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Q: Call a static function inside array php How can I call a static function inside an array? I tried it but it gives me an Constant expression contains invalid operations I have two classes the Login class and Route class.
the Route class uses the Login::getJSFile() inside the array $routes but gives an error
Here is my code:
class Route
{
    private static $routes = [
        "login"                     => [
            "add_to_menu"            => false,
            "class"                  => "login-page",
            "component"              => [],
            "css"                    => ["/css/form", "/css/login"],
            "default"                => true,
            "display_footer_menu"    => true,
            "display_header_menu"    => false,
            "enable_authentication"  => true,
            "enable_permission"      => false,
            "form"                   => true,
            "icon"                   => "<i class='fa fa-sign-in fa-fw'></i>",
            "js"                     => Login::getJSFile(),
            "layout"                 => "pages/login.php",
            "list"                   => false,
            "menu_order"             => null,
            "menu_type"              => null,
            "name"                   => "Login",
            "no_layout"              => "pages/no-layout.php",
            "parent"                 => "",
            "php"                    => ["/php/login"],
            "require_authentication" => false,
            "require_permission"     => false,
            "url"                    => "/login/"
        ]
    ];
}

class Login
{
    private static $login_routes = [
        "administrator" => [
            "default"   => false,
            "id"        => "administrator",
            "js"        => [],
            "layout"    => "pages/components/login/administrator.php",
            "name"      => "Administrator",
            "no_layout" => "pages/no-layout.php",
            "url"       => "administrator"
        ],
        "student"       => [
            "default"   => true,
            "id"        => "student",
            "js"        => ["/lib/Inputmask-3.x/dist/min/jquery.inputmask.bundle.min", "/js/components/login/student"],
            "layout"    => "pages/components/login/student.php",
            "name"      => "Student",
            "no_layout" => "pages/no-layout.php",
            "url"       => "student"
        ]
    ];

    public static function getJSFile()
    {
        echo self::$login_routes[self::getCurrent()]["js"];
    }
}

A: I don't know how you intend on using this, but you could harness variable variables:
$login = ${$a['login']['js']};

An example/POC below:
class Login {

    function test() { echo 'DERP TEST DERP';}
}

$a = [
    'login' => [
        'js' => Login::test()
    ]
];

$login = ${$a['login']['js']};

This isn't the nicest way of doing it, but it achieves what's required. I do (HIGHLY) recommend you look at alternatives within your code base to handle this properly.
Example/Demo


Among these participants are of course a lot of athletes from Germany, Belgium and Great Britain, but also the United States, South-Africa, Spain, France and Denmark will be represented in Egmond, besides the top athletes from African countries. The Egmond Half Marathon is booming, as the entire running sport is hot at this moment.
Unique is the participation of Venuste Niyongabo from Burundi, the Olympic Champion on the 5,000 metres in Atlanta in 1996. Niyongabo is running longer distances now and will make his debut in The Netherlands. The main opponent will be the winner of the Dam tot Damloop 2005 William Kipsang. Kipsang won the Egmond Half Marathon two years ago and wants to renew that victory. In the women race Susan Chepkemei is the biggest foreign star. Her two second places in the New York City Marathon demonstrate her status. Chepkemei has won the Egmond Half Marathon already in 2001 and 2002. Hilda Kibet, the winner of last year, will offer Susan resistance. Main Dutch favourites are: Kamiel Maase, Luc Krotwaar and Hugo van den Broek.


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DANEtools
DANE Validator
DNS(SEC) Lookup
Certificate Checker
Acronym Buster
Site launched!
Fri Oct 23 2015 16:11, tags: #danetools
Today the first version of the danetools.com website was made available to the general public. DANEtools offers several online tools to help you verify your DANE setup (DNS-based Authentication of Named Entities, more info on our about page). It also contains information to help find your way in the forest of terminology that surrounds encryption and security on the internet.
In the near future more tools will be added and the site will be constantly improved. DANEtools strives to become a useful and trustworthy partner in implementing DANE and to help make the internet a better / safer place.
Security and privacy on the internet are more important than ever and there are more attempts than ever to break security measures. Important security protocols like TLS (and its predecessor SSL) are constantly under attack to find vulnerabilities, e.g. Heartbleed and POODLE. A lot of internet technology was designed decades ago, when security wasn't an issue and no one could foresee how important the internet would become. Improvements to those technologies are made constantly but a balance must be found between security / reliability and user friendliness. DANE is one such attempt to tighten security with end users hardly (if at all) noticing that it is there.
© 2015 danetools.com
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Ask for price - Hours: 12,000 h - General good condition used equipment, ready for use. - Rigid dumper in 1998.
Ask for price - Revised machine to be completed - Rigid dumper in 1991.
Hours: 21,400 h - 2 extra tyres - Rigid dumper in 2000.
Ask for price - Hours: 3,500 h - reconditioned machine - changes to be completed - exchange hours 3500 - engine hours 5000 - Rigid dumper in 1990.
Ask for price - Hours: 18,000 h - Number of axles: 2 - Container capacity: 13 mc - General good condition used equipment, ready for use. - Rigid dumper in 1980.


Wearable glass pendants with cremains in the glass. Cremains are infused directly into the glass pendant at the time of creation. We generally use 1/4th a teaspoon of cremains per pendant; multiple colors are available for most.


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Love Is a Crime è una canzone della cantautrice statunitense Anastacia per la colonna sonora del film Chicago del 2002. Il video della canzone fu pubblicato ufficialmente solo nel 2014, sul canale Vevo di Anastacia; in precedenza la sua pubblicazione era stata bloccata per rispetto nei confronti della cantante, che in quel periodo stava combattendo contro un grave cancro al seno. Per lo stesso motivo il brano, inizialmente pensato per essere incluso nel terzo album di Anastacia, non fu più incluso in esso. La canzone però ha raggiunto la posizione numero 1 nella U.S. Dance Music/Club Play.

Il video
Il video per Love Is a Crime è stato diretto da Matthew Rolston e girato il 17 gennaio 2003 a New York. Ha due sequenze principali: la prima presenta Anastacia cantare in una prigione. Nella seconda Anastacia e i suoi ballerini sono vestiti da gangster e ballano con le pistole davanti ad uno schermo blu. Sono presenti anche scene del film Chicago.

C'è anche una versione alternativa del video, mostrata degli Stati Uniti. La trama di base è la stessa, con alcune scene aggiunte, tra cui una con Anastacia vestita di rosso e senza i classici occhiali. In più, nella scena in cui è vestita da gangster lo schermo dietro lei è i ballerini è verde.

Quando Anastacia ha girato il video, aveva 40 °C di febbre.

Tracce
 "Love Is a Crime" [Thunderpuss Club Mix]
 "Love Is a Crime" [Thunderpuss Dub Mix]
 "Love Is a Crime" [Thunderpuss Tribeapella]
 "Love Is a Crime" [Cotto's Doin' The Crime Mix]
 "Love Is a Crime" [Cotto's Luv Is A Dub]
 "Love Is a Crime" [Album Version]

Classifiche

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I have seen some of the worst bridesmaids' dresses, and I am sure you have too. I am not making fun of anyone and their style, but I feel like this is one of the areas of a wedding that can be missed, if not planned properly. With so many great ideas on sites like Pinterest, you may be spared… just by sheer inspiration, but if I can add a little bit of guidance here; I feel I have done my part at being your internet friend.
Pick your dress or, have a general idea of what you will be wearing. You need to have your dress either purchased, tried on or something close. Have an idea of your length, your style and your material. Why do you need to know this? Because if your dress is super formal, with a train for days, you do not want to buy ultra-causal print bridesmaid dresses, or bright taffeta.
Know your tribe. What are your girls like? Yes, your wedding is completely and totally about you, but you might want to think about their body types, their hair, their personalities. If your crew is all the same, you can mix and match or have everyone wearing the same thing. If your crew is a little more eclectic, mixing and matching may be the direction you want to go. Keep your girls in mind.
Know what your goals are. Is the goal of your wedding a big fun celebration, or is your wedding a little more of a traditional send off? There is nothing wrong with either wedding. Each wedding definitely has a little bit of both, but what type of wedding are you throwing? You will want: things to flow well, your tribe feeling good and looking good. Prepping for this in advance will alleviate some stress for you as your big day approaches.
What is your goal for your bridesmaids. Is the dress you choose for them something you want them to be able to wear after your wedding. Is your dress a memory, a weekend throw-on or an Easter Sunday number? Whatever you choose will be perfect, but know your girls well enough to know what's best for them… and you. I know, I know… it's about you, but they are also about you, so seriously think of your girls; you don't have to tell them anything about this thought process. You may not want a bunch of opinions, but come ready to play when it's time to shop!
Accessorize accordingly. Yes, this is a shameless plug for jewelry, but it's pretty important for this day. Have you already decided what will complement the dress? Not just jewelry, but shoes? What does your day look like; what will your tribe be doing? Are you dancing the night away? Take all of this into consideration and pick shoes and jewelry that fits the vibe!
Relax and pick whatever you want. Yes, I just said all of that… but the dream in your heart is the most important thing. Do you girl, and CONGRATULATIONS!


With Elliott back in town for the National Bike Summit, we couldn't pass up an opportunity to get together and record in the basement, just like old times. With no plan and Taylor losing his voice, we may have recorded our best episode, yet. Bill catalogs every rock biography he's listened to on audible, we debate Japandroids second album and then go completely off the rails by reading the lineups for every HFStival between 1999 and 2004.


This week, we review NXT Takeover: New York & preview WrestleMania 35 in full! It is almost time for Avengers: Endgame & more footage has dropped. Tickets are on sale now! We dive deep into TWO episodes of Doom Patrol & Sam does his CGC Comic Spotlight. Borderlands 3 got a release date!!


Dr. Wood, a Fall River native, is an internal medicine specialist and has been practicing in the Fall River community since 1988. He is the Physician-in-Chief for Southcoast Health's Primary Care Center.
Dr. Wood received his medical degree from Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans and completed his residency in internal medicine at Portsmouth Naval Hospital in Portsmouth, Va.
Dr. Wood is Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Southcoast Physicians Network. He is board certified in internal medicine and is a member of the American College of Physicians and the American Medical Association.


Diamond Platnumz's mother Bi Sandra has finally recognized her third grandchild born by Tanzanian model Hamisa Mobetto.
Bi Sandra has for long refused to acknowledge his son's relationship with Mobetto, prompting Diamond to make a public plea for her 'to love all her grandkids equally'.
And during her birthday party, the grandmother of three was recorded on video saying, "Si Dylan ni mume wangu?"
Her family that was gathered for the cake cutting ceremony clapped in celebration. Bi Sandra then proceeded to cut and eat Dylan's cake that had been delivered to her on her birthday.
Sandra loves posting videos and photos of her other two grandchildren Tiffa and Nillan born by socialite Zari Hassan. She has been criticized for ignoring Dylan and never sharing his photos on her accounts.
It took the intervention of her son Diamond for her to finally accept the son he bore with Mobetto.
"Katika Kusheherekea siku yako hii kuu ya kuzaliwa, ningeomba Pia, kama Unipendavyo Mwanao pia Uwapende wajukuu zako wote, kwani ni wadogo na Hawana hatia wala hawajui chochote... Na wakukwazapo Wazazi wao Wakuwahukumu wao hata wakitumia ngao ya watoto kukukwaza... Mama angu kipenzi familia nilokuletea Mwanao ni @deedaylan @princess_tiffah @princenillan , hao ndio familia yako tokea kwangu, na siku nikioa huyo ndio atakuwa mwengine kwenye Famiia," he wrote in part.
Diamond in his post asked his fans to stop taking sides when it comes to his three children, saying they were all his and that no one should victimize Mobetto's son.
Diamond's fans have lauded his mother's decision to publicly accept her third grandchild despite the frosty relationship between her and Mobetto.


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Tag Archive for: diversity
International Left-Handers Day
August 13, 2019 /in Featured /by Danielle Bezila
August 13 is International Left-Handers Day. With only 10% of the world's population being left-handed, it would not be surprising if you were the lone lefty in your class, office or family. But fear not left-handed Bulldogs: you are in good company. To celebrate International Left-Handers Day, we're listing a few of UGA's notable lefties:
David Greene (BBA '04)
Photo from UGA Sports Comm
Though fellow Bulldog quarterback Aaron Murray came along and broke it, David Greene once held the SEC record for career passing yards. Greene's 11,528 yards (compiled between 2001 and 2004) still ranks No. 2 on the SEC's all-time list. Perhaps even more impressive, Greene finished his college career as the winningest quarterback in Division I history, having earned 42 victories during his time in Athens.
Todd Gurley (M '16)
Photo from Grady Newsource
Currently playing in the NFL for the Los Angeles Rams, we know him best as Georgia's star running back, earning All-SEC honors in 2012 and 2013. Gurley was drafted by the St. Louis Rams with the tenth overall pick in the 2015 NFL Draft. Despite missing three games due to a torn ACL suffered during his junior year at UGA, Gurley rushed for 1,106 yards in his rookie season and was voted Offensive Rookie of the Year by the Associated Press. He was named NFL Offensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press following the 2017 season after gaining 19 offensive touchdowns.
Bubba Watson (BSFCS '08)
Photo from Golf News Net
One of the few left-handed golfers on the PGA tour, he is a multiple major champion, with victories at the Masters Tournament in 2012 and 2014. Bubba helped lead the Bulldogs to an SEC Championship in 2000. Recognizing his responsibility as a mentor and role model to young kids, in 2008, without telling family or friends, he decided to go back to the UGA and complete his degree.
Michael Stipe (M '82)
Photo from UGA Today
As the front man for R.E.M., arguably the most important and influential American rock band of the post-punk era, Michael Stipe transformed himself from enigmatic cult hero into mainstream icon. Famed for his confoundingly opaque lyrics and notoriously mumbled delivery, the once-introverted Stipe translated his growing fame into an outlet to champion his social and political concerns, emerging as one of popular music's most respected figures, as well as the acknowledged forefather of the alternative rock movement. While studying painting and photography at UGA, Stipe formed the Grammy award-winning band R.E.M in 1980 with Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Bill Berry.
Kim Basinger (M '75)
Photo from The Red & Black
An actress, singer and former fashion model. Born and raised in Athens, Kim attend UGA before beginning her acting and modeling career in the 1970's. She starred in famous flicks such as the Charlie's Angels TV series, James Bond movie Never Say Never Again and the 1989 feature film Batman. She also gave an Oscar-winning performance in the film L.A. Confidential.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/TGurley-feature.jpg 423 1220 Danielle Bezila https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Danielle Bezila2019-08-13 06:00:222019-08-12 15:36:20International Left-Handers Day
Leading the black community in health and business – Dr. JaNaè Taylor (MEd '03, PhD '07)
July 29, 2019 /in 40 Under 40, Alumni Spotlight, Featured /by Laura Bayne
When Dr. JaNaè Taylor (MEd '03, PhD '07) took an internship during her undergraduate sophomore summer at a Veterans Affairs clinic, she wasn't sure what would be her next step in pursuing a career in therapy. That summer, she met two doctoral students in the Counseling Psychology Doctoral program at the University of Georgia who shared their experience. They connected her with a student to give her a tour of campus, and this solidified her decision to follow their footsteps and make some of her own.
Dr. Taylor has been working as a counselor for 16 years. She has worked everywhere from women's homeless shelters to schools and universities. Her most recent passion is creating a space for connection for the black community in the mental health and business worlds.
It all started with a counseling center. She and several of her therapist colleagues decided to start their own private practice. She learned through that process that even though they were all women in counseling, she had a different experience in starting her business in regards to marketing and resources.
"There were differences in the marketing I needed, especially in order to get buy-in from the black community and get resources," Taylor said. "Not only was I getting the experience of creating a mental health agency, but also becoming an entrepreneur at the same time."
In addition to her needing to learn how to launch a business, other challenges she faced were a lack of access to capital and isolation within her profession. "People want to sit across from someone who looks like them or reminds them of someone they know," she said "but it was difficult to refer people to other black counseling practices because I didn't know of any at the time."
A year and a half after she started her business she launched her podcast Minding My Black Business. Initially, the podcast was a marketing opportunity but it quickly grew to much more with over 27,000 downloads.
JaNae Taylor's recent community event, a meet up for black therapists.
"I have completely enjoyed it – it led to me doing some community events," she said. "Back in May I did a meet up for black therapists and about 20 people showed up, which is great." "The more I do it, the more I get people opening up to therapy, which is one of my hopes."
Dr. Taylor will be honored at UGA's 40 Under 40 event in Athens in September, check out the other amazing 40 Under 40 honorees.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/JaNaeTaylorFeature.jpg 683 848 Laura Bayne https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Laura Bayne2019-07-29 12:02:352019-07-29 16:48:18Leading the black community in health and business – Dr. JaNaè Taylor (MEd '03, PhD '07)
Alumni create a theater experience for the deaf and the hearing
July 15, 2019 /in Featured, UGA News /by Bailey Carreker
This story was written by Heather Skyler and was originally posted to UGA Today on July 8, 2019.
Have you ever watched a movie with subtitles and gotten frustrated by reading lines of dialogue at the bottom of the screen while you're missing the action above the text? This is somewhat akin to how a deaf person has to watch a live show with a sign language interpreter. Constantly looking off to the side while the drama takes place on stage can ruin the immersive quality of theater.
Two University of Georgia alumni sought to remedy that problem when they founded a theater in Athens called Hands In!, an educational nonprofit that produces original works in American Sign Language (ASL) with a special interest in theater and jukebox musicals.
Here's how a Hands In! production works: Both Deaf and hearing actors perform, but everyone signs their lines (a capital "D" signifies deaf culture as a whole, rather than the clinical term "deaf"). Voicers offstage speak the lines as they are being signed, so the hearing audience can understand what's happening as well.
Christopher Carpenter (AB '16) and Jordan Richey '19 are both hearing members of the Hands In! cast.
Hands In! isn't a new idea. The first Deaf theater company, National Theater for the Deaf, was founded in London in 1967 and others exist around the world, but they are not yet on the radar of most theatergoers and Hands In! is the only theater of its kind in Athens.
Haley Beach (BSED '19) was earning her degree in communication sciences and disorders at UGA when she and UGA alumna Amara Ede (BSA '14) co-founded the theater company in March 2018. Beach graduated from UGA in May 2019 and is currently pursuing certification to become a sign language interpreter.
In 2017, Beach and Ede put on their first show, which they wrote and directed, at UGA's Baptist Collegiate Ministries. When the ministries shut down for renovations, Beach and Ede lost the use of their stage. Despite having no budget, they decided to start their own theater company because they had recognized a need that wasn't being met.
"There was no community for Deaf arts in Athens," said Beach. "And they really just needed a platform. And I think the hearing community needs this type of theater experience too. The whole point of what we do is to bring ASL awareness to the hearing community and provide a platform for the Deaf community."
Beach isn't deaf, but she got interested in ASL when she interpreted for a dinner theater performance of "The Little Mermaid" at the Baptist Collegiate Ministries. "A woman there suggested I be a counselor at Deaf camp. I fell backwards into it really and just fell in love with the language and the culture and the people. I feel privileged to be a part of their community. I took four ASL classes at UGA and joined ASL Dawgs."
Luke Bundrum '19 is Deaf and is the president of ASL Dawgs, an organization that helps connect UGA students with the Deaf community. He is also an actor in Hands In!'s next show, "Wanderland," which is based on "Alice in Wonderland." Luke has two roles: Tommy and the March Hare.
A fourth-year social studies education and history major at UGA, Bundrum helped with the early conception of Hands In! and performed in their first show, "Nottingham." Bundrum was born deaf and got a cochlear implant at age 3. "Being Deaf is a challenge in life, but with supportive friends and community, I am able to succeed on my own," he said. "It's rare for a Deaf student to attend a rigorous liberal four-year college such as UGA, and I have been blessed to get this far in life."
Most of the performers in Hands In! productions, however, are hearing, such as UGA student Jordan Richey '19, who got involved when Beach reached out to her about auditioning. After sending Beach videos of past performances, Richey was asked to play the lead, Maid Marian, in the theater's reinterpretation of "Robin Hood." She learned ASL while she learned her lines for the show.
Jordan Richey didn't know ASL when she was cast as the lead in "Nottingham."
"I would video Haley and Amara doing the signs then I could go home and practice making the shapes," said Richey. "It was different than how I would normally approach memorizing lines.
"It's not word-for-word translated to English. A lot of it is context based. For example: 'Let's go to the car' might be changed to be 'Me, you, go car.' Four signs. You use your body and face to show the urgency." She now considers herself conversationally fluent in sign. "By the end I could carry on a conversation with the Deaf kids in the show."
Richey grew up in Royston, Georgia, and moved to Athens in eighth grade. She began UGA in the vocal performance program at the School of Music but said it wasn't the right fit for her because she leans toward musical theater.
She switched to the speech therapy program in the College of Education, and realized it was a perfect fit. Currently a senior at UGA, she also teaches voice lessons at Oconee Youth School of Performance.
Hands In! has an ASL consultation board comprised of Deaf members only, and they strive to incorporate Deaf actors in their shows. Their next show, "Wanderland" will play July 11, 12, 13 and 14 at UGA's Cellar Theater.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/deaf-theater-feature-image.jpg 540 608 Bailey Carreker https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Bailey Carreker2019-07-15 10:51:482019-07-16 11:10:09Alumni create a theater experience for the deaf and the hearing
National Dentist's Day 2019 – Dr. Vy Do (BS '10)
March 6, 2019 /in Alumni News, Featured /by Katy Clements
Dr. Vy Do (BS '10) volunteering at a dental clinic in Kikiyu, Kenya.
Is there a better feeling than freshly cleaned pearly whites? We owe halitosis-free breath and healthy gums to our fearless dentists, without whom the world would have far less smiles! On National Dentist's Day, we'd like to recognize all those who care for our toothy grins.
We have many alumni who go on to become dentists – take Dr. Vy Do (BS '10), for example. Vy is an associate dentist at several Atlanta-area practices, treating everyone from young children to grandparents. He believes that his varied experiences and interests at UGA prepared him for his career and gives back to his alma mater to make a difference for current and future students.
Learn more about Vy's UGA experience – from studying abroad in Italy to playing in the university orchestra – and his journey to become a dentist here.
A special thanks to Vy for being a lifelong supporter of UGA – and thank you to all of our dentists for reminding us to floss. Happy National Dentist's Day!
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/VyDentistFeature.jpg 580 720 Katy Clements https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Katy Clements2019-03-06 06:44:122019-07-02 13:03:57National Dentist's Day 2019 - Dr. Vy Do (BS '10)
Groundbreaking broadcaster Monica Kaufman Pearson delivers 2019 Holmes-Hunter Lecture
February 15, 2019 /in Alumni News, Featured /by Clarke Schwabe
Monica Kaufman Pearson delivers the 2019 Holmes-Hunter Lecture in the Chapel. (Photo by Dorothy Kozlowski/UGA)
The UGA Chapel was filled with joy, anger, sadness, and, ultimately, hope when the University of Georgia welcomed back alumna Monica Kaufman Pearson (MA '14) to deliver the annual Holmes-Hunter Signature Lecture on Thursday, Feb. 7.
Named for Dr. Hamilton Holmes (BS '63) and Charlayne Hunter-Gault (ABJ '63), UGA's first African-American students, the lecture series began in 1985 and, each year, invites a distinguished scholar or public figure to speak on race relations, aspects of higher education with implications for race relations and black history.
"We recognize that our collective backgrounds and experiences unite us and they enrich the living and learning environment for our students and for the entire campus community," said Arthur Tripp, Assistant to the President, introducing Pearson.
"It is our goal to continue to foster a vibrant exchange of ideas by bringing speakers to campus who champion a diversity of thought, ideas and who challenge us to think critically about the pressing issues of the day."
Pearson's illustrious career includes being Atlanta's first woman and first minority to anchor daily news programs. Her reporting has garnered over 30 local and regional Emmys, her long-running "Close-Ups" series has profiled national celebrities and world leaders and she was named a UGA Distinguished Alumni last year, having graduated magna cum laude following her retirement in 2012.
Pearson opened the lecture with several bars of an old spiritual song, then laid bare the history of black oppression in no uncertain terms—a history that stretches into the present day.
"The seed planted was slavery, fertilized by the Civil War, watered during Reconstruction with Jim Crow laws, then pruned and reshaped after the Civil Rights Act of 1964," said Pearson. "And then finally, with the election of the first black president in 2008, some claimed the roots of racism were uprooted and destroyed. That was a lie."
Monica Kaufman Pearson (center) speaks with Mary Frances Early prior to the lecture (Photo by Dorothy Kozlowski/UGA)
Pearson documented abuse after abuse, asking "how do the roots of racism continue to grow like kudzu and how do we change that?" At the heart of her solution was action rooted in honesty.
"We must educate people, awaken their sensibilities," said Pearson. "Speak up, ladies and gentlemen, when you see racism and when you hear racist conversations and you hear horrible jokes from your coworkers, your family and your friends. Speak up."
Pearson noted that although conversations around race can be uncomfortable, they are necessary. Those in positions of power must examine their prejudices, Pearson said, and those who have been victim to oppression can't let their ambitions suffer as a result.
"Don't be afraid to be the first person in your family to do anything," said Pearson. "Don't be afraid of being the best you can be. Don't let other people define you. You define you. Build up your self-esteem. Be the first in your family to go to college, to get a master's degree, to get a doctorate. Become the first woman president of the University of Georgia."
Pearson closed with a message of hope, quoting from remarks made by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and positing that prosperity for all relies on intersection, cooperation and communication.
Honored guests at the event included family members of the late Dr. Holmes, UGA's first African-American graduate, Mary Frances Early, and students from Athens-area and metro Atlanta middle and high schools.
The hope in Pearson's message lives at the heart of the Holmes-Hunter Lecture and was the driving force in the creation of the Black Alumni Scholarship Fund. Give today to honor the memory of trailblazers like Early, Holmes, Hunter-Gault and Pearson by opening doors for tomorrow's scholars.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/HH_Lecture_Featured-1.jpg 667 757 Clarke Schwabe https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Clarke Schwabe2019-02-15 14:42:032019-07-02 13:03:48Groundbreaking broadcaster Monica Kaufman Pearson delivers 2019 Holmes-Hunter Lecture
Holmes and Hunter-Gault: They followed their dreams
February 4, 2019 /in Alumni News, Featured, Uncategorized /by Laura Bayne
Original article posted on Feb. 4, 2019 by Krista Richmond on UGA Today.
This story is part of a series, called Georgia Groundbreakers, that celebrates innovative and visionary faculty, students, alumni and leaders throughout the history of the University of Georgia—and their profound, enduring impact on our state, our nation and the world.
Hamilton Holmes simply wanted to become a doctor. Charlayne Hunter simply wanted to become a journalist. And in doing so, they also became inspirations.
Both agreed that the University of Georgia had the classes they needed to reach those goals. But when they graduated from Henry McNeal Turner High School in Atlanta in 1959—Holmes as valedictorian and Hunter (now Hunter-Gault) as third in their class—it wasn't quite that simple.
"Pursue your dreams—whatever it takes. Don't give up despite what might be in your way," Hunter-Gault said in a recent interview. "It was our determination—mine and Hamilton's—to follow our dreams at the place that was best suited to help us fulfill them."
Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes walk up Broad Street in Athens on Jan. 9, 1961, to enter the UGA campus to become the first African Americans to attend the university.
Eventually Hunter and Holmes became the first African American students to attend UGA, but that is just the beginning of their stories. Both went on to have a lasting impact in their chosen career fields and on generations of students.
Their latest legacy: a new endowment, launched by Hunter-Gault and her husband, that inspires UGA students to pursue a more just society.
Desegregating UGA
Both Hunter and Holmes applied to UGA for the fall 1959 quarter but were denied. Holmes was accepted to Morehouse College, and Hunter enrolled at Wayne State University in Detroit, but they continued to submit applications to UGA each quarter.
"You can't ever take your eyes off the prizes of freedom, justice and equality," she said.
In September 1960, their legal team filed for an injunction seeking to prohibit UGA from "refusing to consider [Holmes' and Hunter's] applications and those of other Negro residents of Georgia for admission to the University." Their request was refused, but a full trial was later held in Athens in December 1960.
On Jan. 6, 1961, Judge William Bootle issued his ruling, stating that Holmes and Hunter "would have already been admitted had it not been for their race and color," and they were immediately admitted to UGA. Three days later, they became the first African American students to enroll in classes.
Their first steps into the Academic Building left a lasting footprint on the UGA landscape.
That same building now bears their names. It was renamed the Holmes-Hunter Academic Building in their honor to mark the 40th anniversary of UGA's desegregation. And as part of UGA's bicentennial in 1985, the university created the annual Holmes-Hunter Lecture, which is sponsored by the Office of the President and focuses on race relations, civil rights and education.
Their influence was felt early on during their time in Athens. Mary Frances Early, a fellow Turner High alumna who knew both Holmes and Hunter, was so inspired by what she saw that she decided to transfer from the University of Michigan to UGA to help them integrate the university. In August 1962, Early became the first African American to graduate from UGA.
A year later, it was their turn to walk across the stage.
Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after they received their diplomas from UGA.
"He opened the doors not only for African Americans to attend UGA, but also for everyone who wanted to attend," said Holmes' son, Hamilton Holmes Jr., who graduated from UGA in 1990. "My father was an excellent student and graduated cum laude while dealing with all of the distractions related to being one of the first two black students to integrate the university. He wasn't looking for fame. He simply wanted to get the best public education from the flagship university in Georgia."
In the fall of 1963, Holmes became the first African American student admitted to the Emory University School of Medicine. After starting a residency at Detroit General Hospital and serving in the military, he returned to Emory to complete his residency. Later, he became an assistant professor of orthopedics and served as an associate dean at Emory.
In addition, Holmes also worked as chief of orthopedics at the Veterans Administration hospital in Atlanta, opened a private practice and became medical director and eventually head of orthopedic surgery at Grady Memorial Hospital.
Holmes passed away at his home in Atlanta on Oct. 26, 1995.
As Holmes Jr. pointed out, the path toward their degrees wasn't always smooth.
On Jan. 11, 1961, two days after they registered for classes, a crowd gathered outside Hunter's dorm after a basketball game, smashing windows with bottles and bricks. Holmes and Hunter were suspended, and the Georgia State Patrol escorted them back to their homes in Atlanta that night. A new court order was issued, and they returned to campus and resumed their classes.
Charlayne Hunter-Gault in her office at the PBS "MacNeil/Lehrer Report" in 1983.
After Hunter's graduation in 1963, she took a job as an editorial assistant at The New Yorker, where she eventually became the first African American staff writer. She then worked as a television reporter and evening anchor for the local NBC station in Washington, D.C. She returned to print media in 1968, establishing The New York Times' Harlem bureau. From 1978 until 1997, she worked for the MacNeil/Lehrer Report, which became PBS NewsHour. In 1997, she became chief correspondent in Africa for National Public Radio. She left NPR in 1999 to join CNN, where she served as bureau chief and correspondent, based in Johannesburg, South Africa, until 2005.
During her career, Hunter received numerous awards, including two National News and Documentary Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards.
"The view of the world that I developed and refined as a student at UGA helped me become a successful journalist and person," Hunter-Gault said.
But for both Holmes and Hunter, their legacies go far beyond their time at UGA and their distinguished careers.
"I'm calling for a coalition of generations so that the things that were important achievements in my generation are looked at so that they can be built upon in the next generation," Hunter-Gault said.
Giving Voice to the Voiceless
At the 2018 Holmes-Hunter Lecture, Hunter-Gault passed the proverbial baton to the next generation.
"It's truly time for every citizen, no matter your age, to get woke," she told the crowd. "And that means helping keep our democracy safe, and it means doing the hard work of digging for good information with a variety of sources."
She spoke about her time at UGA and what students today can learn from it.
Alumna Charlayne Hunter-Gault meaning with a group of local high school students from Cedar Shoals and Clarke Central High School outside of the Chapel before delivering the Holmes-Hunter Lecture.
"I want to share a little of my life with you today in the hope that you will be inspired, or further inspired, to make sure that your armor is fitted and polished so that you can help bind wounds and defeat the kind of divisions that are tearing at the fabric of our nation," she said to those in attendance, including members of Holmes' family.
To that end, she and her husband, Ronald Gault, started the Giving Voice to the Voiceless endowment, which provides grants to university students to promote social justice and global understanding.
"I wanted to do something that would help inspire young people," she said.
The first grant recipients were announced recently, and their projects reflect Hunter-Gault's legacy of courage, bravery and fearlessness.
Abha Rai, a doctoral candidate in the School of Social Work, received a grant to study domestic violence within South Asian immigrant communities.
"I want to be that voice for my community. I want to understand domestic violence and maybe even someday help end domestic violence," she said. "This project is the perfect opportunity for my own voice to be heard in an area of research where people are understudied and not much is known about them."
Steve Armour, an archivist with the University Libraries, received a grant to create an oral history with African American alumni who attended the university in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The interviewer for the project will be a student who will conduct background research on what that time was like at UGA in order to develop the right questions.
"These are students who attended UGA in the years following the desegregation of the university," Armour said. "We often hear about the experience of Charlayne Hunter-Gault and Hamilton Holmes, but there are generations of students who followed them that this project is going to focus on."
For Armour, it's about continuing the conversation.
"They [Holmes and Hunter-Gault] reached these amazing heights that I think in turn have inspired subsequent generations," he said.
Kyla Brinkley, who graduated with degrees in public relations and English in May 2018, continues to feel Hunter-Gault's impact.
"Charlayne Hunter-Gault is a prime example of black excellence and what you can do to have an impact on people around you," she said. "The fact that she still chooses to give back to students at UGA and continues to fuel minority students to pursue the things that she was able to pursue is really powerful."
Brinkley was the first Charlayne Hunter-Gault Intern for Chess and Community, a nonprofit organization dedicated to empowering youth.
For their part, this generation of students and alumni have been an inspiration to Hunter-Gault.
"They are the giants, now, on whose shoulders the next generations will stand," she said. "Even though they are quite young, they've demonstrated that they have a consciousness about the values in our democratic promise. Everywhere I look, I see them working to ensure that."
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/HHfeature.jpg 580 720 Laura Bayne https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Laura Bayne2019-02-04 14:37:152019-07-02 13:03:37Holmes and Hunter-Gault: They followed their dreams
Mary Frances Early honored with official UGA portrait
October 26, 2018 /in Alumni News, Featured /by Laura Bayne
Original article posted on Oct. 11, 2018 by Heather Skyler on UGA Today.
The University of Georgia celebrated the life and achievements of Mary Frances Early the first African American to earn a degree from the University of Georgia, by unveiling her portrait in the Administration Building at a ceremony on Oct. 10.
The portrait, by artist Richard Wilson, was installed in The Gordon Jones Gallery of the Administration Building to honor Early, who went on to become the director of music for Atlanta Public Schools and the first African American president of the Georgia Music Educators Association in 1981.
"Ms. Early is a distinguished educator, and it is clear that she has made a profound impact on the lives of countless individuals," President Jere W. Morehead said at the ceremony. "Her portrait will serve as a lasting tribute to her dignified courage and her commitment to educational excellence."
Ms. Early saw the finished portrait for the first time at the ceremony, and she was obviously pleased. "It's very beautifully done as you can see, because it looks better than me," she said, drawing appreciative laughter from the audience. "It always means so much to have the support of so many.
The installation of Early's portrait is part of a series of accolades celebrating her life and career. In January 2018, Early received one of UGA's highest honors, the President's Medal. On Sept. 11, the documentary "Mary Frances Early: The Quiet Trailblazer"premiered in Atlanta.
A native of Atlanta, Early came to UGA in the summer of 1961. Earlier that year, Charlayne Hunter-Gault and Hamilton Holmes became the first African American students to enroll at UGA. Early had started postgraduate work at the University of Michigan when she transferred to UGA to complete her studies. She became the first African American to earn a degree from the University of Georgia when she graduated on Aug. 16, 1962, with a master's degree in music education. She returned in 1964 to continue her education, earning a Specialist in Education degree in 1967.
Early, who was class valedictorian at Henry McNeal Turner High School and earned a bachelor's degree in music education from Clark Atlanta University in 1957, became a music teacher in the Atlanta Public Schools and was eventually promoted to music director of the entire school system. Early worked with teachers in the system's 100-plus schools, and was in charge of the music curriculum, budget, textbooks and more.
Early retired in 1994 after working for 37 years in public schools. She has since taught at Morehouse College, Spelman College and Clark Atlanta University as head of the music department.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/MaryFrancesEarly.jpg 580 720 Laura Bayne https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Laura Bayne2018-10-26 10:49:422019-08-02 09:18:13Mary Frances Early honored with official UGA portrait
10 questions with filmmaker Malena Cunningham Anderson (ABJ '80)
July 20, 2018 /in Alumni Spotlight, Featured, UGA Black Alumni /by Kelundra Smith
This post was contributed by Bridgette Burton (AB '11, ABJ '11, MPA '17), marketing & communications chair, Black Alumni Leadership Council.
Where are you from? Born in Laurens, S.C., but grew up in Gray Court, S.C.
What made you decide to come to school at the University of Georgia? I followed my father, Odell Cunningham (BBA '72), who was an older student when he graduated from UGA in 1972.
Anderson on her high school graduation day with her father who is also a Georgia alumnus
What was your major? Journalism with an emphasis on public relations
What was your most memorable college experience? There are many but pledging Zeta Psi chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority was the best!
Where do you live now? Atlanta
Where do you work and what do you do? I founded my own production company Newslady Productions last year. I've reinvented myself utilizing my journalism skills, and I'm a documentary filmmaker. My first film, "Little Music Manchild: The Malik Kofi Story" won Best Documentary at the BronzeLens Film Festival in 2017.
However, I spent 23 years working in television news as a reporter and anchor. I started my career working behind the scenes at CNN; I worked as a reporter in Lexington, Kentucky, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and Savannah. I also worked in Birmingham, where I won two Emmy Awards for reporting and was part of the six o'clock news team that won an Emmy for Best Newscast. In 2004, I left TV News and founded Strategic Media Relations, a media consulting firm that I ran until 2014.
What advice would you give to graduating seniors and recent graduates? Don't just search for a job. Instead, look for opportunities to learn and grow in your career so that you can be an owner or employer. We need more African American students to recognize the power in being the person who writes the checks, not just someone who waits to get a check.
Anderson with fellow award-winning journalist Charlayne Hunter-Gault
What is the most important lesson you learned in college? I learned that it's important to network and get involved in campus organizations. This helps prepare you to work and collaborate with others. The more you get to know people on campus, and the more they know you, the more they can serve as connections when you begin your career.
Malena (second from left) with friends on graduation day.
What do you know for sure? What I know for sure is that no one will ever ask 'What was your GPA?' Grades matter, but being a reliable, hardworking professional, who also makes a difference and goes the extra mile on the job and in the community is more impactful.
Is there anything else that you would like for people to know? I'm extremely proud to be a second generation African American graduate of UGA. Go DAWGS!
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/CMK-UGA-Luncheon-42-web.jpg 398 597 Kelundra Smith https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Kelundra Smith2018-07-20 16:06:432019-08-02 11:19:2610 questions with filmmaker Malena Cunningham Anderson (ABJ '80)
DeRetta Cole Rhodes helps women get to the C-Suite
April 18, 2018 /in Featured, UGA Black Alumni /by Claudia Miller
This post was contributed by Bridgette Burton (ABJ '11, AB '11), marketing and communications chair for the Black Alumni Leadership Council.
DeRetta Cole Rhodes (BS '92, PHD '10), who is past president of the College of Family & Consumer Sciences Alumni Association, delivered a talk at the TEDxUGA event on March 22. Rhodes, who is the chief human resource officer for YMCA of Metro Atlanta, gave a talk titled "From Survive to Thrive: Women of Color in Corporate Leadership." Prior to joining the YMCA, she held leadership positions at FirstData, Turner Broadcasting, Ernst & Young and ADP.
Rhodes spoke about her experience navigating the corporate ranks as a woman of color. Only 4 percent of C-Suite positions are held by women of color, and Rhodes has dedicated her work to increasing that number. In her TEDx Talk, which is linked below, she talks about giving a voice to underrepresented groups, the importance of mentorship and fighting for equity–from earning her Ph.D. to rising to her current position.
We caught up with Rhodes and asked her a few questions about her favorite things about the University of Georgia.
What made you decide to come to school at the University of Georgia?
I was excited about UGA and the opportunities. UGA was my first choice.
What was your favorite class at Georgia?
Business Law taught by President Morehead
How did you get involved with the Alumni Association?
I have always wanted to be connected to UGA, even after graduation and the best way for me to stay connected was to be a part of the Alumni Association.
Describe Athens in three words.
Quaint, fun, great restaurants (perfect for a foodie)
Describe UGA in three words.
Inspiring, Insightful, education – continuous learning
What was your most memorable college experience?
The friendship and relationships that I made while I was there
What do you know for sure?
I know for sure I don't know everything.
What will you never understand?
So many things I am still trying to understand, hence the importance of education and what you continue to gain from UGA – continuous learning.
What advice would you give to graduating seniors and recent graduates?
Don't quit and persevere.
https://alumni.uga.edu\/wp-content/uploads/DeRhetta.jpg 1365 1362 Claudia Miller https://alumni.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/uga-alumni-nba-1.png Claudia Miller2018-04-18 14:22:492019-08-05 11:12:27DeRetta Cole Rhodes helps women get to the C-Suite


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Empire State Building tickets
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Empire State Building, worldwide emblem of a city
Located in the Manhattan heart, the Empire State is one of the seven wonders of the modern world. It was designed by William F. Lamb with Decó Art style, reflected mainly in his smart lobby, reflection of the brilliant New York of the 30's. In Its record construction took part more than 3000 laborer that finished it in only 410 days. After the inauguration in 1931 it was claimed the tallest building in New York, exceeding The Chrysler building.
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Vaginal Mesh Products Litigation Reaches $830 Million Settlement
By Cory Watson Attorneys | May 5th, 2014
Endo International, PLC reports that it has agreed to settle "a substantial majority" of lawsuits brought against its subsidiary, American Medical Systems Inc. ("AMS"), for producing allegedly harmful vaginal mesh products used to treat feminine stress urinary incontinence ("SUI") and Pelvic Organ Prolapse ("POP"). Endo's settlements will resolve approximately 20,000 claims that have been filed against the company. Most of these claims have been coordinated in a multidistrict litigation ("MDL") in front of Hon. Joseph R. Goodwin in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, while other individual claims have also been filed in various state and Canadian courts. The lawsuits allege that AMS's vaginal mesh devices are defective, causing the plaintiffs chronic pain, incontinence, permanent nerve damage, vaginal erosions, organ injury, and numerous other health problems.Plaintiffs' attorneys estimate that this most recent settlement will be implemented over the next year. Endo, who settled an unspecified number of vaginal mesh claims in June 2013 for $54.5 million, had originally allocated approximately $520 million to cover settlement costs for defective mesh lawsuits. Despite the settlement, Endo has not admitted liability or fault.
Along with the 20,000 settling claims against Endo for its AMS vaginal meshes, there are also still over 40,000 other pending lawsuits against Johnson & Johnson, C.R. Bard, and Boston Scientific Corp. for complications caused by their own vaginal mesh devices. To date, several multi-million dollar jury verdicts have been awarded to the women who have alleged they were harmed by devices made by non-settling defendant companies and additional trials are already scheduled to continue for the next 18 months.
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Prevalence and possible factors associated with anaemia, and vitamin B 12 and folate deficiencies in women of reproductive age in Pakistan: analysis of national-level secondary survey data
Sajid Soofi1,
Gul Nawaz Khan1,
Kamran Sadiq1,
Shabina Ariff1,
Atif Habib1,
Sumra Kureishy1,
Imtiaz Hussain1,
Muhammad Umer1,
Zamir Suhag1,
Arjumand Rizvi1,
Zulfiqar Bhutta1,2
1 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
2 Global Child Health at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Correspondence to Dr Sajid Soofi; sajid.soofi{at}aku.edu
Objective To determine the prevalence and possible factors associated with anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies in women of reproductive age (WRA) in Pakistan.
Methods A secondary analysis was conducted on data collected through the large-scale National Nutrition Survey in Pakistan in 2011. Anaemia was defined as haemoglobin levels <12 g/dL, vitamin B12 deficiency as serum vitamin B12 levels of <203 pg/mL (150 pmol/L) and folate deficiency as serum folate levels <4 ng/mL (10 nmol/L).
Results A total of 11 751 blood samples were collected and analysed. The prevalence of anaemia, vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency was 50.4%, 52.4% and 50.8%, respectively. After adjustment, the following factors were positively associated with anaemia: living in Sindh province (RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.09) P<0.00, food insecure with moderate hunger (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06) P=0.02, four or more pregnancies (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05) P<0.00, being underweight (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05) P=0.02, being overweight or obese (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.97) P<0.00 and weekly intake of leafy green vegetables (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.00) P=0.04. For vitamin B12 deficiency, a positive association was observed with rural population (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.00) P=0.04, living in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.43) P<0.00 and living in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.08) P=0.01. Folate deficiency was negatively associated with daily and weekly intake of eggs (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98) P=0.02 and (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99) P=0.03.
Conclusions In Pakistan, anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are a severe public health concern among WRA. Our findings suggest that further research is needed on culturally appropriate short-term and long-term interventions within communities and health facilities to decrease anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies among Pakistani women.
folic acid,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018007
This study was national in scope and included all districts of Pakistan.
This is the first study to examine the prevalence and possible factors associated with anaemia, and folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies in Pakistan.
The study sheds light on possible factors associated with anaemia, and folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies from a large-scale data.
Due to our study focusing on secondary data, causality cannot be determined.
In low-income and middle-income countries, anaemia is a major public health problem.1 The populations most affected by anaemia are women of reproductive age (WRA) (15–49 years of age), pregnant women and children.2 It is estimated that anaemia affects 29% (496 million) of WRA, 38% of pregnant women and 43% of children worldwide.3 Anaemia, assessed through haemoglobin concentrations, is an indicator of iron deficiency. However, iron deficiency is not the only underlying cause of anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies also result in anaemia.4
Globally, iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency, affecting an estimated 2 billion people.2 In Southeast Asia, it is estimated that iron deficiency anaemia affects about 50% of WRA.3 5 According to WHO, the prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies may be a public health concern affecting millions of people worldwide.6 The prevalence of these deficiencies is derived from small local and national surveys. Therefore, due to limited population-based data, the global prevalence of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies remain undetermined.
In Pakistan, previous national-level data on the prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies do not exist. However, a small-scale cross-sectional study in two urban settings found 6.8% of Pakistani male and female adults aged 46+10.5 years were vitamin B12 deficient, while 39.7% were folate deficient in 2009.7 According to the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) 2001, the prevalence of anaemia was 28.4% in WRA.8 The NNS had covered all provinces of Pakistan with representative population-based samples.
The presence of these micronutrient deficiencies in WRA can result in adverse birth outcomes,9 increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy,10–13 neural tube defects (NTDs),10 low birth weight (LBW)10–13 and premature birth.14 Anaemia is also associated with an elevated risk of infections, impaired physical and cognitive development, and poor school performance among offspring.14 Folic acid deficiency, specifically, is associated with megaloblastic anaemia, NTDs and a higher risk of LBW babies.10 Vitamin B12 deficiency has also been identified as a risk factor for NTDs, early fetal loss, failure-to-thrive, stunting, poor neurocognitive function and developmental delays.15 16
Currently, none of the wheat flour millers in Pakistan are fortifying their products on a voluntary basis. Except for Punjab province, there is no current, mandatory legislation in Pakistan for wheat flour fortification (ie, with iron and folic acid). In 1965, fortification of edible oil was mandated by legislation at the federal level and has been retained in the provincial food laws in all four provinces, but it is inadequately enforced. The prevalence and local factors associated with anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies in women have not been previously identified in literature. To identify the prevalence and possible factors, we conducted a secondary analysis of data collected through a large-scale national survey in 2011.17
The present study used the data subset of the 2011 NNS. The NNS is a cross-sectional survey that used a mixed-methods approach to collect representative data on the health and nutritional status of women and children in Pakistan.17 The survey components were selected from previous NNS and similar international surveys. Trained female data collectors administered the surveys through face-to-face interviews. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on household characteristics, food security, maternal and child health, and nutrition status. For qualitative data collection, semistructured interviews and focus-group discussions were used to gain information on food consumption patterns, nutrition and food behaviour, and other factors affecting decision-making. A cluster sampling design was used to select a representative sample size of households in Pakistan. The survey data are publicly available.
Informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to data and blood sample collection.
Sampling frame of Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) was used for 2011 NNS. FBS has its own sampling frame for all urban and rural areas of Pakistan in the form of enumeration block. Each enumeration block consists of about 200–250 households with well-defined boundaries. There are 26 753 enumeration blocks in all urban areas of the country. One thousand five hundred enumeration blocks were provided by FBS for the survey from all provinces of Pakistan. Each enumeration block was demarcated, mapped and listed before the actual data collection, and from each enumeration block 20 households were selected randomly through a computer programme. A two-staged sampling technique was used to select the households for interview and blood sampling. In the first stage of sampling, enumeration blocks in urban and rural areas were taken as primary sampling units (PSUs). In the second stage, 20 households with target population from each urban and rural sample PSU were selected with equal probability using a systematic sampling technique with a random start.
In total, 27 963 households responded to the 2011 NNS. The survey participants were WRA aged 15–49 years, children under 5 years of age, children between 6 and 12 years of age and older adults (men and women aged 50 years or older). For the present study, the participants were limited to WRA, resulting in a final sample size of 22 278 women.
A sample size of 30 000 households was calculated to provide representative results of NNS 2011. For biochemical analysis, 51% prevalence of anaemia in women from NNS 2001 was taken as an indicator for sample-size estimation with a precision of 2%, design effect of 1.6% and 90% power of the study. The final sample size for WRA was 9836 with 15% attrition rate. We selected households, which were having a pair of mother and under-five children, for blood sampling.
Assessment of anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies
Blood samples were collected from WRA for the assessment of anaemia (n=10 787), vitamin B12 deficiency (n=8400) and folate deficiency (n=8371). Sample centrifugation and serum separation were conducted at the field site within 30 min of sample collection. Serum vitamin B12 and folate were measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method using Elecsys 2010 (Roche diagnostics, Bernried, Germany). Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as serum vitamin B12 levels of <203 pg/mL (150 pmol/L).18 Folate deficiency was defined as serum folate levels <4 ng/mL (10 nmol/L).19 Haemoglobin concentration was measured with a HemoCue microcuvette machine. In WRA, anaemia was defined as haemoglobin levels <12 g/dL.20
A countrywide network of laboratories and collection centres was used to maintain the blood cold chain and ensure the viability of samples. The samples were transported through the countrywide network of Aga Khan University (AKU) laboratories and collection centres to the Nutrition Research Laboratory (NRL) at AKU in Karachi for analysis. Quality control of collected samples was monitored through the National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials. For external quality control, the NRL verified the quality of the collected samples through the Center of Disease Control proficiency programme. Blood samples were collected between January and June 2011, and analysed between July and September 2011.
Assessment of possible factors
Possible factors for analysis were selected based on literature and availability in the dataset; age, residence area, household socioeconomic status (SES), household food insecurity status, literacy status, employment status, number of pregnancies, birth interval, worm infestation, body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake. As part of survey administration, anthropometric measurements were conducted by trained female data collectors. The measurements were (height, weight and mid-upper arm circumference) obtained using standard protocol. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metre squared and categorised into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–24.99 kg/m2), overweight (25–34.99 kg/m2) and obese (> 35 kg/m2). Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recalls. A Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to estimate the consumption of various food groups. The respondents were asked to report all of the food, beverages and/or supplements that they have consumed during the past 24 hours. Food frequency per day, per week and per month was estimated. Information on other factors—age, literacy status, SES, food insecurity, employment status, number of pregnancies and worm infestation—was obtained through the survey.
The analysis reported is based on a sample of 22 278 non-pregnant women. We modelled three outcomes: (1) anaemia, (2) folate and (3) vitamin B12 deficiency. All outcome variables are dichotomous in nature. The selection of explanatory variables for analysis was informed by the literature and their availability in the dataset. Common predictors in each model were area of residence, economic status of the household (wealth quintile), food insecurity status, age, education, work status, number of living children (parity), birth interval, worm infestation, dietary intake and BMI of women
Data analyses was conducted by using STATA V.15 (Stata) with 'Svy' commands to allow for adjustments for the multistage sampling design used in the survey. The frequencies along with weighted percentage were calculated for the selected variables.
To estimate dietary intake, the following food groups were included in the analysis: green leafy vegetables, red meat, regular consumption of tea, dairy products and eggs. The household food security was determined on the basis of four categories: food secure, food insecure without hunger, food insecure with moderate hunger and food insecure with severe hunger.
As the prevalence of all of the outcomes is high, prevalence risk ratio (RR) was calculated using generalised linear model approach with Poisson distribution and log link function. The independent variables were grouped in three broad categories: (1) area, (2) household characteristics and (3) women level indicators.
All variables with a P value ≤0.25 at univariate level were included in a multivariate model, which were constructed using stepwise backward elimination procedure. However, area and demographic variables, that is, household SES and food insecurity, were considered for adjustment in all models irrespective of their statistical significance. A sensitivity analysis is also performed after removing these factors if they are not significantly associated with the outcomes. The results show no difference with removing these variables. Prevalence RRs were estimated as the exponential of the regression coefficients, and 95% CI for the RRs was calculated. A P value ≤0.10 was considered significant for multivariate analysis. The analysis was adjusted for the survey design, that is, stratification, clustering and probability of selection. The sampling weights were applied at cluster level.
Of the 22 278 WRA, 13 188 (69%) were from rural areas and 9090 (31%) were from urban areas. Majority of these women were from the provinces of Punjab (51.5%) and Sindh (22.3%), with a mean age of 31.80±7.76 years and literacy rate of 59.4%. The SES quintiles (poorest, poorer, middle, richer and richest) were almost equally represented in the sample. Among WRA, 5649 women (41.6%) were food secure, 3626 women (28.3%) were food insecure without hunger, 2659 (20.2%) were food insecure with moderate hunger and 1284 (9.9%) were food insecure with severe hunger. Approximately 94% of the women were unemployed, and 52% were of normal BMI (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) (table 1). The overall prevalence among WRA was 50.4% for anaemia, 50.8% for folate deficiency and 52.4% for vitamin B12 deficiency (table 2).
Background characteristics of women of reproductive age (n=22 278)
Prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in women of reproductive age
After multivariable adjustment between anaemia and participant characteristics, women living in Sindh province (RR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.09; P<0.00), households identified as food insecure with moderate hunger (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.06; P-0.02), having four or more pregnancies (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05; P-0.00) and being underweight (RR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.05; P-0.02) were significantly more likely to be anaemic. Alternatively, women living in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.96; P<0.00), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88 to 0.98; P-0.00) and Gilgit-Baltistan (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.85; P<0.00), and weekly intake of leafy green vegetables (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.00; P-0.04), and overweight or obese women (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.97; P<0.00) were significantly less likely to be anaemic. All other factors (residence area, wealth quintiles, age, education, occupation, birth interval, worm infestation, use of iron folate/folic acid/multiple micronutrients (MMN) during last pregnancy and dietary intake) were not significantly associated with anaemia (table 3).
Multivariate relative risks and 95% CIs of anaemia, folate deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency among women of reproductive age
Women living in provinces Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.91; P<0.00) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.75; P<0.00) were less likely to be folate deficient as compared with other provinces in the country. Daily and weekly intake of eggs (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98; P-0.02, and RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.99; P-0.03, respectively) were less likely to be folate deficient as compared with egg intake on monthly basis (table 3).
Women living in rural areas (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.00; P-0.04) were less likely to be vitamin B12 deficient compared with those living in urban areas. Furthermore, women living in provinces Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (RR 1.25; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.43; P<0.00) and Azad Jammu and Kashmir (RR 1.50; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.08; P-0.01) were more likely to be vitamin B12 deficient compared with other provinces in the country. Age, education, use of iron folate/folic acid/MMN during last pregnancy, birth interval, having worm infestation, intake of red meat, regular consumption of tea and intake of dairy products were not significantly associated with vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies (table 3).
We estimated the prevalence of anaemia, and folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies among WRA from a nationally representative sample in Pakistan. Substantially, more than half of Pakistani WRA were found to be anaemic, and vitamin B12 and folate deficient in 2011. Based on literature, a prevalence of ≥40.0% is indicative of a severe public health problem.21 Thus, our findings suggest that these deficiencies are a severe public health problem in Pakistani WRA.
Similar to our findings, previous surveys also found a high prevalence of anaemia among WRA.8 22 Generally, the prevalence estimates ranged from 42% to 55% among South Asian countries.23–26 The prevalence of anaemia among WRA in India was 52%. However, a lower prevalence of anaemia (33.2%) was found in Bangladesh. Although nationally representative information regarding vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies in low-income and middle-income countries is scarce, a number of subnational studies have shown high levels of folate and B12 deficiencies among women.21 A community-based study in India, where vegetarianism is high, found prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency to be 33% (24% vegetarian vs 9% non-vegetarian) among women.27 Similarly, B12 deficiency level of 45.5% and folate deficiency level of 14.7% among Chinese women have been documented in another study.28 A study of non-pregnant women of childbearing age in Guatemala found a prevalence of 19% B12 deficiency and 5.1% folate deficiency.9 A large-scale cross-sectional household survey in Ethiopia documented 67% folate deficiency (≤6.6 ng/mL) among WRA.29 According to Abdollahi and his colleagues, in Iran, 14.3% and 22.7% of women of childbearing age have low folic acid levels (<6.7 nmol/L) and vitamin B12 levels (<110 pmol/L), respectively.30
Furthermore, we examined the possible factors associated with anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies in Pakistani WRA. Among low-income and middle-income countries, women living in rural areas, having a lower SES and being malnourished and underweight were more likely to have increased risk of anaemia.30 31 These findings were also evident in our study. As seen in previous studies, a higher than normal BMI31 and increased intakes of leafy green vegetables32 were found to have a protective effect against anaemia in WRA. We also found that those having a high BMI have a protective effect against anaemia compared with those with low BMI levels. The risk of anaemia posed by high parity was also noted in US women. Women with parity of 2 or more were found to be at a higher risk of anaemia than women with lower parity.33 In literature, other factors found to increase the likelihood of anaemia were lower levels of education, inadequate diet and poverty.
Women from low SES were at a higher risk of folate deficiency in our study compared with relatively affluent women. Dietary habits such as low intake of fresh foods and raw vegetables may be one of the reasons leading to the higher odds of folate deficiency among less affluent women. These dietary habits could be the result of financial constraints or cultural dietary practices, such as overcooking food. Lack of knowledge about folate is also a possible contributor to the higher odds of anaemia among lower SES women.34 Women living in rural areas, with employment and who have daily intake of leafy green vegetables have a lower likelihood of being folate deficient compared with urban unemployed women with less frequent intake. As one of the best sources of dietary folate, it is evident that a more frequent intake of leafy green vegetables would lower the likelihood of folate deficiency among women. Additionally, the difference among employed women living in rural areas may be attributed to higher accessibility to foods rich in folate.35 The possibility also exists of community-based supplementation programme contributing to the inverse association between folate deficiency and rural areas.
There is limited research available on vitamin B12 deficiency in WRA. However, previous research focusing on pregnant women has shown a high prevalence of B12 deficiency and a higher risk of deficiency among those with less frequent intake of dairy products.36 This could point to a precarious vitamin B12 balance among Pakistani women, especially during high demand states such as pregnancy. Our study identified women from the poorest households as having a lower likelihood of deficiency compared with those living in the richest households. Nevertheless, the lack of research on vitamin B12 deficiency among WRA impairs our ability to further explore our findings.
The role of gender and intrahousehold food distribution may be another possible contributing factor to these deficiencies among women. The association of gender with intrahousehold food distribution among adults in Pakistan has not been studied in detail. However, gender bias in favour of male children related to food allocation and care-seeking behaviours is widely present in Pakistan.37 It is possible that food allocation, in terms of quality and quantity, is biased against women putting them at higher risk for these micronutrient deficiencies. In this context, it is also pertinent to note that household food security does not necessarily mean food security for all household members.38 Thus even in food-secure households, inequitable food allocation may put women at risk of these deficiencies. We also not assessed intrahousehold food distribution for men to assess inequity in proportion of food consumed.
We also found interprovincial differences in anaemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. This can be due to difference in SES of households, exposure to available interventions in each province and food consumption practices at household levels.
The potential consequences of these deficiencies are considerable at the individual and population level. These deficiencies may result in risk of infertility, congenital malformations, neurological abnormalities, poor intrauterine growth, abortion, perinatal mortality, miscarriages and stillbirths.39–41 Therefore, appropriate short-term and long-term interventions that decrease micronutrient deficiencies need to be implemented for Pakistani women. Interventions focused on enhancing parental health education, supporting household livelihoods, ensuring dietary diversity in poor households and increasing appropriate supplementation and food fortification must be implemented to decrease the burden of deficiencies.42 Other contributory factors such as high fertility must also be tackled for sustainable improvement in anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies among Pakistani women.
Our study draws attention to several areas where further research is warranted. There is a need for an in-depth study on community level and intrahousehold risk factors of food distribution, in terms of quality and quantity, with respect to gender. Provincial strategies to overcome anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can be feasible. Further research is also needed on culturally appropriate short-term and long-term interventions within communities and health facilities to decrease anaemia, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies among Pakistani women.
We are grateful to Pakistan Medical Research Council and the Federal Ministry of Health for their collaboration during the design and implementation of the survey. We are thankful to all field staff who involved in data collection, supervision, monitoring and data management.
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Contributors ZB conceptualised the idea. ZB and SS conceptualised the study design, oversaw data analyses and contributed to drafting the initial and final manuscript. GNK contributed in the revised version of the manuscript. AR carried out the data cleaning and analysis. SS, GNK, KS, SA, AH, SK, IH, MU and ZS critically reviewed the initial and final manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.
Funding The national nutrition survey was funded by Unicef, grant number SSA/PAKA/2011/00000660-4. The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), grant number 391-G-11-00001-00, provided funding for additional micronutrient assessments, which included assessment of vitamin B12 and folate concentrations.
Ethics approval Ethical review committee of Aga Khan University.
Data sharing statement We have shared data with funding agency and data can be accessed by requesting to Unicef, Pakistan.
© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/


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package com.hendriksen.fragments;

import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v4.app.Fragment;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ListView;

import com.hendriksen.adapters.HistoryAdapter;
import com.hendriksen.database.DatabaseHelper;
import com.hendriksen.model.Match;
import com.hendriksen.squashtracker.MainActivity;
import com.hendriksen.squashtracker.R;

public class HistoryFragment extends Fragment {

    //Class Tag.
    public static final String TAG = HistoryFragment.class.getName();

    private ListView lvHistory;
    private HistoryAdapter historyAdapter;

	  @Override
	  public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
	      Bundle savedInstanceState) {

	    View view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_history,
	        container, false);

          //Hide the options menu.
          setHasOptionsMenu(false);

          //Get hold of and setup the Match history.
          lvHistory = (ListView) view.findViewById(R.id.lvHistory);
          historyAdapter = new HistoryAdapter(getActivity(),
                  DatabaseHelper.getInstance(getActivity()).getAllMatches());
          lvHistory.setAdapter(historyAdapter);

          //Once an item has been clicked, show the user that Match.
          lvHistory.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
              @Override
              public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> adapterView, View view, int i, long l) {
                  Match match = historyAdapter.getMatch(i);
                  Log.i(TAG, "Match history item selected, Opponent: " + match.getOpponentsName());
                  ((MainActivity)getActivity()).showMatchHistoryFragment(match);
              }
          });

	    return view;
	  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub