This is the video about making Russian herbal tea. It used to be very famous tea in Russia. It is not just a tea, that is a kind of supporting medicine for human immunity, working very soft and carefully. It has no caffeine as usual tea, works as natural sedative medicine. After using it for a year I, personally, forget about any cold and flu. And it is tasty as well. So, having tried it once I have no intention to come back to usual tea В общем то в видео всё сказано, текст тут только для наших иностранных друзей.
Самодельный лодочный мотор из бензопилы.


From participating in agility trials with her trusty pack member at her side or hiking with a pack of six dogs, Jessye has done it all! Rest easy knowing your furry friend is handled by an experienced, certified, confident and educated pack leader!
Sucessfully completed Canine CPR & First aid through DogGuru.
When Jessye was younger, she was often found spending her afternoons after school visiting her mother's booming Animal Chiropractic business and petting all of her four-legged clients. Jessye could name every dog that came into the office and tell you their breed, age and why they were visiting her mom.
Jessye peeked an interest in horses at a very young age when her mom would bring her along to meet all the horses she was working on. She began riding lessons at the age of six and almost instantly Jessye began begging and pleading with her parents to buy her a horse. Her parents told her that she needed to overcome the responsiblity of owning a dog first. Her parents suprised her and her brother with the most beautiful Golden Retriever puppy named Sadie. It was love at first sight! In the beginning, Jessye spent most of her days at obedience training with Sadie perfecting the greatest down-stay and other basic commands. When that was mastered, Jessye was eager to try something new. Because of Jessye's interest in Equestrian world and Show Jumping, She decided to build jumps and obstical courses in her backyard for Sadie and often praticed until it was too dark to see! Jessye's parents nurtured her eagerness and partnership with Sadie and placed her in agility classes. Shortly after, Jessye was competing locally in agility demonstrations and trials alongside her furry bestfriend!
Before long, Jessye had opened her parents home( and heart) to 4 horses, 2 dogs, 2 cats, 2 guinea pigs, a bird and a ton(or school?) of fish. No one seemed surprised when Jessye came home with another animal in her arms to add to her pack. She was aware of all the animals in need and became a foster parent for a rescue that brought puppies to Canada from southern countries to provide them a better life. Years later, Jessye still advocates for local adoption programs.
Jessye had owned her own pet sitting business for 5 years, but took a break to recieve extensive training and experience as a kennel attendant, working with up to 45 dogs at a time. She is very passionate about canine behaviour, as well as dog walking and has researched and developed the perfect(in her eyes) program for all types of dogs. Jessye was also enrolled in the Master Dog Trainer apprenticeship program through Dave McMahon and actively applies what she has learned to her clients & pack to keep their basic commands reinforced and any behaviour issues at bay. After completing the 15-month apprenticeship and gaining 1500 hours worth of experience, she wrote her 3-day exam and became a certified Master Dog Trainer.
Jessye avidly pursues ongoing continuing education and professional development by attending several seminars per year and keeping current on all industry literature.
When Jessye isn't walking or training dogs, you'll usually find her reading her favourite book infront of the fire, hiking the Niagara Glen, perfecting her palate for artisan cheese & wine, or just sitting back watching her dogs play.
If you're looking for an experienced, reliable and consistant dog walker, you've found your match!
We look forward to meeting you & your pup!
Don't be surprised if you find your pup socializing with one of Jessye's personal pack members. Her dogs were thoroughly trained in a pack dynamic, which allows them to encourage other dogs to strengthen their social behaviour and manners positively while interacting in the pack.
Want to learn more about Jessye's Pack? Hover your mouse over their mug shots below!
Remy was a rescue that required a lot of medical attention and rehabilitation. She bounced back after years of medical care, training, and love. Remy enjoys splashing in the water, squeeking her favourite toy and sitting on the pontoon boat up at the cottage enjoying the scenery. We miss her everyday!
Bindi has been in training since she was 11 weeks old & recently mastered all obedience commands in TWO languages. Bindi has a great eagerness about her and loves learning new things. She is extremely friendly and always has this adorable smile on her face. Jessye hopes to enroll Bindi in scent detection training for Black Mold, as it will benefit a close family member who suffers from Chronic Lyme Disease.
Zoey was found as a stray in October 2017. She needed to be completely rehabilitated as she was dog and human aggressive. We owe our extensive knowledge of reactivity & behaviour modification training to Zoey. She brought Jessye's training to a whole new level and we will be forever grateful.


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1402 Ebony Ln Houston TX 77018 was recently sold. It is a 0.19 Acre(s) Lot, 1,166 SQFT, 2 Beds, 1 Full Bath(s) in Oak Forest Sec 02.


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text:
Q: How do I feed a quoted argument to perl in Powershell? I want to call a perl script from powershell where a parameter is quoted:
myProg -root="my path with spaces"

I've tried to use -root='"my path with spaces"', -root='my path with spaces', -root=\"my path with spaces\", but nothing seems to work. After pressing <ENTER>, I see >> as a prompt.
How do I pass this quoted argument on the command line in Powershell?

A: Try putting the entire argument in quotes and escape the inner quotes, that way powershell won't try to parse it:
myProg '-root=\"my path with spaces\"'

A: It may be useful to explicitly denote each command-line argument. Instead of relying on the parser to figure out what the arguments are via whitespace, you explicitly create an array of strings, one item for each command-line argument.
$cmdArgs = @( `
    '-root="my path with spaces"', `
    'etc', `
    'etc')

& "C:\etc\myprog.exe" $cmdArgs

A: I solved a similar issue with
Invoke-Expression '&.\myProg.exe `-u:IMP `-p: `-s:"my path with spaces"'

Hope this helps.

A: I ran into a similar issue when trying to use powershell to pass arguments with spaces to an executable. In the end I found that I could get a quoted parameter passed by triple-escaping the closing double quote of the argument when using Invoke-Expression:
iex "&`"C:\Program Files\Vendor\program.exe`" -i -pkg=`"Super Upgrade```" -usr=User -pwd=password2"

What isn't apparent is why I can use a single back-tick character to escape the executable while I have to use 3 back-ticks to finish off a quoted parameter. All I know is that this is the only solution that worked for me.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Georgia Military College hold off the Pioneers
Spartanburg Methodist () 0 0 0
Georgia Military College () 0 1 1
2nd - 47:00 - Charlie Braithwaite (Georgia Military College)
Sh: David Negrin - 4
Sv: Bryan Riofrio - 9
G: Charlie Braithwaite - 1
A: Alfie Madden - 1
Sh: Charlie Braithwaite - 3
Sv: Tim Dolan - 10
The SMC Men's Soccer team falls to 1-2 on the season after a tough loss away in Milledgeville, GA to Georgia Military College. "We played a very good team today but we just could not finish on the day" said Coach Hughes. The Pioneers had many chances throughout the match even a late penalty to take the game into overtime but could not convert. "We had a penalty late in the match but the GMC keeper came up with a big stop, hats off to him as it gave them the win. We played good on the day, sometimes that just how it goes" said Coach Hughes. The Pioneers will look to bounce back quickly as they play USC Sumter on Monday, September 3 at 4pm on the campus of SMC.
Fri, 11/02 | Men's Soccer at Georgia Military College L, 4-0 (Final) BX
Sun, 10/28 | Men's Soccer vs. Louisburg College L, 2-0 (Final) RC | BX
Sat, 10/27 | Men's Soccer vs. Richard Bland College W, 2-1 (Final) RC | BX
Wed, 10/24 | Men's Soccer vs. Cape Fear Community College W, 6-0 (Final) RC | BX
Sun, 10/21 | Men's Soccer at USC Salkehatchie W, 3-0 (Final) BX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Self Description: I think that the best description of one is the people who are around us, if we have values and virtues it is short how little is known about one, since we all have defects although sometimes we do not recognize or at least treat to hide. One of my great values and virtues is humility, sincerity, love, respect, I have flaws and I recognize them to be very organized and a bit of stubbornness, but to have discord and wisdom. Apart from my profession I studied Theology I believe in God I am Catholic given to the church and in the same way I respect other religious beliefs.
Comments: I hope to find not a perfect man but a man with defects and values by which the two together we can have a conviviality to bring the vicissitudes of life in the best way accepting us as we are and under the respect of love a benign love, as says 1 Corinthians.
My additional Photos My additional Photos See My Video Meet Mindy On The Barranquilla Tour Write Me Now! Send flowers Call me Now!


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text:
XVII 2010 https://doi.org./10.12697/issn1406-1082
Mirror of the European Legal Traditions: Latin Terminology in Estonian Law Journals Õigus and Juridica
Merike Ristikivi
This article analyses the usage of Latin legal terms in Estonian legal language, examining it primarily on the basis of the law journals Õigus ('Law', 1920–1940) and Juridica (editions from 1993 to 2008). In the historical and cultural framework, Estonian-language-based jurisprudence and its terms are relatively young phenomena, which for the most part developed at the beginning of the 20th century in connection with the founding of the nation‑state (1918). Estonian-language jurisprudence developed with the establishment of sovereignty and the opening of the University of Tartu in 1919, with Estonian as the language of instruction for the first time in its history. Along with the establishment of national jurisprudence, the development of Estonian legal language was undertaken. In the 1920s, a wide-scale language reform and language planning movement took place in Estonia, bringing about a legal language reform and enrichment of vocabulary, among other things. *1 This was conditioned by the development of society and the ensuing urgent need and desire to develop the everyday language of the peasants into a functioning cultural language. The language reform led by young intellectuals set as its objective that, by becoming European, the nation still remain Estonian. *2 Considering the history of the Estonia of the beginning of the 20th century *3 we realise that the notion of 'European' suggested turning away from the sphere of influence of Imperialist Russia towards Western culture with its historical traditions, which have, among other things, strong ties with the Latin language that has played an important role in development of the terminology.
In fact, two epochs can be identified in the history of Estonian law and legal language, both characterised by the desire to be 'Western' and the conscious attempt to be European. The present article focuses on these two consciously Western-oriented eras: from 1918 to 1940 and from 1991 to the present. The Soviet era, between them, was marked by turning away from the West. This period is excluded from the present study. The periods under observation are interesting primarily because of their cultural-political changes in law and legal language. The first period of independence in Estonia (1918–1940) was an era when sovereignty could be enjoyed for the first time; a parliamentary democracy was established; and the Estonian language began to be used for legal studies, legislation, and practice of law in general. *4 The key elements that characterise this period are drafting of new legislation and development of the Estonian legal language, for until the adoption of new laws, the old laws imposed in tsarist times in the Estonian and Livonian provinces remained in force. Drafting legislation in the native language and preparing lawyers who would have a higher education required a properly functioning systematic legal vocabulary. Hence, the Õigusteaduse sõnastik (Dictionary of Law) *5 was published in 1934 as a result of the work done in the field of Estonian legal terminology, which included also terms in Latin and their Estonian counterparts.
In the time of regained independence (beginning in 1991), the Soviet legal system has been replaced with an orientation toward the Western world. Therefore, also the conceptual systems and languages of influence have changed: the importance of Russian has vanished, and the major languages of influence are now English and German, as a result of European Union legislation and the rulings of the European Court of Justice. Through European law and languages of influence, the usage of Latin terms has increased and for the first time in the history of the Estonian legal language a Latin–Estonian legal dictionary has been compiled. *6
Legal journals as object of study
The research material for the article is the major legal journals published in Estonian in the 20th and 21st centuries. Periodicals have a special role among the media for law and jurisprudence. In comparison with other types of scholarly texts, such as course books, monographs, or dissertations on jurisprudence, as well as legislation and court rulings, the choice of journals for terminological analysis has a clear advantage with respect to the topicality of the subject matter. Formally, periodicals are the most dynamic medium of law, reflecting the daily life of a particular legal culture. *7 Legal journals respond promptly to the changes in legal affairs, and it is here that pieces of new legislation and topical juridical issues are analysed and commented upon. As a result, juridical periodicals can be called 'a medial crossing-point' where jurisprudence, court and administrative practice, regulatory policies, and politics in general meet. *8 In short, this is the everyday life of a particular legal culture. Presenting relevant legal information, a legal journal becomes the memory of the legal culture of a particular age. From the perspective of terminological studies, this enables us to draw conclusions concerning the subject matter and areas that jurists have discussed most in their writing, using Latin terms.
Publication of legal journals in Estonian began in the first decade of the 20th century, in 1909. *9 In total, 16 periodicals have been published over the last hundred years. The 20th century was politically a very controversial time for Estonia, and the need for legal information produced a remarkable number of legal journals. Yet, in terms of substance and volume, all of these journals are very different. Several periodicals were released in only a few single volumes, while others have held considerable influence on jurisprudence and legal competence in Estonia for decades. The latter have been selected as the research material for this article.
The object of study in this article consists of the journals Õigus (as mentioned above, published in 1920–1940), the most influential legal journal prior to World War II (i.e., during the first period of independence in Estonia) and Juridica (issues from 1993 to 2008), the legal journal containing articles written since independence was regained. Õigus was published by the Association of Jurists, in Tartu. The authors and the editorial board included professors at the University of Tartu, judges of the Supreme Court, prominent lawyers, the Chancellor of Justice—the most active and renowned figures in the field of law in Estonia at the beginning of the 20th century. Õigus mostly consists of articles and overviews of the activities of the Supreme Court. In addition, some issues contained reviews of new legal literature published in Estonia as well as in foreign countries, overviews of international congresses and conventions, advertisements, and practical legal information, as well as presentations and speeches for Õigusteadlaste Päev (Jurists' Day). Much space was dedicated to writings about legal matters and legislation in the neighbouring countries as well as other European countries.
Juridica is a periodical issued by the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu, in which the majority of Estonian juridical publications appear. Juridica has a wide circle of authors, thus having become a representative object of linguistic study. Its tenure has seen, besides jurists and lawyers, specialists from other academic fields having had their articles published in it. By 2007 (i.e., in 15 years of publication), the number of authors of pieces in Juridica had increased to 540. *10 The range of topics includes, in addition to public and private law in Estonia, also international law and EU law, as well as legal theory, legal history, and legal philosophy. However, articles written about legal history and Roman law, which on account of their subject matter include numerous Latin terms, are rather scarce. Issues of Juridica tend to be dedicated to specific themes, and frequently summaries of different areas of law are given: the current problems in legislation are discussed, and theoretical and practical commentaries are printed pertaining to the issues that have arisen in the process of implementing legislative acts.
This article focuses on the following questions: how the usage of Latin terms on sentence level in legal texts in Estonian differs in the above-described two eras—prior to World War II, from the example of the journal Õigus, and that of regained independence, on the basis of Juridica. From an intralinguistic viewpoint, the paper explores also the question of the role of Latin terms in legal language—i.e., to what extent, in the context of legal reforms and a new legal environment, Latin terms are, for authors of juridical articles, a means of signifying legal structures, relationships, values, and changes. In carrying out of the present survey, lexical-semantic analysis was used as the main research method, an approach that relies on statistical analysis for the quantitative breakdown of the research material. The method chosen enables researching the developments of legal language. Latin-based terms play a significant role in this. Not only do the quantitative data vary in the usage of Latin terms; also the contextual and semantic parameters differ. The ways in which the dynamics and the qualitative characteristics in the usage of Latin terms are connected with the process in the scholarly discourse in law reflect the development of legal language in general. Latin terms are not only an ornamentation and traditional device in the texts; they play an active role in explaining juridical issues. The sphere of legal language in which Latin terms and expressions are used has its roots in European legal culture.
Statistical data and the dynamics of the usage of terminology
The comparison of the results from the analysis of the journals Õigus and Juridica is justified by the similarity of the cultural-political context: a few years before each of Õigus and Juridica began to be published, Estonia became an independent state, and in both periods there was a conscious attempt of orientation toward Western legal thinking. Both periodicals were the principal means of circulating juridical material in Estonian in their respective periods, and, additionally, the periods of publication of both are comparable: Õigus was published for 21 years, in 1920–1940, while Juridica has been issued since 1993. Accordingly, information regarding 16 years of publication of Juridica is included in this research. The general statistical data concerning the material in the corpus and the terms examined are summarised in Graph 1.
With regard to the breadth of the research material, it must be pointed out that, in total, 176 issues of Õigus were published, in 21 years. In both the first and the last year of the journal's publication, only three issues appeared. From 1921 to 1928, eight issues of Õigus were published per year, on average *11 , and from 1929 onwards, there were as many as 10 issues a year. In all, the research material consists of 624 articles and 7,266 pages. The 16 years of Juridica studied involve 156 issues, 1,332, articles, and 9,545 pages. In the first year, 1993, six issues were printed, but in each subsequent year there were 10 issues published.
Graph 1: General statistical data: the periodicals Õigus and Juridica
In comparison of the two journals, it is noteworthy that, even though throughout the years of its publication Õigus had 20 issues more than Juridica has, the latter has had twice as many articles and about 2,300 more pages. This means that, while 35 articles per year appeared in Õigus, more than twice as many have appeared in Juridica, amounting to approximately 85 articles per year. As both were edited in times marked by influential changes and significant reforms in Estonian legal history, the differences in the scope of the materials cannot be explained by alterations in the legal order and the ensuing need for up-to-date juridical information. Rather, the differences can be explained, on the one hand, by the dissimilarities of the content—in Juridica, the main focus is on analytical articles, with little space being devoted to information about conferences and recent literature. Õigus contained, next to the articles on jurisprudence and commentaries on legislation, also information about legal practice: each issue ended with a summary of the decisions made by the Supreme Court (Riigikohus). Once a year, a statistical review of the activities of different court instances in various towns in Estonia was printed (listing the number of cases heard, the number of cases settled, and the number of pending cases). In addition, some issues included summaries of the activities of Parliament (Riigikogu), overviews of new literature on law in Estonia as well as abroad, reviews of international congresses and conventions, and summaries of the presentations of the speakers at the Õigusteadlaste Päev conferences. *12
On the other hand, the average number of articles in Juridica is greater because the pieces of writing printed in it are more exhaustive. In the earlier years of publication, the articles were relatively short, at only 2–3 pages, on average, and only a few more than a hundred articles were published in a year. The greatest qualitative change in this respect occurred in 2000, when the periodical had 687 pages all told and the number of articles decreased to 74, making the average length about nine pages. *13 In the last five years, 2004–2008, the same volume-to-article-number ratio has been maintained—i.e., about 70 articles for every 734 pages published in a year, with the average length about 10 pages. Hence, the articles have become longer and more comprehensive over the years, and the brief reviews and commentaries of the early years have been replaced with more extensive and detailed analyses.
Comparison of the frequency of Latin terms in the two journals reveals that in Õigus Latin terms were used 5,791 times, with 32 Latin expressions per issue and nine Latin terms per article, on average. If we divide the number of pages by the number of terms, we can see that, on average, 0.8 expressions per page were used; i.e., the Latin language appears on almost every single page of Õigus. In Juridica, the number of Latin terms in the 16 years of publication is 5,590. In comparison with Õigus, there is a greater number of terms per issue—on average, 35 terms. However, calculating the frequency of occurrence per article and per page, we find that in comparison with Õigus, in Juridica only half as many Latin terms are used—four expressions per article and 0.5 per page; i.e., the Latin language appears on every second page of Juridica, on average.
The dynamics of the occurrence of Latin terms over the years (as shown in Graph 2) reveal that in the years of its publication, Õigus enjoyed a steady growth in the usage of Latin terminology. The graph shows us the average frequency by five-year period. The number of Latin terms used, around 60 terms per year in the initial years of publication, steadily rose to 300 and even more in later years, finally totalling 500.
Graph 2: Dynamics of terminology usage: the periodicals Õigus and Juridica
In Juridica, Latin terms have been used more frequently from the very beginning of the publication of the journal, at 200 instances per year, on average. In the middle years of publication, this number is ca 350, and in recent years the trend has continued, with a total of 464 Latin terms per year in 2003–2007. The average for 2008—at 434 instances of usage—indicates that the trend is continuing.
In both Õigus and Juridica, the dynamics of the usage of terminology reflect the situation of the Estonian legal order and its changes during the years of publication of the periodicals. Õigus appeared when legal science in the Estonian language was being established. A major task faced by the new legal culture was to draft new laws and develop terminology in the native language. The widespread usage of Latin terms in the writings of the jurists of the time did not reduce the importance of the efforts to introduce and popularise legal terminology in the native language, though. On the contrary, Latin terms supplemented and specified the new vocabulary and served as an intermediary when the German and the Russian legal language employed earlier were replaced by the Estonian legal language. Making use of the Latin terms that the jurists were already familiar with alongside the new Estonian terms made it easier to understand and explain the latter.
The use of Latin terms in Õigus was conditioned directly by the existing laws . Until the adoption of the new laws, the old ones remained in force, having been imposed in the Estonian and Livonian provinces during the tsarist regime. One example is the Baltic Private Law Act *14 , which relied heavily on Roman law *15 and contained a large number of Latin terms. The Baltic Private Law Act, the basis for the new Estonian Civil Code, which was then being drafted, remained in force until the Soviet occupation in 1940 and formed one of the central elements in the juridical discourse. *16 The usage of Latin terms in the middle and at the end of the 1930s was influenced in an upward direction by the drafts of the new Civil Code prepared in those years, which naturally led to corresponding scholarly discussions. *17 Thus, Latin terms had an intermediary role not only in the process of developing a new legal language but also in preparation and, above all, in expounding on new regulatory policies.
The substantial changes in the development of the law in Estonia have also had an effect on the usage of terminology in Juridica . After the Republic of Estonia regained independence in 1991, a radical legal reform followed, which can be characterised in brief as abandoning the former Soviet law and becoming part of the Western legal environment, which largely depends on the Latin language. In this era, also the accession of the Republic of Estonia to the European Union took place (on 1 May 2004). This, in turn, has brought about the application of European law and the rulings of the European Court of Justice within the context of the laws of the Estonian state. The integration into international trade and cross‑border transactions additionally entails growing import of private international law.
The legal reform in Estonia has been accompanied by changes in the usage of terms by Estonian lawyers. In the periodical Juridica, the integration of the Estonian legal language into European legal culture is reflected by a relatively strong increase in the usage of terms in Latin, both in the sense of the general occurrence of terms and with regard to the adoption of numerous new Latin terms. The data on the dynamics of terminology usage in Õigus and Juridica show that in both journals there has been a steady increase in the usage of Latin terms over the years. The conscious desire to be European is mirrored in the language usage of the authors who are jurists, as well as in their vocabulary, which traditionally has relied heavily on the Latin language.
Terminological variety and Latin terms in context
In addition to the quantitative analysis of Latin terms, also a qualitative study of this material has been carried out, with a view to detecting terminological variety. Qualitative analysis makes it possible to compare and draw conclusions about the linguistic diversity employed by the jurists of the periods under observation: how many different terms are known and used in professional writing, which terms are the most numerous, and what major terminological changes have occurred. Table 1 summarises the years of publication of the journals studied, the total number of Latin terms, and the number of distinct terms.
Table 1: The total number of Latin terms and the number of different terms
Latin terms, in total
Different terms
The results reveal that the number of different terms in Latin is greater in Õigus—while the total number of terms is 5,791, the number of individual terms used is 1,342. Dividing the total number of terms by the number of different terms, we see that each term is found slightly more than four times per article, on average. In Juridica, the total number of terms used in the 16 years of publication is also huge—5,590 instances of occurrence of Latin phrases in all. If this frequency of usage continues, it is likely that in the next five years this number will exceed the total number of Latin terms found in Õigus. Simultaneously, the number of different terms in Juridica, at 807, is about a third smaller than that for Õigus, and calculations show that a given term occurs approximately seven times per article, on average. It must be noted, though, that the great number of different terms in both Õigus and Juridica is accounted for by a considerable variety of Latin expressions. This indicates that the authors of pieces in Õigus and Juridica have not limited themselves to merely a few practical legal terms. The willingness and readiness to rely in their work on vocabulary derived from Latin were remarkable in the periods studied.
The majority of terms in both periodicals have been used just once. About half of the terms in Juridica have been used at least twice, whereas in Õigus about a third of all terms are used twice. Terms that occur five times or more are even less commonplace: only 12 to 15 per cent of all terms found in the journal Õigus. In Juridica, this figure is bigger: nearly 21 per cent of terms have been used five or more times. Considering the length of the period studied, we may infer from the results that the vocabulary used in the articles does not abound in repetition of the same terms and for the most part the authors have resorted to expressions not found in the texts by the other authors. In contrast, the terms that do recur throughout the articles become all the more prominent. Table 2 introduces the Latin terms employed most frequently in the periodicals. The 10 most common terms are given with the number of occurrences in brackets.
Table 2: The most frequent Latin terms
Journal No.
laesio enormis (197 times)
versus (478 times)
expressis verbis (118)
corpus iuris (248)
ex officio (72)
de lege ferenda (47)
op. cit. (opus citatum / opere citato) (156)
contra legem (35)
lex mercatoria (145)
ipso iure (34)
ius cogens (144)
detentor (32)
de lege ferenda (143)
detentio (31)
culpa in contrahendo (83)
in solidum (30)
ad hoc (78)
praeter legem (27)
de facto (71)
Table 2 shows the great variety of terms being used recurrently in the periodicals examined. Juxtaposing the results of the study, we realise that the term that occurs most commonly is de lege ferenda (meaning 'desirable to establish according to the law'). This term is used in discussions about laws that are being drafted as opposed to the legislation in force (lex lata). In fact, it is to be expected that such a term should be found so often in legal journals, as these constitute a forum for debates on current legislation and the laws being drafted. Both in Õigus and in Juridica, the term expressis verbis (explicitly) occurs frequently. This term semantically belongs to the general vocabulary of law and can be found equally in articles discussing all areas of law. In Juridica,the most frequently used term is versus, which is typically used to distinguish between the opposing parties in court cases.
The terms from professional vocabulary are among the 10 most common terms characteristically used in discussions about particular areas of law. These include the concepts of laesio enormis (gross disparity), detentor (detainer), detentio (detention), in solidum (for the whole), and culpa in contrahendo (pre-contractual liability) in the context of civil law, or, in the context of international law and international private law, ius cogens (peremptory norm) and lex mercatoria ((international) commercial law). Among the top 10 terms in Õigus and Juridica, there are also terms that do not belong to any particular field and that are used in the context of different topics; these concepts include corpus iuris (body of law), ex officio (by virtue of office or position), contra legem (contrary to the law), praeter legem (beyond the law), ipso iure (by the law itself), and ad hoc (that is, 'for this' or 'for this special purpose'). The abbreviation op. cit.,standing for opus citatum or opere citato (meaning 'the quoted book' or 'in the quoted book'), frequently used in Juridica, is fairly commonplace in scholarly writings for referring the reader to an earlier citation.
Functional usage of Latin terms
Analysing the research material from the standpoint of the meaning and function of the terms, we realise that professional juridical vocabulary is the most prominent. This category comprises the terms that, as normative arguments, precisely and fully convey the concepts they express; i.e., they carry specific juridical information. *18
A common feature in the periodicals examined is that the more frequently a term occurs, the broader the scope of topics it is used to discuss. For instance, the ideas of de lege ferenda (desirable to establish according to the law), de lege lata (according to the law in force), contra legem (contrary to the law), praeter legem (beyond the law), intra legem (within the law), causa (cause), ex lege (from the law), sine lege (without a law), ipso iure (by the law itself), conditio (condition), and lex specialis (special statute) cannot be identified as topic‑specific. Such terms, applied in various areas of law, constitute basic juridical terminology and are part of the vocabulary of all lawyers.
It also appears that the less frequently a term occurs, the more specific it is and the more likely it is to be related to a specific area of law. For example, in Õigus, the term mare clausum (closed sea), used once, denotes in international law a sea under the jurisdiction of a particular country and not open to other nations *19 ; in Juridica, the expression lex superior derogat legi inferiori (superior law overrules inferior law) denotes the primacy of the Constitution in the hierarchy of legislation.
The greatest number of specific legal terms can be detected in articles about civil law, whose vocabulary is derived from Roman law. Field-specific legal terms can also be found in articles that discuss penal law, legal theory, and the philosophy of law. The terms in these areas originate from the sources compiled in modern times and the Middle Ages, rather than in antiquity. Typically, such terms are lengthy expressions, often consisting of more than one sentence. There is a clear link with the topic: the more general the issues the article discusses and the greater the number of lawyers and jurists dealing with these issues in practice, the more frequently the well-known terms are used. The opposite is true also: the more specific the content of the article, the more numerous are the foreign terms applied in that particular area only.
The frequent use of professional vocabulary in Latin in the articles about international law and EU law attests to the practical value of Latin terms in international exchange of information and multi-language communication. Using specific legal terms and even coining new terms in Latin in these areas is justified and indeed expected. In the context of the above‑mentioned specialities, legislative drafting and legal practice operate across the boundaries of national languages, and foreign language units that can be considered neutral as to style and connotation enable us to ensure that the text is understood in the same way by everyone involved in the discourse. *20 Hence, Latin terms are universal aids in international legal relationships and facilitate communication between other languages.
Historical conditions and changes in the usage of Latin terms
Both journals examined for the purposes of this article were published in periods marked by profound political changes and the ensuing reforms in the Estonian legal order. Legal reforms have also influenced the usage of Latin terminology. While Õigus was being published, the most extensive changes in the usage of terminology concerned the development of Estonian legal language and drafting of legislation in Estonian, with Latin having a specific function. Latin terms played an intermediary role in the communication between Estonian and two foreign languages (German and Russian) and provided the required specificity of concepts. From the very first issue up to 1922, lists of terms appear in Õigus, providing Estonian translations of the previously used Russian and German terms. In order to allow determining the semantic accuracy and meaning of the new words, also Latin versions were given in addition to Russian and German translations. The new Civil Code was being drafted throughout the inter-war period, and this topic was constantly under discussion on the pages of Õigus. Thus, the usage of language by the lawyers of that time was noticeably affected by the abundance of Latin terms occurring in the previous legislation, the Baltic Private Law Act. The topics written about in Õigus that required particularly frequent use of Latin included land ownership and the right of succession, which needed to be analysed in detail in the context of the new legal situation. *21
Subsequently, the usage of Latin terms was a reflection of the development of the contemporary legal order and accompanied it. However, when the legal situation changes, linguistic needs change too and terminology is adjusted. Accordingly, the recent reorganisation of the legal system has changed the vocabulary of the lawyers active at present and we detect in the pieces of writing in Juridica only a few Latin expressions commonly found in Õigus in articles about the right of succession, such as hereditas iacens (resting inheritance), which denotes succession that has been opened where the inheritance has not been transferred to heirs. Also the ideas of beneficium inventarii (benefit of inventory), beneficium separationis (the right to have the goods of an heir separated from those of the testator in favour of creditors), successio singularis (singular succession), and successio universalis (universal succession) have been expressed in Latin once each in Juridica in an article about the draft Law of Succession Act. These are now both well-known institutes, as they were in the earlier period, so these Latin terms are part of the active vocabulary today.
By contrast, all of the important terms used in Õigus in writings about relations regarding land and ownership relations have failed to find their way into the vocabulary of today's jurists. Examples of these concepts are dominium directum (referring to strict ownership, or the right of a landlord), dominium utile (ownership of the soil itself, or the right of a tenant), dominus directus (direct owner), dominus utilis (tenant or person who uses the property), and emphyteusis (denoting a contract by which a landed estate was leased to a tenant, either in perpetuity or for a long term, of many years, upon the reservation of annual rent and upon the condition that the tenant improve the property, by building, cultivating, or otherwise, and with a right vested in the tenant to alienate the estate or pass it to his heirs). Such disappearance is not surprising, since the laws concerning ownership of land have changed completely. The divided property principle, created in the Middle Ages and discarded in the process of development of modern private law, was adhered to in Estonia between the World Wars. *22 It was conditioned, on the one hand, by the existing legislation pertaining to private law inherited from the Russian tsarist regime. *23 At the same time, it was used to solve the regulatory problems that came with the new social reforms. *24 In Juridica, these terms do not occur because in the new legal environment there is no practical need for such terms. The divided property principle could be found in the Baltic Private Law Act, but current private law in Estonia recognises undivided or absolute property.
The periodical Juridica has been issued on a regular basis after the Republic of Estonia's accession to the European Union in 2004 . The harmonisation of local legislation with EU law and the European Court of Justice rulings has introduced the terminology used in the EU, resulting in the appearance of quite a few new Latin terms in the articles in Juridica. However, it is important to note that the qualitative change in usage of Latin terms did not occur only after Estonia became a member of the EU. The most significant changes in terminology started years earlier when the readiness to try to again become part of the European legal environment surfaced. *25 Thus, the rearrangements in the Estonian legal system have caused Estonian lawyers to include in their usage of legal language those Latin terms that have become rooted in the legal tradition of Europe.
Through the decisions of the European Court of Justice, such concepts as fumus boni iuris and fumus non mali iuris were adopted in Latin in 2007. Word-for-word translations of the terms would be 'an air of good law' and 'an air of the not-bad law'. In the European Court of Justice, these terms are used in application of interim measures, and in that context fumus boni iuris has the meaning 'probability of the alleged claim' *26 —i.e., a strong presumption that the action is well founded or that it should at least be prima facie clearly well founded. *27 Fumus boni iuris can be altered into the weaker requirement fumus non mali iuris; i.e., the applicant is under the latter not required to demonstrate that the allegations in the main action are prima facie well founded but merely must show that the case is not obviously unfounded. *28 These are strictly professional terms whose direct meaning does not seem closely related to the concepts the words denote, and because they have limited application, they are not very common in legal texts yet. Therefore, before these become firmly rooted in our legal language, it would be practical to add translations or clarifying comments to them.
The term fumus boni iuris is also a good example of the spread of Latin legal terms in the European legal environment. A decade ago, when legal language was discussed, the prevailing view was that Europe's legal systems have developed in too different directions for detection of any common vocabulary and that Latin's role as a lingua franca in Europe is an illusion. *29 This standpoint was exemplified by pointing out that the term fumus boni iuris is found in the writings of Italian lawyers but not in other legal orders. Nonetheless, the materials included in the current research indicate that now this term has entered the professional literature in Estonia as well as other countries through the decisions of the European Court of Justice. Thus it can be inferred that in the past 10 years Latin terminology has acquired greater significance and is the connecting link between the legal languages in Europe.
The rulings of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights have altered the usage of the term versus in the Estonian legal language. Earlier, the term was relatively rare in the articles in Juridica and was primarily used for juxtaposition of two situations or circumstances: 'the meaning of law versus provision of law', 'personal interest versus public interest', 'minor infringements versus serious violations', 'guilt versus harmfulness', etc. In recent years, this term has become noticeably more frequent. It mostly occurs in the abbreviated form ver., vs., or v., referring to particular European court judgements, and denoting the parties to a court case (e.g. 'X vs.Y').
However, not all new terms appearing in Juridica lately are part of the terminology needed for discussing the topics related to the European Union. In 2008, speculum practici (mirror of practice) was referred to for the first time to name a new column in Juridica, in which commentaries mainly on the practice of the Supreme Court are presented. The word speculum (mirror) is a reference to a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages when the so-called Mirror of Wisdom, Mirror of Morality, and Mirror of Law were compiled. *30 In legal history, the best-known mirror is 'Sachsenspiegel' (The Saxon Mirror), compiled by Eike von Repgow in the 13th century, on which was modelled also the 14th-century Law Mirror of Livonia. *31
In 2006, an article was printed in Juridica about the scholarly traditions of Roman law *32 , which added to the corpus several terms originating from Roman law. Among the concepts expressed in these are accessio (increase), acquisitiones naturales (natural acquisitions), acquisitiones originariae (original acquisitions), animus rem sibi habendi (intention to keep the thing in one's possession), nova species (new species, or a new shape or form given to materials), res nullius (property of nobody), and usus modernus pandectarum (new use of the Pandects). The article focuses on the institute of specificatio (specification)—i.e., giving of form to materials—and describes the basic features of the scientific methods of two different legal scholarly traditions: usus modernus pandectarum and the historical school, which came after it.
Thus, not only modern law and EU vocabulary are represented in the usage of terminology in Juridica as a result of socio-political changes. New terms derived from Latin have been appropriated in the articles in Juridica also through work with materials considering legal history. As we can see in the speculum practici example, the term from the Middle Ages has found new application, establishing a link with the historical tradition.
The analysis of the Latin vocabulary detected in the research material established that during the years of publishing of Õigus and Juridica—i.e., in the two periods of independence in Estonia, Latin terms have been used widely. In both periods, the Estonian legal order underwent reform, and in drafting of new legislation, European legal culture, which had developed on the basis of the Latin language, was looked upon as a good model. The total number of Latin terms used is great in those two periods, and also the number of different terms is significant.
The results of the research allow us to infer that language usage keeps up with the developments in society. When the legal environment changes, language usage in legal texts changes, too. The terminology used in Õigus was directly related to the regulations dating back to the tsarist period, resulting in the appearance of terms used in the Middle Ages and pertaining to the divided property institute as in effect in Estonia then. Such an institute is absent in modern law, so these terms are unnecessary from a practical point of view and do not occur in the articles of the later publications. Today's language is to a large extent influenced by the terms adopted through European law and the rulings of the European Court of Justice.
*This article was published with support from ESF Grant No. 7923.
*1About the development of the Estonian legal language during the first half of the 20th century, see A. Vettik, R. Kull. Tagasivaade eesti õigussõnavara kujunemisloole (1920–1940) (Review of the Development of Estonian Legal Terminology (1920–1940)). Tallinn: Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia Emakeele Selts 2002 (in Estonian). In more detail about language planning in Estonia at the beginning of the 20th century see T. Erelt. Eesti keelekorraldus (Estonian Language Organisation). Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus 2002, pp. 46–122 (in Estonian).
*2 More about Noor-Eesti, the society of young Estonian intellectuals at the beginning of the 20th century and the language reform, see N. Andresen. Noor-Eesti ja keeleuuendus (Noor-Eesti and Language Innovation). – Looming 1970/9, pp. 1421–1429 (in Estonian).
*3 Concisely but in detail about the history of Estonia and other Baltic states during that period see Z. Kiaupa, A. Mäesalu, A. Pajur, G. Straube. The History of the Baltic Countries. 3rd, revised ed. Tallinn: Avita 2002, in particular the chapter The Baltic States 1914–1939, pp. 129–164.
*4 In more detail about the development of Estonian legal order, see T. Anepaio. Die rechtliche Entwicklung der baltischen Staaten 1918–1940. – Modernisierung durch Transfer zwischen den Weltkriegen. T. Giaro (Hrsg.). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann 2007, pp. 7–30; M. Luts-Sootak. Estland. – Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte. Lfg. 6. (Eid-Familienfideikommiss). 2. Aufl. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 2007, p. 1430; P. Järvelaid. The Development of the Estonian Legal System. – Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht 2000 (8), pp. 873–877.
*5 Compiled by F. Karlson, J. V. Veski, ed. E. Ilus. Tartu: Akadeemiline Kooperatiiv 1934.
*6 K. Adomeit, M. Ristikivi, H. Siimets-Gross. Ladina-eesti õigussõnastik (Latin–Estonian Dictionary of Law). Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus 2005 (in Estonian).
*7 About legal journalism in Europe in the 18th–20th centuries, see M. Stolleis. Juristische Zeitschriften – die neuen Medien des 18.–20. Jahrhunderts. – Juristische Zeitschriften. Die neuen Medien des 18.–20. Jahrhunderts. Ius Commune Sonderhefte, Studien zur Europäischen Rechtsgeschichte, 128. M. Stolleis (Hrsg.). Frankfurt a.M.: Klostermann 1999, pp. XII–XIV.
*8 Ibid., p. XII.
*9 About publication of juridical periodicals in the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, see M. Luts. Die juristischen Zeitschriften der baltischen Ostseeprovinzen Russlands im 19. Jahrhundert: Medien der Verwissenschaftlichung der lokalen deutschen Partikularrechte. – Juristische Zeitschriften in Europa. M. Stolleis, T. Simon ( Hrsg. ). Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann 2006, pp. 67–116.
*10 P. Pruks. Juridica 150 numbrit ja 15 aastat – kuidas edasi? (150 Issues of Juridica and 15 Years—What Next?) – Juridica 2008/4, p. 263 (in Estonian).
*11 In 1921 and 1928, several issues appeared as voluminous and thematically compiled editions containing for instance the presentations made at the conferences of the Association of Legal Scientists.
*12 M. Ristikivi. Latin Terms in Estonian Legal Journalism in the Interwar Period: Practical Tools for a Young Legal Culture. – Juridica International 2009 (16), p. 234.
*13 M. Ristikivi. Lexica iuridica in Juridica: Latin Terms as a Reflection of Europanisation of Estonian Legal Culture. – Juridica International 2007 (12), p. 174.
*14 Provincialrecht der Ostseegouvernements. Dritter Theil. Privatrecht. Liv-, Est- und Curlaendisches Privatrecht. Zusammengestellt auf Befehl des Herrn und Kaisers Alexander II. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Zweiten Abtheilung Seiner Kaiserlichen Majestät Eigener Kanzlei 1864. The original version of the code was prepared in German, the Russian version was also compiled and published immediately: Svod mestnyh uzakonenij gubernij ostzejskih. Cast' tretja. Zakony grazdanskie. St. Petersburg 1864. About the different redactions of the Baltic Private Law Act, see T. Anepaio. Tuntud tundmatu seadustik. Baltieraseaduse väljaanded (Renowned Unknown Code. Issues of Baltic Private Law). – Õpetatud Eesti Seltsi Aastaraamat 1994–1999 (in Estonian). Tartu: Õpetatud Eesti Selts 2002, pp. 302–324. About compiling the Baltic Private Law Act and its importance, see M. Luts. Private Law of the Baltic Provinces as a Patriotic Act. – Juridica International 2000 (5), pp. 157–167; B. Dölemeyer. Das Privatrecht Liv-, Est- und Kurlands von 1864. – Handbuch der Quellen und Literatur der neueren europäischen Privatrechtsgeschichte. H. Coing (Hrsg.). Bd. 3. Teilbd. 2. München: Beck 1982, pp. 2076–2090.
*15 About the role of Roman law in the Baltic Private Law Act, see H. Siimets-Gross. Roman Law in the Baltic Private Law Act—the Triumph of Roman Law in the Baltic Sea Provinces? – Juridica International 2007 (12), pp. 180–189.
*16 The influence of the Baltic Private Law Act goes back further in time: for instance, in regulation of types of servitudes it was transmitted into the 1993 Law of Property Act through the 1940 draft Civil Code Act. More about that, see M. Luts. Textbook of Pandects or New Style of Legislation in Estonia. – Juridica International 2001 (6), pp. 152–158. In 2003, the corresponding sections in the Law of Property Act were repealed, see Asjaõigusseaduse, kinnistusraamatuseaduse ja nendega seonduvate seaduste muutmise seadus (Act to Amend Law of Property Act, Land Register Act and Related Acts). – RT I 2003, 13, 64 (in Estonian).
*17 In 1935 (No. 6) and 1936 (No. 7), special issues of Õigus were published, introducing the drafts of the Civil Code and its differences in comparison with the Baltic Private Law Act.
*18 E. A. Kramer. Lateinische Parömien zur Methode der Rechtsanwendung. – Steuerrecht. Ausgewählte Probleme am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Ernst Höhn. Bern: Verlag Paul Haupt 1995, p. 142.
*19 The term mare clausum has been taken from John Selden's 1635 book by the same title, written as a response to Hugo Grotius's 1609 work entitled "Mare liberum" which dealt with the principle of the freedom of the seas. More about this, see W. S. M. Knight. The Life and Works of Hugo Grotius. London: Sweet & Maxwell 1925, pp. 110–112.
*20 Naturally, even Latin legal terms cannot avoid polysemy completely. In different legal systems, or in the course of centuries, several terms have acquired new meanings which express similar as well as not so closely related notions. However, polysemous terms are not particularly numerous and they are not considered a difficulty in professional usage. More about this, see H. E. S. Mattila. De aequalitate Latinitatis jurisperitorum. – Revue internationale de droit compare 2002/3, pp. 717–758; M. Ristikivi. Ladina keelest pärit terminite polüseemia ja sünonüümia eesti õiguskeeles (Polysemy and Synonymy of Latin Terms in Estonian Legal Language). – Eesti Rakenduslingvistika Ühingu aastaraamat 3. Estonian Papers in Applied Linguistics 3. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus 2007, pp. 253–267 (in Estonian).
*21 In more detail about the usage of Latin terms in the context of the right of succession and ownership of land, see M. Ristikivi (Note 12), pp. 237–239.
*22 More detailed contemporary studies about the obrok in Õigus, see J. Tjutrjumov. Pärilikust obroki õigusest Balti õiguse järele (On the Hereditary Right of Obrok for Baltic Law). – Õigus 1929/7, pp. 209–216 (in Estonian); T. Grünthal. Otsese omaniku õigustest kruntrendile (obrokile) antud kinnisvara suhtes (On the Rights of the Direct Owner on Real Property Given in Obrok. – Õigus 1931/8, pp. 358–364 (in Estonian).
*23 Definition and general regulation of the divided property in the Baltic Private Law Act, see Provincialrecht der Ostseegouvernements. Dritter Theil. Privatrecht. Liv-, Est- und Curlaendisches Privatrecht. Zusammengestellt auf Befehl des Herrn und Kaisers Alexander II. St. Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der Zweiten Abtheilung Seiner Kaiserlichen Majestät Eigener Kanzlei 1864, Art. 942–952; about obrok see Art. 1324–1334.
*24 About the Land Reform, see A. Weller. The agrarian reform in Esthonia from the legal point of view. Berlin: Baltischer Verlag und Ostbuchhandlung 1922.
*25 M. Ristikivi (Note 13), pp. 175–176.
*26 W. A. Kennett. Enforcement of judgements in Europe. Oxford University Press 2000, p. 160.
*27 D. Sinaniotis. Interim Protection before the European and National Courts. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International 2006, p. 23; also W. Frenz. Handbuch Europarecht. Band 3: Beihilfe- und Vergaberecht. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2007, p. 507.
*28 K. Lenaerts, D. Arts. Procedural Law of the European Union. London: Sweet and Maxwell 1999, p. 300.
*29 P. Berteloot. Der Rahmen juristischer Übersetzungen. – Recht und Übersetzen. G. R. de Groot, R. Schulze (Hrsg.). Baden-Baden: Nomos 1999, p. 101.
*30 More about on the way Roman and medieval authors used the mirror as both instrument and metaphor, see E. P. Nolan. Now through a glass darkly: specular images of being and knowing from Virgil to Chaucer. Michigan: University of Michigan Press 1990, pp. 290–291.
*31 J. Sootak. Uus rubriik – Speculum practici (New Heading—Speculum practici). – Juridica 2008/8, pp. 127–128 (in Estonian).
*32 H. Siimets-Gross. Rooma õiguse uurimistraditsioon Tartu Ülikoolis 19. sajandi keskel (Research Tradition of Roman Law in the University of Tartu in the Middle of the 19th Century). – Juridica 2006/10, pp. 720–729 (in Estonian).


text:
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Pasionaye Nguyen is famous for being the mother of rapper Michael Ray Nguyen-Stevenson and he is best known as Tyga. She belongs to an Afro-Asian background of Vietnamese.
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Is Pasionaye Nguyen still single or Dating someone?
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Moving towards Pasionaye's marriage relationship, her husband is of Afro-Jamaican descent. In the late 1980's, Pasionaye and Stevenson (the first name is unknown) were living in the city of Compton, California.
At the age of 16, on 19th November 1986, she gave birth to her son Micheal Ray Stevenson (Tyga) in Compton, California.
Pasionaye raised her son, Michael, in Compton until he was 11-12 and late on they shifted to Gardena, California.
According to some sources, her husband had a bad reputation. He had multiple charges including possession and gun and often abused her. She couldn't do much about it and later they separated.
The problem is women think he will change, he won't. And men make the mistake of thinking she will never leave, she will.
And here's in this family, the matter is same as mentioned in the above quote. And she is really enjoying her single life. We hope that his son will take care of her very well.
Kylie is now pregnant with her current boyfriend and Tyga is busy focusing on his career. We hope, he will soon find his life partner.


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The third day after he had been captured, Argus was working with several of the soldiers again, this time teaching techniques in facing multiple attackers. He was always aware of everything around him, even those at the periphery of his perceptions. The rebel leader always paid special attention when Tain and the two corporals went to the communications post for their daily report and orders.
He instantly knew something was different today; he could tell from the tension in their bodies and the way Tain was speaking to whoever was on the vidscreen. After the report had been given and orders issued, Tain and the two corporals stood looking at each other for a few moments. Tain shook his head; one of the others must have asked him a question. They began to make their way over to where Argus was training. There was a resoluteness in their stride and an air about them which Argus instantly recognized.
That part of him which was still very much the soldier, instantly took over.
In a split second, he had assessed his situation. One of his knife opponents was directly in front of him, trying to get past his guard. One was to his left, one to the right.
The man in front lunged. Obviously he had learned nothing. Argus rotated his body, allowing the man to continue past him and swept the man's leg causing him to fall. Before the man hit the ground, he was already dead by a quick strike to the neck with Argus's blade; Argus had also appropriated his knife. It had been so quick, that no one saw it.
By now Tain and the two corporals were at the edge of the circle of bystanders, their hands already at their holsters. Two knives flew at them with blinding speed, burying themselves into vulnerable throats.
Three dead in the space of a few seconds.
This was why it had been a big mistake not keeping Argus tied to a tree.
By now, everyone realized something was wrong. It was not the fact that three men now lay dead. It was the look on Argus's face. It was the calm face of death.
There was a flurry of rushed activity as everyone grabbed for their guns. Argus's remaining knife opponents rushed at him together with their blades; which was very silly of them. They died and Argus now held their blades as well.
Thought became action as Argus gave them all a clinic in positional fighting, which was like a fighter's version of speed chess. Argus was very good at chess.
They all tried to shoot at someone who would not stay still and only ended up killing each other. None of them believed anyone could move so quickly. For most, that was the last thought they had.
He had the fluidity and grace of an acrobat. They could see him move, but it made no difference. They all still ended up dead.
If the old sergeant had not been among the first to die, they may have stood a chance. All they had to do was stay calm and not panic.
They were all very calm now.
Out of habit, Argus picked up a discarded cloth and wiped his blade clean. He stared at it for a few seconds, as if it was an alien object; then the knife dropped from fingers which could no longer hold the weapon. He collapsed to his knees, his body bent in anguish; the lifeless bodies of the ten men he had just slain still bleeding around him.
Am I still nothing but a cold-blooded killer? Even after all this time?
At that moment, he hated himself more than he ever had before and cursed all the gods who demanded that soldiers kill each other.
Several days later when there was no longer any pain from Avon's back, Servalan finally indulged her desires.
Afterwards as she slept, Avon lay staring at the ceiling. He sighed. She had forgotten to give him the sedatives again and the bio-injector was coded. He sat up slowly, trying not to wake her. As he contemplated the sleeping woman, he was aware of his own hatred and desire for her, and something which he could not quite place, but which made him uneasy. That night at the height of their passion, she had cried out his name. She had never done that before.
He had accepted her help, although the first few days, he had bristled at her attentiveness; which was not that different from her control.
For three days she had been helpful; more than helpful. She was gentle and considerate; which made him want to scream. As long as he cooperated, she was pleasant and had a sly sense of humour. At times the feeling that she was toying with him was very strong. She enjoyed that, keeping him off-balance; she loved the power.
Sometimes, he could almost forget that he was her captive and that she had taken everything away from him.
They interacted and they developed an ease with each other. He rarely experienced this luxury, not since the days with Anna. Even on the Liberator and the Scorpio, he had never been at ease. Days on board the ships had been full of tension and danger; and people who used him or needed his abilities.
He knew it was only an illusion, these last few days of peace. He had allowed himself to be fooled, because he needed it. He had always been sure of his own strength of will and superior intelligence, but the last couple of months with his two deadliest foes had shaken his confidence. They had taken everything from him and allowed him to play a game where they set all the rules and controlled all the pieces. They had played him like a puppet, and he had not realized it until the very end.
You may have won Servalan but leaving me alive is a mistake which I will make you regret.
For now he would play her game and he would play his part. He had the benefit of time. All human beings are fallible; that was the one constant of the universe. Unlike the mistake he had made before, he would no longer rely on outside forces to rescue him. He would get himself out of this mess and if that meant cooperating with his deadliest enemy, he would.
He got up slowly in order not to disturb her sleep. Pulling on his pants, he crossed over to the bay window; there was a half moon rising in the sky, beyond the barrier of the dome. Faint lights illuminated the extensive Residence gardens.
As he contemplated the view, he was aware that something had changed in the past three days. He had recovered a part of himself. The deadness inside him was receding.
"Do you want to take a walk outside?" At her unexpected voice behind him, Avon turned around.
Servalan had gotten up and was walking towards him, she had pulled on a robe.
Avon looked out the window again. "You like playing games, don't you."
"After three days and you still don't trust me."
"Should I?" he asked cynically.
"No, you shouldn't," she said smiling. This was the Avon she remembered; the hard, sarcastic edge, the cold and calculating mind. He was starting to plan again. She was glad.
The game could continue, but not yet; it could wait until the morning.
"I'm serious, I feel like a stroll around the gardens and you've never seen them."
"You usually keep me busy."
She grinned. "That I do." She put her arms around him and rested her head against his back, she felt him tense and then deliberately relax.
"I'll have to put the chains on you again."
She let go of him and retrieved the manacles from the cabinet where they had lain for three days.
He could hear the clink of the chains as she came up behind him.
"Put your hands behind you," she instructed him.
He hesitated, even at the Centre they had rarely found it necessary to restrain his hands behind him except when he was being tortured. "Even with the agreements and all of your security systems, you still don't trust me not to escape?"
"Should I?" she asked, echoing his earlier response.
He laughed and put his hands behind him as requested.
She snapped the bracelets to his wrists.
He felt a pressure against his neck and before he had time to react, the familiar hiss of an injection. He immediately felt dizzy. "What?" he started to ask then all energy drained out of him, his muscles felt like water. He nearly collapsed from weakness, but she had put her arms around him again to keep him from falling.
"Just relax. You know it's worse if you fight it. Give your body time to adjust," she told him as she held him still.
He rested his forehead against the glass as the dizziness passed; the feeling of weakness remained. He recognized it, it was a stronger variant of the drug they gave him to keep him physically weakened.
"I had to use a much stronger dose," she told him.
"You really don't trust me, do you?"
"I've let you recover too much, in this room it is fine but I can't allow you that outside. It was either that or let the guards work you over."
"Though I must admit, having you stronger made a big difference in bed," she teased him. "How do you feel now?"
"You mean apart from wanting to strangle you?"
She smiled. "I'll take that to mean you're feeling better. Here lean against me."
They made their way slowly to the lift. Avon felt like his legs could barely support his weight. By the time they made their way outside, his body had adjusted to the weakness and he could walk unaided albeit slowly.
Out in the gardens, they walked in silence across the grass. The air was clear and filled with the fragrant scent of flowers and plant life. There was a sense of calmness and peace. They were so used to each other by now that they did not feel the need to fill the quiet with dialogue. Avon found that the natural surroundings seemed to revitalize him.
As they continued to walk in companionable silence, he reflected on how odd that was.
"It feels strange," he mused out loud.
"It will pass," she told him. "Your body should adjust to the drug level."
"No. I mean it feels strange being outside, almost unnerving."
He found that his mind was analyzing this peculiar sensation.
"Later, if you continue to behave, I can arrange that you spend some time outside."
He made no comment; he did not appear to be paying attention to her.
"Avon, what are you thinking?"
"The movement of air is very different. There is a different sense of pressure on the body. The perception of space appears to have an effect on the mind."
She smiled, realizing the source of his earlier comment. "Does your mind never stop analyzing?"
They had reached a bench by a lake.
"Let's sit for awhile, you look like you've been running."
Until she had mentioned it, Avon had not realized that he was breathing hard.
They sat down and looked out over the lake together, the moon was shimmering over it's surface.
"I'm returning you to the Detention Centre in the morning," she told him.
"You mean the honeymoon is over?" he asked sarcastically.
She laughed. "Not quite yet." She turned towards him, placed her arms around his and they kissed. "It's unfortunate you're incapacitated by the drugs," she told him as she broke off their embrace before it could progress further.
"Do you normally do this outside in full view of your security cameras?" he asked. He was breathing faster again but this time it was not because of the walk.
"I had them turned off in this section when we came out here."
"Why did you bring me out here?" he asked her.
"Can't you accept that I just wanted some fresh air? And I thought it might help in your recovery."
"You don't have an altruistic bone in your body."
"You're right, we know each other too well."
"Which is why I will never trust you."
"Or I you," she countered. They smiled at each other. "Do you want to go back inside?"
"Do you have a counter-agent to the drug you gave me?"
"I might be able to find one."
They were still smiling. Servalan helped him up and they headed back to the Residence.


At sufficiently low temperatures and high densities, repulsive spherical particles in two-dimensions (2d) form close-packed structures with six-fold symmetry. By contrast, when the interparticle interaction has an attractive anisotropic component, the structure may exhibit the symmetry of the interaction. We consider a suspension of spherical particles interacting through an isotropic repulsive potential and a three-fold symmetric attractive interaction, confined in circular potential traps in 2d. We find that, due to the competition between the interparticle and the external potentials, the particles self-organize into structures with three- or six-fold symmetry, depending on the width of the traps. For intermediate trap widths, a core–shell structure is formed, where the core has six-fold symmetry and the shell is three-fold symmetric. When the width of the trap changes periodically in time, the symmetry of the colloidal structure also changes, but it does not necessarily follow that of the corresponding static trap.


Studies have shown that counterfactual reasoning can shape human decisions. However, there is a gap in the literature between counterfactual choices in description-based and experience-based paradigms. While studies using descriptionbased paradigms suggest participants maximize expected subjective emotion, studies using experience-based paradigms assume that participants learn the values of options and select what maximizes expected utility. In this study, we used computational modeling to test 1) whether participants make emotion-based decisions in experience-based paradigms, and 2) whether the impact of regret depends on its degree of unexpectedness as suggested by the current regret theory. The results suggest that 1) participants make emotion-based choices even in experience-based paradigms, and 2) the impact of regret is greater when it is expected than when it is unexpected. These results challenge the current theory of regret and suggest that reinforcement learning models may need to use counterfactual value functions when full information is provided.


The Federation of Piling Specialists has announced that it has launched an apprenticeship scheme for the piling industry.
Under the two year programme, candidates will undertake four blocks of off site training at facilities owned by FPS member companies. Between these formal training periods the apprentices will work on site for their employer and document training and experience to count towards an NVQ Level 2 in Piling Operations. During the programme the apprentices will also gain a CSCS competence card together with their CPCS card as a slinger signaler.
Two off-site training modules have already been delivered and the third is planned for January.


Stained glass is our forte.
We make new stained glass windows for churches all over the country.
Some of the windows are memorial windows and others are simply a celebration of faith.
Have a look at some of the photos of The Glass House work and see how the design and creation process works.
The Glass House also undertakes the restoration and conservation of antique stained glass.
Click Here - to here to learn more about the stained glass window process.


text:
New Gears of War official gameplay trailer shown for Xbox One
By Nick Pino 2015-06-15T17:55:00.165Z
The next chapter in the bro-op shooter saga hits Xbox One in 2016
Even Marcus Fenix himself couldn't stop Microsoft from showing off a new Gears of War game, called Gears 4, on stage at its E3 keynote held Monday morning at The Galen Center in Los Angeles, California.
Developed by Black Tusk Studios, the next entry in the Gears of War franchise will take a squad of COG soldiers down the grub hole one more time.
Get on with it now: the weapons?
The short demo played on stage featured two characters, one a man and the other a woman, in a stormy confrontation with some beastly aliens. Are they Locusts? They look a little too ... feral for that.
We caught a glimpse of the some of the badass weaponry you'll be wielding soon enough. The trailer below shows off the gnasher shotgun, famous lancer and snub pistol. Oh yeah, and we can't forget the trusty chainsaw when things get dicey.
Sadly, that's about all we know so far. Gears 4 will be exclusive to Xbox One when it releases in the distant next holiday of 2016.
A taste for Gears on Xbox One right now
Microsoft Studios didn't stop there with the Gears announcements, offering up a chance to light up some Locusts on Xbox One right now.
The company announced that Gears of War: Ultimate Edition, a full HD remaster of the original Xbox 360 game for Xbox One, will release in a public beta version today, June 15. The spanking-new take on the first game in the series has been remastered in 1080p resolution running at 60 frames per second – and that goes for multiplayer, too.
While you'll get to try out the new-and-improved, original gritty gunner on Xbox One now, Microsoft made no mention of a final release date. There's no time like Christmas time, right?
E3 2015 is just getting started!


text:
Sunday September 1 2019
Atletico Madrid's Nikola Kalinic on the verge of AS Roma loan
By Feargal Brennan
Atletico Madrid forward Nikola Kalinic will join AS Roma on loan before the transfer window closes.
The Croatian international has been linked with a move away from the Spanish capital, after being told by manager Diego Simeone that he is not part of his first team plans this season, however no deal has been reached.
According to reports in Marca this weekend, the former Fiorentina striker will return to Serie A before the European transfer window closes on September 2nd.
The deal between Atletico Madrid and AS Roma will include a purchase option of €8M at the end of the 2019-20 season.
The 31-year old has enjoyed two previous spells in Italy, with Fiorentina in 2016-17, before being loaned to AC Milan for the 2017-18 campaign, prior to joining Simeone's side in June 2018.
AS Roma boss Paulo Fonseca is short of attacking options, with Stephan El Shaarawy joining Chinese Super League side SN Shenhua and Patrik Schik on the verge of a move to Bundesliga side RB Leipzig.
Atletico Madrid consider Alexandre Lacazette as Edinson Cavani alternative
AS Roma interested in Real Sociedad star Adnan Januzaj
PSG demand €30m fee for Edinson Cavani
Manchester United want Atletico Madrid's Marcos Llorente


5. We have density in 130%, 150%, 180% and 200% available which can give you a thicker look.
This bob is the bomb! The hair is so soft, haven't experienced any shedding, and it was nicely plucked! Awesome wig for beginners!


"At approximately 2105 [EDT] on the night of July 12th, using our local access control program (i.e., Canberra HIS20) and a DMC 3000 series electronic dosimeter, an Erwin Resin Solutions employee was exiting the Radiological Controlled Area when he received a message stating that he had exceeded his TEDE [Total Effective Dose Equivalent] limit. According to the access control program, a dose of 10002.2 mrem was received. The employee was immediately removed from the area and follow up surveys were conducted. Surveys indicated that general area dose rates were 2-15 mr/hr and that the highest individual package dose rate was 45 mr/hr. The individual had been in the area for approximately 0.47 hours and he recalls at one point looking down at his dosimeter to see a display of 2.4 mrem. The employee's TLD has been pulled and sent off to Mirion for an emergency read, results are expected within 24-48 hrs. The individual will remain out of the RCA until the investigation has concluded.
"Access records have been pulled from the HIS20 program and the doses given were not reflective of a normal entry. A START READ of 0 mrem was given and an END READ of 0 mrem was also given. A GAMMA COMPONENT READ of 10002.2 mrem was given but should have been the same as the END READ which was 0 mrem. All indicators lead to a faulty electronic dosimeter, the dosimeter in question is being sent to our instrument department for further evaluation.
"Tennessee Event Report ID No.: TN-15-101"
At approximately 1745 EDT the State of Florida was contacted by the Radiation Safety Officer for MC Squared, Inc. The RSO reported a probable stolen Troxler gauge. Model number 3411B Serial Number: 13563. The company vehicle was parked at a contractor's site at the intersection of Anderson and West Waters Avenue in Tampa, FL. The gauge and packaging were chained and locked to the bed of the truck and was also strapped down. When the technician came out around 1600 EDT he noticed it was missing. They were only parked in that area between 30 minutes to an hour and the lock is also missing. The Hillsboro County Sherriff's office was notified. A report was filed by the Hillsboro County Deputy, Report Number: 15-441038. When the report is completed it will be available to the State of Florida.
The Troxler gauge sources are 40 mCi of Am/Be, and 8 mCi of Cs-137.
State of Florida Incident Number: FL15-068.
The State of Florida is continuing to investigate this event.
"Narrative event description: I-125 Prostate seed implant medical event occurred when physicist ordered the incorrect activity and number of seeds. The patient plan had the correct planned activity, but when the order was placed with air kerma, the wrong activity was ordered and subsequently implanted to the patient.
"Event date and notification date: Implanted 7/9/15. Identified and reported the medical event 7/13/15.
"Phone Call received from Physicist to NC RAM [North Carolina Radioactive Materials] Branch at 1246 [EDT] on 7/13/15.
"Cause and corrective actions: Incorrect calculations and human error in conversion from air kerma to activity; [The licensee] ordered and implanted [the] wrong activity.
"Indicate if there are any generic implications: Lack of attention to units and procurement procedures for seeds.
"Procedure administered; dose intended and actual dose administered; isotope and activity administered; target organ: Prostate Seed Implant, Intended Dose 144 Gray or 23.48 mCi (71 seeds), Implanted Dose of 31.299 mCi (75 Seeds), ~33% overdose based on activity alone (physicist reported 28%), I-125 seeds and 31.299 mCi administered, prostate was target organ.
"[The] patient and Referring Physician were notified 7/13/15.
"Stanford University RSO [Radiation Safety Officer] informed RHB [California Radiation Health Branch] that a 0.285 mCi Cd-109 source had been lost."
The licensee has implemented corrective actions to bolster inventory accountability.
"Unit 2 Reactor automatically tripped during Unit start up following a maintenance outage. The first indication of the reactor trip was the annunciator Reactor Trip by Turbine Trip. There were no complications following the trip and Unit 2 is stable at Hot Shut Down. Decay Heat Removal is being maintained by dumping steam to the Main Condenser. Steam Generator water level is being maintained by the Main Feedwater system.
"At the time of the Reactor Trip, Overspeed Protection Circuitry (OPC) Test was being performed on the Unit 2 Main Turbine. The SOV Turbine Trip annunciator was received. The cause of the reactor trip is under investigation.
"This notification is being made pursuant to 10 CFR 50.72(b)(2)(iv)(B) for 4-hour notification of Reactor Protection System activation. The Plant responded as expected for the trip. The NRC resident has been notified of the event.
"There was no radiation release due to this event, nor were there any personnel injuries or contamination events."
"On 7/21/2015, at approximately 1453 Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), while performing quiet testing of the early warning system, a Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Telecommunications Technician identified that a single emergency response siren was making a full sound output when it should not have been. PG&E Technicians took action and deactivated the single siren. The siren sounded for approximately 1 minute. As a result, this issue is being reported under 10 CFR 50.72(b)(2)(xi) for notifications to other offsite government agencies as the licensee notified the County of San Luis Obispo of the siren deactivation. The San Luis Obispo County Sheriff Watch Commander has been notified of the need to implement alternate means of alert and notification for the areas affected by the deactivation of the single siren. This was accounted for in pre-planning efforts and neither the utility nor 911 received any calls [from the public] related to this matter. The source of the activation signal has not been determined and is being investigated.
"There was no impact to the health and safety of the public as a result of this event as the offsite response capabilities remain functional with a single siren failure. The site is operating normally with no emergency conditions present. The NRC Resident Inspector has been notified."


Male coded messages are so deeply embedded in our every day and company cultures that we barely notice them.
While seemingly inoffensive, this type of language perpetuates male culture in organisations. Sports and the military are generally male domains where women are only starting to make inroads. Business jargon is a short hand that sends out an immediate message about the way an organisation works, and is a comment on its key core values. It's a question of officer's mess and locker room to the board room. Read: We want to hire more women – but we don't seem to be able to!
It suggests what type of people are wanted, who succeeds and how they communicate. Although women are not outwardly unwelcome, there is subliminal signal that they have to understand and excel in a male game. They have to "get on side" and "get in the zone."
Women may never feel that they can fully participate in the boisterous exchanges that are part of organisational life.
Language use is pivotal to corporate culture. Read: How to attract talented women to your organisation. I can honestly say that most meetings I attend, especially around leadership issues , invariably include some military reference, even when the focus is diversity and inclusion. Male coded language, like military and sporting jargon, serves as a template for masculine style, thought and action. The question is whether these types of cultures are likely to foster the level of inclusivity where women feel comfortable and can succeed. Informal terms used frequently in offices, business meetings, presentations, web sites and other official corporate material, become part of the employer brand. Add on to that, female unfriendly hospitality events, quite often centred around male sporting activities, those male coded messages are implanted even more deeply.
So women will have to learn to tune out the lingo, while their male colleagues should be encouraged to "step up to the plate" and "take a shot" at making changes to "level the field" to give women a "sporting chance." This will help our confusion when we feel the "goal posts have moved."
Leadership guru Simon Sinek, has always said "Leaders eat last" derived from the military mantra "officers eat last". So even though that it is a mainly male coded message, he shows an image of a mother throwing herself over her child to protect him. This is a metaphor for a badly needed different kind of leadership.
"Real leaders are that mother ... that's what leadership is"
Officers eat last - but so do mothers. Time for some female coded messages.
3Plus International offers a portfolio of solutions for Individuals and Corporate Clients to achieve a gender balanced workplace. Contact us Now!


Hōshi is a ryokan (a Japanese traditional inn) located in Komatsu, Japan, and it holds the distinction of being the 2nd oldest hotel in the world, and "the oldest still running family business in the world" (per Wikipedia). Built in 718 AD, the ryokan has been operated by the same family for 46 consecutive generations. Count them. 46 generations.
Japan is a country with deep traditions. And when you're born into a family that's the caretaker of a 1300-year-old institution, you find yourself struggling with issues most of us can't imagine. That's particularly true when you're the daughter of the Hōshi family, a modern woman who wants to break free from tradition. And yet history and strong family expectations keep calling her back.
The story of Hōshi ryokan is poignantly told in a short documentary above. It was shot in 2014 by the German filmmaker Fritz Schumann.
as a Japanese descendant in Brazil (3rd generation), I would like to thank the production team of this for making this poignant movie and for you guys from Open Culture, so many thanks for sharing – the only way I would have access to it.
You're most welcome Celina. i'm glad you enjoyed it!
This short-documentary reminded me of "Jiro Dreams of Sushi," as it tells about the human values of sacrifice and heritage that I still struggle to understand. These values seem to be strong and thick in Japan; I don't know if I feel admiration or a sense of alienation towards their values. Maybe it is a bit of both.
Thank you Dan, after years of lurking Open Culture, you really brought me out with this one.
Great respect the country, its people able to sustain such perceptions and traditions. Hope to spend few inspiring nights there or elswhere in Japanese Ryokan One Day.
Simply, very beautiful. A reality of what we rarely see in our world today.
Open Culture is my choice of entertainment and knowledge, you never ceases to surprise me.
Thank you Dan for all your hard work.