Padi Resorts in Los Roques, Venezuela. Other scuba diving destination you must visit.
Introductory scuba diving lessons for beginners wishing to enjoy the beauty of Los Roques underwater world, the best Caribbean reef diving in Venezuela. Dive sites: La Guaza, La Piedra Ahogada (place for deep and night diving, as well as diving to explore the cave of La Buceadora), La Buceadora (wreck diving to explore a small wreck boat at the depth of about 90 feet), Madrisqui and Francisqui reefs, max. depth 60 feet - perfect for beginners, Solapa de Rabusqui reef formation (shark diving), Barrera Arrecifal Sur (protected area comprising 50 different dive sites offering wall and cave diving, as well as possibility to explore and film best coral reefs views in the Caribbean.
Sail Caribbean Divers, now located on Norman Island, announced the opening of a new scuba diving facility on Norman Island, right next to "Pirates" in the Bight. Certified scuba divers can book diving excursions & non-certified divers can try scuba for the first time. PADI education courses are always available. This location also offers kayak & float rentals, diving and snorkel equipment for purchase and rental, a variety of essential scuba accessories, and an airfill station. Sail Caribbean Divers, a PADI 5 Star IDC Dive Resort operating in the BVI since 1997, also has full service centers at Hodges Creek Marina on Tortola & in Manchioneel Bay on Cooper Island. All three locations are open daily to serve all of the valued customers diving, rental, airfill & watersports needs.


text:
Q: Why are changes to the QML code sometimes not reflected when hitting 'Run' and how to solve it? In this Qt Quick simple example, I want that when I move a Racked upwards, we have a message on console.log showing that movement and another message when the Racket is moved downwards. I've written this code for that:
Racket.qml:
import QtQuick 2.8

Rectangle {
    id: root
    width: 15; height: 50
    x: 400; y: 100
    color: "red"

    property int oldY: 100
    property bool yUwards: false
    property bool yDwards: false

        onYChanged: {
           if( y > oldY) {
              yDwards = true
              yUwards = false
              console.log("Racket moved downwards.\n")
            }

           else if( y < oldY) {
               yDwards = false
               yUwards = true
               console.log("Racket moved upwards.\n")
             }
            oldY = y
        }

    MouseArea {
        anchors.fill: parent
        drag.target: root
        drag.axis: Drag.YAxis
        drag.minimumY: 10
        drag.maximumY: 440
    }
}

main.qml:
import QtQuick 2.8
import QtQuick.Window 2.2

Window {
    visible: true
    width: 800
    height: 600

    Rectangle {
        id: table
        width: 700; height: 500
        border.width: 10
        border.color: "black"
        color: "white"

   Racket {
       id: redRacket
       x: 630; y: 100
       color: "red"
    }
  }
}

When I at the first time hit Run, the code didn't work, so I hit clean all, run qmake and then rebuild all, then it worked!
How does a new QML programmer like me figure out that the code is fine but this process is needed to successfully run the program?

A: This is indeed a bug in QMake.
As @Mitch posted in his comment, a bug report was already filed: bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-13334
If you read through the comments in that bug report, a workaround for the problem was posted. Have been using it for a couple of months now and it seems to fix the issue.
All you have to do is paste this at the end of your pro file.
#update qml
qml_scenes.depends = $$PWD/resources/scene1.qml $$PWD/resources/scene2.qml ...
qml_scenes.commands =
QMAKE_EXTRA_TARGETS += qml_scenes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Cambodian opposition leader was not detained at airport, foreign minister says
Sunday, 10 Nov 2019 06:20 PM MYT
Mu Sochua, Deputy President of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), reacts as she talks to journalists after a press conference in Jakarta November 6, 2019. — Reuters pic
PONTIAN, Nov 10 — Opposition party leader Mu Sochua was not detained by the Malaysian authorities but only underwent a normal examination at the airport, said Minister of Foreign Affairs Datuk Saifuddin Abdullah.
He said the examination was in accordance with the standard operation procedure after the Malaysian government had received a letter from the Cambodian government to send home those figures whose names were listed in the letter.
''Actually, all the (Cambodian opposition party leaders) who arrived in Malaysia were not detained but they underwent certain processes used by our authorities at the airport, that is the normal SOP (standard operating procedure). Cambodia gave a list of the names of the political figures because their parties have been banned.
''They (Cambodian government) had requested to us to send them back to Cambodia, if they reach our country,'' he said when met by Bernama after giving a group ceramah in conjunction with the Tanjung Piai Parliamentary by-election at a house in Kampun Teluk Kerang, near here last night.
The 65-year-old woman, who is also the vice-president of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) which is banned in Cambodia, was reportedly detained by the Malaysian Immigration Department together with two others upon their arrival at the KL International Airport (KLIA) recently.
Saifuddin said the authorities had allowed the Cambodian opposition leaders to enter this country because the Malaysian government made decisions without any pressure from any quarter.
''We make decisions about what is taking place in the country and at its borders without pressure from anybody. We have certain processes when cases like this take place, that was what had taken place at the airport.They were all allowed to enter Malaysia and they are free to meet their friends and so on.
''We follow the SOP and did not comply with what was requested by the Cambodian (government) because we make the decision whether to send people back, allow them in and others following our own calculations,'' he said.
Last week, Thailand deported Sochua when she landed at the main airport in Bangkok, she then flew to Indonesia before the Cambodian government requested for her detention after holding a media conference there.
It was reported that the Cambodian authorities detained at least 48 opposition activists following allegations about an attempt to topple the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen.
Dozens of opposition activists, who had left Cambodia for fear that they would be detained, stated their preparedness to return home as a sign of support for the founder of CNRP, Sam Rainsey, who is now living in exile. — Bernama

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The SETAC Africa and SRA are pleased to co-locate and coordinate the 2019 SRA Fifth World Congress and the 2019 9th Biennial SETAC Africa Conference. This is the first World Congress to take place in a developing region, bringing together over 300 participants from over 40 countries.
Abstracts are invited for presentations at the Fifth World Congress on Risk to be held in Cape Town, South Africa, May 6-8, 2019.
The SETAC Africa and SRA are pleased to co-locate and coordinate the 2019 SRA Fifth World Congress and the 2019 9th Biennial SETAC Africa Conference.


The theme for the 2012 National Trust Heritage Festival was 'Innovation and Invention'. Inspired by this theme, the Glebe Society decided to put together and maintain a list of 'Glebe firsts' with links to further information about each item where available. This list includes achievements by people or groups from Glebe or Forest Lodge where these have been the first of their kind in Sydney, NSW, Australia or the world.
Please send in others or feel free to challenge or support any of those listed.
First Aboriginal Australian to graduate from an Australian university (Charles Perkins, graduated 1965).
First indigenous contemporary dance company (Aboriginal and Islander Dance Theatre established in 1975 in St James Hall, 153 Bridge Rd, Glebe. Some dancers went on to form the famous Bangarra Dance Theatre).
First Prime Minister of Australia (Edmund Barton born in Glebe in 1849 – became PM in 1901).
Start of the Women's Liberation movement in Australia (67 Glebe Point Road, 1970).
First refuge in Australia for women and children escaping domestic violence (Elsie in Westmoreland Street, established 1974).
First attorney and solicitor trained in Australia (George Allen, admitted by the Supreme Court of NSW in 1822).
First government acquisition and rehabilitation of property in Australia for low-income housing (Glebe Estate, rehabilitated 1974).
First medical school in NSW ((Sir) Professor Thomas Peter Anderson Stuart (b.1856, d.1920) was the first (Foundation) Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the University of Sydney. He sailed to Sydney from Scotland to take up the post in the Faculty of Medicine in 1883 aged 27. Anderson Stuart lived at 10 Toxteth Road Glebe during the 1880s with his wife Elizabeth Ainslie. He became the subject of some scandal when she died in the house from an accidental overdose of morphia in 1886. He worked tirelessly until his death to create one of the most important medical schools in Australia, and was knighted in 1914 for his outstanding services to medicine. The sandstone Anderson Stuart Building at the University of Sydney is named in his honour.
First Australian to become airborne in a self-designed and built aeroplane (L. J. R. Jones, 1911).
First public wireless house in Australia for community entertainment (Wireless House in Foley Park, 1934).
First appointment in the Australian media of a scientist as a full-time science correspondent — Dr Peter Pockley with the ABC, 14 September 1964. (Peter lived in Glebe from 1969 until his death in 2013.) Peter's first regular science program was on radio and titled "Insight" in 1965. This weekly talk by a scientist was later renamed Ockham's Razor" and is still running on ABC Radio National. The ABC Science Unit was formed under his Directorship in February 1966.
First woman in clinical medicine to be elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (Prof Ann Janet Woolcock in 1992 – the Woolcock institute in Glebe was named after her). *The prestigious Woolcock Institute of Medical Research (once the Institute of Respiratory Medicine) at 431 Glebe Point Road is named in honour of its founder, Professor Ann Janet Woolcock AO (b.1937, d.2001). Ann was the FIRST woman in clinical medicine to be elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1992. She was a physician, lecturer and speaker, and made groundbreaking contributions to medical research in the field of asthma, publishing widely. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for her services to respiratory medicine in 1989.
First Rugby League club in Australia (Glebe Dirty Reds, 1908).
First suburban rowing club in Sydney (Glebe Rowing Club, 1879).
First test cricketer to score a century in each innings of a test match (Warren Bardsley, playing for Australia against England, 1909).
One of the first three municipalities (i.e. council areas) established in NSW (1859, the same year as Randwick, which was the first).
One of the first branches of the Labor Electoral League, later the Labor Party. (1891, shortly after Balmain, which was the first).
First tiramisu served in Australia. This is claimed by the Mixing Pot restaurant – we need to study whether this should be first in NSW or first in Australia.
First greyhound track in Australia.
Please send your proposals for inclusion in the list (and feel free to dispute any of the ones above!) at firsts@glebesociety.org.au.
Here is another almost "first." I learned about Mary Ann Dunn while exploring some political history. She was one of the Labor activist women who showed the way in the early Twentieth Century. She was the first woman elected as a councillor in Glebe.
The general municipal elections in this State In 1928 resulted in the election of Mrs. Fowler, of Newtown, as the first woman to hold office in a council In New South Wales. Mrs. Fowler did not recontest the seat, and the honour of being the only woman alderman In New South Wales is now held by Mrs. Dunn, of Glebe.


Wilmington Airport, as depicted on a 1938 street map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
was operating sightseeing rides in his J-3 Piper Cub on floats off the beach at Cabrillo.
My father, Thomas 'Hilton' Tupman, being a pilot, would often see the seaplane when leaving the harbor for family trips to Catalina.
and build a small seaplane-accessible airport at the top of what was once called the Bixby Slough.
The earliest depiction which has been located of Wilmington Airport was on a 1938 street map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
as that is how it was labeled on the January 1938 LA Sectional Chart.
A circa 1938-41 aerial view of Bixby Slough (courtesy of Buzz Tupman), showing the location of Los Angeles Harbor Airport.
Buzz observed, "Pacific Coast Highway in the left lower corner, and Figueroa on the left upper corner.
1 Taylorcraft on floats, 3 Interstate Cadets on wheels, and 1 Piper Cruiser.
The airport operated a flight school & rental business for both land and water aircraft, as well as tie-down space for a dozen or so aircraft.
A 1940s street map depicted Wilmington Airport as an irregularly-shaped property outline in between Bixby Slough & Figueroa.
The October 1941 LA Sectional Chart depicted Wilmington as a commercial/municipal airport.
The October 1941 LA Sectional Chart depicted Los Angeles Harbor Airport as a military airfield.
No airport was depicted in Wilmington on the August 1945 LA Sectional Chart nor on the 1947 LA Local Aeronautical Chart (courtesy of Tim Zukas).
as it was an advertiser in the 1949 Banning High School Yearbook (courtesy of Chris Rubacha).
A 2013 aerial photo shows no trace of the former Los Angeles Harbor Airport.
Recent street maps label the site of Bixby Slough as Machado Lake, and the site of Los Angeles Harbor Airport as Harbor Park Golf Course.
Thanks to Buzz Tupman for pointing out this airfield.
An artist's conception of Torrance Field from the 5/30/46 Torrance Herald (courtesy of John King).
that would address the proposal brought forth by Ray Walker of Community Airports Inc.
for a 'Flying Field' to be located at the west end of the former McDonald Tract.
Representatives from the City of Torrance Planning Commission were on hand to discuss the issue.
prior to the selection of the eventual site just west of Alondra Park.
from the 5/30/46 Torrance Herald (courtesy of John King).
The caption read, "North Torrance Airport opening set.
June 1 will see the new Torrance Airport of Community Airports Inc., headed by Col. W.J. Fox, opened for operations.
Above is an artist's conception of the completed airport as proposed.
Two 2,300' runways & taxiways already are paved.
along 174th Street & at the intersection of Redondo Beach Boulevard & Prairie Avenue.
gasoline pits for servicing planes, wash ramps, and plane parking (tiedown) areas as indicated.
and that it would also be 10 years ahead of its time in 'airdrome engineering'.
The earliest photo of North Torrance Airport which has been located was a 9/4/46 aerial view (courtesy of Jim Osborne).
along with paved taxiways, several ramps, and a hangar on the northeast side.
Two dozen aircraft were visible on the field.
who trained students using Aeronca Champion 7-AC aircraft.
plus a small restaurant that was more like a lunch counter.
The runway departure flight path crossed over the Flying Fryers Ranch which was a turkey ranch at the west end of the airport.
The birds were frequently scared by low-flying aircraft.
The 1946 USGS map depicted the field as Torrance Community Airport.
It depicted Torrance as a commercial/municipal airport.
A 1947 USGS map depicted the Torrance Community Airport.
Over 40 light aircraft were visible on the field.
A circa 1948 photo of Bay Cities Airport (courtesy of Dave Pierson via Jim Osborne).
Standing in front of a Vultee BT-13 are Frank Shatz, Dave Pierson, Bert Bender, Jack Locke, Norm Peterson.
In the background at left can be seen the hangar of B&G Air Service.
Former Lawndale resident Richard Meyer also recalled the airport.
that was located on the northeast corner of Hawthorne Boulevard & Redondo Beach Boulevard.
The owners of the planes would tell us kids that they would pay us to wash the planes.
An undated (circa late 1940s?) photo of Bay Cities Airport (courtesy of Chuck Livergood via Jim Osborne).
Ray Wolsky (co-owner of Bay Cities shop), and 3 unidentified men.
Kneeling are: Ed Williams, and Chuck Livergood (co-owner of Bay Cities shop).
Roger Keeney, owner of Acme Aircraft, recalled, "I remember Bay Cities well.
A circa 1948 photo of Bay Cities Airport (courtesy of Jim Osborne).
Gathered in front of the aircraft are Dave Pierson, Frank Shatz, Bert Bender, Jack Locke, Norm Peterson.
was on the February 1949 LA Sectional Chart (courtesy of Chris Kennedy).
It depicted Torrance as having a 2,100' paved runway.
Chuck Liverwood & his partner Ray Wolsky operated an aircraft & engine shop about 1950 at Bay Cities.
depicted Bay Cities Airport as having a 2,400' paved runway.
The 1950 USGS topo map depicted Bay Cities Airport as an open area with several buildings along the west & south sides.
as being located southeast of the intersection of Redondo Beach Boulevard & Freeman Avenue.
It depicted a single building on the northeast corner of the property.
as it was no longer depicted on the March 1951 San Diego Sectional Chart (according to Chris Kennedy).
Jim Osborne continued, "Sadly, the Bay Cities Airport proved to be short-lived.
In all, it operated less than 5 years.
using the long runway as a drag strip to race their hot rods.
and remembers a fatal crash that resulted in the shutting down of the racing at the former airport by the local authorities.
By 1951, new home construction had begun on the former airstrip land.
with not a trace remaining of the former Bay Cities Airport.
and people were always confused as to how the lumber yard got its name because it was so far from the Los Angeles Airport.
with not a trace appearing to remain of the former airport.
The site of Bay Cities Airport is located southeast of the intersection of Redondo Beach Boulevard & Freeman Avenue.
Thanks to Jim Osborne for pointing out this airfield.
Artesia Airport, as depicted on the February 1946 San Diego Sectional Chart (courtesy of Chris Kennedy).
as it was not yet depicted at all on the August 1945 San Diego Sectional Chart (according to Chris Kennedy).
was on the February 1946 San Diego Sectional Chart (courtesy of Chris Kennedy).
It depicted Artesia Airport as a commercial or municipal field.
described "Artesia Airport" as being renamed "Cranford Airport", as of 6/18/46.
Cranford Airport, as depicted on the 1946 USGS topo map.
The earliest depiction which has been located of Cranford Airport was a 6/18/47 USGS aerial view (from the UCSB Library).
It depicted Cranford as having 2 paved runways, each with a parallel taxiway.
A few dozen light aicraft were parked on the south side of the field.
described Cranford Airport as having a 2,700' unpaved runway.
one oriented north/south & the other northeast/southwest.
and a ramp along the south side of the field had 2 buildings (hangars?).
and his wife [Fanny Alley] purchased the Cranford airport sometime in the years following WW2 as a real estate investment."
An undated aerial view looking north at Cranford Airport from the 1950 Air Photo Guide (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
The guide described Cranford Airport as having a 2,500' paved northeast/southwest runway & a 2,500' dirt north/south runway.
It listed the manager as George Owens.
depicted Cranford as having a 2,200' hard surface runway.
A 1952 aerial view depicted Cranford Airport as having 2 runways, one oriented north/south & the other northeast/southwest.
Each runway had a parallel taxiway, and a ramp along the south side of the field had 2 hangars.
A dozen light aircraft were parked on the southwest side of the field.
depicted the field as having a paved east/west runway, along with an unpaved north/south strip.
and a number of small aircraft were visible on the southwest corner of the field.
and the eastern portion of the runway was marked with a closed-runway "X" symbol.
One or possibly 2 light single-engine aircraft were still visible parked north of the runways on the south side, perhaps stranded after the airport's closure.
Cranford Airport was no longer depicted on the September 1954 San Diego Sectional Chart (courtesy of Chris Kennedy).
It was evidently a very short-lived airfield, only lasting no more than 9 years.
Cranford Airport was not depicted at all on the 1964 USGS topo map.
A 1972 aerial view showed no trace of the airport, with dense housing having covered the site.
the former northeast/southwest runway appears to have remained intact.
which has been built along the southern portion of the former airport site.
of the intersection of Orangethorpe Avenue & Carmentia Avenue.
"Allen Field Terminal Island Airport" as depicted on a circa 1927-28 Security Bank map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
This former military airfield was located on Terminal Island, a sand-filled island in Long Beach Harbor.
The airfield was adjacent to the former Long Beach Naval Station.
a civilian airfield, Allen Field, was first established on this site in 1927.
The Naval Reserve established a training center at the San Pedro airfield in 1927.
The earliest depiction which has been located of Allen Field was on a circa 1927-28 Security Bank map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
within which was a small northeast/southwest runway, and a taxiway leading toward the southeast.
was on the 1929 LA – Las Vegas Air Navigation Map #132.
and a 200' seaplane launch way.
from the Richfield Oil Company's 1929 "California Airports" directory (courtesy of Jonathan Westerling).
but not having any other facilities.
"Allen Field Airport" as depicted on a 1932 map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
Allen Field was depicted as an auxiliary airfield on the 1934 San Diego Airway Chart (courtesy of Roger Connor).
"Allen Field Airport" was depicted on a 1935 Security Bank map (courtesy of Kevin Walsh) as having a northeast/southwest runway.
The Naval Reserve took complete control of Allen Field in 1935.
In 1936 the field was designated Naval Air Base San Pedro, Reeves Field.
An undated photo of Martin T3M-1 Torpedo bombers lined up along the runway of Allen Field on Terminal Island (from the LA Public Library).
described Reeves-Navy airfield as having a single 2,000' oiled runway.
A 1938 U.S. Navy photo of SOC-3 Seagull floatplanes of Observation Squadron Two parked at Reeves Field.
The 1939 LA County Airports Map depicted Reeves Field as having 3 runways.
A 10/16/39 USGS aerial view (from the UCSB Library) depicted Reeves Field in its expanded configuration, with 3 paved runways.
A closeup from the 10/16/39 USGS aerial view (from the UCSB Library) depicted a variety of single-engine biplanes on the southern Reeves Field ramp.
San Pedro NAS, as depicted on the 1941 LA Sectional Chart (courtesy of Chris Kennedy).
Frank Harris recalled, "P-38's... were at Reeves Field on Terminal Island & were in concrete bunkers with high walls.
with a road loading toward "Seaplane Landing Ways" on the southeast side of the field.
It was redesignated Naval Air Base Terminal Island is 1942.
a large seaplane ramp, and several hangars & other buildings.
A rare 1945 U.S. Navy photo of a factory-fresh Boeing-built PB2B-2 Catalina landing in Long Beach Harbor at NAS San Pedro (courtesy of John Voss).
John Voss noted, "It was built of the Royal Australian Air Force. Boeing finished the aircraft in standard RAF Coastal Command colours with the RAF S/N of JX661.
It was eventually assigned the RAAF S/N of A24-350 & would be entirely repainted in O/A black for the 'Black Cat' operations.
for seaplanes assigned to ships of the Pacific Fleet.
of aircraft produced at the nearby plants of Lockheed, Douglas & Vultee.
as having a 4,900' hard-surface runway.
A 9/8/44 USGS aerial view (from the UCSB Library) displayed an amazing variety of aircraft at Reeves Field.
A closeup from the 9/8/44 USGS aerial view (from the UCSB Library) displayed an amazing variety of aircraft at Reeves Field.
A 1945 aerial view looking southwest at NAS Terminal Island (National Archives photo).
showing a number of 'factory fresh" FM-2 Wildcats, F4U Corsairs and one tri-colored Curtiss SNC.
as a 334 acre rectangular property within which were 3 asphaltic concrete runways, the longest being the 4,940' northeast/southwest strip.
to be owned by the City of Los Angeles, and operated by the Navy.
A map of Reeves Field by Richard Landgraff, author of a book on the history of Long Beach Naval Shipyard.
A 1947 aerial view looking northeast at Reeves Field, showing 3 paved runways & a hangar.
depicted 3 runways, buildings, and the seaplane anchorage.
The 1947 LA Local Aeronautical Chart (courtesy of Tim Zukas) depicted NAS Terminal Island as having 3 paved runways, with the longest being 4,900'.
The Naval Air Station at Terminal Island was disestablished in 1947, with the airfield continuing in operation is a reduced status.
A circa late 1940s photo of a rare Consolidated PB2Y-5R Coronado in civilian markings, owned by Hughes Aircraft, evidently taken at Reeves Field.
This aircraft, BuNo 7099, was stricken from the Navy inventory in August 1946 & then by Howard Hughes.
He bought it to gain experience piloting a large flying boat, prior to his first flight of the massive Hughes HK-1 Hercules.
NAS Terminal Island was depicted as an active airfield on the 1949 San Diego Sectional Chart (according to Chris Kennedy).
The 1951 USGS topo map depicted Reeves Field as having 3 paved runways.
The last photo which has been located showing the runways of Reeves Field remaining intact was a 1952 aerial view.
The field consisted of 3 paved runways, with several hangars & other buildings along the south side.
No aircraft were visible on the property.
The program cover for the "Long Beach Sports Car Race", held on Reeves Field on 10/3/53 (courtesy of Frank Sheffield).
The race track layout for the "Long Beach Sports Car Race", held on Reeves Field on 10/3/53 (courtesy of Frank Sheffield).
and described as having a 4,900' hard surface runway.
but the Aerodromes table described the field as "Navy. Closed. Inactive."
The airfield was described as consisting of a 3 bituminous runways (the longest being 4,940').
By the time of the 1960 LA Local Area aeronautical chart, Terminal Island was labeled as "Abandoned airport".
A 1963 aerial view looking south at the Vincent Thomas bridge under construction, with Reeves Field visible in the background (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
An undated aerial view looking north at Reeves Field from the March 1966 Southern CA Traveler (courtesy of Kevin Walsh).
but the majority of the runways, hangars, and other airfield facilities remained intact.
and was used for some time afterward to store imported automobiles.
a local strip where street folks could come down & race in a legal, non-dangerous way.
I used to shoot video down there for a friend."
A June 1975 photo by Mark Morgan of the Consolidated PB2Y-3 sitting alone on the Reeves Field ramp.
Mark recalled, "I did 1st Class Cruise (summer 1975) out of NAVSTA Long Beach.
I meandered on over with my camera, stumbled across this HUGE flying boat, 4 engines, really bad shape, didn't have a clue what it was.
A circa 1975-76 photo by Jim Babin of the San Pedro control tower & a hangar.
A circa 1975-76 photo by Jim Babin of the San Pedro control tower & several hangars.
with a sole aircraft still present, a rare Consolidated PB2Y Coronado flying boat.
A circa 1975-76 photo by Jim Babin of Consolidated PB2Y Coronado flying boat on the San Pedro ramp.
John Snapp recalled, "The Brotherhood Raceway Park actually opened in December 1976.
A 1980 aerial view showed that 3 large hangars still remained standing on the south side of the former Terminal Island airfield.
and a majority of the runways had been covered by other construction.
and what appears to be the Consolidated PB2Y Coronado flying boat still parked next to the hangars.
John Snapp recalled, "It was used for drag-racing until 1984.
they were only allowed so many race dates per year.
In the 1994 USGS aerial photo, the asphalt strips that look like runways were built for vehicle testing by UCLA & police training, not for aircraft.
Landgraff notes, "If you look closely at the northeast end, you can see a discoloration of the ground that was the original Runway 21.
To the right is the new Naval Reserve Center which now sits over the very end of the original runway."
The former hangars had also been removed at some point between 1980-94.
As seen in the March 2004 USGS aerial photo, a large industrial facility now covers the site of Reeves Field.
The only trace which appears to remain of the Naval Air Station is a single seaplane ramp leading down into the water.


text:
\section{Introduction}

A circular synthetic aperture sonar (CSAS) collection can be formalized as a smooth function $u: S^1 \to \mathbb{C}^n$ from the circle $S^1$ (defining \emph{look angle}) to a vector of complex samples in $\mathbb{C}^n$.
Our previous work has revealed that understanding the topological and geometric structure of the \emph{signature space}, which is the image of $u$, can aid classification tasks \cite{sonarspace}.  Additionally, one can factor $u$ into the composition of two carefully chosen functions $u = U \circ \phi$ as described in \cite{Robinson_qplpf, Robinson_SampTA_2015}.  The intermediate space created, called the \emph{phase space}, provides a means to decouple the structure of the target from its environment \cite{Robinson_constrank}.  This report combines these two insights to determine how the physical acoustical structure of a CSAS collection impacts the signature and phase spaces.

\section{Theoretical model}

The topology of the signature space of a CSAS collection is highly constrained.  Intuitively, strong constraints on the signature space ensure that certain physical properties of a CSAS target will translate into its topological structure.

Because of Sard's theorem, critical points of an arbitrary smooth function $u$ are rare; they form a set of measure $0$.  In most physical situations, the critical points with extremal critical values will be isolated.  As an approximation, we will assume that all critical points are isolated.

\begin{proposition}
  \label{prop:csas_direct}
  Suppose that $u: S^1 \to \mathbb{C}^n$ is a smooth function with isolated critical points.  Then the image of $u$ is homeomorphic to a path-connected, compact, $1$-dimensional cell complex.  Moreover the image is homotopy equivalent to a wedge product of finitely many circles.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
  Since $u$ is smooth, it is continuous.  Therefore, the image of $u$ inherits path-connectedness, compactness, and its maximum dimension from $S^1$.

  Because the critical points are assumed to be isolated, compactness implies that there are finitely many critical points.  We may therefore partition $S^1$ into the disjoint union of these critical points and finitely many connected open intervals.  This yields a cell complex structure for $S^1$.  The inverse function theorem ensures that $u$ is a local diffeomorphism (hence local homeomorphism) on each of the open intervals.  The image of such an open interval is therefore also an interval.  We therefore have a partition of the image of $u$ into a union of $0$-dimensional cells (the critical points) and $1$-dimensional cells (the intervals).

  It merely remains to show that each interval is attached to a critical point at each of its ends.  Consider an interval that is the image of $(\theta_1,\theta_2) \subseteq S^1$.  By construction, $\theta_1$ and $\theta_2$ are critical points of $u$, which may be the same point.  Therefore, $u((\theta_1,\theta_2))$ is attached to these two critical points.  In short, considering the cell complex decomposition of $S^1$, every critical point corresponds to a vertex of degree $2$.

  Finally, every path-connected, $1$-dimensional cell complex with finitely many cells is homotopy equivalent to a wedge product of circles.
\end{proof}

The image of $u$ may not be \emph{homeomorphic} to a wedge product of finitely many circles.  The cell complex structure for the image of $u$ might contain degree $1$ vertices, which can occur when the intervals on either side of such a vertex map to the same locus of points.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=4in]{collapse}
    \caption{Formation of a flare in the image of a smooth map, as described in Example \ref{eg:collapse}.  (a) A cell complex decomposition of the circle.  (b) The image of a smooth map $u$, in which two of the $1$-dimensional cells are identified.}
    \label{fig:collapse}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{example}
  \label{eg:collapse}
  Consider the case of a smooth map $u : S^1 \to \mathbb{R}^2$ with three critical points $a,b,c \in S^1$.  This induces a cell complex decomposition of the circle as shown in Figure \ref{fig:collapse}(a).  The map may be defined so that the critical point $a$ is flanked by two intervals with the same image as is shown in Figure \ref{fig:collapse}(b).  Notice that the degree of $a$ is $2$, but that the degree of $u(a)$ is $1$.
\end{example}

A $1$-dimensional cell with a degree $1$ endpoint is called a \emph{flare}.  In CSAS data, flares correspond to specular reflections that are left/right symmetric.  With this insight, Proposition \ref{prop:csas_direct} is experimentally confirmed in Section \ref{sec:experimental}.

Our recent report \cite{Robinson_constrank} revealed that it is possible to decouple the sensor trajectory and signal propagation effects from the target structure using the idea of a \emph{quasiperiodic factorization}.

\begin{definition}\cite{Robinson_qplpf,Robinson_SampTA_2015}
  Recall that a \emph{submersion} is a constant rank map in which the Jacobian matrix is surjective as a linear map at every point in the domain.
  A \emph{quasiperiodic factorization of a smooth map $u: M \to N$} consists of a factorization $u = U \circ \phi$ in which $\phi : M \to C$ is a surjective submersion.  The space $C$ is called the \emph{phase space} for $u$.
\end{definition}

One can interpret the $\phi$ map of a quasiperiodic factorization as characterizing the trajectory and propagation effects.  The $C$ space represents the idealized space of echoes for that particular target.  The $U$ map represents the idealized structure of those echoes.

The surjective submersion assumption on $\phi$ ensures that the phase space $C$ is topologically similar to $M$.  This transfers all critical points of $u$ to critical points of $U$.  The surjective submersion assumption is a powerful inferential tool in the case of CSAS, because the domain $M$ has a very constrained and well-understood structure, namely it is a circle.

\begin{proposition}
  \label{prop:phase_structure}
  Suppose that $\phi: S^1 \to C$ is a surjective submersion of the circle.  Then $C$ is homeomorphic to a path-connected, compact, $1$-dimensional cell complex in which no vertex has degree $1$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
  Since $\phi$ is smooth, it is continuous.  $C$ inherits path-connectedness, compactness, and its dimension from $S^1$, because $\phi$ is also surjective.

  It remains to demonstrate degree $1$ vertices contradict the assumptions on $\phi$.  Suppose that $C$ does have a degree $1$ vertex.  This means that there is a subspace of $C$ that is homeomorphic to $[0,1)$, where the point $0$ maps to the degree $1$ vertex.  Notice that since the domain is $1$-dimensional, the Jacobian matrix of $\phi$ is just the usual derivative $\phi'$.  This derivative must evidently must take the value $\phi'(0)=0$ due to the fact that there are no points ``left of'' $0$ in $C=[0,1)$.  This means that $\phi$ has a critical point at $0$, which contradicts the fact that $\phi$ is a submersion and therefore cannot have critical points.
\end{proof}

In short, Proposition \ref{prop:phase_structure} asserts that the image of $\phi$ cannot contain flares.
In practice, one might expect to find apparent occurrences of flares in sampled data, due to the presence of aliasing and sampling error.

Using the algorithm described in \cite{Robinson_qplpf}, we may obtain a homeomorphic copy of $C$ from samples of a CSAS collection $u$.  The algorithm requires that we bundle angle-lagged copies of the domain, forming the vector
\begin{equation*}
  \Phi(\theta) := (u(\theta+\tau_1), u(\theta+\tau_2), u(\theta+\tau_3), \dotsc, u(\theta+\tau_N)),
\end{equation*}
where $\tau_1, \dotsc, \tau_N \in S^1$ are constants chosen arbitrarily from a certain dense subset of $(S^1)^N$.  (Intuitively, most choices for the constants $\tau_1, \dotsc, \tau_N$ are sufficient for the algorithm to work.)  For $N$ large enough, the Jacobian matrix of $\Phi$ becomes non singular for all $\theta$.  Therefore, a surjective $\phi$ can be obtained from $\Phi$ by restricting the codomain of $\Phi$ to its image.

\section{Qualitative structure of sonar targets}
\label{sec:qualitative}

As described in the previous section, we will formalize a CSAS collection as a smooth function $u: S^1 \to \mathbb{C}^n$.  The codomain $\mathbb{C}^n$ is naturally a Banach space, with norm $\|\cdot\|$.  Sonar signals are typically mean centered, so that the absence of an echo results in a signal $z \in \mathbb{C}^n$ with norm $\|z\| \approx 0$.  The receiver noise level sets the expected statistical properties of the norm of a signal in the absence of echoes.  These echoes which consist mostly of noise will appear as a Gaussian ``haze'' of echoes around the origin.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3.5in]{csas_schematic}
    \caption{Schematic of the signature space for a typical CSAS target.}
    \label{fig:csas_schematic}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

This consideration suggests that there are two kinds of geometric features that are expected in addition to the topological features.  The first is a preponderance of echoes near the origin, which correspond to angles for which minimal signal is received.  The second is that the local maximum norms of signals correspond to the length of the intervals from Proposition \ref{prop:csas_direct}.  These correspond to the acoustic cross-sections of specular reflections.  Informally, this suggests that the signature space will consist of a dense ball of echoes, to which specular ``flares'' and non-specular ``loops'' are attached, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:csas_schematic}.

In short, we expect that the number of prominent specular reflections to correspond to excursions of the signature space away from the origin.  If a specular reflection is left/right symmetric in angle it will appear as a ``flare,'' whose maximum norm corresponds to the sonar cross-section of the reflection.  On the other hand, if there is an asymmetry, it will appear as a ``loop,'' again whose maximum norm corresponds to the sonar cross-section of the reflection.

The ``flares'' do not correspond to topological features, and so we do not expect to see them reflected in the persistent homology of the signature space.  The ``loops'' do correspond to topological features, and so should be expected to be visible in the $H_1$ persistence diagram.  Their birth time tends to $0$ as the sample rate (samples per degree of look angle) increases.  Their death time corresponds to the semi-minor axis of the loop, which is governed by both the sonar cross-section of the reflection and the amount of left/right asymmetry it exhibits.

If we instead consider the phase space $C$ for the universal quasiperiodic factorization obtained using the algorithm described in \cite{Robinson_qplpf}, so that $u = U \circ \Phi$ and $\Phi: S^1 \to C$, then each ``flare'' is transformed into a loop via Proposition \ref{prop:phase_structure}.  In this case, the persistent homology can detect all prominent specular reflections, assuming their geometry is favorable.  In particular, instead of using the geometry obtained by pulling back the metric of $\mathbb{C}^n$ to $C$, we should use the natural norm on $C \subset \mathbb{C}^{nN}$, where $N$ is the number of angle-lagged copies in use.

In this case, the persistent $H_1(C)$ generators correspond to all of the prominent specular reflections.  Again, the birth time is dominated by the sample rate, and decreases to $0$ as the sample rate is increased.  For finite sample rates, the birth time involves the sonar cross section of each specular reflection, its beam width, and the sample rate.  The death time corresponds to the sonar cross section of the specular reflection as before, but also to its beam width.

\begin{conjecture}
  The persistence diagram of $H_1(C)$ can be deduced by the coefficients of $u$ when decomposed in an appropriate wavelet basis.
\end{conjecture}

\section{Simulated data}
\label{sec:simulated}

Consider a target consisting of seven (7) point scatterers of equal reflectivity placed on a circle.  Suppose further that the scatterers are divided into two groups, one group consisting of 2 scatterers and one consisting of 5 scatterers.  Each group of scatterers is distributed equally spaced in angle around the center of the circle, but the two groups are not aligned with each other.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=4in]{csas_direct_2_5.png}
    \caption{The signature space for a CSAS collection of a target consisting of seven point scatterers.}
    \label{fig:csas_direct}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

If we illuminate the target with a CSAS system, the phase space for this set of scatterers is a torus knot \cite[Prop. 3]{Robinson_constrank}.  A visualization of the signature space (not the phase space), once projected to $3$ dimensions using principal components analysis, is shown in Figure \ref{fig:csas_direct}.  The signature space contains notable self-intersections.  These self-intersections are the places where the wedge products mentioned in Proposition \ref{prop:csas_direct} are performed.  No intervals are apparent in the plot.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=4in]{csas_sliding_2_5.png}
    \caption{The phase space for a CSAS collection of a target consisting of seven point scatterers, in which sliding windows in angle are used.}
    \label{fig:csas_sliding}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The fact that there are self-intersections is apparently in contradiction with the torus knot structure, since torus knots have no self-intersections.
The algorithm described in \cite{Robinson_qplpf} instructs us to use angle-lagged copies of the data to resolve spurious self-intersections.  This produces the phase space shown in Figure \ref{fig:csas_sliding}, which exhibits no self-intersections in $3$-dimensions. We conclude that the algorithm in \cite{Robinson_qplpf} is indeed successful on the simulated data.

\section{Experimental validation}
\label{sec:experimental}

We considered CSAS collections of three household objects (a copper pipe, a styrofoam cup, and a coke bottle) in two configurations (open ends or capped ends) each using ARL/PSU's AirSAS system \cite{cowenairsas} as shown in Figure \ref{fig:airsas_targets}.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{airsas_targets}
    \caption{Schematic diagrams of the three targets used in the experiment: (a) a copper pipe, (b) a styrofoam cup, and (c) a coke bottle.}
    \label{fig:airsas_targets}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The objects were placed at the center of a rotating turntable and were imaged from a fixed sonar sensor located a few meters away from the center.
The collected data consist of a $2$ dimensional array of data, in which the rows correspond to angles and the columns correspond to range.
The array for each target was the same shape, and contains one sample per degree (a total of $360$ rows) and $1000$ range samples (columns).

The three targets have sonar cross sections that depend on look angle in distinctly different ways, as shown schematically in Figure \ref{fig:airsas_targets}.  The copper pipe and styrofoam cup will show strong specular reflections with narrow beam width from their lateral faces, because these are large flat surfaces.  The lateral faces of the coke bottle can also be expected to show a strong specular reflection, though its beam width will be much larger due to curvature.  When the ends of each object are closed, they present a sub-wavelength aperture, and so should not be expected to have a large sonar cross section.  When the ends are open, the objects can resonate and reradiate the sound energy, so large non-specular reflections from the open ends are possible.  However, since the reradiation process takes time, one should expect time/range dispersion on these echoes.  From the standpoint of the space of echoes, this means that echoes corresponding to the lateral faces will be located far from those from an open end, even if their cross sections are similar.

We can visualize the space of echoes using \emph{principal components analysis} (PCA).  For each target in each configuration, we computed two PCA plots: one for the unmodified data (the signature space for $u$ in $\mathbb{C}^{1000}$), and one with a sliding window with $N=3$ angle-lagged offsets (the phase space of $u$, or the image of $\Phi$, in $\mathbb{C}^{3000}$).  Many choices of the offsets will work.  We arbitrarily chose to use $\tau_1 = 0^\circ$, $\tau_2 = 4^\circ$, and $\tau_3 = 25^\circ$ offsets for the results shown here.  As suggested in Proposition \ref{prop:phase_structure} and later in Section \ref{sec:qualitative}, the sliding window results should ensure that all prominent specular reflections become topological ``loops.'' To verify that assertion, we also display the persistence diagrams for $H_0$ and $H_1$ for both the signature and phase spaces.

\subsection{Copper pipe with capped ends}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{pipe_capped_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for copper pipe with capped ends: the horizontal axis is range, the vertical axis is look angle.}
    \label{fig:pipe_capped_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_raw_data} shows strong, highly focused specular reflections off the lateral faces at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$ and at $180^\circ$.  The focused nature of these echoes indicates that the lateral faces of the pipe are flat and smooth.
There are weak, angularly dispersed echoes around $90^\circ$ and $270^\circ$, which are likely the ends of the pipe.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{pipe_capped_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of copper pipe with capped ends signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:pipe_capped_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_pca_data}(a), the strong specular reflection at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$ corresponds to a loop.  The strong specular reflection from the opposite face at $180^\circ$ corresponds to a flare.  These features appear to remain in Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_pca_data}(b), though the weaker reflections are now potentially visible as loops.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{pipe_capped_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of copper pipe with capped ends signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:pipe_capped_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_persistence} shows the persistence diagrams for the signature and phase spaces for the copper pipe with capped ends.  The distance from the diagonal corresponds to the \emph{lifetime} of the topological features.  Notice that the lifetime is precisely the difference between death and birth times shown on the persistence diagram.  Longer lifetimes are associated with more robust features.  In Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_persistence}(a), there is one clear long lifetime feature for $H_1$ and one shorter (yet still long) lifetime feature.  These two features likely correspond to the specular reflections from the lateral faces.  The situation is much clearer in Figure \ref{fig:pipe_capped_persistence}(b), where there are two clear long-lifetime features (corresponding to the lateral face specular reflections). Two features are also visible away from the diagonal that likely correspond to the reflections off the ends.  This is a clear confirmation of Proposition \ref{prop:phase_structure}.

\subsection{Copper pipe with open ends}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{pipe_open_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for copper pipe with open ends: the horizontal axis is range, the vertical axis is look angle.}
    \label{fig:pipe_open_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_raw_data}, there are three main specular reflections visible at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$ and $180^\circ$.
However, the strength of the echoes is less than the strength of the comparable echoes in the capped copper pipe.

We do not know why there are apparently no reflections whatsoever from the ends of the pipe. This may be due to creeping wave losses, or simply the fact that the physical cross-section of the end of an open pipe is acoustically very small.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{pipe_open_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of copper pipe with open ends signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:pipe_open_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_pca_data}(a), two flares correspond to the strong specular reflections from the lateral faces.  This structure is also visible in Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_pca_data}(b), though as explained in the previous sections, the flares are actually loops.  This is not apparent from Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_pca_data}(b), though it is quite clear if we compare the persistence diagrams in Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_persistence}.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{pipe_open_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of copper pipe with open ends signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:pipe_open_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Notice that both loops appear quite similar in both frames of Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_pca_data}.  The differences in cross section may correspond to a slight misalignment of the center of the pipe and the center of the turntable.  This misalignment likely accounts for the slight difference in location of the topological features visible in Figure \ref{fig:pipe_open_persistence}(b).

\clearpage
\subsection{Styrofoam cup with open lid}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{cup_open_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for styrofoam cup with open lid: the horizontal axis is range samples, the vertical axis is look angle in degrees.}
    \label{fig:cup_open_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

There are three groups of echoes that are evident in Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_raw_data}.
The largest echoes occur approximately centered at $0^\circ=360^\circ$.
These result from the sound entering the mouth of the cup.
The echoes from $0^\circ = 360^\circ$
have a strongly time-dispersed signal that continues to reverberate after the initial echo.
This dispersion results from the pulses bouncing back and forth inside the cup.

There are two echoes at approximately $100^\circ$ and $260^\circ$, which correspond to the specular reflections from the lateral faces of the cup.  These are strong signals that are highly focused in angle. Notice that the angle difference between these reflections is $160^\circ$, which suggests that the cup has the shape of a truncated cone.

Finally there is a pair of angularly dispersed echoes separated in time centered at $180^\circ$.  The first is at range sample $500$ and the second is at range sample $600$.  There are caused by two distinct mechanisms.  First, the waves bounce off the bottom of the cup, yielding the feature at range sample $500$. Approximately $100$ range samples later, waves return after diffracting off the mouth of the cup.  These diffracted waves have a larger angular dispersion, which is easily confirmed by referring to Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_raw_data}.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{cup_open_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of styrofoam cup with open lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:cup_open_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_pca_data}(a) shows the PCA plot of the signature space.
Due to the angular and time dispersion, the large reflection from the mouth of the cup at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$ dominates the plot.
Using sliding windows resolves the other echoes somewhat more clearly, resulting in Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_pca_data}(b).

In Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_pca_data}(a), there are smaller loops protruding from the low-signal ``haze'' around the origin. These loops
correspond to the reflections from $100^\circ$ and $260^\circ$ degrees where the pulses
bounce off the lateral faces of the cup. There are points that correspond
to the reflections from the pulses that reflect off the bottom of the cup at
$180^\circ$ degrees.   For reasons that are unclear, these features are less visible in Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_pca_data}(b).

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{cup_open_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of styrofoam cup with open lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:cup_open_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The persistence diagrams for the signature space (Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_persistence}(a)) and the phase space (Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_persistence}(b)) are fairly similar.  Both are dominated by the strong, complex reflection from the mouth of the cup, with several smaller loops also visible.

\subsection{Styrofoam cup with capped lid}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{cup_capped_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for styrofoam cup with capped lid: the horizontal axis is range samples, the vertical axis is look angle in degrees.}
    \label{fig:cup_capped_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

We note that Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_raw_data} is similar to Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_raw_data},
indicating that there is a similarity between the echoes of the capped and uncapped cups.
The strength of the echoes at $0^\circ=360^\circ$ are greatly reduced in Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_raw_data},
because the sound does not enter the mouth of the cup.
The  initial echo from the entrance of the mouth of the cup is still present, but the echoes after this point (to the right of Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_raw_data} are
much more faint. This may indicate that the larger echoes from the uncapped
cup are a result of the reverberations of the echoes once they enter the mouth of the cup.

Once again, Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_raw_data} exhibits focused specular reflections at
$100^\circ$ and $260^\circ$ from where the sound hits the lateral faces of the cup.

Finally the pair of time-separated echoes at $180^\circ$ are still present, where the sound bounces off the
bottom of the cup and diffracts from its mouth. These echoes are very close in strength to the echoes at $180^\circ$
from the uncapped cup.  From this angle, the uncapped and capped cups appear acoustically similar.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{cup_capped_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of styrofoam cup with capped lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:cup_capped_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_pca_data}(a) shows the PCA plot of the signature space of the capped cup.
The distinct loop at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$ from the open cup is still present.
Since the reflection from the mouth of the cup is smaller in cross section,
the topological structure of the weaker echoes is more visible for the capped cup in Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_pca_data} than for the open cup in Figure \ref{fig:cup_open_pca_data}.

There is a loop that appears to
correspond to the $260^\circ$ reflection. There is also
a large, distinct, vertical loop that corresponds to the $100^\circ$ reflection.
Finally there is a small loop that corresponds to the $180^\circ$ reflection from the bottom of the cup.
These loops are more clearly visible in the phase space shown in Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_pca_data}(b),
which is a reflection of Proposition \ref{prop:phase_structure}.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{cup_capped_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of styrofoam cup with capped lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:cup_capped_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The persistence diagrams for the capped cup are shown in Figure \ref{fig:cup_capped_persistence}.  There is considerable complexity visible and interpretation of these plots is difficult.

\clearpage
\subsection{Coke bottle with open lid}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{coke_open_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for coke bottle with open lid: the horizontal axis is range samples, the vertical axis is look angle in degrees.}
    \label{fig:coke_open_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_raw_data} shows the data for the coke bottle with an open lid.
The axis of symmetry for the coke bottle is not aligned with $0^\circ$ or $180^\circ$, as was the case for the previous targets.

Two main echoes are visible at approximately $150^\circ$ and $330^\circ$.
These echoes result from when the sound hits the sides of the bottle.
The strength of these echoes is much smaller than the comparable echoes
from the cup in either configuration.
This may be due to a difference in material composition of the bottle versus the cup.

There are some angularly dispersed reflections extending between $150^\circ$ and $330^\circ$.
These are likely due to the curvature of the sides of the bottle.
Comparison between Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_raw_data} and Figure \ref{fig:coke_capped_raw_data} suggests that the main difference occurs at an angle of $50^\circ$, which is likely the location of the cap.
Therefore, we conclude that the bottom of the bottle is around $50^\circ + 180^\circ = 230^\circ$, and does not result in a substantial specular reflection.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{coke_open_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of coke bottle with open lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:coke_open_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_pca_data}(a), there are excursions corresponding to the reflections at $330^\circ$ and $150^\circ$.
The largest loops correspond to reflections located at $0^\circ = 360^\circ$, $100^\circ$, $220^\circ$, and $280^\circ$.

Notice that the echoes from $150^\circ$ and $330^\circ$ have only a few pulses.  This indicates that they are quite focused in angle, and correspond to the specular reflections from the lateral faces of the bottle.  The other loops correspond to reflections that are more dispersed in angle.

The phase space PCA plot in Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_pca_data}(b) shows similar features to the signature space PCA plot in Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_pca_data}(a), though the loops are somewhat more separated.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{coke_open_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of coke bottle with open lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:coke_open_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The persistence diagrams for the coke bottle with open lid are shown in Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_persistence}, but are difficult to interpret.  This is likely due to the angular dispersion, since the loops associated with the specular reflections are smaller.  As a result, they have shorter lifetimes, making them hard to distinguish from the noise.

\subsection{Coke bottle with capped lid}

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=3in]{coke_capped_raw_data}
    \caption{The AirSAS data for coke bottle with capped lid: the horizontal axis is range samples, the vertical axis is look angle in degrees.}
    \label{fig:coke_capped_raw_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:coke_capped_raw_data}, there are two main spectral reflections that occur at $150^\circ$ and
$330^\circ$. These echoes result from when the sound hits the sides of the bottle and are dispersed somewhat in angle.

The strength of these reflections is comparable to that of the uncapped coke bottle in Figure \ref{fig:coke_open_raw_data}.
The reflections are still less than that of those from the cup in either configuration, which may be due to differences in the material.
Again, there are two possible diffuse reflections between $0^\circ - 150^\circ$ and $150^\circ - 330^\circ$.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{coke_capped_pca_data}
    \caption{PCA plot of coke bottle with capped lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).}
    \label{fig:coke_capped_pca_data}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:coke_capped_pca_data}, one can observe a similar dichotomy between the sparse loops corresponding to specular reflections with small beam width at $150^\circ$ and $330^\circ$.  These echoes appear to be somewhat stronger than in the open bottle case.
The largest loops correspond to reflections at $0^\circ=360^\circ$, $100^\circ$, $220^\circ$, and $280^\circ$ approximately.

\begin{figure}
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=5in]{coke_capped_persistence}
    \caption{Persistence diagrams of coke bottle with capped lid signature space (a) and phase space (b).  Black points form the diagram from $H_0$; red points form the diagram for $H_1$.}
    \label{fig:coke_capped_persistence}
  \end{center}
\end{figure}

The persistence diagrams for the coke bottle with capped lid are shown in Figure \ref{fig:coke_capped_persistence}, but are difficult to interpret.  This is likely due to the angular dispersion.

\section{Conclusion and recommendations}

This report summarizes several qualitative features that are present in the structure of the space of sonar echoes for CSAS collections.
There are distinct topological and geometric features in the signature and phase spaces are that are reflected in their corresponding persistence diagrams.
These features appear to correspond directly to the raw sonar data, and by extension relate to the physical acoustics of the targets.
The success of this analysis in providing valid structural information about topological features may serve as a foundation for further research.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

The authors thank Daniel Park (ARL/PSU) and his team for the use of the AirSAS data presented in this report.
 This article is based upon work supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Contract Nos. N00014-15-1-2090 and N00014-18-1-2541. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.

\bibliographystyle{plainnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The purple gallinule lives all over Africa, in tropical Asia and in a large part of Oceania. The nominal subspecies (Porphyrio porphyrio porphyrio) is however very rare and concentrated. Its original distribution area included the coastal areas of the central and western Mediterranean. The massive reclaiming of the Mediterranean swamps, combined with the pressure of hunting, have caused this subspecies to slowly disappear.
In this century, the purple gallinule has disappeared from Greece, Portugal, Apulia and Sicily, while the Spanish and Sardinian populations are on the brink of extinction.
A restocking plan is currently under way in Portugal, while the French coasts are being naturally restocked from the Catalan population. The Sicilian restocking plan is part of this project, which involves the slow reconstruction of the European distribution area of the purple gallinule.
The restocking area consists of the wet regions of south-eastern Sicily (provinces of Catania, Siracusa and Caltanisetta). The surviving wet regions are almost all protected by regional reserves and have habitats that are very suitable to this species.
The restocked specimens are donated by the Government of the Spanish Comunidad Valenciana. The first 14 specimens were let into the Riserva del Biviere di Gela (Caltanisetta) on October 7th, 2000. At present, these specimens are carefully monitored and seem to have adjusted fairly well to living in the wild. More specimens are expected to arrive every six months over the last few years. In the meantime, the habitat is being improved to make it easier for the new specimens to survive.


text:
6ix 3urop3 On Becoming An Author With Highly-Anticipated Book
When did you first realize you wanted to be a writer?
6ix 3urop3: My passion for writing has always been a part of me it recently got stronger over the years so I decided now was a good time to release my first book.
6ix 3urop3: So far I'm doing my own publishing through amazon but wouldn't mind working with a publisher in the future.
Where do you get your information or ideas for your books?
6ix 3urop3: Growing up in the project housing of Toronto I experienced many situations that can be mixed with fictional facts to create amazon stories for readers.
What do you like to do when you're not writing?
6ix 3urop3: Apart from being an author I'm a hip hop recording artist so when I'm not writing books I'm writing songs.
What does your family think of your writing?
6ix 3urop3: My mother's siblings and girlfriend are all excited to see what kind of response my highly anticipated book with have on the anxious readers waiting for its release.
Do you have any suggestions to help me become a better writer? If so, what are they?
6ix 3urop3: Never give up on it even when it gets tough or you run out of ideas just place yourself in inspirational situations and try again always chase your dreams.
For book release dates or music inquiries please follow my Instagram page
https://6ix3urop3music.com
https://www.instagram.com/6ix_3urop3/
Topics #6ix 3urop3
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text:
Jason Robert Reitman (ur. 19 października 1977 w Montrealu) – kanadyjski aktor filmowy, reżyser, scenarzysta i producent. Reżyser m.in. Dziękujemy za palenie i Juno. Syn aktora, reżysera i producenta Ivana Reitmana.

W marcu 2006, wraz z partnerem Danielem Dubieckim, Reitman założył firmę produkcyjną "Hard C Productions".

Filmografia
reżyser
 In God We Trust (2000); krótkometrażowy
 Dziękujemy za palenie (Thank You for Smoking, 2005)
 Juno (2007)
 W chmurach (Up in the Air, 2009)
 Kobieta na skraju dojrzałości (Young Adult, 2011)
 Długi, wrześniowy weekend (Labor Day, 2013)
 Tully (2018)
 Pewny kandydat. Jak nie zostać prezydentem (The Front Runner, 2018)

scenarzysta
 In God We Trust (2000)
 Dziękujemy za palenie (Thank You for Smoking, 2005)
 W chmurach (Up in the Air, 2009)

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Kanadyjscy aktorzy filmowi
Kanadyjscy aktorzy telewizyjni
Kanadyjscy producenci filmowi
Kanadyjscy reżyserzy filmowi
Kanadyjscy scenarzyści XX wieku
Kanadyjscy scenarzyści XXI wieku
Laureaci Nagrody Grammy
Kanadyjscy Żydzi
Ludzie urodzeni w Montrealu
Urodzeni w 1977

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HYPERLOCAL NEWS HUB BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM
How to create the
Cooper-Young look for less
Swanky style on a budget
By Hannah Owenga
MicroMemphis Reporter
Recently named one of the best neighborhoods in the U.S. by the American Planning Association, trend-spotters might say Cooper-Young is the new new birthplace of cool.
Restaurants are cool. Businesses are cool. Clothes are cool. Homes are cool, but the overall CY style may better described as an underground hipster style or just downright swanky.
How can you get the swanky Cooper-Young look for your place on a strict budget?
Cooper Young is home to several antique and home decor shops that offer unique pieces that exude that Cooper-Young style for less, but you are definitely going to have to work for it.
Here are 4
Cooper-Young
stores to try:
#1 Gary's Antiques
#2 Toad Hall Antiques
#3 Flashback
#4 Urban Outfitters
2158 Central Ave/ 38104
No price is guaranteed. That's why Gary's Antiques is #1 after 24 years in the thrifting business. Store owner Gary Wright is on the hunt himself. He is looking for best offer.
Needless to say, with a little digging, you are sure to find unique treasures for less.
You will also find random photos of his grandson around the shop too. Gary said he is almost co-owner, always picking street junk up and bringing it to the store to sell.
Meet Gary and his grandson, Price.
Favorite Treasures under $50
2129 Central Ave. / 38104
Toad Hall storeowner and newlywed Dana McBride is back from wedding bliss. She showed MicroMemphis around the store for this season's hottest, yet affordable items. According to storeowner, this season's trends embrace pops of color and creative repurposing. Toad Hall, however, takes it a step further to feature the two floors of Memphis-based versions of these trends with local artists and Cece Caldwell's Chalk Paint.
"It's just something about Cooper-Young that just brings in, " said McBride, who's orginally from Chapel Hill, North Carolina. "I just had to be here."
She could be onto to something. In the meantime, Toad Hall offers an affordable way to bring Cooper-Young to you. Well, the style anyways.
Items at Toad Hall range from $10- $2,000.
Flashback definitely took us back. The Cooper-Young style is about vintage is personality, if you already haven't noticed.
Flashback is one of the few Cooper-Young vintage stores that offers clothes, jewelry, furniture and accessories in one location. Although, they were the priciest of list, MicroMemphis found what most would deem as in-your-face personality.
Items in Flashback range from $2-2,800.
UO Home Catalog: Isabel, Arthur, Will & Malu from Urban Outfitters on Vimeo.
Last but not least is Urban Outfitters. Urban Outfitters offers a home decor department in their store. Sales are available the online website.
Unlike the other stores listed that are exclusive to Cooper-Young, Urban Outfitters is a national franchise.
Check out the the video of Urban Outfitters Fall catalog for some inspiration to achieve the Cooper-Young style for less. The items showcased in the video are available in the store as well.
Items in the store or online range from $5 - $300.
Video courtesy of Urban Outfitters.


It can't be easy keeping track of where you are when you're on tour — it's just one city after the next, with endless highways and hotel rooms in between. Rock stars generally do a decent job of knowing which city they're talking to when they're up on stage, but mix-ups do happen — just ask Bruce Springsteen, who confused Cleveland and Pittsburgh during last night's stop on his River Tour.
Springsteen's geographic gaffe, captured in the fan-shot footage above, took place at the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland — something that evidently eluded the Boss when he tried to pump up the crowd by calling out "Party noises, Pittsburgh!" Quickly recovering from his mistake, he added, "And Cleveland, too."
In-house Ultimate Classic Rock Springsteen expert Dave Lifton has speculated that it's possible the confusion may have arisen because Joe Grushecky, who often sits in with Springsteen and the band during Pittsburgh stops, was present (and joined in during "Born to Run") for the show. Either way, the mistake was definitely noticed by members of the audience.
Of course, after being on the road all these years, Springsteen's no stranger to goofing up in front of packed houses — he shouted out the wrong location during a show in 2009, saying "Hello, Ohio!" to a crowd at the Auburn Hills Palace in Michigan. He joked that it was "every frontman's nightmare" during that show, but still delivered a typically epic set — and he recovered in Cleveland last night, leading fans through a 34-song set that included the tour debuts of "Growin' Up" and "Youngstown."
The River Tour picks up again tomorrow in Buffalo, where Springsteen will presumably take extra care to be aware of his surroundings.


Today I'm going to talk about creativity and some ways you can work to improve yours, using some brain exercises and hypnosis. My latest work with creative hypnosis was with an art student with my help and the help of one of my colleagues, she got got a 1st class honours degree this year. There is a video with a bit about the project and what we did if you are interested in art, it was mainly hypnosis that I used to enhance creativity on this occasion.
Creative hypnosis can be used for all kinds of other disciplines such as dance, art, martial arts, brainstorming, music or pretty much any thing that requires creative thinking, or creative performance.
Our brains are asymmetrical left and right, as in they are wired differently and have different functions.
Other than being involved in creativity, what else does the right brain do?
How can we stimulate the right side of the brain?
2.Movement on the LEFT side of the body.
The right cortex controls voluntary movement on the left side of the body also the right side of the brain deals more with complicated movements of large joints such as hips, shoulders, elbows. The left brain deals more with small dextrous movements with the fingers.
Smell is processed on the same side of the brain, right nostril – right cortex. Cover your left nostril and smell something with just the right. Different smells will evoke different responses, but for now any smell will work.
The way the brain processes incoming light and images is very complicated, but its possible to buy special glasses which can selectively stimulate different sides and parts of the brain depending on the settings. Eye lights on the right are more sophisticated than the hemi fields on the left. The nasal portion of the visual field (inner part) stimulates more of the opposite cortex, whereas the temporal (outer) field is the same side of the brain. This is why the lenses in glasses are split in half, the hemi fields have a blue and a red half, and the eye lights are shining light into the nasal portion of one eye and the temporal portion of the other eye.
Although hypnosis uses many parts of the brain, visualisation is a right brain activity and many aspects of hypnosis require visualisation, but there is more to hypnosis than just imagination, but imagination itself is important for hypnosis to be effective. Its possible to improve your imagination by using hypnosis, which then makes future hypnosis sessions more effective.
Hypnosis and neurology can be used to enhance many other aspects of brain function, not just creativity. There are many methods to improve memory, coordination, dexterity, emotional resilience, performing under pressure, reflex speed, thought processing speed and more, these will be covered in up and coming blogs.


text:
Baltimore Ravens: Numerous injury questions linger entering Thursday's game vs. Dolphins
Todd Karpovich, The Sports Xchange
Baltimore Ravens head coach John Harbaugh during the second half of an NFL game at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, October 15, 2017. File photo by David Tulis/UPI | License Photo
OWINGS MILLS, Md. -- Baltimore Ravens head coach John Harbaugh would not speculate on who might be available on offense for Thursday's night game against the Miami Dolphins.
Injuries have wreaked havoc on Baltimore's roster and there are numerous players who are week-to-week as far as their availability. The Ravens had 15 players on the injury report this week leading up to the game.
"Whoever you see jogging out there at kickoff, they'll be playing," Harbaugh said. "Up until that point, I don't know. I probably would like to be coy with you and say, 'I'm not going to talk about it,' but, at this point, it's just like, 'We'll see.'"
All three of the Ravens' top receivers -- Mike Wallace (concussion), Jeremy Maclin (shoulder) and Breshad Perriman (concussion) -- are uncertain for the game. This means quarterback Joe Flacco has a short week to work with other less experienced players who might get extended playing time.
RELATED Kai Forbath kicks six field goals as Minnesota Vikings stop Baltimore Ravens
It's not an ideal situation, but one that Flacco has embraced.
"I think your role is constantly changing as the year goes on, depending upon what happens," Flacco said. "But the biggest thing in these situations is to keep the confidence going. We have a lot of guys that we are rolling in there that have just shown up and are actually playing a bunch of snaps on Sunday. The biggest thing you can do is give these guys confidence and make sure they know what they are doing come Sunday and feel good about it."
The Ravens (3-4) have lost four of their last five games and trail the Pittsburgh Steelers (5-2) by two games in the AFC North. Baltimore will have a tough test against Miami (4-2) and its defense, which is ranked third against the run.
RELATED Miami Dolphins: QB Matt Moore likely to start Thursday for injured Jay Cutler
The Dolphins will likely start Matt Moore at quarterback after Jay Cutler suffered a rib injury Sunday against the Jets. Moore entered in the third quarter and helped Miami rally from a 14-point, fourth-quarter deficit for a key 31-28 victory.
Harbaugh said facing Moore will not dramatically alter the game plan.
"Both quarterbacks run the same offense; the rest of the guys out there will be the same guys," Harbaugh said. "So, you're preparing for the complete group, more than you are any one player. Each of the two quarterbacks brings a little something different. Matt Moore is a great quarterback; he's proven that. We've played him before. We understand what he brings to the table, and that'll be our focus and preparation. If that changes, we'll just have to adjust."
RELATED Miami Dolphins release Byron Maxwell, sign backup QB David Fales
The Ravens, though, will have to play better against the run. Entering the game, Baltimore has the league's 32nd-ranked run defense.
"Oh man, it's a yucky taste in our mouth right now," cornerback Brandon Carr said about the team's struggles against the run. "All hands are on deck right now. All 11 guys, back end and the front seven, of course, we're going to iron this thing out. It's a long season, we're halfway there, and we've got a lot of great football to play still."
Harbaugh acknowledged the Ravens likely need to win 10 games to avoid missing the postseason for the fourth time in five year. This increases the pressure to earn a victory Thursday against Miami.
It's ostensibly a must-win game.
"You've got to be tough, you've got to go play on Thursday night against a team that's on a roll," Harbaugh said. "That's our job. We have to get it done, but our guys are up for it."
John Harbaugh
Jeremy Maclin


Team HRC's Calvin Vlaanderen has secured a seventh-gate pick for tomorrow's two MX2 races of the MXGP of Great Britain, which is currently taking place at Matterley Basin in southern England. The 21-year-old ran as high as fifth aboard his Honda CRF250RW machine around the fast and spectacular hard-pack track.
Today's ninth-round qualifying moto for the quarter-litre world championship class did not start well for Vlaanderen, who found himself in the middle of the back after a not-perfect start out of the gate. Calvin brilliantly made his way past several opponents in the first corners of the encounter and was already up to eighth as the opening lap drew to a close. He then moved further up to fifth during the following lap and maintained the position, while battling hard to fend off the attacks coming from fellow Honda rider Hunter Lawrence, who passed him on lap six.
With two laps left to go, Vlaanderen lost one more place to Jed Beaton, but still managed to defend his seventh position up to the chequered flag. The two British MX2 motos of the year will get underway tomorrow at 13:15 and 16:10 local time (GMT +1).
We got through Saturday alright, I think. Seventh in qualifying race was not so good, but we had good feeling on the track in the race, I just didn't have the speed as the other guys and I got passed a few times. However, I'm looking forward to tomorrow and to have fun on the track: the bike is working well, so I think with two good starts and two good races we'll be up there battling for the podium.
Calvin did not manage to get into a good rhythm during the race after a poor start, and that cost him a couple of places towards the end. We made some set-up changes ahead of the qualifying race, which helped a little bit, but the track is very high speed and it's difficult to overtake. We definitely need two good starts tomorrow if we want to battle for good results.


Jay Kremer, Bill Mathy, Bill Peloquin, Vimal Seth, Karen Xie, Young Kim.
Get a two for one benefit this year!
This year your sponsorship will actually be supporting two events occurring concurrently at Fullerton HS on November 3rd.
Our Second Annual Pumpkin Run for reading to benefit Title One schools in Fullerton will be concluding inside the Fullerton Stadium the morning of the Jog-a-thon. Our Eigth Annual Jog-a-thon to Assist Youth in Need and Local Youth Clubs School Clubs also starts just after the 5K Pumpkin Run awards conclude. You will gain exposure to all the Fullerton students and the Fullerton community that comes out to participate in the 5K for the price of just one sponsorship.