text:
Shelby County Jail Inmates v. Westlake
Delaney v. Detella
This circuit has approved total restrictions on exercise outside of a prisoner's cell, but only when such…
Musgrove v. Broglin, (N.D.Ind. 1986)
See also Bodine v. Elkhart County Election Board, 788 F.2d 1270, 1272 (7th Cir. 1986), and Rascon v.…
Full title:SHELBY COUNTY JAIL INMATES, ET AL., PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS, v. RICHARD W…
Court:United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
798 F.2d 1085 (7th Cir. 1986)
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
holding that inmates had sufficient recreational opportunities where, although no formal recreational program, average length of incarceration was 10 days and prisoners had access to bikes in bullpen area and could congregate with other inmates to read and play board games
Summary of this case from Delaney v. Detella
See 6 Summaries
Argued May 13, 1986.
Michael K. Sutherlin, Indianapolis, Ind., for plaintiffs-appellants.
J. Lee McNeely, McNeely Sanders McNeely, Shelbyville, Ind., for defendants-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Indiana.
Before WOOD, COFFEY and FLAUM, Circuit Judges.
HARLINGTON WOOD, Jr., Circuit Judge.
The plaintiffs filed the initial complaint in this case on May 29, 1981, seeking damages and equitable relief in their own right and as representatives of a class of inmates in the Shelby County Jail ("SCJ"). Roger Fair, Gary Pool, Harrison E. Wells, Oren Sweet, and Jack Stockton, the named plaintiffs, represented both pretrial detainees and convicted inmates serving a sentence or awaiting transfer to a state correctional facility. The plaintiffs contend that the totality of the conditions and practices at the SCJ violated their constitutional rights. More specifically, plaintiffs contend that the conditions of the SCJ amounted to punishment for pretrial detainees and cruel and unusual punishment for convicted inmates. The final amended complaint named the defendants only in their official capacities: Richard W. Westlake (Sheriff of Shelby County), the Board of Commissioners of Shelby County ("Board"), and the Shelby County Council. In a bifurcated trial, the jury returned a verdict in favor of the defendants on the issue of liability. The plaintiffs raise several challenges to the judgment entered by the district court. We affirm.
The court later dismissed the Shelby County Council as a defendant.
The plaintiffs brought their respective lawsuits pursuant to the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiffs alleged that the conditions and restrictions of the SCJ deprived them of their First, Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights. Plaintiffs contended that the Board and Sheriff Westlake (as well as his successor Rick Isgrigg) failed to fulfill their statutory duties to oversee the SCJ, thereby depriving the plaintiffs of their constitutional rights. In particular, the plaintiffs presented evidence of the allegedly unconstitutional state of the jail classification system, jail overcrowding, the air ventilation system, the unavailability of fire exits, the lack of a sufficient number of correctional officers, the lack of proper lighting, and the lack of medical care. The plaintiffs sought damages and equitable relief. The defendants presented evidence to demonstrate that none of the problem areas pinpointed by the plaintiffs fell below constitutional requirements.
After each side had presented its case, Judge Barker instructed the jury and submitted the cases for the jury to determine whether the defendants were liable to any of the plaintiffs. The jury returned separate verdicts for the defendants in each of the three cases.
The trial consolidated three claims. Monte Page McPherson, who apparently chose not to join in this appeal, filed a separate complaint, and the Shelby County Jail inmates, the appellants here, had a subclass of pretrial detainees and a subclass of post-trial detainees. The jury returned a verdict for the defendants on all three claims. We discuss only the claims of the two subclasses of the Shelby County Jail inmates.
The plaintiffs present four issues. First, they argue that the trial court erred by accepting a jury verdict that was contrary to the weight of the evidence. Plaintiffs then argue that the jury verdict forms did not properly define the class membership and thus allowed the jury to consider categories of inmates without reference to their date of incarceration. The plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by not making its own findings about liability on the equity issues. Finally, plaintiffs argue that the jury instructions, taken as a whole, placed too high a burden on the inmates to establish liability.
The plaintiffs argue that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict for the defendants. Although the parties contested the numerous factual issues below, on appeal we resolve all conflicting evidence in favor of the jury's verdict, so long as a reasonable basis exists in the record to support the verdict. See Hamilton v. Svatik, 779 F.2d 383, 388 (7th Cir. 1985); Spesco v. General Electric Co., 719 F.2d 233, 237 (7th Cir. 1983) ("[T]he jury is the trier of fact and is vested with the responsibility of evaluating the evidence presented and assessing the credence of witnesses who testify."). We do not reweigh the evidence or make our own determinations of credibility. Viewing the trial court record from that perspective, we will examine each of the alleged unconstitutional conditions of the SCJ to determine whether the defendants established a reasonable basis for the jury's verdict in their favor.
1. Ventilation
The SCJ inmates argue that they have a right to adequate ventilation and a right to be free from extreme hot and cold temperatures. That is, of course, true. But the Constitution does not give inmates the right to be free from all discomfort. The issue with regards to ventilation is the same as with all alleged constitutional violations — does the condition amount to punishment of pretrial detainees or cruel and unusual punishment of convicted inmates. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981); Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979).
Although the plaintiffs presented testimony which, if the jury had believed it, might have established a constitutional violation, the defendants also presented evidence, which the jury apparently believed, to show that the ventilation in SCJ was adequate. For example, William Branson, a jail officer who later became the jail commander, testified about the jail staff's efforts to keep the plaintiffs from being subject to uncomfortable heat or cold. The plaintiffs conceded in their own testimony that in the summer months the windows were opened for cross ventilation, fans were placed in the hallways, and the inmates had unlimited access to the showers and ice for cold drinks. Walter Smith, the state's jail inspector who testified as the plaintiffs' expert, could not recall a single specific complaint from an inmate about the temperature. The defendants also presented evidence that the air movement throughout the jail was adequate, including the State Board of Health certification that the air in the jail was not harmful. The defendants' evidence clearly established a reasonable basis in the record to support the jury's verdict.
The plaintiffs contend that they proved "that the lighting source was inadequate, caused headaches, eye irritation and was gloomy" prior to the installation of new lights in 1982. The plaintiffs also raise some questions about the appropriateness of the new lighting, but the defendants presented a great deal of evidence from which the jury could have concluded that the new lights were more than adequate. We therefore need to consider closely only the evidence of the lighting conditions prior to the 1982 changes.
The plaintiffs presented as an expert witness Walter Smith, who testified that the lighting in the jail did not meet the minimum requirement of twenty footcandles of illumination. Professor Joseph Cannon testified that his inspection of the jail left him with the impression that the lighting was inadequate, especially in the cells. Several former inmates testified that the lighting gave them headaches, eye irritation, and so forth. The plaintiffs presented no evidence of the number of footcandles of illumination in the jail prior to 1982.
The plaintiffs apparently used the Indiana Jail Standards for their standard on acceptable lighting. A violation of the state's jail standard is not sufficient, in and of itself, to prove a violation of the Eighth Amendment. To adopt such a rule would discourage states from promulgating higher standards than merely preventing the cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment. While it is the responsibility of the federal courts to ensure that jail conditions do not violate the Constitution, we do not wish to impede efforts by the states to promulgate standards for jail conditions which ensure better treatment of inmates than the minimum required by the Constitution.
One recurring problem for the plaintiffs was the credibility of their inmate witnesses. The defendants were able to damage the credibility of a number of the plaintiffs' witnesses by impeaching them on material matters during cross-examination, thus calling all of their testimony into question. Some of the plaintiffs' experts fared little better. For example, the cross-examination of Professor Cannon revealed that his strong opinions were based upon very little information about the actual situation at the SCJ. He was willing to voice a strong opinion that the SCJ staff was inadequately trained, but he conceded on cross-examination that he had no knowledge whatsoever of the training the staff received, nor had he made any effort to find out what training the staff received.
The defendants presented Terry Surface, a Peerless Electric Company employee, who thoroughly discredited the plaintiffs' contention that less than twenty footcandles of illumination would be unconstitutional. He took several readings in Judge Barker's courtroom which revealed an intensity of seventeen footcandles in the jury box and eighteen footcandles at the judge's bench. Surface also testified that he had taken a reading of ten footcandles the night before at his kitchen table as he read the evening newspaper — a common reading for most homes. Once the defendants discredited the plaintiffs' theory that a minimum of twenty footcandles was required, the rest of the plaintiffs' evidence fell short of establishing, as a matter of law, that the lighting in the jail was unconstitutional. There was a reasonable basis in the record from which the jury could conclude that the plaintiffs failed to prove the lighting conditions violated the Constitution.
3. Indoor and Outdoor Recreation
The plaintiffs maintain that the inmates did not have a meaningful opportunity to leave their cells to engage in diversionary activities and there was no outdoor or indoor recreation program to provide the inmates with something to do. In French v. Owens, 777 F.2d 1250 (7th Cir. 1985), we recognized that "[l]ack of exercise may certainly rise to a constitutional violation." 777 F.2d at 1255. The record reveals, however, that the inmates were provided opportunities for exercise and other diversions.
Two of the plaintiffs testified that they played cards and read books while in the jail, and one of them also testified that the jail staff allowed them board games such as Monopoly. The jail also had two exercise bikes, one in each "bullpen" area. One of the plaintiffs testified that he used the bikes while incarcerated. The staff also provided the inmates with American Medical Association booklets on indoor exercise written specifically for inmates.
Doctor Leroy Getchell, a professor of physical fitness at Ball State University where he is also Director of the Human Performance Library, testified that there was sufficient space and opportunity for the inmates to engage in an adequate exercise program. He testified that, from a fitness point of view, there was no advantage to exercising out-of-doors. Dr. Getchell concluded that the exercise bike coupled with the possibility of calisthenics provided each inmate with the opportunity to maintain the fitness level he or she had acquired prior to incarceration. Michael J. Mahoney, Executive Director of the John Howard Association, a private not-for-profit corrections reform organization, testified that the recreational facilities provided by the jail were adequate given the average length of incarceration at the jail.
In evaluating whether recreational opportunities are adequate, we must take into account the inmates' average length of stay. Eighty-five percent of the SCJ inmates are incarcerated ten days or less. A program which might pass muster at a jail like SCJ, where the average stay is relatively short, would not necessarily be constitutional at a prison where the inmates' average stay is a number of years. In this case, however, although the recreational opportunities were not ideal, the defendants presented enough evidence to establish a reasonable basis from which the jury could have concluded that the recreational program satisfied the Constitution. Plaintiffs maintain that it insults the inmates' intelligence to ask them to accept getting on the "exercise bike whose humming noise apparently was generally irritating to all the inmates" as a reasonable substitute for "outdoor exercise, fresh air and the sight of the world's seasonal colors," but such minor indignities are often attendant to a stay in jail.
4. Classification System
The plaintiffs maintain that the SCJ does not have the facilities to adequately segregate prisoners by pretrial and post-trial inmates, male and female inmates, and juvenile and adult inmates. Plaintiffs contend that even if the jail has a satisfactory classification system, the physical layout makes the necessary segregation of inmates "by sight and sound" impossible. Plaintiffs do not allege that the jail staff ever used the classification system to punish a pretrial detainee or inmate, nor did plaintiffs establish that any inmate had ever been injured by the classification system. The plaintiffs' experts evaluated the SCJ system by comparing it to their own model program, but for our purposes we need only determine whether the classification system evidenced the constitutionally mandated regard for the inmates' physical well-being. See Benson v. Cady, 761 F.2d 335, 338 (7th Cir. 1985) (discussing Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976)).
Both the plaintiffs' expert Walter Smith and Sheriff Isgrigg testified that males and females and juveniles and adults were segregated from each other. Both current Sheriff Isgrigg and former Sheriff Westlake, as well as Deputy Branson, the jail commander, testified that they took reasonable steps to segregate pretrial detainees from post-conviction inmates. Brad Fisher, an expert for the plaintiffs, conceded that under certain circumstances it is not a serious misclassification to jail pretrial detainees with convicted inmates for a short period of time. The defendants presented more evidence of the adequacy of their system, but this brief recitation indicates that the jury had a reasonable basis to conclude that the SCJ classification system satisfied constitutional concerns.
The plaintiffs also claim the SCJ system did not adequately segregate inmates with emotional or medical problems. Both sheriffs testified that incoming inmates were screened for medical and emotional problems. Individuals with serious medical conditions were sent to the county hospital. When the jail staff believed an inmate to be suffering from some sort of mental disturbance, they contacted the jail nurse and the Gallahue Mental Health Center ("Center"). The Center provided ongoing mental health services to the jail and its inmates, including training for the jail staff on detecting mental disorders and handling emotionally disturbed inmates. Michael Parker, a psychiatric social worker at the Center, testified that the jail staff used an appropriate mental health questionnaire to screen new inmates and always followed his recommendations on mental health issues. It is clear that the defendants established a reasonable basis for the jury verdict.
5. Overcrowding
The plaintiffs complain that the totality of the circumstances at the SCJ including the space per inmate, the net space (less furniture, books, and so forth), the opportunity for exercise or recreation, and the quality of air and temperature control, indicate that the facilities were unconstitutionally overcrowded. See Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 5 (1981). Professor Joe Cannon, one of the plaintiffs' experts, testified that in his opinion inmates incarcerated for more than seven days did not have enough room.
The defendants presented evidence to rebut the plaintiffs' claims of overcrowding. Both sheriffs testified that during their tenures the jail never exceeded its capacity of forty-six inmates. Sheriff Isgrigg testified that the average jail population was between twenty and twenty-three inmates. Defendants' exhibit AM showed that between May 1, 1981, and December 1984 the jail never reached capacity and ninety-one percent of that time the jail housed thirty inmates or less.
A typical one-man cell was five feet by eight feet. The bullpen area (one on each floor) had approximately 612 square feet. The inmates were locked in their cells only at night between 11:00 P.M. and 5:30 A.M., and at all other times they had access to the bullpen and the picnic table area. Plaintiffs' expert Smith conceded that even under the worst scenario, with the jail at full capacity, each inmate would have 38.25 square feet of living space. Although we recognize that prison overcrowding issues are too complex to be solved by a simple per-capita-square-footage analysis, we note that in Rhodes, supra, the Supreme Court upheld the practice of double-ceiling inmates where each inmate had only 31.5 square feet of living space. 452 U.S. at 343, 101 S.Ct. at 2397. Many of the prisoners in Rhodes were confined to their small living spaces for lengthy sentences and did not have over seventeen hours each day to leave their cells; as we noted above, in the SCJ eighty-five percent of the inmates are incarcerated ten days or less and are only locked in their cells six and one-half hours a day. It is clear that the record reveals a reasonable basis for the jury's verdict that the defendants did not overcrowd the SCJ and violate the plaintiffs' constitutional rights.
6. Other Conditions or Practices
The plaintiffs lump together at the end of their argument a number of conclusory allegations of other alleged deficiencies of the jail, such as an alleged lack of medical care and the practice of requiring inmates to wash their own clothes. The plaintiffs make no serious attempt to press those claims and indeed they are meritless. As for medical care, the defendants presented substantial evidence of a valid medical plan. As for the practice of requiring the inmates to do their own laundry (with laundry soap provided by the jail staff), we find that practice to fall a bit short of a constitutional violation. Plaintiffs no doubt present these other allegations to buttress their argument that the totality of the circumstances at the SCJ violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments, but we find a reasonable basis in the record to support the jury's verdict that the conditions at the SCJ, individually and in toto, are not below constitutional standards.
The plaintiffs contend that the jury verdict forms did not define correctly the class membership and this mistake allowed the jury to consider the categories of inmates without distinguishing their dates of incarceration. The significance of the dates is that both parties concede that the SCJ was improved between the May 29, 1981, filing of the suit and the trial which began on March 11, 1985. Judge Holder issued an order on December 6, 1984, listing definitions of four subclasses: pretrial detainees incarcerated at SCJ on May 29, 1981, pretrial detainees incarcerated at SCJ after May 29, 1981, post-conviction detainees incarcerated at SCJ on May 29, 1981, and post-conviction detainees incarcerated at SCJ after May 29, 1981. The jury instructions at trial (# 3 and # 4) divided the plaintiff class into two subclasses — pretrial detainees and convicted inmates.
Judge Cale Holder originally was assigned this case. When he died in August 1983, the case was assigned to Judge William Steckler. On May 22, 1984, the case was reassigned to Judge Sarah Barker, who presided over the case at trial.
The jury instruction provided in relevant part:
The court has also subdivided the Plaintiff class into two groups, the first consisting of those individuals incarcerated at the Shelby County Jail before they were tried and the second consisting of those inmates who have been convicted of a crime and serving their sentence in the Shelby County Jail.
Defendants argue that plaintiffs' objection places form over substance. Instruction # 36 provided "you must consider the conditions which prevailed on or shortly before May 29, 1981, the date this lawsuit was filed, to present" and return a verdict for the plaintiffs if "under a totality of the circumstances the conditions of the Shelby County Jail amounted to cruel and unusual punishment during any of those times." Defendants argue that this instruction was sufficient to inform the jury of the proper time frame. Plaintiffs failed to tender any instruction of their own pertaining to class definition. Although Instruction # 36, read with Instructions # 3 and # 4, may well have alleviated any alleged error, we need not decide the issue because the plaintiffs have waived their right to raise it.
Plaintiffs had ample opportunity, both at the in-chambers conference on instructions and on the record in court, to object to Instructions # 3 and # 4. Plaintiffs failed to raise any objection. The law in this circuit is clear — a party who fails to object to an instruction waives the right to appeal. See Spanish Action Committee v. City of Chicago, 766 F.2d 315, 319 (7th Cir. 1985); Fed.R.Civ.P. 51. Although we have acknowledged an exception for exceptional circumstances, id., we find none here.
The plaintiffs contend that the district court erred because "the court acquiesced in its role as judge of the equitable issues and deferred to the jury's findings of liability." The plaintiffs argue that even though the jury decided against them on liability for the legal claims, they are entitled to injunctive relief.
Judge Barker's order of March 29, 1985, found substantial evidence to support each of the jury verdicts in the trial. The order then determined that the equitable issues concerning liability were identical to the jury issues, noting that the only difference between the legal and equitable claims was the relief sought. Because the claims were tried together and no additional evidence was adduced on the equitable claims, the judge decided that she must follow the jury's verdict on liability. See Caputo v. U.S. Lines Company, 311 F.2d 413, 416 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 374 U.S. 833, 83 S.Ct. 1871, 10 L.Ed.2d 1055 (1963); see also Lincoln v. Board of Regents of University System, 697 F.2d 928, 934 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 826, 104 S.Ct. 97, 78 L.Ed.2d 102 (1983). In her memorandum of May 31, 1985, denying plaintiffs' motion for a new trial, Judge Barker reiterated her reasons for believing that she had not allowed the jury to preempt her proper role in deciding the equitable issues. Also on May 31, 1985, Judge Barker filed a supplementary entry nunc pro tunc to March 28, 1985, which concluded by summarizing her holding on the equitable issues: "[T]he defendants did not maintain a pattern or custom which caused any plaintiff to be deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States."
Judge Barker stated:
[T]he Court's function with respect to deciding the equitable issues of the case was not preempted by the jury's determination of the legal issues. . . . When there is a trial involving identical legal and equitable issues, the Court, in making its decision of the equitable issues, is bound by the jury's determination of the legal issues. Here, the Court made the threshold determination whether to accept the jury verdicts, that is, whether the jury verdicts were supported by the evidence. Having accepted the jury's verdicts, the Court was bound, in that sense, to enter judgment for the defendants on the equitable issues, because those issues were identical to the legal issues.
Plaintiffs apparently do not quarrel with Judge Barker's view that if there is substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict on a legal issue then the court should also apply the jury's verdict to an identical equitable issue. Plaintiffs make no attempt to distinguish Lincoln, the Eleventh Circuit case on which Judge Barker relied, nor do they cite any contrary authority. Plaintiffs appear to be arguing that the issues were not identical. This argument is meritless.
Plaintiffs try to argue that what the jury decided was that the defendants were not liable for monetary damages. They then argue that the district court should have redecided every claim raised by plaintiffs to decide whether equitable relief was warranted. This argument is meritless, because it improperly attempts to combine the separate issues of liability and relief. The jury found, as a preliminary matter, that the plaintiffs had failed to prove liability, ( i.e., that the defendants had violated the plaintiffs' constitutional rights). Thus, the jury never had to reach the issue of legal relief (monetary damages). Plaintiffs do not suggest a single liability issue on the equitable claims which was not common to the legal issues decided by the jury. Therefore, it is clear that Judge Barker did not abdicate her responsibility as judge by applying the jury's verdicts on the legal issues to identical equitable issues.
To amplify our holding briefly, we note that the record reflects, far from an abdication, a very thoughtful and responsible analysis by Judge Barker. She first reviewed the jury verdicts to ensure that "there [was] substantial evidence to support each of those verdicts . . . reasonable persons could have found for the defendants on all the issues of the complaints." She then determined that the legal issues and equitable issues were identical, and noted that neither party had submitted any additional evidence going only to the equitable issues. Only after reviewing the propriety of the jury verdicts, confirming that the issues were identical, and ensuring that no additional evidence needed to be considered, did Judge Barker enter judgment on the equitable issues. We therefore affirm the entry of judgments on the equitable claims.
The plaintiffs argue that several instructions given by the court incorrectly stated the law and placed too high a burden of proof on them. The plaintiffs also contend that the court erred by refusing to give several of their tendered instructions.
We are disturbed by plaintiffs' attempt to buttress their case by referring to statements about the jury deliberations allegedly made by a juror to plaintiffs' counsel following the trial. The plaintiffs also referred to these alleged statements in their motion for a new trial below. As we stated in United States v. Schwartz, 787 F.2d 257, 261-62 (7th Cir. 1986), references to the mental processes of jurors are improper and forbidden in both the district courts and on appeal.
The plaintiffs' first complaint concerns Instructions # 24 and # 26. Plaintiffs argue that the basis of these instructions, Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978), is inapplicable to this case and the jury should not have been required to consider whether the sheriff and the Board had engaged in a custom or practice which had the effect of law. Plaintiffs fail to cite any authority or present any legal arguments why Monell and the more recent City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 105 S.Ct. 2427, 85 L.Ed.2d 791 (1985), are distinguishable. Defendants, on the other hand, argue that the two Supreme Court cases mandate that a Monell jury instruction be given at trial.
Instruction # 24 provided:
In order to be entitled to recover for a violation of Title 42, United States Code, Section 1983 the plaintiffs must establish the existence of certain essential elements. Specifically, in order to recover against the defendants, each of the subclasses and Mr. McPherson must show each of the following essential elements:
(1) that there exists a pattern or custom of the defendants which has injured plaintiffs by virtue of a denial of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the constitution and law;
(2) that some act or failure to act pursuant to such pattern or custom of the defense caused plaintiffs to be deprived of such right, privilege, or immunity; and
(3) that while in the act of depriving plaintiffs of such right, privilege, or immunity, the defendants acted under color of state law.
A pattern or custom, as these terms have been used, is a practice or practices of county officials that are so persistent and permanent and well settled as to have the force of law. It is not necessary, however, in order to find such a pattern or custom existed, that it be the result of formal approval through the county's official decision-making channels.
In their final amended complaint, the plaintiffs sued the defendants solely in their official capacities, not as individuals. In Monell, the Court observed that "official-capacity suits generally represent only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent. . . ." 436 U.S. at 690 n. 55, 98 S.Ct. at 2035 n. 55. Because the governmental unit itself is implicated in a suit against public officials in their official capacities, id.; see also Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 700, 98 S.Ct. 2565, 2578, 57 L.Ed.2d 522 (1978) (attorneys' fees and costs may be collected from the governmental unit whether or not it is a named party), an instruction incorporating the requirements of Monell was appropriate in this case. Plaintiffs failed to tender any instruction which would have explained the requirements of Monell differently, and on appeal plaintiffs argue only that any type of Monell instruction was inappropriate. Because the plaintiffs sued the defendants solely in their official capacities as agents of the county, the trial court did not err by instructing the jury on the requirements of Monell.
The plaintiffs also challenge Instructions # 31, # 33, and # 34. Plaintiffs failed to object to Instructions # 33 and # 34 at trial, so they have waived their right to challenge those instructions. See Spanish Action Committee, supra, 766 F.2d at 319; Fed.R.Civ.P. 51. We therefore need only consider whether Instruction # 31 correctly stated the law. Plaintiffs assert that the trial court erred in requiring the plaintiffs to prove the defendants acted intentionally or with "callous indifference." Plaintiffs do not suggest what the proper standard is in the Seventh Circuit, although they do inform us it is well established.
Mere negligence or inadvertence on the part of the county officials is not sufficient to sustain a violation of the Eighth Amendment. County officials must act in callous indifference to the dangers faced by a prisoner or intentionally inflict cruel and unusual punishment before they will incur liability for an Eighth Amendment violation.
In order to show callous indifference, plaintiffs must prove the existence of a "pervasive risk of harm" from other inmates, and that jail officials failed to reasonably respond, knowing of that risk. A pervasive risk of harm may be established by proving that violence or sexual assaults occur with sufficient frequency that inmates are put in reasonable fear for their safety and to reasonably apprise prison officials of the existence of the problem and the need for protective measures. Once a pervasive risk has been established, it must be determined whether the jail officials reasonably responded to that risk.
The language used by the district court to instruct the jury is consistent with recent Supreme Court and Seventh Circuit law. In Davidson v. Cannon, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 668, 88 L.Ed.2d 677 (1986), the Supreme Court held that only "deliberate or callous indifference," not "lack of due care" ( i.e., negligence), is actionable under the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 670-71. See also Daniels v. Williams, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986). There is no reason to believe that the Constitution sets a lower threshold for Eighth Amendment claims. In the leading case of Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S.Ct. 285, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976), the Court held that a negligence tort, medical malpractice, does not violate the Eighth Amendment. 429 U.S. at 106, 97 S.Ct. at 292.
A number of recent Seventh Circuit cases have rejected a negligence standard for violations of the Eighth Amendment. See Duckworth v. Franzen, 780 F.2d 645, 652-53 (7th Cir. 1985); Watts v. Laurent, 774 F.2d 168, 172 (7th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 106 S.Ct. 1466, 89 L.Ed.2d 722 (1986); Benson v. Cady, 761 F.2d 335, 339 (7th Cir. 1985); Estate of Davis v. Johnson, 745 F.2d 1066, 1070 (7th Cir. 1984). The cases have required the plaintiffs to prove deliberate or callous indifference, evidenced by an actual intent to violate the inmate's rights or reckless disregard for the inmate's rights, in order to prevail on an Eighth Amendment claim. See Duckworth, 780 F.2d at 652-53; Watts, 774 F.2d at 172; Benson, 761 F.2d at 339. We conclude that Instruction # 31 accurately stated the burden of proof under both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments.
Finally, plaintiffs, in the part of their brief labeled "Summary of Argument," allege the district court erred by refusing "to allow instructions which delineate the statutory procedures for insuring that the jail was properly maintained and managed." Plaintiffs fail to present any legal argument why this was error. We decline to make the plaintiffs' arguments for them. See United States v. Binder, 794 F.2d 1195, 1203 (7th Cir. 1986). We merely note our previous comments concerning the relationship between the jail standards of a state and the Eighth Amendment. See supra note 3. The decision of the district court is
Plaintiffs identify the relevant tendered instructions for the first time in their reply brief.
recognizing a right to adequate ventilation that is violated if the ventilation is so poor as to constitute punishment
Summary of this case from Budd v. Motley
noting that inmates "have a right to . . . be free from extreme hot and cold temperatures"
Summary of this case from Beamer v. George W. Hill Corr. Facility
Summary of this case from Burns v. G.W.H.C.F.
stating that limited recreational activities are sufficient where the average stay in prison relatively short
In Shelby, the Seventh Circuit recently rejected an eighth amendment challenge to the conditions of confinement in which the plaintiffs averred, inter alia, that lighting of less than twenty footcandles is unconstitutional.
Summary of this case from Peterkin v. Jeffes


Sharon Tate was the American actress and Roman Polanski's life. She starred in many movies including "The Fearless Vampire Killers," "Valley of the Dolls," and others. The woman was brutally murdered in her own house where other guests were present as well: "Manson Family" cultists committed the murder.
Sharon Tate was born into the family of Colonel Paul James Tate. The girl was the oldest child among the three sisters; she was shy and had challenges communicating peers. The family had to move frequently, and it was difficult for Sharon to get close to someone.
Young Sharon wanted to finish school and enter a university to learn to be a psychiatrist. However, the father was relocated again, and the Tates moved to Italy. The would-be actress found her first friends there: they were the students of the local American school.
Tate and her friends served as extras in some movie. At that time, Sharon met the actor Richard Beymer who persuaded the young woman to become an actress. She appeared on a musical program and later worked as an extra in "Barabbas." The role was minor, but Tate made a good impression.
After that, Sharon tried to pass a casting in Rome. When the things did not go well, she went to the USA to look for a job in the movie industry. The family insisted Sharon should return; she did come back to Italy. However, in 1962, the entire family moved to America and settled in Los Angeles. In a while, Sharon found her first agent and got a job on TV: she starred in ads. In 1963-1964, Tate played small roles in sitcoms.
In 1965, Sharon Tate had her first significant role: it was the British horror "Eye of the Devil." The actress played Odile de Caray, the witch who lived in a French mansion together with her brother. Later, Tate called her first colleagues the professionals, and she was genuinely happy to work with them.
The actress had to go to London to work on the movie. As everything finished, she decided to stay in Great Britain; there, she met Roman Polanski.
Sharon starred in Polanski's comedy horror "The Fearless Vampire Killers." She got the role of Sarah Shagal, the inn owner's daughter living in Transylvania. As the story runs, a professor came to Transylvania to study vampires; his young assistant Alfred fell in love with Sarah. It was the director himself who played Alfred.
Then, the actress went to the USA to star in the movie "Don't Make Waves." In 1967, she appeared in the drama "Valley of the Dolls" where she played one of the main characters Jennifer North. In 1968, Tate played the hapless spy Freya Carlson in the comedy "The Wrecking Crew." Many people believed the actress's further career would be bright, but her early death destroyed everything.
In 1964, the actress met the Hollywood hair stylist Jay Sebring who proposed to her. Tate did not want to marry him: she believed her marriage would interfere with her career. The actress also had a short affair with the French actor Philippe Forquet.
Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski's love story began at the movie set when "The Fearless Vampire Killers" was being created. As the work in Italy was done, Tate went to London and started living together with Polanski in his apartment.
In 1968, the couple married in London and went to California at once. In winter, the actress got pregnant; she was going to give birth to her child in the late summer of 1969. Unfortunately, Sharon did not become a mother: she was murdered when the labor was close.
Tate was murdered on August 1969 when she was only 26. The actress was accompanied by her friends: Roman Polanski asked them to look after his wife until he came back. The director was in London working on a movie; he planned to go to Los Angeles in several days.
On August 9, in the evening, Sharon and her friends went to a restaurant together. At half past ten, the woman came back to her house to meet her death – of course, she was not aware of that. The day before, Sharon's sisters called her: they wanted to visit her and sleep over so that the pregnant actress was not bored alone. However, Sharon rejected that offer and thus saved her sisters' lives.
At night, the members of the cult "Manson Family" led by Charles Mansion broke in the actress's house and brutally murdered the people who were there including the actress.
Sharon begged the cultists not to kill her unborn child, but they did not listen to her and stabbed her with a knife 16 times; as a result, the woman died. The friends who were there also died of gunshot and stab wounds. The word "pig" was written in blood on the entrance door.
Sharon Tate's funeral took place on August 13 on Holy Cross Cemetery in Calvert City. The actress's child was put in the same grave.
The circumstances of the death arose many questions among the police; they could not understand what the motive for the murder was and questioned Polanski about his friends and deceased wife. The director also could not explain it and started suspecting his friends.
Sharon Tate's murder provoked the outcry and paranoia among Hollywood stars. They were leaving Los Angeles together with their families, buying security systems, and hiring bodyguards.
The paranoia began to fade when the murderers were arrested. They were sentenced to life imprisonment. The actress's mother did everything to prevent the criminals from being released conditionally.
California, Los Angeles, 10050 Cielo Drive was the address of the house where Sharon Tate was murdered. In 1990, the house was torn down. Today, there is another building with a different address at that place.


text:
Q: proof of binomial identity involving double sum It's asked to simplify the sum
$$\displaystyle\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times \binom{n+1}{j} $$
inspecting first values of $n$ shows the sum if apparently equal to $4^n$
I tried re-writing the sum as
$$\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n+1} \binom{n+1}{j} \displaystyle\sum_{i=0}^{j-1} \binom{n}{i}  $$ but that doesn't seem to lead us to the result.
Any suggestions are welcome.
Thanks.

A: Starting from $$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n+1}{j}$$
we split the second binomial to
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{j} + \sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{j-1}$$ and reindex to
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{j} + \sum_{0\le i \le k \le n} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{k}$$
Now we can expand both of those terms by symmetry to
$$\frac{\left[\sum_{0\le i\le n} \binom{n}{i}\right]\left[\sum_{0\le j\le n} \binom{n}{j}\right] - \sum_{0\le \iota\le n} \binom{n}{\iota}^2}{2} + \frac{\left[\sum_{0\le i\le n} \binom{n}{i}\right]\left[\sum_{0\le k\le n} \binom{n}{k}\right] + \sum_{0\le \kappa\le n} \binom{n}{\kappa}^2}{2}
$$
and the rest is easy.

Or even more straightforwardly, rename variables in the second sum to get
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{j} + \sum_{0\le j \le i \le n} \binom{n}{j} \binom{n}{i} = \sum_{0\le i\le n \\ 0\le j\le n} \binom{n}{i} \binom{n}{j}$$
This points the way to a bijective proof: interpret the original sum as the number of ways of putting a red hat on $i$ out of $n$ people and a green hat on $j > i$ out of ($n$ people and one dressmaker's dummy). Then if there's a green hat on the dummy, take the green hat away from the dummy and each person who has one and give a green hat to each person who doesn't have one. There are at most $4^n$ resulting hat distributions (every person can have no hats, a red hat, a green hat, or both hats), every one is possible (if there are more green hats than red hats then we know that the dummy didn't receive a hat; otherwise we know that the dummy did receive a hat), and every one is obtained in precisely one way.

A: Hint: For every $(i,j)$ with $0\leq i\leq n$, $0\leq j\leq n+1$ we have either $i<j$ or $n-i<n+1-j$ but not both.  So
$$
\sum_{0\leq i<j\leq n+1}\binom{n}{i}\binom{n+1}{j}
=\sum_{i,j}\binom{n}{i}\binom{n+1}{j}-\sum_{\substack{n-i<n+1-j\\0\leq i\leq n\\0\leq j\leq n-1}}\binom{n}{i}\binom{n+1}{j}
$$
and now use $\binom{n}{i}=\binom{n}{n-i}$, $\binom{n+1}{j}=\binom{n+1}{n+1-j}$.

A: You can use the identity ${n+1\choose j}={n\choose j}+{n\choose j-1}$.
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \cdot \binom{n+1}{j}=\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times\left( {n\choose j}+{n\choose j-1}\right)$$
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i}  {n\choose j}+\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times{n\choose j-1}$$
index shift for the second sum: $j-1\to j$
$$\sum_{0\le i <j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i}  {n\choose j}+\sum_{0\le i \leq j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times{n\choose j}$$
Using the symmetry argument we have $\sum\limits_{0\le i \leq j\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times{n\choose j}=\sum\limits_{0\le j \leq i\le n+1} \binom{n}{i} \times{n\choose j}$ we get
$$\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n+1} \sum\limits_{j=0}^{n+1} {n \choose j}\cdot {n \choose i}=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n+1}  {n \choose i} \cdot\sum\limits_{j=0}^{n+1} {n \choose j}=4^n$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


25. Feuer Frei! - Vanek Inc.
© ℗ 2018 Vanek Inc.
© ℗ 2012 The All Blacks U.S.A., Inc.
© ℗ 2009 Demon Music Group Ltd.
60. We Are Young (feat. Janelle Monáe) - Fun.
© ℗ 2017 Rhino Entertainment Company, a Warner Music Group Company. Manufactured & Marketed by Rhino Entertainment Company. Printed in the U.S.A.
© ℗ 2008 Capitol Records, LLC. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is a violation of applicable laws. Manufactured by Capitol Records, LLC, 1750 North Vine Street, Hollywood, CA 90028.


Condominiums for Sale in Oxmoor Manor | Louisville, Kentucky | Oxmoor Manor Subdivision | Louisville MLS | Joe Hayden Real Estate Team - Your Real Estate Expert!
Learn more about Oxmoor Manor Condominiums for Sale by browsing the Louisville MLS listings. To see all area homes for sale, click Houses for Sale in Louisville, Kentucky. To view homes in the Oxmoor Manor Subdivision, contact the Joe Hayden Real Estate Team - Your Real Estate Experts!


We currently live in a house in Enoo Matasiani (aka Matasia), which is about half way between Ngong Town and Kiserian in the north of the Kajiado district of Kenya.
We spent about a year (2010-2011) in Narok town in the Great Rift Valley.
We used to live in "the bush" (2007-2008), in Endoinyo Erinka, a small community on the Loita Plains, adjacent to the Maasai Mara.


text:
Why do we need farmed salmon?
Nearly 90 percent of the world's marine fish stocks are now fully exploited, overexploited, or depleted.1 Farmed seafood provides half of all the fish we eat in the world. If we pulled that amount of seafood out of wild fisheries, we would deplete sea-life species that are important to ensuring a healthy ocean.
The farming of fish, also known as aquaculture, reduces pressure on certain over-stressed wild stocks and is key to solving this pressing environmental challenge.
Is farmed salmon as healthy as wild salmon?
Yes. Farmed salmon has become a staple of healthy and affordable diets around the world.2 Farmed salmon and wild salmon have been shown to offer the same overall nutritional value.3 Both are good sources of protein. Compared to wild salmon, farmed salmon contains more omega-3 fatty acids, which are considered health-protecting, good fats.4 Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids from seafood is associated with many health benefits, including a lower risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke.5
How do salmon farms impact the environment?
Chilean salmon are raised in a particularly beautiful part of the world, the Chilean Patagonia, where the waters are chilled by Antarctic currents, creating a perfect environment for salmon to grow. It is a region of our country that makes us proud and we are committed to protecting it.
There are many things we do to ensure we are raising our fish sustainably. For one, we rotate our farms regularly to provide the environment with extended fallow periods. Federal regulations in Chile require limits to the number of farms and farming neighborhoods that can be operational in a year, ensuring operations are rotated regularly to protect the seabed.
In addition, many of our farms are participating in the World Wildlife Fund's "Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue," which is setting standards to ensure aquaculture sustainability based on scientific research and economic viability. We also give back to our communities through environmental stewardship initiatives, such as beach cleaning activities and recycling programs.
Beyond these voluntary initiatives, our farms are highly regulated and audited to comply with strict international standards, as verified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in April 2019. In Chile, all salmon farming also operates in compliance with the terms of the Environmental Evaluation Approval, as closely regulated by the State's Environmental Regulator and the Chilean National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service. Unlike many governing bodies, the Chilean government has the legal authority to prohibit farming in areas where the habitat is no longer optimal.
Is farmed salmon raised humanely?
Yes. In Chile, we do everything we can to treat our salmon with integrity throughout their lifecycle. Born in the Chilean Patagonia, our salmon are raised in extremely favorable natural conditions that help them grow and flourish.
Our growers maintain some of the lowest salmon mortality rates in the industry, handling each fish with the utmost care. In fact, Chile's aquaculture system is already one of the most modern in the world as salmon production is relatively new to the country. After a recent revamp, it now serves as a global model of sanitation, low mortality, and other best practices for the industry.
Chile also has some of the strictest regulations when it comes to throughput and pen density, permitting 30 percent less density than the maximum permitted in Norway.
How does farmed salmon get its bright color?
Both farmed and wild salmon get their coloring from food sources containing antioxidant-rich astaxanthin. Crustaceans–a dietary staple for wild salmon–are rich in astaxanthin, which is also added to the feed of farmed salmon to keep them healthy. By the time a piece of farmed salmon reaches the consumer, it may feature a "color-added" label even though no dyes are used in raising it. This is because some countries require labeling of any dietary supplement, in this case astaxanthin, that adds color to the final food product. Astaxanthin also provides a number of benefits for human health, including healthier skin, heart health and reduced joint pain.
Does wild or farmed salmon taste better?
Farmed, according to a panel of experts who participated in a blind taste test at The Washington Post.6 The panel included noted Washington seafood chefs and a seafood wholesaler, all of whom said the farmed salmon beat wild "hands down." The fish ranged from wild king salmon from Washington, frozen farmed salmon from a national club, and eight in between, including farmed salmon from Chile.
What do farmed salmon eat?
While precise feed makeup varies from farm to farm, Chilean salmon are fed a balanced and nutrient-dense diet to ensure healthy and hearty development. This typically includes a mix of protein, healthy fats, vitamins and minerals. As part of our commitment to protecting the precious environment in which we live and work, we are always looking for new ways to maximize the nutrition value of our salmon feed with sustainable business practices.
Are there antibiotics in Chilean salmon?
There are naturally occurring bacteria that periodically turn up in the waters of the Chilean Patagonia. These bacteria are harmful–and in some cases fatal–to salmon. To protect the fish, antibiotics are used when these bacteria make fish sick, but only with a veterinary prescription and never as a growth stimulant or preventive measure. Any antibiotic use is completed well before harvest so we can be sure the fish we bring to market are antibiotic-free. Treatment is conducted in compliance with World Health Organization guidelines.14 Though Chilean fish can be treated with antibiotics when sick, the fish is antibiotic-free when it arrives in the U.S. market. This is required by U.S. law. For their part, both importing countries and Chile's regulatory bodies maintain oversight and authorize all antibiotic use in the country's salmon industry.
As Chilean salmon growers, we are on a path to reducing and eventually eliminating the use of antibiotics altogether. Research is being done to identify an effective vaccine and many farms are evaluating relocating farms to the colder regions of Patagonia where the bacteria are not present. In addition, we are working in collaboration with the Seafood Watch team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium to reduce current use by 50 percent by 2025 as part of a comprehensive program that will expand ecologically responsible aquaculture practices and support the sustainability of the Chilean Patagonia.
Should I worry about PCBs, dioxins and other trace chemicals in farmed salmon?
No. While studies from past decades have reported high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in farmed salmon7, follow-up longer-term studies have found the opposite and the consensus among scientists and regulators today is that farmed salmon is a safe and healthy food source. In fact, a recent study found that "levels of dioxins, PCBs, OCPs (DDT, dieldrin, lindane, chlordane, Mirex, and toxaphene), and mercury were higher in wild salmon than in farmed salmon, as were the concentrations of the essential elements selenium, copper, zinc and iron, and the marine omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)."8
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandates tolerances of 2.0 parts per million–which equates to a concentration of 2 milligrams per liter of water–for PCBs in fish, including farmed salmon.9 The level of PCBs for farmed salmon are consistently well below this level.10 Chilean farmed salmon has been shown to contain even lower traces of these components than North American farmed samples.10
Should I worry about mercury in farmed salmon?
No. Farmed and wild salmon are both low in mercury, and wild salmon has been shown to carry higher traces than farmed salmon.8 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency categorizes any fish with less than 0.05 parts per million of mercury per serving (4 ounces) as not only safe to eat, but a "best choice" among seafood.11 According to EPA research, fresh and frozen salmon contains just 0.02 ppm of mercury per serving, making it a "best choice" for consumption.11
Is farmed salmon more or less sustainable than other animal proteins?
By many measures, farmed salmon is one of the most sustainable animal proteins. A common gauge of environmental impact is how efficiently an animal can turn its food into protein–or in scientific terms, its feed-conversion ratio, the estimated food required to gain 1 pound of body mass. Of all the animal proteins, fish are the most efficient at converting protein.12
Farm-raised fish, which have one of the lowest feed-conversion ratios of all seafood, need just 1.2 to 1.5 pound of feed to produce 1 pound of body mass.12 For reference, it takes 6 to 10 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of beef, 2 to 5 pounds to produce one pound of pork, and 1.7 to 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of chicken.13
Put another way, raising farmed salmon is about two times more efficient than raising chicken, three times more efficient than raising pork, and seven times more efficient than raising beef.13
How does Chile's salmon industry impact Chileans?
As Chileans who are also part of the country's vibrant salmon industry, we are always looking for ways to contribute to our people and our country.
The salmon industry is the largest driver of economy in the Chilean Patagonia (regions 10, 11, 12). Our industry has created economic growth, political stability, and supported the creation of more than 4,000 small- and medium-sized enterprises and over 70,000 jobs, helping to propel the nation's overall growth. In Chile's southern regions, we have helped provide jobs and infrastructure, such as schools, leaving a lasting impact on the local communities in which we live and work.
The Chileans our industry supports are also our neighbors, our families, and our friends. We are proud of the work we've done to revitalize our collective communities, fill our plates with a fresh, nutritious and sustainable protein source, and advance our country's image as a leading international food producer.
1. Kituyi, M., & Thomson, P. (2018, July 13). 90% of fish stocks are used up – fisheries subsidies must stop emptying the ocean. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/fish-stocks-are-used-up-fisheries-subsidies-must-stop/
2. International Salmon Farmers Association 2018 Report. (n.d.). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://sjomatnorge.no/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/ISFA-Report-2018-FINAL-FOR-WEB.pdf
3. Cahu, C., Salen, P., & De Lorgeril, M. (2004). Farmed and wild fish in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Assessing possible differences in lipid nutritional values. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases,14(1), 34-41. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0939475304800450.
4. Cladis, Kleiner, Freiser, & Santerre. (2014). Fatty acid profiles of commercially available finfish fillets in the United States. Lipids,49(10). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108414.
5. Rimm, E., Appel, L., Chiuve, S., Djousee, L., Engler, M., Kris-Etherton, P., . . . Lichtenstein, A. (2018). Seafood Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation,138(1). Retrieved July, 2019.
6. Haspel. (2013, September 24). Farmed vs. wild salmon: Can you taste the difference? The Washington Post. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/farmed-vs-wild-salmon-can-you-taste-the-difference/2013/09/23/3a2650a2-1fcb-11e3-8459-657e0c72fec8_story.html? utm_term=.26eb8eb58669
7. Hites, R., Foran, J., Schwager, S., Knuth, B., Hamilton, C., & Carpenter, D. (2004). Global Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Farmed and Wild Salmon. Environmental Science & Technology,38(19). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es049548m.
8. Lundebye, Lock, Rasinger, Nostbakken, Hannisdal, Karlsbakk, . . . Ornsrud. (2017). Lower levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants, metals and the marine omega 3-fatty acid DHA in farmed compared to wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Environmental Research,155, 49-59. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935116311811.
9. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Toxicity What Standards and Regulations Exist for PCB Exposure? (n.d.). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=30&po=8
10. Montory, M., Habit, E., Fernandez, P., Grimalt, J., & Bama, R. (2010). PCBs and PBDEs in wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Northern Patagonia, Chile. Chemosphere,78(10), 1193-1199. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510000172.
11. EPA-FDA Fish Advice: Technical Information. (n.d.). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.epa.gov/fish-tech/epa-fda-fish-advice-technical-information
12. Bourne, J., Jr. (n.d.). How to Farm a Better Fish. National Geographic. Retrieved July, 2019, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/foodfeatures/aquaculture/
13. Global Salmon Initiative Sustainability Report. (n.d.). Retrieved July, 2019, from https://globalsalmoninitiative.org/en/sustainability-report/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Senior Center Fund – Funding the continued work of our Macklind International Senior Center. $3/day provides a low-income immigrant/refugee senior with a nutritious, culturally appropriate warm meal cooked on-site at our Senior Center. Your donation of $100.00 will assure meals and door-to-door shuttle transportation to a group of 15 Limited English Proficient seniors.
Immigration and Naturalization Assistance Expansion – This fund will provide services beyond the 250 permanent resident immigrant and refugee seniors currently served to include spouses/family members who may not qualify for project designated services. $150 assures complete legal assistance in application for naturalization; $250 allows for 10 educational sessions, and $700 covers USCIS application fees for applicants who do not qualify for a Fee Waiver but face significant financial burdens.
Interpretation/Translation – Give Limited English Proficient clients a voice in their care; provide a professional interpreter for medical appointments, legal or benefits assistance, or any other situation where a provider is unwilling/unable to provide interpretation assistance. $50 will guarantee a client minimally one hour of professional interpretation and provide equal access to benefits and self-determination.
Robert Trampier Fund – Alleviate the burden of non-covered client medical supplies and health-related needs. Low-income clients may qualify once per year, for no more than $100 in fund assistance. Fund is housed in a separate checking account and is entirely donation based.
On-Line: Donate on-line using PayPal by clicking the "Donate Now" button on the right. Upon receipt of funds, a printed receipt will be sent for you for your tax records.
Mail: Send your donation to: Bilingual International, 1329 Macklind Ave., Suite 200, St. Louis, MO 63110. Upon receipt of funds, a printed receipt will be sent to you for your tax records.
Robert Trampier Fund: This fund provides limited financial assistance to seniors in crisis through services like utility relief. It is in place to improve the lives and meet the immediate needs of the elderly in our community.
On behalf of the entire Bilingual International staff, our sincere appreciation and gratitude goes out to all of those that support our efforts to help the under-served.


text:
Q: Django: change admin FileField output? I've made a model with file that is uploaded to custom path (not in MEDIA_ROOT). So it's some kind like protected file.
Now I need to change it's representation in admin details. It shows a path relative to MEDIA_URL. I need to change that, to show a URL to an application view which generates a proper URL.
So, what is the best way to display link, and  only in objects details in admin?

A: Here is the way I did it:
models.py
class SecureFile(models.Model):
    upload_storage = FileSystemStorage(
        location=settings.ABS_DIR('secure_file/files/'))

    secure_file = models.FileField(verbose_name=_(u'file'),
                                   upload_to='images', storage=upload_storage)

widgets.py
from django import forms
from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe

class AdminFileWidget(forms.FileInput):
    """A FileField Widget that shows secure file link"""
    def __init__(self, attrs={}):
        super(AdminFileWidget, self).__init__(attrs)

    def render(self, name, value, attrs=None):
        output = []
        if value and hasattr(value, "url"):
            url = reverse('secure_file:get_secure_file',
                          args=(value.instance.slug, ))
            out = u'{}
{} '
            output.append(out.format(url, _(u'Download'), _(u'Change:')))
        output.append(super(AdminFileWidget, self).render(name, value, attrs))
        return mark_safe(u''.join(output))

admin.py
class SecureFileAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(SecureFileAdminForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields['secure_file'].widget = AdminFileWidget()

    class Meta:
        model = SecureFile

class SecureFileAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    form = SecureFileAdminForm


This article will give you some code examples and some ideas on how to use the sign on PeopleCode to redirect users to specific URLs or pages during both a successful and failure to login to PeopleSoft.
There are a couple of scenarios where the techniques described here would be useful.
If you are already using some sign on PeopleCode to authenticate your users into PeopleSoft, you could add checks to redirect users to specific pages if something needs their attention.
If the person has business expenses pending their approval, you can redirect them to the approval page.
If the user has not entered some self-service payroll information, you can redirect them to that page.
If the user has not validated their contact information you can redirect them to that page.
If the user is late on their time sheet, you can redirect them to that page.
If you have a certain set of users that may have limited PeopleSoft skill or training and they should really only be accessing a few pages. In this situation you may not want these users to have the burden to navigate in PeopleSoft. Your sign on PeopleCode could detect these users and redirect them to their desired start page.
I could imagine a configurable setup where you could configure the components that a user is redirected to based on some SQL that runs at the user level.
With sign on PeopleCode you can also redirect users to specific pages if the login failed. This can be useful in situations where an SSO system is sending users into PeopleSoft and some sort of error occurs.
When the sign on PeopleCode runs to validate information passed from your SSO system and it cannot find a valid PeopleSoft user ID. In this scenario, you could redirect them to a central "error" page on your website that has information on where to get help. The default behavior of PeopleSoft would be to show an login page which could confuse users coming from an SSO system.
I think if you use standard PeopleSoft login, you would have to be careful with this technique or your code because you would not want to redirect a user to an error page if they just mis-typed their password.
We are going to setup a few limited examples of using sign on PeopleCode to redirect users.
First we need to create an OPRID that has zero access in the system. The account will have a password but no roles will be assigned. In order to get PeopleCode to run we have to have PeopleSoft setup with a "public user". Your system may already have something like this setup.
In my case, I created an OPRID called "CHG_GUEST". It has a password and zero roles.
Now we need to go to your web profile and setup public access using that "CHG_GUEST" user id.
You will need to have your web server bounced after you make this change.
In this setup we have the "Exec Auth Fail" parameter set to be unchecked. This tells the system to only execute the PeopleCode if there was some successful login. This is true because we configured a public user that should always be authenticated. As you recall that public user has zero roles assigned. So even though the sign on PeopleCode will execute under that account no PeopleSoft page will ever be rendered for that "CHG_GUEST" user. This is a subtle but important point. There are other user cases where it would be appropriate to set the "Exec Auth FaiL" to be checked.
Here is our example code. This is obviously not production code.
First we are going to look at the code branch of an unsuccessful login. Let's go over the code sections step by step.
First we have a parameter where we can simulate a login success or failure and control the branching of our test code.
This section makes sure that this code only executes for the "CHG_GUEST" user. If some other piece of sign on PeopleCode authenticated the user then we do not run the code. We only want this code to run if no other sign on PeopleCode authenticated a user.
The next section for a failure is this section.
This will force the user's browser to load a google page that shows search results for a Fail Whale.
We then call SetAuthenticationResult with an authresult parameter of False which basically says "Do NOT Authenticate the user".
The function signature of SetAuthenticationResult is :SetAuthenticationResult(AuthResult [, UserId] [,ResultDocument] [,PasswordExpired] [DaysLeftBeforeExpire]).
Now let's look at a successful sign on. We will change the code to mimic that by replacing this line of code.
In this case, we have some hard coded user.
We then generate a URL that we want the user to go be redirected to at login. In this case, we are sending the user to the Student Center. You could easily have some logic here go to different URLs based on different parameters.
In the call to SetAuthenticationResult, we pass parameters to the function that the user current user to be switched to the "PS" user and that they should be redirected to the student center.


Discussion in 'Blu-ray & DVD Players & Recorders' started by Dave The Rave, Jan 22, 2008.
Had the setting on 1080i which Is what I had my E1 on when I had It.
the picture on 1080i is very juddery,even on the set up menu!
Tried a HD dvd and the picture was not great.
Like I said before,when I had my E1 on 1080i the picture was great so I dont think the problem is with my tv which Is a panasonic 32lxd60. output at 1080i.
could It simply be that the crappy hdmi cable that came with the player Is not upto scratch?
Has anyone else had this sort of problem?
The cable is fine.. you don't need a gold plated one.. it's a digital connection. A gold plated HDMI cable is like a gold plated USB cable..... pointless.
I had a similar problem with my sky box on my older tv. The TV did not like 1080i at 50hz have you tried a hd-dvd yet ? or just the dvd ?
when I had my E1 I never had this problem.
You will need to update the player, have you followed the guide to update the player from one of you hd-dvds , should have an insert.
Tried messing with the settings but still no good.
cant remember what settings I used when I had my E1.
seems wierd though that when I had my E1 player the 1080i setting was fine!
Just turn on DHCP, (and turn on where it says "DNS" too) - that ought to work.
Have you........ DHCP and DNS enabled on the player and proxy settings to OFF.
spoke to toshiba helpline and they told me to send it back for a replacement.
well gutted....I might get a E1 again.


Micropiles are small diameter drilled and grouted friction piles. Each pile includes steel elements that are bonded into the bearing soil or rock – usually with cement grout. The bearing stratum is logged during installation drilling to assure that bearing capacity is adequate. Micropiles do not rely on end-bearing capacity, so there is no need to establish the competency of rock beyond bond-depth. They can be installed quickly in virtually every type of ground using highly adaptable mobile drilling equipment.
What is a hollow bar micropile?
Hollow bar anchors are manufactured from high yield micro alloy steel tubing. Hollow bars are installed using the injection bored method, which involves pumping at pressure a cementious grout while the anchor is drilled into the grout. This method has many geotechnical benefits and it improves a project's overall efficiency.
Please visit our photo gallery to see some pictures of micropiling.


text:
The magix.info Community – Find help here
Forum for MAGIX audio software
General information Video Audio Photo & Design
Music Maker SOUND FORGE ACID Samplitude Sequoia Audio Cleaning Lab Other products
Music Maker
Music Maker update 31.0.4.35
Created on 1/31/2023 by ralftaro
Public beta: Troubleshooting crashes in "Qt5WebEngineMx64Qt5.15.2.dll"
Created on 12/16/2022 by ralftaro Comment on 1/2/2023 by ThePhantom-DJ
Last commented on 1/2/2023 by ThePhantom-DJ
Beatbox & Launchpad Mini MK3 - problems with firmware update 2.x
Created on 7/28/2022 by ralftaro Comment on 12/7/2022 by Justin-Pharr
Last commented on 12/7/2022 by Justin-Pharr
Feedback on ACID Bugs
Created on 5/10/2022 by MAGIX_Redaktion Comment on 1/29/2023 by Matt-Jones
Page: 1 ... 4, 5, 6
Last commented on 1/29/2023 by Matt-Jones
Feedback on SOUND FORGE Pro 16
Created on 3/10/2022 by MAGIX_Redaktion Comment on 1/31/2023 by rraud
Last commented Yesterday by rraud
SOUND FORGE Audio Studio 16 – Feedback Thread
Created on 1/24/2022 by MAGIX_Redaktion Comment on 1/22/2023 by emmrecs
Page: 1, 2
Last commented on 1/22/2023 by emmrecs
SOUND FORGE Audio Studio 16 - audio editing solution for everyone
Created on 1/24/2022 by MAGIX_Redaktion
Wishlist for the next Music Maker!
Created on 7/28/2021 by MAGIX_Redaktion Comment on 11/24/2022 by browj2
Page: 1, 2, 3, 4
Last commented on 11/24/2022 by browj2
Stem Maker Removed Details Discussion
Created on 5/21/2021 by Rednroll Comment on 1/28/2023 by SP.
Last commented on 1/28/2023 by SP.
OSX Catalina and Sound Forge MAC
Created on 4/25/2020 by emmrecs
Sticky: Please state the Sound Forge version/number with your query
Created on 7/4/2019 by rraud
Commercial use of MAGIX soundpools
Created on 6/18/2018 by sheppo Comment on 4/10/2022 by johnebaker
Last commented on 4/10/2022 by johnebaker
Music Maker Jam - FAQs and support
[Solved] Where's the patch?
Created on 2/1/2023 by Former user Comment on 2/1/2023 by Former user
Last commented 4 hours ago by Former user
[Solved] Izotope
Created on 1/26/2023 by BD-Nance Comment on 1/27/2023 by SP.
One answer
[Solved] Is it possible to selectively undo in the undo history
Created on 1/25/2023 by Myu Comment on 1/26/2023 by rraud
Last commented on 1/26/2023 by rraud
[Solved] MUSIC MAKER 2023 PREMIUM - Cant find included soundpools that i chose
Created on 1/25/2023 by Mikael-Svensson Comment on 1/25/2023 by Mikael-Svensson
Last commented on 1/25/2023 by Mikael-Svensson
[Solved] Errant file size listing
Created on 1/24/2023 by John-Baker6622 Comment on 1/25/2023 by rraud
[Solved] can't get SF Studio 15 to record anything, please help
Created on 1/21/2023 by shawn-r Comment on 1/24/2023 by shawn-r
Last commented on 1/24/2023 by shawn-r
[Solved] record internal audio
Created on 1/20/2023 by Kevin-Bruff Comment on 1/21/2023 by Kevin-Bruff
Last commented on 1/21/2023 by Kevin-Bruff
[Solved] Savaing MP3 Files seems to lengthen time.
Created on 1/17/2023 by Ronald-King Comment on 1/17/2023 by rraud
[Solved] missing template in audio studio when used as Vegas Pro audio editor
Created on 1/17/2023 by John-Sellers Comment on 1/18/2023 by John-Sellers
Last commented on 1/18/2023 by John-Sellers
[Solved] Loop information tab seems to be messed up
Created on 1/17/2023 by BeeFly Comment on 1/17/2023 by BeeFly
Last commented on 1/17/2023 by BeeFly
[Solved] a bug decoding 220kbp mp3
Created on 1/16/2023 by Jose-Saucedo Comment on 1/17/2023 by Jose-Saucedo
Last commented on 1/17/2023 by Jose-Saucedo
[Solved] Pro X7: Input via Keyboard doesn't work in Mixer
Created on 1/15/2023 by Feigenbaum Comment on 1/15/2023 by Feigenbaum
Last commented on 1/15/2023 by Feigenbaum
[Solved] Can't add serial number
Created on 1/13/2023 by Mason-Ollerton Comment on 1/19/2023 by johnebaker
[Solved] The left side of the tracks where the arm buttons are cut off
Created on 1/9/2023 by tommy-kelley Comment on 1/9/2023 by tommy-kelley
Last commented on 1/9/2023 by tommy-kelley
[Solved] want to edit with SF 16 instead of SF 15
Created on 1/7/2023 by Ron-Copsetta Comment on 1/7/2023 by Ron-Copsetta
Last commented on 1/7/2023 by Ron-Copsetta
[Solved] VST plugin path
Created on 1/3/2023 by Lubomir-Rabatin Comment on 1/9/2023 by Lubomir-Rabatin
Last commented on 1/9/2023 by Lubomir-Rabatin
[Solved] Loading plugins purchased from MMM to Ableton
[Solved] Looing for Timpani (kettle Drums)
Created on 1/1/2023 by Mark-Kuzyk Comment on 1/2/2023 by Mark-Kuzyk
Last commented on 1/2/2023 by Mark-Kuzyk
[Solved] manual
Created on 12/31/2022 by Christopher-Robertson Comment on 1/20/2023 by Christopher-Robertson
Last commented on 1/20/2023 by Christopher-Robertson
[Solved] Stuck at 44.1
Created on 12/28/2022 by Justin-F Comment on 12/28/2022 by Justin-F
Last commented on 12/28/2022 by Justin-F
[Solved] Add MIDI event: stop external sampler
Created on 12/27/2022 by DJ_Leo Comment on 12/28/2022 by SP.
Last commented on 12/28/2022 by SP.
[Solved] Error While installing ACIS PRO 11
Created on 12/24/2022 by Steven-Magyar Comment on 12/28/2022 by Steven-Magyar
Last commented on 12/28/2022 by Steven-Magyar
[Solved] Sound Forge 15 and Ozone 10
Created on 12/23/2022 by Macula Comment on 12/31/2022 by rraud
Last commented on 12/31/2022 by rraud
[Solved] Music Maker Glitch
Created on 12/22/2022 by Absorbatouse Comment on 12/22/2022 by SP.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 of 721
Movie Edit Pro
Movie Edit Pro is called Movie Studio now. You will be forwarded to the Movie Studio forum. Threads and comments are applicable for both.
Go to Movie Studio


You play as a guy who can't be proud about relationship with girls. You really want to improve this thing, that's why you look for help in magic. 2 commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the eurozone since 2004 as legal tender in all eurozone member states. Only the national obverse sides of the coins differ; the common reverse sides do not. In Super Mario Bros.coins are the most common items found in the game. They are found in every level, spawning from blocks or floating in the air. Coins are worth 200 points when collected and collecting 100 coins gives Mario an extra life. Larry Jennings shall be remembered as one of the heroes of card magic. Larry Jennings. com is his official home. Walk around back and forth collecting as many cash bags as you can in addition to shooting all the angry little aliens. It is important to walk around because the cash bags will reappear after you collect them to give you a chance to score lots of points. Love Challenge : Premium Attire: Light Red Floral Short Sleeved Kimono (Beauty 50) - 300 Coins Normal Attire: Orange Floral Short Sleeved Kimono (Beauty 20) - 100 Coins … Here is the history on these forgotten bills and coins. Challenge Coins - Quality Custom Designs. Fast, Easy Ordering, Outstanding Quality and Superior Customer Service -- All In One Place. Cheap poker coin, Buy Quality poker chips directly from China poker chips free shipping Suppliers: Texas Casino Poker Coin quot;Poker Is Warquot; coin,poker chips coin,10pcslot free shipping Cheap coin coins, Buy Quality coin poker directly from China coin lot Suppliers: Free shipping 5pieceslot 34 different Poker Card Guard Casino Coin Free shipping Metal Poker … Our Custom Military Challenge Coins offer a great way to honor commitment and service with 100 quality guarantee, FREE artwork amp; shipping. Order today. Murcia ( ˈ m ʊər s i ə or ˈ m ɜːr ʃ əSpanish: ) is a city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia, and the seventh largest city in the country, with a population of 442,573 inhabitants in 2009 (about one third of the total population of the Region). Enjoy an unforgettable vacation victor vran gambling the Riviera Maya in a 5-star hotel at goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam Barcel243; Maya Tropical. Experience the Caribbean with All Inclusive service. Enjoy your vacation in the Riviera Nayarit goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam the Occidental Nuevo Vallarta, with all goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam service. Book casino titanbet.es at Barcelo. com. Lifestyle, Auto, Food amp; Drink, and Home amp; Garden online news and google free casino slots Sandos U haul roulette pa Eco Resort. Your source for discounted rates at Sandos Caracol Eco Resort hotel, Sandos Caracol Eco Resort resort, Sandos Caracol Eco Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam vacations goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam Sandos Caracol Eco Resort vacation in Playa del Carmen Mexico. Book now goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam Poker soa of Spain in Newark, NJ. Explore menu, see photos and read 753 reviews: quot;Loved this place. Great food and service. quot; NarutosBrat is a fanfiction author goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam has written 14 stories party poker satellite tournament Naruto, and Harry Nordmende casino 58. Prepper Pantry Organization Ideas - A Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam by Step Guide For Making Pemmican pelicula casino gnula PREPPER PANTRY ORGANIZATION … NUTMEG SPORTS, LLC. Casino benalmadena opening hours THE FINEST CUSTOM HAND FIT GRIPS, REFINISHING SERVICES, AND ENGRAVED COLT FIREARMS AVAILABLE ANYWHERE. We want to make all of our customers aware that we are using giraffe bone, rams horn, walnut, as well other natural materials asaltan casino de miraflores handcraft our grips with great success on … Umarex Colt Peacemaker Shootout BBs vs. Pellets in a Single Action face off By Dennis Adler One of the great things about the Umarex Colt … Grant Cunningham discusses goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam advantages of owning a revolver as your concealed handgun for self defense. Not a bad article, but the author neglected to mention, in the initial chapter, goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam certain goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam the pistol is not too large (grips) for the shooter to effectively wrap hisher fingers around to roulette scr888 a proper 888 poker outside nj secure grip for example, my hands are quite small for a large man and thus a 1911 frame is about the largest I can. After goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam years of tedious litigation, a court in Vancouver, British Columbia appears set to combis rosario casino victoria down a ruling involving one of the most controversial claims ever made in support of human-induced global warming. The case pits two climatologists Michael Mann of Numero de telephone geant casino boe State University and. I traded a Springfield 1911 Mil Spec straight across for a CZ SP-01 Tactical and I couldnt be happier. This pistol has the best stock trigger Ive casino steam train Jun 30, 2010nbsp;0183;32;Both the Ruger Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam and LCR 357 pack quite a punch. Sadly physics does allow weight to be decreased without felt recoil increasing. Michael Bane makes the sensible recommendation that recoil sensitive shooters should buy the LCR 357 instead of the standard LCR because it is 26 heavier. Loading it. Not sure what to get. Learn how to choose the best caliber (9mm), size, sights, amp; safety options for you. Plus hands-on with our best handgun picks. Book today through GolfNow reservations. Tee Times can only be booked online 2 days in advance. For more advanced bookings please call us at (902) 667-1911. They only carry five rounds of. 38 Spl P ammunition and, at 15 ounces, they weigh about the same as some autoloaders that hold more rounds. At first blush, it might seem that Smith amp; Wessons little J-frame revolvers have outlived their usefulness. Shop for OXY 2 at AMain Hobbies. KST X08 V5 Micro Digital Metal Gear Servo (Oxy Heli OXY 2) Headlines from Siberia reveal an incident of uniformly spherical quot;ice bouldersquot; suddenly washing up on the shores of Nyda, Russia. Are we to believe this is only an quot;act of naturequot; as quot;official sourcesquot; have told us. Photo credit: Ekaterina Chernykh Why would the quot;ice bouldersquot; occur with Arctic sea. Come to a head definition, the upper part of the body in humans, joined to the trunk by the neck, containing the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. See more. The world of firearms is much like the world of male bodybuilding. Iron is pumped, stretched to its limit, and filled with all sorts of volatile chemicals designed to generate explosive power and an impressive aesthetic presence. James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 August 2, 1876), better known as quot;Wild Billquot; Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West known for his work across the frontier as a drover, wagon master, soldier, spy, … As you can now imagine, dry firing the Colt 1903 offers only a marginal improvement in the muzzle flp department. And this is where accuracy comes into the mix. Browse all new and used Collectibles - Civil War for sale and buy with confidence from Guns International. Gold Deals are exclusively available to members of the GunBroker. com Gold Membership program. Members, please sign in to take advantage of these deals.
85-999. Argued November 12, 1986. Decided February 25, 1987 Health Screening Appointment:. Welcome to : ) Health Electronic arts slots Wellness Clinic : To have your health screening done through us in Singapore, book for appointment now at HealthScreening. Sg | Baldur's Gate is a fantasy casino st moritz jobs video game developed by BioWare and published in 1998 goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam Interplay Entertainment.
It is the first game in the Baldur's Gate series and takes place in the Forgotten Realms, a high fantasy campaign setting, using a modified version goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam the Advanced Dungeons amp; Dragons (ADamp;D) 2nd edition rules. View and Download HTC One (M8) user manual online. HTC One (M8) Cell Phone pdf manual download. Good Evening Maam. Thank you for taking interest on our online review program.
We still have a few slots available. Online Review Coverage: Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam Cluster A the SH as a leader in the curriculum implementation, pioneering school programs, and benchmarking, dispute settlement and cases, CFS, CPP and Antibullying (DO 42,s 2012), VMV, … kunzyogya Post author November goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam, 2016 at 4:04 AM. Hello, Well, on Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam 3rd Stefano from Italy will doing Merapi Jeep Lava Tour.
Adelaide Genevieve Felicite d' O (1715 - 1735) ; Charles stadt casino basel programm O; Charles I d' O; Charles II d' O (1510?; Charles (II) d' O (1519?. - 1584) slot ram aspire e14 (Chev. ; Sn. de Baillet. Ola queridos!Meus relatos reais est225; goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam final goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam descri231;227;o sobre meu gosto.
Isso 233; para os ceguinhos de plant227;o. rs Bem vindo 224; minha p225;gina dos meus Relatos Er243;ticos. S227;o contos reais vivido por mim mulher casada. 1984 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1984th year of the Common Avatar gambling (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 984th year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th tighter slots of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1980s decade.
Dit. more Hoe heb je de meeste kans om te winnen. Wij hebben alle tactieken en trucs op een rijtje. Welk online debrecen grand casino. Hier alles over online blackjack spelen. De gratis gokkasten tai chi casino fresno gratis fruitautomaten victoria gate casino leeds u in yubikey neo slots leo vegas casino simpelweg niet over het hoofd zien.
Er zijn maar liefst 494 gokkasten waarop gespeeld kan worden. H228;ng med p229; festen och b246;rja spela de who bets first in texas holdem heads up onlinecasinospel med exklusiva f246;rm229;ner. H228;mta din bonus p229; 100 spins upp till 2000 kr nu. Race Right. Dominoes Classic: Mahjong Dynasty: Cute Kitty Care: 8 Ball Billiards Cla: Mahjong Connect Clas: Tunnel Rush: Geo Dash 2: … Er is meer dan een Blackjack Strategie.
There were a large number of lines which were planned for NSW, but never built. Some never made it past the survey stage, some were authorised for construction but never built, and some were abandoned during construction. The North Coast Line is the major trunk line from NSW to Brisbane, in Queensland. originally the only rail link to Queensland was via the Main North Line, which involved a change-of-gauge at Wallangarra, on the border. May 06, 2018nbsp;0183;32;NOW WITH FULL ONLINE MULTIPLAYER AND MATCHMAKING. Everybody wants to rule the world. Now you can, with a new way to play the classic … Www-google. com world rank record is 143,197. Roughly 26 of visits to it are referred by search engines. The site is based in Italy, and Www-google… Dec 04, 2017nbsp;0183;32;- Improved loading speed and user experience - UV forecast added for the day ahead - Recently installed WA radars added - Hazardous surf statements added for coastal locations in NSW and southern QLD Sydney ( ˈ s ɪ d n i ( listen)) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Vanessa big brother poker net worth Jackson and sprawls about 70 km (43. 5 casino alex on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west, Hawkesbury house of fun casino apk the north and Benton nl poker run to the south. New South Wales:. Casino near tallahassee wall amp; Sons, 38 Orchid Rd BROOKVALE, Parkerfn 2100- ph, 02 9939 6214 Custom Auto Trim Unit 2, 37 Margaret Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam SOUTH Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam 4215 PH. 0414 787 940. South Australia. The majority of the southern Philippines is a terrorism no-go czsino. Find out goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam provinces you should avoid before you go. Food and Water Watch maintains a state-by-state, goedoop list of actions passed amsteedam fracking in the U.and a useful set of hollqnd tools. Ballina ˈ b 230; l ɪ n ə is a town in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, and the seat casino school nyc the Ballina Shire local government area. Ballina's urban population at the 2016 census was almost 25,000. View Hard Rock Hotel amp; Casino room, restaurant, pool crazy monkey casino online club photos, get goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam customer reviews and find the Best Room Goedkoop parkeren holland casino amsterdam - Psrkeren - at Vegas. com. View Rio room, restaurant, pool and club photos, get detailed customer reviews and find the Best Room Rate - GUARANTEED - at Vegas. com. PLAYN Go LAUNCH. Get to know the well acclaimed slots of the new guest in EnergyCasino ever-growing offer. Jack never planned how this bachelor party would go-go. Remember the hand that the player had sitting next to me. If you start at the top of the table and go down, youll find the 3-card royal flush on … Keltie Knight, Actress: Footloose. A former Radio City Rockette and dancer for Kanye West and Beyonc233;, Keltie Colleen has brought her talents in front of the camera as a correspondent for CBS's The Insider (2004). 2787 reviews of Planet Hollywood Las Vegas Resort amp; Casino quot;Love the location of this hotel because you have access to everything. The strip is right up front, they have a huge shopping area, and lots of places to eat. Group Classes and Private Lessons for adults and youth ages 4 to prepare for special events or just for fun. Country, Swing, Salsa, Ballroom, Wedding and more. Production Development.


Products for Schools & Clubs > Products > What Can I Make?
Many products include ideas and instruction leaflets; select from the ranges below. Amazing results can be achieved by combining ideas from different leaflets.