Spider-Man: Homecoming is approximately the four millionth live-action Spider-Man movie of the past twenty years. The three main instances -- Tobey Maguire's version in 2002's Spider-Man, Andrew Garfield in 2012's The Amazing Spider-Man, and Tom Holland in Spider-Man: Homecoming (which we loved, our review) -- each bring something different to the role, though, which is why each iteration has fans who proclaim it to be the best one.
Maguire's performance often made fun of for the goofy faces he made and the oh-so-weird "cool Peter Parker" scene from Spider-Man 3, but it turns out that early on in production, it's possible the movies were going to be a lot darker than they ended up being. Homecoming is in theaters today, which reminded The Hollywood Reporter of an early screen test for Spider-Man that have been on YouTube for a few years now, and it teases a very different kind of movie.
For one, Maguire is pretty darn ripped in this minute-long scene: From behind, as several YouTube commenters pointed out, he looks a lot like Bruce Lee, and not the nerdy high school kid that Peter Parker is supposed to be. What's also weird is that the no-name bad guys in the scene decided to say the F-word for some reason, which definitely steps outside of the movie's eventual PG-13 rating.
So Maguire's Spider-Man franchise went from this to having a scene where he combs his hair "stylishly" and snaps his fingers and random women on the street. It's definitely bizarre to see Maguire's Spider-Man take on this tone, so let us know what you think about it in the comments below.


Search our comprehensive database to find Alexander Technique Practitioners in your area that meet your specific needs.
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Why aren't we using medicinal cannabis for pain?
Is my neck pain normal?
What happens when you get a bunion?
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Thank you for visiting our volunteering page.
We rely on our amazing volunteers to be able to deliver life enhancing services. Their dedication supports everything we do at VisionPK – from helping with social clubs and outings, to driving, fundraising and administration.
We are always looking for new volunteers to get involved. Where appropriate we provide training to enable you to better support sensory impaired people.
If you feel you could fill one of the roles listed in our volunteer opportunities section below, please get in touch. Alternatively, if you have other skills not mentioned here but which you feel might be of benefit to our clients, do let us know, as you may well have a skill/talent that we don't yet know we need!
In recognition of our good practice in supporting volunteers we achieved the Volunteer Friendly Award in 2013.
If you are interested in volunteering with us, please get in touch with our Volunteer Services Manager on 01738 626969 or by email on bev.pettle@visionpk.org.uk.
Many of our visually impaired clients like to take part in activities/social events here at VisionPK or at other local venues. They often need transporting to/from these activities, so we are continually looking for more volunteer drivers. Are you a friendly car owner with a bit of free time during the day on weekdays? And would you be willing to help transport visually impaired people within Perth & Kinross? If so, we'd love to hear from you.
We have a pretty sensory garden at our premises in the centre of Perth, which would really benefit from more regular volunteer input. Some of our visually impaired clients are keen to get involved in the garden, but would need support in order to do this. If you enjoy gardening and think you could help, we'd love to hear from you.
With regular weekly and monthly social activities for our visually impaired clients we are always on the lookout for friendly volunteers to help with these groups. This can range from welcoming and escorting elderly clients to their seats, to making and serving refreshments or helping to suggest/run activities.
We have quite a number of elderly clients who are rather isolated because of their sight problems or mobility. Befrienders are always needed to visit clients, have a chat and generally help bring a change in what can be a long, lonely day. Some clients like going out for a while, some just want to have a chat and a cup of tea in their home. The client and the befriender work this out together, as well as the length and frequency of visits.
Someone to take an elderly Dunning-based client to the shops in Perth occasionally.


Bitfury has reached out to global investment banks as it explores making its trading debut in Amsterdam, London or Hong Kong as early as next year, the people said, asking not to be identified as the details aren't public.
The blockchain-technology company is exploring a range of options and could decide to raise debt financing or sell a minority stake, the people said. No final decisions have been made, they said. If Bitfury goes public in the next two years, it could seek a valuation of $3 billion to $5 billion though numbers are early estimates and could change depending on markets and the industry, the people said.
A representative for Bitfury declined to comment.
Questions about the future of cryptocurrencies and the lack of uniform regulation have led some investment banks to avoid advising on such IPOs, the people said.
Still, large institutions are opening up to investments in the sector. Fidelity Investments announced a new business this month to manage digital assets for hedge funds, family offices and trading firms. Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a venture founded by one of its former partners, billionaire Mike Novogratz, are investing in cryptocurrency custodian BitGo Holdings Inc., the startup said last week.
Bitfury's revenue is a fraction of the sales generated by Bitmain Technologies Ltd., the Beijing-based virtual currency mining firm that filed for an IPO in Hong Kong last month. The industry giant may raise as much as $3 billion, people with knowledge of the matter said in August. The companies operate in a volatile market where prices hit a peak last year before a more than $600 billion rout in digital assets this year.
Bitfury, a maker of crypto-mining gear that was founded in 2011, posted revenue of about $450 million for the 12 months through March. Chief Executive Officer Valery Vavilov and co-founder Valery Nebesny share a majority stake in the company, Vavilov has said previously.
Since its inception as a Bitcoin miner, the London and Amsterdam-based firm has ventured into other businesses involving blockchain technology, which was developed to keep a digital ledger of cryptocurrency transactions. It also makes computer chips for mining machines, as well as software and counts large institutions, companies and governments among its client base.
Companies have raised $186 billion from IPOs globally this year, data compiled by Bloomberg show. European firms that listed have gained about 2.9 percent on average, compared with 9.1 percent in North America and 4.4 percent in Asia.


Alpargatas at Antigua Casa Crespo. Source: alpargateriacrespo.com.
Come late spring, Spaniards will again begin to queue up outside Antigua Casa Crespo, a shoe house in Madrid established in 1836, to replenish their stock of alpargatas.
It's not hard to understand the obsession as I stand in the Antigua Casa Crespo shop, surrounded by ceiling-high shelves overflowing with tempting, canvas kicks in every colour and size. Shop owner, Maxi Garbayo (self-described as a typical short, dark Spaniard), giggles in the background, slinging away joke after joke as fast as he comes up with compliments and anecdotes.
Maxi, whose aunt married the son of the original shop founder, has grown up working in the store, which is located in Madrid's Malasaña neighbourhood. He even married his wife Ana, whose family owns an alpargata manufacturing plant, creating a dynasty of sorts.
Alpargatas, often referred to as espadrilles, originated in the Pyrenees region around the 13th and 14th centuries. However, in those days, they certainly did not scream "summer chic." Made for practicality, not fashion, the antiquated, athletic sneaker graced the feet of peasants, farmers and soldiers; a consumer market significantly different to today's stylish beach-goers.
Surprising as it may be, not much has changed in the design of the alpargatas from the original blueprint. "The classic version is just as my ancestors made them over a hundred years ago," Maxi chirps, running his hands along the braided sole and canvas upper. The basic style, along with the occasional ribbon-tie addition, has withstood the test of time, given its comfort and affordability. Although the jute rope used for the soles are imported from India, the shoes are hand sewn in Spain's La Rioja region, keeping the business in the country as well as in the family. Their seasonal popularity allows Maxi and Ana's business to weather the quiet winters, surviving off of the profits of bustling summer sales.
Beyond Antigua Casa Crespo, trend followers have undoubtedly spotted similar versions of the alpargata on and off runways for decades. During the 1960s, style icons such as Cary Grant, Grace Kelly and Jackie O were known to sport them. Enthused by growing interest at the time, the Castañer family, owners of the Catalonian alpargata business of the same name, set their sights on trade shows in Paris to popularise the shoe. By 1970, the unisex slipper made its leap from casual wear to couture. Upon the request of none other than Yves Saint Laurent himself, Isabel Sauras, who had revived the business some years earlier with her husband Lorenzo, created a satin version of the shoe with a wedge heel. The modification changed the course of espadrille history, catapulting them onto the luxury scene.
Since then, the Castañer brand and its alpargatas have made a permanent footprint in Spanish shoe history. Nowadays, the purveyor regularly collaborates with the likes of Louis Vuitton, Gucci, and Marc Jacobs, giving the shoe respect in the high-fashion realm. Then, of course, with the explosive popularity of the brand TOMS, which was inspired by the Argentine alpargata, the sandals' mainstream appeal continues to surge.
We know they'll come back again next year.
While designer labels cash in on modern renditions of the humble shoe, the basic construction of Antigua Casa Crespo's espadrilles - at only roughly 8 euros a pair - stands firm as a Spanish favourite. Beyond the traditional style, some come striped with navy and white, or pop with solids of lime green, bubble gum pink, aqua blue and more. Still others, such as the Pamplonas, stand out with red ribbon zigzagged across white canvas, then looped around the ankle like a ballet slipper. Clearly, the artisanal alpargata is anything but boring, and worthy of its continued fanfare.
Indeed, cheaper, poorer quality imports from China lure away some customers from Antigua Casa Crespo, but loyal Spaniards and word of mouth via the press keep sales growing. And while other reputable alpargaterías thrive, Maxi and Ana believe they offer something special.
"We've made these shoes our whole lives," says Ana, dismissing other shops as mere vendors rather than experts. "We take the time to give advice and explain the product." For this reason, she believes they offer a superior level of satisfaction to their clients. "We know they'll come back again next year," she declares confidently.
New, modern alpargatas by Castañer.
Despite the growing popularity, especially internationally, the couple remain content with their small local business, uninterested in expanding beyond the friendly workshop. "People look for the traditional, for a product that isn't mass-produced and can't be found elsewhere," explains Ana, emphasising the uniqueness of their creations. Adds Maxi, pointing at his dusty typewriter in the corner, "That's my PC. We don't do sales online- we believe that with shops like these, the client must come in. It's an experience."
A day later I returned with the same pair of shoes I bought the day prior; I had decided that I wanted them to fit more snugly. While Ana modified them, by strategically sowing on a ribbon tie, a pair of red wedges caught my eye. Coined the "Penélopes" after their appearance in the world famous Almodóvar flick Volver, at only 29 euros, I couldn't resist. Thumbing through my wallet for bills, I realise I've already proven their point; I came back.


In teams of humans and canines, neither partner is perfect but together they make a magical union.
Kathy Nimmer is an award-winning teacher, author and motivational speaker. Blind due to a rare retinal disease, she enjoys working out at the gym, reading mysteries, following sports and going for long walks with her third guide dog, Elias.
From blindness to deafness, mobility issues to psychiatric needs, and diabetes to autism, the array of disabilities in her bookTwo Plus Four Equals One: Celebrating the Partnership of People with Disabilities and Their Assistance Dogs is as vast as the tasks performed by the canine partners. All the breeds mentioned, from Labradors to German shepherds to Chihuahuas, are trained to assist handlers who have disabilities.
This book includes more than 100 stories and poems written by or about men, women and children, all with disabilities or connected to those who have them. In the team of human and canine, neither partner is perfect, but together they add up to an equation where two hands/feet/eyes/ears plus four paws equals one magical union.
Two Plus Four Equals One is available as a paperback book (268 pages) at amazon.com.
PN and PVA do not endorse products or services. This description is for information only.


text:
How to graft a fruit tree
JEFF COX
FOR THE PRESS DEMOCRAT
While Luther Burbank experimented with plants at his home and garden in Santa Rosa, he did the bulk of this work at Gold Ridge, his 11-acre property in Sebastopol. There he grew the famous tree that had 500 different varieties of cherries grafted onto it.
He made these grafts to evaluate the cherries side by side and make his selections for taste, ripening times, yield and other sought-after qualities. He put his choices into breeding programs that, over his lifetime, yielded more than 800 new varieties of fruits, nuts, vegetables, flowers and cabinet wood trees.
So, if for no other reason than to honor the techniques of Burbank here on his home turf, consider adding a grafted combination fruit tree to your yard or garden. But you don't need to look far for other good reasons to plant one of these horticultural wonders.
Combination apple trees, for instance, can have from three to six different varieties growing from one trunk. Depending on the type of apple on the limbs, it can produce early, midseason and late fruit on the same tree. Some apples may be good for making cider, others for eating out of hand and others perfect for apple sauce or cooked pastries and pies.
If you had a separate tree for each kind of apple, they'd make an orchard by themselves and take up a great deal of room. But they can all be on one semi-dwarf tree that you can prune so the fruit stays within reach and you won't need a ladder. So many people get more fruit than they can eat, leaving much to go to waste. These multi-variety trees are amazingly efficient ways to grow fruit in your backyard.
Genetic differences
Because of genetic differences among the scions — the term for the varieties being grafted onto the main tree with its roots in the ground — different grafted limbs may grow at different rates. You'll need to keep your eye on limbs that are more vigorous than others and prune them back to maintain balance. If you let the vigorous limbs grow freely, they'll take over your tree and the other varieties will wither and die.
Ask your supplier which varieties on your combination tree are most and least vigorous. That will help you keep the tree balanced and also will help at planting time. Pick a site for your tree that gets full sun, and orient it with the slowest-growing or weakest limbs facing south to southwest, so they get the most light.
Hard to get so plan now
These combination trees are very popular. They tend to sell out quickly when growers deliver potted young grafted trees or bare-root trees in winter, when the trees are dormant and can be easily planted in the winter-wet ground to wake up in the garden in spring. That's why it's wise to be proactive and order these trees now, if your retailer keeps a roster of people who have signed up or prepaid in July for trees in January.
One last thing: you can learn to graft and do the work yourself. It's not hard, but you do need to know how to do it successfully. While apples need to be grafted to apple stock, stone fruits like peaches, plums, apricots and nectarines can be grafted to almond tree stock because they are all in the genus Prunus.
Local nurseries for combination fruit trees
Friedman's Home Improvement: Friedman's three Sonoma County locations carry multi-grafted fruit trees. Check the store closest to you around mid-December to see when trees will arrive. 4055 Santa Rosa Ave., Santa Rosa, 707-584-7811; 360 Broadway, Sonoma, 707-939-8811 and 429 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, 707-774-8400.
King's Nursery: King's Nursery has been a local garden center and plant nursery in Santa Rosa since 1896. It is the longest-running nursery in the county. It carries multi-grafted fruit trees in pots. It currently has a six-in-one espaliered apple tree for sale and will have more combos around the first of the year. 1212 13th St. Santa Rosa, 707-542-4782.
Sonoma Valley Wholesale Nursery: They say they sometimes have multi-grafted trees depending on the year. Call during bare-root season (December to March) to see if they have any. Open for retail sales 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Tuesdays and 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturdays.19655 Arnold Drive, Sonoma, 707-732-8019.
Urban Tree Farm Nursery: Multi-grafted trees in large tubs arrive around the end of the year and tend to sell out by February or March. More start to come in during June for the summer months. Currently available is a six-in-one apple tree in a seven-gallon tub. 3010 Fulton Road, Fulton, 707-544-4446.
Raintree Nursery: Pretty much one-stop shopping for combination fruit trees. They carry many apple, cherry, peach, nectarine, plum and pluot three-in-ones and four-in-ones.
They also carry what they call the Fruit Cocktail tree, each of which has at least four of the following six varieties: frost peach, Puget Gold apricot, hardired nectarine, sweetheart cherry, Italian prune plum and Lapins cherry. They are grafted with a special interstem that makes it possible to have cherries on the same tree as the others. Make sure you have 800 to 1,200 hours of chill to guarantee successful flowering and fruiting. (Most of Sonoma County has from 900 to 1,300 chill hours.) Raintree's combos sell out early, but they will take orders this month for shipping in early 2022. Morton, Washington, 800-391-8892, raintreenursery.com
Home Depot: Home Depot sells four-in-one apple, cherry, plum and pear trees, plus a three-in-one apple combination. They are only sold by mail order, not in the stores, and are mailed to you bare root in early 2022.
To see what they have, go to homedepot.com and search in the box that says, "What can we help you find today?" at the top of the homepage. Type in: online orchards combination fruit trees. You'll find all their mail-order combo trees on the pages that appear.
Jeff Cox is a Kenwood-based food and garden writer. Reach him at jeffcox@sonic.net.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Dangerous air pollution from Mt. Etna and Kilauea
Learn how volcano smoke can impact air quality for thousands of miles – and how you can protect yourself.
*Translated using machine translation
Beginning on the morning of 21 December 2020, Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii, USA and Mt. Etna in Sicily, Italy, two of the world's most active volcanoes, were erupting explosive plumes of lava and ash at the same time in a seeming geological coincidence. This has resulted in a large-scale air quality impact for thousands of miles beyond the eruptions themselves.
Around 9:30 PM local time on 20 December 2020, Mt. Kilauea began to erupt and spew ash into the air for hundreds of miles around the U.S. state of Hawaii and caused a 4.4-magnitude earthquake. Authorities on the island urged residents of the island to stay inside to avoid the toxic impact of ash blown from the eruption into the surrounding regions.1
In the hours following the 20 December eruption, the air quality index (AQI) in communities like Pahala, Naalehu, and Ocean View appeared to rise gradually following the initial eruption, with the Kahuku Cross Fence station on the Ko'olau Summit Trail recording AQI measurements well into the 100s ("unhealthy for sensitive groups") by the middle of the day.
Pictured: Air quality monitoring stations around the southern tip of the big island of Hawaii southwest of Mt. Kilauea (represented by the fire icon in the top right of the image), with AQI measurements over 100 ("unhealthy for sensitive groups") near the Kahuku Cross Fence station on the Ko'olau Summit Trail and well into the "moderate" range near Pahala.
The air quality impact of Kilauea may not seem immense at first glance. But over time, Kilauea's eruptions have been linked to dangerously high levels of PM2.5 – in a 2020 study, researchers found that PM2.5 levels rose as high as 300 μg/m3 (350 AQI) during a previous eruption in 2018, and this eruption is expected to have similar results.2
Mt. Etna, on the other hand, has already been erupting for over a week (since 14 December 2020) leading up to the Kilauea eruption. But on the morning of 21 December, volcanologists recorded Mt. Etna as showing "strong explosive activity," with huge amounts of ash and lava bursting out of the volcano during violent periods called "paroxysms."3
Pictured: Increasing poor air quality recorded across Sicily (indicated by the yellow haze covering much of the northern part of the island) on 21 December 2020 – relative location of Mt. Etna circled in red.
Hazardous air quality from Mt. Etna eruption
Throughout the previous week, Mt. Etna had already emitted enormous clouds of volcanic ash as high as 15,000 feet (4600 meters, or 2.8 miles) into the air around the southern tip of Italy and beyond. Previous research has found that air pollution from Mt. Etna's eruptions can rise as high 3.7 miles (6 kilometers) into the air.4
As renewed volcanic activity began on 21 December, the air quality impact became evident many miles away.
Late into the day on 21 December, dense clouds of steam and ash continued to rise high into the atmosphere. Wind currents have been blowing smoke from Mt. Etna as far away as southern and eastern Europe, where air quality has already been poor for weeks due to wood-burning in homes and cold weather trapping air pollution close to the ground level.
Pictured: Air quality impacts of Mt. Etna's eruption throughout southern and eastern Europe (Sicily picture at bottom center of image). Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded as the most polluted city in the world with an AQI of 465 – well into the "hazardous" range at which dangerous health effects are experienced by everyone.
With this trifecta of volcano smoke, wood-burning, and cold temperature, much of south and eastern Europe experienced AQI measurements well into the 100s and 200s.
Late on 21 December 2020, the city of Sarajevo reached number one on the World AQI Ranking, peaking at 465 and surpassing the cities of Kolkata and Delhi in India that had been experiencing hazardous air quality for months earlier.
Pictured: IQAir AirVisual World's Most Polluted Cities ranking, with the city of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded as the world's most polluted city.
Smoke from Mt. Etna also appeared to travel as far south as northern and western Africa. Wind currents blew smoke southwest from the Mediterranean sea surrounding Sicily deep into the African continent. Here, air pollution from vehicle and industrial emissions as well as biomass and wood burning for heat are also common.5
Pictured: Poor air quality in northern and western Africa resulting from a dangerous combination of vehicle and industrial emissions, biomass and wood burning, and volcano smoke from Mt. Etna.
The air quality index (AQI) helps illustrate the health risks of air quality measurements: the higher the levels of air pollution, the stronger the health impacts of air pollution on sensitive groups. When the AQI reaches 300 or higher, air pollution is considered to be at emergency levels – suggesting that the impact of Mt. Etna's volcanic ash may have deadly consequences.
Pictured: U.S. AQI levels, PM2.5 levels, and health recommendations if a person is exposed to these levels of pollution for 24 hours.
Evolving air quality impact from Mt. Kilauea
At first glance, the air quality impact in Hawaii seemed less grim following the Kilauea eruption. Air quality data in the immediate environments surrounding the volcanos didn't appear to show significant impacts from volcanic ash and smoke.
But Kilauea has regularly erupted and caused seismic activity like earthquakes and fissures in and around the volcano since 1983.6 And in the past, volcano smoke plumes from Kilauea have risen high into the air and traveled on wind currents for hundreds or thousands of miles as far southwest as Johnston Island – 1,000 miles southwest of Kilauea.7
This appears to be the case with Kilauea today – at a higher-level view, the air quality impact from smoke moving westward on trade winds can be seen from the Kilauea eruption out to sea. Continued monitoring may reveal that this ash has traveled much farther to the west along the global currents.
Pictured: Air quality data west of the Hawaiian islands. Note the wind currents moving westward and the growing areas of yellow ("moderate") air quality recorded just west of the big island, indicating the possible impact of Kilauea (fire icon) on air quality many miles west.
Health impacts of volcano smoke
Volcano smoke and its associated pollutants can impact human health as far as thousands of miles from its source.8
Common volcanic smoke pollutants include:
carbon disulfide
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen bromide
heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and gold
Short-term health problems associated with volcanic smoke include:9
skin and eye irritation
bronchoconstriction
respiratory disease aggravation
Long-term exposure to volcanic smoke can negatively impact respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems.
Several volcanic gaseous pollutants can have serious to lethal impact on life. More than 1,700 people and 3,000 livestock died from a sudden release of carbon dioxide near the volcanic Lake Nyos, Cameroon in 1986.10
As noted in a 2020 study published in Medical Hypotheses, there is an association between air pollutants and severe viral respiratory disease.11 The study has hypothesized that given the air pollutants contained in volcanic smoke including sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid, COVID-19 may have been more easily diffused in Italy by Mount Etna's pollutant contribution.
How to protect yourself from volcano smoke
To stay safe during a volcanic event, you should have a plan before, during, and after the eruption.12,13,14,15
Your plan before a volcano becomes a threat should include advance supplies, knowing your community warning system, and having a shelter-in-place plan from ash. If your biggest risk isn't ash, you may need to have an evacuation plan in place. Talk to your doctor if you have respiratory problems.
While a volcanic eruption is underway, you should protect yourself from smoke by taking the following steps:
Avoid being downwind and in downstream valleys.
Stay indoors unless you are in a hazard zone.
Close and seal all doors, windows, ventilation, and chimney dampers.
Place wet towels at the bottom of drafty doors.
Use an air purifier for volcano smoke if volcanic pollutants seep indoors.
Try not to use forced air heaters, air conditioners, or clothes dryers.
Don't operate fans.
Make sure all animals are in closed shelters.
Limit your time outdoors.
If you must be outdoors, wear a well-fitting N95/KN95 air pollution mask.
If a mask is unavailable, use a handkerchief or cloth as a last resort.
Don't go on your roof to remove ash.
Protect your eyes, skin, and cover your head.
After a volcanic eruption, you should continue to observe the following guidelines:
Continue to avoid driving through heavy ash, which could clog machinery and stall your vehicle.
If you have trouble breathing, stay indoors and avoid all contact with ash.
Stay off the roof, as ash is very slippery.
Use social media or text to contact loved ones. Phone lines may be down or overwhelmed.
ABOUT IQAIR
IQAir is a Swiss-based air quality technology company that since 1963 empowers individuals, organizations and communities to breathe cleaner air through information, collaboration and technology solutions.
IQAir is a Swiss-based air quality technology company empowering individuals, organizations and communities to breathe clean air through information and collaboration. Since its founding in 1963, IQAir has been a global leader and operates in more than 100 countries worldwide.
[1] Hauser C. (2020, December 21). Kilauea volcano erupts in Hawaii, prompting warning to stay inside. The New York Times.
[2] Tang Y, et al. (2020). Air quality impacts of the 2018 Mt. Kilauea Volcano eruption in Hawaii: A regional chemical transport model study with satellite-constrained emissions. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117648
[3] Etna volcano updates and eruption news. (2020). Volcano Discovery.
[4] Wang X, et al. (2008). Volcanic dust characterization by EARLINET during Etna's eruptions in 2001–2002. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.020
[5] Yiu YH. (2019). Air pollution is starting to choke Africa. Earth.org.
[6] NASA Earth Observatory. (2020). Kilauea continues to erupt.
[7] U.S. Geological Survey. (2000). Volcanic air pollution – A hazard in Hawai'i [fact sheet].
[8] Hansell A, et al. (2006). The health hazards of volcanoes and geothermal areas.
[9] Zuskin E, et al. (2007). Effects of volcanic eruptions on environment and health. DOI: 10.2478/v10004-007-0041-3
[10] Oregon State University. (2020). Lake Nyos – silent but deadly.
[11] Raciti L, et al. (2020). Can volcanic trace elements facilitate Covid-19 diffusion? A hypothesis stemming from the Mount Etna area, Sicily. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110058
[12] American Red Cross. (2020). Volcano preparedness.
[13] Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Volcanic eruptions.
[14] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Key facts about protecting yourself during a volcanic eruption.
[15] Ready.gov. (2020). Volcanoes.
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San Francisco Bay Guardian Archive 1966–2014
Home Alerts: February 5 - 11, 2014
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Speaking event: After the Arab Spring 312 Sutter, 2nd Floor Auditorium, SF. www.globalexchange.org/events. 7-8pm, $15 or $5 for students. Three years ago, the Arab Spring started with a single protest in Tunisia and quickly spread across the rest of the region, bringing with it promise of a brighter future. As part of the national Engage America Series, internationally renowned blogger and professor Marc Lynch will discuss the current state of affairs in the Middle East, what's gone wrong across the region, and what it means for the United States.
Speaking Event: Islamaphobia Holy Spirit Parish, 2700 Dwight Way, Berk. (510) 499-0537. 7pm, free. Newman Nonviolent Peacemakers and the Fr. Bill O'Donnell Social Justice Committee are honored to present Attorney Zahre Billoo, who will examine the roots of anti-Muslim hate (or Islamaphobia), the funding which makes it possible, how it overlaps with other forms of bigotry, and how best to challenge it.
LGBTQ Rally for Winter Olympics UN Plaza, 7th St and Market, SF. maketheworldbetterSF@gmail.com. 11-1pm, free. Show your support for the victims of escalating fascism in Russia on the opening day of the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi. Recent legislation from the Kremlin unfairly persecutes the LGBTQ community in Russia, with sweeping laws that repress virtually any expression of queerness. Join the rally — and stand up for people who are prohibited for standing up for themselves.
Citywide Tenant Convention Tenderloin Community School, 627 Turk, SF. www.sftu.org. 12pm, free. The San Francisco Anti-Displacement Coalition was formed by tenant organizations and their allies, who banded together and led the successful fight to curb condo conversions. Its mission is to organize against soaring evictions and rent increases which have resulted in the displacement of thousands of residents. Help build tenant power in SF, and participate in crafting a ballot measure to protect tenant concerns.
Stop privatization of public goods Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts, 2868 Mission, SF. (415) 282-1908. 1-6pm, $10 donation (no one turned away for lack of funds). Veolia is a multinational corporation that works to privatize water supply, waste management, transport services, and energy. They are currently pushing for water privatization in Richmond, CA, working against unions and environmental groups. A Veolia VP was also hired to represent BART management during the recent negotiations. Educate yourself and learn more by attending this conference.
Pub date February 4, 2014
SectionAlerts
Condo Conversions
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Contact us: info@48hills.org
© 48hills


Saunas have been in existence for thousands of years. Its popularity is attributed to the many health benefits that come with its use. Sauna rocks are the pillars of these healthy little rooms. Thus, more and more people try to find the best sauna rocks to use to maximize the benefits.
However, choosing the right sauna rocks is easier said than done. There are specific qualities that the rocks need to meet before they could be regarded as the best of the best. From the size of the rocks to the amount of water to splash it with, there is a lot to consider. Among all the products in the market, six products have been chosen for this roundup, and will be reviewed thoroughly to find the best rocks to use for your sauna needs.
40 pounds of high quality SAWO Sauna Stones from the reputable manufacturer SAWO. These sauna rocks blend with dry air after storing heat from the heater, creating a relaxing and enjoyable ambiance for saunas.
SAWO Sauna Stones don't crack.
SAWO Sauna Stones are big.
Manufactured by The Sauna Place, 25 pounds of replacement sauna rocks are perfect for majority of the heaters around. Imported from Finland, these rocks are peridotite stones, and sized specially to fit most heaters.
Another product from SAWO, it comes in 35 pounds of Finnish rocks for most of the electric, gas, or wood burning sauna heaters.
Manufactured by The Sauna Place, peridotite stones from Finland are perfect for replacing existing stones or even for new heaters.
Manufactured by FINO, this 30 pounds of dolerite rocks are intended specifically for high output sauna heaters.
30 pounds of Baltic Leisure Sauna Stones from the manufacturer Baltic Leisure can withstand rapid heating and cooling.
Before tackling the importance of sauna rocks, it is crucial to have a background regarding saunas to understand the concept behind these rooms.
A sauna room is a small room that allows a user to experience a dry or wet heat session. The heat is provided by the steams of heated sauna rocks. By splashing water on the heated sauna rocks, steam is released.
A tepidarium uses deck-chairs to heat the body and achieve complete stress relief. It has a peaceful atmosphere and temperature that is close to the body in the form of a deck-chair.
Herbal sauna has a lower temperature than Finnish sauna and the aroma aids in providing relaxation with the help of different sauna oils.
Laconium is a milder form of Finnish sauna, and the body is heated after a short time. Circulation and heart beat are stimulated, and blood pressure is regulated.
Salt Steam Sauna uses the rise of the body temperature as a starter for the exfoliation of the skin using different salts that makes the body healthier-looking.
Thalasso sauna vaporizes the brine from Piran salt pans to improve respiratory health. Thalasso improves body regeneration gently.
A Moorish Steam sauna is a traditional Turkish bath in which the humidity provides extreme relaxation.
The Finnish Sauna is the most well-known type of sauna and is considered as the traditional type of sauna. It has a high temperature to stimulate perspiration.
An infrared sauna, however, is a wooden box or room that contains infrared heaters. These infrared heaters create infrared waves that heat the body directly. As opposed to regular saunas that use the air the heat the body. The infrared sauna isn't considered as a type of sauna by the Finnish sauna societies. Himalayan salt is often used in an infrared therapy.
Though called as a "sauna", portable steam sauna is not considered as a sauna. It is just a portable device mainly used for weight loss.
Not to be confused with steam showers, sauna is an enclosed room constructed with soft wood that has a heater to heat the rocks while steam bath or steam shower is a bath using a steam generator to produce steam or mist.
An indoor sauna is easier to install, and it is more affordable. It is easier to install because being indoors, it has convenient access to the electrical and water systems of the house.
An outdoor sauna, on the other hand, while allowing you the liberty of deciding on the size, visual, and location of the sauna room, is more expensive to install because you need additional wiring for the electrical and water systems.
Sauna relaxes muscle aches and pains.
Playing a crucial role for saunas, sauna rocks keep the heat from the heater before releasing steam after water is applied to the rocks.
After turning off the heaters, the rocks preserve the heat in the room for the sauna session. This keeps the sauna room heated at a certain temperature.
The best rock for sauna is undoubtedly the igneous rock because it has a good thermal mass. Good thermal mass means that these rocks absorb thermal heat better than any other rocks to maximize the sauna experience.
Non-porous rocks are ideal. These are the dense and rough rocks. It is also important to choose rocks that don't have cracks because rocks that have cracks will store water, and this might cause the rock to explode in the sauna. Rocks that have a good resistance to chemical and thermal weathering is the most ideal type of rock for sauna.
Different rock sizes hold heat and release steam differently. If the rock is of a larger size, it holds more heat and maintains thermal mass better. A smaller rock will react faster in turning water into vapor.
It is good to have different sizes of sauna rocks. If the rocks are filled compactly, the larger rocks that get splashed with water can retain heat better by having smaller rocks around it.
The more the sauna is used, the more frequent the sauna rocks have to be replaced. To make the most out of the rocks, repositioning them every now and then helps.
The bottom rocks disintegrate faster and the rocks on top get splashed with water more often, so the rearrangement of the rocks help.
This is the word used to refer to the steam that comes after throwing water on the rocks. It is tempting to throw a lot of water on the rocks, but keep in mind that smaller amounts of water are better for the rocks.
Splashing cold water on the rocks will create more steam, but doing this often will cool the rocks faster and might wear out the rocks.
Considering the reviews from customers as well as the research that was made and the information gathered from multiple resources, the clear winner of this product round up is the 45lb Peridotite Sauna Heater Stones by The Sauna Place.
Peridotites hold heat well and do not explode because the rocks are really dense. They are also heavy, and rough surfaced. The Peridotite Sauna Heater by The Sauna Place is big. The small sized rocks help in providing rock size variety, which is ideal to retain the thermal heat well.
Peridotite is a well-known igneous rock that has been considered as the best rock to use in a sauna. It is coarse-grained and dense. The peridotite used by The Sauna Place is from Finland, and the Finns supply the best sauna rocks ever.


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George Graham's 3 reasons for Arsenal's decline
Arsenal is THE English club in the spot light at the moment, they were once the dominating force in Britain but now are struggling for a top four finish.
George Graham, a former manager at the club, lays their decline down to three points – players sold have not been properly replaced, a lack of ambition among the Club hierarchy and their wage structure is too balanced. All three elements effects one key thing- the ability to acquire top class players.
Wenger has received plenty of criticism over the course of the past two seasons and throughout last summer that once again saw two of Arsenal's best performers depart the Emirates. This leads to Graham's first and most important point:
1. The players sold have not been properly replaced.
Wenger had big plans to build a world conquering squad through the development of young, talented stars bought for a fraction of the price they will be worth in the future or through their academy.
The likes of Cesc Fabregas, Robin Van Persie, Alex Song, Gael Clichy, Samir Nasri, Mathieu Flamini (and almost Theo Walcott) have left for 'silver' pastures over the years despite Wenger's original intentions during the Emirates build.
Since many of these players departed, plus Adebayor and Toure, there have been less than adequate replacements brought in. Basically 'poor man' versions than what was available on the market. Eg: Gervinho instead of Hazard, no-one instead of Mata. There are some exceptions, Vermaelen and Arteta have been successful buys plus some new youngsters, but the rest have either been a waste of time or failed to live up to expectation.
"It's down to one, basic thing," Graham explained to Sport magazine. "The players over the past few seasons coming into the club are not of the same quality as the players that have left.
"Look at the famous team of a few years ago, Arsène's team that won three league championships, four FA Cups and played the kind of phenomenal attacking football the likes of which we'd never seen in Britain before. You had Patrick Vieira and Emmanuel Petit in midfield, an outstanding defence, plus wonderful forwards in Bergkamp, Henry, [Marc] Overmars and [Robert] Pires. Many of those bought at bargain prices, by the way, and Arsène developed them into world-class players. That's not happening now."
Arsenal's midfield is now finally potent and creative, however it still lacks a Vieira-esk beast behind the dangerous, attacking minded midfielders of Cazorla and Wilshere. Don't even get me started on the strikers, the backline also needs some serious reconsideration.
Last summer marked a slightly different approach for once with some high calibre, established internationals coming in the form of Cazorla and Podolski but they were long awaited replacements for Nasri and Fabregas. Giroud was never going to fill the boots of Van Persie and Arteta should never have been Song's cover.
2. The Club's balanced wage bill
It does not sound like it should be an issue, Arsenal's young, up and coming starlets are paid handsomely for showing potential, but Arsenal's top earners are barely breaking £80-90k a week compared to double that at Manchester City.
It gets freaky when Arsenal's wage bill of £143m is reported as the fourth highest in the Premier League. At just £17m less than Manchester United, it speaks volumes of the amount they pay players such as Squillaci, Djourou, Chamakh and Arshavin large amounts, while United can afford to shell out £200k a week for Van Persie and Rooney.
According to George Graham: "There's people at Arsenal who've got to look at themselves and ask if the wage structure is right. They don't seem to be getting rid of what I call squad players, because they're on fantastic salaries."
Arsenal seem to pay handsome wages to all rather than fork out large sums for certain individuals to create a more equal dressing room.
It is to this detriment that the Gunners struggle to match other club's wages and find it hard to acquire the best players available, and get rid of others that just ride their lucrative deals along to their expiry.
3. Lack of ambition
Something that has been troubling many Gooners over the past few years is the inability to fight with the Premier League heavy weights for the title. Sure they're still up there, but it has been some years since they have actually looked like winning anything, not to mention the calamity that was the 2011 Carling Cup final.
Wenger's statement that coming fourth in England is 'like a trophy' did little to inspire fans that this club has ambition, and consequently Van Persie left, the rest is history.
While George Graham is an admirer of the current Arsenal boss he still feels the manager has a part to play in it, and questions must be asked of the entire Arsenal hierarchy.
"If they don't finish in the top four this season, which I think they still could well do – actually, that wouldn't surprise me… but if they don't, they have big decisions to make." Graham said.
"Sometimes, when you're trying to get to a target and you fall short of that, it's not too bad. If you're trying to win the Premier League and you finish second or third, you'll still qualify for Europe. But if your aim is just to get into the top four, and you don't do that, you're going to be fifth or sixth. That's not good enough for a club like Arsenal. There's a lot of people who've got to take a look at themselves this summer."
Have to admit Graham's got it pretty much bang on. This summer is perhaps their most important. No invaluable players will be leaving, only coming in (touchwood). Both Arshavin and Squillaci will free up substantial wage funds with their contracts expiring, and with a decent transfer kitty it can only be positive.
Wenger's contract expires in 2014, so next season is make or break for him also. Do you agree with Graham's thoughts? Feel free to comment below..
More Stories: Arsenal news, Arsene Wenger, Featured, George Graham, gossip, Rumour
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Report: Arsenal's Real Transfer Budget Is Much Higher Than £45m


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Arthritis Supplements
Here's what researchers say about natural anti-inflammatory arthritis supplements that
can help in eliminating the condition.
Supplements and herbs that can help in relieving rheumatoid arthritis symptoms have not been subjected to much scientific study as the prescription medicines for treating rheumatoid arthritis have. Herbs and supplements are just considered as adjunct therapies since they do not cure rheumatoid arthritis, however, some of these herbs and supplements are known to help in relieving inflammation, and they also posses disease modifying anti rheumatoid drugs. A good diet is however, essential for sound health, and therefore, alternative and complimentary therapists' advice arthritis patients on backing up with appropriate diet.
Chondroitin and Glucosamine
Patients with osteoarthritis use herbs and supplements to enhance their diet with the purposes of easing their pain. Chondroitin are the most commonly applied arthritis supplements, together with methyl sulfonylmethane (MSM), which is another supplement that has not undergone much scientific testing. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are elements of the normal cartilage, and builds up blocks, which stimulates cartilage production by the body.
Most of the arthritis supplements are easily available from pharmacies, and other health and food products sellers, however, no substantial studies have been done concerning their long term safety and effectiveness. Glucosamine and chondroitin arthritis supplements are commonly prescribed by doctors to reduce pain associated with osteoarthritis of the knees and hips; however, they have no significant physical impact upon the symptoms.
Calcium has the greatest prominence concerning the health of bones, and it is obvious that about 90% of all the calcium in the body is stored in the teeth and bones. Calcium deficiency put you at great risk of developing arthritis. Milk is a good source of calcium, and should appear regularly in meals, low fat cheese, chili, and spaghetti. Other rich foods in calcium include cabbage, cauliflower, kale, broccoli, and turnip greens.
Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are found in fatty fish are helpful for people with reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondyliti, and sporiatic arthritis. Other versions of omega 3 fatty acids can be obtained from rapeseed oiul, flaxseed oil, and walnuts. Fish liver oil is a great source of vitamins A and D, and cod liver oil could also be useful for osteoarthritis, though no evidence exists to support that it can alter the condition.
Vitamin E plays some significant role in treating arthritis through thwarting damage to the cells in the joints and bones. Other foods that have high concentrations of vitamin E are wheat germ, sunflower seeds, avocado, and plant oils such as olive, soya, and wheat.
Selenium deficiency is a common phenomenon that may encourage the development of arthritis, and the sources of selenium include yeast for medicinal functions, and are generally available in mineral or vitamin supplements.
Deficiency of vitamin D may enhance the development of osteoporosis and osteomalacia or soft bones. Foods rich in vitamin D include oily fish, eggs, herring, salmon, and mackerel.
Return to osteoporosis symptoms from arthritis supplements


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Q: wordpress- dynamically change webpage banner text by passing parameter in url I am trying to change banner text of one of the web page according to the url parameter. Not sure which code should I modify. or use hook? please someone help me.
many thanks

A: You need to find out where that text is coming from.
Most WordPress templates that I have used allow you to change this on the admin screen (dashboard). If you log into WordPress using admin password and select Theme/Customize, you should be presented with several options that let you customize this.
There is also a Settings tab visible from the dashboard that lets you change the site name (if that is what's being displayed there).
If you cant find it in either of those, you can try to search for the text in the files system (under themes) and see what's returned.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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(-) Remove Starting Grant (StG) (53) filter Starting Grant (StG) (53)
Displaying 1 - 10 of 53. Show 10 | 20 | 50 results per page.
Project acronym aCROBAT
Project Circadian Regulation Of Brown Adipose Thermogenesis
Researcher (PI) Zachary Philip Gerhart-Hines
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), LS4, ERC-2014-STG
Summary Obesity and diabetes have reached pandemic proportions and new therapeutic strategies are critically needed. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a major source of heat production, possesses significant energy-dissipating capacity and therefore represents a promising target to use in combating these diseases. Recently, I discovered a novel link between circadian rhythm and thermogenic stress in the control of the conserved, calorie-burning functions of BAT. Circadian and thermogenic signaling to BAT incorporates blood-borne hormonal and nutrient cues with direct neuronal input. Yet how these responses coordinately shape BAT energy-expending potential through the regulation of cell surface receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transcriptional effectors is still not understood. My primary goal is to investigate this previously unappreciated network of crosstalk that allows mammals to effectively orchestrate daily rhythms in BAT metabolism, while maintaining their ability to adapt to abrupt changes in energy demand. My group will address this question using gain and loss-of-function in vitro and in vivo studies, newly-generated mouse models, customized physiological phenotyping, and cutting-edge advances in next generation RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. Preliminary, small-scale validations of our methodologies have already yielded a number of novel candidates that may drive key facets of BAT metabolism. Additionally, we will extend our circadian and thermogenic studies into humans to evaluate the translational potential. Our results will advance the fundamental understanding of how daily oscillations in bioenergetic networks establish a framework for the anticipation of and adaptation to environmental challenges. Importantly, we expect that these mechanistic insights will reveal pharmacological targets through which we can unlock evolutionary constraints and harness the energy-expending potential of BAT for the prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Obesity and diabetes have reached pandemic proportions and new therapeutic strategies are critically needed. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a major source of heat production, possesses significant energy-dissipating capacity and therefore represents a promising target to use in combating these diseases. Recently, I discovered a novel link between circadian rhythm and thermogenic stress in the control of the conserved, calorie-burning functions of BAT. Circadian and thermogenic signaling to BAT incorporates blood-borne hormonal and nutrient cues with direct neuronal input. Yet how these responses coordinately shape BAT energy-expending potential through the regulation of cell surface receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transcriptional effectors is still not understood. My primary goal is to investigate this previously unappreciated network of crosstalk that allows mammals to effectively orchestrate daily rhythms in BAT metabolism, while maintaining their ability to adapt to abrupt changes in energy demand. My group will address this question using gain and loss-of-function in vitro and in vivo studies, newly-generated mouse models, customized physiological phenotyping, and cutting-edge advances in next generation RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. Preliminary, small-scale validations of our methodologies have already yielded a number of novel candidates that may drive key facets of BAT metabolism. Additionally, we will extend our circadian and thermogenic studies into humans to evaluate the translational potential. Our results will advance the fundamental understanding of how daily oscillations in bioenergetic networks establish a framework for the anticipation of and adaptation to environmental challenges. Importantly, we expect that these mechanistic insights will reveal pharmacological targets through which we can unlock evolutionary constraints and harness the energy-expending potential of BAT for the prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Project acronym ALUFIX
Project Friction stir processing based local damage mitigation and healing in aluminium alloys
Researcher (PI) Aude SIMAR
Summary ALUFIX proposes an original strategy for the development of aluminium-based materials involving damage mitigation and extrinsic self-healing concepts exploiting the new opportunities of the solid-state friction stir process. Friction stir processing locally extrudes and drags material from the front to the back and around the tool pin. It involves short duration at moderate temperatures (typically 80% of the melting temperature), fast cooling rates and large plastic deformations leading to far out-of-equilibrium microstructures. The idea is that commercial aluminium alloys can be locally improved and healed in regions of stress concentration where damage is likely to occur. Self-healing in metal-based materials is still in its infancy and existing strategies can hardly be extended to applications. Friction stir processing can enhance the damage and fatigue resistance of aluminium alloys by microstructure homogenisation and refinement. In parallel, friction stir processing can be used to integrate secondary phases in an aluminium matrix. In the ALUFIX project, healing phases will thus be integrated in aluminium in addition to refining and homogenising the microstructure. The "local stress management strategy" favours crack closure and crack deviation at the sub-millimetre scale thanks to a controlled residual stress field. The "transient liquid healing agent" strategy involves the in-situ generation of an out-of-equilibrium compositionally graded microstructure at the aluminium/healing agent interface capable of liquid-phase healing after a thermal treatment. Along the road, a variety of new scientific questions concerning the damage mechanisms will have to be addressed.
ALUFIX proposes an original strategy for the development of aluminium-based materials involving damage mitigation and extrinsic self-healing concepts exploiting the new opportunities of the solid-state friction stir process. Friction stir processing locally extrudes and drags material from the front to the back and around the tool pin. It involves short duration at moderate temperatures (typically 80% of the melting temperature), fast cooling rates and large plastic deformations leading to far out-of-equilibrium microstructures. The idea is that commercial aluminium alloys can be locally improved and healed in regions of stress concentration where damage is likely to occur. Self-healing in metal-based materials is still in its infancy and existing strategies can hardly be extended to applications. Friction stir processing can enhance the damage and fatigue resistance of aluminium alloys by microstructure homogenisation and refinement. In parallel, friction stir processing can be used to integrate secondary phases in an aluminium matrix. In the ALUFIX project, healing phases will thus be integrated in aluminium in addition to refining and homogenising the microstructure. The "local stress management strategy" favours crack closure and crack deviation at the sub-millimetre scale thanks to a controlled residual stress field. The "transient liquid healing agent" strategy involves the in-situ generation of an out-of-equilibrium compositionally graded microstructure at the aluminium/healing agent interface capable of liquid-phase healing after a thermal treatment. Along the road, a variety of new scientific questions concerning the damage mechanisms will have to be addressed.
Project acronym ChemEpigen
Project The chemical understanding of biomolecular recognition in epigenetics
Researcher (PI) Jasmin MECINOVIC
Host Institution (HI) SYDDANSK UNIVERSITET
Summary The ultimate aim of this ERC project is to provide a comprehensive and complete understanding, at the atomic-level of sophistication, of genuinely important biomolecular recognition processes in epigenetics that play key roles in human health and disease. At the biochemical level, epigenetics refers to mechanisms, such as enzymatic modifications of DNA and posttranslational modifications of the associated histone proteins, that regulate the activity of human genes. The proposed work aims to address epigenetics using the physical-organic chemistry approach that enables the elucidation of the elemental processes with unprecedented molecular/atomic detail. The project will experimentally and computationally examine non-covalent interactions between three essential constituents of the epigenetic biomolecular system, namely epigenetic proteins, histones and water, at the level of short histone peptides, intact histone proteins, the nucleosome assembly and nucleosome arrays. Our programme, built on synergistic thermodynamic, structural and computational studies, aims to unravel i) the underlying chemical origin of methyllysine-containing histones in epigenetics, ii) the chemical basis for the recognition of methylarginine-containing histones in epigenetic processes, and iii) the role of unstructured histone tails in biomolecular recognition, which together form the three main structural elements found in the epigenetic framework. Results from this work will be important from both a fundamental molecular perspective as well as from the biomedical perspective, because proteins involved in epigenetic regulation processes are currently regarded as important targets for numerous therapeutic interventions, most notably for cancer treatment.
The ultimate aim of this ERC project is to provide a comprehensive and complete understanding, at the atomic-level of sophistication, of genuinely important biomolecular recognition processes in epigenetics that play key roles in human health and disease. At the biochemical level, epigenetics refers to mechanisms, such as enzymatic modifications of DNA and posttranslational modifications of the associated histone proteins, that regulate the activity of human genes. The proposed work aims to address epigenetics using the physical-organic chemistry approach that enables the elucidation of the elemental processes with unprecedented molecular/atomic detail. The project will experimentally and computationally examine non-covalent interactions between three essential constituents of the epigenetic biomolecular system, namely epigenetic proteins, histones and water, at the level of short histone peptides, intact histone proteins, the nucleosome assembly and nucleosome arrays. Our programme, built on synergistic thermodynamic, structural and computational studies, aims to unravel i) the underlying chemical origin of methyllysine-containing histones in epigenetics, ii) the chemical basis for the recognition of methylarginine-containing histones in epigenetic processes, and iii) the role of unstructured histone tails in biomolecular recognition, which together form the three main structural elements found in the epigenetic framework. Results from this work will be important from both a fundamental molecular perspective as well as from the biomedical perspective, because proteins involved in epigenetic regulation processes are currently regarded as important targets for numerous therapeutic interventions, most notably for cancer treatment.
Project acronym CHILDMOVE
Project The impact of flight experiences on the psychological wellbeing of unaccompanied refugee minors
Researcher (PI) Ilse DERLUYN
Summary Since early 2015, the media continuously confront us with images of refugee children drowning in the Mediterranean, surviving in appalling conditions in camps or walking across Europe. Within this group of fleeing children, a considerable number is travelling without parents, the unaccompanied refugee minors. While the media images testify to these flight experiences and their possible huge impact on unaccompanied minors' wellbeing, there has been no systematic research to fully capture these experiences, nor their mental health impact. Equally, no evidence exists on whether the emotional impact of these flight experiences should be differentiated from the impact of the traumatic events these minors endured in their home country or from the daily stressors in the country of settlement. This project aims to fundamentally increase our knowledge of the impact of experiences during the flight in relation to past trauma and current stressors. To achieve this aim, it is essential to set up a longitudinal follow-up of a large group of unaccompanied refugee minors, whereby our study starts from different transit countries, crosses several European countries, and uses innovative methodological and mixed-methods approaches. I will hereby not only document the psychological impact these flight experiences may have, but also the way in which care and reception structures for unaccompanied minors in both transit and settlement countries can contribute to reducing this mental health impact. This proposal will fundamentally change the field of migration studies, by introducing a whole new area of study and novel methodological approaches to study these themes. Moreover, other fields, such as trauma studies, will be directly informed by the project, as also clinical, educational and social work interventions for victims of multiple trauma. Last, the findings on the impact of reception and care structures will be highly informative for policy makers and practitioners.
Since early 2015, the media continuously confront us with images of refugee children drowning in the Mediterranean, surviving in appalling conditions in camps or walking across Europe. Within this group of fleeing children, a considerable number is travelling without parents, the unaccompanied refugee minors. While the media images testify to these flight experiences and their possible huge impact on unaccompanied minors' wellbeing, there has been no systematic research to fully capture these experiences, nor their mental health impact. Equally, no evidence exists on whether the emotional impact of these flight experiences should be differentiated from the impact of the traumatic events these minors endured in their home country or from the daily stressors in the country of settlement. This project aims to fundamentally increase our knowledge of the impact of experiences during the flight in relation to past trauma and current stressors. To achieve this aim, it is essential to set up a longitudinal follow-up of a large group of unaccompanied refugee minors, whereby our study starts from different transit countries, crosses several European countries, and uses innovative methodological and mixed-methods approaches. I will hereby not only document the psychological impact these flight experiences may have, but also the way in which care and reception structures for unaccompanied minors in both transit and settlement countries can contribute to reducing this mental health impact. This proposal will fundamentally change the field of migration studies, by introducing a whole new area of study and novel methodological approaches to study these themes. Moreover, other fields, such as trauma studies, will be directly informed by the project, as also clinical, educational and social work interventions for victims of multiple trauma. Last, the findings on the impact of reception and care structures will be highly informative for policy makers and practitioners.
Project acronym CIRCUITASSEMBLY
Project Development of functional organization of the visual circuits in mice
Researcher (PI) Keisuke Yonehara
Summary The key organizing principles that characterize neuronal systems include asymmetric, parallel, and topographic connectivity of the neural circuits. The main aim of my research is to elucidate the key principles underlying functional development of neural circuits by focusing on those organizing principles. I choose mouse visual system as my model since it contains all of these principles and provides sophisticated genetic tools to label and manipulate individual circuit components. My research is based on the central hypothesis that the mechanisms of brain development cannot be fully understood without first identifying individual functional cell types in adults, and then understanding how the functions of these cell types become established, using cell-type-specific molecular and synaptic mechanisms in developing animals. Recently, I have identified several transgenic mouse lines in which specific cell types in a visual center, the superior colliculus, are labeled with Cre recombinase in both developing and adult animals. Here I will take advantage of these mouse lines to ask fundamental questions about the functional development of neural circuits. First, how are distinct sensory features processed by the parallel topographic neuronal pathways, and how do they contribute to behavior? Second, what are the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that underlie developmental circuit plasticity for forming parallel topographic neuronal maps in the brain? Third, what are the molecular mechanisms that set up spatially asymmetric circuit connectivity without the need for sensory experience? I predict that my insights into the developmental mechanism of asymmetric, parallel, and topographic connectivity and circuit plasticity will be instructive when studying other brain circuits which contain similar organizing principles.
The key organizing principles that characterize neuronal systems include asymmetric, parallel, and topographic connectivity of the neural circuits. The main aim of my research is to elucidate the key principles underlying functional development of neural circuits by focusing on those organizing principles. I choose mouse visual system as my model since it contains all of these principles and provides sophisticated genetic tools to label and manipulate individual circuit components. My research is based on the central hypothesis that the mechanisms of brain development cannot be fully understood without first identifying individual functional cell types in adults, and then understanding how the functions of these cell types become established, using cell-type-specific molecular and synaptic mechanisms in developing animals. Recently, I have identified several transgenic mouse lines in which specific cell types in a visual center, the superior colliculus, are labeled with Cre recombinase in both developing and adult animals. Here I will take advantage of these mouse lines to ask fundamental questions about the functional development of neural circuits. First, how are distinct sensory features processed by the parallel topographic neuronal pathways, and how do they contribute to behavior? Second, what are the molecular and synaptic mechanisms that underlie developmental circuit plasticity for forming parallel topographic neuronal maps in the brain? Third, what are the molecular mechanisms that set up spatially asymmetric circuit connectivity without the need for sensory experience? I predict that my insights into the developmental mechanism of asymmetric, parallel, and topographic connectivity and circuit plasticity will be instructive when studying other brain circuits which contain similar organizing principles.
Project acronym CoSI
Project Functional connectomics of the amygdala in social interactions of different valence
Researcher (PI) Ewelina KNAPSKA
Host Institution (HI) INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOSWIADCZALNEJ IM. M. NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
Summary Understanding how brain controls social interactions is one of the central goals of neuroscience. Whereas social interactions and their effects on the emotional state of an individual are relatively well described at the behavioral level, much less is known about neural mechanisms involved in these very complex phenomena, especially in the amygdala, a key structure processing emotions in the brain. Recent investigations, mainly on fear learning and extinction, have shown that there are highly specialized neuronal circuits within the amygdala that control specific behaviors. However, a high density of interconnections, both among amygdalar nuclei and between amygdalar nuclei and other brain regions, and the lack of a predictable distribution of functional cell types make defining behavioral functions of the amygdalar neuronal circuits challenging. Therefore, to understand how different neuronal circuits in the amygdala produce different behaviors tracing anatomical connections between activated neurons, i.e., the functional anatomy is needed. Published data and our preliminary results suggest that within the amygdala there exist different neuronal circuits mediating social interactions of different valence (positive or negative affective significance) and that circuits controlling social and non-social emotions differ. Combining our recently developed behavioral models of adult, non-aggressive, same-sex social interactions with the methods of tracing anatomical connections between activated neurons, we plan to identify neural circuitry underlying social interactions of different emotional valence. This goal will be achieved by: (1) Characterizing functional anatomy of neuronal circuits in the amygdala underlying socially transferred emotions; (2) Examining role of the identified neuronal subpopulations in control of social behaviors; (3) Verifying role of matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent neuronal subpopulations within the amygdala in social motivation.
Understanding how brain controls social interactions is one of the central goals of neuroscience. Whereas social interactions and their effects on the emotional state of an individual are relatively well described at the behavioral level, much less is known about neural mechanisms involved in these very complex phenomena, especially in the amygdala, a key structure processing emotions in the brain. Recent investigations, mainly on fear learning and extinction, have shown that there are highly specialized neuronal circuits within the amygdala that control specific behaviors. However, a high density of interconnections, both among amygdalar nuclei and between amygdalar nuclei and other brain regions, and the lack of a predictable distribution of functional cell types make defining behavioral functions of the amygdalar neuronal circuits challenging. Therefore, to understand how different neuronal circuits in the amygdala produce different behaviors tracing anatomical connections between activated neurons, i.e., the functional anatomy is needed. Published data and our preliminary results suggest that within the amygdala there exist different neuronal circuits mediating social interactions of different valence (positive or negative affective significance) and that circuits controlling social and non-social emotions differ. Combining our recently developed behavioral models of adult, non-aggressive, same-sex social interactions with the methods of tracing anatomical connections between activated neurons, we plan to identify neural circuitry underlying social interactions of different emotional valence. This goal will be achieved by: (1) Characterizing functional anatomy of neuronal circuits in the amygdala underlying socially transferred emotions; (2) Examining role of the identified neuronal subpopulations in control of social behaviors; (3) Verifying role of matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent neuronal subpopulations within the amygdala in social motivation.
Project acronym CSUMECH
Project Cholesterol and Sugar Uptake Mechanisms
Researcher (PI) Bjørn Pedersen
Summary Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer have a dramatic impact on modern society, and in great part are related to uptake of cholesterol and sugar. We still know surprisingly little about the molecular details of the processes that goes on in this essential part of human basic metabolism. This application addresses cholesterol and sugar transport and aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cholesterol and sugar uptake in humans. It moves the frontiers of the field by shifting the focus to in vitro work allowing hitherto untried structural and biochemical experiments to be performed. Cholesterol uptake from the intestine is mediated by the membrane protein NPC1L1. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanism of NPC1L1-dependent cholesterol uptake still remains largely unknown. Facilitated sugar transport in humans is made possible by sugar transporters called GLUTs and SWEETs, and every cell possesses these sugar transport systems. For all these uptake systems structural information is sorely lacking to address important mechanistic questions to help elucidate their molecular mechanism. I will address this using a complementary set of methods founded in macromolecular crystallography and electron microscopy to determine the 3-dimensional structures of key players in these uptake systems. My unpublished preliminary results have established the feasibility of this approach. This will be followed up by biochemical characterization of the molecular mechanism in vitro and in silico. This high risk/high reward membrane protein proposal could lead to a breakthrough in how we approach human biochemical pathways that are linked to trans-membrane transport. An improved understanding of cholesterol and sugar homeostasis has tremendous potential for improving general public health, and furthermore this proposal will help to uncover general principles of endocytotic uptake and facilitated diffusion systems at the molecular level.
Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer have a dramatic impact on modern society, and in great part are related to uptake of cholesterol and sugar. We still know surprisingly little about the molecular details of the processes that goes on in this essential part of human basic metabolism. This application addresses cholesterol and sugar transport and aim to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cholesterol and sugar uptake in humans. It moves the frontiers of the field by shifting the focus to in vitro work allowing hitherto untried structural and biochemical experiments to be performed. Cholesterol uptake from the intestine is mediated by the membrane protein NPC1L1. Despite extensive research, the molecular mechanism of NPC1L1-dependent cholesterol uptake still remains largely unknown. Facilitated sugar transport in humans is made possible by sugar transporters called GLUTs and SWEETs, and every cell possesses these sugar transport systems. For all these uptake systems structural information is sorely lacking to address important mechanistic questions to help elucidate their molecular mechanism. I will address this using a complementary set of methods founded in macromolecular crystallography and electron microscopy to determine the 3-dimensional structures of key players in these uptake systems. My unpublished preliminary results have established the feasibility of this approach. This will be followed up by biochemical characterization of the molecular mechanism in vitro and in silico. This high risk/high reward membrane protein proposal could lead to a breakthrough in how we approach human biochemical pathways that are linked to trans-membrane transport. An improved understanding of cholesterol and sugar homeostasis has tremendous potential for improving general public health, and furthermore this proposal will help to uncover general principles of endocytotic uptake and facilitated diffusion systems at the molecular level.
Project acronym CUTACOMBS
Project Cuts and decompositions: algorithms and combinatorial properties
Researcher (PI) Marcin PILIPCZUK
Host Institution (HI) UNIWERSYTET WARSZAWSKI
Summary In this proposal we plan to extend mathematical foundations of algorithms for various variants of the minimum cut problem within theoretical computer science. Recent advances in understanding the structure of small cuts and tractability of cut problems resulted in a mature algorithmic toolbox for undirected graphs under the paradigm of parameterized complexity. In this position, we now aim at a full understanding of the tractability of cut problems in the more challenging case of directed graphs, and see opportunities to apply the aforementioned successful structural approach to advance on major open problems in other paradigms in theoretical computer science. The specific goals of the project are grouped in the following three themes. Directed graphs. Chart the parameterized complexity of graph separation problems in directed graphs and provide a fixed-parameter tractability toolbox, equally deep as the one in undirected graphs. Provide tractability foundations for routing problems in directed graphs, such as the disjoint paths problem with symmetric demands. Planar graphs. Resolve main open problems with respect to network design and graph separation problems in planar graphs under the following three paradigms: parameterized complexity, approximation schemes, and cut/flow/distance sparsifiers. Recently discovered connections uncover significant potential in synergy between these three algorithmic approaches. Tree decompositions. Show improved tractability of graph isomorphism testing in sparse graph classes. Combine the algorithmic toolbox of parameterized complexity with the theory of minimal triangulations to advance our knowledge in structural graph theory, both pure (focused on the Erdos-Hajnal conjecture) and algorithmic (focused on the tractability of Maximum Independent Set and 3-Coloring).
In this proposal we plan to extend mathematical foundations of algorithms for various variants of the minimum cut problem within theoretical computer science. Recent advances in understanding the structure of small cuts and tractability of cut problems resulted in a mature algorithmic toolbox for undirected graphs under the paradigm of parameterized complexity. In this position, we now aim at a full understanding of the tractability of cut problems in the more challenging case of directed graphs, and see opportunities to apply the aforementioned successful structural approach to advance on major open problems in other paradigms in theoretical computer science. The specific goals of the project are grouped in the following three themes. Directed graphs. Chart the parameterized complexity of graph separation problems in directed graphs and provide a fixed-parameter tractability toolbox, equally deep as the one in undirected graphs. Provide tractability foundations for routing problems in directed graphs, such as the disjoint paths problem with symmetric demands. Planar graphs. Resolve main open problems with respect to network design and graph separation problems in planar graphs under the following three paradigms: parameterized complexity, approximation schemes, and cut/flow/distance sparsifiers. Recently discovered connections uncover significant potential in synergy between these three algorithmic approaches. Tree decompositions. Show improved tractability of graph isomorphism testing in sparse graph classes. Combine the algorithmic toolbox of parameterized complexity with the theory of minimal triangulations to advance our knowledge in structural graph theory, both pure (focused on the Erdos-Hajnal conjecture) and algorithmic (focused on the tractability of Maximum Independent Set and 3-Coloring).
Project acronym DE-ORPHAN
Project DEtermination of Orphan Receptor PHysiological Agonists and sigNals
Researcher (PI) David Erik Immanuel Gloriam
Summary G protein-coupled receptors make up both the largest membrane protein and drug target families. DE-ORPHAN aims to determine the close functional context; specifically physiological agonists and signaling pathways; and provide the first research tool compounds, of orphan peptide receptors. Determination of physiological agonists (aka de-orphanization), by high-throughput screening has largely failed. We will introduce a new research strategy: 1) developing highly innovative bioinformatics methods for handpicking of all orphan receptor targets and candidate ligand screening libraries; and 2) employing a screening technique that can measure all signaling pathways simultaneously. The first potent and selective pharmacological tool compounds will be identified by chemoinformatic design of focused screening libraries. We will establish the ligands' structure-activity relationships important for biological activity and further optimization towards drugs. The first potent and selective Gs- and G12/13 protein inhibitors will be designed by structure-based re-optimization from a recent crystal structure of a Gq-inhibitor complex, and applied to determine orphan receptor signaling pathways and ligand pathway-bias. They will open up for efficient dissection of important signaling networks and development of drugs with fewer side effects. DE-ORPHANs design hypotheses are based on unique computational methods to analyze protein and ligand similarities and are founded on genomic and protein sequences, structural data and ligands. The interdisciplinary research strategy applies multiple ligands acting independently but in concert to provide complementary receptor characterization. The results will allow the research field to advance into studies of receptor functions and exploitation of druggable targets, ligands and mechanisms. Which physiological insights and therapeutic breakthroughs will we witness when these receptors find their place in human pharmacology and medicine?
G protein-coupled receptors make up both the largest membrane protein and drug target families. DE-ORPHAN aims to determine the close functional context; specifically physiological agonists and signaling pathways; and provide the first research tool compounds, of orphan peptide receptors. Determination of physiological agonists (aka de-orphanization), by high-throughput screening has largely failed. We will introduce a new research strategy: 1) developing highly innovative bioinformatics methods for handpicking of all orphan receptor targets and candidate ligand screening libraries; and 2) employing a screening technique that can measure all signaling pathways simultaneously. The first potent and selective pharmacological tool compounds will be identified by chemoinformatic design of focused screening libraries. We will establish the ligands' structure-activity relationships important for biological activity and further optimization towards drugs. The first potent and selective Gs- and G12/13 protein inhibitors will be designed by structure-based re-optimization from a recent crystal structure of a Gq-inhibitor complex, and applied to determine orphan receptor signaling pathways and ligand pathway-bias. They will open up for efficient dissection of important signaling networks and development of drugs with fewer side effects. DE-ORPHANs design hypotheses are based on unique computational methods to analyze protein and ligand similarities and are founded on genomic and protein sequences, structural data and ligands. The interdisciplinary research strategy applies multiple ligands acting independently but in concert to provide complementary receptor characterization. The results will allow the research field to advance into studies of receptor functions and exploitation of druggable targets, ligands and mechanisms. Which physiological insights and therapeutic breakthroughs will we witness when these receptors find their place in human pharmacology and medicine?
Project acronym DPC_REPAIR
Project Mechanism of DNA-protein cross-link repair in S phase
Researcher (PI) Julien Philippe Carlos Duxin
Summary DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are common DNA lesions caused by endogenous, environmental, and chemotherapeutic agents. Cells are susceptible to these lesions during S phase, as DPCs impede replication fork progression and are likely to induce genomic instability, a cause of cancer and aging. Despite its relevance to human health, the repair of DPCs is poorly understood. Research on DPC repair has mainly involved testing cellular responses to compounds such as formaldehyde, but these agents induce a wide variety of DNA lesions, and conflicting results have been reported. To overcome these obstacles, I have developed the first in vitro system that recapitulates replication-coupled DPC repair. In this system, a plasmid containing a site-specific DPC is replicated in Xenopus egg extracts. Using this approach, I demonstrated that DPC repair requires DNA replication. When a replication fork encounters a DPC, the DPC is degraded into a peptide-adduct, which allows replication bypass by translesion DNA synthesis. Importantly, these experiments identified a novel proteolytic pathway whose activity is regulated by replication. This in vitro system now provides a powerful means to identify and characterize the different factors that participate in S phase DPC repair. I speculate that for DPC processing to occur, the protein-adduct must first be detected, then marked for degradation and ultimately degraded. Using a series of complementary strategies, which will take advantage of the in vitro system combined with proteome and genome wide approaches, I seek to uncover the different players that participate in each of these events. This project will enable a detailed mechanistic outlook of a complex multi-step reaction that has not been feasible to achieve using existing methodologies. It will also improve our understanding of how DPCs impact genomic stability and the consequences of not repairing these lesions for human health.
DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs) are common DNA lesions caused by endogenous, environmental, and chemotherapeutic agents. Cells are susceptible to these lesions during S phase, as DPCs impede replication fork progression and are likely to induce genomic instability, a cause of cancer and aging. Despite its relevance to human health, the repair of DPCs is poorly understood. Research on DPC repair has mainly involved testing cellular responses to compounds such as formaldehyde, but these agents induce a wide variety of DNA lesions, and conflicting results have been reported. To overcome these obstacles, I have developed the first in vitro system that recapitulates replication-coupled DPC repair. In this system, a plasmid containing a site-specific DPC is replicated in Xenopus egg extracts. Using this approach, I demonstrated that DPC repair requires DNA replication. When a replication fork encounters a DPC, the DPC is degraded into a peptide-adduct, which allows replication bypass by translesion DNA synthesis. Importantly, these experiments identified a novel proteolytic pathway whose activity is regulated by replication. This in vitro system now provides a powerful means to identify and characterize the different factors that participate in S phase DPC repair. I speculate that for DPC processing to occur, the protein-adduct must first be detected, then marked for degradation and ultimately degraded. Using a series of complementary strategies, which will take advantage of the in vitro system combined with proteome and genome wide approaches, I seek to uncover the different players that participate in each of these events. This project will enable a detailed mechanistic outlook of a complex multi-step reaction that has not been feasible to achieve using existing methodologies. It will also improve our understanding of how DPCs impact genomic stability and the consequences of not repairing these lesions for human health.


Gina Bianchini is the Founder & CEO of Mighty Networks. Mighty Networks takes direct aim at ordinary groups with a new social network totally re-imagined for deep interests on mobile. In addition to Mighty Networks, Gina serves on the board of directors of Scripps Networks, which owns HGTV, The Food Network and The Travel Channel. Gina and Mighty Networks have been featured in Fast Company, Bloomberg, Wired, and The New York Times. She has appeared on Charlie Rose, CNBC, and CNN. She grew up in Cupertino, California, graduated with honors from Stanford University, and received her M.B.A from Stanford Business School.
Gina Bianchini has been a guest on 1 episode.


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