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200 Years of Karl Marx
Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818. He was one of the greatest social scientists in human history. The intellectual structure of his thought has affected our understanding of history, of economic development and of political power. All modern scholars of significance have to define their position in relation to Marx's monumental achievement.
Many of Marx's predictions were wrong. He was mistaken, for example, about the general deskilling of the working class. On the contrary, although many remain unskilled, average skill levels have increased. Furthermore, although many remain desperately poor, the average standard of living of the working class has vastly increased since his time.
On the other hand, some of Marx's predictions have been vindicated. He characterized the nature of the capitalist system more acutely than any of his predecessors and he predicted its spread over the entire world. He saw capitalism a dynamic system that broke down archaic institutions and barriers to trade.
Marx also focused on the generation of inequality under capitalism, which has increased and is recognized as a serious problem.
Marx got some forecasts wrong and some right. Prediction is far from everything in social science. What towers above all is his contribution to our understanding of the inner dynamics of capitalism. With all its shortcomings and theoretical flaws, it remains a huge achievement.
Was Marx the author of the Marxist tragedy?
Let us turn from Marx the social scientist to Marx the politician. Remarkably, from 1917 to the present day, a number of regimes have been set up by revolutionary activists who have claimed to be Marxists. All of these turned sour: these totalitarian regimes led to millions of deaths. Estimates vary. 90 million is on the conservative side, with about 65 million in Mao's China alone.
Marxism has various ideological immune systems to deal with these brutal facts. One gambit is to blame it on the hostile interventions of foreign powers. But it is implausible that these alone are responsible for the outcomes. No foreign intervention prompted Mao's Great Leap Forward of his Cultural Revolution, for example, which together led to about 40 million deaths.
Another argument – due to Leon Trotsky – is to blame it on the creation by tyrannical leaders such as Stalin of a bureaucratic caste that denied the working class any democratic power. But this implausibly assumes that a huge nationwide bureaucracy can somehow be run on the basis of meaningful votes on every important decision. No-one with any practical experience of a large organization would entertain such a fantasy.
A more colourful recent excuse is due to Yanis Varoufakis, the influential Greek academic and politician. He argued that the Marxist texts were too powerful. As a result they attracted devious opportunists who rode the Marxist rhetoric for "their own advantage."
"With it, they might abuse other comrades, build their own power base, gain positions of influence, bed impressionable students, take control of the politburo and imprison anyone who resists them."
The problem, it seems, was that Karl Marx and Frederick Engels were too powerful with their prose. If only they had written more turgid texts – then millions would have been saved from the famines and the Gulags.
Seriously, though, the greater problem is not the power of the language, but what it says and what it empowers and enables. Marxism creates a sense of historical destiny, where the creation of socialism is a seemingly obvious solution to the ills of the world, which will defied only by the rich, whose resistance must be crushed.
Marx bears some responsibility for the murdered millions
At least two major aspects of Marx's thought removed protections of human rights and paved the way for brutal totalitarianism.
The first was his doctrine of class struggle. Analytically, this may have some value and it is subject to academic debate. But it was also a normative doctrine, about the working class seizing power and ending the rule of the capitalists.
Marx and Engels argued that the current aims and desires of the proletariat were less important than its historical destiny to abolish capitalism and become the ruling class. They wrote:
"It is not a question of what this or that proletarian, or even the whole proletariat, at the moment regards as its aim. It is a question of what the proletariat is, and what, in accordance with this being, it will historically be compelled to do."
This is the first totalitarian impulse. Marxist revolutionaries are deemed to know better what is in the interests of the working class than the working class itself. Democracy becomes an impediment to the realization of those true interests, about which the masses are not fully aware.
The normative doctrine of class struggle has another outcome. It means that the rights of one social class are privileged over another. Universal individual rights are no more. As Engels put it, legal and individual rights are "nothing more than the idealized kingdom of the bourgeoisie."
Their normative arguments in favour of socialism are not based on any alleged rights. Instead, socialism is seen as historic destiny. Marx tried to show that crises within capitalism are recurrent and inevitable, and that capitalism digs its own grave by enlarging and empowering the working class.
The consequence of this class deprivation of human rights was enshrined in law under Marxist-socialist regimes. The 1918 Constitution of the young Soviet regime distinguished between the rights of the workers and the rights of others. The Soviet state also announced that it
"deprives all individuals and groups of rights which could be utilized by them to the detriment of the socialist revolution."
A major problem here was that the criteria used to decide what was detrimental were unspecified, opening the door to arbitrary repression by the authorities. This is exactly what happened.
A regime that denies rights to some, especially with malleable criteria concerning who is denied those rights, ends up denying rights to everyone. These are the consequences of Marx's "dictatorship of the proletariat".
A full concentration of economic power leads to totalitarianism
A second aspect of Marx's thought that promoted totalitarianism concerns the economy.
Marx and Engels advocated the abolition of private property and markets, and the concentration of all economic power in the hands of the state. They welcomed efforts "to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state" and looked forward to a time when "all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation".
But as subsequent experiences from Russia to Venezuela illustrate, such a massive concentration of economic power requires for its enforcement, and sustains as an outcome, a massive concentration of political power that is intolerant of democracy. The good intentions or democratic inclinations of leaders are not enough. Those most hungry for power, and least affected by moral qualms in exercising it, will eventually rise to the top.
There is a widespread opinion among non-Marxist social scientists (including Barrington Moore, Douglass North and Francis Fukuyama) that democracy requires countervailing political and economic power to have a chance of survival. In Marxist terms, if the economic "base" determines the "superstructure", then a pluralist polity requires a pluralist (or mixed) economy, not one that is overshadowed by a massive state.
A complete concentration of political and economic power in the hands of the state, which Marx and Engels advocated with enthusiasm as well as eloquence, always requires and enables a despotic political regime. There are no exceptions.
Over forty years ago, Leszek Kolakowski was an Eastern European dissident and a perceptive critic of Marxism. He wrote:
"My suspicion is that this was both Marx's anticipation of perfect unity of mankind and his mythology of the historically privileged proletarian consciousness which were responsible for his theory being eventually turned into an ideology of the totalitarian movement: not because he conceived of it in such terms, but because its basic values could hardly be materialized otherwise."
Kolakowski was right. Many have still to learn the tragic lessons of Marxist failure in practice, as well as of its partial but flawed analytical success.
Critics will say that giving Marx some blame for the atrocities of the twentieth century is like trying to blame Jesus for the atrocities of the Spanish Inquisition. They are wrong, Jesus never advocated class war or a concentration of economic power in the hands of the state, both of which create the conditions for tyranny.
Minor edits – 6 May 2018
This book elaborates on the issues raised in this blog:
Published by University of Chicago Press in January 2018
Courtois, Stéphane, Werth, Nicolas, Panné, Jean-Louis, Packowski, Andrzej, Bartošek, and Margolin, Jean-Louis (1999) The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press).
Fukuyama, Francis (2011) The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (London and New York: Profile Books and Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2006) Economics in the Shadows of Darwin and Marx: Essays on Institutional and Evolutionary Themes (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2015) Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2018) Wrong Turnings: How the Left Got Lost (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Kolakowski, Leszek (1977) 'Marxist Roots of Stalinism', in Robert C. Tucker (ed.) (1977) Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation (New York: Norton), pp. 283-98.
Moore, Barrington, Jr (1966) Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (London: Allen Lane).
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph and Weingast, Barry R. (2009) Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press).
May 5th, 2018	by geoffhodgson1946
marcel proust 13 May 2018 at 2:28 am
Brad Delong linked to this, quoting parts of points 1 & 2. I commented there, taking issue issue with point 1 which I believe is anachronistic. Rather than copy and paste the whole comment, I have linked to it. Briefly, Marx initially used class struggle in a positive, not normative, sense, identifying it as the driving force of history ever since classes existed in human society. Obviously then, any progress by the proletariat required it to engage in class struggle, esp. as universal human rights existed exactly nowhere when Marx was writing, certainly not in England, where, e.g., the franchise was restricted to relatively affluent males.
Reply to marcel proust
Thanks for your comment. In response, Marx used class struggle in both positive and normative senses. "Workers of the world unite" is a normative slogan, and there are many other similar normative claims in Marx.
The fact that universal human rights were not acknowledged in practice in the 19th century is of course valid. But it is also irrelevant to my argument. The point is that, by backing one class over another, Marx wanted to rid one class of its rights. In other words, class dictatorship involves the denial of universal rights. In practice, once rights are denied as universal, then they are at risk for everyone.
Phillip 15 May 2018 at 9:54 pm
I get the impression that you are comparing Marxism to modern liberal democracy as it likes to see itself, not to the existing aristocratic structure in place at the time. I'd suggest that 'class war' is just an inversion of the divine right of kings used to justify rule and atrocity, rather than a novel development, and a step forwards given that the rights of the majority were centered. The struggle was not class dictatorship vs. universal rights, it was class dictatorship of a tiny elite vs. class dictatorship of a majority.
For the second point- you rightly note that concentration of economic power requires massive amounts of repression and coercion. I would challenge the idea that concentrating it in the hands of the state vs. private hands matters at all to that conclusion.
Reply to Phillip
Thank you for your comment. I do not explicitly make the comparisons you mention. I do not think that '"class war" is just an inversion of the divine right of kings'. Marx generally avoided appeals to rights, so Marxism cannot be 'just an inversion' of another claim concerning rights. Marx supported the proletariat in the class struggle because he believed that it had a historical destiny to rule. He also rejected the notion of universal rights and supported the removal of rights from the bourgeoisie – that's the key point.
Regarding your second point, unfortunately economic power is concentrated in the hands of a small minority in all capitalist countries today. There is also some repression and coercion, but it is not 'massive', and it is nowhere the scale that it was under Soviet Russia or Mao's China. That is primarily because private ownership entails some distribution of power beyond the state, which is the principal apparatus of coercion.
James 16 May 2018 at 3:18 pm
To pursue the analogy, should say, "Jesus Christ never advocated the persecution of heretics" or some such.
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In a small town, an oil company is drilling for oil. The geologist, Dowd, informs his boss, Tenneson that they detected what could be an ecosystem which could affect their drilling rights. But Tenneson tells them to go on and something happens. Something came out and Tenneson wants to keep it quiet by keeping what came out on ice. In the town, something's been taking the fuel tanks off vehicles, leaving a big hole. Tripp, who lives in the town is frustrated at his life, specifically not having a vehicle of his own. He works at a scrap yard and he's been working on restoring an old truck. One day he thinks he hears something and traps it in the storage pit. He calls the Sheriff who's his step-father, whom he doesn't like. And when he gets there, it's gone. Later he sets a trap for it and sees it's a slug like creature who feeds on oil. He would bond with it. Later a man from the oil company shows up at the yard and asks him about the thing he reported earlier. Tripp feigns it was ...
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It's predictable and a little slow in places (the balance between drama and action is the wrong way around), but it still does quite a nice job of furthering the Teen Titan story-line within the DC animated universe and gives us a more in-depth look at the team and their rapport. But where it really shines is with the action sequences, particularly the exciting finale. The animation is standard and nothing special to look at; the voice acting is nice with a particularly great performance from Christina Ricci as Terra. Side note: there are a few times where sex is either heavily implied or flat-out talked about - for an animated movie with 'teens' in the title, it was unexpected to say the least, and somewhat uncomfortable in one particular scene.
Perhaps if I had read the comics this movie was based upon I would have a higher opinion of it. It certainly plays like you have an understanding of the characters prior to viewing it. It's difficult to care about what happens to some of the pivotal characters knowing so little about them. The story takes a good 30 minutes before it gets going and another 30 before anything really happens. The animation is decent, better than usual for a DC animated film but it does shine in the voices department. It features one of the last works by the late Miguel Ferrer as Deathstroke who is spot on.I think I'm going to go pick up the comics and get the better, richer story that I'm sure this was based upon.
This was an improvement in the somewhat lame DC animation film market. Since they begun a cinematic universe they have adapted too many Justice League and Batman films that don't work. They had been doing well with one off film adaptions direct from the material and it was working. Under the red hood is a standout but once marvel was a success every studio started universes to their films. This was a great story with all the usual cartoon humour which isn't great when the film is quite dark for that market. The story is strong but the villains don't get to flex too much and the titans suffer through some melodramatic boredom. Great finale that will leave the team in an interesting position if the powers that be decide to followup. 09-05-2017.
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Sunday was Children's Day in Burnside and we were delighted to welcome Colin Davies with his Spud Bears.
Colin works with Mission Aviation Fellowship and distributes solar powered Animatronic Teddy Bears which sing songs and tell Bible Stories.
We welcomed lots of visitors to our service and enjoyed a Teddy Bears' Picnic in the Church Hall afterwards. Lots of Teddy Bears were donated by members of the congregation.
For child protection reasons we have not included any photographs of our children but below you can see some members of our congregation with the Teddy Bears they brought to the picnic, and Colin is pictured with some Spud Bears.
For more details about Colin's work visit Spud Bears.


Track your food budget At the start of each month, attach an envelope to the refrigerator. Each time you buy food, drop the receipt in the envelope. At the end of each month, review your spending and see where you can make cuts.
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Being situated adjacent to the only coral reef ecosystem of the continental United States, next to the Gulf Stream, and near the Caribbean Sea offers a variety of research venues; these scenarios are but a fraction of the cutting-edge biological research happening at the Rosenstiel School. The Rosenstiel School provides its students and faculty with outstanding field, laboratory, and quantitative research opportunities.
Within the MBE department, our personnel have ready access to the NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories (AOML), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Southeast Fisheries Center (SEFC), the nearby National Florida Keys Marine Sanctuary, and the various associated research disciplines within the University of Miami.
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Smith: Refs steal victory from Iowa State
IanSmith, Oct 03 •	0 Comments
AMES – It's nearly impossible to describe.
How exactly did Iowa State lose a 31-30 heartbreaker to Texas after dominating the Longhorns in nearly every facet of the game?
Well, Paul Rhoads has an idea. The refs robbed the Cyclones.
"To make a play on the 1-yard line with their backs against the wall, clear to everybody, and to have it taken away from them, that's hard to express," said Rhoads, his voice rising with each syllable. "You don't put your arm around a guy and tell him that's ok when that happens to him."
JUDGE FOR YOURSELF
Jeremiah George stripped Texas' Jonathan Gray at the 1-yard line and sprinted toward the opposite goal line with the ball sealing an Iowa State victory. Only the refs somehow ruled the runner down.
Rhoads' reaction went viral with nearly everyone except those wearing burnt orange in agreement.
The refs missed the call. Sickening.
"I've got pretty good eyesight," Rhoads said. "The view I had of that gigantic screen in the north end zone showed a player that was not down and our guy with the football."
Rhoads has every right to be furious. One play can't win or lose a game, right?
Absolutely wrong. Without the blown call, Iowa State is 2-2 and more importantly 1-0 in the Big 12. It's that simple.
"The whistle never blew until I had the ball and was 30 yards down the field," a dejected George said.
Two plays later, Texas quarterback Case McCoy scored the winning touchdown on a quarterback sneak.
Iowa State piled up 463 yards on Thursday night – 100 more than Texas – including 201 on the ground. The Cyclones held the ball for more than 34 minutes and threw for 262 yards.
Unfortunately, they lost the only stat that mattered. Iowa State was whistled for 10 penalties for 118 yards, many of which kept Longhorn drives alive.
"We're the least penalized team in the league," a sarcastic Rhoads said. "Sure seemed to be a lot of hankies on the field. I'm sure they made tremendous calls."
Expect an apology letter this week from the Big 12. It's doubtful it'll make Rhoads, George and the entire Iowa State fan base feel better.
Wimberly's the man
Aaron Wimberly isn't a big guy but that won't stop Rhoads from feeding his best running back the rock.
Wimberly showed his speed and strength against the Longhorns on Thursday night. The junior college transfer tallied 117 yards on the ground with a touchdown. Wimberly also caught two passes for 23 yards and another score.
"I think he's a man," Rhoads said. "I think he runs hard and he runs fast. He's a good football player."
Wimberley's second touchdown of the night was particularly impressive. With the hole plugged up, the junior jutted left and then rumbled over two Texas defenders into the end zone.
As Iowa State's offensive line continues to get healthy, expect Wimberly's numbers to keep going up.
Bundrage's big play
If not for all the controversy, the conversation Friday is about Quenton Bundrage. The sophomore wideout continues to emerge as the explosive playmaker Iowa State's been missing for years.
In the third quarter, Bundrage took a pass 97 yards to the house. The play was the longest passing touchdown in Iowa State history.
"We ran the same play a couple of times earlier," quarterback Sam Richardson said. "It's surprising that they gave it to us again."
The play highlighted Bundrage's unique skill set. He beat his man inside, snatched the ball out of the air and juked a safety before sprinting untouched for the touchdown.
Bundrage finished the game with five catches for 137 yards.
– Official attendance on Thursday night was 52,672.
– Iowa State has now lost 11 consecutive Big 12 openers.
– Sam Richardson finished 16-of-26 passing with two touchdowns. Richardson also tallied 83 yards on the ground. Iowa State will need to watch Richardson's health this week. It appeared the sophomore reinjured his ankle in the game's waning moments.
– Texas' Jonathan Gray had 89 yards on the night.
– Case McCoy added 244 yards through the air on 26-of-45 passing.
– Kirby Van Der Kamp averaged 39.7 yards on six punts.
View articles by Ian Smith	administrator
Previous CFTV: More from Rhoads, players after loss to Texas
Next Williams: Impossible pill to swallow
Smith: Cyclones lose another heartbreaker
Arnaud's gutty performance nearly propels Iowa State to victory
Defense dominates in Iowa State victory


Contemporary Praise & Worship (Part 7 of 7) : Reform worship.
Excellent series of posts ... when does the modified Multnomah press mini-book come out?
Thanks for sharing all of your hard work. I think that when we truly understand and embrace God as creator and us created in His image then we will start to see world changing art being created. I'm not convinced that we are seeing that anywhere in the church as far as popular music goes. Especially in music. We must be creative and uninhibited. We must study God's word then write new songs and paint new paintings. We cannot continue to comartmentalize our lives and our music; i.e. "This is sacred. This is not." We cannot be addicted to mediocrity. Check out Franky Schaeffer's book 'Addicted To Mediocrity.' Thanks again for sharing your thoughts.
Wow, I know that this is cliche, but in this case it is true. God is using you mightly. Protect the gift within you, but don't be afraid to give it. I am a theology student at Oral Roberts University. I agree with most of what you wrote and I apreciate it very much. Thank you.


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Stationary localised patterns without Turing instability
Fahad Al Saadi, University of Bristol
Annette Worthy, University of Wollongong
Ahmed Msmali, Jazan University
Mark Nelson, University of Wollongong
Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences
Since the pioneering work of Turing, it has been known that diffusion can destablise a homogeneous solution that is stable in the underlying model in the absence of diffusion. The destabilisation of the homogeneous solutions leads to the generation of patterns. In recent years, techniques have been developed to analyse so-called localised spatial structures. These are solutions in which the spatial structure occurs in a localised region. Unlike Turing patterns, they do not spread out across the whole domain. We investigate the existence of localised structures that occur in two predator-prey models. The functionalities chosen have been widely used in the literature. The existence of localised spatial structures has not investigated previously. Indeed, it is easy to show that these models cannot exhibit the Turing instability. This has perhaps led earlier researchers to conclude that interesting spatial solutions can therefore not occur for these models. The novelty of our paper is that we show the existence of stationary localised patterns in systems which do not undergo the Turing instability. The mathematical tools used are a combination of Linear and weakly nonlinear analysis with supporting numerical methods. By combining these methods, we are able to identify conditions for a wide range of increasing exotic behaviour. This includes the Belyckov-Devaney transition, a codimension two spatial instability point and the formation of localised patterns. The combination of spectral computations and numerical simulations reveals the crucial role played by the Hopf bifurcation in mediating the stability of localised spatial solutions. Finally, numerical solutions in two spatial dimensions confirms the onset of intricate spatio-temporal patterns within the parameter regions identified within one spatial dimension.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mma.8295


Communicating…it all starts in the womb! Many mums can feel their babies in the early stages of pregnancy. Babies move about and communicate in many ways, even if we can't make sense of it. For example by kicking, pulling, and pushing. With the amazing advances in science and ultrasound 3D scans, the full extent of this miraculous journey that was once a complete taboo can now be revealed in real-time.
Our emotions and the deep connections are created at a very young age.
The umbilical cord is not only a source of physical nourishment but also an emotional and spiritual connection, and this is significant in relation to the expression "cutting the physical and spiritual energetic cords".
All the experiences that the mother has the baby will experience too, but amplified. The reason is very simple: a baby is energetically charged and his/her energy is strong and vibrating powerfully at a high frequency, the connection with the source of life is pure and unstained.
It is very important from the moment parents find out they are pregnant, to be aware of these factors. Yes, you did hear me right – "They are pregnant" as it takes two to tango. In the process of creating a baby, it is very important that both parents are fully emotionally engaged in the pregnancy and the emotional development of their unborn child, as the link of communication is already wide open and flowing at this stage.
I remember sharing with one of my clients who was pregnant an incredible experience I had with my son Thomas, whilst I was pregnant with him.
Thomas was a miracle baby!
Every time I fell pregnant, I did what most pregnant women do: go straight to the doctor, take good care of myself and watch what I was eating. Ante-natal care was the priority.
This last pregnancy was different.
I had this urge to communicate with my baby, so I started speaking to my belly, rubbing it and letting my child know how much he/she was wanted. By week 14 of the pregnancy, I started feeling butterflies in my belly every time I was speaking or singing lullabies. Having been pregnant before and not experiencing this happening at such an early stage, I thought I was going loopy. Weeks went by and it continued even more strongly. At one point by month six, there was an advert on television with a song, and it was very strange: the moment my baby heard that tune he would go crazy inside my belly. He would kick and pull, and I would feel sick to my core. The only way to calm him down was to rub my belly and sing a soft song to him. The irony of it was, the words of the song were "I'm sticking with you because I'm made of glue" Clearly, he did not like that track at all.
I looked at my husband, and my husband looked at me in shock, as we had never played that song since he had been born, so the reaction that my son had to it was incredible.
My point here is this: yes, children can and do listen and feel from the early stages while still in the womb. So, creating from the start of a pregnancy a positive channel of communication is imperative for the child's future.
Early years can be very frustrating for parents as the only way you think your child will be able to communicate with you is by crying, and some children have quite a good pair of lungs. However, the fact is that as humans we have different ways of communicating with each other no matter our age, and again I'll reinforce what I've said in previous articles: we copy from a very young age the behaviours we have experienced or seen displayed by our parents.
Letting children express themselves freely is a top priority!
Yes, children will tell you how it is in their truth because they have no malice running through them. It is us adults that at times don't want to hear the truth. As one of my guides said: "Truth is like surgery: it hurts, but it will heal your soul".
To teach children how to tell one's truth in a loving way is an art that many are unable to master as in their own early foundation years, it was not present.
Many who are now adults were completely shut down from speaking as children and punished physically, emotionally and verbally, leaving them with emotional scars to this day that many may not heal from.
The ability and the impact of being able to express oneself openly and from the heart is something so very simple and empowering.
Let me give you an example. Let us imagine for one moment that you have arranged a night out with your friends, and one of them had one of those days where the mirror is not functioning very well. They don't look as good as they normally do and what they are wearing is not in any way shape or form representing who they are. How difficult is it for you as a true friend, in a gentle and kind way to let them know? The truth is many people choose not to do so and then the drama starts, issues come to the surface and so on. I'm sure you're getting the picture now.
At any given time, we can all choose to change our patterns of communication, and the easy way to start is by doing a full self-assessment. For sure it's a challenge for many to accept the deep realisation that their communication skills are poor and ineffective and are not bearing fruit, but it's better late than never. As mentioned before, I would remind everyone that it takes 21 days for the brain to deprogram and reprogram behaviours. What is 21 days of effort in comparison to a lifetime of unspoken words, untruths, miscommunications and full-on drama much like TV soaps?
The Centre of Communication – Speaking your Truth in Love and Light.
Stated development: from 7 – 12 years. Some children may start to speak at a very early age and be more in tuned with themselves.
This chakra is situated in the centre of our throat, it is translucent light blue in colour but may vary in from a very light blue to more of a soft turquoise shade. The throat chakra is associated with the thyroid and parathyroid, vocal cords, mouth, teeth and gums, jaw, ears and surrounding neck muscles. It is also associated with your communication skills, speaking one's truth and in truth, self-expression and self-discipline. It is related to being able to express yourself freely and from deep within your heart while respecting your deeper emotions and what your Soul and Spirit is requiring and guiding you to do. It's about honouring your Loving Truth!
When the Throat Chakra is in the balance, it will bring to the individual very good communication skills, whether verbal or written, and a good sense of timing and rhythm. Their creativity expands and their voice is resonant and empowered.
When the Throat Chakra is out of balance many illnesses are associated with this situation, such as a weak voice, difficulty of putting deep feelings into words, a raspy throat, a chronically sore throat, mouth ulcers, swollen glands, gum infections, thyroid problems, pain in the neck and shoulders, ear infections and laryngitis.
For those who talk too much or find themselves talking in a defensive tone even before they are confronted with an issue, the problem often stems from an inability to listen. For them it is easier to talk incessantly instead of listening to others.
For those who suffer from traumas associated with an unbalanced Throat Chakra, issues will often surface during puberty. Examples of such issues are constant yelling, verbal abuse, telling lies that have become their "truth" (even if everyone around them sees they are lies), and secrecy. These issues are often magnified by authoritarian parents, chemically dependent family members and alcoholism. As with other inherited traits passed down from within families, these traits can also be passed down for up to five generations or more. As I've addressed in my previous article relating to the Heart Chakra, this chain can be broken at any point by first pinpointing the traits and then setting your intentions to change them. This means as parents, you have another chance to take control influence of the well-being of your child and your future generations.
Recognising that your deep inner strength and your will is measured not by the way you exert your power over others, but by how you control yourself and your emotional being is part of self-mastery and is within your reach if you so wish. You can change patterns that you previously learned, but again it is in your hands to make that decision. No one can make it for you – "YOU HAVE FREE WILL!" You must do it yourself.
When you choose to do so, there are several actions you can take to support your journey. You can start looking deeper into your communication skills and looking for the tell-tale signs. If you have difficulties in expressing your feelings to others verbally and your conversations tend to become war-like, choose instead to communicate clearly and from a loving place to them by writing the person a letter and expressing your feelings. Yes, you may feel hurt, upset, or irritated but you can choose to express those feelings in a clear way without any negativity. So clear and clean your heart first before you communicate.
Do always remember no one can hurt you if you do not give him or her permission to do so. You should be able to see that you are the one that holds the power of truth in your hands.
During the ages between 7 – 12 years, when this chakra primarily develops, the child will begin to explore their communication skills, and they can become very loud, hyperactive and at times very frustrated, especially with mum. They will often feel as if the are not being listened to because their vocabulary is quite restricted. It's very important to create a bond as early as possible so that you can recognize the child's inability to communicate verbally but can make sense from their actions, and the way they are expressing their emotions. It's important to learn how to use your intuition and sixth sense and re-enforce communication skills during the stages of pregnancy.
To support your child during this period is important, as when the Sacral, Solar Plexus and Heart Chakra are developing, these three chakras blend together. Introduce exercise into their lives. By this age, they will have some Physical Education lessons at school, however, I would advise you to arrange swimming lessons for your child, so they experience being back in "water" akin to being in the womb, with its sense of security. Many parents choose to introduce swimming to babies at a very tender age – this is fantastic if you can do it! It's also an optimal time to bring meditation into your child's life. It's something that you can do as a family. Make sure that you let them know it's time for quiet time, and that meditation is quiet time. Let them choose their posture in the first two weeks. It matters not if they choose to sit or stay on the floor. The important thing is that they learn to stay quiet in their body, mind and spirit, forming a boundary of security for later in life.
By this age the food chart again plays an important part, so ensure you introduce foods associated with the Throat Chakra, namely all the "blue" foods like blueberries, grapes etc.
If you or your child has health issues as described above some crystals that can support you in the healing process are Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, Blue Sapphire, Sodalite and Blue Tourmaline. Massaging their neck area with Lavender and Patchouli essential oils can also bring major benefits, however always seek medical advice for any more serious conditions.


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Защита детей от кори в Румынии
https://www.unicef.org/eca/ru/Новостные-заметки/защита-детей-от-кори-в-румынии
Родители из общины рома, проживающей в городе Стрехае на юго-западе Румынии, кивают и с облегчением улыбаются после просмотра короткого видеоролика о пользе иммунизации для их детей, показанного местным врачом. Врач отвечает на вопросы родителей, прежде чем они вместе со своими детьми перейдут в следующий кабинет, где всем детям будет проведена вакцинация. Здесь дети разного возраста: те, кто только начинает ходить, и те, кому уже исполнилось 18 лет. Самые маленькие крепко держат своих мам за руку, а те, кто постарше, улыбаются и просят посмотреть фильм еще раз. Производство и показ данного фильма осуществляется в рамках программы ЮНИСЕФ в Румынии по поддержке усилий министерства здравоохранения страны, направленных на повышение показателей охвата иммунизацией и предотвращение распространения кори. С 2000 года показатели охвата иммунизацией в Румынии значительно снизились. В 2017 году только 75 процентов детей получили две дозы вакцины MMR - комбинированной вакцины против кори, эпидемического паротита и краснухи. Этот показатель намного ниже рекомендованных 95 процентов, необходимых для защиты всех детей. В результате низких показателей охвата иммунизацией в Румынии произошла вспышка кори. В 2016 году ею заболели более 15 000 человек, из которых 59 человек умерли. Большинство из них составили дети. В рамках непрекращающихся усилий по повышению охвата детей иммунизацией, в июле 2018 года стартовала организованная министерством здравоохранения Румынии кампания по вакцинации детей, которые не были привиты. Для информирования населения о важном значении иммунизации участники кампании ходили по домам. В целях поддержки данной кампании ЮНИСЕФ разработал серию информационных материалов, предоставляющих предоставить родителям фактическую информацию о преимуществах и самом процессе иммунизации детей в доступной для понимания взрослых форме. В состав этих информационных материалов входит короткометражный фильм, который посмотрели семьи в Стрехае. Фильм демонстрируется семьям из наиболее уязвимых общин Румынии - родителям, живущим в труднодоступных районах, семьям, пострадавшим от нищеты, и общинам рома. Показатели иммунизации среди детей в этих общинах чаще всего самые низкие по стране. В этом фильме рассказывается о необходимости и преимуществах вакцинации, и одновременно даются ответы на часто задаваемые и волнующие родителей вопросы относительно вакцинации: Безопасно ли делать прививку моему ребёнку? Что делать, если она/он заболеют другой болезнью? Что, если мой ребёнок заболеет после прививки? Эта прививка бесплатна? A girl is vaccinated at a community center in Buhuși, in Eastern Romania as part of the UNICEF and WHO supported immunization catch-up campaign. Девочка получает прививку в общинном центре в Бухуши, в восточной Румынии, в рамках кампании по проведению вакцинации детям, которые её не прошли. Эта кампания проводится при поддержке ЮНИСЕФ и ВОЗ. «Вначале родители не хотели прививать своих детей, но потом они доверились нам. Мы рассказали родителям о пользе прививок и попросили их задавать врачу все вопросы, которые могут возникнуть у них в ходе проведения кампании. Таким образом, родители смогли получить чёткое представление о пользе вакцинации», - сказала Габриэла Стан, медицинский работник в городе Бухуши, в Восточной Румынии. Габриэла была членом группы, ходившей по домам, для того чтобы информировать родителей из уязвимых сообществ о преимуществах вакцинации. И хотя за последние несколько месяцев в Румынии произошли положительные сдвиги в деле вакцинации уязвимых детей спасающей жизни прививкой MMR, дети будут по-прежнему находиться в опасности до тех пор, пока охват иммунизацией не достигнет 95 процентов. ЮНИСЕФ в Румынии будет и впредь помогать в проведении информационно-разъяснительных кампаний о важном значении и необходимости вакцинации и поощрять всех родителей и лиц, обеспечивающих уход за детьми, к своевременному проведению этой профилактической процедуры. Таким путём они смогут защитить своих детей от болезней, предотвратимых с помощью вакцинации.
In Focus: Immunization
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/focus-immunization
Immunization is one of the world's most cost-effective public health interventions, saving millions of lives each year, and protecting children from illness and disability. Vaccines have helped to halve the number of child deaths worldwide since 1990 and represent a sound financial investment: every $1 spent on childhood immunizations returns an estimated $44 in economic and social benefits. Despite the achievements of immunization programmes in the Europe and Central Asia Region in recent decades, reported immunization rates are uneven across countries — from as high as 98 percent in Albania to as low as 19 percent in Ukraine. The regional average for Eastern Europe and Central Asia stands at 92 percent, still not high enough to protect all children from preventable diseases. What's more, there was no improvement in coverage between 2014 and 2016. At national levels, disparities can be shocking, with the most vulnerable children often missing out on immunization. Across the Region, more than half a million children have missed out on their routine measles vaccination, and many countries continue to face outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases that threaten the lives and well-being of children. Challenges to immunization include weak political commitment and health systems, 'vaccine hesitancy,' and concerns about the financial sustainability of national immunization programmes in middle-income countries. UNICEF knows that the whole Region benefits when ALL countries achieve and maintain high vaccine coverage at both national and sub-national levels. Download file (PDF, 981,23 KB) July 2018
Interpersonal Communication for Immunization
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/interpersonal-communication-immunization
Health providers have always been an important and trusted source of information for parents and caregivers in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and beyond. The way they interact with families and the quality of their communication and engagement may have a positive or negative influence on caregivers' decision to immunize their children. Research in ECA has shown that health workers do not always engage with caregivers in an open and supportive way, often using a patronizing and top-down approach in communication. As a result of time constraints and limited communication capacities, they often fail to understand the immunization-related concerns, fears and expectations of caregivers and fail to identify and address vaccine hesitancy. To help strengthen the communication and community engagement skills of front-line workers, the UNICEF Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia (ECARO) has developed this interactive and evidence-based training package to identify and address their own biases and misconceptions and to equip them with the essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes they need for positive and meaningful interpersonal communication. It consist of a Facilitator Guide, Participant Manual and a set of Presentations. Options Available options Facilitator guide Participant manual Presentation Download file (PDF, 5,62 MB) (PDF, 5,57 MB) (PDF, 11,88 MB) November 2019
Interpersonal Communication for Immunization. Presentation
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/interpersonal-communication-immunization-presentation
Health providers have always been an important and trusted source of information for parents and caregivers in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and beyond. The way they interact with families and the quality of their communication and engagement may have a positive or negative influence on caregivers' decision to immunize their children. Download file (PDF, 11,88 MB) November 2018
Interpersonal Communication for Immunization. Participant manual
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/interpersonal-communication-immunization-participant-manual
Good interpersonal communication can mean the difference between a child being fully immunized or not at all. This Interpersonal Communication for Immunization Participant manual seeks to help health workers value, acquire, and consistently use the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to communicate effectively with caregivers and communities about childhood immunization. Interpersonal communication for immunization capacity development is critical. Almost every study of health worker practices in the region finds that interpersonal communication for immunization overall is weak. Yet, at the same time, the vast majority of caregivers of young children cite health workers as their primary source of information about immunization. Health workers and health services must close this gap if nations and the world are to achieve universal immunization. Download file (PDF, 5,57 MB) November 2019
Interpersonal Communication for Immunization. Facilitator Guide
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/interpersonal-communication-immunization-facilitator-guide
Health providers have always been an important and trusted source of information for parents and caregivers in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region and beyond. The way they interact with families and the quality of their communication and engagement may have a positive or negative influence on caregivers' decision to immunize their children. Research in ECA has shown that health workers do not always engage with caregivers in an open and supportive way, often using a patronizing and top-down approach in communication. As a result of time constraints and limited communication capacities, they often fail to understand the immuni-zation-related concerns, fears and expectations of caregivers and fail to identify and address vaccine hesitancy. To help strengthen the communication and community engagement skills of front-line workers, the UNICEF Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia (ECARO) has developed this interactive and evidence-based training package to identify and address their own biases and misconceptions and to equip them with the essential knowledge, skills, and attitudes they need for positive and meaningful interpersonal communication. Download file (PDF, 5,62 MB) November 2019
What you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines
https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/what-you-need-know-about-covid-19-vaccines-0
Vaccines save millions of lives each year and a COVID-19 vaccine could save yours. The COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective, providing strong protection against serious illness and death. WHO reports that unvaccinated people have at least 10 times higher risk of death from COVID-19 than someone who has been vaccinated. There is also evidence that being vaccinated can help prevent you from spreading the virus, so it protects people around you. It is important to be vaccinated as soon as it's your turn, even if you already had COVID-19. Vaccines offer more reliable protection than natural immunity. Getting vaccinated is a safer way for you to develop immunity from COVID-19 than getting infected. The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective, but no vaccine provides 100 per cent protection. Some people will still get ill from COVID-19 after vaccination or pass the virus onto someone else. Therefore, it is important to continue practicing safety precautions to protect yourself and others, including avoiding crowded spaces, physical distancing, hand washing and wearing a mask.
Vaccinations with a smile in Uzbekistan
https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/vaccinations-smile-uzbekistan
Baby Imona is visiting the clinic, but there is no fear or tension, because Nurse Aziza Abduazimova knows how to put her and her parents at ease. Aziza's open face and sweet, cheerful manner make all of the children she meets comfortable. "I always meet babies with a smile. Then I answer all of the parents' questions about vaccinations so that they feel they can trust me with their child's health. I make the child comfortable, and chat and play with them. I use toys to create a relationship before vaccinating them." Aziza has been immunising children at Polyclinic #47 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan for six years now. She says that she loves her job. "I'm a mother myself. I have three sons aged 15, 12 and 10 years old who are all vaccinated and growing up healthy. I didn't have a moment's hesitation in getting my children vaccinated, and I am happy to help other mothers raise strong and healthy kids." Aziza believes that it's much better to vaccinate a child and prevent a disease than treat the sometimes-serious consequences of an illness. "Polio can cause permanent paralysis. Mumps, a common childhood disease, can make boys infertile, and measles can be fatal. It's not just the consequences for the individual, either. A child who hasn't been vaccinated is putting everyone else at risk, including babies and unvaccinated adults." Nurse Aziza Abduazimova administers the polio vaccine to baby Imona. Nurse Aziza Abduazimova administers the polio vaccine to baby Imona. However, despite all the evidence about the safety of vaccines to prevent serious disease, some parents are still hesitant. "It's a natural urge for a mother to protect her baby, and some mothers are scared to cause their baby the pain of an injection," Aziza says. "Believe me, when I first started this job, I used to cry along with the babies, but then I realised that by causing this brief moment of pain, I'm preventing a lot of future suffering." Some parents read things on the internet that scare them. Aziza says, "I follow a lot of discussions on the web and I often post evidence to prove that they needn't worry. All the vaccines used in Uzbekistan meet international standards." Aziza recalls a young mother who didn't vaccinate her first son. "He got every childhood disease, one after the other, including Hepatitis A. With my encouragement she decided to vaccinate her younger son. He has grown up very healthy. Now when people see them together, they assume the younger one is older because he wasn't sick as often, he's so much taller and stronger than his brother. His mother tells everyone her story. She says, 'If I'd had my older son vaccinated, I wouldn't have gone through all these troubles.'" Aziza helps parents who have concerns about vaccinations to meet mothers and fathers with children who have been fully immunised. "Peer to peer conversations are really helpful because parents trust fellow parents and they can see the results." She believes being a good vaccinator isn't just about following procedures but having the right attitude: "There was one lady who came from outside our clinic's catchment area. She was surprised to find me so cheerful and friendly. In her previous experiences staff had been professional, but she told me my friendliness has made such a difference to her children; now they feel at ease during and after vaccinations. It makes such a difference how you treat people." "Children pick up a lot from how you deal with them—they connect with a smile." - adds Aziza. Nurse Aziza puts baby Imona at ease with a toy after administering a vaccine. With toys and smiles, baby Imona is at ease after receiving a vaccine. "My main message to parents would be to follow the vaccination calendar. Don't wait or delay; it has been developed to protect against the most common diseases in this country and vaccinating on time gives your child the best protection." Aziza gives baby Imona a last cuddle. She smiles, "Parents share the hope that their child will grow up healthy. In my work as a vaccinator, I can help make that happen." UNICEF in Uzbekistan trains health professionals across the country to vaccinate children and works closely with the Government to ensure the vaccine system is safe and can reach all children with life-saving immunizations.
Protecting children against measles in Romania
https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/protecting-children-against-measles-romania
Parents living in Strehaia, a Roma community in South-West Romania, nod and smile in relief after watching a short video shown by their local physician on the benefits of immunizing their children. The physician answers questions from the parents before they gather their children and move to the next room where all of the children are vaccinated. The children range in age from young toddlers to 18 years old. The young ones hold their mothers' hands tightly, but the older ones laugh and ask to watch the film again. The film is part of UNICEF Romania's ongoing support to the Ministry of Health's efforts to increase immunization coverage and prevent the spread of measles. Vaccination coverage in Romania has declined since 2000. In 2017, only 75 per cent of children had received two doses of Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine – a coverage rate far below the recommended 95 per cent needed to protect all children. As a result of low immunization coverage, Romania has experienced a measles outbreak, with over 15,000 people affected since 2016. This includes 59 deaths, the majority being children. As part of ongoing efforts to increase immunization coverage, in July 2018 Romania's Ministry of Health launched a door-to-door catch up campaign to vaccinate children who missed their vaccinations. In support, UNICEF developed a series of materials to provide parents with easy to understand, factual information about the benefits and process of children being immunized. These materials include the short film watched by families in Strehaia. The film is shown to parents and families in the most vulnerable communities in Romania - people living in hard to reach areas, those affected by poverty, and Roma communities. These communities often have children with the lowest rates of immunization. The film talks about the necessity and benefits of vaccination and, at the same time, addresses the most common vaccine-related questions from parents: Is it safe to vaccinate my child? What if she/he catches another disease? What if my child gets sick after the vaccination? Is the vaccine free of charge? A girl is vaccinated at a community center in Buhuși, in Eastern Romania as part of the UNICEF and WHO supported immunization catch-up campaign. A girl is vaccinated at a community center in Buhuși, in Eastern Romania as part of the UNICEF and WHO supported immunization catch-up campaign. "In the beginning parents did not want to vaccinate their children, but then they put their trust in us. We told them vaccines are good and we encouraged them to ask the doctor all the questions they have during the campaign. So they were able to have a clear picture on the benefit of vaccination," said Gabriela Stan, a health mediator in the town of Buhuși, in Eastern Romania. Gabriela was part of the team that went door-to-door to inform parents from vulnerable communities about the benefits of vaccination. Although there have been positive developments in reaching vulnerable children with lifesaving MMR immunizations over the past few months in Romania, until the coverage rate reaches 95 per cent, children will remain at risk.
Protecting young children from vaccine-preventable diseases
https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/protecting-young-children-vaccine-preventable-diseases
Vaccination is one of the world's safest and most cost-effective public health interventions. Yet growing distrust in science, coupled with misinformation, means that vaccination coverage rates are declining in some countries and communities, resulting in an upsurge of vaccine-preventable diseases. Research shows that those caring for children…
Vaccination drive ongoing to protect children from deadly measles outbreak in Ukraine
https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/vaccination-drive-ongoing-protect-children-deadly-measles-outbreak-ukraine
Uliana Dziuba, 36, is holding the hands of her two young children as they wait to receive their vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). Unlike her brother Volodia, nine-year-old Maryana is anxious, but Uliana knows how important today is. "I used to refuse to vaccinate the children against measles," she says. "Once, I refused because they were sick at the time. Another time, there was a very powerful anti-vaccination campaign on social media. But Maryana got measles at age three and now I'm very worried that my son will get sick. I am vaccinating both of them for the first time today." The pair are among thousands of children now being vaccinated in Lviv region, Ukraine, after the Ministry of Health with support from UNICEF launched an immunization drive. It is using a combined approach: teams of mobile doctors are working to reach school-age children while local clinics are increasing their ability to vaccinate more children. The drive is happening as UNICEF warns that global cases of measles have surged to alarmingly high levels – including in countries that had previously been declared measles free – eroding progress against this highly preventable, but potentially deadly disease. Maryana Dzuba, 9, receives her first dose of MMR vaccine on 21 February 2019 in the medical centre of the Lapaivka village school, Lviv region, Ukraine, as part of a three-week long catch-up vaccination campaign to increase MMR coverage among school aged children in the region. Maryana Dzuba, 9, receives her first dose of MMR vaccine on 21 February 2019 in the medical centre of the Lapaivka village school, Lviv region, Ukraine, as part of a three-week long catch-up vaccination campaign to increase MMR coverage among school aged children in the region. In Ukraine alone, according to Government data, there were more than 53,000 cases of measles in 2018. Another 24,000 people were infected just in the first two months of this year. The situation in Lviv region is particularly dangerous, with approximately 11,000 measles cases in 2018, and up to 50,000 unvaccinated children in the region. Of the 634 children attending Volodia and Maryana's school in Lviv, only 13 remain unvaccinated due to the ongoing immunization drive. During the first two days, a total of 2,030 children were vaccinated. For many it was the first time. The vaccination drive also helps combat negative attitudes towards vaccination, as well as shortages in vaccine supply through 2009-2015. "Teachers and medical professionals have been campaigning for vaccinations," says school headteacher Tetiana Malieryk. "We held all-school meetings and parent-teacher conferences, where the danger of measles was explained. Now fewer parents are refusing vaccinations and those children who did not receive vaccinations because of their parents' beliefs are being vaccinated." Next in line for vaccinations at the school in Lviv are six-year-old twins Vitalina and Yuliana. The girls and their mother Olesia Kechur, 37, are dressed in traditional embroidered clothing. This will be their second vaccination against measles. Twins Vitalina and Yuliana Kechur, 6, are given a check-up by the doctor before receiving MMR vaccination on 21 February 2019 in the medical centre of the Lapaivka village school, Lviv region, western Ukraine. Twins Vitalina and Yuliana Kechur, 6, are given a check-up by the doctor before receiving MMR vaccination on 21 February 2019 in the medical centre of the Lapaivka village school, Lviv region, western Ukraine. "The mother is very responsible about vaccinations," reports Halyna Narolska, their doctor. "They get all of them and don't miss anything." Narolska has been a doctor for over 30 years. During this time, she says, she has not seen a single complication from an MMR vaccine. "Temperature may increase and there may be rash on day four, but neither has happened to a single child that we have vaccinated," she says. "The only way to stop the outbreak is to vaccinate all children." "There is a measles outbreak all over the world," remarked Ukraine's Deputy Minister for Healthcare Olha Stefanyshyna, during a recent visit to Lviv. "However, Ukraine is sadly a leader among the European countries. This is why we need to take extraordinary measures. I would like to say that this campaign is aimed primarily at children who missed their vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella in the past. Today, we have better coverage of children who are born now." UNICEF and its partners are supporting governments to reach millions of children in countries around the globe with life-saving immunization. However, stronger commitment and actions to vaccinate more children and protect them from preventable diseases is critical – including in Ukraine.
#VaccinesWork to protect children in Ukraine, amid measles outbreak
https://www.unicef.org/eca/stories/vaccineswork-protect-children-ukraine-amid-measles-outbreak
As a mother of two young children, Natalia was once told by her doctor that vaccinations were unnecessary. Now – with a measles outbreak gripping Ukraine –Natalia is glad she chose to ignore the doctor's advice and instead vaccinate her children. This recent national outbreak has affected 16,500 people and killed 13, including nine children. According to a UNICEF poll taken in 2016, 16 percent of parents in Ukraine have refused vaccinations for their children. Natalia with her two children in a park in Kyiv. Natalia, with her two young children in a park in Kyiv. "Many parents I know still refuse to vaccinate their children," says Natalia, whose children received the MMR vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. "They say the vaccines are bad, that they have adverse effects. My children are fine and I think their health is more important." Ukraine's Ministry of Health has been leading the outbreak response since 2017 with support from UNICEF and other partners. While less than half of all children in the country were vaccinated against measles as part of routine immunization in 2016 (via the MMR vaccine), the number more than doubled in 2017 to over 90 percent, according to the Ministry. Valentyna Ginzburg, a doctor who heads Kyiv's state healthcare department, says she and her team have been working to combat the measles outbreak since first being alerted to a rise in infections following the New Year and Orthodox Christmas celebrations in 2018. "We received information on the incidence rates of measles in Kyiv," Dr. Ginzburg says. "We knew we needed to take rapid action to prevent a situation similar to other regions, such as Odesa, where there had already been fatalities amongst both adults and children from the illness." Measles is one of the most contagious diseases around and we understood that if we were not proactive and did not control it, it would have not been long before we had the same situation as in other regions. Dr. Ginzburg Dr. Ginzburg explains how she and her colleagues had to act quickly to stop the spread of the disease in Kyiv. UNICEF/2018/Krepkih Dr. Ginzburg explains how she and her colleagues had to act quickly to stop the spread of the disease in Kyiv. In the four days that followed, 11,000 children were vaccinated in Kyiv. Around 48,000 children were immunized from January to March, a tally that would normally take 12 months to reach. Following national recommendations on outbreak response, authorities in Kyiv launched a 'situation room' to collect the latest information and coordinate response actions. Being vaccinated was also made a pre-condition for children attending schools and preschools to help stop the spread. The city administration also encouraged medical specialists to visit schools and raise awareness of vaccination among both teachers and parents. Maryna Stefanenko, a pediatrician at a clinic on the left bank of Kyiv, gives more details. "We had a lot of people coming in, even those who normally go to private clinics," she says. Dr Stefanenko's clinic usually administers around 80 vaccines per day, but during the outbreak they were immunizing around 1,200 people each day. On the other side of the city, in Obolon district, another clinic rushed to meet demand. A pediatrician there, Dr Natalia Yatsenko, explained that as part of her job, she must sign the paperwork for parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. She says she spends a lot of time explaining the benefits of vaccination, as well as the risks for children who do not receive their shot. Before the measles outbreak, she managed to talk some 10 per cent of objectors into changing their mind. However, during the outbreak, she did not even have to persuade them – many parents who were once against vaccinations were very keen to bring their children to the clinic. A young boy receives several vaccines at a time at Dr Natalia Yatsenko clinic in Kyiv. A young boy receives several vaccines at a time at Dr Natalia Yatsenko clinic in Kyiv. Another factor in the response? The effects of armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. "We had some internally displaced people from the eastern regions who came to our clinic," says Yatsenko. "They told us that their children's vaccination records had been falsified, and now they wanted to vaccinate them for real. So we vaccinated them." "We also vaccinated some parents," adds Stefanenko. "The parents bought the vaccines for themselves from the pharmacy then brought them to us and we administered the shots." Dr. Ginzburg also advocated with the Kyiv authorities to address one of the biggest issues the country is struggling with - access to vaccines for adults and health workers. "All health workers had to be checked and those who required vaccination had to be immunized," she says. "Then we were sure that, no matter what, the doctors wouldn't be incapacitated." The city administration also made sure the municipal pharmacy chain had measles vaccines available for adults. Artem, six, receives his second dose of the MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) vaccine in Kyiv. Artem, six, receives his second dose of the MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) vaccine in Kyiv. Although vaccines for children were available in 2017, increased demand had depleted stocks in some regions. To help replenish stocks, a new expedited supply of MMR vaccines was delivered by UNICEF at the request of the Ministry of Health at the end of February 2018, and another 800,000 doses are due this month, to ensure sufficient vaccines for both routine immunization of children and those who may have missed their immunizations in previous years. Significant progress has been made in reaching more children with vaccines, yet still an estimated 1.5 million children die globally from vaccine preventable diseases every year and an estimated half a million children in the region are still not immunized. Millions of lives can be saved by extending basic health services like routine immunization to the most vulnerable and disadvantaged, and UNICEF is on the ground immunizing millions of children each year . Vaccines protect children against disease and death, saving up to three million lives every year. In short, #VaccinesWork.
Положение детей в регионе Европы и Центральной Азии
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Kaitlyn Bristowe
TV Personality, Podcast Host, Known for her role on "The Bachelorette"
Entertainers, Reality TV Stars, Television Personalities
Kaitlyn Bristowe Biography
Kaitlyn Bristowe is a television personality, best known for her role as a contestant on the 19th season of ABC's The Bachelor and as the lead on the 11th season of The Bachelorette.
Bristowe was a contestant on Chris Soules's season of The Bachelor. She caught the audience's attention with her wry, sometimes inappropriate sense of humor. She placed third overall, losing to runner-up Becca Tilley and winner Whitney Bischoff.
On The Bachelor "After the Final Rose" segment, host Chris Harrison announced that season eleven would begin with two Bachelorettes, Bristowe and fellow season nineteen contestant Britt Nilsson, and that the men would vote to keep one of the two women on the first night of the show. Bristowe ultimately earned more votes than Nilsson, and she became the official bachelorette of season eleven. During week four of the season, Bristowe made the controversial decision to allow season ten contestant Nick Viall to enter the competition, after she ran into him during a group date in New York City. Viall became the runner-up when Bristowe chose contestant Shawn Booth. Booth proposed to Bristowe in the season finale, and she accepted. After 3 years in the relationship, Bristowe and Booth ended their engagement.
Bristowe debuted on Broadway hosting the show Home For the Holidays, Live on Broadway which was presented November 17 to December 30, 2017, at the August Wilson Theatre. Vocal performers included Candice Glover, Josh Kaufman, Bianca Ryan, Peter Hollens and Evynne Hollens.
Bristowe's podcast. Off the Vine with Kaitlyn Bristowe began on May 29, 2017. She launched a line of scrunchies called Dew Edit on June 19, 2018. Bristowe launched a line of wine called Spade and Sparrows on May 30, 2019.
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Our booking agents have successfully helped clients around the world secure talent like Kaitlyn Bristowe for speaking engagements, personal appearances, product endorsements, or corporate entertainment for over 15 years. The team at All American Entertainment represents and listens to the needs of organizations and corporations seeking to hire keynote speakers, celebrities or entertainers. Fill out a booking request form for Kaitlyn Bristowe, or call our office at 1.800.698.2536 to discuss your upcoming event. One of our experienced agents will be happy to help you get pricing information and check availability for Kaitlyn Bristowe or any other celebrity of your choice.
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Kaitlyn Bristowe is a keynote speaker and industry expert who speaks on a wide range of topics . The estimated speaking fee range to book Kaitlyn Bristowe for your event is $10,000 - $20,000. Kaitlyn Bristowe generally travels from Nashville, TN, USA and can be booked for (private) corporate events, personal appearances, keynote speeches, or other performances. Similar motivational celebrity speakers are Chris Soules, Bethenny Frankel, JoJo Fletcher, Emily Maynard and Nick Viall. Contact All American Speakers for ratings, reviews, videos and information on scheduling Kaitlyn Bristowe for an upcoming event.
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This is a multi-center, non-randomised, open-label, uncontrolled, single group study to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) during 84 days repeat dosing treatment with 1000 micrograms (mcg) of inhaled GSK2269557 in addition to standard of care, in subjects with activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta syndrome /p110delta-activating mutation causing senescent T Cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency (APDS/PASLI). To date GSK2269557 has been administered to healthy subjects (smokers and non smokers), subjects with: stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); subjects experiencing a COPD exacerbation; and subjects with persistent, uncontrolled asthma. As this study is the first administration of GSK2269557 to subjects with APDS, this study will provide safety, tolerability, efficacy and pharmacokinetic data in this patient population. Up to 20 subjects will be enrolled into the study. The total duration of the study is approximately 30 weeks, including pre-screening/screening and follow-up.
Subjects will receive 2 inhalations of GSK2269557 500 mcg in DPI (total dose: 1000 mcg) to be taken every day before breakfast (with the exception of days when the subjects have a planned visit to the study clinic. On those days, they will be dosed at the clinic). The subject should hold their breath for 10 seconds before exhaling. Inhalations should be taken approximately 30 seconds apart.
An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest.
Temperature will be measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest.
Pulse rate will be measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest.
Respiratory rate will be measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest.
Single (triplicate at screening) 12-lead ECGs will be obtained at each time point during the study using an ECG machine that automatically calculates the heart rate and measures PR, QRS, QT, and QTc intervals.
FEV1 is the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second.
Male and female subjects aged 18 or older at the time of signing the informed consent.
Patients with a clinical phenotype consistent with APDS, including a history of recurrent (frequency greater than would be expected in an immunocompetent individual) ear, sinus or pulmonary infections, and who have a known type 1 APDS-associated genetic PI3K delta mutation (i.e. E1021K, N334K, E525K and C416R).
Male subject. Male subjects with female partners of child bearing potential must comply with the following contraception requirements from the time of first dose of study medication until completion of the follow-up telephone call at 1-2 weeks from last dose. Vasectomy with documentation of azoospermia. Male condom plus partner use of one of the following contraceptive options: 1. Contraceptive subdermal implant 2. Intrauterine device or intrauterine system 3. Combined estrogen and progestogen oral contraceptive, 4. Injectable progestogen 5. Contraceptive vaginal ring 6. Percutaneous contraceptive patches. This is an all inclusive list of those methods that meet the GSK definition of highly effective: having a failure rate of less than 1% per year when used consistently and, correctly and, when applicable, in accordance with the product label. For non-product methods (e.g. male sterility), the investigator determines what is consistent and correct use. The GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) definition is based on the definition provided by International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH).
Female subject. A female subject is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant (as confirmed by a negative urine human chorionic gonadotrophin [hCG] test), not lactating, and at least one of the following conditions applies: 1. Non-reproductive potential defined as: Pre-menopausal females with one of the following: Documented tubal ligation, Documented hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure with follow-up confirmation of bilateral tubal occlusion, Hysterectomy, Documented Bilateral Oophorectomy. Postmenopausal defined as 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhea (in questionable cases a blood sample with simultaneous follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and estradiol levels consistent with menopause). Females on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and whose menopausal status is in doubt will be required to use one of the highly effective contraception methods if they wish to continue their HRT during the study. Otherwise, they must discontinue HRT to allow confirmation of post-menopausal status prior to study enrolment. 2. Reproductive potential and agrees to follow one of the options listed in the Modified List of Highly Effective Methods for Avoiding Pregnancy in Females of Reproductive Potential (FRP) from 30 days prior to the first dose of study medication and until completion of the follow-up telephone call at 1-2 weeks from last dose.
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >2xupper limit normal (ULN) and bilirubin >1.5xULN (isolated bilirubin >1.5xULN is acceptable if bilirubin is fractionated and direct bilirubin <35%).
Current or chronic history of liver disease except where hepatomegaly is identified by their clinician to be secondary to APDS, or known hepatic or biliary abnormalities (with the exception of Gilbert's syndrome or asymptomatic gallstones).
A subject with a clinical abnormality or laboratory parameter(s) which is/are not specifically listed in the inclusion or exclusion criteria, outside the reference range for the population being studied may be included only if the investigator, in consultation with the Medical Monitor if required, agree and document that the finding is unlikely to introduce additional risk factors and will not interfere with the study procedures.
Use of unstable dosing regimen with intravenous (i.v.) immunoglobulin (Ig) /subcutaneous (s.c.) Ig in the last 6 months before screening. Stable maintenance immunoglobulin regimen, as per local practice, such as regular injections with a consistent dosing interval (e.g. monthly) is acceptable.
Previous use of an mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) antagonist (e.g. rapamycin, everolimus) or PI3K delta inhibitor (selective or non-selective PI3K inhibitors).
History of regular alcohol consumption within 6 months of the study defined as an average weekly intake of >21 units for males or >14 units for females. One unit is equivalent to 8 grams (g) of alcohol: a half-pint (~240 milliliters [mL]) of beer, 1 glass (125 mL) of wine or 1 (25 mL) measure of spirits.
History of sensitivity to any of the study medications, or components thereof (including lactose) or a history of drug or other allergy (including a milk protein allergy) that, in the opinion of the investigator or Medical Monitor, contraindicates their participation.
History of previous intolerance of the induced sputum procedure.
Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), positive hepatitis C antibody test result at screening or within 3 months prior to first dose of study treatment.
Where participation in the study would result in donation of blood or blood products in excess of 500 mL within 56 days.
The subject has participated in a clinical trial and has received an investigational product within the following time period prior to the first dose of study medication in the current study: 30 days, 5 half-lives or twice the duration of the biological effect of the investigational product (whichever is longer).
A positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody.
Exposure to more than 4 investigational medicinal products within 12 months prior to the first dose of study medication.


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Norwegian architecture firm Snøhetta is designing impressive modern libraries worldwide
by Claire Kelley
A rendering of Calgary's New Central Library and Library Plaza designed by Snøhetta and DIALOG.
An architecture and design firm called Snøhetta, with offices based in Oslo, New York, San Francisco, and is bring modern architecture and the ability to tie a design to the natural landscape as well as the history and future possibilities of reading and meeting space to their rendering of libraries throughout the world.
Their most recent project was made public last week. The city of Calgary in Alberta, Canada has announced plans for a new Central Public Library designed by both, Snøhetta and Dialog, and architecture firm based in Calgary. The winning team emerged from a shortlist of four finalists selected by the city of Calgary from 38 submissions. Input was also solicited from the public to help decide how design components will align to community use and needs.
"Calgarians responded with enthusiasm, passion and pride," stated Janet Hutchinson, Calgary Public Library Board Chair, after conducting a 6-month public engagement program. "They clearly see their libraries as essential parts of a complete community, and their collective input will be a rich source of inspiration for the project team. "
One of Snøhetta's first projects was a library in Alexandria, Egypt:
Conceived as a revival of the ancient library in the city founded by Alexander the Great some 2300 years ago and lost to civilization centuries later, the new Alexandria Library is a contemporary design that will contribute meaningfully to students, researchers and the public. The design of the new library is both timeless and bold. Its vast circular form alongside the circular Alexandrian harbor recalls the cyclical nature of knowledge, fluid throughout time. It's glistening, tilting roof recalls the ancient Alexandrian lighthouse and provides the city with a new symbol for learning and culture.
The design plans for the library in Calgary reflects the city's typography, allows for a light rail to run through the middle of the building, and is also engaged in a forward-thinking conception of what a library can be designed to provide in a modern age.
The design team embraced the city's diverse urban culture and unique climate, striving to create the right library for Calgary by establishing a vibrant, welcoming and accessible public space in the heart of this rapidly expanding metropolis… Inspired by the nearby foothills, the site is transformed into a terraced topography that rises up and over the existing Light Rail Transit Line crossing the site…. The façade utilizes a unique geometry and distribution of clear and fritted glass openings to control desired daylight levels for the interior spaces. Dramatic, highly transparent zones attract public interest to activities inside, while closed areas provide more focused study spaces.
Snøhetta's rendering for the new public library in Far Rockaway.
Fast Company is calling the Calgary design a sign of what a library of the future can be, referring to it as "the Apple store of libraries." Snøhetta has also designed libraries in Raleigh, North Carolina (the James B. Hunt Jr. Library), Far Rockaway in Queens (expected completion is scheduled for 2016), and developed a very interesting proposal for a library in Norway ("The proposal portrays the library as a public, interior space, generated by the complex relationship of singular and plural needs of the users rather than the specificity of its exterior shape.")
Construction for the Calgary Public Library is expected to start this year, with an opening date of 2018.
Claire Kelley is a the former Director of Library and Academic Marketing.
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architectureCalgarydesignEgyptFar RockawayLibraries & librariansSnohetta
My Life Anton Chekhov


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Portraits of HIV
India is one of the largest and most populated countries in the world, with over one billion inhabitants. Of this number, it's estimated that around 2.3 million people are currently living with HIV. Never the less, in India, as elsewhere, AIDS is often seen as "someone else's problem" – as something that affects people living on the margins of society, whose lifestyles are considered immoral. Even as it moves into the general population, this epidemic is still misunderstood among the Indian public. People living with HIV have faced violent attacks, been rejected by families, spouses and communities, been refused medical treatment, and even, in some reported cases, denied the last rites before they die. In a country where poverty, illiteracy and poor health are rife, the spread of the virus presents a daunting challenge.
UNDP works with the National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) to respond to HIV and AIDS in India and reduce its impact by supporting the national efforts and offering knowledge, resources and technical expertise to effectively implement the National AIDS Control Program.
Almost 15.6 million people across India were provided with information, training and services to improve their capacities to deal with HIV. People living with the virus as well as trafficking survivors receive livelihood training to expand their employment opportunities and skills.
On an assignment for UNDP in Orissa I visited a clinic in a town about twenty kilometers from Bhubaneshwar and met some of the people who need to live with this reality on a daily basis.
Usharani Behera (30) and her daughter Rani (3) at the community care center at Cuttack, about 20km from Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. They were tested HIV+ in 2007 once her husband was seriously ill. © Sephi Bergerson / UNDP India
Bipin Das (42) is an HIV+ truck driver. He now receives the HIV pension thanks to the advocacy of UNDP as part of the HIV mainstreaming project, and uses the money to travel for his ARV treatment. © Sephi Bergerson / UNDP India
Mandakini Behera (22) at the HIV community center at Cuttack, Orissa. She has tested HIV+ in 2004 and now receives the HIV government pension. © Sephi Bergerson / UNDP India