutrality on the
particle composition of neutron star matter. Repulsive forces among
the quarks are described in terms of a vector coupling constant,
$G_V$, whose value ranges from zero (no repulsion) to $0.9\, G_S$,
where $G_S$ denotes the scalar strong coupling constant of the theory.

Each one of our models for the EoS of (quark-hybrid) neutron star
matter accommodates high-mass neutron stars with masses up to 2.4
solar masses as long as the value of $G_V$ is sufficiently large.  All
high-mass stars contain extended quark-hybrid matter cores in their
centers, but a pure quark matter is never reached for any of our model
parametrizations. The maximum neutron star masses drop if the strength
of the vector repulsion among quarks is reduced, falling below the
$2\, M_\odot$ limit set by pulsars $J1614-2230$ ($1.97 \pm 0.04 \,
M_{\odot}$)~\cite{Demorest2010} and $J0348+0432$ ($2.01 \pm 0.04\,
M_{\odot}$)~\cite{Antoniadis13} for some parameter combinations.
Examples of this are neutron stars computed for the GM1
parametrization with $G_V=0$, which yields a maximum-mass neutron star
of $\sim 1.8 \, M_\odot$, in conflict with the recent mass
determinations mentioned just above.

The quark-hybrid stars of our study possess relatively high proton
fractions in their cores so that fast neutrino processes, most notably
the direct Urca process, is active, leading to very rapid stellar
cooling. An agreement with the thermal evolution data of the neutron
star in Cas A can be obtained, however, if one assumes that strong
proton-pairing is occurring in the core of this neutron star, which is
known to strongly suppress fast cooling. Under this condition, a
$1.4\, M_\odot$ neutron star computed for the NL3 model and values of
the vector coupling constants between $G_V=0$ and $G_V=0.05\, G_S$
lead to excellent agreement with the observed data.  It is important
to note that the proton pairing model has not been fine tuned to the
Cas A data. Further studies where we also take into account pairing
among the quarks will be presented in a future work. We have
  also compared the thermal behavior predicted for Cas A with that of
  other compact stars. In contrast to Cas A, however, these
  observations only temperature "snapshots" exist for the latter, with
  age estimates based on either their kinematic or spin-down
  properties. The results show that the NJL models that are in
  agreement with Cas A (i.e., $G_V=0$ and $G_V=0.05 G_S$ with deep
  proton pairing) lead to good agreement with the observed data of
  several other compact objets, while failing to reproduce seveal
  other data.  This, however, is not an inherent feature of our model but,
  rather, appears symptomatic for most thermal models that agree with
  the Cas A data \cite{Yakovlev2011}.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

S.M.C.\ acknowledge the support by the International Cooperation
Program CAPES-ICRANet financed by CAPES -- Brazilian Federal Agency
for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education within the Ministry
of Education of Brazil. R. N.\ acknowledges financial support by CAPES
and CNPq. M.O.\ and G.C.\ acknowledge financial support by CONICET,
Argentina.  F.W.\ is supported by the National Science Foundation
(USA) under Grant PHY-1411708.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Be prepared for day X, America's PrepareAthon!
GRAFENWOEHR, Germany — America's PrepareAthon! Campaign is a national campaign of action to increase preparedness and resilience through awareness of hazards that threaten our communities and installations.
It is an opportunity to ensure that our service members, civilians and installations take action to prepare and plan ahead of disasters and emergencies.
A well prepared workforce is essential to the department's ability to carry out its mission, and well prepared family members are an important part of military readiness.
With different laws, emergency numbers, road traffic regulations and weather conditions in Germany, there are many facts to consider.
For general information, emergency systems and for German specific information, please visit the links below and prepare yourself and your family for emergencies.
Do you know weather risks for Germany?
Antiterrorism: What is it and what are your resources?


1936 Flood - Third & Market Sts.
In 1972, flood waters from Hurricane Agnes crested at 35.8 feet at Sunbury, two feet higher than the crest in 1936. The wall held back the water and residents showed their gratitude in messages left on the wall.
The existing flood control system of that protects 147 acres of the City of Sunbury is a combination of 2.4 miles of flood wall, 2.6 miles of levees and several pumps monitoring stations. This system has evolved and been improved over the course of 60 years to protect the City from flooding.
The largest component of the Sunbury protection flood protection system is the flood wall. There are two basic flood wall types, the T wall that averages 19' tall and 'I' wall which average 12' tall. Currently there are 6 openings in the current flood control system. These openings have been tested several times and have proven to be reliable against event floods.
The Flood Control system is a complex network of pump stations, drainage structures, interceptor storm drains, sluice gates, flap gates, levees, floodwall, closure structures and early warning systems that work together to provide protection from the raging waters of Shamokin Creek and the Susquehanna River.
Since the 1800's, the Susquehanna River has experienced a significant flood event on the average of once every 20 years. The Sunbury Flood Wall has protected Sunbury from over 15 high water events since it was completed in 1951.
The Sunbury Flood Wall was proposed after the disastrous flood that occurred in March of 1936. The City and residents suffered over 4 million dollars in damage.
Construction of the flood system began in May of 1946 by the War Department, later changed to the Department of the Army, and was completed in 1951 at a cost of 6.6 million dollars.


text:
Leigh U17 Gold
Calum Flockhart flew the Scottish flag high at the Leigh U17 gold in Lancashire this weekend, winning the boys' singles.
The event also saw bronze medals for two Scottish pairs in the boys and mixed doubles, with Michael McGuire picking up a medal in both.
Flockhart stole the show, though, with a perfect record in the round robin phase, winning both matches without dropping a game.
He progressed to the knockout phase where he faced Samuel Weekes in the quarter-finals, winning 21-16 21-14.
A semi-final against Ethan Dalley followed, with the Scot prevailing 21-18 22-20 in a tight affair.
And that set up a final against top seed Joseph Ball, with Flockhart downing him 21-18 21-14 to take home the title.
In the boy's doubles McGuire and Kenneth Cheung won both their Group C matches in straight games, as did Flockhart and Callum Smith.
And the two Scottish pairs faced off in the quarter-finals, with Cheung and McGuire prevailing 21-19 21-15 to set up a semi-final against second seeds Ball and Ethan Rose.
The Scots gave their all but were beater 21-13 21-17 and settled for a share of third place.
McGuire's other medal came in the mixed doubles, playing alongside Alice Campbell as the Scots were downed 21-10 21-14 by second seeds Alex Green and Estelle van Leeuwen.
Cheung and Erin Waddell were also in the mixed doubles but lost 21-12 21-15 in the second round to Callum Mitchell and Charlotte Atkins.
While in the girls' doubles Campbell joined forces with England's Jasmine Lidster and topped Group F to set up a quarter-final clash with Eleanor Butler and Lisa Curtin.
But the Anglo-Scottish pair were beaten 21-12 21-19 by the 3/4 seeds, and they weren't the only mixed-nation pairing to exit in the first round of the knockout phase as Smith, playing alongside Jodie Harris, were beaten 21-15 25-23 by McGuire and Campbell on their route to the semi-finals in the mixed doubles.
Results available here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Tool Steel H13 Grade Summary: H13 is a chromium, molybdenum, vanadium hot work tool steel which is has high hardenability and excellent toughness, this is due to the fact that the material contains molybdenum and vanadium which are strengthening agents.
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About 18% of these are steel sheets. A wide variety of h13 hot rolled options are available to you, such as free samples, paid samples. There are 883 h13 hot rolled suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying countries are China (Mainland), India, and Malaysia, which supply 99%, 1%, and 1% of h13 hot rolled respectively.
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text:
Purulia (en bengalí:পুরুলিয়া)  ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Purulia, en el estado de Bengala Occidental.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 253 msnm a 296 km de la capital estatal, Calcuta, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2010 contaba con una población de 133 574 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bengala Occidental

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Franca Valsecchi (Alguer, 1931) es una botánica, micóloga, taxónoma, conservadora, y exploradora italiana.

Carrera
En 1953, obtuvo la licenciatura en Ciencias Naturales por la Universidad de Catania, 110/110 cum laude.

Desde 1960, desarrolla actividades académicas y científicas en el Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Geológicas y Ambientales, de la Universidad de Sassari.

Es autora en la identificación y nombramiento de nuevas especies para la ciencia, a abril de 2016, posee veintiséis registros de especies nuevas para la ciencia, especialmente de las familias de las boragináceas, cariofiláceas, fabáceas; y con énfasis de los género Anchusa, Dianthus, Genista, publicándolos habitualmente en Webbia, Parlatorea, Boll. Soc. Sarda Sci. Nat. (véase más abajo el vínculo a IPNI).

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1993, en «Bollettino della Società Sarda di Scienze Naturali» 29: 255 – 257 [1992–93; publ. 1993] ISSN 0392-6710.
 . 1982. Carta della vegetazione della Nurra di Alghero : (Sardegna nord-occidentale). Roma, Universidad de Sassari.
 . 1973. La vegetazione degli stagni della zona di Olbia (Sardegna nordorientale). En «Giorn. Bot. Ital.»: 223 - 241.

Libros
 . 1990. La Flora della Sardegna. Piccoli arbusti liane e suffrutici spontanei della Sardegna. Ed. Carlo Delfino, Sassari. 349 p. ISBN 88-7138-011-8.

Membresías
 Società Botanica Italiana.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Botánicas de Italia
Botánicos de Italia del siglo XXI
Taxónomos de Italia
Curadores de Italia
Botánicos de Italia del siglo XX
Alumnado de la Universidad de Sassari
Profesores de la Universidad de Sassari
Escritores en italiano del siglo XXI
Escritores en latín del siglo XXI
Escritores en inglés del siglo XXI
Escritoras de Italia
Alguer
Italianas del siglo XX
Italianas del siglo XXI


John Derian is an artist of many talents, he predominantly designs and produces incredible handmade decoupage glassware. Everything he puts his mind and hands to entice the viewer.
I first came across his work around 10 years ago on a trip to London while visiting my favourite shop, Designer Guild. The colours and patterns were just dreamy, I had to own some! My first collection of plates were covered in patterns of flowers, insects and butterflies.
Keeping a keen eye out years later, I saw another collection of his at Liberty in London. This time I saw colour wheels and art Deco style designs. It was as if John Derian was making each one just for me! The collection was almost too painful to leave. So, I set out to become a stockist of his collection myself and now have the privilege to stock a curated collection of his gorgeous pieces available on our website.
The colours and designs he creates to me scream nostalgia, romance and colour perfection. All the feelings that resonate throughout my work.
John Derian has also just launched a fabric and wallpaper range at Designers Guild, I think my sitting room is looking a bit drab…..


Registration and coffee: 8:30 - 9:00 am. Program: 9:00 am - 1:00 pm.
This workshop will begin with an outline of the inherent vices and deterioration vectors of audio media. After this refresher on the issues to give everyone a common foundation, the presentation will work with a model RFP and SOW to give attendees the information they need to proceed with preserving this essential and unique part of our collective memory.
About George: President of George Blood LP, a leading provider of archival audio and moving image preservation in Philadelphia, PA. They digitize obsolete and deteriorating audio, video, and film media. They can also migrate and translate data from early tape and disc formats. See more at https://www.georgeblood.com/.
This special event is co-sponsored by the University at Albany Libraries with support from the NYSED Conservation/Preservation Grant Program, and the Capital District Library Council.


text:
Phil Marriott
With over twenty years experience as an international DJ, Phil Marriott has supported Tiesto, Freemasons and Bimbo Jones, and has played after-party events for T'Pau's Carol Decker and Erasure's Andy Bell. Phil has also played for the world's most established and celebrated clubbing brands including Fierce Angel, G-A-Y, Poptronik, Miami Calling and SupermartXe. His music is always feel-good and very vocal!
Phil Marriott has been booked by a heavyweight list of clients which include Intermedia UK, Channel 4, The Hospital Club, EQ Music and Mishcon de Reya.
With a radio career that launched in 1997, he has worked for alternative rock station Q Radio, Virgin Megastores Radio, Impulse Live!, and award-winning LGBTQ dance station GaydarRadio. Phil is currently a presenter and Head of Music at Gaydio – the world's biggest LGBT dance and pop radio station.
"Every now and again we come across the rarest of gems – an individual making waves in the club industry because of their passion for the actual music. Phil's love for the tunes and infectious optimism is always a joy to be around. He is also an outstanding DJ on both club and radio levels." – James Wiltshire (Freemasons)
Podcast 1 (Sundays at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern – Spring 2019)
Podcast 2 (Best Of 2018): https://www.mixcloud.com/phil-marriott/phil-marriott-in-session-132-best-of-2018/
Podcast 3: https://www.mixcloud.com/phil-marriott/phil-marriott-in-session-100/
Pic credit: Simon J Webb
A selection of acts who have performed at The RVT in the past 12 months.
Ava Vidal
Baby Lame
Beau Jangles
Cerise Rei
Charlie Hides
Danny Beard
David Hoyle
Drag With No Name
Adam Turner
Andy Almighty
David Robson
Sean Sirrs
Simon Le Vans


Please see for sale this wonderful exit reclaimed light up sign, English, circa 1940 Previously installed as a hanging sign inside an old cinema Painted gold metal case with brushed steel front plate, with inner bulb holder. Wear and Marks to the case and front as might be expected, the kind as can be seen in the photos. Adds a real authentic look to the sign. The patina and wear to the silver front just make the sign!
The original fittings have been removed from the inside and a modern bulb holder has been fitted. Great looking design lighting piece for a man Cave or business. Happy to send internationally, for an accurate price please get in touch. The item "Vintage Light Up Illuminated exit theatre cinema pub Sign Man Cave" is in sale since Sunday, March 10, 2019.
This item is in the category "Collectables\Advertising Collectables\Advertising Signs". The seller is "white_wolf_fine_art_antiques" and is located in Wolverhampton.


text:
Q: Why does calling the InternetReadFileEx function with IRF_NO_WAIT flag still wait? I'm using a synchronous wininet request and calling InternetReadFileEx() with the IRF_NO_WAIT flag, but the function still blocks waiting for data. Why is that?

A: In the MSDN docs, the meaning of IRF_NO_WAIT is described as:

Do not wait for data. If there is data available, the function returns either the amount of data requested or the amount of data available (whichever is smaller).

Mysteriously, it leaves the case where there is not data available undefined.  Apparently, if there is no data, it blocks until there is some.

A: A possible workaround is to use InternetQueryOption() to get an INTERNET_DIAGNOSTIC_SOCKET_INFO structure, and then pass the SOCKET handle to ::select() with a timeout of {0, 0} to determine if data is available without blocking.

A: What IRF_NO_WAIT means is to not wait for all of the requested data buffer to be filled. However, it will still wait for some data to arrive. If no data is arriving, it blocks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Mid to Senior Worldbuilder - Unreal Engine
Game Designer - New Mobile Game
UI Artist - Forge of Empires
7 horror games (plus some movies) every designer should study
October 22, 2015 | By Alex Wawro
More: Console/PC, Indie, Design
Horror never takes a holiday, but rarely is it more present in our collective consciousness than October, when creative types across all industries tend to re-immerse themselves in their favorite works of horrific fiction.
Game developers are no exception -- all month we've seen designers taking to Twitter and other outlets to gush about their favorite scary movies, books or games and swap recommendations with each other about what to check out this year.
Often the most interesting aspect of these conversations isn't what is being recommended, but why. Why does your favorite scary game freak you out, and what can other game developers learn from that?
In an effort to shed some light on the topic, we reached out to a handful of game makers from across the industry to get their recommendations on what horror games designers should play and why. We got some intriguing responses, so I've gone ahead and formatted them for you below.
Alien: Isolation from Creative Assembly
"I think Alien: Isolation is a brilliant horror game in how it creates fear through the interactions of its systems, without overly relying on jump scares or scripted events," says indie developer Lisa Brown, who recently released Imaginal. "This does require a certain amount of fantasy buy-in on the player's part, though (if you don't suspend your disbelief, you can waltz through some of the most terrifying portions of the game)."
"When playing it, I was actually reminded of a MUCH older game - Clock Tower (the 1996 Playstation one) - in how it had an antagonist that would appear at non-scripted moments and would learn if you hid in the same spot too many times."
PlayStation game Clock Tower (Clock Tower 2 in Japan) was released in 1996
"It might be an interesting study to play both of these games and look at the points of comparison (be forewarned, Clock Tower doesn't age well and may need a bit more effort on the suspension of disbelief to get into the fear.)"
Neverending Nightmares from Infinitap Games
This recommendation comes in from Hidetaka "SWERY" Suehiro, though when I asked him why developers should check out this game -- based on lead designer Matt Gilgenbach's personal struggle with mental illness -- he was remarkably circumspect. "Play it and you'll understand," he said.
Five Nights At Freddy's from Scott Cawthon
"Five Nights At Freddy's is a must-play for any horror designer," says noted horror game designer Thomas Grip, of Frictional Games. "What is so great about it is that it builds up dread and scares in a very systematic manner. We normally think of horror scares as a carefully orchestrated thing, but in FNAF it is handled in a procedural fashion."
"Also interesting how you can take a really absurd premise, but just sprinkle a few bits of 'realism' and also get this very engaging narrative from it all. FNAF is also a 100 percent horror game. It is not an action game with horror themes or something like that. It's one reason to exist is to scare and make people frightened, and this emotional focus is quite rare in games, even in the horror genre."
"Lots of good stuff to learn from this game if you can look past the crude exterior and the apparent simplicity of it all," adds Grip, whose own work was recommended multiple times by other developers.
SOMA from Frictional Games
Speak of the devil. "SOMA. Even though it just came out, SOMA has some of the singularly best moments in any horror game," says designer Nels Anderson, who served as lead designer on Klei's Mark of the Ninja before joining Campo Santo to work on Firewatch. "It's not about jump scares or gross monsters (although it has just a touch of both to keep you from getting comfortable.)"
"There are moments in the final third of SOMA where you are so crushingly alone, in an environment so alien and so hostile, it evokes a kind of primal terror very few games/films could hope to achieve. Add to that the lingering feeling of dread and loneliness you're left with at the game's conclusion and you've got something really special. Frictional could have just made "Amnesia with robots" and people would have loved it anyway, but they really reached with SOMA and oh, what depths they did plumb."
The Forest from Endnight Games
"Best answer I can give without sitting and brooding over it is very recent, from The Forest," says The Magic Circle designer Jordan Thomas. "Now, The Forest is not for everybody. It's over-the-top grisly in a way that borders on the comic and at first didn't work for me...until this player interaction that emerged naturally."
"Stephen [Alexander, co-founder with Thomas of indie studio Question, LLC] and I were checking it out, co-operatively, building our first shelter. We had almost forgotten that the server he set up was open to 2 additional players. Eventually, a stranger logged in, and spoke tersely to us at first. We repelled an attack from the cannibal tribes, and the stranger helped. Then, while Stephen and I - who have not worked on a truly violent game in a while - set about the business of moving the bodies away from our little camp, the stranger began to methodically dismember them. Hacking and hacking until each limb would detach. My reaction to it was visceral, grounded, somewhat realistic despite myself - it got under my skin."
"I thought 'Ah, yes. What's worse than a tribe of cannibals? Why, the Internet, of course!' And dismissed him as a psycho, or an adolescent, or both - but we played it cool because hey, we left the server open."
"That night, we were raided by several groups of them that were attracted, presumably, to our sad little fire. It was harrowing. Our new companion constructed an effigy from body parts - which we had not yet known was possible. He then set the effigy ablaze, and it kept the tribe at bay for the night. In effect, it was the only language they understood."
"By the next 'day' we were dismembering bodies as a matter of course. This encounter with another player wasn't scary in the traditional sense - certainly not of the trendy jumpscare school. But the fact that A) we were doing corpse-based decoration for a very strategic reason, after years of seeing it (and being guilty of it myself) as edgy background art... and 2) we blithely fell into the New Normal of these unspeakable acts which had repulsed me on the first "night" ... well. It all had a kind of grim elegance. Spoke to the banality of evil wordlessly, entirely through the language of systems. I've been a bit haunted by it since."
Amnesia: The Dark Descent from Frictional Games
"Amnesia is a must for horror game devs, IMO. The fact that you can't fight back combined with spontaneous yelps if you look at monsters created an unbelievable amount of tension," writes veteran game designer Laralyn McWilliams, who currently serves as chief creative officer at The Workshop. "I recall many moments spent staring at a corner chanting, 'Please don't see me please don't see me please don't OH MY GOD IT SEES ME!"'"
"I'd also recommend playing the original Thief or System Shock 2 as good examples of how to create situations that are really frightening without the usual horror tropes. Both those games (as well as the original Bioshock) had some of the scariest moments I can recall experiencing in a game, and yet none of them are considered horror games."
"I remember the first time I encountered a zombie in Thief--I was creeping around and heard this horrific sound from around the corner. I immediately quick-saved. Then I hard saved. Then I stood there for almost two full minutes before I could bring myself to turn the corner and find out what was making that awful sound. THAT is a "horror game" at its finest, even though it's not generally classified as horror!"
D2 from Warp
"A few of our favorite horror games at Santa Ragione are D2 and Illbleed on the Dreamcast, mainly because of how unusual they are," writes Pietro Righa Riva, an Italian game designer who co-founded studio Santa Ragione with Nicolò Tedeschi. "I would say especially D2 is worth looking at because it kind of predates Silent Hill 2 in explicitly capturing real life horrors and phobias such as abuse, identity perception, etc."
"It is also a game that does not compromises much in its pacing: it's very deliberate in alternating action, exploration and story advancement in a way that is not slave to the player's entertainment, but that services the mood and message of the game."
"But everything really is worth looking at in this game: the characters, the visuals, the setting, the camera angles, the dialogue (?) ... it's so original and ahead of its time."
Incidentally, fellow Gamasutra editor Christian Nutt wrote briefly about D2 and its legacy in a 2013 blog post reflecting on the life of its creator, Warp founder Kenji Eno, who passed away that year.
Bonus material: Horror movies from the '50s and '60s
"For me, when looking for horror inspiration, the movies from the 50's and 60's always come to mind," says long-time game designer and game design educator Brenda Romero. "This is before the use of the jump scare or massive gore to scare audiences. There is real mastery in suspense, sound design and storytelling. Sometimes, depending on the film, there can also be a lot of camp, which is wonderful in its own way."
innogames — Hamburg, Germany
Airship Syndicate — Austin, Texas, United States
Insomniac Games — Burbank, California, United States
256974 newswire /view/news/256974/7_horror_games_plus_some_movies_every_designer_should_study.php Loading Comments


The best way to keep the warm air in is to make sure it isn't flowing out. Take a tour around your home and examine windows and doors for any drafts. Our front door had a sizable gap at its base, so we installed weatherstripping and it took care of the cold air problem immediately.
There are many ways to fill in voids, including stripping, insulator kits, foam, silicone, etc. If you're in an apartment or just want a temporary fix, you can also use one of those draft guards. Here's a DIY tutorial using an old pair of tights, polyfill, and only a few stitches.
Start just one degree and you could save up to 5% (or around $10 per day) on your overall heating bill according to an analysis released by EnergyHub in 2012. The EPA recommends settings on 70 degrees during the eight hours most people are home turning it down to 62 degrees for the 16 hours when people are away or sleeping. And if you can get away with keeping your thermostat on lower (we keep ours on 67 during the day), that's great, too. Using a programmable thermostat also helps you save by taking out the manual temperature changing.
Feeling nervous about taking the plunge? Keeping comfortable at lower thermostat levels isn't difficult. Wear more clothing! Long sleeves, pants, thick socks, and layers are the fashion statements in our house during the winter. We also keep a fleece blanket on the couch to ward off chills in the evening. Our beds are topped with flannel sheets and wool covers for the nights when our thermostat is at its lowest setting. You don't want to be frigid all season long, but some common sense is employed here.
Close the hot air vents in those rooms you aren't using, to redirect the heating to the spaces we're living in and keep the doors shut most hours of the day. If you have baseboard heating, see if there's a localized switch in your room so you can turn it off and shut the door. The savings here are hard to quantify because so many factors are involved (room size, etc.), however — the less area to heat, the more money that stays in your pockets.
During the day, take advantage of the sun's rays by opening your curtains to let the light in. Even on the coldest days you'll get a boost, especially with those south-facing windows in the afternoon rays. Then in the evening, close your curtains to help keep the heat indoors. If your windows are bare (or you only have sheers), consider purchasing some insulated curtains, which protect your home from heat loss through conduction, infiltration, convection, and radiation. They come in all colors and patterns, too!
It's one of those annoying home maintenance tasks you don't think you should need to do, but getting your furnace cleaned and evaluated each year can help save you cash and unexpected breakdowns. (It's also a safety thing, as furnaces can leak carbon monoxide into your home without your knowledge.) You'll also need to change out the filter at least once per season — or whenever it's dirty — to keep everything flowing as it should. Check your local coupon books to see if any HVAC providers are offering promotions.
If your house is still feeling quite cold, take a trip to your attic to assess the insulation situation. How much insulation you add and where you add it is going to depend on your home. If you plan to stay there for quite a while, it certainly makes sense to evaluate and correct any issues that might cost you big dollars as the years go on.


Ogenyi Onazi never expected the greetings he received on Tuesday morning when he visited a local market in Turkey and was amazed to see a whole school population bump into him.
The Trabzonspor midfielder decided to go to the market himself, and get tomatoes for his breakfast but was stunned to see a large number of pupils cheering his name for autographs on footballs and on their hands.
The 24-year-old midfielder who could barely understand the pupils' language spent close to an hour in their company.


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Mihály Lenhossék (ur. 28 sierpnia 1863 w Budapeszcie, zm. 26 stycznia 1937 w Budapeszcie) – węgierski lekarz, anatom, histolog.

Życiorys
Urodził się w 1863 roku jako syn węgierskiego lekarza i anatoma Józsefa Lenhosséka (1818–1888). Jego siostrzeńcem był Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893–1986). Studiował w Budapeszcie, studia ukończył w 1886 roku. Następnie był asystentem w Instytucie Anatomicznym prowadzonym przez ojca. W 1888 roku habilitował się, w roku 1889 został prosektorem na Uniwersytecie w Bazylei. Od 1891 roku profesor nadzwyczajny anatomii. Od 1893 roku jako prosektor u Köllikera w Würzburgu, a po 1896 roku w Tybindze u Froriepa. Po 1900 roku profesor na Uniwersytecie w Budapeszcie. Zajmował się głównie teorią neuronalną i neuroanatomią. W latach 1905–1922 redaktor naczelny czasopisma lekarskiego "Orvosi Hetilap". Zmarł w 1937 roku, wspomnienie o nim napisał Károly Schaffer.

W 1893 roku wprowadził do neurohistologii termin "astrocyt". Dawniej na określenie krótkich wypustek na komórkach zwojowych używano eponimicznego określenia wypustek Lenhosséka.

Wybrane prace
 Untersuchungen über die Spinalganglien des Frosches. (1885)
 Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Markscheiden und den Faserverlauf im Rückenmark der Maus. (1889)
 Ueber den Verlauf der Hinterwurzeln im Rückenmark. (1889)
 Die Nervenendigungen in den Maculae und Cristae Acusticae. (1893)
 Der feinere Bau des Nervensystems im Lichte neuester Forschungen] (1893)
 Centrosom und Sphäre in den Spinalganglienzellen des Frosches. (1895)
 Histologische Untersuchungen am Sehlappen der Cephalopoden. (1896)
 Untersuchungen über Spermatogenese. (1897)
 Zur Kenntnis der Spinalganglienzellen. (1906)
 Das Ganglion ciliare der Vögel. (1911)
 Die Entwicklung und Bedeutung der Zonulafasern, nach Untersuchungen am Hühnchen. (1911)
 Das Ciliarganglion der Reptilien. (1912)

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne
 In memoriam Lenhossék Mihály (1863-1937)

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Budapeszteńskiego
Wykładowcy Uniwersytetu Budapeszteńskiego
Węgierscy anatomowie
Węgierscy histolodzy
Neuroanatomowie
Urodzeni w 1863
Zmarli w 1937
Odznaczeni Wieńcem Korwina


Troye Sivan TRXYE Album Cover Artwork Keep Your Guests Laughing And Yourself Splatter Free While Cooking, Baking Or Grilling And Serving Up The Kitchen Treats. Spice Up Your Indoor And Outdoor Cooking With A Little Attitude, Get Yours Today!
This poster a high-quality, collectible image legally removed from our collection of poster and art books. It is ready to frame. Our posters are unused and carefully stored. They are generally in excellent condition, unless otherwise noted in the description. However, they are never-been-shrinkwrapped posters, so there may be slight imperfections from original shipping or very minor storage wear. Posters ship in a protective plastic sleeve with the greatest care.
Beatles - Album Covers 28x40 Framed Art Print.
Whether you are a fan of music or you have one in your life, everyone will enjoy this high quality framed 8x10 glossy print of Van Halen - 1984 Album Cover. This item would make a great addition to your bar, sports room, or office and makes a great gift for fans throughout the year. The original photo used to make this print was signed by Van Halen - 1984 Album Cover .This memorabilia item is a mass-produced photo that bears a printed signature. The signature is part of the manufacturing process and therefore your picture is not an originally autographed item.
IN SEARCH OF THE LOST RECORD. BRITISH ALBUM COVER ART OF 50'S TO 80'S.
Shopping Results for "Album Cover Art Search"


text:
Labor Update Bulletin #103 (12/2020)
This bulletin contains information on law changes, government discussions, court decisions, and other labor issues in Japan.
We hope that some of this information will also be of interest to activists, supporters of the General Union, and those who want to know more about labor issues in general in Japan.
The GU knows what it's talking about when it comes to unlimited term contracts at universities
The union has been involved at numerous workplaces dealing with universities' refusal to grant unlimited term contracts after 5 years as per the changes to the Labour Contract Law (see here for more information on this law)
Many universities are holding out by using an exception granted to the universities which lets them wait till after the tenth year to grant an unlimited term contract. But this exception ISN'T in all cases and ISN'T for all instructors teaching in a university. Famously, even Tokyo University did a U-turn on this when challenged by it's union.
Basically, the instructor must be hired under any of the three categories outlined in the "Act on Term of Office of University Teachers" (often referred to as NINKI-TSUKI or NINKI-HO) or an of the three categories in the "Act on Revitalisation of Science and Technology/Inovation Creation", and told very clearly upon hiring, in writing, which category they fall into.
Most of the universities that we deal with have usually not done this at all, or have simply written the name of the act (or other such language) in the contract.
21 February - Free Webinar for Filipino Workers in Japan
What you need to know as an OFW in Japan.
Free Webinar: 21 February from 1800 to 2000 via Zoom.
(regitration at www.bit.ly/OFW-seminar)
Seminar will cover:
※Japan Labor Standards Law (wages, contracts, holidays and leaves, health insurance, pension, etc.)
※Union membership (rights and protection of unions and its members, remedies for unfair labor practices, testimonies from current Filipino members, etc.)
※Philippine government rules concerning Filipinos working in Japan
※Other labor issues and concerns in Japan (Q&A with participants)
The seminar will mainly be focussed on Filipino teachers in Japan but all Filipino workers will find this seminar helpful and all are welcome to attend.
Download a copy of our poster and send it to your friends.
On facebook, find an event listing at: https://www.facebook.com/events/853487658819435
Kick Off 2021 by Signing the Postal Industry Workers Union Petition
Petition for Equal Treatment and Regular Employment for Irregular Postal Staff
SIGN HERE!
Japan Post Group and its related companies have a total of about 190,000 irregular employees (part-timers, limited-term contract employees etc.) working as essential members of their staff.
The court case over Article 20 of the Labor Contract Act, filed by eleven irregular post office workers who sought correction of the disparity in work conditions between them and the regular employees, finally saw a Supreme Court verdict on October 15, 2020. This was widely taken up in the news media.
The ruling recognized disparities as "unreasonable and illegal" with regard to family allowances, year-end and New Year work allowances, premium wages for holiday work during the New Year period, unpaid sick leave, and summer and winter vacations. For housing allowances, the Superior Courts have already found disparity to be unreasonable. On the day of the Supreme Court verdict, Japan Post Commented that "In view of the importance of the problem, we will work on making the necessary adjustments to our system". Now the companies of Japan Post Group must each obey the ruling and promptly carry out its requirements by amending their work rules and pay schedules accordingly.
Report on Government Negotiations
On November 20, 2020, at the Lower House Diet Members' #2 Office Building, a group of education workers' unions under the umbrella of Zenrokyo (including the General Union, along with the Sapporo General Union), participated in negotiation and exchange of opinions with the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor (MHWL), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Interior Ministry.
The agenda items for this year's negotiation are listed below, with the relevant ministry for each.
1. Regarding COVID-19 experience so far, current situation, and from now on: MHWL
2. ALTs' current situation and future: MEXT
3. Fiscal-yearly appointees: Interior Ministry
4. Shakai Hoken (health and pension insurance) enrollment conditions: MHWL
5. Related to switching to unlimited-term contracts: "10-year exception", setting of contract limits: MEXT
In order to have discuss these issues as deeply as possible at this year's negotiations, we submitted our questions and demands in writing at an early stage than last year.
After receiving written answers to these, we deliberated on these answers among the relevant unions, and were prepared in advance to engage in negotiation on the basis of these answers.
The demands and questions, along with their answers, are here:
Unlimited Term Contracts at Universities - Webinar & Survey
The General Union, NUGW Tokyo Nambu, and Fukuoka General Union invite all university teachers to a webinar on unlimited term contract rights on Sunday, 6 December from 13:30 online (www.bit.ly/UTC-webinar). You can also download a PDF of our leaflet to send to a friend.
Also, as part of this campaign to secure unlimited term contract rights, we are dealing with a number of uncooperative universities that are trying to evade the law. We need your help in identifying these institutions. Go to our survey to let us know how your universities compares (www.bit.ly/UTC-survey).
Did you know that as of 2018, those having worked continuously for five years at the same university are eligible for an unlimited term contract?
Q: Unlimited term contract (UTC)? What's that?
It's an employment contract without an arbitrary end date and is a new right that came along with an amendment to the Labour Contract Law in 2013.
Many of us currently work on one-year contracts which require a renewal year to year, but a UTC requires no renewal. This means that if an employer wants to get rid of you, basically they would have to fire you; not just wait out the year and then refuse to give you another contract.
Does this mean you have a job for life with the exact number of koma on the same exact day and time? No, but it does mean that if all remains the same (student numbers, curriculum, etc) you can keep working and we would argue, should be able to retain your koma (the latter part has still to be tested out in court).
Income Support and the Pandemic
Many workers in Japan are suffering economically from the effects of the covid-19 pandemic. There is some relief.
1. Kyugyo Teate: salary benefits that your employer must pay if there is no work for you and you are sent home.
2. Employment Adjustment Subsidy: paid to employers to cover KYUGYO TEATE payments to employees.
3. Sustainment Benefit for Freelancers: if you are a non-employee (like many members at GABA and NOVA), you can apply to receive up to one million yen in benefits.
4. Special Cash Payment: 100,000 yen subsidy available to all who were registered residents of Japan as of 27 April 2020.
Please see an explanation of the four systems at this link.
Statement of the General Union on the COVID-19 Pandemic
The General Union has received many consultation requests in regard to this pandemic.
While we are happy to report that most employers are behaving responsibly, a minority of language schools are laying off part time workers and refusing to pay the cancellation allowance of at least 60% of average wages.
Basically, they are off-loading their financial woes on those least able to afford it.
This increase in consultations has meant that we are not as quick in responding to emails and telephone calls and we ask for everyone's patience.
In a crisis situation like this, the work we do in the community as a whole is important and while member concerns are always a priority, we are sure that union members all support the vital work we are doing in the language industry, in both the for profit and schools sectors.
How To (Legally) Engage In Additional Work In Japan (FAQ)
If you live and work in Japan, you might find that your salary isn't always enough to make ends meet. Sure, you might be keeping the lights on every month, but perhaps there isn't much left over to save for a rainy day.
In these situations, a second (or third) job might seem to be the ideal solution: you have time; you need money; why not get do more work?
How do you engage in additional employment without running into trouble with the immigration office or your main place of work (and affecting your renewal chances)?
Overtime Q&A
When it comes to Japanese labor law, figuring out how much extra overtime money you're entitled to (as well as the laws that govern such things) can be a very confusing process rife with conflicting information and complicated legalese.
Luckily, the General Union is here to help you make sense of things with this handy Q&A!
Everything You Wanted To Know About Not Paying Pension
As three wise monkeys once said: "See no pension, speak no pension, pay no pension".
The topic of pension (and pension contributions) is one that tends to attract strong opinions - much to the dismay of people who would rather not think about it at all.
However, like it or not, the pension system is here to stay - so here's everything you ever wanted to know about not paying (kokumin!) pension
Labor Contract Law Amendment (Unlimited Term Contracts) Q&A
Over the past five years, in preparation for the Labour Contract Revision Law (aka "The Five Year Rule) taking fully effect on April 1st, 2018, the General Union has conducted research via direct meetings with the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labour (MHWL), prefectural labour bureaus, meetings with lawyers, and various negotiations with employers in regards to their plans for this law.
Back in November of 2017, we also decided to take questions from members of the public (via Facebook and e-mail) and are now presenting those questions to you with our answers in hope that this will answer many of your questions about this law and how it could affect you.
Maternity Leave And Child-Raising Leave In Japan
When planning for the future, finances are always high on the list of priorities, and planning for a family is no different.
Japan has some great government programs for parenting leave., and these programs are paid for by the government - not the employer.
However, because the employer has a vital role to play (and because the system can be a little tricky to navigate!), the union is here with some helpful pointers.
ALTs - Dispatch


text:
Bangladesh tiger plan aims to ...
Tigers in focus
Bangladesh tiger plan aims to cut clashes with humans
Mon Jan 25, 2010 4:51pm IST
By Anis Ahmed
DHAKA (Reuters) – Bangladesh launched on Monday a program to train field staff in the Sundarban forest, home to Bengal tigers, to prevent contacts between villagers and the animals that may lead to tragedy for both.
Under a Bangladesh Tiger Action Plan, forest rangers and guards will learn to use tranquilizer guns to immobilize and capture tigers that stray from their normal habitat into human areas.
Tapan Kumar Dey, a senior forestry official, told reporters human-tiger conflicts registered a rise in Bangladesh in recent years, resulting in the deaths of three tigers and 30 people in 2009.
Dey said 193 people and 23 tigers have been killed in such encounters since 2000.
Another tiger casualty was reported on Friday in the southern district of Satkhira, where villagers initially tried to scare off a five-year-old tigress but eventually captured her and beat her to death.
The animal was the first tiger killed in Bangladesh this year, forestry officials said.
The tigers of Sundarban, better known as Royal Bengal tigers, usually feed on deer and wild boars but often slip into villages on the fringe of the world's largest mangrove forest — recently designated by the U.N. as a world heritage site — to steal cows and goats from farmers' sheds.
According to a survey by forest authorities in 2004, the Bangladesh part of the Sundarban, part of which lies in India, had 440 tigers.
Forestry officials believe strict enforcement of anti-poaching laws and better conservation efforts helped the tiger population rise since then, although they were unable to give a specific number.
According to the Bangladesh forests department, the number of tigers worldwide has fallen from around 100,000 in 1900, but in recent years was only about 3,200, with several tiger species now extinct.
The Royal Bengals are among the biggest groups still surviving.
The tigers who enter village areas or raid farms for livestock are usually too young or too old to kill enough deer to satiate their hunger, officials said.
http://in.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idINTRE60O26320100125?sp=true
https://bigcatrescue.org/
Central forest spine can take 1,000 tigers
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Hi, I have mercury mother board 845GL with p4 1.7 ghZ . When i added 512 ddr its not working fine with my configuration. system became very slow and not able to play any music files. takes more time to render o/p and also not proper.


text:
A Transgender Critic Revisits "The Silence Of The Lambs" On Its 25th Anniversary
Written by Hornet Staff on February 14, 2016
As though taking the image of an arrowed heart literally, Valentine's Day 1991 was the date of the world premiere of The Silence of the Lambs. Twenty-five years later, it's worth taking a look back at a thriller that met with near-universal acclaim – the far universe then was occupied mostly by angry LGBT activists who were appalled at the film's transphobic and homophobic content.
I'd like to set aside those considerations here, not because they don't matter but because the points have pretty much been made. Anyone who still clings to director Jonathan Demme's fig leaf – that the killer is defined not by queerness but "by the fact that he's trying desperately, homicidally, to be something other than what he is" – need only substitute any other other in place of queerness to put the lie to it. Have the killer mimic Muslims instead of trans people, and then try to say that the film is not promoting fear and hatred of Muslims. Sixty seconds of scattered dialogue – "Billy is not a real transsexual," etc. – cannot be as meaningful to an audience as the more than twenty-minutes of intense visual imagery depicting the killer in a quest to make a "woman suit."
Rather than flog that Demme, let's consider what the film was supposed to have done well. The New York Times led the chorus of huzzahs on Valentine's Day 1991, lauding this "swift, witty new suspense thriller." But of that entire string of adjectives, not one is appropriate for the film today. Of course it's no longer new, but how anyone could have thought it witty remains a mystery – not many laughs in The Silence of the Lambs, unless Ed Gein is your idea of comedy. Swift the film is, yes, but not if you see it more than once. And as for suspense – the one adjective everyone has thrown at the film since 1991 – the problem with The Silence of the Lambs is that it is almost totally lacking in suspense.
Suspense was deliberately sacrificed on the altar of momentum. "Again and again," according to the film's writer Ted Tally, "both during our script work and later, during editing, [Demme] emphasized the supreme value of narrative momentum. 'Better,' he said, 'to risk confusing the audience for three minutes than to let them get ahead of us for one second.'"
The Silence of the Lambs tells its story at two speeds, fast and faster, and when it gets faster, it's usually trying to paper over a hole in the plot by misdirecting the audience. Such tactics, while diverting on the first bounce, just seem protracted and uninspired in a repeat viewing, and they drastically harsh the film's overall tempo.
The swift becomes sluggish: Once you know you're watching people on a wild goose chase as they climb down an elevator shaft or surround the wrong house, those cutaways seem tedious. But you can't ask an audience to believe that one lone FBI agent can find the killer's house in Ohio, walk up to it, and knock on the door by herself, after everyone's been knocking their brains out searching for him. It would come off as the last-reel cheat that it is, without the distraction of intercutting the FBI's erroneous raid on a house in Illinois.
Even worse is the way Hannibal Lecter escapes from incarceration – the film's shakiest example of velocity over intelligence. Lecter has (off-camera) killed his guard, switched clothes with the dead man, peeled off his face, and deposited the corpse atop an elevator. He is found lying on the floor, assumed to be the wounded guard, and removed in an ambulance while the police hunt the elevator shaft for the corpse in Lecter's prison uniform. The audience doesn't know what has actually been going on until Lecter, inside the ambulance, removes his face mask and leans in to eliminate the EMS attendant.
The real life question regarding Lecter's escape is, How long would it take an EMS attendant to realize that the patient isn't hurt? Eight seconds? 12? So the film dodges the issue by accelerating the tempo and intercutting the red-herring search.
The movie life question regarding Lecter's escape is, WWAHD? Alfred Hitchcock always insisted, "You can only get the suspense element going by giving the audience information." The first thing Hitchcock would have done would have been to let the audience know that it's Lecter, not a wounded guard, lying on the floor. Then Lecter's journey from the floor to the ambulance could be mined for two levels of suspense: the killer's jeopardy at being discovered, and the cops' and the EMS attendant's jeopardy at being so close to this homicidal maniac.
Hitchcock and his writers would then have introduced moments of activity and uncertainty and luck and cop thickness and psycho slickness, all enabling Lecter to get on that stretcher and out of the building. In the film as it stands now, the elevator cutaways only shaft the audience with another instance of misdirection, like the climactic FBI raid. If intercut with this new scene of Lecter on the floor, all that footage could contribute its own suspense: How soon before these cops realize the corpse is the guard and Lecter is still in the building?
That's how a suspense film would have handled Lecter's escape. Granted, a scene packing that kind of wallop, generating and multiplying its levels of suspense, requires a lot more work behind the camera. But the result would have been a suspenseful scene that still worked the second time you saw the film – which is a lot more than can be said for the shocks of 1991.
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Children's is dedicated to supporting our patients and families through every stage of their illness. For patients in hospice, we know that sometimes comforts reminiscent of home can be extremely comforting. Children's Comfort Carts are designed specifically for families experiencing this difficult life transition with their child. Special amenities such as silent fans, lotions, aroma therapy tools, journals, cameras and photo albums bring comforts of home to the hospital for patients and their families.


The New Zealand Warriors will be full strength for Saturday's season opener against Wests Tigers to be played on Saturday, March 5 at Campbelltown Sports Stadium.
Halfback Shaun Johnson will play his first match since suffering a season-ending ankle injury last year, while new recruits Roger Tuivasa-Sheck, Blake Ayshford, Jeff Robson and Isaac Luke have all been named to make their respective Club debuts this week.
Former Wests Tigers forward James Gavet could also make his debut for the Warriors having been named on a six-man interchange bench by Coach Andrew McFadden.
See how the two teams will line up for Saturday's season opener at Campbelltown below!


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Frances Evelyn  Bay (nascida Frances Evelyn Goffman; Mannville, 23 de janeiro de 1919 - Tarzana, 15 de setembro de 2011) foi uma atriz canadense.

Biografia
Bay nasceu em Mannville, Alberta e cresceu em Dauphin, Manitoba. Seu irmão mais novo foi o notável sociólogo Erving Goffman. Antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial, atuou profissionalmente em Winnipeg e passou a guerra apresentando o programa da Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,"Everybody's Program", destinado a marinheiros enviados para a guerra.

Em 1934, ela se casou com o empresário Charles (Chuck) Bay e mudou-se com ele para Nova Iorque (onde estudou com Uta Hagen), Boston e Los Angeles. Charles e Frances tiveram um filho, Josh, que morreu aos 23 anos de idade.

Em 1978, aos sessenta anos, Bay fez a sua estreia oficial por trás da câmera, no filme dirigido por Goldie Hawn e Chevy Chase, Foul Play. Um ano depois, interpreta Mrs. Hamilton no especial de natal para televisão Christmastime with Mister Rogers. Entre suas outras realizações estão, The Karate Kid, Big Top Pee-wee e Twins, In the Mouth of Madness e Arachnophobia, Happy Gilmore e Bratty Babies.

Na televisão, participou interpretando pequenos papéis em vários episódios das séries Hart to Hart e The Dukes of Hazzard.

Sua primeira grande aparição televisiva foi no papel da avó da personagem "Fonzie", na série Happy Days.

Em 1983, ela também desempenhou o papel de avó da Chapeuzinho Vermelho em Faerie Tale Theatre para o canal Showtime.

Em 1986, começou a trabalhar com David Lynch atuando em filmes como Veludo Azul, Wild at Heart, Twin Peaks e Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.

Mais recentemente, ela apareceu em um episódio de Charmed como uma versão mais antiga da personagem Phoebe Halliwell. Participou até o fim de sua vida do seriado The Middle.

Logo após a morte do marido em 2002, ela foi atingida por um carro em Glendale, Califórnia, e como resultado, teve parte de sua perna direita amputada, mas o incidente não a impediu de continuar na profissão de atriz.

Em 6 de setembro de 2008, graças a uma petição assinada por 10.000 pessoas, seu nome foi incluído na Calçada da Fama do Canadá. O comitê de seleção recebeu cartas de artistas como Adam Sandler, Jerry Seinfeld, David Lynch, Henry Winkler, Monty Hall e muitos outros.

Bay faleceu em 15 de setembro de 2011, de complicações de pneumonia aos 92 anos de idade.

Ligações externas

Atores do Canadá