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Catheter issues
Urinary catheterisation and why it's used
What is urinary catheterisation?
Reasons for needing a long-term indwelling catheter
Types of catheters
Condom catheters
What is intermittent self catheterisation (ISC) and why is it used?
Indwelling catheters: urethral catheters
Indwelling catheters: suprapubic catheters
Using a Mitrofanoff for intermittent self catheterisation
Feelings about having an indwelling catheter
Advantages of an indwelling catheter
Intermittent self catheterisation (ISC): being taught how to do it
Intermittent self catheterisation (ISC): doing it
Bladder washouts
Catheter valves
Looking after the catheter and catheter site
Drinking lots of fluids
Catheter changes
Bladder spasms
Getting catheter equipment
The catheter of the future: what catheter users say they'd like
Formal and informal care
Perceptions of health professionals and health care
Having a professional carer
Informal care: caring for a relative with a long-term catheter
Every day life with a catheter
Going out locally
Travelling long distance
Sex and intimate relationships
Work and finances
Finding information about urinary catheters
Messages to others
Practical tips and messages to catheter users
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Anyone with a long-term indwelling urinary catheter is at risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI). Using a catheter can introduce bacteria into the bladder and cause a UTI. The longer the catheter stays in the bladder, the greater this risk so that, after 30 days, bacteria will inevitably be present in the urine. Bacteria may or may not cause symptoms, but bacteria multiply quickly in the urine and the constant friction of an indwelling catheter on the lining of the bladder ulcerates its surface, enabling the bacteria to invade the bladder wall and blood stream. From the bladder, infection can spread up the tubes or ureters to the kidneys.
A doctor explains how the bladder normally fights infection and why people with an indwelling catheter are at higher risk of getting infections.
The bladder lining is quite remarkable. It's coated with mucin which acts as a non-adhesive surface for bacteria. If that mucin surface is breached, bacteria can attach to the surface cells that line the bladder. These are called umbrella cells and have receptors and, if stimulated by bacterial adhesion, this triggers a remarkable antibacterial response. Cells and molecular reaction eliminate the bacteria so we have an organ which can defend itself from infection.
From that point of view, we need to be developing a urine collection system which maintains the anti-bacterial mechanisms of the bladder. Unfortunately, the indwelling catheter that is used, which was designed way back in the 1930s, does damage those anti-bacterial properties.
The catheter is held in the bladder by a balloon, which is filled with sterile water, and this prevents the bladder from emptying completely so that you always have some residual urine in the bladder, and that will be infected by bacteria.
Secondly, the catheter has a protuberant tip and this can damage that surface lining in the bladder and the eye holes are in the tip of the catheter, not at the base of the bladder. So we have here a problem which does mean that the catheter is associated with a very high incidence of healthcare infections. In fact it accounts for more healthcare infections worldwide than any other medical device.
Most catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are caused by bacteria but treatment with antibiotics needs to be prescribed with caution. While some people find a low maintenance dose of an antibiotic helpful in controlling recurrent infections, bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and their elimination can lead to an overgrowth by fungi such as Candida albicans. Catheter users are encouraged to drink 3 litres of fluid every day to try and reduce the risk of infections. CAUTI are one of the most common causes of infections in hospitals. Because of this risk, catheterisation is recommended only as a last resort when other measures have failed.
Different kinds of urinary tract infection are:
Urethritis – when the infection affects only the urethra
Cystitis – when it affects the bladder
Pyelonephritis – which involves the kidneys and is relatively rare
Some of the people we interviewed had had very few or no UTIs since having a catheter. Peter Z felt he'd been lucky to have had hardly any since having a catheter fitted over 25 years ago. Peter Y, who was paralysed after a spinal cord injury, said he had very good professional care for three years and no infections during that time. The problems started, though, when he could no longer afford to have private care. Gavin had had more infections in the early days of having a catheter but fewer as time went on.
John Y has had no UTIs since having an indwelling catheter, though he did with a condom catheter. He wondered if an infection might be developing.
John is a retired medical practitioner. He is married and has three children. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
You say that, up until now, you don't think you've ever had any bladder infections?
I haven't had a moments problem. I'm not even sure now that I've got one. And I didn't send a specimen off today, but it's just a little smelly and it's not that, it isn't the sort of clear urine that looks as though you could swim in, you know. You wouldn't want to shampoo your hair with it, it's just a bit cloudy. And who knows, I've just increased my fluids and waited events. I'm perfectly well. I haven't had a fever or anything. I've just been aware that it's not like champagne anymore.
……Although the urine's a little bit cloudy, my wife says she can't smell it, but I think it's a bit smelly. Because I've been alright in myself, I've tended just to drink more and see what happens.
If you wanted it tested, you just take a specimen down to the GP's surgery would you?
Yes. I've got the pots here. In fact I thought we were going to do that this morning, and my wife said, "Oh I think it's a bit better today. Let's leave it."……
So you've never had to take any antibiotics so far for your urinary problems?
None at all, no. Nothing at all. Well I did, I know in my Conveen time, I had a couple of times when I needed it. But it always responded very quickly to antibiotics.
Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection include:
Abnormal urine colour (cloudy urine)
Foul or strong urine odour
Frequent and strong urge to urinate, not relieved by passing urine
Only passing a small amount of urine despite the frequent urge to 'go'
A painful, burning sensation around the bladder or in the urethra
Pressure, pain or spasms in the back or the lower part of the stomach
Leakage of urine around the catheter
Feeling tired, shaky and washed out
If an infection has spread to the kidneys, symptoms also include fever, pain in the back or side below the ribs, nausea and/or vomiting.
The people we spoke to had experienced various symptoms when they'd had a UTI, for example a raised temperature, feeling flu-ish, hot, sweaty, having smelly or cloudy urine, pain and bladder spasms.
Knowing your own body is important so you can be aware of the symptoms of a UTI. Ian feels hot, sweaty and has a pain in the back of his neck.
Melanie, who has a spinal cord injury, knows she has a UTI when her urine smells unusual. She has more bladder spasms and her legs go stiff and rigid.
Ian is married. He lives with his wife and full-time live-in carer. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
As I say, drink a lot and what I've read, I've read quite a lot on cranberry juice seems to come up highly, so I drink cranberry juice and take some cranberry juice tablets as well. And yes, and then yes just know your body and know your symptoms 'cos if you get a twist in the catheter and it's not draining, you can feel that and that is a different feeling to when you have an infection set in, which is quite nasty. 'Cos I usually get, on average, two or three infections a year that need antibiotics.
So, yes, just know your body and then be able to contact your doctor and talk to your doctor 'cos sometimes I can get prescribed antibiotics without even seeing the doctor. It's just that I know what's going on.
What are the symptoms for you when you've got an infection?
It's normally hot and sweaty and you can really feel your heart beating in your throat. And there's sometimes a squeezing and a banging on the back of your neck when it's…
So you know everything about it every time and ring the surgery?
So those antibiotics are for when you've got an infection?
Are there other medications every day that you also take?
No, not daily, no.
Melanie is a journalist. She is married and has one child. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
I know I've got one [UTI] first of all by the smell of the urine. It starts to smell of rotting vegetables, a bit fishy. It's that sort of sweet sickly, I know immediately I have a urinary infection.
I also, because I'm, because of the spinal injury, I get an increase in spasm and tightness and muscle tone. That's also another, my legs go very stiff and rigid. That's another direct symptom of a UTI. I don't tend to get shivery and feverish so now I just have to accept and take some antibiotics.
Because a UTI can spread to the kidneys, antibiotics may be used to treat it. Some people had taken a urine sample to their local surgery for testing there or in a laboratory. Others said they had dip sticks at home, sometimes bought from the local chemist, so they could test themselves and then arrange to see their GP. Most of the time, antibiotics can be taken by mouth. It is important to take them all, even if a person feels better before finishing the course. Some people said that their GP had prescribed an antibiotic for them to keep at home in case they had a UTI when the surgery was closed. Some doctors prescribe a low dose antibiotic to take every day to keep bacteria from growing in the urinary tract.
A consultant describes some of the symptoms of a UTI. Antibiotics may be prescribed but it's best to avoid them when possible. Drinking lots of fluid is better.
Alex has taken nitrofurantoin daily for 7 years. She gets an infection every time she stops taking it. She has no side effects on a low dose.
Sharon often has infections and they can be painful. She has had to stop working. She takes a urine sample to the surgery where a nurse tests it.
I think that many people who have long term catheters do find that quite regularly they feel off colour for two or three days, they feel unwell. They may feel hot and sweaty. We call that a rigor when they shiver and they feel cold but they are shivering and that's termed a rigor. And this is not an uncommon experience amongst some patients and this a reflection of the infection that maybe circulating in the blood stream.
Under those circumstances, they need treatment and they need it to be treated with antibiotics. But we do try to avoid antibiotics because whenever you give antibiotics there's the risk of resistance, of the bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics. So we avoid them at all costs. Far better to keep drinking and try and wash out the bacteria from the bladder.
Alex is a disability consultant. She is married. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
First nine months and no infections, then I started to get infections. So eventually my urologist put me on a prophylactic dose of antibiotics, low dose, and I've been on those for the last seven years, every day and it's brilliant. Because when I have come off it, when he's said to me 'Oh let's see what happens, how you'll get on now without it,' I get an infection. I get pain. As soon as I go on this prophylactic dose, it goes away and I am fine.
What's the antibiotic called?
It's called nitrofurantoin; I take 100 mg twice a day. Now something very interesting that I discovered from another consultant was, because when I first got these infections my urologist put me on various different antibiotics at levels of 500 milligrams a day and I got bowel incontinence, which was awful, because I really couldn't go out of the house. And I thought, "Oh my God", you know, "What's going to happen, why is this happening to me?" And I thought I'll never be able to take antibiotics blah blah blah.
Anyway I went to a completely different consultant about food allergies, something very different, and I just happened to say to him that I was having this bowel incontinence. He asked about my antibiotics, and he said it's totally dose specific because I was taking nitofurantoin but at a higher dose and that was giving me bowel incontinence. But as soon as I switched to the lower dose of nitrofurantoin, fine, no problems.
That's good and no other side effects?
Well not that I've noticed at all.
Sharon is a housewife. She is married and she has two grown up children. Nationality/ethnic background: White British.
You said you get a lot of infections. How often were you getting urine infections?
I can get one a month, or I can go a couple of months. Probably the longest I've ever gone, probably be about three months without any problems.
And what are your symptoms when you have a urine infection?
Having to go to the toilet more frequently, pain, some days I can't even walk with the pain.
Mm, this is why I packed up work in the end because I just wasn't reliable. Yes very, I don't know if it was the infection that's causing the pain or when you've got an infection its starts off the bladder spasms, I don't know.
So if you suddenly develop an infection do you go down to your GP or do you have some antibiotics available to start taking straight away?
No, I usually take a sample down and they test it. They're really good. Take it down and the receptionist, I think they all know me down there by now. And then they send, usually the nurse will dip it and it's usually showing, like everything. A lot of the time, obviously they send it off and usually get the results back the next day. And a lot of times it does come back negative but the GP usually does give me an antibiotic and it always seems to clear it up. Which is strange when it's coming back, you know, with nothing in it.
Yes, and have they explained why that might be?
If the UTI is more severe, the antibiotic is infused or injected into the bloodstream in hospital through an intravenous line, or IV. When Badg had repeated infections, he went into hospital. Antibiotics didn't seem to be helping so he also had urodynamics and a cystoscopy. Urodynamics assesses how the bladder and urethra are doing their job of storing and releasing urine. A cystoscopy is where a doctor looks into the bladder with a special telescope called a cystoscope. It may be done to try and find the cause of symptoms such as frequent urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, or persistent pain when passing urine.
Charles has antibiotics at home in case of a UTI. He had a recurring infection after a catheter change. The antibiotic caused breathing problems and he had to go into hospital.
Badg had a recurring infection for several months, which depressed him. When antibiotics didn't work, he had a cystoscopy.
Faye often gets an infection. She has to be treated in hospital with an intravenous antibiotic. She also takes a daily antibiotic orally.
Charles was a computer engineer before he retired. He is married. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
Do you find that that particular antibiotic suits you best?
Well, that's the first one, trimethoprim, right. And that's the one he [GP] allows me to keep at home. However increasingly, certainly within the last eighteen months, trimethoprim has become not the antibiotic which is suitable for some of the infections. I start, normally if I feel like I've got a UTI, I take trimethoprim, provide a urine sample as soon as possible, they send it away. It gets tested, and it comes back and says, "Well, you need to take this antibiotic."
On a lot of occasions, probably 50 per cent of the occasions they, in the last year the tests have come back and said, "You need to take something else." And specifically I've been told to take nitrofurantoin.
Unfortunately this, in the middle of 2011, I got an infection after a catheter change. Very important. It wasn't a particularly successful catheter change and also my catheter type had been changed. And the catheter type which I currently had and I had before that change was, the pipe didn't kink very easily. Whereas this catheter change or this particular catheter seemed to have a wider bore in it, so the urine flowed quicker, but would tend to kink. So you needed to be very careful.
So, anyway, it was obvious that there was something wrong because I seemed to get a recurrent infection after that catheter change. And I actually took nitrofurantoin over a period of probably three, four weeks and at that point I think I'd got sensitised to it. And then one Friday night I was hospitalised because I had breathing difficulties, which is a side effect of that particular drug.
Anyway I was put back in the hospital and then put on to flucloxacillin, I think that's what it's called, and that's a sledgehammer, you know. And of course that has side effects.
Badg is a married IT consultant. He is self-employed and has two children. Ethnic background / nationality: White British.
UTI's, I've only ever had one really bad one that made me weak and shivery and ill. Normally I've just got it, I've known I had a UTI. I used to try drinking it into submission. But recently I've given up on that. It doesn't work and some of the nurses have actually admitted that the general perception is that you might as well not bother, it doesn't work.
Over the last three years until the middle of last year I think, I had a problem with getting a UTI who's only effect was to make you smell really bad, made the urine smell really bad. And I tried drinking that into submission. I tried taking antibiotics. My doctor leaves me with Citalopram here, so I've got a course, a 5-day course of Citalopram in the drawer should I need it. She trusts me to recognise that I've got a UTI and I need to take it. I don't like taking antibiotics because you just wear 'em out.
But, with this smelly situation, I was getting quite depressed about it and it was going on for months. I took Citalopram, that didn't kill it either. I went to the doctor and took Flucloxacillin I think it was, not the Citalopram – Ciprofloxacin, that was the normal antibiotic. Fluclox was the second level, that didn't get rid of it either.
So eventually I went to the Spinal Unit for urodynamics, which got rid of it. Which could have been the intravenous antibiotics they gave as a matter of course, or I don't know, but it went. And it stayed gone for months, five, six months, and then I got it again and I tried drinking like mad, tried the various antibiotics, didn't do any good. So this time they said they'd do a cystoscopy. That fixed it.
Faye was a health care assistant before she had to stop work due to ill health. She is single. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
What's it been like having a suprapubic catheter?
It's been a daily struggle.
A daily struggle?
Can you explain why?
Yeah. I've constantly got an infection.
Whereabouts? In the bladder or round about the site?
Yeah, the bladder. Yeah, in my bladder. And I just never know what one day from the next is going to be like, if I'm going to be ill or not.
When you have an infection, how do you feel?
Just, apart from being ill, it just gets me depressed but I'm always feeling ill.
Do you get a temperature?
No, I don't do temperatures with infections.
Just feel, how do you feel exactly?
Just really ill, I've got no energy. And pain.
And then what do you do when you get an infection?
I don't know. I go to, I'm under the doctors most weeks as he's always checking for an infection so I'm on antibiotics constantly.
Do you go down to your local GP?
And do they send a specimen off to the laboratory?
Yeah. And it always comes back as it can't be treated with oral antibiotics. And so that's when I end up in hospital.
It can't be treated with other; you've tried all the ones.
Oral antibiotics, yes I've got to go in for intravenous.
Which antibiotics are you taking all the time?
Nitrofurantoin, is it?
Well we'll check afterwards. And you say sometimes this doesn't solve the problem.
No. It just masks the problem.
And you have to go back to hospital?
And have intravenous antibiotics?
And what's it like having those?
Like I said before, it's okay. I know the nurses, I'm not scared, I'm not worried about it. I know what's coming. I just don't like the feeling ill with it.
Annie said she takes the antibiotic nitrofurantoin every day and rarely gets a UTI. She wondered whether taking it daily could cause damage in the long run, especially to her liver. James, Hayley's carer felt it was good to avoid antibiotics whenever possible. Hayley's UTI had become resistant to a certain type of antibiotics.
A district nurse recommended Hayley take antibiotics for 3 days after every catheter change. She became resistant to them and now only takes antibiotics when she really needs them.
The medical centre are very good. I just phone the secretary and say "I'm bringing down some samples, can you do a path form for me?" And if I get it down there for twenty past twelve, that's great. It goes off for testing. And they'll do the path form and it'll be waiting for me. If that secretary's not on, I have to then phone up, ask for somebody to come and do it and now they're pretty good…..
But you could be doing that every week because there's always something showing with the catheter in there because you've got a foreign body in your bladder. And they'll say, "Oh mixed contaminants, nothing specific," and you know we're thinking, "Hang on, something is going on." And then a district nurse said to us, "Oh," she said, "Well each time you have a catheter changed, just do a three days course of trimeth", trimethoprim…
So we done that and then when we was sent, ah that was it she also gave us some dipsticks, and so we could test the urine ourselves for things like that. And then stuff would go off for testing, come back and it would be responsive to various antibiotics. And the district nurse really made a bit of a mistake because she [Hayley, who he cares for] was taking so much trimeth, she became trimeth resistant.
And so now Hayley's really careful over antibiotics. She doesn't take them at the drop of a hat; she only takes them when she needs them.
For most people taking an antibiotic is usually enough to get rid of an infection. Jennifer, though, has to have her catheter changed every 3 weeks because she keeps getting infections.
Jennifer has a recurring infection and doctors are trying to find out why. Stones form around the catheter and make catheter changes difficult.
Jennifer is a secretary. She is single. Nationality/Ethnic background: White British.
Why did they have to change it [catheter] every three weeks? Because it gets blocked?
I have it every three weeks because I have recurrent infection, and it's a recurrent proteus infection, and with proteus infection you get stone formation.
And I have stones that like almost cemented the suprapubic catheter into my bladder. And the stones form round the neck, round like the neck of the catheter, where the eyelets are.
And the balloon is, which when you've deflated the balloon and you're pulling it out, it won't, it takes a lot of tugging. And the more stones that form, the more trauma it's causing because every time you deflate the balloon and pull it out, the stones won't come out with the catheter down the tract.
The stones, when you're pulling, when it's being pulled, it has to separate. The stones have to come away from the catheter for it to allow it to come down the tract. So if I go more than three weeks, 'cos it takes a lot of pulling to come out.
The stones would be harder?
'Cos the stones are hard, and the stones have to separate off.
Why are the stones forming more now?
Because I've got a proteus infection.
Oh the infection.
Most infections, you know you do get recurrent infections with a suprapubic catheter. I've a brilliant GP who, we have a rule that if we send off a urine sample, if it shows hardly any white cells, which are like infection, if it shows red cells which are blood we totally ignore that 'cos you're always going to get blood with a suprapubic catheter because of the trauma.
If it grows a bug and the white counts very low, we don't treat it unless I'm unwell 'cos the chances are that's just a bug that's living in your catheter. If the white cell count is high and it's growing a bug, we treat it.
……I can't get rid of the infection. I don't know why. I'm under the hospital, the local hospital to find out why I can't get rid of my proteus infection.
How long have you had it?
I've had my proteus infection since November last year.
Oh my goodness.
So it flares up every now and then. You can tell once it's better because the changes are easier.
Some people recommended drinking lots of fluids to try and prevent UTIs, or drinking more than usual when a person had an infection. Vicky said she usually got infections when she was drinking less.
Vicky drinks less whenever she's travelling long distance. This usually leads to infections.
Vicky is single and lives with a full-time carer. She is a trustee of two charities. Ethnic background/nationality: White British.
If I do go to London for a day, it's usually an early start and it's late home, and it just about kills me. I feel like I'm jet lagged by the end of the day in London. But that's where I found I probably pick up most of my infections because I go and, I don't know where the disabled toilets are necessarily available, so I tend not to drink much.
I don't want to have a bulging leg bag and I don't want to suddenly think, "Oh no it's full, and I don't know where to empty it and I'm starting to go dysreflexic." One of the side effects of having an over full bladder with spinal cord injuries is autonomic dysreflexia, so that can be a problem.
You don't really want to be sitting in a room full of people, you know, and quite possibly some people you don't and have to say, "Sorry, I'm going to have to go and empty my leg bag otherwise I'm going to have a stroke." It's a bit embarrassing.
I don't know, I just don't like any of that sort of attention; I'd much rather it just wasn't there. So if I don't drink then I know I won't get a full leg bag and I know I don't have to struggle to find a toilet. I don't have to worry about my leg bag being noticeable to other people and I don't need to consider it at all. It's silly because I end up with infections as a result but it's more than just a straightforward health consideration sometimes.
Different people recommended different things to try and help prevent infections, including garlic tablets, probiotic drinks, pearl barley, lemon juice and cranberry juice (see 'Drinking lots of fluids').
A consultant explains why it's important to drink lots of fluids. Drinks that are high in citrates, like lemonade, are especially good.
What can patients do to try to prevent these infections?
I think the most important thing that patients do is to maintain a high fluid intake. We try and encourage them to drink up to 3 litres of fluid a day. The other interesting point is that they can reduce the risk or encrustation of the catheter if they drink citrates. And that alters the pH at which these crystals come out of solution. And we encourage them to drink a high proportion of citrate with their fluids.
What sort of drinks would those be?
Well thinks like Lemon Barley and Lemonade and those sort of things will help them.
But not orange?
As long as it contains citrate.
Everyday care of the catheter and drainage bag is also important to reduce the risk of infection (see 'Looking after the catheter and catheter site'). Melanie, who had a spinal cord injury, often wondered why she was getting UTIs. She watched her body carefully, made a few changes and found these helped.
Melanie feels that her UTIs start in the urethra. Changing her bowel routine and using a silver coated catheter helped.
When I started getting infections, I was curious I think because I was maddened, because I wanted to know how the germs were getting in. Whether they were going in urethrally or whether they were going in through the actual site, the hole of the site on my belly. Or whether they were going in the end of the catheter. I suppose by putting the leg bag on, you distance the risk of that happening because you're not going to get germs. It's unlikely travelling all the way, right up the leg bag and into the bladder that way. But I'm now fairly certain that the infections are caused urethrally.
That's caused by contamination from my bowel.
I sort of pinned that down.
Can you take any steps to reduce the infections?
Well what made me realise, it's detective work, it's finding out, like a spinal injury, it's a case of finding out about your own body. Which is tough because there's no-one to, there's no-one that knows it or can give you advice because every spinal injury is so different.
So I sort of could carry and continue, carry out a continual audit of my body and sort of detective work to try, and I changed my bowel routine. I started using an anal irrigation system and that helped to reduce the number of UTI. I was getting a UTI every month. I still am getting a UTI every month. But that's for another reason.
But about a year and a half ago I changed the bowel routine and, I think because I was less contaminated, I was getting fewer infections. I had quite a breakthrough with that. I also started using a silver catheter, a Bard silver catheter, which I thought would be coloured silver. I was very disappointed. But I thought it would be bling but it's not. The silver coated one, that seemed to help a bit.
Less common long-term complications include blood infections (sepsis), urethral injury, skin breakdown, bladder stones, and blood in the urine (haematuria). After many years of catheter use, bladder cancer may develop.
A consultant talks about the more serious long-term effects of having an indwelling catheter, some of which are very rare.
Could you talk a little bit about the more serious side effects of having a catheter.
As I've explained, having a long term catheter, and by long term we're talking about people who have a catheter for more than 30 days. They are at risk of infection. Infection meaning bacteria get into the blood stream, we talk about bacteraemia, but if this becomes septic then they talk about septicaemia. And they can become very ill as a result of serious infection developing with the bacteria reaching other parts of the body. And there is occasional mortality as a result of septicaemia. But that is rare.
Last reviewed October 2018.
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The First Birthday of Malti Marie Chopra Jonas Was Celebrated 'In Style,' According to Nick Jonas and Priyanka Chopra. Watch Clip!
Malti Marie Chopra Jonas's first birthday was celebrated 'in style' by her famous parents, Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas. Watch Nick discuss Malti's first birthday party in a recent interview.
By Sandeep Kumar On Jan 14, 2023
Malti Marie Chopra Jonas, the daughter of Priyanka Chopra and Nick Jonas, just turned one. In a new interview, Nick talked about Malti's first birthday party. He said that Malti's birthday was celebrated "in style" by the couple. The singer-actor also said that Malti's early life was "a pretty wild journey" and called her beautiful, amazing, and "the best."
In December 2018, Priyanka and Nick got married in Rajasthan. In January 2022, they told people that their daughter was born through a surrogate. A few months later, after 100 days in the neonatal intensive care unit, they brought their baby girl home (NICU).
Since then, they have celebrated all of their daughter's big moments, like when she turned six months old, and given people a peek into their lives as new parents. But Priyanka Chopra and Nick haven't shown pictures of Malti's face to the public.
On a recent episode of The Kelly Clarkson Show, Nick talked about Malti's first birthday. He said, "She did turn one over the weekend. We had to throw a party… She had a pretty wild start to her life, so we had to celebrate in style. She is number one, she is beautiful, and she is amazing. She is the best."
A post shared by Jerry x Mimi 😍 (@jerryxmimi)
Priyanka told the world on January 22 of last year that she and Nick had become parents. "We are thrilled to say that we have a baby through a surrogate. We'd appreciate it if you wouldn't bother us during this special time so we can focus on our family. "Thank you so much," the couple said at the time in a joint Instagram post.
Last year, Priyanka and Nick shared pictures from their first Diwali with Malti Marie Chopra Jonas at their LA home. In her caption, Priyanka had written, "Love, peace, and wealth to everyone. I wish you all a happy Diwali from the bottom of my heart, which is full of thanks. Sorry I'm a little late, but I wanted to stay a little longer in the moment… From our to yours. Light and love…"
Soon, Priyanka will be in the Prime Video show Citadel, which was made by Patrick Moran and the Russo Brothers. She also stars with Sam Heughan in the Hollywood movie Love Again. Their movie was once called Text for You and It's All Coming Back to Me. It was based on the 2016 German movie SMS fur Dich by Karoline Herfurth.
Priyanka Chopra, While in London, Takes a Sensuous Elevator Selfie and Has Dinner With Friends. See Images
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Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt Take Their Daughter Raha Kapoor Out for a Stroll, and Alia's Sister, Shaheen Bhatt, Comes Along!!
After Salman Khan's Contract Expires, Would Karan Johar Take Over as Host? These Are the Facts That We Know!!
Apple agrees iPhone 14 Pro, iPhone 14 Pro Max have one more issue!
In Just One Month, China Reports Close to 60,000 Deaths Connected to Covid!!
Here's a "Real BTS" Photo of Shahid Kapoor and Mira Rajput in the…
Lenovo Releases Its First 5g Android Tablet in India! Here Are the Price and…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Before there was Amityville, there was Harrisville. Based on a true story, "The Conjuring" tells the horrifying tale of how world renowned paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren were called upon to help a family terrorized by a dark presence in a secluded farmhouse. Forced to confront a powerful demonic entity, the Warrens find themselves caught in the most terrifying case of their lives.
From New Line Cinema comes a feature film drawn from the case files of married demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren. "The Conjuring" stars Academy Award® nominee Vera Farmiga ("Up in the Air," "Orphan") and Patrick Wilson ("Young Adult," "Prometheus") as the Warrens, and Ron Livingston (HBO's "Band of Brothers") and Lili Taylor ("Public Enemies") as Roger and Carolyn Perron, residents of the house.
Joey King ("Crazy, Stupid, Love"), Shanley Caswell ("Detention"), Haley McFarland (TV's "Lie to Me"), Mackenzie Foy ("The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn") and newcomer Kyla Deaver play the Perrons' five daughters, and Sterling Jerins (upcoming "World War Z") is the Warrens' little girl, Judy.
James Wan ("Saw," "Insidious") directs from a screenplay by Chad Hayes & Carey W. Hayes ("The Reaping"). The film is produced by Peter Safran, Tony DeRosa-Grund and Rob Cowan, with Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter serving as executive producers.
Reuniting with the director are members of his "Insidious" creative team, director of photography John Leonetti, editor Kirk Morri and costume designer Kristin M. Burke, and his "Saw" production designer, Julie Berghoff. The music is composed by Joseph Bishara.
New Line Cinema presents an Evergreen Media Group/a Safran Company Production of a James Wan Film: "The Conjuring." The film will be distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, a Warner Bros. Entertainment Company.
This entry was posted in Movies and tagged The Conjuring. Bookmark the permalink.


I am 20, and for the past year and a half I have had long extensions, there have been times when I have gone a few months without wearing them, but I am very addicted to them, I love going out with my long blonde hair, I feel great, and if there not in, I will not go out. I have had my extensions out for about a month now. My hair was not in the best condition to start with, very fine and quite split, but now after the abuse I have caused my head, ... I am not going bald!, but I can certainly tell that I have a little less hair than I used to, because of the constant pulling and glue application! I know I need to keep them out, but I do not feel short hair suits me, is there anything you can recommend to help strengthen my hair ?
What a shame that you feel that hair extensions have caused damage to your hair. Extensions are usually very safe and if applied correctly with the correct bonding there really should be no effect on your natural hair. I have been wearing extensions for almost 10 years because my hair is very, very fine and have never found that my hair is thinner. Sometimes you get the feeling that your hair is finer because you easily become used to the extra thickness. Take a look at the HairMax Laser Comb. If you do want to give your hair a rest, then I would suggest you start to use a hair thickening/loss professional product called Nioxin. It is an amazing product that actually helps hair to grow to its maxim strength. It is only available in professional salons.
My hair is like a mousy brown colour and I have brown eyes and eyebrows but I want to dye my hair fully blonde and I want it like a Paris Hilton style will this look right?
Nearly everyone suits being a blonde but just how blonde is down to skin tones and eye colour. With your mousy brown hair, it is probably calling out for some fabulous blonde tone. Paris suits her blonde because she always hits the tan bottle - if you go that light, it always looks best with a tan. However, if you think of Gwyn Steffani...she is another peroxide blonde but with beautiful pale skin! Whatever you decide, do not go it alone. Only visit a professional hair salon with a great colour specialist. Ask for a consultation and ensure they know exactly what you are like ie will you fake tan regularly or go for the ultra pale skin...that will have an effect on the final colour. But, you will look fabulous!
I have been using a GHD hair straightener and all is wonderful until recently. Now I am having problems with my actual hair...it is so oily (used to be dry) and it does not matter what type of shampoo I use. I think it is something to do with the ceramic plates, a build up or something. Any advice?
I always use GHDs on both my own hair, extension hair and clients hair and I have never come across this. Are you applying protection before you use the irons? It is essential that you protect your hair from excessive heat. If you do not, then you must start applying a thermal protection product and this may help the problem. If you are already applying a heat protector, you could be applying too much and too close to the roots - the most concentrated area should be the ends as these suffer the most. I would suggest that you use a detox shampoo to remove any dirt and product buildup. Then, either start using protection or applying it in more targeting areas and give that a go. If not, then visit your nearest GHD Appointed Salon for additional advice.


This library includes videos and other resources for COPD patients and caregivers.
Learn how to use pursed lip breathing to help with shortness of breath from COPD, asthma or other lung diseases with the American Lung Association.
Learn how to properly use a nebulizer to take your COPD or asthma medication.
Learn how to properly clean a nebulizer with the American Lung Association.


Identity Theft - It's Your Identity... Defend It !
Young adults between 18 and 25, especially college students, are the most vulnerable group for ID theft, accounting for 29% of all ID theft victims. (2006 FTC Report) And 75% of the counties in the U.S. use social security numbers on public documents. Unfortunately, 12% of identity theft victims end up with a wrongful criminal record.
Since January of 2005 over 165 million records containing personal information such as social security numbers, drivers licenses, date of birth, bank account #s, etc., were lost or stolen from companies, organizations and agencies nationwide. That's 55% of the total U.S. population.
Identity theft is the greatest threat to your personal privacy and your financial security today: Do Not Ignore It!
And be aware that credit fraud is NOT true identity theft; it is only 33% and only the tip of the iceberg. Beneath that tip is 67% which is the non-credit ID theft: medical expenses, Social Security benefits, checking accounts, driver's licenses, bankruptcy, 401k, passports, etc.
You should know that "Credit Monitoring" does NOT prevent ID theft, along with "credit fraud alerts which is only a small part of the problem.
The truth is you Can Not prevent ID theft but, you can protect yourself against the devastating consequences of identity theft.
3.	Companies focusing on just credit fraud - the reason being it's cheap and easy. It's only part of the problem.
What is "True Identity Protection"? It's about protecting your "whole identity", not just your credit. Identity protection is protection for your whole family and pro actively watching out for all forms of identity theft, including credit fraud. And in the event the unthinkable does happen you have trained professionals in place with a truly comprehensive identity recovery service to handle it all for you from beginning to end.
The ultimate service will provide Credit Monitoring - Identity Monitoring - Full Identity Recovery - and Legal Services Plan membership not just to help you but, to prosecute and incarcerate the identity thieves.
Credit monitoring will monitor all three credit bureaus for you, notify you of any suspicious activity, provide free credit reports from all 3 bureaus sent to your home several times each year and assist you in reading and understanding your reports.
Identity Monitoring will track your name and social security number, not your credit report. The monitoring will include proactive screening of thousands of public records, national databases, and underground Internet black markets and provide the customer with an "Identity Risk Score"... your vulnerability rating.
Full Identity Recovery covers all types of ID theft and provides a personal recovery advocate assigned to you who handles everything for you: research, paperwork, disputes, credit repair... everything. It's a personalized recovery plan that also coordinates with law enforcement to track down your thief and put them behind bars. In addition the service includes $25,000 identity theft expense reimbursement insurance.
Finally, "True Identity Protection" will include a "Legal Services Plan Membership that provides you advice, reviews of legal documents, written letters on your behalf, unlimited phone and face-to-face conversations, discounted and fixed legal fees for more extensive matters and representation and many other benefits.
There is a new subscription-based service that provides all these identity monitoring benefits: "iDefend". "iDefend" is only one component part of a comprehensive Managed Security Computer Service available for the first time for families and small business owners. Included in your choice of subscription-based services but, not discussed here are: iClean – iCare - iSafe – iSimplify. These services give you more of what you need – your time. We do that by eliminating the consuming and frustrating hassles with your computer. We'll take complete care of your computer, so you can spend more valuable time on more important things.


M54 motorway at Junction 10A. Despite its vicinity to the motorways, it is a fairly quiet village, surrounded by fields used for grazing, and for crops.
Essington in the early 1970s. Ealhswith, queen consort and wife of Alfred the Great, the self-styled first King of England.
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Essington.


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Oktoberfest to raise funds for Downers Grove District 58 Foundation
By BOB RAKOWEmailFollow
Shaw Media file photo
Volunteers Amy Gray and Todd Bogwill clap as Frances Rinaldo sings "Who Stole the Keeshka" with the Frank "K" and Company band at Downers Grove Grade School District 58's 2017 Oktoberfest in downtown Downers Grove.
DOWNERS GROVE – Traditional German food and beverages coupled with live music and children's activities will come together Sept. 14 and 15 as the Education Foundation of Downers Grove Grade School District 58 holds its fifth annual Oktoberfest.
The event, which is one of the foundation's primary fundraisers, will be from 3 to 11 p.m. Sept. 14 and 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Sept. 15 in the parking lot adjacent to the Downers Grove Public Library.
The foundation relies on the money to provide scholarships and grants. The organization also sponsors programs at district schools throughout the year.
"Friday night is going to be fun," said Janet Alikpala, a foundation member and festival organizer.
In fact, this is the first time Oktoberfest will begin on Friday night.
"A lot of people said, 'Why don't you try a Friday night?' " Alikpala said.
The foundation is hopeful the Friday kickoff will attract commuters getting off the train, she said.
Oktoberfest will offer traditional German fare and beverages, as well as children's activities and karaoke and high school bratwurst- and doughnut-eating contests that will pit students from Downers Grove North and South high schools against one another.
"It's fun," Alikpala said.
Oktoberfest relies on volunteers. Anyone interested in helping out can sign up at shawurl.com/3a51. Several three-hour volunteer slots are open in registration, setup, the Kids Zone, beverage tent and other areas. Volunteers receive free admission to the event.
"It's a big undertaking," Alikpala said of setting up and running the event. "We're really pushing the importance of raising money for District 58."
The Kids Zone has been expanded this year to include more activities for teens, such as a Velcro wall.
"It's more teen oriented," Alikpala said.
Admission is $10 for adults and $5 for seniors and teenagers ages 14 to 17. Tickets are available at the door or shawurl.com/3a50. The event is free for children 13 and younger who are accompanied by a paying adult, as well as volunteers and active military personnel and veterans with military ID.
Oktoberfest's entertainment will feature several popular area bands including TKO Acoustics, Coverlicious, Stephen Peterson and ARRA on Sept. 14 and Wayne Messmer Big Band, Tim Curran, Blue Mud and North of Eight on Sept. 15.
"These are bands that people go out of their way to see," Alikpala said.
WHAT: Oktoberfest
WHEN: 3 to 11 p.m. Sept. 14 and 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Sept. 15
WHERE: parking lot adjacent to Downers Grove Public Library, 1050 Curtiss St., Downers Grove
COST: $10 for adults, $5 for seniors and teenagers ages 14 to 17, free for children 13 and younger with paying adult, volunteers, active military personnel and veterans
INFO: shawurl.com/3a50
'Shazam!' actor headed to Pheasant Run Resort
St. Charles to welcome celebrities at Chicago Pop Culture Convention
Zanies lands laughter for 30 years just west of DuPage Airport
Glen Ellyn venue to present Blue Note Records 80th anniversary concert
St. Charles music instructor's students to perform benefit concert
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text:
Q: Colored dots on using text element in Qt5 I wrote this sample code :
import QtQuick 2.0

Rectangle {
    width: 360
    height: 360
    Text {
        text: qsTr("Hello World")
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        font.pixelSize: 55
    }
    MouseArea {
        anchors.fill: parent
        onClicked: {
            Qt.quit();
        }
    }
}

On executing this, I see text along with some colored dots surrounding the text :

Platform : Windows 7 : Qt 5.0.1
Q. Can someone point out what might be the possible problem ?
P.S. : This isnt a problem with my monitor, it works fine on the same machine with ubuntu as the OS.

A: You're using Qt 5.1.1 for Windows 32-bit (MinGW 4.8, OpenGL, 666 MB). The OpenGL part means that this build of Qt requires working OpenGL drivers. Some Windows installations have broken OpenGL support. You need to either ensure that the system has most recent drivers installed from the graphics card vendor, or you should not use that version of Qt. That's likely the source of your issue.
You need to download, for example, Qt 5.1.1 for Windows 32-bit (VS 2010, 505 MB). The version without the word OpenGL in it uses ANGLE. ANGLE is an implementation of OpenGL ES 2 on top of DirectX 9. When you use it, you won't be dependent on working OpenGL drivers anymore.
There's no ANGLE support under MinGW yet. You can use the Visual Studio Express for your compiler, it works fine. You'll only be using the build tools via Qt Creator, not the IDE, so the fact that it's Express doesn't limit you. You'll need to download and install the relevant chunk of Platform SDK to get the debugging tools.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Deborah Gates is an American actress and director who founded the acting company Shakespeare at Play in Los Angeles, California that specializes in abridged versions of Shakespeare's works for young audiences.

Career
Gates has played many classical roles, including Ophelia in Mark Ringer's staging of Hamlet, Kate in Taming of the Shrew, Hermia in A Midsummer Night's Dream and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet at the Globe Playhouse as well as non classical roles in Mrs. California and Quilters, winning a Drama-Logue Award for the latter. She has also done extensive work as a voice actress in such films as Oliver & Company and video games like Guild Wars. She played the lead role of American journalist Helen Foster Snow in the Chinese film Yi ge mao xian de mei guo nu ren.

External links

 Official Website for Shakespeare at Play

American Shakespearean actresses
American stage actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American theatre directors
Women theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Image Title: Bedroom Sets For Smaller Homes Furniture Discounts Within Small Pertaining To Rooms Prepare 6. Post Title: Bedroom Sets For Small Rooms. Filename: bedroom-sets-for-smaller-homes-furniture-discounts-within-small-pertaining-to-rooms-prepare-6.jpg. Image Dimension: 600 x 393 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Chadrick Huels. Uploaded Date: Sunday - October 07th. 2018 05:10:12 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: freshome.com. Small Bedroom Sets For Rooms Choice Regarding Ideas 12. Bedroom Small Sets Winning Furniture Ideas For Inspiring In Rooms 7. Rooms To Go Bedroom Furniture Sets With For Small Designs 9. Bedroom Sets For Smaller Homes Furniture Discounts Within Small Pertaining To Rooms Prepare 6. Small Room Design Best Bedroom Sets For Rooms Scale With Regard To Ideas 8. Furniture For Small Spaces Tribal Interactive Design Bedroom Sets Pertaining To Rooms Ideas 15. Bedroom Sets For Small Rooms Rearsets Info Within Prepare 14. Bedroom Sets For Small Rooms Low Budget Decorating Ideas With 2. Bedroom Furniture For Small Spaces Wonderful With Photos Of Throughout Sets Rooms Ideas 11. Bedroom Furniture That Fits Small Suites Raymour And Flanigan With Regard To Sets For Rooms Plan 1.


No habitat or food provided.
Snails eat lettuce leaves and will need a large glass-sided container or aquarium (such as the Snail Observation House - Item Code 252-345).
Can be released to nature.
Please note: Pond Snails are only available for Mainland UK addresses.


One of our SharePoint administrators deleted a SharePoint site, but it was still appearing in the top-level navigation. If you clicked on the link the page could not be found and the site wasn't visible in the navigation area of site settings. In order to make the site disappear I ran an IISRESET on each web front end.
This entry was posted in SharePoint on December 21, 2011 by richardstk.


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I prosauropodi (Prosauropoda) sono un gruppo di antichi dinosauri erbivori che visse nella fine del Triassico e nel Giurassico inferiore.

Caratteristiche
Questi dinosauri furono spesso gli erbivori dominanti nel loro ecosistema, e in poco tempo raggiunsero grandi taglie (fino a dieci metri di lunghezza). Tutti i prosauropodi avevano un lungo collo e una piccola testa, zampe anteriori più corte di quelle posteriori e un artiglio molto grande sul "pollice", probabilmente per difendersi dai predatori. La maggior parte dei prosauropodi era semibipede, anche se almeno una forma (Riojasaurus) era completamente quadrupede. I prosauropodi sono stati spesso considerati gli antenati dei sauropodi, ma ora si pensa che rappresentino un ramo parallelo.

Un gruppo monofiletico
Un tempo i prosauropodi erano definiti come erbivori bipedi antenati dei grandi sauropodi, i giganti quadrupedi dal collo e dalla coda lunghissimi. Recenti analisi cladistiche, invece, suggeriscono che questi antichi dinosauri erano in realtà un sister group dei sauropodi. I prosauropodi, comunque, formano un gruppo naturale (gruppo monofiletico), come dimostrato da recenti studi sul genere Massospondylus. La riclassificazione di questo grande gruppo di dinosauri primitivi ha portato all'esclusione di alcune forme che fino a poco tempo fa erano considerate prosauropodi. Il primitivo Anchisaurus, per esempio, nonostante la sua corporatura tipicamente "prosauropode", è stato posto alla base del clado dei sauropodi. Le famiglie dei melanorosauridi e dei blikanasauridi, poi, sono state ridescritte come robusti rappresentanti primitivi di questo gruppo. In sostanza, il cladogramma dei sauropodomorfi primitivi vede alla base i generi Saturnalia, Thecodontosaurus ed Efraasia. Immediatamente sopra questo gruppetto parafiletico stanno i veri prosauropodi, che includono Riojasaurus, i plateosauridi, i massospondilidi e altre forme meno note.

Evoluzione
I sauropodomorfi primitivi apparvero dapprima nel supercontinente Gondwana nel medio/tardo Carnico (la prima parte del Triassico superiore). Erano forme piccole (1,5 - 3 metri), conosciute in Brasile e in Argentina (Guaibasauridae). I primi prosauropodi, invece, si svilupparono tra il Carnico e il Norico: il più antico è Unaysaurus, scoperto nella formazione Caturrita del Brasile meridionale. Per tutta la loro storia evolutiva, si può dire che i prosauropodi abbiano conservato il medesimo standard corporeo, ma dal Norico medio in poi hanno sostanzialmente raddoppiato le loro dimensioni, come esemplificato dal Plateosaurus gracilis (un tempo noto come Sellosaurus) del Stubensandstein inferiore-medio della Germania. Questo animale, poi, diede origine ad altre specie di Plateosaurus, erbivori di otto metri di lunghezza e quasi due tonnellate di peso, che dominarono l'Europa nel tardo Norico e nel Retico. Nello stesso momento, in Argentina, un prosauropode ancora più grande (Riojasaurus) rappresentava il maggior erbivoro del suo ecosistema: questo dinosauro era così grosso da poter camminare solo su tutte e quattro le zampe. Curiosamente, in Africa meridionale la nicchia ecologica venne occupata non dai prosauropodi, ma da sauropodi estremamente primitivi, come Melanorosaurus, Blikanasaurus e Antetonitrus. A quell'epoca, la nicchia ecologica dei grandi carnivori era ancora occupata dai tecodonti.
L'estinzione della fine del Triassico sterminò i tecodontosauridi, i melanorosauridi, i blikanasauridi e Riojasaurus, mentre Anchisaurus, i plateosauridi e i veri sauropodi primitivi sopravvissero. I sauropodi si diversificarono (vulcanodontidi) e i plateosauri dettero origine a una quantità di grossi erbivori come Massospondylus, Lufengosaurus e Yunnanosaurus, di grande successo come i loro antenati triassici. Per una qualche ragione, nel Giurassico inferiore il regno dei prosauropodi finì, e così quello degli anchisauri, mentre dai vulcanodontidi si svilupparono i giganteschi cetiosauridi.

Classificazione
Da Yates (2003) e Galton (2001):

Sottordine Sauropodomorpha
 ?Azendohsaurus
 Saturnalia
 Thecodontosaurus
 Efraasia
 Infraordine PROSAUROPODA
 ?Yimenosaurus
 ?Mussaurus
 ?Eucnemesaurus
 Riojasaurus
 Famiglia Thecodontosauridae
 Superfamiglia Plateosauria
 Famiglia Plateosauridae
 Plateosaurus
 Ruehleia
 Sellosaurus
 Famiglia Massospondylidae
 Coloradisaurus
 Lufengosaurus
 Massospondylus
 Yunnanosaurus
 Jingshanosaurus
 Superfamiglia Anchisauria
 Famiglia Anchisauridae
 Ammosaurus
 Anchisaurus
 Famiglia Melanorosauridae
 Camelotia
 Chinshakiangosaurus
 Lessemsaurus
 Likhoelesaurus
 Melanorosaurus
 Riojasaurus
 Roccosaurus
 Thotobolosaurus

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Sauropodomorfi


text:
Home Entertainment Explosions, Deaths Reported at Ariana Grande Concert
Explosions, Deaths Reported at Ariana Grande Concert
Jonathan Antonio
Ariana Grande at the 58th GRAMMY Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, USA on February 15, 2016. (Tinseltown / Shutterstock.com)
Several people killed and several others were injured following two explosions in Manchester Arena during the end of an Ariana Grande concert.
According to reports, several people were killed following multiple explosions at the end of an Ariana Grande commercial. Videos of the incident have surfaced and show people running away in terror from the venue following the explosions after the concert finished. Bloodied concert goers were caught leaving and assisted by emergency services outside of the concert.
Manchester Police released a statement, "Emergency services are currently responding to reports of an explosion at Manchester Arena. There are a number of confirmed fatalities and others injured. Please AVOID the area as first responders work tirelessly at the scene. Details of a casualty bureau will follow as soon as available."
Rolling Stone reports that audience members first heard the explosion after Grande's last song at roughly 10:40 p.m.
PHILADELPHIA, PA – December 10, 2014: Ariana Grande performs at the Wells Fargo Center on December 10, 2014 in Philadelphia. (JStone / Shutterstock.com)
Suddenly everybody started screaming and running for the exit … We could hear the police and ambulance sirens. It was terrifying," a concertgoer told MailOnline. "There were thousands of people trying to get out at once. They were all screaming and crying. The whole place smelt smokey and burnt."
Majid Khan, a concert goer, told The Independent: "I and my sister, along with a lot of others were seeing Ariana Grande perform at Manchester Arena, and we were all exiting the venue when around 10.40-10,45pm-ish, a huge bomb-like bang went off that hugely panicked everyone and we were all trying to flee the arena … It was one bang and essentially everyone from the other side of the arena where the bang was heard from suddenly came running towards us as they were trying to exit Trinity Way and that was blocked so everyone was just running to any exit they could find as quickly as they could."
Ariana Grande is most known for her roles in Victorious and Sam & Cat. Her music career started with the soundtrack Music from Vicorious. She signed a contract with Republic Records and released her debut studio album, Yours Truly 2013. The album's hit single "The Way" debuted in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, with fans comparing her style to Mariah Carey. Her second album My Everything debuted at NO. 1 in the US. In 2016, Time called Grande one of the 100 most influential people in the world. She is also the second most followed person on Instagram.
Previous articleFirst Humans Came from Europe and Not Africa, Study Finds
Next articleAriana Grande Massacre – At Least 22 People Killed and 59 Injured
With an educational background in journalism, philosophy, chemistry, and psychology, Jonathan's passion includes reporting clear and accurate news. As a writer, he has also worked on topics that include: entertainment, social media, and technology.
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text:
Q: "Could not load file or assembly 'MySql.Web" But I am not using MySQL? I have an ASP.Net MVC 5 web site that is using Entity Framework and SQL for the database. When I publish the site to my host and run it I now get an error about MySql.Web.
Could not load file or assembly 'MySql.Web, Version=6.8.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=c5687fc88969c44d' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.

The error message also focus on this line from the machine.config
     <add name="MySQLMembershipProvider"
type="MySql.Web.Security.MySQLMembershipProvider,
    MySql.Web, Version=6.8.3.0, Culture=neutral,
PublicKeyToken=c5687fc88969c44d"
connectionStringName="LocalMySqlServer"
enablePasswordRetrieval="false" enablePasswordReset="true"
requiresQuestionAndAnswer="true" applicationName="/"
requiresUniqueEmail="false" passwordFormat="Clear"
maxInvalidPasswordAttempts="5" minRequiredPasswordLength="7"
minRequiredNonalphanumericCharacters="1" passwordAttemptWindow="10"
 passwordStrengthRegularExpression="" />

I do not use MySql in my project and can not find any references to it in any of my configuration files.
I have read some other posts on SO that talk about adding the MySql connector to my configuration but don't understand why I would need to do that if I don't use MySql anywhere??

A: It looks like someone installed the MySQL Connector on your machine.
You should be able to remove providers from your app using a <clear/> or <remove name="MySQLMembershipProvider" /> in your web.config.


text:
Q: initiating multiprocesses Pool in a for loop in python So i wrote a function that collects a list of files in a directory. These are cut in to sizes of 4 and fed to a multiprocess pool using a for loop. Below is the code for clairity.
def Main():

    allft_files = listdir(path_allft)
    ncores = cpu_count()

    start = datetime.datetime.now()

    for i in range(0, len(allft_files ), ncores):

        chuncks = [allft_files[x:x + 1] for x in range(i, i+4, 1)]
        pool_processes = Pool(processes=ncores)
        pool_processes.map(filter_allft, chuncks)

My question is if all processes are completed and joined before the next iteration starts. Or does the script jump to the next iteration in the for loop when one of the processes finishes. Because processing time for each proces is slightly different. Im not really sure how pool works in that aspect.

A: multiprocessing documentation drives me crazy. Pools do work and return results. The map function fans out a sequence of tasks and waits for all of the tasks to complete so that it can assemble and return all of the results. You'd think the docs would mention that! So, as you suspect, the map has to completely finish before you start the next data set.
Your code has a bug - you setup a new Pool in each iteration which simply abandons the old Pool and is needlessly expensive. As a minimum, move the pool creation out of the for.
It sounds like you'd benefit from using one of the async calls. The map or apply call returns immediately with an ApplyResult object you can use to wait for the result. Here are a couple of examples for whether you care about the result.
import multiprocessing as mp
import time
import random
import contextlib

def worker(i,j):
    time.sleep(random.random())
    print('done', i, j)

if __name__ == "__main__":

    # The Pool context manager terminates the pool (killing workers)
    # but we just want to close (letting workers finish) and join.
    with contextlib.closing(mp.Pool(8)) as pool:
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(20):
                pool.apply_async(worker, args=(i,j))
    pool.join()

    print("\nIf you want to process the results\n")
    results = []

    with contextlib.closing(mp.Pool(8)) as pool:
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(20):
                results.append(pool.apply_async(worker, args=(i,j)))
    for result in results:
        result.get()
    pool.join()

A: From the documentation of Pool.map (emphasis mine):

A parallel equivalent of the map() built-in function (it supports only one iterable argument though). It blocks until the result is ready.

The result cannot be ready until each element is ready.  Each element will only be ready after the work in the process pool has completed.  Therefore, the last line of your loop:
pool_processes.map(filter_allft, chuncks)

will not finish until filter_allft has been applied to every element of chuncks.  Only once this has happened will execution proceed to the next iteration of the loop.
However, there is no code in your example which explicitly cleans up the process pool (terminates its processes or joins them).  Therefore, they will only be terminated when the garbage collector collects the pool.  It is most likely that this will happen on the next iteration of the loop when a new pool replaces the old one in the pool_processes variable.
So while the work will all have been completed before the next iteration begins, the processes will not be cleaned up until after the next iteration begins.  If the pool is cleaned up by the reference counting system, its processes will at least be terminated before the next iteration creates any more processes.  If you have to rely on the cycle detector, you will probably have multiple active pools concurrently.
To avoid this, you could add an explicit:
pool_processes.terminate()
pool_processes.join()

to the end of the loop.


Love is the only way there is.
We are all just messengers showing off LOVE! The definition of love is cooperation, and actions always speak loudest. Just like there is neither a devil nor a god, there is not evil. You would never know it if you asked other people though. Too much fear and ignorance. Beliefs are handed to you by others, knowledge comes from within. Knowledge comes from awareness and experience. Maybe you have heard: Believe nothing you hear and only half of what you see.
Praise and blame are all the same. Praise and blame mean absolutely nothing, except maybe to the foolish bully who gives it. Praise and blame come from the unconscious personality, not your conscious, higher self. For me personally, ganja connects me to my higher self quicker. Here's another personal lob, screw the ducks, GO GANJA!
Peace, love and all that hippie stuff.


Since July in Brussels, a group of 400 Afghan people – half composed of families with very young children – is taking action : demonstrations in front of the detention center for migrants in Steeokkerzeel, demonstrations at politicians, and so on.
On September 8, the group decided to occupy a building on Rue du Trône in Ixelles. It was a political occupation with one precise demand : stop all deportations to Afghanistan, a country devastated by a war in which the Belgian state is taking part. They also asked for a refugee status that would allow them to stay and work in Belgium.
This occupation was a place to gather and organize the struggle to obtain the claimed rights. Mid-September, during one week, the group has gone out every morning to demonstrate in front of the following politicians, in order to get an appointment : the minister of Interior Milquet ; the Afghan ambassador in Belgium ; the minister of War De Crem ; the State Secretary for Asylum and Immigration De Block ; the Prime Minister Di Rupo. This organized group of 400 Afghans is strong.
Too strong, from the state authorities' point of view. Their determined struggle, involving daily demonstrations was visible and disturbing. To silence these Afghans, the state has chosen the repressive way : it sent its police to suppress the struggle : water cannons, tear gas, dogs, arrests and detention center for 47 of them..


text:
2015 Recipient
Home / Awards / Suresh Kotagal, MD
Suresh Kotagal, MD
Profile written by Robert S. Rust, MD, MA
Suresh Kotagal was born in India, where he completed seven years studying medicine and neurology. Two years of training in pediatrics at the Children's Hospital of Michigan followed. Dr. Kotagal completed his fellowship in child neurology at St. Louis University in 1979, whereupon he was appointed to the faculty. In 1992, he founded the SLU Pediatric Sleep Disorders Program. He was to remain at SLU for two decades, rising to the rank of Professor of Pediatrics and of Psychiatry in 1996. Named Interim Director of the Pediatric Neurology Program at SLU in 1980, he became Training Director in 1983, serving in that position for 16 years. For ten years he also served as Director of the Child Neurology Clerkship and as a member of a large number of SLU's administrative committees. While at SLU, he completed Fellowships in sleep disorders (Stanford, with ensuing board certification) and epilepsy (Bowman-Gray).
Dr. Kotagal's participation in the CNS started in 1978. He organized a CNS Breakfast Symposium on sleep disorders in 2002. In 2011, he was elected to the CNS Board as Councillor for the Midwest Region. He has also served on the Legislative Affairs and International Affairs Committees, serving as Chair of the latter. Elected to the Professors of Child Neurology in 1984, he became Secretary-Treasurer in 2011. Dr. Kotagal served as an Examiner for the ABPN (1989-2008). Dr. Kotagal has served as Director of a number of MN Annual Meeting Courses, twice as Director of the Neonatal Neurology course. He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine in 1992, serving on the Program and Nosology Committees and the Task Force for establishment of Practice Guidelines for Pediatric Polysomnography, chairing that committee since 2010.
In 2002 Dr. Kotagal joined the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, where he has served not only as a Consultant in Medicine and Neurology, but also in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. He served as Chair of the Mayo Clinic Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology for seven years. Since 2005, he has held a joint appointment in the Mayo Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care. Dr. He is also a member of the Pediatric Working Group on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. In 201 0 he was appointed to the Panel on Neurologic Devices of the Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Kotagal has served in various Editorial capacities for six major journals and as a reviewer for sixteen.
Dr. Kotagal's 75 peer-reviewed papers have garnered a total of 1,495 citations to date. Among the most highly cited are papers concerning characterization of sleep disturbances in children with autism spectrum disorder, or those with severe forms of cerebral palsy, psychiatric and other characteristics of children and adolescents with restless legs syndrome, childhood parasomnias, autonomic variations observed during sleep, cardiovascular disturbances associated with obstructive sleep apnea, pre teen narcolepsy, and the development narcolepsy cataplexy after Hl Ni encephalitis. Dr. Kotagal has published 36 book chapters on topics that include normal developmental changes in sleep; the relationship of sleep and sleep disorders to a wide variety of inherited and acquired neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, movement, intellectual, infectious, and other disorders to obstructive apnea, narcolepsy, hypersomnia; and various autonomic disturbances, such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. In addition to the basic, structural understanding of sleep and rare disorders he has imparted to his colleagues, he has taught us as well about the relationship of the investigation and treatment of sleep disturbances to such common things as epilepsy, headache, the neonatal, childhood, and subsequent stages of life. He has published two superb books that consider in detail the nature of sleep in a broad variety of childhood neurological disorders, and another that reviews the characteristics and classification of sleep disorders. In each of these one immediately recognizes the skillful guidance that a master hand may exert in patiently and systematically enlightening us as to the nature, importance, and organization of his subject.
Dr. Kotagal's capacity and willingness to serve as a mentor has been embraced by fourteen individuals. He has served as a Visiting Professor at fourteen Universities and has delivered 115 invited lectures at national or regional meetings. Chief among his many important contributions has been the leadership he has exerted in the very establishment of pediatric sleep disorders programs; his many contributions to the descriptions of sleep abnormalities in children and their association with a wide variety of other neurological processes, particularly periodic limb movements in sleep; and his demonstration that auditory evoked potentials represent an important element in the management of bacterial meningitis. His advocacy of that approach has made this practice a part of the standard of care or children with bacterial meningitis.
Dr. Kotagal's teaching prowess has been widely noted throughout his tenure in St. Louis and at the Mayo Clinic, including four Excellence in Teaching Awards at the Mayo Clinic, as well as a separate award as an Outstanding Course Director. In 2013 he received the Excellence in Education Award of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. In 2014, he was named Pediatric Clinician of the Year by the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine of the Mayo Clinic. The impact of Dr. Kotagal on those he has trained, his colleagues, his associates in a wide variety of settings ranging from regional to international has been remarkable. The depth of his knowledge, based on keen observation, his exceptional intellectual organization and keen desire to refine and elucidate every aspect of the mechanisms, effects, and amelioration of the broad range of sleep disorders that he has encountered has made of him a treasure to all the rest of us. Dr. Kotagal has shown us that in whatever areas of neurology we may have chosen to study and practice, we may encounter associated disturbances of sleep in quite a few of them. Dr. Kotagal has demonstrated the manner in which our systematic approach to recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of such problems may enable us to enhance our capacity to serve the needs of our patients and their families. He has also provided his students, residents, and colleagues throughout the world with a superb example of the capacities and character that constitute a model physician and teacher.


After a good nap, Billy was ready to hit the road. We got on the road only to creep along the freeway at 11 miles am hour due to a bad crash. Having scripture on your vehicle makes delays like this less painful as people can be reading God's word more because of it!
We had to make a stop to pick up some groceries and found a Trader Joe's near the Publix, so we had to stop there. It's the girls favorite store because they like the child sized carts they can push and the stickers the cashier gives them. We took this picture of the bus reflection on our way there.
He was sharing the gospel with everyone as usual and got distracted, so when he started to fill the tank, he grabbed the wrong nozzle and started to put gas in! He realized his mistake quickly, so only about 3 gallons went in. He added several additives (ask him, I don't remember what he said he used), and more diesel. It started at first, but then would not start again. 😦 He spent the next 2 hrs looking things up online (thank the Lord for smart phones!), and trying a number of things to get it running again. But with his usual zeal for sharing the gospel with people, he was able to witness to 18 people at this one stop!
After he got the bus running, we had several issues once on the road. It would stop running and we would have to pull over. We did not put on very many miles that day!
We stopped for the night at about 10:30. Billy thought it was a church parking lot, but when we woke up in the morning, we realized it was an elementary school! So all the parents dropping their kids off at school got to read the bus.
We drove/coasted (when the bus died again) to the O'Reilly Auto Parts store nearby. A kind gentleman came out with his code reader so we could know what was wrong. He was thrilled to see the bus and he and Billy had a great Bible conversation while the codes were being read.
A few pictures from a stop at Wal-Mart to get a fuel additive that helped a lot.
There were many beautiful trees in full bloom in Georgia. So pretty!
My sister sent me some pictures of the does that are due soon. Looking forward to getting back to the farm and the birth of the goat kids!
This is Liberty, due on March 6th.


My book that gave me my first speaking gig.
Are you ready to activate your business idea in 2018? Well, if you are, I am ready to hold your hands.
You see- my journey started with a book, most of you even forget or don't know of its existence. It is called Bamboo and Fern. Yes, that was the start of my business. A simple book became what I know will become a more global brand. It was that book that gave me my first speaking gig and started my career as an entrepreneur. Along the way, I have learnt so much, met so many people of impact and influence, build my brand, branded event and a myriad of other business skill set that I want to share with you.
That is why I created Activate Your Business Mastermind to hold your hands and help you grow, scale and become profitable. Limited spaces so get on today.


text:
The world is off track in its goal to eliminate malaria. Here's why.
Progress toward the global elimination of malaria has stalled, according to a report to be published Wednesday by the World Health Organization.
The world made big gains against malaria from 2000 to 2015, with annual infections falling 18% and annual deaths dropping 48%. The WHO was so encouraged by the declines that in 2015 it announced a goal of cutting malaria infections and deaths worldwide by at least 40% by 2020.
But in the last three years, many nations have reported significant increases in malaria cases, according to the new report.
"We are not seeing the progress that had been achieved in the past being sustained," Pedro Alonso, director of the WHO's Global Malaria Program, told reporters in a telephone briefing last week. "Reductions in disease and death have ceased, and we are therefore not on track to meet the 2020 target."
Reasons for the slowdown differed across specific regions and countries, health officials said. But contributing factors included insufficient funding, a lack of interventions to prevent spread of the disease, risks posed by conflict in malaria endemic zones, irregular climate patterns, and the emergence of parasite resistance, the report said.
Source: Los Angeles Times (link opens in a new window)
global health, infectious diseases, malaria, WHO
Webinar Via Boundless Impact Research & Analytics: Rubber Isn't Rubbish: Scrap Tires Join the Circular Economy:… https://t.co/npxHrp5zIh (link opens in a new window)


text:
Reading: EPL: Man Utd star Martial hits out at Mourinho, Solskjaer over treatment
VoiceofNG > Blog > Sports > EPL: Man Utd star Martial hits out at Mourinho, Solskjaer over treatment
EPL: Man Utd star Martial hits out at Mourinho, Solskjaer over treatment
Manchester United forward Anthony Martial has criticised Jose Mourinho and Ole Gunnar Solskjaer for the way he was treated during their managerial spells.
The France international was United's top scorer during the 2015-16 campaign but, when Mourinho became United manager the following season, the forward struggled for regular minutes as a starter.
Although United won two major trophies in Mourinho's debut season, Martial blamed the Portuguese for missing out on a place at the 2018 World Cup.
"It started with the story of the shirt number," he told France Football as quoted by RMC Sport. "During the holidays, he sent me a message asking me if I would change to No. 11, explaining that it was great because it was the number of the legend Ryan Giggs. I told him that I had the greatest respect for Giggs but that I would prefer to keep my No. 9. And when I go back to the club, I see my No. 11 shirt, the story didn't go well.
"He disrespected me, directly. He talked about me in the press, little phrases, a bit like he had done with Karim Benzema at Real Madrid. In the [2017-18] season, I was the team's top scorer in the first half of the season, he brought in Alexis Sanchez and then I didn't play much. It was the World Cup season as well, and it cost me a lot at the end, especially as the French team won. I should have been there."
Following Mourinho's dismissal in 2018, Solskjaer replaced him, and although Martial enjoyed a resurgence in form, he said he was unable to perform during the latter seasons of the Norwegian's stint.
"The last two seasons, I have regularly played injured," Martial added. "People don't know that, I couldn't accelerate during the four months following the COVID season. Solskjaer tells me that he needs me, so I play.
"Given my game, if I can't accelerate, it becomes very complicated. And I get criticised — the coach never bothered to tell the media. Obviously, I end up getting injured for good and when I come back, finished, I don't play anymore.
"I took it very badly. I had a feeling of injustice. You are asked to sacrifice yourself for the team and behind you are dismissed. For me, it's almost treachery. That's all I hate. I can be blamed, but not for being fake."
Martial is recovering from an Achilles injury picked up last month with new United manager Erik ten Hag unable to give a time frame for the striker's return.
Ronaldo risks ban again over £75m wage fraud in Jeventus
Al-Nassr confident Cristiano Ronaldo will finish his career at the club
Mike Tyson accused of raping woman in $5million lawsuit
REVEALED!!! Real reason Ronaldo and his agent, Jose Mendes parted ways
EPL: Everton sack Frank Lampard as manager
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Your people are your strongest advantage.
The world of work is rapidly transforming. Millennials now make up the largest segment of the workforce. The gig economy is challenging established people management practices. Employee engagement is decreasing. Automation is reshaping job functions.
How can we get a full picture on our workforce given its dynamic and complex nature?
How can we help employees thrive in their ever-evolving roles?
How can we help new employees integrate with our culture?
How can we understand and leverage the informal networks of teams?


text:
Search warrant sends Atchison man to jail
Chris Studdard/Credit: Atchison Co Sheriff's Office
(KAIR)--A search warrant served on an Atchison residence led to one arrest, with an Atchison man now facing drug-related charges.
According to a release from Atchison County Sheriff Jack Laurie, the search warrant was served Wednesday in the 800 block of Kearney Street.
The search followed a Sheriff's Office investigation that led to the allegation that methamphetamine was being sold from the residence.
When the search was conducted, Laurie said children were located inside the residence.
He said a distribution amount of methamphetamine was also located, along with a firearm and drug paraphernalia.
30-year-old Chris Studdard was taken into custody on charges for possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of a school, aggravated child endangerment, criminal possession of a weapon by a convicted felon, no drug tax stamp, and possession with intent to distribute drug paraphernalia.
Following his arrest, Studdard was booked into the Atchison County Jail.
According to the Kansas Department of Corrections, Studdard was convicted of drug charges in 2015 and convicted for criminal possession of a weapon by a felon in 2016.


Incomes grew by 0.4%, a bit ahead of expectations of 0.3%.
Spending grew by 0.3%, a bit below expectations of 0.4%.
ORIGINAL POST: It's going to be a huge week for data, and this is our first number.
At 8:30 AM, March Personal Income & Spending comes out.
Analysts are looking for 0.3% growth in income, a slight tick up from 0.2% growth in the month before.
Meanwhile, they're looking for 0.4% growth in spending, sharply down from the 0.8% in the previous month.
Once again, analysts foresee spending outpacing income, something that arguably can't be sustained.
We'll have the number here LIVE at 8:30 AM ET.


Post Zombie Apocalypse | Siyao Li | Scotland | 5 mins – Once upon a time there was a beautiful peaceful town. Until trash started to cover that beautiful land….
Disillusioned by a story of consumption and alienation, a couple are called to action. They make an intimate and life-changing quest around the UK to discover a culture of connection and belonging. Featuring conversations with Polly Higgins, Bruce Parry and Patrick Whitefield. A tale of both deep grief and inspired hope.


This regal Art Deco sapphire ring was hand crafted in 14K white gold in a domed web of delicate filigree. At its center reigns a beautiful 0.63 carat round brilliant cut blue sapphire ( September Birthstone ) flanked by four sparkling round diamonds totaling 0.06 carat. Lavish engraved scroll work along the sides frames and enhances the majesty of this wonderful vintage 1920's classic sapphire ring that is sure to become a treasured family heirloom.


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text:
Kinect Hack Lends a Hand to Shoppers in Wheelchairs
Shopping for groceries in a wheelchair can be tough. A Kinect hack, of all things, might make it easier.
David Zax archive page
The Kinect hack has become an entire subgenre of technology innovation, ever since the Microsoft device debuted for Xbox 360 back in November. We've seen all sorts of wild experiments with the Kinect: an invisibility cloak, a flying robot, and yes, inevitably, that Minority Report interface. What was intended as a mere toy has become a canvas for DIY creativity.
One thing we've seen relatively little of, though, is socially-conscious Kinect hacking. Just as we were beginning to get cynical, however, along comes a fellow named Luis Carlos Inácio de Matos to warm our hearts with a Kinect hack for people in wheelchairs, called Wi-Go.
In order to understand the importance of Wi-Go, first you need to imagine what it's like grocery shopping from a wheelchair. In a word, it's difficult. The disabled person already has his hands full wheeling around the supermarket—how is he to simultaneously push or pull a shopping cart down the aisles?
Luis Carlos Inácio de Matos, who is affiliated with the Department of Informatics at the University of Beira Interior, of Portugal, souped up a cart with a Kinect system. The Microsoft-augmented shopping cart then had the ability to follow around the young man as he wheeled around a supermarket. The Kinect cart tracked him and replicated every move, even threading the needle of a pair of anti-theft scanning towers at the entrance to the market. You can see a video of the hack in action here.
It's an idea that's been tried out before. In 2006, a University of Florida student created a similar system that he called B.O.S.S. (for "Battery Operated Smart Servant"). Luis Carlos Inácio de Matos's invention appears to work more smoothly—though as a prototype, it naturally remains a little rough around the edges. The Wi-Go is good at following, to be sure. But an even smarter and more dynamic system would know not only when to follow (when its user is in transit), but when to ride abreast (when its user is selecting items off the shelves).
Still, even baby steps are welcome in the nascent realm of Kinect hacks with a conscience. We applaud the Wi-Go's induction into a small hall of fame, where it rests right in between this Kinect hack that interprets sign language, and this one that lends help to the blind.
Intelligent Machines
David Zax


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<feed><tipo>Rua</tipo><logradouro>A</logradouro><bairro>Industrial</bairro><cidade>Aracaju</cidade><uf>SE</uf><cep>49066213</cep></feed>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: should I use a lock if I am sure that every thread will always write the same value to shared memory? C++ : I have a vector<bool> , no thread will ever write false to any of the indices . Should I still use a lock ? I don't think it will cause a race condition as all threads are writing the same value .
The functions being accessed by multiple threads looks like :
void setVal(int index)
{
  if (boolvec[index] == false)
    boolvec[index] = true;
}

A: To get by without a lock you should use a std::vector<atomic_flag_wrapper> where atomic_flag_wrapper wraps a std::atomic_flag similar to the code in this answer.
With std::vector<bool> you must use a lock, the standard explicitly tells you so:

Notwithstanding [res.on.data.races], implementations are required to avoid data races when the contents of the contained object in different elements in the same container, excepting vector<bool>, are modified concurrently.
http://eel.is/c++draft/container.requirements.dataraces#2 (C++ draft, 02.08.2020), emphasis mine

In plain English:
std::vector<bool> does not need to make sure that writes to two different elements are race-free; therefore there can be a data race; therefore you need a lock.
If it were e.g. a std::vector<char>, then the standard makes sure that charVector[0] and charVector[1]  can be written to concurrently. But still then you cannot write to charVector[0] from more than one thread concurrently; you need to use atomics.
std:atomic<bool> is not guaranteed to be lock-free, so you should use std::atomic_flag which has this guarantee.  You cannot put these into a std::vector, though, because they are not copy constructible.  For that, you need a wrapper as described in this answer.

A: You should use a lock. On some platforms it may be unnecessary, while on others it is essential to get correct functionality due to the nature of std::vector<bool>.
std::vector<bool>  is designed for space efficiency, and elements are stored on individual bits. If one thread writes to boolvec[3], and another writes to boolvec[4], both will modify the same byte in memory. This requires a lock to ensure that the proper value is visible to all threads because of the read-modify-write cycle necessary to change the value. Without the lock, one some platforms the first write may not be immediately visible to all CPUs/cores/threads, resulting in the second write using a stale value, effectively undoing the previous thread's write to the same address.

A: Yes, you should. Always a good idea, since it affects readability and maintainability.
Even though in the current day your code may not be expected to write specific values,
in the future, that may change. While it may work currently without a lock, suppose you want to change something. Then you get a bug and have to chase it down--a bug you could have reasonably prevented by writing your code defensively from the beginning.

A: In this specific case you can avoid using lock. In case multiple threads read false at the same index it does not matter, since the end result will be that value at that index is true.