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A búza (Triticum) a perjefélék (Poaceae) családjába tartozó növénynemzetség, mely a búzafajok és fajták változatos éghajlati igénye és jó alkalmazkodóképessége miatt széles körben elterjedt.

A Föld egyik legnagyobb területen előforduló gabonája, a sivatagok és a sarkvidékek kivételével szinte mindenütt termesztik. A népélelmezésben elfoglalt szerepével kiemelkedik a többiek közül. Kenyérgabona szerepén túl sokrétű felhasználás jellemzi, hiszen gazdag abraktakarmány, szalmája értékes alomanyag, és különböző részei ipari alapanyagként is felhasználhatók..

Története
A nemzetség egyedei a legrégibb termesztett növények közé tartoznak. A termesztés első ismert előfordulási helye a civilizáció bölcsőjének tekinthető termékeny félhold területére esik. A régészeti kutatások Egyiptom legrégibb emlékei között említik a búzát. A genetikai kapcsolat a természetes vad alakor (Triticum boeoticum) és a domesztikálódott alakor (Triticum monococcum, egyszemű búza) és a tönkebúza (Triticum dicoccum) egyedei között azt mutatja, hogy i. e. 6000-5000-ben a mai Törökország területén lévő Diyarbakır város környékéről terjedhetett el. A hagyományosan legnagyobb búzatermelő Kínában az i. e. 2700-ban már termesztették és az ókori világ szinte, minden vidékéről találhatunk említést termeléséről vagy használatáról.

Kapcsolata a magyarokkal
A nomád életmódot folytató magyarság honfoglalását követően a Halimba és Kovácsi területén feltárt sírok régészeti leletei alapján, bizonyítottan használták a honfoglalók a búzát. Az Árpád-kori Endrőd, Nagyfarkasdomb, Ártánd temetők feltárása alapján további számos búza lelet került elő. Az akkori fajták a kétsoros tönke búza (Triticum dicoccon), majd a közönséges búza (vagy kenyérbúza, Triticum aestivum) volt, de ismerték ennek alfajait a csupasz vetési búzát (Triticum aestivum subsp. vulgare), illetve a csupasz törpebúzát (Triticum aestivum subsp. compactum) és a tönkölyt vagy tönkölybúzát (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta).

Magyarországon az évszázados múltra visszatekintő magyar búzafajtákat, köztük a legnevesebbet, a "tiszavidéki"-t, az 1863. évi szörnyű aszály elpusztította és helyére lengyelországi búzafajták kerültek.
A katasztrófának is köszönhetően az 1870-es években elkezdődött a mai napig tartó nagyobb hozamú magyar fajták sikeres nemesítése.

Genetika

Meghatározás
A közönséges búza őszi, vagy tavaszi változatát sokfelé termesztik. Fejlődésének kedvez az enyhe ősz, a téli hótakaró és a tavaszi csapadék. Bojtos mellékgyökérzete a talajt dúsan behálózza. Kalásza szélesen lapított 3-4 virágú, amelyek a kalász tengelyének kimetszéseibe magánosan lapított oldalukkal támaszkodnak. A virágok közül egyik-másik meddő szokott maradni, és a füzérkékből rendesen 2-3, ritkán csak egy mag lesz. A búzának sok fajtája van, de hogy pontosan mennyi, arra nehéz választ adni a folyamatos nemesítéseknek köszönhetően. A botanikusok véleménye nagyon eltérő, ezért a számuk -re is becsülhető.

Megjelenése/Morfológiai jellemzői

Gyökérrendszere
A búza bojtos gyökérrendszerét az elsődleges és a másodlagos vagy járulékos gyökerek képezik. A csírázás során a csíra gyököcskéjéből alakul ki a búza alapgyökere (főgyökere), majd a szikközépi szárból az elsődleges hajtáseredetű gyökerek (mellékgyökerek) fejlődnek ki. A búza elsődleges gyökérzete tehát az alapgyökérből és mellékgyökérből tevődik össze, amely az őszi búzán még ősszel kifejlődik. A másodlagos hajtás eredetű gyökerek a bokrosodást követően általában tavasszal fejlődnek ki, és minden oldalhajtásnak önálló járulékos gyökérrendszere alakul ki.

A kifejlődött búzanövény gyökereink teljes hosszúsága 1–2 m, a gyökérszőröké pedig mintegy 10 km-re becsülhető.

Hajtásrendszere
A búza hajtásrendszere a csíra rügykezdeményéből fejlődik. Ebből alakul ki a főhajtás, először, mint rügyhüvellyel fedett csírahajtás, majd mint főhajtáskezdemény (áltengely), amelyet levélhüvelyek alkotnak. A bokrosodáskor megjelennek az oldalhajtások. A főhajtás ezeknél mindig fejlettebb. A bokrosodás után megkezdődik a szár erőteljes növekedése - Feekes-skála 6. fázisa.

A búzafajták szárának elhelyezkedése eltérő lehet a bokrosodási időszakban. Egyes fajták hajtásai mereven felállnak (erectum típus), mások viszont elfekszenek (prostratum típus). A két szélsőséges típus közötti hajtáselhelyezkedést interjektumnak nevezzük.

A búzának szalmaszára van. A szárat az erősen kifejlett szárcsomók (nodusz) szártagokra (internódium) osztják. A csomók állománya mindig tömött, míg a szártagok az aestivumfajoknál üregesek, a durumfajoknál pedig - különösen a felső szártagok - tömöttek. A szártagok növekedése a bokrosodási csomók feletti első szártaggal kezdődik, amely 3–4 cm hosszúságot is elér. Ennek növekedése után következik be a második szártag intenzív növekedése, amely mérsékelten már korábban is növekszik. A következő szártagoknál is hasonló ütemű a növekedés. Amikor egy-egy szártag hosszirányú növekedése lelassul, akkor indul meg a felette lévő szártag erőteljes növekedése. A szártagok száma rendszerint 5-7 között változó, az alapi szártagok rövidek, míg a leghosszabb a kalászt viselő szártag. A mellékhajtásokon kevesebb a szártagok száma.

A búza levélzetében a levelek sorrendje alapján a következő levélképleteket különböztetjük meg:
 rügyhüvely (coteoptyl)
 lomblevelek (fólia)
 mellékhajtások előlevelei (prophyllum)
 virágzati fellevelek (pelyvák és toklászok, glumae és paleae)

A csírázás megindulását követően a 'rügyhüvely' hatol át a talajrétegen, majd felnyílik, és az első 'lomblevél' a nyíláson át a szabadba lép. A lomblevelek alaktani bélyegei elhelyezkedésüktől függetlenül azonosak. A búza lombleveleinek részei a következők: levélhüvely, levéllemez, nyelvecske, fülecske. A búza levélhüvelyének két széle nem nő össze, eltérő mértékben borítja az internódiumokat. Az alsó internodiumokat borító levélhüvelyeknek jelentős szerepük van a szalmaszár szilárdításában. A levélhüvelyek a csomókból indulnak ki és a levéllemezben folytatódnak. A levéllemez nagysága és alakja fontos fajtabélyeg. A levéllemez nagyságán kívül jellemző a szárhoz viszonyított elhelyezkedése (szöge), mert nagymértékben meghatározza a napfény hasznosulását.

A levélhüvely és a levéllemez találkozásánál van a nyelvecske (lingula), amely hozzásimul a szárhoz és megakadályozza, hogy a levélhüvelybe víz hatolhasson be. A levéllemez válla két lekerekített fülecskében (auricula) végzőik, mely fontos fajbélyeg. A fülecske az árpán és a búzán jól kifejlett és átfogja a szárat. Az árpa fülecskéi nagyok és csupaszok, a búzáé szőrözöttek. A rozson igen kicsinyek, a zabon pedig hiányoznak.

Minden 'mellékhajtásnak' egy 'előlevele' van, amely felépítésében és feladatában hasonlít a rügyhüvelyhez. Védelme alatt alakul ki a mellékhajtás kezdeménye.

A búza virágai összetett virágzatot, kalászt (füzéres füzér) alkotnak. A búza virága kétivarú. A magház csúcsi részén kétágú, tollas bibe található. virágonként 3-3 porzó van. A virágtakaró nem a védelemben játszik szerepet, hanem lepelpikkellyé (lodicula) módosult és virágzásbiológiai szerepet tölt be. Virágzáskor megduzzad és szétnyitja a toklászokat. A virágot két toklász borítja, a fejlettebb a külső toklász (palea inferior) és a belső toklász (palea superior). A kalászkát kétoldalt kalászkapelyva (gluma) borítja. Ha a külső toklászon szálka (arista) van, akkor szálkás- (aristatum), ha nem visel szálkát, akkor tar- (muticum) búzáról beszélünk.

A kalászvirágzat főtengelye a kalászorsó, amelyen a kalászkák kétoldalt lépcsőzetesen helyezkednek el. A kalászorsónak azt a részét, amelyhez a kalászorsó ízesül, padkának, a két padka közötti részt orsótagnak nevezzük. A kalászorsó hosszúsága és a padkák száma fontos fajtabélyeg. E kettő arány fejezi ki a kalász tömöttségét. A kalásztömöttséget a Neergard-viszonyszámmal fejezik ki, amely arra utal, hogy a kalászorsó (100 mm) hosszúságán mennyi a kalászkák száma. A kalásztömöttséggel összefügg a fajlagos szemtömeg is. Ennek értékét termésbecsléskor használják. A kalászorsó egységnyi hosszúságára eső szemtömegben lényeges a fajok és a fajták közötti különbség.

A búzának szemtermése van, tehát a mag és a terméshéj szorosan összenőtt. A szemtermés mérete a fajtára, az évjáratra és a termőhelyre jellemző. A szemtermések 'hát-' és 'hasoldalát', 'csúcsi' és 'alapi' részét különböztetjük meg. A csúcsi részen epidermisszőrök, az alapi részen pedig csírapajzs található. Malomipari szempontból nagyon lényeges a hasi oldalon található hasi barázda mélysége és alakja, mert ez nagymértékben meghatározza a kinyerhető liszt mennyiségét. A hasi barázda alakulása fajtánként lényegesen eltérő.

A szemtermés egyes részeinek aránya, nitrogén illetve fehérjetartalma lényegesen eltér. A legalacsonyabb fehérjetartalma a termés- és maghéjnak (pericarpium és testa) van. Viszonylag magas az aleuron réteg fehérjetartalma, a legmagasabb viszont az embrióé és a pajzsocskáé. Az embrió és a pajzsocska részaránya azonban alacsony, ezért a szem összes fehérjetartalmára csak kis befolyással van. Az endospermium tömegének aránya nagy (82,5%) viszont fehérjetartalma alacsony. A külső rész fehérjetartalma magasabb, mint a belső illetve középső részé.

A Triticum aestivum morfológiai csoportosítása
A fajtaleírásoknál használt Körnicke-féle rendszer a fajon belül megkülönböztet tar búzát (ssp. muticum) és szálkás búzát (ssp. aristatum). A morfológiai bélyegek alapján történő besorolás nem jelent kapcsolatot semmilyen termesztési értékkel, beltartalmi stb. tulajdonsággal.
Fajtabélyegei alapján a termesztett fajtákat a következő változatokba soroljuk:

 I. Szálkás búzák (a toklász hosszú, világos szálkát visel, a pelyva egyszínű, kopasz)

'A/ A kalász tömött'

1. A pelyva és a szem barna = var. ferrugineum

2. A pelyva barna, a szem sárga = var. eritroleucon

3. A pelyva sárga, a szem piros-barna = var. eritrospermum

'B/ A kalász igen tömött'

4. A pelyva sárga, a szem barna = var. eritrospermum compactoides

  II. Tar búzák (a toklász tar, szálka nélküli)

'C/ A kalász igen tömött.'

5. A pelyva és a szem barna = var. pirotrix

6. A pelyva barna, a szem sárga = var. delfi

7. A pelyva sárga, a szem barna = var. villorum

8. A pelyva és a szem sárga = var. leucospermum

'D/ A pelyva kopasz, egyszínű.'

9. A pelyva és a szem barna = var. milturum

10. A pelyva barna, a szem sárga = var. alborumbron

11. A pelyva sárga, a szem barna = var.lutescens

A Triticum aestivum faj rendkívül formagazdag. Az európai búzatermesztésben mintegy 4000 fajtát ismerünk, és tartanak nyilván a fajtagyűjteményekben.

A Triticum aestivum ökológiai csoportosítása
A morfológiai csoportosításon kívül az üzemi termesztés számára használhatóbbak az ökológiai sajátosságokat figyelembe vevő rendszerek. A fajták négy ökotípusba sorolhatók:
 humid éghajlat búzái
 sztyeppe típusú búzák
 sivatagi és félsivatagi búzák
 magas hegyvidék párás éghajlatú búzái

A humid éghajlat búzái
Csapadékosabb, hűvösebb éghajlatot igényelnek. Kevésbé télállóak, növekedésük, bokrosodásuk erőteljes, széles levélzetűek és hosszú kalászúak. Bőtermők, a szemek nagyok és lisztesek.

Sztyeppe típusú búzák
Európa és Ázsia sztyeppeövezeteiben voltak honosak. A tél hosszának és hőmérsékletének megfelelően őszi és tavaszi változatait termesztették, illetve az intenzitásnak megfelelően termesztik. Xerofita típusúak. A szár vékony, levélzete keskeny, gyér. Az ide tartozó őszi fajták kedvező csapadékellátottság mellett ősszel viszonylag jól bokrosodnak, megerősödnek. Levélzetük keskeny, tömegük kicsi és a talajhoz borulók. Az asszimilációs hőküszöbük alacsony, hó alatt is jól kikelnek, s tavasszal gyorsan fejlődnek, megerősödni képesek és gyorsan érnek. A nálunk "őshonos" proles hungarica búza is sztyeppe típusú. Tápanyag-hasznosító képességük alacsonyabb és a nagyobb trágyaadag, illetve kedvező éghajlat hatására könnyen megdőlnek. Hazánkban évszázadokon keresztül a jobb adottságú talajokon és évjáratokban megdőlésük okozott nagy gondot. A megdőlés megakadályozására több agrotechnikai eljárással próbálkoztak.
Sztyeppe típusú búzák terjedtek el a volt Szovjetunió sztyeppeövezeteiben, Amerika északi részein Kanadában, továbbá Szibériában és a Volga vidékén.

Az ökotípuson belül 5 alcsoportot alakítottak ki, amelyek földrajzi elkülönülést jelentenek, de ökológiai igényben is jelentkezik különbség.

I. A nyugat-európai őszi búzák erőteljes fejlődésűek, jó a bokrosodóképességük, széles levelet és vastag szárat, nagy kalászt fejlesztenek, termőképességük magas. Ezerszemtömegük nagy, a szem endospermiuma lisztes, sütőipari minőségük gyenge. Melegigényük mérsékelt, bőséges csapadékot és páratartalmat, valamint hosszú nappali megvilágítást igényelnek. Főleg Németország nyugati részén, Svédországban, Dániában, Belgiumban és Angliában termesztik az ezen csoporthoz tartozó fajtákat.

II. Fejlődésükhöz az előző csoportnál nagyobb meleget igényelnek a mediterrán őszi búzák, hidegtűrő képességük gyengébb. Francia, algériai és balkáni fajok tartoznak ebbe a csoportba.

III. A közép-európai őszi búzák kevésbé igényesek, szárazságtűrők és a télállóságuk is jó. Ide sorolhatók a Németország keleti részén, Lengyelországban, a balti államokban, az Északnyugat-Ukrajna és Oroszországban termesztett fajták.

IV. A kelet-ázsiai búzák rövid tenyészidejűek, melegigényesek, száruk alacsony, ezerszemtömegük kicsi. Japánban, Kelet-Kínában és Koreában termesztik az ezen csoportba tartozó fajtákat.

V. Az észak-, nyugat- és közép-európai tavaszi búzákat a korábban említett őszi csoportba tartozókkal együtt termesztik. Melegigényük csekély, vékony, alacsony szalmát növesztenek és kis ezerszemtömegű a termésük.

A sivatagi és félsivatagi éghajlat búzái
Nagy a szárazságtűrő képességük, s ennek megfelelően morfológiai tulajdonságaik is sajátosak. Alacsony vagy közepes magasságúak, száruk merev, leveleik bőrneműek. A száron és a leveleken nagy a viaszbevonat. Kalászuk durva, s a szemek szilárdan ülnek a kalászon. Igen gyorsan fejlődnek és korán érnek. A viszonylag rövid időszakban lehulló csapadékot jól értékesítik. Az őszi és tavaszi búza közül főleg a tavaszi változatot termesztik.

Magas hegyvidékek humid éghajlatú búzái
Nagy a vízigényük. A hűvösebb éghajlatot kedvelik. Levélzetük, vegetatív szerveik fejlettek. Gombás megbetegedésekkel szemben ellenállóak.

A búza fejlődése
A búzanövény fejlődése az embrió kifejlődésétől a következő megtermékenyülésig tart. A fejlődés a növény genetikai kódja és a környezeti tényezők eredőjeként valósul meg. Ha a változásoknak nincsenek jellemző külső jelei, akkor a fejlődés szakaszairól (stádiumairól), ha külső látható változások is kísérik, fázisairól (fokozatairól) beszélünk. Megkülönböztetjük még a gabonáknál a fejlődés két nagy - vegetatív és generatív - periódusát.

A fejlődés szakaszai (stádiumai)
A gabona fejlődése a vegetatív, illetve generatív szervek kialakítására két fő tényező, a hőmérséklet és a megvilágítási idő hossza van hatással. A hő- és a fényigény alapján különböztetjük meg az őszi és a tavaszi formákat attól függően, hogy a két szakaszon történő áthaladásra milyen hőmérsékletre, illetve milyen megvilágításra van szükségük. Az őszi és a tavaszi formákat lényegében az különbözteti meg, hogy a vetés évében termést hoznak-e vagy sem. A járó formák ősszel, illetve tavasszal vetve is termést hoznak.

Hőszakasz
Az őszi formák tavasszal vetve csak akkor mennek szárba és hoznak termést, ha csírázásuk kezdetén igényüknek megfelelő hőmérsékletre és időtartamra lehűtjük, mesterségesen átsegítjük az alacsonyabb hőigényű szakaszukon (jarovizáció, vernalizáció).

Fényszakasz
A fejlődés második szakasza, amelyre a fajták genotípusosan meghatározott fotoperiódusos igénye a jellemző. A hosszú nappalos fotoperiódus általában serkenti, a rövid nappalos gátolja az egyedfejlődés generatív periódusát. A tavaszi fajták kifejezetten hosszú nappalosak, az őszi fajtákat viszont a rövid, majd hosszúnappalosság jellemzi.
A magasabb javorizációs hőmérsékletű őszi búzák (déli típusok) kora őszi vetés esetén már a hidegebb őszön átesnek a javorizálódáson, fagyállóságuk csökken, és ezért télen az erősebb fagyok hatására teljesen kipusztulhatnak. Vonatkozik ez a járó jellegű búzákra is. A jellemzően őszi itípusok , ha nem javorizálódnak, nem képesek szárba szökni és termést hozni.

A fejlődés periódusai
A búza egyedfejlődése két nagy periódusra osztható.

Vegetatív periódus
Ebben a periódusna a növény csak zöldtömegében gyarapszik. A növény csak zöldtömegében gyarapszik, de nem képződnek vegetatív szervek. A tenyészőcsúcs, bár növekszik, dudorok nem fejlődnek rajta, tehát sima marad.

Generatív periódus

A genetratív periódusba lépve a tenyészőcsúcs alsó részén először egymás fölött keletkező dudorok, majd gyűrűk figyelhetők meg. A tenyészőcsúcs megnyúlása után a hajástenyészőkúpokon megjelenő kettős redő (gyűrű), már a virágzat differenciálódásának kezdetét, azaz a generatív periódusba lépést jelzi.

Míg a vegetatív periódus hosszát, különösen az őszi vetésű búzánál, a vetés időpontjával jelentősen befolyásolhatjuk, a generatív periódus hossza sokkal inkább meghatározott, kezdete a hő- és a fényviszonyoktól függ.

A generatív periódusban a növény az organogenezis (szervképződés) különböző állapotain (etapjain)megy keresztül. Az egyes etapokban uralkodó környezeti hatások meghatározzák a szervképződés menetét, és ezen keresztül a reprodukciós szervek fejlődését, annak számát és nagyságát. Mivel az organogenezis minden etapjában bizonyos szervek képződnek, amelyek száma és nagysága az adott etapban determinálódik, az akkor történő agrotechnikai beavatkozással módosítani lehet az egész növény fejlődését.A kalászdudorok képződése és differenciálódása idején a nitrogén-fejtrágyázás pl. növeli a kalászkaképződmények számát, és így befolyásolja a kalász hosszát, illetve a kalászkák számát.

Az egyedfejlődés fázisai

A különböző morfológiai bélyegek megjelenésével jellemezhetők az egyedfejlődés fázisai. A fázisokat az eltérő morfológiai bélyegek alapján határozzák meg. A növénytermesztési gyakorlatban legtöbbször a könnyen elkülöníthető és ránézéssel is egyszerűen megállapítható fejlődési fázisokat szokták megkülönböztetni.

 csírázás - kelés (a rügyhüvelyek megjelenése)
 kelés -bokrosodás (az első mellékhajtások megjelenése)
 bokrosodás - szárbaindulás (az első szárcsomó kitapintható)
 szárbaszökés - kalászolás (a kalászok tömeges megjelenése)
 kalászolás - virágzás (az első portokok megjelenése)
 virágzás - szemek kifejlődése (teljes érés)
 a szemek kifejlődése - sárgulása (viaszérés)
 sárgulás - teljes érés (a szemek megkeményedése)

Kezdetben nagyobb általánosságban a Feekes-skálát használták. A fázisok összefüggésben vannak az egyes organogenetikus etapokkal is. A növény fejlődését a tenyészőkúp differenciálódása alapján a következők szerint csoportosíthatjuk:

 1 - 4 vegetatív fejlődés
 5 - 10 a generatív szervek differenciálódása
 11 - 15 a generatív szervek képződése és redukciója
 16 - 20 reproduktív fázis

Csírázás - kelés

A csírázás megindulásához a száraz búzaszemnek mintegy 50% vizet kell magába szívnia. Ha a szem megduzzadt, már 0 °C körül megindul a csíra növekedése és a tartalék tápanyagok átalakulása. 25 °C-nál magasabb hőmérsékleten azonban fokozatosan lelassul, illetve megszűnik. A csírázás erőteljes légzéssel jár, ezért oxigén híján vontatottá válhat, sőt levegőtlen talajban a mag tönkre is mehet. Optimális körülmények között a vetéstől a kelésig 10-15 nap telik el. Az időjárási viszonyoktól függően ez tovább is eltarthat. Túl késői vetéskor vagy a tél korai beállta esetén előfordulhat, hogy a vetés a hó alatt vagy csak tavasszal, kellő nedvesség, illetve hőmérséklet hatására tud kikelni.

A búza bojtos gyökérrendszert nevel. Ennek embrionális kezdeménye a gyököcske. Csírázáskor a gyököcske a gyökérhüvelyt (koleorriza) áttörve fejleszti ki alapgyökerét (főgyökér). A szikközépi szárból (mezokotil) alakul ki a két pár elsődleges hajtás eredetű gyökere (mellékgyökerek), ezek az alapgyökérhez képest a fejlődés kezdetén 90°-os, később 45°-os szöget alkotnak. Az alapgyökér – az elsődleges hajtás eredetű gyökérekkel együttesen – alkotja a búza elsődleges gyökérrendszerét, amely ősszel alakul ki. Az elsődleges gyökerek igen gyors növekedésűek, és jelentős mélységbe hatolnak, hogy a fagyhatár alatt működésük zavartalan legyen (2 m).

Bokrosodás

Bokrosodásról akkor beszélünk, amikor a főhajtás alsó szártagjából, a bokrosodási csomó alvórügyeiből oldalhajtások fejlődnek. A főhajtásból (elsőrendű hajtásból) képződő másodrendű, majd harmadrendű hajtások szorosan egymás mellett helyezkednek el, a főhajtás felemelkedik, s erre az időre a tenyészőkúp dudora annyira differenciálódik, hogy a kalászkezdemény kontúrja kialakul. Ebben az időszakban dől el, hogy kalászonként hány kalászka képződik (Fe 4 - Fe 5). Nagyon fontos, hogy ezekben a szakaszokban megfelelő mennyiségű tápanyag álljon a növények rendelkezésére. Különösen fontos a megfelelő nitrogénellátás, amelyet célszerű még kora tavasszal az Fe 2 - Fe 3 fejlettségben biztosítani, mikor a vegetatív szervek differenciálódása dominál.

A bokrosodás fázisa az első mellékhajtás megjelenésétől a szárbaindulásig tart, ez az évek többségében március második felétől kezdve április első feléig megy végbe. Hosszú és jó vízellátottságú őszön a búza már ősszel elkezd bokrosodni, de a teljes bokrosodás tavasszal megy végbe. A bokrosodási csomó elhelyezkedése és mélysége befolyásolhatja a búza tél- és fagyállóságát. A talajban sekélyen elhelyezkedő bokrosodási csomó érzékenyebb a fagyhatásra és a felfagyásra (4 cm-nél sekélyebben).

A bokrosodásnak több formáját különböztetjük meg. Általános bokrosodásnak nevezzük a fajtának azt a képességét, hogy adott ökológiai viszonyok között mennyi oldalhajtást képes nevelni - ennél a produktív és inproduktív oldalhajtásokat is figyelembe vesszük Produktív bokrosodásnak nevezzük a fajtának azt a tulajdonságát, hogy egy kikelt növény hány termést hozó hajtást (produktív oldalhajtást) képes nevelni.

Szárbaindulás
A búza szárbaindulása az első kitapintható szárcsomó (nodusz) megjelenésétől a kalászolás kezdetéig tart, és a kialakult vegetatív szervek magymértékű mennyiségi növekedése jellemzi. A tenyészőkúpon a kalászkák differenciálódása játszódik le, kialakulnak a virágok. Ebben az állapotban dől el a kalászkánkénti virágszám.

A gabonák szárának megdőlését elősegítő környezeti tényezők közé soroljuk a nitrogénbőséget, a sűrű és korai vetést, a kedvező enyhe és csapadékos időjárást, a csapó esőt és a vihart. Minél korábban dől meg a gabona annál nagyobb lesz a kár és kisebb a termés, nehezebb a betakarítás.

Termesztése

A búza az egyik legfontosabb és legelterjedtebb növény a világon. 2021-ben a búzát több mint 120 országban termesztették, és az éves termés mennyisége meghaladta a 700 millió tonnát.

A világ legnagyobb búza termelői közé tartozik Kína, India, Oroszország, az Egyesült Államok és Franciaország. Ezek az országok a 2021-es termelésük alapján az első öt helyen álltak. 2021-ben ez az első öt ország az éves termés több mint felét (52%) adták a világ búza termelésének.

A búzát számos célra termesztik, például kenyér, tészta, sütemények és sör előállítására is alkalmas. Emellett a búza takarmányként is használható az állattartásban.

A búza termesztése számos kihívással is jár. Az éghajlatváltozás hatására egyre nehezebb a búza termesztése bizonyos területeken. Emellett a búza termesztése környezeti problémákat is okozhat, például a talaj kimerülését és az eróziót. Az intenzív búzatermesztés általában nagy mennyiségű vegyszert és vízet igényel, ami negatív hatással lehet a környezetre.

A fenntartható búzatermesztésre való áttérés lehetőséget nyújt arra, hogy csökkentsük a környezeti hatásokat, és javítsuk a társadalmi és gazdasági feltételeket a búzatermesztő régiókban. Például a növényi alapú mezőgazdasági gyakorlatok, például a vetésforgó, az organikus trágya használata és a talajmegőrző technikák, lehetővé tehetik a búza termesztését a hosszú távú fenntarthatóság érdekében.

Búza képgaléria

Jegyzetek

További információk

  Búza – a "magok királya" (Triticum genus)

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Búzaallergia
 Tritikálé

Perjefélék
Növénynemzetségek
Gabonák
Ipari növények


The service systems sciences focus on the value cooperatively created and shared in human activities. Service systems support basic needs such as food and water, develop social potential through education and healthcare, and advance our societies through businesses, governments and social enterprises working in a globalized, networked world. ⇆ ⇄ The natural systems sciences focus on the sustainability and diversity of life on our planet. Social ecological systems balance competing interests of human well-being, social development and economic progress. Maintaining resilience of natural capital and resources across temporal and spatial scales challenges policies, governance and stewardship.
The sessions of ISSS 2012 will foster learning conversations. The dialectic between service scientists and natural scientists will sweep in new perspectives in dialogues beyond disciplinary boundaries.
This meeting is designed at an interactive and collegial scale of 100 to 250 thinkers with diverse backgrounds and interests in the arts and sciences of systems.
An evening screening of An Ecology of Mind: A Daughter's Portrait of Gregory Bateson, featuring an discussion with filmmaker Nora Bateson.
On-campus accommodations will be available from SJSU Housing Services.
Full service hotels are available as accommodation in downtown San Jose, a short walk off-campus.
September 15, 2011: Abstract submissions open.
February 15, 2012: Registration opens.
March 1, 2012: The deadline for panel, workshop and stream proposals.
May 10, 2012: The end of early, discounted registration.
June 15, 2012: The deadline for full papers to be included in online proceedings.
June 15, 2012: The deadline for abstracts and poster sessions to be streamed into the conference program.
Papers submitted to the ISSS meeting are published in proceedings at journals.isss.org, with the permission of author(s) under a Creative Commons license. Abstracts on discussion papers reflecting systems research in progress are welcomed.


An endemic subspecies of Paeonia mascula. Also know as Paeonia morisii. Quite rare, and difficult to find because people apparently remove the roots(sadly), hoping they will grow in their gardens, However, this a mountain plant, thriving in cool, moist places.


His pulse quickened. He could feel the hot blood rushing through his arteries, his blood pressure rising with each erratic contraction of his fibrillating heart. His chest was heavy and tight, suffocating on the carbon dioxide trapped in his lungs. The world had closed in around him. He was alone in a great void, a black hole where energy went to die. The darkness pulsed around him: silent, menacing waves of emptiness, loneliness, and eternal suffering. He opened his mouth to scream, afraid his voice would be lost to the void. Before he was able to vocalize his terror, his mother opened his bedroom door, apologizing for forgetting to turn on his nightlight before having closed the door.


Every year a national campaign called Books Alive is run to ignite Australia's passion for reading. A major part of the campaign is the Great Read Guide. You can pick up your copy from any of our branch libraries.
The Great Read Guide is a collection of 50 remarkable books, selected by an independent panel of book industry experts from right around Australia, across a range of genres and styles: biography, crime, fantasy, history, science, children's books and more. There is something for everyone in the 2007 Books Alive Great Read Guide.
A couple of the books from this year's Guide have sparked my interest.
The Memory Keepers Daughter by Kim Edwards, a book that explores ramifications of a split second decision. A doctor, forced to deliver his wifes twins, realises that one of the babies has down syndrome. He orders the nurse to take the baby away to an institution and informs his wife that their daughter died.
A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian by Marina Lewycka. Any book with a title like this surely deserves a chance!
The Beginner's Guide to Winning the Nobel Prize by Peter Doherty, winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine and Australian of the Year in 1997. A book that gives an insight in to the world of science and how scientists have contributed to our understanding of the world, answering questions such as why scientists and born again Christians can't get along in the process!
I'm sure you can find something in the Great Read Guide that tickles your fancy. Be sure to leave us a comment if you read one of these books and let us know what you thought.
After few months hiatus, Yourtutor online tutoring service has returned to Sutherland Shire Libraries. Library members in years 4 to 12 can access one-to-one tutoring from home in an online classroom from expert tutors in a range of subject areas.
You can read more about this service in this post.
Tutors are available from 4pm until 8pm, Monday to Friday. To login visit our web site.
We would love to hear from you if you have tried YourTutor. Let us know what you thought by leaving a comment.
Do you Speak Greek, or Know Someone who Does?
Sutherland Shire Libraries are introducing a collection of Greek language books. We have for some time had books, magazines and DVD's in Arabic and Chinese languages available for loan and we are expanding this service with a small collection of Greek language books.
Please pass this news on to your friends and relatives.
This is a trial collection has been introduced in response to a large number of Greek Bulk Loans requested during the previous year. Bulk Loans are boxes of books in a specific language borrowed for 3 months from another library service, usually the State Library of NSW. The books are then available for any of our customers to borrow. Anyone can request a Bulk Loan. If there are books available in your chosen language we will get them in and let you know when they are here.
The new Greek collection includes novels such as Gynaika me triantaphyllo by Helene Sarantite, Phader Hēmōn by Manos Vourakēs and Ta megala koritsia den klaine by Mpesse Livanou.
Some of the subjects covered by the non-fiction collection are health, cookery, world politics, history and biography. At Sutherland Library, Community Language material is shelved behind the Enquiry desk on the ground floor. If you can't find them please ask. Branch Libraries also have small collections.
There are millions of people in the world suffering extreme cold. Wrap with Love Inc provides knitted wraps to warm people around the world. Miranda Library is currently accepting donated knitted wraps.
Wrap With Love is non profit, non denominational, non racist, non political and is incorporated with the NSW Dept. of Fair Trading. 'Cold humanity is their concern, humans caring about other humans'.
If you are interested in contributing to this worthwhile cause drop into Miranda Library for more information or visit Wrap with Love.
We are now taking bookings for our Term 3 Internet Training program (July - September).
We cater for absolute beginners with our Introduction to the Internet & Email course and we are running a Digital Photography & the Internet for people who want to make better use of their digital camera. More information can be found on our Course Information page.
The next Introduction course starts on July 24. Details of future course are available on our Events Calendar.
For enquiries or bookings please telephone Sutherland Library on 9710 0351.
Q: Why does a blue-tongued lizard stick its tongue out?
Yes, this and many more amazing facts were learnt about the animals presented at Feature Creatures at Sutherland Shire Libraries in the July School Holidays.
There was a stick insect that wanted to jump off its carer and onto the jungle vines in the children's section at Cronulla. And a frilled-necked lizard that wanted to run outside and bask in the warm winter sunshine.
Boys and girls got to see and touch stick insects, frogs, tortoises, pythons, a bearded dragon, frilled neck lizard and all sorts of other creepy crawlies at Cronulla and Miranda Branch libraries on Tuesday 3rd July.
The theme for the school holidays is 'Bugs and Beasties', and there are fun activity days to be held at all branches, with stories, rhymes, games and crafts. No need to book – just turn up.
* Blue tongues use their tongue the way we use our noses – to smell the air.
Find out if you are at risk of diabetes at Sutherland Library from July 10-12 2007 - Know your risks!
Kareena Private Hospital / Diabetes Australia will be conducting free blood glucose tests at Sutherland Library from 10am until 11am on July 10, 11 and 12 as part of National Diabetes Week.
National Diabetes Week 2007 will be targeting the entire Australian community. Diabetes is the fastest growing non-infectious disease in the world. For every person who has diabetes there is another person who has it and doesn't know.
Diabetes is a serious health condition. There is no cure. If left untreated it can cause heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, amputation, and erectile dysfunction. If diagnosed early, diabetes can be effectively managed and the risk of serious health problems greatly reduced.
Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, can be successfully managed or even prevented by maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in regular physical activity and having healthy eating patterns.


We pride ourselves at WholePerson Therapeutics in offering the most comprehensive disability services to help make life easier for those experiencing occupational limitations of all types.
At WholePerson Therapeutics, we realize that chronic diseases are more than just a medical condition. They're a barrier preventing people from being capable of fully living their lives. With years of experience, our female-owned, veteran-owned company provides occupational therapy and chronic condition management for pain, arthritis, dementia, Alzheimer's, and more. See everything we are capable of assisting you or your loved one with.
We are all about restoring mobility in ways that make sense. When it comes to mobility aids, we can help evaluate a client's performance skills, develop alternate transportation options, and make equipment recommendations to ensure you or your loved one is receiving the most benefits possible for their environment.
Besides our occupational therapy and chronic disease management services, we also provide a multitude of health and wellness services at WholePerson Therapeutics to help you enrich and enhance the quality of your life. We offer sleep therapy, bariatric care, chronic pain management, and much more to help you live your best life. Click to find out more.
We have experience and a passion at WholePerson Therapeutics for helping people recover, move forward, and get back into a routine that's healthy and positive. We're the clear choice in and around the Shelton, Connecticut, area for helping those with disabilities and rehabilitation needs.
We believe in providing dignity and comfort to people through whatever means possible. We help those with disabilities make life easier through home modification, fall prevention, health promotion, and much more. Learn more about our occupational therapy programs.
Employment is much more than a paycheck — it's what motivates you and gives your life purpose. Our physical rehabilitation services will help get you back to doing what you love with our functional capacity evaluations and work rehabilitation programs.
A functional capacity evaluation (FCE) evaluates an individual's physical abilities to perform work/job/industry related activities required by (Soer et al., 2008). The FCE process compares the individual's health status, and body functions and structures to the demands of the job and the work environment.
Having an appropriately fitted wheeled mobility device is an important part of everyday living. WholePerson Therapeutics teams up with Complex Rehabilitation Technology Experts to provide the best fit mobility device for our client's diagnoses that contribute to limitation of functional mobility that impacts in activities of daily living.
Wholeperson Therapeutics assesses an individual's home, work, and leisure environments, in conjunction with their personal limitations, to identify and remove hazards/barriers.
Ready to take your life back? Schedule an Appointment.


Relations between Croatia and its EU neighbour Slovenia have been almost idyllic since last year's agreement on a mechanism to resolve a maritime border dispute. But not all problems between the two countries are over yet, and they are still affecting Croatia's EU accession talks.
Slovenian MPs can still vote on the second Greek bail-out and beefed-up euro rescue fund despite the fall of the government, but getting them to vote Yes "could be a problem."
The EU commission's new enlargement strategy says corruption and organised crime are the biggest obstacles on Western Balkan countries' path to future accession.


Medieval Lives...Knights in shining armor, damsels in distress, pious monks...Nonsense. The Middle Ages were far more entertaining than that.Legendary Monty Python star and medieval scholar, Terry Jones, has been leafing through the history books to find out what the medieval world was really like. What he discovered is a treasure trove of extraordinary stories and characters that challenges those tired traditional stereotypes. With the help of animated medieval paintings, these wonderful tales bring the Middle Ages vividly to life in all its corruption, violence and greed, courage, enterprise and learning. Anyone who enjoys Chaucer or Rabelais will be familiar with the earthy humour of the time, but few people know about the dark side of chivalry or that women and serfs were not downtrodden creatures at all. Each episode explores the role and function of a different medieval archetype. All of these stories are absolutely true and full of amazing facts.Episode 6: PhilosopherTerry Jones examination of Philosophers, their mythic pursuit of a "stone", alchemy and medicine in the Medieval world. Dispelling myths on the fanciful ideas of belief in a flat earth. The ideas of the Franciscan Friar Roger Bacon. Holistic medicine and transmutation. The actual basis of scientific thought and how the Church fomented these pursuits for glory and profit. To the four humours of Medieval health Terry Jones adds his own while he travels to unearth their place in Medieval life.


text:
Beaver Creek är ett kommunfritt samhälle (unincorporated community) i Eagle County i delstaten Colorado, USA. Orten ligger söder om staden Avon.

Avons postnummer (81620) används för Beaver Creek.

Beaver Creek Resort har stått som värd för världsmästerskapen i alpin skidsport 1999 och 2015.

Källor

Fotnoter

Orter i Colorado
Eagle County

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Discover Burma (Myanmar) on this journey through a land spiked with temples, with cities built on rivers edge and whole towns floating on a lake. Meet the friendly people at markets, villages and monasteries, for an insight into life in a land which has been mostly cut off from Western influence for so long. If you are seeking colonial architecture, countless temples, stunning landscapes and locals welcoming you with open arms, this is the trip for you.
On arrival in Yangon transfer to your hotel for free time before joining your tour leader and traveling companions for a welcome drink. A walking tour of the city reveals the majestic British-colonial architecture and the Sule Pagoda. Wander through the Indian Quarter for a look at local life, then watch the sun sink behind the Shwedagon Pagoda - the golden spire that dominates the city's skyline.
Spend a day on the Irrawaddy River as you travel to Bagan by boat. The city is famous for plains filled with literally thousands of beautiful temples. A full day of exploring Bagan includes ShwezigonPagoda and the famous Ananda Temple before visiting Minnathu Village for an insight into local life. See the imposing 12th century DhammayazikaPaya, discover the local handicraft of wood carving and lacquer ware at a workshop, and visit a local school. End the day with a sunset view of Bagan from atop a beautiful terraced pagoda.
Your morning flight brings you to Heho. Explore the Shwe Yan Pyay Monastery and enjoy some free time, before your cruise on Inle Lake. Discover the fascinating floating gardens, which rise and fall with the tides to avoid flooding and PhaungDawOo Pagoda, the lake's main sanctuary. Explore a cheroot factory, where typical Burmese cigars are made by hand. Continue your exploration of Inle Lake with a visit to the morning market, where you can meet local hilltribe people who gather from the surrounding area and explore a local village and beautiful ruined ancient stupas.
Transfer to the airport for your flight to Yangon. Transfer to your hotel on arrival and enjoy free time in the city before attending a farewell dinner. On your last day, transfer to the airport.


text:
Q: How to get item index from ListBox Currently using a Listbox and contextMenuStrip, after item right clicked how can the item's index be retrieved from the Listbox ?
My function:
private void contextMenuStripOption1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if (listBoxFiles.SelectedIndex == -1)
    {
        return;
    }

    Point ptCursor = Cursor.Position;
    int itemIndex = listBoxFiles.IndexFromPoint(ptCursor);
}

Delete function:
private void contextMenuStripDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    if (listBoxFiles.SelectedIndex == -1)
    {
        return;
    }

    listBoxFiles.Items.RemoveAt(listBoxFiles.SelectedIndex);
}

A: Do not assign the ContextMenuStrip to the ListBox; instead open it programmatically after you have determined the selected index
int _selectedIndex;

private void listBox1_MouseUp(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
    if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Right) {
        _selectedIndex = listBox1.IndexFromPoint(e.Location);
        if (_selectedIndex == -1) {
            return;
        }
        contextMenuStrip1.Show(listBox1.PointToScreen(e.Location));
    }
}

UPDATE:
Now you can access the index from the menu item clicks
private void contextMenuStripDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    listBoxFiles.Items.RemoveAt(_selectedIndex);
}

No need to recalculate the selected index and to test for -1. The context menu is not opened at all if the index is -1.

A: Use the container control: listBoxFiles.Items.IndexOf(listBoxFiles.SelectedItem)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On Friday, June 8, over 200 guests came together at the City Club to honor Financial Women San Francisco's (FWSF) 2018 scholarship recipients. Since the scholarship program began over 30 years ago, FWSF has awarded over $2.5 million to over 300 deserving women. Thanks to the generosity of our sponsors and donors, this year FWSF increased the scholarships by $5,000 each, resulting in $10,000 for undergraduates and $15,000 for graduate students. The larger scholarships will be available for the next two to three years.
The inspiring day was highlighted by hearing directly from the 12 winners about their personal journeys and accomplishments. These women will be a powerful force in shaping the future of finance and financial services and the FWSF is proud to support them and advance their careers.
Several themes emerged from the speeches.
The scholarship winners already believe that they have a right to a seat at the table. It is not just an aspiration. They know that they have much to contribute.
For many of the recipients, their mothers were their first mentors, stressing the importance of education, financial independence, and dreaming big. Their mothers often made great sacrifices to make sure they could achieve these important life goals.
They realize that making a difference in the world goes beyond success in their careers. They are passionate about giving back to their communities and many have already committed their time to causes such as creating social awareness programs in the community, raising funds for orphanages, eliminating discrimination and harassment in the workplace, primary education, international post-secondary education, self-empowerment for youth, working with seniors, international refugee rescue, empowering immigrants through the civics exam, empowering women, increasing Latino representation in business, and mentoring high school students.
Several women saw FWSF as a 'platform' that provides a foundation for their careers — a community of women, and men, who lead, mentor, and inspire.
In addition to recognizing the scholarship winners, the FWSF announced a special award, called the "Lela Jahn Make a Difference" grant. This award, which began in 2016, was made possible through the generous donation of the late Lela Jahn, the 2000 Financial Woman of the Year honoree, and her husband, Don Bayer. Lela lived a purposeful life focused on advancing women with "passion, concern, and commitment." For her dedication to improving the lives of others through education, this year's recipient is Monica Rin, a graduate student at the University of San Francisco. Born in a Thai refugee camp into a family of survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide, Monica has always had a hunger for education. In Cambodia, where she spent her youth, Monica has already co-founded two social enterprises, one focusing on primary education and the second with an emphasis on international post-secondary education.
Thank you to all of FWSF community: FWSF members, board members, university partners, volunteers, team leads, interviewers, donors and sponsors for making this day possible. Your combined time, guidance, resources, dollars and support provide the foundation that gives these women the confidence to make a positive change.


text:
HVÖNN (Angelica archangelica) has fresh pine and citrus notes, dominated by a sweet-smelling compound known as angelica lactone, a unique scent, similar to, yet entirely different from, fennel, parsley, anise, caraway or chervil. Hvönn was well known by the first settlers of Iceland in the 9th century and extensively used for human consumption. It is mentioned in the Icelandic sagas, most memorably in the Saga of the Sworn Brothers (Fóstbræðra saga), famously satirized by Nobel Prize winner Halldór Laxness in his novel about the Happy Warriors, whose lives were not all that happy. Icelandic hvönn is known both for its medicinal qualities and its distinctive flavor and heady
fragrance.
SÖL (Palmaria palmata) Seaweed gives a unique, savory sensation which differs from the four basic tastes of sweet, sour, salty and bitter. It is known as umami, a word derived from a Japanese word for "delicious". It is first mentioned in the Western World in Egil's Saga, the story of the 10th-century Icelandic farmer, warrior, and poet Egil Skallagrimsson. In the Orient, seaweed has been consumed for thousands of years. SÖL has been proven to have a number of health benefits, but we like it for its exotic flavor and fragrance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Events not firing in StimulSoft JS reports I'm using StimulSoft JavaScript reporting and I need to make charts in the GroupFooter of my report. I searched for the solution and I came up with the following link:
https://forum.stimulsoft.com/viewtopic.php?&t=5212
I tried it but the events in the report seem to not be working.
I prepared a sample report similar to what I need without the unnecessary data:
In this (attached) report, there is a GroupHeader, a Databand (not assigned), a GroupFooter, a chart in the GroupFooter with constant data and a variable named "myVar" with the initial value of "12". There is also a TextBox set with {myVar} in order to see if the value of variable is changed. In the "before event" of the GroupHeader, the value of variable is changed to "98". However, in the preview mode the event does not seem to fire and the value of TextBox is not changed.
What am I doing wrong? I checked the similar reports and they went through the same process.
I checked it on js.stimulsoft.com as the latest build.

A: The events are not supported in Stimulsoft Reports.JS


text:
Graeme John Titcombe – ONZM, Queen's Birthday Honours List 2018.
Graeme Titcombe, current President of the Rotary Club of Karori, has been made an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit (ONZM) in the Queen's Birthday Honours for services to the home support sector and the community.
Graeme had an extensive career in the electrical and electronic manufacturing and service industries in New Zealand and Australia before becoming CEO of Access Home Health, now Access Community Health. ACH is a provider of homer-based health and disability services owned by Rural Women New Zealand. Graeme was CEO from 1999 until 2015 during which time he led the consolidation of a range of rural support services into a national service and oversaw significant growth in those services in New Zealand.
He was President of the New Zealand Home Health Association from 2001-2006.
Within the Karori community in Wellington, Graeme was a charter member of the Rotary Club of Karori in 1982. He has been Club President twice, and is a PHF with sapphire. He has been Treasurer of the Rotary Karori Sanctuary Discovery Area, Chair of the Karori Community Bus since 2007, a founding Trustee of the Karori Community Hall Trust, and provides accounting services for the Marsden Day Care Trust.
About Karori
Keep in touch, or reach out to us via our Facebook page!
All materials and photos, unless otherwise specified, copyright of The Rotary Club of Karori.


Our own brand; Roll 'n' Cover is an easy to use, soft, pliable sugarpaste. Perfect for modelling or cake covering it has a subtle vanilla flavour in a range of 9 vibrant colours plus white and ivory. 1kg packs of Roll 'n' Cover also come in a handy air tight tub, so storing left over sugarpaste is simple.


Check out the Breeding plans/Hatchlings page! We have new babies! Only one clutch left to hatch (plus a couple from the Ahn-ya X Willie breeding..only 5 eggs now and not sure if they are all good).
I'm very excited about the Ambris X Carl offspring! They are gorgeous! Can't wait to see how these look after a few sheds! Once the hatchlings have 3 meals they will be ready to go!


Patricia Mulroy, general manager of Las Vegas Valley Water District and Southern Nevada, Water Authority, has kept water coming to her booming desert city, but environmental concerns and water-quality problems are signs that her water empire can't last forever.
Writer and organic farmer Donella Meadows is remembered as a journalist, and much more.
"Sunk Without a Sound: The Tragic Colorado Honeymoon of Glen and Bessie Hyde" by Brad Dimock tries to retrace the journey and unravel the mystery behind a 70-year-old tragedy.
Fancy toilets of "green built" resort; California vs. Washington; Lewis & Clark and Jet Skis; Winnebagos and floating condos; Michael Tomlinson vs. applicances; Berkeley, Calif., honors "companion animals."
Putting California on HCN's map; visitors; death of conservationist and musician Paul Todd.
Environmentalists are reeling from the Bush administration's rollbacks of many of Clinton's laws and policies affecting water quality, mining, endangered salmon and national forests.
Jim Trees plans to replace a 140-year-old diversion dam in a Zion National Park wilderness study area with an "environmentally friendly" weir just outside the park boundary.
Critics say a massive salvage-logging operation in the wildfire-burned Sula State Forest, Mont., won't leave enough snags and downed trees for wildlife and forest rejuvenation.
How green is this growth?
Local critics are working to stop a much-touted "model" development planned for the Ahmanson Ranch on the edge of Southern California's Santa Monica Mountains.
What's wrong with 'sustainable' forestry?


EDMONTON, AB - Every year, Brenda and Barry Hunka purchase their raffle tickets along with the masses on Shirts Off Our Backs night at Rogers Place to support the Christmas Bureau of Edmonton.
Being presented a signed jersey on the ice by an Oilers player is an added bonus, but secondary to the lengths to which the contributions will be felt in the homes of families in need this holiday season.
"It doesn't matter," Brenda said when asked whose jersey she would've liked to receive on the ice back on Friday night if her number was called. "It's not the winning part, it's about participating and giving your donation."
Year after year, the cause keeps them coming back.
"We've supported Edmonton and even back in Vegreville in the community, and we've also attended many events at the Shaw Conference Centre when they used to have the dinner for the Christmas Bureau for fundraising," Brenda said.
"We do this every year. We've been Oilers Season Ticket Holders for many, many years, and it's very important to make sure someone has something under the tree and a good hot meal at Christmas time. We even went around Rogers Place and came back here to buy more tickets."
The Christmas Bureau of Edmonton, a not-for-profit focused on providing festive meals to needing families in the city, teamed up with the Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation (EOCF) and honourary chairs the Oilers Ladies and Oilers Entertainment Group (OEG) Vice Chair Kevin Lowe for over 30 years.
This year, donations are expected to help put a Christmas meal on the table for nearly 20,000 families and 60,000 people in the city of Edmonton.
"It's amazing what this event does for us," Darlene Kowalchuk, Executive Director of Christmas Bureau of Edmonton, said. "It brings a real awareness to the Christmas Bureau and the need of families in Edmonton, but it also brings us some much-needed resources. Last year the $75,000 that was donated served many families and provided some much-needed assistance. It's amazing and so heartwarming."
After a year of turmoil for many Albertan families this year, the need for contributions is even greater this holiday season.
"It's an incredible need out there and it's a greater need this year in that we're seeing people find it difficult and are struggling this year," Kowalchuk continued. "The bubble has burst in Edmonton for sure, so we're finding it a bit more of a struggle. Even some of our volunteers and some of our donors have been around for a while are needing that assistance this year because things are a little tough."
Contributions from Oilers fans supporting the Christmas Bureau will go a long way in their communities this holiday season, helping their neighbours and friends in need.
"The Christmas Bureau does such great work in our community, and it's really about families helping families. Our economy is a little bit tough right now at this time of the year, so anything we can do to support our neighbours and friends, I think we certainly want to help out where we can and our fans are so wonderful in supporting the activities of the Edmonton Oilers Community Foundation. It's a big night for them and a wonderful opportunity for fans and the EOCF to show our appreciation for the good work that they do."
Janelle Benning of the Oilers Ladies recalls her personal memories sitting around the table at Christmas with family and how vital it is for Edmontonians to support and help create holiday memories for struggling families.
"It doesn't surprise me because people are so generous," Benning said of Edmonton's ability to rally behind a cause. "Edmonton is a city, but it almost has a small-town vibe, so everybody just wants to help everybody else and it doesn't surprise me. They're so supportive and numerous people come up and say they'll buy $20 worth because it's a great cause.
"I think back on my own childhood and all the memories around the table. You have a meal, play cards or socialize, and that's where you get to slow down your day in this crazy, busy world and you get to spend quality time with your family and enjoy a good meal and company. That's important for my family and for us, so those moments are cherished."


With diabetes, the whole body is affected, including the feet. As diabetes affects blood circulation and increases nerve sensitivity, feet are particularly prone to problems. It is very important for diabetics to clean their feet daily, to do a daily foot check and to have them checked regularly by a chiropodist, even though there may not be any problems obvious to you. For example, some signs to watch out for and to act upon are itchiness, redness, bruising, burning, blisters, coolness, roughened areas, lack of sensitivity to temperature and of course any pain in the feet.
There are many complications that can arise due to diabetes. One of the complications that can lead to foot problems for people with diabetes is peripheral or diabetic neuropathy. This type of neuropathy causes nerve damage in the feet causing you to lose feeling in your feet or may cause a burning or tingling sensation. When this occurs, you start to lose sensation and you are not able to feel things like a pebble in your shoes or socks, a blister caused by poor fitting shoes, changes in temperature, etc. These injuries can lead to ulcers that can eventually lead to amputation.
All people with diabetes are at risk for foot problems. Certain warning signs can put one at a higher risk for developing ulcers (foot sores). These signs include calluses or corns, numbness or tingling in the feet, loss of feeling in your feet, poor circulation in your legs or feet, foot deformity such as bunions and hammer toes, etc. It is also important to check your blood sugars daily and have your hemoglobin A1c monitored by your physician. Normal blood sugar values should be between 4-6 mmol/L and hemoglobin A1c should be kept under 7.
If you are diabetic, visit Ontario Foot and Orthoitcs for a full diabetic screen and for any questions you may having regarding diabetes and your feet. To arrange an assessment, contact Ontario Foot & Orthotics at one of our two locations: 519-623-3000 in Cambridge or 905-878-6479 in Milton. You can also visit us at www.ontariofoot.ca.


Last Friday, it became OFFICIAL when we announced via Twitter that we had officially signed up to a lease on our first proper store at Trinity Kitchen in Leeds. Surprised that a London based street food crew would choose to make their first step into the property ladder so far out of town?
We had our first experience working in Leeds back in April when we took our #RollCage out for its first public showing. At the time we didn't know what would happen, but the the people of Leeds blew us away with their passion for quality street food and our brand of EPIC flavour! We enjoyed one of the best months we've ever had and when the opportunity arose to put and offer on a permanent spot it was a no-brainer.
Six weeks on since we made our offer we are in full flight towards our September opening (follow on Twitter or Instagram to hear full launch details first).


If you ever crave Paella and other authentic Spanish delicacies, then I highly suggest you check out this small and quaint restaurant in Bayou St. John. Living by City Park made Lola's one of our favorite spots to visit for a nice meal.
On our last visit we started off with the usual: a bottle of their red wine sangria with mixed fresh fruits and a loaf of their freshly baked warm bread served with the most amazing garlic butter on earth.
Sorry... i live in Zaragoza in Spain, and this is not an spanish tipical restaurant and food.
Paella is only a tipical Valencia food.
put a little spoon of sugar.
YOU MUST PUT THE ICE WHEN YOU ARE GOING TO EAT FOR MAINTENANCE SANGRIA COLD.


A member of the g15 group, Family Mosaic provided homes, services, and opportunities for more than 45,000 people in the South East, London, and Essex. In late 2016, Family Mosaic partnered with VerseOne to deliver its new online customer portal.
deliver efficiency savings by reducing inbound enquiries to the customer contact centre and manual re-keying of information across different systems.
The launch of the portal site followed a four-month digital transformation project designed to provide seamless digital user journeys for Family Mosaic's residents, giving them 24/7 access to account information and reporting services online.
The star feature of the new portal is an integrated repairs reporting area which guides users visually through a diagnostic decision tree before submitting their repair request with appointment date and time preferences. The repair reporting form creates the work job directly in the Northgate housing management system via webservices, complete with SoR code and approved contractors.
Other key features of the resident portal include a view of personal details, past statements and current balance, repairs history, and an "ask" area where residents can complete commonly-used forms online and see their previous requests.
The MyAccount portal streamlines important services and makes life easier for both residents and staff. By focusing on the customer journey and providing a great mobile experience, they've created a technologically sophisticated portal that delivers efficiency by integrating with vital back-office systems.
Following its merger with Family Mosaic, Peabody took the opportunity to re-style the portal quickly and easily in its own brand identity and, crucially, took the decision that the former Family Mosaic portal would become the main portal for all Peabody residents. In conjunction with an internal project to migrate housing management systems, Peabody worked with VerseOne to incorporate the data and functionality needed to expand the portal to all tenants across the full Peabody portfolio.
Launched to all Peabody residents in October 2018, the VerseOne portal goes from strength to strength as the technology of choice for Peabody's online services.
Best of all, the portal remains easy to sign up for and navigate, delivering a user-friendly and intuitive customer experience.
VerseOne's portal has the ability to pull data in from several different systems we use internally, giving our residents a seamless experience when it comes to accessing the data we hold about them and interacting with our services. By mapping the customer journey across all of our different contact channels, we can use online services to give them a fuller, more satisfying experience.
The new portal is a fundamental part of our digital transformation journey.
Family Mosaic's ideas about where they want to go with online customer self-service are innovative and will really make the most out of the portal and integration technology we have to offer.


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text:
Community Blog Learn How Cloud Native Security's Enabling Online Learning Businesses to Accomplish Protection in Only Three Minutes
Learn How Cloud Native Security's Enabling Online Learning Businesses to Accomplish Protection in Only Three Minutes
Alibaba Clouder April 26, 2020 2,606 0
Learn how cloud native security solutions have enabled online learning and education businesses to accomplish better security protection in just a few minutes.
Bolster the growth and digital transformation of your business amid the outbreak through the Anti COVID-19 SME Enablement Program. Get a $300 coupon package for all new SME customers or a $500 coupon for paying customers.
By Alibaba Cloud Security.
With the current pandemic, distance teaching and e-learning has become the new normal. Teachers and students across China and all over the world have begun to go online. However, with this change, also followed several challenges, of which fierce competition and a greater degree of threats to security were two major problems.
Consider this situation. Company A is an education group that has a global business presence. On its first day responding to China's education authority's call for "suspension of classes but not of teaching and learning", a malicious attack was launched through massive waves of "zombie bots" on the company's teaching platform paralyzed its business and prevented a large number of users from accessing the platform.
As a result of a massive leak of core data from Company B, another online education brand, all the parents who signed up for Company B's trial courses for their children received marketing SMS messages and phone calls from Company C, and many of Company B's prospects were poached by its competitor who offered a lower price. In addition, due to the data leak, Company B received complaints from many parents.
Escalated Security Challenges
With the epidemic in full swing, teachers and students across China went online. This quickly brought the online education industry to the attention of the whole of society. Meanwhile, keeping pace with the mounting public attention led to escalating security challenges.
Online education and e-learning businesses have become prime targets for hackers. Hackers are driven by profits and go wherever they can find an opportunity. When public attention began to shift to online education and huge amounts of high-quality data started flowing into online education companies, hackers naturally saw these companies as prime targets. Common attack methods included the following:
Launching DDoS attacks to paralyze a company's business and then blackmail the victim company into paying huge sums of money in ransom
Embedding a mining virus in a company's system to slow it down even after the victim has scaled it out.
Leaking a company's data, which may lead to a series of consequences, such as business development plans being stolen, the exposure of negative business information, or clients being poached by competitors.
Besides these, malicious competitors may even place malicious ads, hidden links, malicious documents and the like on a company's website by tampering the source code, for the purpose of damaging the victim company's reputation.
The Current Security Solutions
This outbreak has brought the online education industry into the limelight and has put the security efforts of many companies and organizations to an unprecedented test. The major concerns are as follows.
First, core data is "exposed" on the Internet. Generally, online education companies provide services through websites or apps. However, most companies lack effective website vulnerability discovery mechanisms and intrusion prevention measures to protect their systems from being intruded by hackers. Moreover, many of these companies may have no idea that their loophole-ridden security systems may expose their core data assets on the Internet, leaving behind hundreds of web vulnerabilities that can be easily exploited, and let data be stolen unknowingly.
Second, the design defects of business systems are left unattended. Many online education companies are running business systems that are flawed in design, making it easy to obtain server permissions. However, most education service companies find it difficult to defend themselves effectively against hacker attacks, because they neither hire an in-house security team nor know how to thoroughly check for system vulnerabilities and security design defects.
Given these issues, therefore, attacks occur frequently but no protection measures are taken. Some companies have implemented no protection measures against frequent hacker attacks. In particular, they are quite helpless in the face of zero-day vulnerabilities.
Their security management and security awareness are falling short. Today, as online education is taking off, most companies and organizations in the business focus on how to quickly acquire customers, but neglect the need to develop security capabilities. Some companies have their O&M personnel undertake the concurrent responsibility of security operation. Some are even not in the least concerned about security.
The boundaries of cloud security responsibility are not clear. Some online education companies lack a clear understanding of their security responsibilities after migrating their business to the cloud. They live under the misconception that "buying cloud services means the cloud service provider is obliged to ensure security and will be held liable for all security matters." However, the fact is, both cloud service providers and users have their respective security responsibilities. In other words, the fundamental security guarantee on the cloud platform alone is far from enough, so users need to be responsible for the security of their cloud systems and businesses as well.
Today, these concerns are still widespread in many businesses. What is more terrifying than a hacker attack is not knowing how to defend oneself and having no clue about the fact that one has been attacked.
How Can Such Companies Solve Their Security Conundrums?
Alibaba Cloud has developed a complete set of security solutions to address the security challenges in the online education industry.
Traditional security solutions mainly solve various security concerns by using plug-in devices. However, in the new cloud environment, plug-in devices pose many compatibility risks. It has been proven, more than ever, that more efficient, stabler, and more secure solutions are needed to replace the simple approach of transforming plug-in devices into software installed on virtual machines in the cloud. What businesses need is a set of native security solutions "grown" in the cloud.
Cloud-native security solutions differ from traditional plug-in solutions in the following aspects:
Easy deployment. It is more appropriate to use "switch" than "deployment" in this context. Cloud native-based security products can be put to use immediately after implementation, without complex O&M configuration or network architecture adjustments. Without the need to configure DNS resolution to repeatedly redirect traffic, this minimizes the impact on network quality that results from security protection, and can effectively ensure a win-win situation for security work and user experience.
Flexible and agile adjustment. When assets require immediate protection or protection revocation due to an evolving situation, the cloud-native security solution allows you to promptly respond and make flexible adjustments, greatly accelerating security responsiveness.
The following describes the types of cloud-native technologies and products included in the cloud-native security solutions provided by Alibaba Cloud and the issues that they can address.
High-accuracy identification and protection of sensitive data. Sensitive data is the top priority when it comes to enterprise data protection. Alibaba Cloud's sensitive data discovery and protection (SDDP) product allows you to quickly identify and locate sensitive data from a company's massive data based on different business attributes. You can also track the usage of sensitive data. As such, this product not only acts as a "personal bodyguard" when external attacks break through the peripheral defenses, but it can also prevent internal personnel from stealing or deleting data.
Strong, even unlimited, defense against DDoS attacks. DDoS defense capabilities are directly integrated into Alibaba Cloud products, which saves you the trouble of deploying and switching IP addresses. Configurations can be accessed in a matter of minutes, and the service takes effect immediately after use. Moreover, because of the advantages of the cloud-native network and bandwidth resources, the DDoS defense mechanism is also capable of elastic protection, and flexibly adjusting the defense policies in real time according to the intensity of attacks.
Secure the boundaries between the inside and outside of a company and the internal boundaries. The Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) based Cloud Firewall helps businesses centrally manage access control policies from the Internet to internal services and between internal services. With Cloud Firewall, O&M engineers can intuitively monitor the external traffic to internal services and the traffic between internal services. This allows O&M personnel to easily determine whether there are any malicious attacks and, if so, block them in a timely manner. In particular, precise protection can be implemented against popular vulnerabilities, high-risk zero-day vulnerabilities, and N-day vulnerabilities to prevent large-scale intrusions.
Close the loop of host security operation automation. By using Alibaba Cloud Security Center, you can defend yourself against ransomware, virus attacks, tampering, and fix vulnerabilities with one click at the host level. In addition, you can close the loop of automated security operations from threat detection, threat response, and threat tracing, allowing companies without professional security O&M personnel to effectively implement security protection. In addition, the solution can perform a one-click check for compliance with the latest Baseline for Classified Protection of Cybersecurity 2.0 and ensure that cloud-based assets and local hosts meet regulatory compliance requirements.
Even for enterprises without security professionals, these capabilities can be easily built in minutes. This is also one of the greatest advantages of cloud-native security. Cloud-native is so convenient.
Take an online education company as an example. TAL Education Group has many education brands that vary in forms of education, customer base, and operation models. Centralized security control across all business platforms is one of the major challenges in building security capabilities. After being tested and verified, Alibaba Cloud's host security product, Security Center, became TAL's choice for centralized server security control. In the meantime, the solution also integrates the capabilities of Cloud Security Scanner to regularly verify vulnerabilities and monitor content security for web services on all of its business platforms, in a bid to build a sound security detection and protection system from the underlying servers to the upper-layer business platforms.
Currently, Alibaba Cloud's online education security solution has more than 100 customers. During China's battle against the coronavirus outbreak, our solution has ensured that hundreds of millions of teachers and students can safely and smoothly teach and learn online and puts the principle of "suspension of classes but non-stop learning" to practice.
While continuing to wage war against the worldwide outbreak, Alibaba Cloud will play its part and will do all it can to help others in their battles with the coronavirus. Learn how we can support your business continuity at https://www.alibabacloud.com/campaign/fight-coronavirus-covid-19
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Applying for an overseas job? Let's work on your English resume so employers can understand your skills. Even if you are just applying for a job in Japan and need an English resume, let's get together to talk about how to write accurate and expressive descriptions of your experience.


In May 2017, the Library's User Experience Team asked students to choose their preferred study carrel from seven different models.
Which type of carrel did users prefer? Why?
Seven different types of carrels were displayed on the main floor of the library. We had carrel tables and individual carrels with varying divider heights, colours (dark brown or blonde), and lighting options.
We conducted 22 brief interviews with users who were already using the carrels or those who were passing by the area.
We conducted a social media poll asking users to vote on which carrel they preferred based on pictures. We received 13 votes.
We posted flyers with our email address on the carrels asking users to send us their thoughts. There was 1 response.
Users use different furniture depending on the nature of the work they are doing, they want options.
Dark coloured carrels with higher walls and a top shelf were preferred.
Users were excited to see that all options had lights, multiple outlets, and USB ports.


text:
Kolibe Gornje är en ort i Bosnien och Hercegovina.   Den ligger i entiteten Republika Srpska, i den norra delen av landet,  km norr om huvudstaden Sarajevo. Kolibe Gornje ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Kolibe Gornje är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Kamenički Vis,  meter över havet,  km sydost om Kolibe Gornje. Närmaste större samhälle är Bosanski Brod,  km nordväst om Kolibe Gornje.

Omgivningarna runt Kolibe Gornje är en mosaik av jordbruksmark och naturlig växtlighet. Runt Kolibe Gornje är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Inlandsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är december, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är maj, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är mars, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Republika Srpska
Kontrollbehov inkommande wikilänkar


text:
About Brian Brazil
Growing up in Los Angeles, California listening to the R&B records of his older brothers and sisters, Brian Brazil started buying his favorite artists' LPs and 45's dating back to 1950s-70s Memphis Soul, Muscle Shoals R&B, Chicago and Memphis Blues to eventually amass an extensive record collection that includes 78s going back to the 1930s-40s. Listening to Harmonica players like Paul Butterfield, Little Walter Jacobs, James Cotton and Charlie Musselwhite, Brian became intrigued hearing all the different sounds they created. As soon as he began working at age 16, Brian bought his first Hohner Marine Band Harp finding he had a natural aptitude for this free reed wind instrument.
Brian learned the recordings of all the artists he admired by practicing every day. As an 18-year old minor he snuck into bars, learning even more by performing on stage with musicians 10-20 years older who welcomed Brian sitting in. By the time he turned 21, Brian was working full time throughout much of the Los Angeles area gigging with bands 6-7 nights a week; 2 years later a pivotal meeting took place with legendary Norton Buffalo (at Merle Haggard's short-lived Nightclub Hag's Place) who suggested Brian listen to Country Music players like Charlie McCoy. Taking Norton's advice, Brian advanced his skill level teaching himself to play melodies plus twin and harmony parts with guitars, pianos, fiddles, and pedal-steel guitars. This articulate approach and rapid solo style of Harmonica playing is Brian's signature musical trademark.
Within another 2 years Brian joined the famous Palomino Nightclub house band in North Hollywood where he opened or backed up shows for some of the biggest names in Country Music. Luck soon also landed Brian a studio gig with a 14-piece orchestra on Down Home USA Country Music TV show recorded at Desilu Studios. During the following 9 years, Brian worked as a sideman enjoying busy national road tour schedules consecutively with 3 different bands. Career highlights include opening shows for dozens of major artists like Bo Diddley, Albert Collins, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard and sharing the stage with numerous talents including Albert King, Albert Lee, Coco Montoya, Billy Swan and Don Preston.
Moving back to Los Angeles in his mid-30s, Brian started fronting his own Blues bands as a Singer and Harmonica Player. A true Artisan who's also a skilled Draftsman and prior Fine Arts Major, Brian's never without his self-designed Harmonica Briefcase. He organized and booked 8 of his own groups plus has worked with many more adding Harmonicas or Vocals to over 30 different recording sessions and videos for bands as well as Film/TV soundtracks. He also worked repeatedly at over 80 different Southern California venues.
In late 2012, Brian relocated to Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, known for its strong Blues Music and Arts Community. He is actively performing locally, booking clubs, music festivals and private parties.


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Ending the US' Cyberwar Against Its Citizens
By Rob Enderle
I'm into fixing problems — in fact, for much of my life I've been employed as someone who is brought in to fix a difficult problem. I don't see much point in just complaining — either try to fix it, ignore it, or move someplace where it doesn't affect you. (I'm also planning to move to Belize.) The current problem is that the U.S. appears to be conducting a cyberwar against its citizens.
The latest revelations are that U.S. intelligence organizations are actively monitoring our calls and the U.S. government is building a massive data mining facility that should be able to mine our call content. In a few very short years, the U.S. government will know about our affairs, our use of unapproved substances, when we speed, whether we have friends who are criminals, spies or terrorists, and not only when we break laws we mostly didn't know existed, but also whether we are likely to.
Given that members of both parties in Congress apparently haven't read or don't understand the Constitution, I find this particularly scary. If I were a politician doing this, I'd want gun control too, because really pissed-off armed citizens create an impressive revolution problem. However, were I a politician, I'd also start wondering how many questionable meetings with lobbyists, pages, and wives of other folks were being captured and eventually used to get me to support a bill or action I didn't believe in — like oh, an even more invasive program of spying on my constituents and family.
I think these last two things have a lot to do with why Congress is a bit upset, but I worry that its fix may only take elected officials with enough power off the watch list and leave the rest of us on it. I'll focus on the U.S. government's war on U.S. citizens — and how to fix it — this week, and I'll close with my product/company of the week: BlackBerry, which makes the only smartphone currently designed to defend, at least partially, against unauthorized monitoring of our personal information.
Cyberspying: Flipping a Weapon Into a Benefit
Right now our jails are so full of people, those in charge are having to figure out ways to let criminals go home early in order to free up space for others. If we move to a time — as we appear to be doing — when even more folks who are committing minor crimes are caught through surveillance, we won't have any place to put them.
The systems that are being put in place could be used to warn us that what we are thinking of doing isn't a good idea and, particularly with kids, warn parents when their little darlings are on a path to doing something that will destroy their lives and convert their college funds and their parents' retirement funds into legal fees.
In addition, the system could warn homeowners when criminals are discovered researching their homes and allow them to prepare to defend it by giving them alert notices. For instance, one of the growing trends is for criminals to look at obituaries to find out when funerals are so they can burglarize the homes of relatives attending the service.
The capability that the government is creating could not only alert these already-traumatized people to a possible problem, but also correlate individuals with criminal records with specific activities targeting the home. The system the government is implementing knows who everyone is and is very good at connecting the dots. In fact, in many cases, it could also alert law enforcement so there would be a police presence at the home when the criminals showed up to burglarize it. This is kind of like the program Person of Interest but at scale.
Now let's say you have a child going through that exploration of what is legal and what isn't. This system could alert the parents to behavior that could end badly for the child and others. Kids have issues associated with using controlled substances and using poor judgment. YouTube generally lives off videos of kids doing things that could get them maimed, killed or tossed in jail. Kids seldom start with doing the big thing that will destroy their lives. Instead, they start with a pattern of first riding with people or hanging with people behaving badly and then move to that bad behavior over time as they emulate the group.
Parents notified in a timely way could take away their kids' cars, ground them, put them into counseling, get them into one of those "scared straight" programs, or just take them on a tour of a jail — something I got to do as a child — which could save their lives. Kids generally don't understand consequences, and if these consequences can be made real to them before they make a mistake, they are not only safer, but also don't end up in jails that don't have the room to house them, and they don't chew up family resources to keep them alive or out of jail.
Finally, we've had a number of massacres and suicides by children. The patterns that led to those events have been evident after the fact, but a system like this could make more of them evident before. Rather than focusing on stupid ideas like gun control, which unsuccessfully tries to remove the tool, this system could focus on eliminating the cause. I think this is a better path, because there are a lot of ways to kill people besides with guns, but if you can stop folks from wanting to do it in the first place, then you have a better chance to prevent a tragedy.
In short, what I'm proposing is that rather than using this information to put more people in jail, officials could use it to prevent crimes, to prevent life-ending and life-destroying events, and actually to make people safer and happier.
Establishing Oversight
A big problem with collecting this kind of data is that it can be misused for blackmail or to violate the privacy of individuals. You may remember that several Google engineers who had similar access to Google's resources were using that access to stalk some young vulnerable women.
Power corrupts, and bad people can get into jobs where they have unusual power. The kind of power that the people collecting this information will have will be unprecedented, and they could use it to control politicians, protect criminals, and to sexually assault vulnerable children and adults. "We won't tell your parents/husband/wife/fiance if you. . . "
As a result, there needs to be significant oversight to make sure that this huge power isn't misused, and this oversight is currently missing.
I don't think we can reasonably stop efforts to monitor us. If our government doesn't do it, other governments, companies like Google, and criminal organizations will.
The best we can do is to make sure that this information is primarily used to help us rather than to build evidence against us to put us in jail. We can also push for enough oversight so that the tool doesn't become a weapon against our own safety and happiness.
I'm very worried that neither will be the case and the result would make living in the US excessively dangerous.
Product of the Week: BlackBerry
I know I just had BlackBerry in this spot a couple of months ago — but given my concerns surrounding all of this monitoring, I wanted to pick a product that could provide some protection.
The DoD has completed a review of all the phone systems in market, and only the BlackBerry and Windows platforms are trusted without being crippled, and only the BlackBerry is trusted without the use of a third-party product like Good Technology. You can see this covered in BerryReview or in the actual DoD documents.
Basically, if you want an iPhone or Android device to be safe from spying, you have to turn off all the good stuff. For instance, in the case of the iPhone, you have to turn off Safari, iTunes, iMessage, App store access, WiFi — and you have to connect it to a third-party management service.
BlackBerry is located in Canada, which unlike China and the U.S., doesn't appear to be trying to spy on its people. Apparently Canadians are just too nice to do that. Unlike China, their government isn't afraid of its people, and unlike the U.S. there aren't a ton of folks who want to kill Canadians. That makes it a much better place to have a phone platform if you are concerned about security.
If there is anyone who knows about security, it is the DoD, and the DoD blesses the BlackBerry. As a result, in this time of no privacy, the most-private phone is the BlackBerry, making it my product — actually, company — of the week.
Rob Enderle is a TechNewsWorld columnist and the principal analyst for the Enderle Group, a consultancy that focuses on personal technology products and trends.
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N View of the prominent part played in the present World War by torpedoes and submarines, the subject of our extra N 0. 35 is peculiarly timely.
The original of 1810 is very scarce, only one copy having been sold at auction in many years: nor are copies to be found in any but a few of our libraries. Fulton's claims for his invention have been fully substantiated and some of his predictions, made more than a century ago, are remarkably interesting, in view of the events of the past five months. His estimate of our population in 1920 has already been exceeded in fact, and only his plan of affix ing torpedoes to their prey by means of harpoons seems — for it was made in the days of wooden ships — fantastic, in these days of iron clads. He could not foresee that almost exactly a century would elapse before his invention would be extensively used though he cautiously says it is impossible to foresee to what de gree torpedoes may be improved and rendered useful.