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Wednesday, 26 December 2018.
Minister Dacic in talks with Romanian Foreign Minister
First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia Ivica Dacic met today with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania Teodor Meleşcanu, who is on an official visit to Serbia.
At a joint press conference, Minister Dacic thanked his counterpart for visiting Serbia a few days prior to Romania assuming the Presidency of the Council of the EU and underlined the very friendly character of relations between the two countries.
"It is important to us to make progress in the European integration process at the fastest pace possible and we hope that the number of chapters to be opened by us during the Romanian Presidency will exceed what was achieved during the previous ones", said Minister Dacic.
He underlined that the next year was an important anniversary – 140 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Serbia and Romania.
"Our political relations have been on the rise. Serbia has an interest to continue and develop the cooperation in all areas of common interest. The trade in goods currently amounts to EUR 1.5 billion, and we expect it to increase even further", said the Serbian Foreign Minister.
The Minister stated that Serbia highly appreciated the position of Romania concerning the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the country, expressing his gratitude to Romania for having recently voted against the admission of "Kosovo" to Interpol.
Minister Meleşcanu stated that his country fully supported the European path of Serbia and called on the Serbian officials to make maximum efforts in the context of European integration.
"I assure you that we will include the Western Balkans among the top priorities of our Presidency of the Council of the EU", said Minister Meleşcanu.
The Romanian Minister also underlined that the very fact that he was on a visit to Belgrade immediately prior to Romania's assumption of the EU Presidency reflected the level of importance his country attached to its relations with Serbia and its European integration.
"It is our interest that the Western Balkans becomes part of the EU", said Meleşcanu adding that it was important that the European path of the region went ahead, and also that the EU maintained its engagement in bringing the region closer to the Union.
The Romanian Foreign Minister said that the moment could not be better for the implementation of reforms and offered technical assistance of Bucharest in the alignment with European standards.
Minister Meleşcanu said that the economic ties were strong, that the trade nearly equalled its all-time high, and added that the prospects existed for joint capital infrastructure projects in transport and energy sectors, as well as border security.
Tags: Romania Ivica Dacic Minister


Today I was able to do a little test with the new lens Fujifilm lens 18-55 T2.9. At first it seems a very good choice for filmmakers who do not need prime lens.
All images have color graded using different tools, such as ´film convert pro´.


To get your Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) you will need to complete an application form, provide evidence of your pilot certificate, submit a recent photograph and provide appropriate proof of you identity. You will also need to undertake a flight review before you can use your licence.
Your new licence will grant you the relevant category rating, aircraft class rating and design feature endorsements.
If your pilot certificate authorizes you to conduct cross-country flights and if you meet the minimum flight times you will be also granted a recreational navigation endorsement.
* Flight radio endorsement, which requires an aviation English language proficiency assessment.


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The A.I. Age
Amazon paid $250 million in Washington state and local taxes for 2017, source says
Originally published May 9, 2018 at 4:55 pm Updated May 10, 2018 at 8:42 pm
Amazon entities that own Seattle property are the largest and fifth-largest individual property tax payers in the city, according to government filings. Shown here are the Amazon Spheres. (Greg Gilbert / The Seattle Times)
The rare disclosure of tax data comes as the company fights back against a Seattle City Council proposal that would tax big companies based on their number of employees.
Seattle Times business reporter
Amazon paid about $250 million in state and local taxes in Washington for 2017, according to a person at the company familiar with the data, a disclosure that comes as the retailer fights back against a Seattle City Council proposal that would tax big companies based on their number of employees.
Amazon last week raised the prospect that it would halt its expansion in the city if the tax went through, announcing a halt to planning of a new 17-story tower, and suggesting it might sublease a massive skyscraper now under construction that it had committed to occupy.
The person familiar with the data said the sum includes payments to state, county and city entities. It does include sales taxes paid on the company's own acquisition of equipment and supplies, but not customer purchases of Amazon-sold goods.
A breakdown of individual taxes included in the $250 million total, and how it was divided among government entities, could not immediately be determined.
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Seattle City Council is responsible for the head tax fiasco | David Horsey cartoon
An Amazon spokesman declined to comment on the tax data.
It is unclear how the figure compares with the tax bills of other large companies. Government agencies treat individual taxpayer information confidentially. Spokespeople for the state department of revenue and Seattle finance department declined to comment on Wednesday.
Companies, for their part, rarely disclose specifics unless compelled by regulators. Disclosures by Boeing related to its record-breaking 2013 tax break from the state of Washington show that, absent the subsidy, the plane maker would have been charged about $252 million in B&O (business and occupation) taxes in 2016.
Washington, which has no personal or corporate income tax, primarily funds programs through a sales tax tacked on to the cost of goods and services. For big companies, though, the B&O tax —levied on gross-receipts of goods sold in the state or attributed to activity there — is often the largest component of their direct payments to state coffers.
Seattle's proposed head tax, aimed at raising about $75 million to fund homelessness services and affordable housing, would charge large companies about $500 per employee in the city, per year. Five of the nine city council members have indicated they support the tax, though it's unclear whether Mayor Jenny Durkan would approve or veto the bill.
Amazon raised its voice in opposition to the levy last week, the company's biggest show of force in Seattle politics. Outside observers pegged the move to Amazon executives' objection to the political climate that brought the tax, and a longtime obsession with controlling costs — and, especially, minimizing taxes.
Dozens of other businesses have also come forward to oppose the move.
"I would say that things like the head tax in Seattle I think are super dangerous for cities to implement," Andy Jassy, chief executive of the company's Amazon Web Services unit, said Wednesday on CNBC. "What company is going to want to start — or move to or grow in — a city that penalizes them for hiring full-time employees?"
The tax has ignited fierce debate about the efficacy of the city's response to the homelessness crisis to date, and what role companies like Amazon should play in footing the bill for that response.
Under the head tax, Amazon would likely be charged more than $20 million a year, based on the company's more than 45,000 employees in the city. In 2021, the levy would convert to a 0.7 percent payroll tax, which would likely increase the cost to the company. Based on salary data posted to job reviews site Glassdoor that show average Amazon wages in Seattle totaling about $110,000, if Amazon held to its prior expansion plans that gave it room for 55,000 employees, the company's tax bill could grow to $43 million. That total would rise if stock-based compensation was also taxed.
The disclosure of Amazon's state-level tax payment adds some context to the company's existing local tax burden, very little of which is a matter of public record.
Seattle head-tax debate
Seattle City Council votes 9-0 for scaled-down head tax on large employers
Watch: Discussion on Seattle's head-tax debate with Times reporters
How Seattle's head tax would work
What you need to know about the proposed business tax in Seattle
Here's what some readers say about Seattle's proposed head tax
King County needs to spend $400 million a year to solve homeless crisis, report says
Read more about Seattle's proposed head tax here »
Listen | Downtown Seattle Association's Jon Scholes on case against head tax ⇊
Listen | Seattle City Councilmember M. Lorena González defends 'head tax' ⇊
Amazon entities that own Seattle property are the largest and fifth-largest individual property tax payers in the city, according to government filings. At the regular rate applicable to the company's home base in South Lake Union, that would yield a tax bill of roughly $27 million. The company also directly pays state and city business and occupation taxes, which tax the portion of Amazon's sales attributable to in-state customers. Those revenue totals are unclear.
Meanwhile, Amazon has taken advantage of a state sales and use tax break aimed at high-tech firms as it built out its $4 billion corporate campus. The company deferred a cumulative $54 million in taxes under the program.
Amazon's securities filings show the company paid $957 million in cash in taxes in 2017 to governments worldwide, after accounting for tax refunds.
A separate figure in Amazon's filings — the company's estimate of its income tax liability for 2017 — shows that nationwide, its state income tax bill was $211 million. On U.S. federal income taxes, Amazon recorded a $137 million refund.
Taxes like Washington's B&O are gross receipts taxes, and can be excluded from income tax tallies.
Information in this article, originally published May 9, 2018, was corrected on May 10, 2018. A previous version incorrectly said the $250 million excluded sales tax on purchases made by Amazon. The earlier version also gave an incorrect figure for Amazon's savings under a sales-tax deferral program. The company deferred a cumulative $54 million, not $165 million.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Brass Quintet is an elite chamber ensemble that covers a wide range of repertory. The group performs for various TCNJ events and community concerts.
The primary objective of Brass Quintet is to expose students to the wide range of literature available to brass quintets, and to give students the opportunity to improve their overall musicianship, as they learn to rehearse and perform in a small ensemble setting. Historical and theoretical concepts will be discussed often in rehearsals, particularly as they relate to the interpretation of various musical styles.


What a fun way to spend the day out doors in style! This classy sun visor is colorful and has a tie-dye look to it in shades of green, pink, purple and turquoise. This visor is hand dyed and designed by Lora.


So many activities, so little time. Our annual meeting was a chance to connect with friends and colleagues, partake in great local food, enjoy a Big Top Chautauqua performance of Wild Woods and Waters, visit and learn through our local field trips.
We explored our meeting theme with our keynote speaker Patty Loew, and panelists. Patty encouraged us to build relationships with groups and individuals to make our communications more effective and gave us welcome insights to reaching out to Native American nations. She stressed that many groups need scientific data and the kind of expertise in Wisconsin's Green Fire. Our panelists gave us much to think about to improve our communications. In this age of polarization, it serves us all to listen to others, consider cultural understandings, and appreciate that a love for our natural resources crosses cultural and political divides.
On Saturday afternoon, we heard from the work group chairs about current priorities and issues these groups of volunteers are tackling.
See the Fall 2018 Newsletter for highlights.


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USB device doesn't work when connected to an Xbox 360 console
Note For information about how to use a USB flash drive as a memory unit on your Xbox 360 console, see Using USB flash drives with Xbox 360. To troubleshoot USB flash drive issues, see Xbox 360 storage.
A USB device connected to your Xbox 360 console might not work as expected for any of the following reasons:
The device isn't compatible with Xbox 360.
The USB cable connection is incorrect or faulty.
The Xbox 360 console didn't recognise the device during startup.
The USB device requires an external power supply or is faulty.
The over-current protection mechanism temporarily disabled the USB port on the Xbox 360 console.
The USB port on the Xbox 360 console is faulty.
USB ports on Xbox 360
There are two USB ports located on the back of the Xbox 360 console (pictured here) and one in front:
To remove a USB storage device from the USB port on the front of an Xbox 360 console:
To resolve issues with USB devices, try the following solutions.
Note Test your USB device after each solution to see if the device now works. If the first solution doesn't resolve the issue, go to the next.
Solution 1: Verify that the device is compatible with Xbox 360
The following devices are compatible with the Xbox 360 console:
Official Xbox 360 accessories
Most USB keyboards
Most digital cameras
Many portable music players
Many mass storage devices
Check with the device manufacturer for compatibility with Xbox 360.
Solution 2: Troubleshoot the USB device
If the USB device is compatible with Xbox 360, troubleshoot the USB connection:
Restart the Xbox 360 console.
Disconnect the device from the USB port, and then turn off the console. After 5 to 10 seconds, turn the console back on. After the console has restarted, reconnect the device to the USB port.
Turn off the console, remove the power cord from the power outlet, reconnect the power cord and then turn on the console again.
Disconnect any unnecessary devices from the console.
Determine whether the USB device requires a separate power supply. If it does, attach the power supply.
Connect the USB device to a different USB port on the console. If the device works in another USB port, the Xbox 360 console may need service.
If you still experience the problem, contact Xbox Support.
An over-current protection mechanism protects USB ports on the Xbox 360 to reduce the risk of damage. An over-current situation may occur if the USB device attached to the console tries to draw too much power from the USB port. In these situations, the USB port temporarily turns off to prevent damage. It then resets after the device is disconnected.
Xbox 360 storage
Using USB flash drives with Xbox 360
Xbox 360 USB flash drive support
Repair and service centre
Would you like to contact Support regarding the "USB device doesn't work when connected to an Xbox 360 console" issue you were reading about or a different issue?


text:
Ilex kelsallii är en järneksväxtart som beskrevs av Ridley. Ilex kelsallii ingår i släktet järnekar, och familjen järneksväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Järnekar
kelsallii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Treeman Combat Machete is a handmade tool that is ready for years of hard use. The Black Cerakote finished recurved blade is made from 1/4 inch thick O1 tool steel and given a hollow ground edge. The contoured handle is diamond textured black G-10 with a D-guard and finger grooves for extreme grip. The Combat Machete comes with a lined Kydex sheath.


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Posts Tagged 'Sith Lords'
What Day Is It? Links
* Jaimee's book was reviewed in the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel last week. We spent the weekend in DC for her book launch and reading at the Folger, which was amazing. She just absolutely killed it. Buy her book! And come to her reading in Milwaukee next week…
* Part of the issue is an image problem around the impact of humanities research on the wider world. The public should know about Priscilla Wald, an English professor at Duke University, whose explanation of the "outbreak narrative" of contagion is changing the way scientists think about the spread of infectious diseases. Yeah they should! Humanities research is groundbreaking, life-changing… and ignored.
* "The Time Traveller," a story in tweets by Alberto Chimal.
* "Nuclear War" Turns 50: A Fun Game about Human Extinction.
* Slave labor either physically built the modern American university or was the wealth vehicle that conditioned its making.
* Professorial anger, then and now. A bit more here.
* Every NYT Higher-Ed Thinkpiece Ever Written. How to write an essay about teaching that will not be published in the NYT, Chronicle, IHE, or anywhere else.
* Bousquet against alt-ac.
* The semipublic intellectual.
* What happens when you fiddle with just one knob on the infernal machine: rich people get richer.
* Billionaires and superstorms.
* Nice work if you can get it.
* Meanwhile.
* Are Public Universities Going to Disappear?
* The care work of the (mostly female) academic: "I estimate that someone cries in my office at least once every three weeks."
* Playboy's science fiction.
* An incredibly rare Tolkien-annotated map of Middle-Earth was just discovered in a used bookstore.
* Highly irregular: Harry Potter and the Cursed Child will be considered the eighth book in the Harry Potter series.
* In a final speech to the synod, Pope Francis endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States, while taking some clear swipes at conservatives who hold up church doctrine above all else, and use it to cast judgment on others.
* What Happens if a Former CEO Actually Goes to Prison?
* Cop Attacks High School Student In Her Classroom.
* The Hoverboard Scene In Back To The Future 2 Nearly Killed A Stuntwoman. Amazing story.
* Look, I'm not made of stone.
* A Google Tour Through The Underground: How to Read a Russian Novel Set in the Moscow Metro.
* NLRB Returns to Grad Student Unions.
* Bring on the climate trials: ICN has demonstrated that as early as the late 1970s, Exxon scientists were briefing top executives that climate change was real, dangerous, and caused by their product. By the early 1980s, their own climate models were predicting—with great accuracy—the track the global temperature has taken ever since. Meanwhile.
* David Mitchell on A Wizard of Earthsea.
* College sports: still the worst.
* A statue of Vladimir Lenin in the Ukrainian city of Odessa has been given a sci-fi twist – by being transformed into Darth Vader.
* Portugal has apparently smartly baked the potential for coups in its official constitutional order.
* Emolument took data from both the US and UK and found that while science grads get a bit of a headstart straight out of university in terms of pay, in later life it's people with humanities degrees who tend to get bigger pay cheques.
* How to Make a Virtuoso Violinist: One mother's devastating study of 100 musical prodigies.
* A DEA Agent Who Helped Take Down Silk Road Is Going to Prison for Unbelievable Corruption.
* The Ecological Uncanny: On the "Southern Reach" Trilogy.
* Boondoggle watch: The City of Milwaukee has been awarded a $14.2 million federal grant for construction of a spur connecting the streetcar with the lakefront.
* "Many Colleges' New Emergency Plan: Try to Account for Every Possibility." Well, that'll work.
* Should a Cal State Fullerton math professor be forced to have his students use $180 textbook, written by his boss? Why is Cal State letting the math department chair require his own book?
* The Man Behind the Dragon Tattoo: Former Internationalen editor Håkan Blomqvist on the socialist politics of his colleague Stieg Larsson.
* "They didn't hire me, they hired me minus 35 pounds," Fisher recently quipped.
* The arc of history is long, but Subway will finally pay for calling an eleven-inch sandwich a "footlong." Next up: they shouldn't be allowed to call that bread.
* Miracles and wonders: Landmark Huntington's trial starts.
* Star Wars but with philosophers.
* "Blood alcohol concentration predicts utilitarian responses in moral dilemmas."
* Sesame Street will introduce an autistic muppet.
* I hate it when Yglesias is right, but sometimes he's right: Democrats are in denial. Their party is actually in deep trouble. Down-ballot the Obama years have been a complete disaster in ways no one in the party seems ready or able to face.
* Wesleyan University's student assembly is considering substantial cuts to the student newspaper's budget, in a move that is surely *completely unrelated* to a truly stupid recent uproar when the paper published an unpopular op-ed. The paper is soliciting donations to stay alive.
* My brilliant colleague C.J. Hribal on his old house.
* The secret linguistic life of girls.
* Talkin' Trash with Brian Thill and Pinar Yoldas.
* Police "disappeared" more than 7,000 people at an off-the-books interrogation warehouse in Chicago, nearly twice as many detentions as previously disclosed, the Guardian can now reveal.
* A literary history of whales.
* The Deadly Legacy of HIV Truthers.
* Things Men In Literature Have Died From.
* Exploring 'Cartozia Tales,' The Crowdfunded Fantasy Anthology for Readers of All Ages.
* Nabokov v. Kafka on drawing the monster.
* "Gentlemen, I just don't belong here": throwing shade the Le Guin way.
* Guys, we are definitely living inside a simulation. And possibly just a few years away from either crashing it or figuring out how to hack it.
* And teach the controversy: Luke Skywalker, Sith Lord. I really think this is just an effective viral marketing ploy, but I'll concede I'm starting to have my doubts.
Tagged with A Wizard of Earthsea, academia, academic jobs, alcohol, altac, America, animals, Annihilation, apocalypse, Are we living in a simulation?, austerity, autism, Back to the Future, Back to the Future II, Bernie Sanders, books, boondoggles, C.J. Hribal, Cal State, campus newspapers, capitalism, care work, Cartozia Tales, CEOs, charter schools, Chicago, class struggle, climate change, coal, college, college sports, contingency plans, coups, Darth Vader, Davi Mitchell, DEA, death, Democrats, drugs, ecology, education, Episode 7, Existential Comics, free speech, games, gibberish, gifted kids, girls, Harry Potter, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, HIV and AIDS, How the University Works, How to Avoid Speaking, human extinction, Huntington's disease, I grow old, Isaac Cates, Jaimee, Jedi, Jeff Vandermeer, Kafka, Kickstarter, kids today, Lenin, letters, literature, Lord of the Rings, maps, Marc Bousquet, Marquette, Massey Energy, math, Milwaukee, MOOCs, music, Nabokov, NCAA, neoliberalism, nuclear war, nuclearity, pegadogy, philosophers, Playboy, poetry, police, police brutality, police corruption, police state, police violence, politics, Portugal, Princess Leia, Priscilla Wald, prison, professors, public intellectuals, public universities, quantum mechanics, race, racism, rich people, Russian novels, scams, scandals, science fiction, Sesame Street, Silk Road, Sith Lords, slave labor, Southern Reach, Star Wars, statues, Stieg Larsson, stunts, Subway, subways, superstorms, teaching, textbooks, the arc of history is long but it bends towards justice, the Constitution, The Force Awakens, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Hobbit, the humanities, The Metamorphosis, the Pope, thinkpiece-industrial complex, time travel, Tolkien, trains, trash, tuition, Twitter, Ursula K. Le Guin, utilitarianism, vituosos, war on drugs, waste, Wesleyan, West Virginia, whales, what it is I think I'm doing, worst case scenarios
RT @MarxistRealism: I'm not really sure how to parse the way the police brutally murdereing a man is being turned into a media event, compl… 2 hours ago
RT @BriHReed: This is awful. @NPR's Kroc Fellowship is the reason I have my career. Anything former fellows can do? @ailsachang @HabibaNosh… 2 hours ago


Premises Liability: Parks & Playgrounds | Harvey L. Walner & Associates, Ltd.
As a parent, you never want to see your child hurt as the result of negligence by someone else. Slips and falls can happen at the playground, but what if the injury could have been prevented? Inevitably, your child will fall at a park or playground as the result of nothing more than just average child behavior. But if an injury occurs due to the environment or equipment, then you may be able to recover damages such as medical expenses, emotional injury, pain and suffering for you and your child, etc.
Perhaps the playground equipment has dangerous characteristics, doesn't get the proper upkeep and maintenance every year as it should, or areas on the playground were not suitably taken care of despite the fact that children would be present. For example, if the playground had icy conditions in the winter and no action was taken to prevent falls. If any of these instances can be attributed to your child's injury, then you can file for compensation from the company that manufactured the park or playground equipment and the school or park district that is accountable for its maintenance.
Premises liability law is very clear: any person or entity in control of the premises must identify and repair potential or actual threats on the premises with reasonable care. If they do not, then they must at least offer a warning of any perceived risks on the premises.
It's important to remember that any premises liability case is complex. There are many safety standards and guidelines, especially when it comes to parks and playgrounds, so hiring an experienced personal injury attorney is highly recommended. Here at Harvey Walner & Associates, we will be dedicated to your cause. Contact us today to get started on your free consultation.


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Władysław Nehring, född 23 oktober 1830 i Kletzko, provinsen Posen, död 20 januari 1909 i Breslau, var en polsk språk- och litteraturforskare.

Nehring blev 1868 professor i slavisk filologi i Breslau. Hans doktorsavhandling De rerum polonicarum scriptoribus sæculi XVI (1856) fullföljdes 1860-62 med flera på polska skrivna studier om Reinhold Heidenstein, Joachim Bielski och Jan Dymitr Solikowski.

Resultat av en 1869 företagen studieresa till Sankt Florians stifts arkiv i Sankt Florian, Oberösterreich blev Iter Florianense, O psałterzu floryańskim w szczegolności o polskim jego dziale (1871; ny fullständig upplaga 1883). År 1887 utgav han Altpolnische Denkmäler. Systematische Übersicht, Würdigung und Texte. En del av hans polska litteraturstudier utkom i bokform 1884 under titeln Studya literackie. Av Nehrings polska språklära utkom sjunde upplagan 1881. Han var flitig medarbetare i Vatroslav Jagićs "Archiv für slavische Philologie" samt i Krakóws vetenskapsakademis publikationer.

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Polska slavister
Polska litteraturvetare
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Födda 1830
Avlidna 1909
Män
Ugglan
Personer från provinsen Posen


The American Southwest is one of the most spectacular areas of the world. With its rich heritage, famously spicy food, and the some of the most breathtaking landmarks in the country, it's the perfect place for everything from weekends to road trips to lengthy vacations.
Located in northern Arizona, the Grand Canyon is both a national treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park contains over a million acres and each year receives more than four million visitors eager to experience its two billion years of geologic history. The canyon itself is over a mile deep and has no equal.
Widely recognized as one of the most beautiful areas of Arizona, Sedona is set in the spectacular Red Rocks and boasts a vibrant art scene with almost a hundred galleries as well as many internationally recognized arts events per year. The city is famous for its counterculture new-age approach to Americana. In addition to the cultural side of the city, Sedona is a great base for outdoor adventures like mountain biking and hiking.
While other parts of Texas isn't considered to be properly Southwestern, the Alamo is one of the key historical sites of the region. Despite its surprisingly small stature, the old mission is often called the Shrine of Texas Liberty. If you have any interest in the history of the area, it's worth it to go see the site of the famous Battle of the Alamo.
Monument Valley is one of the best places to experience the full Southwestern landscape for yourself. It is located in the Navajo Nation on the border between Utah and Arizona and has been the location for a variety of films ranging from John Wayne classics to Back to the Future 3. With its rock formations, classic Southwestern flora and fauna, and ancient Anasazi ruins, Monument Valley is definitely worth a stop.
These are just a few of the breathtaking landmarks of the American Southwest. To enjoy these sights and more, contact https://hdstruckdrivinginstitute.com/ to become a truck driver today!


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English church monuments
(Redirected from Altar tomb)
Achitectural or sculptural memorial to a deceased person or persons, located within a Christian church
Find sources: "English church monuments" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Effigy and monument to John Gower (c.1330-1408) in Southwark Cathedral, London
A church monument is an architectural or sculptural memorial to a deceased person or persons, located within a Christian church. It can take various forms ranging from a simple commemorative plaque or mural tablet affixed to a wall, to a large and elaborate structure, on the ground or as a mural monument, which may include an effigy of the deceased person and other figures of familial, heraldic or symbolic nature. It is usually placed immediately above or close to the actual burial vault or grave, although very occasionally the tomb is constructed within it. Sometimes the monument is a cenotaph, commemorating a person buried at another location.
Once only the subject of antiquarian curiosity, church monuments are today recognised as works of funerary art. They are also valued by historians as giving a highly detailed record of antique costume and armour, by genealogists as a permanent and contemporary record of familial relationships and dates, and by students of heraldry as providing reliable depictions for heraldic blazons. From the middle of the 15th century, many figurative monuments started to represent genuine portraiture where before had existed only generalised representations.
Effigy of William II Longespee (d.1250) in Salisbury Cathedral, in cross-legged attitude
1.1 Medieval period
1.2 Early modern period
1.3 Victorian period
2 Examples of English church monuments
3 "An Arundel Tomb"
Development[edit]
Medieval period[edit]
The earliest English church monuments were simple stone coffin-shaped grave coverings incised with a cross or similar design; the hogback form is one of the earliest types. The first attempts at commemorative portraiture emerged in the 13th century, executed in low relief, horizontal but as in life. Gradually these became full high-relief effigies, usually recumbent, as in death, and, by the 14th century, with hands together in prayer. In general, such monumental effigies were carved in stone, marble or wood, or cast in bronze or brass. Often the stone effigies were painted to resemble life, but on the vast majority of medieval monuments, the paint has long since disappeared. The cross-legged attitude of many armoured figures of the late 13th or early 14th centuries was long supposed to imply that the deceased had served in the Crusades, had taken crusading vows, or more specifically had been a Knight Templar; but these theories are now rejected by scholars.[1][2] Feet were often supported by stylised animals, usually either a lion indicating valour and nobility (generally for men), or a dog indicative of loyalty (generally for women).[3] Sometimes the footrest was an heraldic beast from the deceased's family coat of arms.
By the early 13th century, the effigies were raised on tomb-style chests (known as tomb chests, altar tombs or table tombs) decorated with foliage, heraldry or architectural detailing. Soon such chests stood alone with varying degrees of decorations. By the end of the century, these often had architectural canopies. Small figures of weepers (often friends or relatives identified by their coats of arms) were popular decorative features. In the 15th century, the figures were often portrayed as angels or saints, and the chest might include a cadaver. The most refined monuments were made of alabaster. Around the 13th century, smaller two-dimensional effigies incised in plates of brass and affixed to monumental slabs of stone became popular too. These memorial brasses were somewhat cheaper and particularly popular with the emerging middle class.
Early modern period[edit]
The removal of almost all the many wall-paintings in English churches in the iconoclasm of the English Reformation and the English Commonwealth left plenty of bare spaces. Over the following centuries, these were gradually filled by monuments of the wealthy. It is the lack of competition from religious paintings and a tolerance of figurative sculpture in memorials, which most Protestant countries did not share, that produced the exceptionally rich English holdings of large sculptural church monuments.
In the 16th century, church monuments became increasingly influenced by Renaissance forms and detailing (pilasters, wreaths, strapwork, skulls, coffered arches, obelisks, allegorical figures, etc.), particularly in France, the Netherlands and, eventually, England. There were major innovations in effigial posture, the deceased often being shown reclining or kneeling in prayer and surrounded by the whole family, as in life. Cadavers were replaced by skeletons. The 'hanging' mural or wall monument also became popular, sometimes with half-length 'demi-figures'; and also the floor-bound heraldic ledger stone. The 17th century saw an increase in classicism and the use of marble. Effigies might be sitting or standing, grief-stricken, shrouded or, unusually, rising from the grave. Busts and relief portraits were popular. High Baroque monuments were some of the grandest ever constructed. Decoration turned to cherubs, urns, drapery, garlands of fruit and flowers. In the 18th century, church monuments became more restrained, placed before two-dimensional pyramids, but more Roman-like, with the deceased often depicted in Roman dress or as a cameo-like 'medallion portrait'. The Rococo style gave more movement to these figures.
Victorian period[edit]
The early 19th century brought Greek Revival monuments, some quite plain wall plaques, some with sentimental and romantically realistic figures (perhaps rising to heaven), or other devices such as weeping willows. Gothic Revival followed, with the obvious return to alabaster, tomb chests and recumbent effigies. However, the Victorian age saw many differing styles, until large-scale monuments fell out of fashion at the end of the century. 20th-century large-scale monuments are not unknown, but quite rare.
Examples of English church monuments[edit]
The church monuments of England, in particular, have been preserved in far greater numbers and, generally, in better condition than those of other countries. They are second to none in artistic merit. Fine examples may be found in cathedrals and parish churches in every county.
Tomb depicting a cross-legged knight, thought to be Hamon Belers, in St Mary's Church, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire (circa 1300).
The cadaver tomb of Bishop Richard Fleming in Lincoln Cathedral. He is depicted as if alive at the top; the lower effigy shows his decaying corpse in a shroud (1431).
Alabaster effigies of John Harington, 4th Baron Harington and his wife Elizabeth Courtenay, at the Church of St Dubricius, Porlock in Somerset (circa 1471).
Monument to John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland in St Mary the Virgin's Church, Bottesford, Leicestershire, by Gerard Johnson the elder (1588).
Monument to John Wrey (d.1597); originally in St Ive Church, Cornwall, but moved to St Peter's Church, Tawstock, Devon, in 1924.[4]
Monument to Sir Edward Denny and his wife at Waltham Abbey Church (1600). The kneeling figures in the frieze below depict his ten children and are known as "weepers". In the spandrels, allegorical figures of Fame and Time look on.
The Layer Monument Marble polychrome mural monument at the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Maddermarket, Norwich circa 1600.
Monument to Richard Stone and his wife at St Mary's Church, Holme-next-the-Sea in Norfolk (1607).
Thelwall's mural monument in the chapel at Jesus College, Oxford (1630).
Effigial monument in Worcester Cathedral, circa 1640.
The monument to Sir John Hotham in St Mary's, South Dalton, East Yorkshire. The sculpture dates from after 1697. It includes a skeleton and figures representing the four cardinal virtues.
Part of the memorial placed by Ann Bellamy Lynn to her husband George at St Mary's Church, Southwick, Northamptonshire (1758).
Monument to Major-General Sir William Ponsonby in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London (1815). The winged figure of Victory symbolises the general's death at the Battle of Waterloo.
A Victorian wall monument (1890) at St Paul's Church, Shadwell, London.
Monument to Emily, the wife of Admiral Charles Lister Oxley in Ripon Cathedral. The angelic heads depict the couple and their seven children (1898).
Monument in bronze to Bishop Edward King at Lincoln Cathedral by William Blake Richmond (1913).
Mural memorial to Bishop John Macmillan in Guildford Cathedral, Surrey (1956).
"An Arundel Tomb"[edit]
The subject of An Arundel Tomb in Chichester Cathedral
"An Arundel Tomb", one of the best-known works by 20th-century English poet Philip Larkin, was inspired by a 14th-century English effigial monument. It was Larkin's response to a tomb monument in Chichester Cathedral, and the fact that the husband and wife subjects were portrayed holding hands. The photo at right also shows the stylized lion and dog figures at the feet of the lord and lady, respectively.
Funerary hatchment
Ledger stone
^ Puckle, Bertram S. Funeral customs, Forgotten Books, 1926 ISBN 1-60506-807-1, ISBN 978-1-60506-807-7 p. 194
^ Harris, O.D. (2010). "Antiquarian attitudes: crossed legs, crusaders and the evolution of an idea". Antiquaries Journal. 90: 401–40. doi:10.1017/s0003581510000053.
^ Quinn, William A. Chaucer's dream visions and shorter poems, Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-8153-3100-2, ISBN 978-0-8153-3100-1, p. 190
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1952). "Tawstock". North Devon. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 153.
Badham, Sally (2011). Medieval Church and Churchyard Monuments. Oxford: Shire. ISBN 9780747808107.
Badham, Sally; Oosterwijk, Sophie, eds. (2010). Monumental Industry: the production of tomb Monuments in England and Wales in the long fourteenth century. Donington: Shaun Tyas. ISBN 9781907730009. .
Crossley, F.H. (1921). English Church Monuments, A.D. 1150–1550. London: B.T. Batsford.
Esdaile, K.A. (1946). English Church Monuments, 1510–1840. London: B.T. Batsford.
Kemp, Brian (1980). English Church Monuments. London: B.T. Batsford. ISBN 0713417358.
Llewellyn, Nigel (2000). Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78257-0.
Saul, Nigel (2009). English Church Monuments in the Middle Ages: history and representation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199215980.
Sherlock, Peter (2008). Monuments and Memory in Early Modern England. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6093-4.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wall mounted church monuments in England.
The Church Monuments Society
Royal Berkshire History: Church Monuments
Churchmouse: Church Monuments & Other Memorials of Interest (mostly Lincolnshire)
Medieval Combat Society: Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century Armorial Monumental Effigy and Brass Timeline
Handbook for identification and repair
Architecture of England
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English Gothic
English Baroque
Strawberry Hill Gothic
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Former cathedrals
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Burial monuments and structures
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Articles needing additional references from May 2009


Chenaya was a joy to work with, she brought many of her ideas and concepts to the table when it came to developing and flushing out her character. She worked well with all cast and crew members. It was a very enjoyable shoot and I recommend Chenaya for any upcoming future projects!
Chenaya was so lovely to work with! A natural in front of the camera, requiring very little direction. An absolutely gorgeous young lady!
Chenaya has a great personality and was a pleasure to work with. I believe she will be famous. I would recommend her to anyone and would like to work with her again in the future.
Chenaya was a fantastic model for our shoot. She was punctual, had great communication, always maintained professionalism and was so easy to work with. I would highly recommend her for similar roles and I will definitely be using her again in future campaigns.
Amazing talent! A asset to any production! Highly recommend!
Multi talented performer with a huge history to back it up; she will go far.
Fantastic look. Very confident. And Very professional. Highly recommend. Keep up the great work Chenaya.
Fantastic actress, great energy and ability who is perfect to work with.
Beautiful talented and passionate !!
An energetic actress who can take direction and give suggestions.
Wonderful to work with, Chenaya's super positive on set, she takes direction well and is a very talented actress, would definitely work with her again.
Chenaya is a very talented actress with a bright future in feature film! Her professionalism and her ability to seek out a character's motivation and use that on screen, evolving it in real time, is something quite special.


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Broncos Forums > Football Forums > Broncos Talk > Eric Decker: Demaryius Thomas is on a 'different level'
View Full Version : Eric Decker: Demaryius Thomas is on a 'different level'
Denver Native (Carol)
Eric Decker is Around The League's top-ranked wide receiver in free agency, but even he acknowledges he was never the best of Peyton Manning's options on the Denver Broncos.
"I think Demaryius Thomas is on a complete different level with his talent," Decker said Monday, via The Denver Post. "I think he's a top five-caliber receiver in this league. How it falls off from there, where you look at a receiver, I just try to be versatile and play all the positions. People might want to label me, but I don't want to put a label on myself."
Observers and analysts have been sticking labels on Decker since NFL Media Insider Ian Rapoport reported last month that the Broncos and general manager John Elway view him as a No. 2 receiver who will likely be paid as a legitimate No. 1.
"I respect (Elway's) decision," Decker said. "Obviously, he has a philosophy in the way he does business. We'll see what it brings."
rest, plus video - http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000330867/article/eric-decker-demaryius-thomas-is-on-a-different-level
Even Decker can see the writing on the wall.


Home Intranets and digital workplace Are notifications our new plague ?
How many notifications do you receive every day ? 10 ? 50 ? 100 ? Our days are punctuated by the notifications we receive from message, business, media… apps. Chopped would even be more relevant than punctuated since these notifications capture our attention, force us to switch, refocus, and even distract us from important tasks to take us to more trivial ones.
Notifications are the perfect example of the good idea become a problem. Remember… At the beginning any information, message, alert used to come in one's email inbox, to such an extent that email were interruption us all day long, that we were lost in the amount of messages etc.. The inbox was a messy and unmanageable catch-all that used to get filled faster than we emptied it.
The first is that many conversations moved to public or professional social networks or messaging applications. The first, to stay at the top of our minds, send us notifications that pile in our inbox. Even if I understand that even if email is still there its nature changes, that the content stays in its context where it's easier to manage it, the fact is ou inboxes are more saturated than ever.
Then came the mobile phone or, more exactly, the smartphone. Not because its mobile but because it led to an APPificiation of all the services we use. Each service became an application capable of pushing its notification on the main screen of our phone without sending an email, the OS gathering notifications from all the apps. And since we're only using a few apps compared to what we installed, the best way from an app to remain "top of mind" is to send notifications, most of the apps are notifying at any occasion for any reason.
And since we're constantly switching between mobile and laptops/desktops, we needed a continuity of experiences. So notifications followed us from one screen to another.
In the end not only we did not solve the question of the interruptions by emails but also multiplied the problem by 10. Before we used to say "oh… I remind having seen something on this matter…I'm gonna search my inbox". Today it's "I saw an alert about this matter but can't remind what app it was coming from".
You'll respond that notification can be parameterized. Right. Yet nearly nobody does it. There are three ways to explain that.
The first is that it is, rightly or wrongly, a power user habit. The average user installs lots of apps and suffers from notifications. Only the most advanced ones take the time to specify what they want to receive, from what (app) and even from whom (people).
The second is known as FOFM or "Fear Of Missing Out": the fear of missing something. It's a major cause of information overload. While most of the consumer or enterprise applications we use allow us to decide what we want to receive vs. what we'll have to search for if needed, the fear of missing something makes people follow everything. As the quantity of tools, media, channels and the volume of information is exponentially increasing, humans can't keep up. That's even more true at work where employees fear so much to be blamed because they miss something than they follow everything without reason.
Notification : aggression or recognition ?
The third is that notifications give a sense of oneself. It makes people feel they exist. I've read/hear that receiving notifications makes us generate dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to motivation and recognition. From a personal standpoint I consider that at some some point notifications looks like aggressions to me but science says the opposite.
And don't count on vendors to make notification management easy or to make use aware of their impact. An application which notifications are turned off won't be not top of mind anymore, will be forgotten, not used anymore because our attention will be caught by the others. But if in our personal lives it's a matter of self-responsibility, I think that in a enterprise context employers should make their employees aware of the consequences of a poor notification management as they do for emails. That' even something they should care about when designing/implementing enterprise applications, digital workplaces etc… It's a good case for employee experience.
In short if it's humanly possible to fight against notification overlook most of us are doing nothing and are torturing themselves with their own consent. This torture comes with a price in terms of stress, attention and productivity.
Previous articleBusinesses know their employees. Really ?
Next articleAre Google, Facebook et Al. the new ERPs ?


[15:43] - Flight UAL1294B is ready to depart KLAX with a final destination of KSFO.
[16:46] - Landed at -275fpm. With 4891lbs of fuel onboard and a pitch angle of 5deg.
[16:49] - Arrived safely at KSFO. We hope you enjoyed your flight!


Despite the fact that Attorney General Jeff Sessions repeatedly outlined the conversations he said he had with Russian diplomats during the course of the 2016 presidential campaign, Senators at Tuesday's Senate Intelligence Committee repeatedly peppered Sessions with various forms of the same question — whether he had met with Russian officials during the course of the campaign.
TEL AVIV — Amid reports that President Trump's son-in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner allegedly talked with Russia's envoy to the U.S. about setting up a back channel for communications, it may be instructive to recall that representatives for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign reportedly established a back channel with Iran.
President Donald Trump met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and Ambassador Sergei Kislyak at the White House on Wednesday.
President Trump suggested to Senators on Monday morning that they ask Sally Yates, former Obama administration deputy attorney general and acting attorney general in the Trump administration's early days, how classified information she went to the White House counsel with got leaked to the media soon after.


We look after the WHOLE deaf person.
To promote the spiritual, social and general well-being of people who are deaf and hard of hearing in the diocese of Oxford (Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire).
Advise local churches on the needs of complying with the Disability Discrimination Act with regards to hearing loss. This includes giving a small grant towards a loop system in some churches. Run a Volunteer Befriending scheme where people visit isolated deaf people in their homes or go on outings together. Promotes pastoral support. Holding regular church services at 8 different venues which are accessible for people with hearing loss Raising Deaf Awareness. We have a team of 3 chaplains.
Reduces any sense of isolation that deaf or hard of hearing people may face. Allows deaf and hard of hearing people to access worship. One in Seven of the population has a hearing loss so a huge number of people can benefit from your donations.
ODCD runs a Volunteer Befriending Scheme. Some deaf people are isolated because of their hearing loss - some because not many people can communicate with them in sign language. Some elderly people who gradually lose their hearing become more withdrawn and find it too difficult to go out and socialise. Volunteer visitors are needed in Oxon, Bucks and Berks. All prospective new volunteers are given training and have to undergo a CRB check. Please contact us if you would like more information.
Can go towards fees for interpreters for many situations like funerals, weddings, etc.


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Japan engineers knew tsunami could overrun plant
March 30, 2011 — 1.35pm
Over the past two weeks, Japanese government officials and Tokyo Electric Power executives have repeatedly described the deadly combination of the most powerful quake in Japan's history and the massive tsunami that followed as "soteigai", or beyond expectations.
When Tokyo Electric President Masataka Shimizu apologised to the people of Japan for the continuing crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant he called the double disaster "marvels of nature that we have never experienced before".
But a review of company and regulatory records shows that Japan and its largest utility repeatedly downplayed dangers and ignored warnings - including a 2007 tsunami study from Tokyo Electric Power Company's senior safety engineer.
"We still have the possibilities that the tsunami height exceeds the determined design height due to the uncertainties regarding the tsunami phenomenon," Tokyo Electric researchers said in a report reviewed by Reuters.
The research paper concluded that there was a roughly 10 per cent chance that a tsunami could test or overrun the defences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant within a 50-year span based on the most conservative assumptions.
But Tokyo Electric did nothing to change its safety planning based on that study, which was presented at a nuclear engineering conference in Miami in July 2007.
Meanwhile, Japanese nuclear regulators clung to a model that left crucial safety decisions in the hands of the utility that ran the plant, according to regulatory records, officials and outside experts.
Among examples of the failed opportunities to prepare for disaster, Japanese nuclear regulators never demanded that Tokyo Electric reassess its fundamental assumptions about earthquake and tsunami risk for a nuclear plant built more than four decades ago. In the 1990s, officials urged but did not require that Tokyo Electric and other utilities shore up their system of plant monitoring in the event of a crisis, the record shows.
Even though Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA), one of the three government bodies charged with nuclear safety, catalogued the damage to nuclear plant vent systems from an earlier earthquake, it did not require those to be protected against future disasters or hardened against explosions.
That marked a sharp break with safety practices put in place in the United States in the 1980s after Three Mile Island, even though Japan modelled its regulation on US precedents and even allowed utilities to use American disaster manuals in some cases.
Ultimately, when the wave was crashing in, everything came down to the ability of Tokyo Electric's frontline workers to carry out disaster plans under intense pressure.
But even in normal operations, the regulatory record shows Tokyo Electric had been cited for more dangerous operator errors over the past five years than any other utility. In a separate 2008 case, it admitted that a 17-year-old worker had been hired illegally as part of a safety inspection at Fukushima Daiichi.
Both the regulators and TEPCO are trying to avoid responsibility
"It's a bit strange for me that we have officials saying this was outside expectations," said Hideaki Shiroyama, a professor at the University of Tokyo who has studied nuclear safety policy. "Unexpected things can happen. That's the world we live in."
He added: "Both the regulators and TEPCO are trying to avoid responsibility."
Najmedin Meshkati, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Southern California, said the government's approach of relying heavily on Tokyo Electric to do the right thing largely on its own had clearly failed.
"The Japanese government is receiving some advice, but they are relying on the already badly stretched resources of TEPCO to handle this," said Meshkati, a researcher of the Chernobyl disaster who has been critical of the company's safety record before. "Time is not on our side."
The revelation that Tokyo Electric had put a number to the possibility of a tsunami beyond the designed strength of its Fukushima nuclear plant comes at a time when investor confidence in the utility is in fast retreat.
Shares in the world's largest private utility have lost almost three-fourth of their value - $US30 billion ($29 billion) - since the March 11 earthquake pushed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant into crisis. Analysts see a chance the utility will be nationalised by the Japanese government in the face of mounting liability claims and growing public frustration.
AN 'EXTREMELY LOW' RISK
The tsunami research presented by a Tokyo Electric team led by Toshiaki Sakai came on the first day of a three-day conference in July 2007 organised by the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering.
It represented the product of several years of work at Japan's top utility, prompted by the 2004 earthquake off the coast of Sumatra that had shaken the industry's accepted wisdom. In that disaster, the tsunami that hit Indonesia and a dozen other countries around the Indian Ocean also flooded a nuclear power plant in southern India. That raised concerns in Tokyo about the risk to Japan's 55 nuclear plants, many exposed to the dangerous coast in order to have quick access to water for cooling.
Tokyo Electric's Fukushima Daiichi plant, some 240 kilometres north-east of Tokyo, was a particular concern.
The 40-year-old nuclear complex was built near a quake zone in the Pacific that had produced earthquakes of magnitude 8 or higher four times in the past 400 years - in 1896, 1793, 1677 and then in 1611, Tokyo Electric researchers had come to understand.
Based on that history, Sakai, a senior safety manager at Tokyo Electric, and his research team applied new science to a simple question: What was the chance that an earthquake-generated wave would hit Fukushima? More pressing, what were the odds that it would be larger than the roughly six-metre wall of water the plant had been designed to handle?
The tsunami that crashed through the Fukushima plant on March 11 was 14 meters high.
Sakai's team determined the Fukushima plant was dead certain to be hit by a tsunami of one or two meters in a 50-year period. They put the risk of a wave of 6 meters or more at around 10 per cent over the same time span.
In other words, Tokyo Electric scientists realised as early as 2007 that it was quite possible a giant wave would overwhelm the sea walls and other defences at Fukushima by surpassing engineering assumptions behind the plant's design that date back to the 1960s.
Company Vice President Sakae Muto said the utility had built its Fukushima nuclear power plant "with a margin for error" based on its assessment of the largest waves to hit the site in the past.
That would have included the magnitude 9.5 Chile earthquake in 1960 that killed 140 in Japan and generated a wave estimated at near six metres, roughly in line with the plans for Fukushima Daiichi a decade later.
"It's been pointed out by some that there could be a bigger tsunami than we had planned for, but my understanding of the situation is that there was no consensus among the experts," Muto said in response to a question from Reuters.
Despite the projection by its own safety engineers that the older assumptions might be mistaken, Tokyo Electric was not breaking any Japanese nuclear safety regulation by its failure to use its new research to fortify Fukushima Daiichi, which was built on the rural Pacific coast to give it quick access to sea water and keep it away from population centres.
"There are no legal requirements to re-evaluate site related (safety) features periodically," the Japanese government said in a response to questions from the United Nations nuclear watchdog, the International Atomic Energy Agency, in 2008.
In fact, in safety guidelines issued over the past 20 years, Japanese nuclear safety regulators had all but written off the risk of a severe accident that would test the vaunted safety standards of one of their 55 nuclear reactors, a key pillar of the nation's energy and export policies.
That has left planning for a strategy to head off runaway meltdown in the worst case scenarios to Tokyo Electric in the belief that the utility was best placed to handle any such crisis, according to published regulations.
In December 2010, for example, Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission said the risk for a severe accident was "extremely low" at reactors like those in operation at Fukushima. The question of how to prepare for those scenarios would be left to utilities, the commission said.
A 1992 policy guideline by the NSC also concluded core damage at one of Japan's reactors severe enough to release radiation would be an event with a probability of once in 185 years. So with such a limited risk of happening, the best policy, the guidelines say, is to leave emergency response planning to Tokyo electric and other plant operators.
PREVENTION NOT CURE
Over the past 20 years, nuclear operators and regulators in Europe and the United States have taken a new approach to managing risk. Rather than simple defences against failures, researchers have examined worst-case outcomes to test their assumptions, and then required plants to make changes.
They have looked especially at the chance that a single calamity could wipe out an operator's main defense and its backup, just as the earthquake and tsunami did when the double disaster took out the main power and backup electricity to Fukushima Daiichi.
Japanese nuclear safety regulators have been slow to embrace those changes.
Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA), one of three government bodies with responsibility for safety policy and inspections, had published guidelines in 2005 and 2006 based on the advances in regulation elsewhere but did not insist on their application.
"Since, in Japanese safety regulation, the application of risk information is scarce in experience - (the) guidelines are in trial use," the NISA said.
Japanese regulators and Tokyo Electric instead put more emphasis on regular maintenance and programs designed to catch flaws in the components of their ageing plants.
That was the thinking behind extending the life of the No. 1 reactor at Fukushima Daiichi, which had been scheduled to go out of commission in February after a 40-year run.
But shutting down the reactor would have made it much more difficult for Japan to reach its target of deriving half of its total generation of electricity from nuclear power by June 2010 - or almost double its share in 2007.
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) figured it could reach the target by building at least 14 new nuclear plants, and running existing plants harder and longer. Fukushima's No. 1 reactor was given a 10-year extension after Tokyo Electric submitted a maintenance plan.
Safety regulators, who also belong to METI, did not require Tokyo Electric to rethink the fundamental safety assumptions behind the plant. The utility only had to insure the reactor's component parts were not being worn down dangerously, according to a 2009 presentation by the utility's senior maintenance engineer.
That kind of thinking - looking at potential problems with components without seeing the risk to the overall plant - was evident in the way that Japanese officials responded to trouble with backup generators at a nuclear reactor even before the tsunami.
On four occasions over the past four years, safety inspectors from Japan and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) were called in to review failures with back-up diesel generators at nuclear plants.
In June 2007, an inspector was dispatched to Fukushima's No. 4 reactor, where the backup generator had caught fire after a circuit breaker was installed improperly, according to the inspector's report.
"There is no need of providing feedback to other plants for the reason that no similar event could occur," the June 2007 inspection concluded.
The installation had met its safety target. Nothing in that report or any other shows safety inspectors questioned the placement of the generators on low ground near the shore where they proved to be at highest risk for tsunami damage at Fukushima Daiichi.
'GET OUT, GET OUT'
Japanese nuclear regulators have handed primary responsibility for dealing with nuclear plant emergencies to the utilities themselves. But that hinges on their ability to carry them out in an actual crisis, and the record shows that working in a nuclear reactor has been a dangerous and stressful job in Japan even under routine conditions.
Inspectors with Japan's Nuclear Energy Safety Organization have recorded 18 safety lapses at Tokyo Electric's 17 nuclear plants since 2005. Ten of them were attributed to mistakes by staff and repairmen.
They included failures to follow established maintenance procedures and failures to perform prescribed safety checks. Even so, Tokyo Electric was left on its own to set standards for nuclear plant staff certification, a position some IAEA officials had questioned in 2008.
In March 2004, two workers in Tokyo Electric's Fukushima Daini plant passed out when the oxygen masks they were using - originally designed for use on an airplane - began leaking and allowed nitrogen to seep into their air supply.
The risks also appear to have made it hard to hire for key positions. In 2008, Toshiba admitted it had illegally used six employees under the age of 18 as part of a series of inspections of nuclear power plants at Tokyo Electric and Tohoku Electric. One of those minors, then aged 17, had participated in an inspection of the Fukushima Daiichi No. 5 reactor, Tokyo Electric said then.
The magnitude 9.0 quake struck on Friday afternoon of March 11 - the most powerful in Japan's long history of them - pushed workers at the Fukushima plant to the breaking point as injuries mounted and panic took hold.
Hiroyuki Nishi, a subcontractor who had been moving scaffolding inside Reactor No. 3 when the quake hit, described a scene of chaos as a massive hook came crashing down next to him. "People were shouting 'Get out, get out!'" Nishi said. "Everyone was screaming."
In the pandemonium, workers pleaded to be let out, knowing a tsunami was soon to come. But Tokyo Electric supervisors appealed for calm, saying each worker had to be tested first for radiation exposure. Eventually, the supervisors relented, threw open the doors to the plant and the contractors scrambled for high ground just ahead of the tsunami.
After the wave receded, two employees were missing, apparently washed away while working on unit No. 4. Two contractors were treated for leg fractures and two others were treated for slight injuries. A ninth worker was being treated for a stroke.
In the chaos of the early response, workers did not notice when the diesel pumps at No. 2 ran out of fuel, allowing water levels to fall and fuel to become exposed and overheat. When the Fukushima plant suffered its second hydrogen blast in three days the following Monday, Tokyo electric executives only notified the prime minister's office an hour later. Seven workers had been injured in the explosion along with four soldiers.
An enraged Prime Minister Naoto Kan pulled up to Tokyo Electric's headquarters the next morning before dawn. "What the hell is going on?" reporters outside the closed-door discussion reported hearing Kan demand angrily of senior executives.
Errors of judgment by workers in the hot zone and errors of calculation by plant managers hampered the emergency response a full week later as some 600 soldiers and workers struggled to contain the spread of radiation.
On Thursday, two workers at Fukushima were shuttled to the hospital to be treated for potential radiation burns after wading in water in the turbine building of reactor No. 3. The workers had ignored their radiation alarms thinking they were broken.
Then Tokyo electric officials pulled workers back from an effort to pump water out of the No. 2 reactor and reported that radiation readings were 10 million times normal. They later apologised, saying that reading was wrong. The actual reading was still 100,000 times normal, Tokyo Electric said.
The government's chief spokesman was withering in his assessment. "The radiation readings are an important part of a number of important steps we're taking to protect safety," Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano told reporters. "There is no excuse for getting them wrong."
VENTS AND GAUGES
Although US nuclear plant operators were required to install "hardened" vent systems in the 1980s after the Three Mile Island incident, Japan's Nuclear Safety Commission rejected the need to require such systems in 1992, saying that should be left to the plant operators to decide.
A nuclear power plant's vent represents one of the last resorts for operators struggling to keep a reactor from pressure that could to blow the building that houses it apart and spread radiation, which is what happened at Chernobyl 25 years ago. A hardened vent in a US plant is designed to behave like the barrel on a rifle, strong enough to withstand an explosive force from within.
The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission concluded in the late 1980s that the General Electric designed Mark I reactors, like those used at Fukushima, required safety modifications.
The risks they flagged, and that Tokyo did not heed, would come back to haunt Japan in the Fukushima crisis.
First, US researchers concluded that a loss of power at one of the nuclear plants would be one of the "dominant contributors" to the most severe accidents. Flooding of the reactor building would worsen the risks. The NRC also required US plants to install "hard pipe" after concluding the sheet-metal ducts used in Japan could make things much worse.
"Venting via a sheet metal duct system could result in a reactor building hydrogen burn," researchers said in a report published in November 2008.
In the current crisis, the failure of the more vulnerable duct vents in Fukushima's No. 1 and No. 3 reactors may have contributed to the hydrogen explosions that blew the roof off the first and left the second a tangled hulk of steel beams in the first three days of the crisis.
The plant vents, which connect to the big smokestack-like towers, appear to have been damaged in the quake or the tsunami, one NISA official said.
Even without damage, opening the vulnerable vents in the presence of a build-up of hydrogen gas was a known danger. In the case of Fukushima, opening the vents to relieve pressure was like turning on an acetylene torch and then watching the flame "shoot back into the fuel tank," said one expert with knowledge of Fukushima who asked not to be identified because of his commercial ties in Japan.
Tokyo Electric began venting the No. 1 reactor on March 12 just after 10am. An hour earlier the pressure in the reactor was twice its designed limit. Six hours later the reactor exploded.
The same pattern held with reactor No. 3. Venting to relieve a dangerous build-up of pressure in the reactor began on March 13. A day later, the outer building - a concrete and steel shell known as the "secondary containment" - exploded.
Toshiaki Sakai, the Tokyo Electric researcher who worked on tsunami risk, also sat on a panel in 2008 that reviewed the damage to the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant. In that case, Tokyo Electric safely shut down the plant, which survived a quake 2.5 times stronger than it had been designed to handle.
Sakai and the other panelists agreed that despite the successful outcome the way the ground sank and broke underground pipes needed for firefighting equipment had to be considered "a failure to fulfill expected performance".
Japanese regulators also knew a major earthquake could damage exhaust ducts. A September 2007 review of damage at the same Tokyo Electric nuclear plant by NISA Deputy Director Akira Fukushima showed two spots where the exhaust ducts had broken.
No new standard was put in place requiring vents to be shored up against potential damage, records show.
Masashi Goto, a former nuclear engineer who has turned critical of the industry, said he believed Tokyo Electric and regulators wrongly focused on the parts of the plant that performed well in the 2007 quake, rather than the weaknesses it exposed. "I think they drew the wrong lesson," Goto said.
The March 11 quake not only damaged the vents but also the gauges in the Fukushima Daiichi complex, which meant that Tokyo Electric was without much of the instrumentation it needed to assess the situation on the ground during the crisis.
"The data we're getting is very sketchy and makes it impossible for us to do the analysis," said David Lochbaum, a nuclear expert and analyst with the Union of Concerned Scientists. "It's hard to connect the dots when there are so few dots."
In fact, Japan's NSC had concluded in 1992 that it was important for nuclear plant operators to have access to key gauges and instruments even in the kind of crisis that had not happened then. But it left plans on how to implement that policy entirely to the plant operators.
In the Fukushima accident, most meters and gauges were taken out by the loss of power in the early days of the crisis.
That left a pair of workers in a white Prius to race into the plant to get radiation readings with a handheld device in the early days of the crisis, according to Tokyo Electric.
They could have used robots to go in.
Immediately after the tsunami, a French firm with nuclear expertise shipped robots for use in Fukushima, a European nuclear expert said. The robots are built to withstand high radiation.
But Japan, arguably the country with the most advanced robotics industry, stopped them from arriving in Fukushima, saying such help could only come through government channels, said the expert who asked not to be identified so as not to appear critical of Japan in a moment of crisis.
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text:
Q: What is the default value for PATH in Windows 8 Pro? I have accidentally overwritten the PATH variable in my freshly installed Windows 8 Pro. I have used some answers mentioned in some other questions in Stack Overflow, but still the help command is not working in my command prompt.
Can someone give me the PATH values for a new system?

A: A bit of internet searching does the trick. From official MS forums

this is the default PATH for system:

%SystemRoot%\system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Oliver Green playing the role of Christopher in "Restartup", the frist series by viewing, for Secuoya and the European comission, directed by Carlos Ruano.
Oliver Green,Drama (ENG) from Oliver Green on Vimeo.
Oliver Green, Comedia (ESP) from Oliver Green on Vimeo.
Prueba 1 Oliver Green from Oliver Green on Vimeo.


text:
<?php

namespace Sabre\DAV\Sync;

use
    Sabre\DAV,
    Sabre\HTTP;

require_once __DIR__ . '/MockSyncCollection.php';

class PluginTest extends \Sabre\DAVServerTest {

    protected $collection;

    public function setUp() {

        parent::setUp();
        $this->server->addPlugin(new Plugin());

    }

    public function setUpTree() {

        $this->collection =
            new MockSyncCollection('coll', [
                new DAV\SimpleFile('file1.txt','foo'),
                new DAV\SimpleFile('file2.txt','bar'),
            ]);
        $this->tree = [
            $this->collection,
            new DAV\SimpleCollection('normalcoll', [])
        ];

    }

    public function testSupportedReportSet() {

        $result = $this->server->getProperties('/coll', ['{DAV:}supported-report-set']);
        $this->assertFalse($result['{DAV:}supported-report-set']->has('{DAV:}sync-collection'));

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);

        $result = $this->server->getProperties('/coll', ['{DAV:}supported-report-set']);
        $this->assertTrue($result['{DAV:}supported-report-set']->has('{DAV:}sync-collection'));

    }

    public function testGetSyncToken() {

        $result = $this->server->getProperties('/coll', ['{DAV:}sync-token']);
        $this->assertFalse(isset($result['{DAV:}sync-token']));

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);

        $result = $this->server->getProperties('/coll', ['{DAV:}sync-token']);
        $this->assertTrue(isset($result['{DAV:}sync-token']));

        // non-sync-enabled collection
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);

        $result = $this->server->getProperties('/normalcoll', ['{DAV:}sync-token']);
        $this->assertFalse(isset($result['{DAV:}sync-token']));
    }

    public function testSyncInitialSyncCollection() {

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token/>
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        $this->assertEquals(207, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

        $dom = DAV\XMLUtil::loadDOMDocument(
            $response->body
        );

        // Checking the sync-token
        $this->assertEquals(
            'http://sabre.io/ns/sync/1',
            $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('urn:DAV', 'sync-token')->item(0)->nodeValue
        );

        $responses = DAV\Property\ResponseList::unserialize(
            $dom->documentElement,
            []
        );

        $responses = $responses->getResponses();
        $this->assertEquals(2, count($responses), 'We expected exactly 2 {DAV:}response');

        $response = $responses[0];

        $this->assertNull($response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file1.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([
            200 => [
                '{DAV:}getcontentlength' => 3,
            ]
        ], $response->getResponseProperties());

        $response = $responses[1];

        $this->assertNull($response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file2.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([
            200 => [
                '{DAV:}getcontentlength' => 3,
            ]
        ], $response->getResponseProperties());

    }

    public function testSubsequentSyncSyncCollection() {

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        // Making another change
        $this->collection->addChange([], ['file2.txt'], ['file3.txt']);

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token>http://sabre.io/ns/sync/1</D:sync-token>
     <D:sync-level>infinite</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        $this->assertEquals(207, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

        $dom = DAV\XMLUtil::loadDOMDocument(
            $response->body
        );

        // Checking the sync-token
        $this->assertEquals(
            'http://sabre.io/ns/sync/2',
            $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('urn:DAV', 'sync-token')->item(0)->nodeValue
        );

        $responses = DAV\Property\ResponseList::unserialize(
            $dom->documentElement,
            []
        );

        $responses = $responses->getResponses();
        $this->assertEquals(2, count($responses), 'We expected exactly 2 {DAV:}response');

        $response = $responses[0];

        $this->assertNull($response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file2.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([
            200 => [
                '{DAV:}getcontentlength' => 3,
            ]
        ], $response->getResponseProperties());

        $response = $responses[1];

        $this->assertEquals('404', $response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file3.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([], $response->getResponseProperties());

    }

    public function testSubsequentSyncSyncCollectionLimit() {

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        // Making another change
        $this->collection->addChange([], ['file2.txt'], ['file3.txt']);

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
    <D:sync-token>http://sabre.io/ns/sync/1</D:sync-token>
    <D:sync-level>infinite</D:sync-level>
    <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
    </D:prop>
    <D:limit><D:nresults>1</D:nresults></D:limit>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        $this->assertEquals(207, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

        $dom = DAV\XMLUtil::loadDOMDocument(
            $response->body
        );

        // Checking the sync-token
        $this->assertEquals(
            'http://sabre.io/ns/sync/2',
            $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('urn:DAV', 'sync-token')->item(0)->nodeValue
        );

        $responses = DAV\Property\ResponseList::unserialize(
            $dom->documentElement,
            []
        );

        $responses = $responses->getResponses();
        $this->assertEquals(1, count($responses), 'We expected exactly 1 {DAV:}response');

        $response = $responses[0];

        $this->assertEquals('404', $response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file3.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([], $response->getResponseProperties());

    }

    public function testSubsequentSyncSyncCollectionDepthFallBack() {

        // Making a change
        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        // Making another change
        $this->collection->addChange([], ['file2.txt'], ['file3.txt']);

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'   => 'application/xml',
            'HTTP_DEPTH'     => "1",
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token>http://sabre.io/ns/sync/1</D:sync-token>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        $this->assertEquals(207, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

        $dom = DAV\XMLUtil::loadDOMDocument(
            $response->body
        );

        // Checking the sync-token
        $this->assertEquals(
            'http://sabre.io/ns/sync/2',
            $dom->getElementsByTagNameNS('urn:DAV', 'sync-token')->item(0)->nodeValue
        );

        $responses = DAV\Property\ResponseList::unserialize(
            $dom->documentElement,
            []
        );

        $responses = $responses->getResponses();
        $this->assertEquals(2, count($responses), 'We expected exactly 2 {DAV:}response');

        $response = $responses[0];

        $this->assertNull($response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file2.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([
            200 => [
                '{DAV:}getcontentlength' => 3,
            ]
        ], $response->getResponseProperties());

        $response = $responses[1];

        $this->assertEquals('404', $response->getHttpStatus());
        $this->assertEquals('/coll/file3.txt', $response->getHref());
        $this->assertEquals([], $response->getResponseProperties());

    }

    public function testSyncNoSyncInfo() {

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token/>
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(415, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }

    public function testSyncNoSyncCollection() {

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/normalcoll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token/>
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(415, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }

    public function testSyncInvalidToken() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token>http://sabre.io/ns/sync/invalid</D:sync-token>
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(403, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }
    public function testSyncInvalidTokenNoPrefix() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token>invalid</D:sync-token>
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(403, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }

    public function testSyncNoSyncToken() {

        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'    => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
      <D:prop>
        <D:getcontentlength/>
      </D:prop>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(400, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }

    public function testSyncNoProp() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'REPORT',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/',
            'CONTENT_TYPE'   => 'application/xml',
        ]);

        $body = <<<BLA
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<D:sync-collection xmlns:D="DAV:">
     <D:sync-token />
     <D:sync-level>1</D:sync-level>
</D:sync-collection>
BLA;

        $request->setBody($body);

        $response = $this->request($request);

        // The default state has no sync-token, so this report should not yet
        // be supported.
        $this->assertEquals(400, $response->status, 'Full response body:' . $response->body);

    }

    public function testIfConditions() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'DELETE',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/file1.txt',
            'HTTP_IF'        => '</coll> (<http://sabre.io/ns/sync/1>)',
        ]);
        $response = $this->request($request);

        // If a 403 is thrown this works correctly. The file in questions
        // doesn't allow itself to be deleted.
        // If the If conditions failed, it would have been a 412 instead.
        $this->assertEquals(403, $response->status);

    }

    public function testIfConditionsNot() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'DELETE',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/file1.txt',
            'HTTP_IF'        => '</coll> (Not <http://sabre.io/ns/sync/2>)',
        ]);
        $response = $this->request($request);

        // If a 403 is thrown this works correctly. The file in questions
        // doesn't allow itself to be deleted.
        // If the If conditions failed, it would have been a 412 instead.
        $this->assertEquals(403, $response->status);

    }

    public function testIfConditionsNoSyncToken() {

        $this->collection->addChange(['file1.txt'], [], []);
        $request = HTTP\Sapi::createFromServerArray([
            'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'DELETE',
            'REQUEST_URI'    => '/coll/file1.txt',
            'HTTP_IF'        => '</coll> (<opaquelocktoken:foo>)',
        ]);
        $response = $this->request($request);

        $this->assertEquals(412, $response->status);

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Finding a basis for which a linear transformation is diagonal. $T : P_2 → P_2$ is defined by $T(p(t)) = (t + 1)^2p^{''}(t)−(t + 1)p^{'}(t) + 3p(t)$.
I have gotten that a generic formula in terms of the coefficients is $3at^2 + (2a+2b)t + (2a-b+3c)$. To find the basis of eigenvectors, we first find the matrix of T with respect to the standard basis.
So, $[T]_S = ([T(1)]_S |[T(t)]_S |[T(t^2)]_S)$.
How does this equal $([3]_S |[2t−1]_S |[3t^2 + 2t + 2]_S)$?

A: Note that you do not have to first work in the standard basis.
The factor $(t+1)$ occurs all over the place. So we rather develop $p$ around $-1$:
$$\begin{align}p(t)&=a_0+ a_1(t+1)+a_2(t+1)^2,\\
p'(t)&=a_1+2a_2(t+1),\\
p''(t)&=2a_2.
\end{align}$$As we multiply the derivatives with corresponding powers of $(t+1)$, it turns out that everything sorts out nicely, i.e., $1$, $1+t$, $(1+t)^2$ are already eigenvectors (with eigenvalues you can readily find).


text:
About SIVECO
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Home | About SIVECO Romania | Press | Press Releases | The international prestige of Romanian Informatics School is confirmed by today's generation of young programmers
The international prestige of Romanian Informatics School is confirmed by today's generation of young programmers
26th of March 2004, Bucharest - Consistent in its mission as citizen company and always preoccupied to sustain performance in educational field, SIVECO Romania always involves itself with responsibility in educational projects, at all levels. In addition, to its sponsorship for the Balkan Olympiad in Informatics 2003, the donation of the application for computerized process at the high-school admission in 2001, 2002, 2003 and to SIVECO Cup, SIVECO Romania helps financially the official trip of the team representing the Mathematics and Informatics Faculty from University of Bucharest to the finals of the international programming contest, in Prague.
ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest, it's at its 28th edition and gathers a record number of finalist teams from all over the world: 3152 teams participated at the regional preliminaries, from a total of 1412 universities.
"We are always happy to help young people, who bring fame to IT Romanian school. As a software developer company we see them as younger colleagues, that have to be supported in order to reach performance" says Florin Ilia, manager of Internet space department, he himself, a graduate of the Mathematics Faculty from University of Bucharest.
The competition, which addresses students with skills for programming, takes place between 28th of March and 2nd of April in Prague. The team of the Mathematics and Informatics Faculty from University of Bucharest includes Cristian Grozea and Florin Manea (trainers), Angel-Stelian Proorocu, Matei Gruber and Tiberiu Danet (students).
"The undergraduate learning system in Romania is now in process of implementing IT tools in the learning process by using The Educational IT-Based System Program (SEI). We are sure that this process not only that will increase the knowledge base but also will increase the passion for developing educational software, this way contributing to the developing of programming capabilities. Last year edition of SIVECO CUP, the first national competition of educational software brought together 300 teams of pupils and teachers, and the value of their software applications determined us to buy some of them and integrate them in AEL. We have no doubt that their authors can participate in the finals of a programming contest as prestigious as ACM" declares Irina Socol, General Manager of SIVECO Romania.
SIVECO ROMANIA on facebook SIVECO ROMANIA on LinkedIn SIVECO ROMANIA on Google+ SIVECO ROMANIA on Twitter SIVECO ROMANIA on YouTube
PALAEMON – A holistic passenger ship evacuation and rescue ecosystem
EnergyShield, Cybersecurity for the Electrical Power and Energy System operators in Europe
Copyright © 2003 - 2017 SIVECO Romania | Last update: 23.03.2017


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