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În frazeologie, o unitate frazeologică, un frazem sau un frazeologism este o îmbinare mai mult sau mai puțin fixă de cuvinte, care se opune prin această caracteristică îmbinării libere de cuvinte.

În legătură cu această noțiune nu există o viziune unitară printre cercetători, fiind controversate denumirile diferitelor tipuri de unități frazeologice, definirea acestor tipuri, delimitarea lor unele de altele și clasificarea lor.

Probleme terminologice

Pentru diversele îmbinări de cuvinte parțial sau total fixe se întâlnesc o mulțime de termeni. Pe de o parte sunt folosiți mai mulți termeni pentru același tip de îmbinare, pe de altă parte – un singur termen pentru mai multe tipuri.

În literatura română de specialitate au fost repertoriați, în ordine alfabetică: aforism, citat celebru, clișeu, clișeu lingvistic, colocație, comparație proverbială, compus, eponim, expresie, expresie frazeologică, expresie idiomatică, expresie la modă, expresie perifrastică, expresie proverbială, expresii în limbi clasice, expresii în limbi moderne, formulă convențională, frazem, frazeologism, idiom, idiom funcțional, idiom lexemic, idiomatism, idiotism, izolare, izolare livrescă, locuțiune, locuțiune figurată, locuțiune proverbială, maximă, parimie, parte de vorbire cu determinare obligatorie, perifrază proverbială, proverb, sentință, sintagmă, unitate frazeologică, wellerism, zicală. Acestora li se adaugă "construcție idiomatică" și "entitate frazeologică".

În lucrări franceze, Kocourek (1982) a găsit 27 de asemenea termeni. Tot în limba franceză, diverși autori citează din lucrări ale altora sau folosesc ei înșiși și mai mulți alți termeni.

În engleză, Kocourek 1982 a inventariat 15 termeni. În alte surse se găsesc în plus și mai mulți.

Printre toți acești termeni sunt unii care denumesc anumite tipuri de îmbinări de cuvinte, de exemplu "citat celebru", alții care înglobează câteva tipuri, de exemplu "parimie" (vezi mai jos secțiunea Parimii), și alții care îi înglobează pe toți. Dintre aceștia, cel mai frecvent se folosesc:
 unitate frazeologică –  phraseological unit –  unité phrasélogique;
 frazem –  phraseme –  phrasème;
 frazeologism –  phraseologism –  phraséologisme.

Delimitarea noțiunii de unitate frazeologică

Nu toți cercetătorii sunt de acord cu ce îmbinări de cuvinte ar trebui studiate ca unități frazeologice. Dintre cele enumerate mai sus, unii exclud citatele, proverbele, zicalele, maximele, sentințele, formulele de poveste, pe când alții le includ printre acestea. Unii ligviști includ printre unitățile frazeologice și așa-numitul, în franceză, phrasème pragmatique ("frazem pragmatic"), pragmatème ("pragmatem"), énoncé lié à une situation ("enunț legat de o situație"), expression liée ("expresie legată"), formule situationnelle ("formulă situațională") sau phrase situationnelle ("propoziție/frază situațională"), care au făcut inițial numai obiectul altei ramuri a lingvisticii, pragmatica. În categoria parimiilor, din care fac parte tradițional proverbele, dictoanele, aforismele, maximele și sentințele, unii cercetători includ și devizele și sloganurile comerciale și politice sau sociale.

Încercări de clasificare

Sunt mai mulți lingviști care au încercat o clasificare a unităților frazeologice.

A. P. Cowie propune următoarea clasificare a îmbinărilor de cuvinte:
 free combinations "îmbinări libere": blow a trumpet "a sufla în trompetă";
 word-combinations "îmbinări (fixe) de cuvinte":
 semantic combinations "îmbinări semantice":
– collocations "colocații": blow a fuse "a face să sară o siguranță";
– figurative idioms "expresii idiomatice figurate": blow your own trumpet "a se da mare" (literal "a-și sufla în propria trompetă");
– pure idioms "expresii idiomatice pure": blow the gaff "a bate toba" (a divulga un secret) (lit. "a sufla în cornul de ceață");
 pragmatic combinations "îmbinări pragmatice":
– proverbs "proverbe": Many hands make light work (lit. "Multe mâini fac munca ușoară");
– catchphrases: If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen (lit. "Dacă nu suporți căldura, ieși din bucătărie");
– slogans "sloganuri (comerciale)": X refreshes the parts that other beers cannot reach (lit. "X răcorește organe la care alte beri nu ajung");
– formulae "formule":
– routine formulae "formule de rutină": Good morning! "Bună dimineața!"
– speech formulae "formule de (acte de) vorbire": you know what I mean "mă-nțelegi".

Granger și Paquot (2008) fac o clasificare ținând seama și de alte clasificări, inclusiv cea a lui Cowie:
 phrasemes "frazeme":
 referential phrasemes "frazeme referențiale";
– (lexical) collocations "colocații (lexicale)";
– idioms "expresii idiomatice";
– irreversible bi- and trinomials;
– similes "comparații";
– compounds "compuse";
– phrasal verbs;
– grammatical collocations "colocații gramaticale";
 textual phrasemes "frazeme textuale":
– complex prepositions "locuțiuni prepoziționale";
– complex conjunctions "locuțiuni conjuncționale";
– linking adverbials "articulatori logici";
– textual sentence stems;
 communicative phrasemes "frazeme comunicative":
– speech act formulae "formule de acte de vorbire";
– attitudinal formulae "formule atitudinale";
– proverbs and proverb fragments "proverbe și părți de proverbe";
– commonplaces "locuri comune, stereotipuri";
– slogans "sloganuri";
– idiomatic sentences "propoziții idiomatice";
– quotations "citate".

Câteva tipuri de unități frazeologice

Stabilirea tipurilor de unități frazeologice și delimitarea acestor tipuri unul de altul sunt de asemenea controversate. Este tipică pentru aceasta discuția în jurul noțiunilor "expresie" și "locuțiune". Unii lingviști le consideră sinonime, alții le disting prin caracterul figurat al primei față de lipsa acestuia în cazul celei de-a doua, admițând că ambele sunt unități frazeologice, iar alții le disting excluzând totodată locuțiunile din domeniul frazeologiei, deoarece acestea sunt echivalente ale unor părți de vorbire.

Diferiții autori sunt de acord cu faptul că tipurile de unități frazeologice diferă în primul rând prin gradul lor de fixitate. Acest grad depinde de frecvența folosirii îmbinărilor de cuvinte care le stau la bază.

Fixitatea este privită din trei puncte de vedere:
 Fixitatea semantică constă în caracterul parțial sau total non-compozițional al unității frazeologice, adică în trăsătura de a avea cel puțin o parte în care elementele ei componente și-au pierdut sensul individual și au împreună un sens nou.
 Fixitatea lexicală se referă la gradul de limitare a co-ocurențelor în privința elementelor componente ale unității frazeologice, adică la posibilitatea redusă sau imposibilitatea ca unul sau altul din elemente să fie înlocuite cu un sinonim sau cu un cuvânt de pe aceeași axă paradigmatică.
 Fixitatea morfosintactică constă în posibilitatea redusă sau imposibilitatea transformărilor prin flexiune, a schimbărilor de topică, a dezvoltării cu elemente noi etc.

Gama tipurilor de unități frazeologice merge de la cele cu gradul cel mai mic de fixitate din unul din aceste puncte de vedere, din două sau din toate trei, până la cele cu gradul maxim de fixitate. Gradul de fixitate este diferit și în cadrul unor tipuri de unități frazeologice, de aceea este dificilă delimitarea diferitelor tipuri.

Colocația

Unitățile frazeologice cu cel mai mic grad de fixitate sunt numite de unii lingviști colocații, frecvente atât în limbajul obișnuit, cât și în limbajele de specialitate.

Colocația este o îmbinare de cuvinte compozițională, adică acestea apar cu sensul lor individual și în îmbinare, astfel sensul colocației este transparent. Colocațiile sunt niște solidarități lexicale care apar în urma unor preferințe pentru anumite combinații, ceea ce se constată din frecvența de co-ocurență relativ mare a elementelor lor componente. Totodată, colocația este supusă unor limitări combinaționale. Un exemplu este în franceză s'attendre au pire "a se aștepta la ce e mai rău", în care nu se poate înlocui pire cu niciun alt cuvânt, bunăoară nu se poate spune *s'attendre au meilleur "a se aștepta la ce e mai bun".

Colocația are un pivot, o bază colocativă, cel mai adesea un substantiv sau un verb, uneori un adjectiv sau un adverb. Pivotul "își alege" anumiți sateliți ce formează domeniul său colocativ. De exemplu, cuvântul pivot lege poate intra în următoarele colocații: a promulga o lege, a anula/aboli/abroga o lege, a modifica o lege, a face legea, a respecta legea, a se supune legii.

Expresia frazeologică

Față de exemplele anterioare există și îmbinări semantic mai opace, în care numai unul din componente se folosește cu sensul propriu, și care se apropie de unități frazeologice cu fixitate mai mare. Astfel este, de exemplu,  frousse bleue "frică mare" (literal "frică albastră"), în care numai adjectivul de culoare bleue poate fi asociat cu frousse. Unii lingviști numesc asemenea îmbinări tot colocații, dar se întâlnește pentru acestea și termenul expresie frazeologică, pentru care se dau exemple ca noapte albă sau șoarece de bibliotecă. Tot printre acestea s-ar include și comparațiile în care comparatul este folosit cu sensul său obișnuit: lung ca o zi de post, negru ca pana corbului.

Expresia idiomatică

Această unitate frazeologică se caracterizează printr-o fixitate mai mare din toate cele trei puncte de vedere amintite decât colocația și expresia frazeologică, având un sens total non-compozițional. De asemenea, niciun element component al său nu poate fi înlocuit cu un sinonim sau cu un cuvânt de pe aceeași axă paradigmatică. Doar blocajul transformărilor morfosintactice nu este total în cazul lor. Unii autori consideră și caracterul metaforic sau figurat al întregii expresii o condiție necesară pentru ca aceasta să fie idiomatică. Exemple: a tăia frunză la câini (metaforă), a se zbate ca peștele pe uscat (comparație cu ambii termeni figurați).

Locuțiunea

Locuțiunea este o unitate frazeologică ce prezintă un grad relativ mare de fixitate semantică, lexicală și morfosintactică. În plus, din acest ultim punct de vedere, constituie o singură parte de vorbire, deseori sinonimă cu un cuvânt. Ea poate fi nefigurată, de exemplu cine știe cine = cineva sau metaforică nod în papură = cusur.

Unitatea frazeologică pragmatică

Printre unitățile frazeologice sunt și unele propoziții folosite aproape automat și în mod recurent de către vorbitorii nativi ai unei limbi. Acestea sunt declanșate de diversele situații de comunicare în care se află, și prin ele vorbitorul realizează diverse intenții de comunicare: acționează asupra destinatarului, exprimă o atitudine față de acesta, își exprimă sentimente și stări psihice sau fizice, intră în contact cu destinatarul, se conformează convențiilor sociale, și foarte multe altele. Unii autori includ printre unitățile frazeologice pragmatice și proverbele, dictoanele și sloganele. Terminologia nu este unitară nici în domeniul acestor unități.

Unitățile frazeologice pragmatice se deosebesc de celelalte tipuri de asemenea unități prin unele caracteristici. În primul rând sunt supuse unei constrângeri specifice, aceea că unitatea întreagă este comandată de o anumită situație, o anumită intenție de comunicare. De exemplu, propoziția  Ferme ta gueule! "Ține-ți fleanca!" (lit. "Închide-ți botul!") poate fi folosită numai pentru a-l face pe destinatar să tacă. În al doilea rând, nu este tipic pentru aceste unități caracterul figurat.

Pe de altă parte, existând foarte multe feluri de situații în care se folosesc unități frazeologice pragmatice, gradul lor de fixitate este diferit. Sensul uneia precum Ferme ta gueule! este interpretabil pornind de la componentele sale. Și fixitatea lexicală a acestei unități este relativă, Ferme ta gueule! putând deveni cu același sens pragmatic Ferme ton clapet! De asemenea, ea acceptă și unele manipulări morfosintactice: trecerea la plural (Fermez vos gueules! "Țineți-vă fleanca!"), dezvoltarea (Ferme ta sale gueule! "Ține-ți fleanca aia spurcată!"), înlocuirea cu un pronume a substantivului (Ferme-la!), eliminarea predicatului (Ta gueule! "Gura!").

Alte unități frazeologice pragmatice devin practic formule prin fixitatea lor totală sau aproape totală. De pildă, o propoziție ca  C'est trop facile! are sens compozițional dacă este o îmbinare liberă de cuvinte: "Este prea ușor!" (de exemplu un exercițiu). În schimb, ca unitate frazeologică pragmatică servește la respingerea unei scuze (Luc est en retard et a prétexté une grève. C'est trop facile! "Luc a întârziat și zice că din cauza unei greve. Nu ține!"), sensul său fiind non-compozițional, nedeductibil din sensul fiecărui element component. De asemenea, nu acceptă nicio transformare lexicală sau morfosintactică fără să-și piardă caracterul de unitate frazeologică.

Cowie 2001 deosebește două categorii de formule pragmatice:
 Formulele de rutină ( routine formulae) sunt cele impuse de convențiile sociale în contactele dintre oameni. Astfel sunt saluturile (Good morning! "Bună dimineața!"), urările (Many happy returns of the day! "La mulți ani!") sau cele folosite cu ocazia prezentării (Pleased to meet you "Îmi pare bine de cunoștință"). Cowie include aici și atenționările orale sau scrise (Mind the step! "Atenție! Treaptă!").
 Formulele de (acte) de vorbire ( speech formulae) sunt enunțuri folosite în cursul comunicării pentru a realiza foarte multe intenții de comunicare: a întări o afirmație (I can tell you "pot să-ți spun"), a prezenta o afirmație ca surprinzătoare (Would you bilieve it? "Îți vine să crezi?"), a exprima neînțelegerea (I beg your pardon? "Poftim?"), a verifica înțelegerea (Are you with me? "(Poți să) mă urmărești?") etc.

Unele unități frazeologice pragmatice de tip formulă devin propoziții atipice din punct de vedere gramatical prin transformarea sursei lor. Uneori, aceasta constă într-o scurtare. Bunăoară, formula  Et avec ça? (literal "Și cu asta?"), cu care un vânzător întreabă dacă clientul mai dorește ceva în afară de ce a cerut, este scurtarea lui Et avec ça qu'est-ce que je vous donne / que prendrez-vous? (lit. "Și cu asta ce vă dau / ce veți lua?"). Alt exemplu este  T'inquiète! care provine din Ne t'inquiète pas! "Nu te neliniști!" Unitatea sursă poate suferi transformări (Ne t'angoisse pas!, Ne vous inquiétez pas! "Nu vă neliniștiți!"), dar T'inquiète! nu mai poate suferi nicio transformare și se poate adresa numai unui destinatar pe care vorbitorul îl tutuiește. Există și transformare de sursă într-o formă gramaticală imposibilă în afara sensului pragmatic, de exemplu în  De quoi je me mêle! "Ce te amesteci!" (lit. "Ce mă amestec!") (persoana I în locul persoanei a II-a).

Unitatea frazeologică pragmatică prezintă două asemănări cu interjecția: folosirea automată în situații corespunzătoare și intonația specifică. Astfel, unele asemenea unități corespund ca sens pragmatic unor interjecții, de pildă  Qu'est-ce que vous me dites là! "Ce tot spui acolo?!" și Ah bah! care exprimă mirarea. Unii lingviști consideră că și entitățile care în gramatica tradițională se socotesc a fi interjecții și propoziții neanalizabile, fie și date de un singur cuvânt, sunt unități frazeologice pragmatice de tip formulă. Exemple:  Soit! "Fie!" (exprimarea concesiei), Tiens! "Poftim!" (formulă ce însoțește înmânarea a ceva) sau "Ia te uită!" (exprimarea mirării), Merci (formulă de mulțumire), Allez! "Hai!" (îndemn).

Alte formule

Dintre limbajele de specialitate, limbajul juridic este cel care iese în evidență prin folosirea unor sintagme și propoziții de tip formulă. Astfel, în cadrul Uniunii Europene sunt adoptate pentru documentele oficiale așa-numite "formulări standard". Exemplu:
nu are temei legal –  it has no real foundation –  il manque de base en droit –  enthalte noch eine Rechtsgrundlage.

Formule aparte sunt cele de început al basmelor:
A fost odată ca niciodată…,  Il était une fois…,  Once upon a time…,  Hol volt, hol nem volt… (lit. "Unde a fost, unde n-a fost…").

Parimii

Parimia este o "sentință lapidară normativă" ce se caracterizează prin morfologie ritmică, structură analogică și statut normativ. Termenul înglobează mai multe tipuri de unități frazeologice dificil de delimitat unul de altul: proverbul, dictonul, deviza, sloganul etc.

Proverbul

Proverbul este o parimie care cuprinde pe scurt un adevăr prezentat ca general referitor în principal la om, un sfat, o regulă de viață bazată pe înțelepciunea populară. Are caracter tradițional, fiind o creație orală, colectivă și anonimă.

Unii autori consideră proverbul un subtip din categoria unităților frazeologice pragmatice.

Din punct de vedere lingvistic, proverbul se aseamănă cu expresia idiomatică prin fixitate semantică (non-compoziționalitate), fixitate lexicală și fixitate formală cu grade variabile. Cu unele expresii idiomatice mai seamănă și prin caracterul metaforic. Se deosebește însă de expresiile idiomatice prin sensul său stabil, independent de situația de comunicare, și prin faptul că poate fi numai propoziție sau frază completă. Un exemplu tipic de proverb este  Chat échaudé craint l'eau froide (lit. "Pisica opărită se teme de apa rece") "Cine s-a fript cu ciorbă suflă și în iaurt".

Există și așa-numite "locuțiuni proverbiale", care sunt expresii idiomatice provenind din proverbe. Acestea nu mai sunt proverbe propriu-zise, din cauza pierderii caracterului de propoziție. În franceză, proverbul bază începe cu Il faut / Il ne faut pas… sau On doit / On ne doit pas… "Trebuie / Nu trebuie…" și se continuă cu un verb la infinitiv cu sintagma sa. Această ultimă parte a proverbului devine locuțiune proverbială. Exemplu:
 Il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l'ours avant de l'avoir tué "Nu e bine să vinzi pielea ursului din pădure" → vendre la peau de l'ours avant de l'avoir tué.

Dictonul

Această parimie se aseamănă cu proverbul prin mai multe trăsături: se bazează pe înțelepciunea populară, are caracter oral, tradițional, colectiv și anonim, iar din punct de vedere gramatical se constituie din cel puțin o propoziție.

Unii autori consideră că dictonul se deosebește de proverb doar prin caracterul de afirmație directă, neconotată, neexploatabilă metaforic al primului. Astfel,  Qui ne risque rien n'a rien "Cine nu riscă nu câștigă" (lit. "Cine nu riscă numic nu are nimic") ar fi un dicton.

Alți cercetători restrâng dictonul la o parimie ce prezintă ca adevăr, dar care poate fi o credință sau o superstiție, o observație legată de viața rurală, mai ales în legătură cu fenomenele meteorologice. Un exemplu de asemenea dicton este  En avril ne te découvre pas d'un fil ; en mai fais ce qu'il te plaît (lit. "În aprilie să nu te descoperi nici cu un fir; în mai fă ce-ți place").

Deviza

Deviza este o unitate frazeologică de tip parimie, ce se caracterizează prin fixitate totală. A apărut în Evul Mediu, în Europa Occidentală, fiind asociată cu blazonul unei familii nobiliare și putând fi legată semantic de imaginea blazonului. La origine, deviza a fost un strigăt de luptă folosit în bătălia în urma căreia primul deținător al blazonului și-a câștigat titlul nobiliar. Ulterior, deviza a exprimat concis, cel mai adesea în limba latină, pietatea, loialitatea, vitejia sau alte calități ale celui care primea titlul. Un exemplu de deviză nobiliară este  Forte scutum salus ducum "Un scut puternic este siguranța căpeteniilor", care face aluzie la numele deținătorului ei, un anume lord Fortescue.

Cu timpul au primit blazon și deviză și orașe. De exemplu, deviza Parisului este  Fluctuat nec mergitur "Se clatină pe valuri, dar nu se scufundă". În prezent, multe țări au deviză, care face parte dintre simbolurile oficiale ale statului, alături de stemă, drapel și imn. De pildă, deviza Franței este Liberté, égalité, fraternité "Libertate, egalitate, fraternitate". Actualmente, România nu are deviză, dar în perioada regilor din dinastia Hohenzollern aceasta era  Nihil sine Deo "Nimic fără Dumnezeu".

Sloganul

Sloganul este o unitate frazeologică concisă și expresivă, ușor de reținut, folosită în campaniile de publicitate pentru a lansa un produs sau o marcă comercială, ori în cadrul propagandei politice și sociale, pentru a câștiga oamenii de partea unor idei, organizații sau persoane. Mai ales în domeniul politic, în română se mai folosește cu acest sens și termenul "lozincă". Sensul unor sloganuri este legat de un text sau o imagine care le însoțește, altele fiind autonome.

Prin forma sa concisă, frapantă și memorabilă, prin funcția de a avea efect asupra destinatarilor săi, sloganul se apropie de proverb și de dicton, dar se deosebește de acestea prin folosirea sa planificată, regulată și masivă, precum și prin durata sa de viață limitată la cea a unei campanii. Unele sloganuri sunt chiar dictoane folosite în forma lor originară, de exemplu Prietenul la nevoie se cunoaște (slogan pentru un medicament împotriva diareei). Tot cu forma originară mai sunt folosite ca sloganuri și expresii idiomatice (În al nouălea cer – slogan pentru un produs cosmetic) sau unele unități frazeologice pragmatice: S-auzim de bine! (pentru o companie de telefonie).

Unele sloganuri se bazează pe referințe istorice, civilizaționale, culturale ale comunității lingvistice. Exemple: Dezlegare la gust, Cea mai mare promoție de la Decebal încoace.

Pentru a fi expresiv, sloganul recurge la diverse procedee retorice prin care se exprimă raționamente, de exemplu:
 entimema (silogism trunchiat, în care una dintre premise este abandonată în profitul concluziei): Dacă exigența cere impecabilul, exigența cere X (pentru un detergent);
 dilema:  De Gaulle ou le chaos "De Gaulle sau haosul" (slogan din campania dinaintea referendumului din 1969 din Franța);
 implicarea (afirmație acceptabilă, pentru a face să se admită implicit altă afirmație pe care o presupune prima): Te ține o viață (implică "nu mai trebuie să îl/o schimbi niciodată") (pentru produse de izolație termică);
 extrapolarea (extinderea unei noțiuni de la un domeniu la altul): Frumusețea este îngrijire (pentru un produs cosmetic);

În crearea sloganelor se aplică diverse figuri de stil:
 repetiție: Muncă, muncă..., muncă, muncă..., muncă, muncă… Dar totul este bine când se termină cu X (pentru o bere);
 metaforă:  La femme est une île, Fidji est son parfum "Femeia e o insulă, Fidji e parfumul ei" (pentru un parfum);
 comparație:  Des ongles durs comme du fer, une tenue d'enfer "Unghii tari ca fierul, o ținută trăznet" (pentru un lac de unghii);
 metonimie: Prospețimea care te apropie (pentru bomboane mentolate);
 personificare: Cafea cu suflet;
 antiteză:  Ça fait du bien où ça fait mal "Face bine unde doare" (lit. "Face bine unde face rău") (pentru un medicament);
 întrebare retorică:  Qui a dit que le plaisir était défendu ? "Cine a spus că plăcerea e interzisă?" (pentru un produs lactat).

Unele slogane se realizează cu procedee ale limbajului poetic, precum:
 asonanța:  I like Ike "Îmi place Ike" (sloganul lui Dwight David Eisenhower, supranumit Ike, în campaniile sale de alegeri pentru președintele SUA);
 rima: Una bună împreună (pentru o bere);
 ritmul: exemplul anterior.

Ca să fie atrăgător, sloganul tinde să fie spiritual, chiar umoristic, de aceea face apel la jocul de cuvinte bazat pe polisemie (Se dă la tuse – pentru un medicament) sau pe omonimie:  Lego développe l'égo "Lego dezvoltă egoul".

În același scop se mai practică și deformarea conștientă a altor tipuri de unități frazeologice pentru a le transforma în slogan. Astfel,  Surpris en flagrants délices lit. "Surpinși în flagrante delicii" (slogan pentru o băutură alcoolică) este deformarea colocației flagrant délit "flagrant delict" din limbajul juridic; Berea după bere e plăcere are la origine dictonul Vinul după bere e plăcere; Paharul de dar se caută la X (slogan pentru o bere) are la bază proverbul Calul de dar nu se caută la dinți.

Din punct de vedere sintactic, sloganul este o propoziție completă sau incompletă, ori un grup de propoziții. Adesea, construcția sloganului exprimă calificarea produsului pentru care se face publicitate. Aceasta se face prin:
 o construcție de tip propoziție cu predicat nominal, în care subiectul este numele mărcii, iar verbul copulativ este omis, numele predicativ fiind articulat (exemplu:  X, un amour de parfum "X, o iubire de parfum") sau nearticulat:  X, lunettes sans frontières "X, ochelari fără frontiere";
 o propoziție cu predicat verbal la indicativ prezent ( Tous les chemins mènent à X "Toate drumurile duc la X") sau la imperativ:  Découvrez la passion de la qualité "Descoperiți pasiunea calității";
 o sintagmă verbală cu verbul la infinitiv:  Bâtir en confiance "A construi cu încredere".

Citatul celebru

Acesta este o unitate frazeologică cu o sursă istorică, , culturală sau literară pe vorbitorul o cunoaște, crede greșit că o cunoaște sau nu o cunoaște, dar știe că este vorba de un citat. În cazul altora, sursa lor s-a pierdut din conștiința vorbitorilor și nu mai sunt simțite ca citate.

Unele citate celebre se încadrează în unele dintre celelalte tipuri de unități frazeologice. De exemplu Și tu, Brutus? este o unitate frazeologică pragmatică ce exprimă reproșul.

Dacă mai multe comunități lingvistice au referințe istorice, civilizaționale, culturale etc. comune, unul și același citat poate fi prezent în mai multe limbi. Este cazul exemplului anterior. Există însă și citate care trăiesc într-o singură limbă, dacă sursa lor nu este împărtășită cu alte comunități lingvistice. Astfel este, de pildă Eu pentru cine votez?, în limba română.

Clișeul verbal

Din punct de vedere lingvistic, orice unitate frazeologică poate fi considerată mai mult sau mai puțin clișeu, în funcție de frecvența folosirii sale și gradul de automatism cu care este folosită. După aceste criterii, de exemplu formulele de politețe, de salut etc. (vezi mai sus) sunt în mod evident clișee, fără ca în cazul lor acest termen să aibă sens peiorativ. Însă din punctul de vedere al esteticii clasice, clișeul este o unitate frazeologică banalizată prin frecvența sa considerată prea mare și, de aceea, de evitat. Exemple de clișee sunt  Luceafărul poeziei (spus despre Mihai Eminescu),  l'astre des nuits "astrul nopților" (pentru lună).

Note

Surse bibliografice

Surse directe

 Amălăncei, Brîndușa-Mariana, "«Discursul repetat» în textele publicitare", Analele Universității "Constantin Brâncuși" din Târgu-Jiu, Seria științe juridice, nr. 1, 2007, ISSN 1844-7015, pp. 51–56
 Busuioc, Ileana, "Tipuri de entități frazeologice", UniTerm. Revistă electronică de terminologie, nr. 1, 2004, Facultatea de litere, istorie și teologie, Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Constantinescu-Dobridor, Gheorghe, Dicționar de termeni lingvistici, București, Teora, 1998; online: Dexonline (DTL) (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Cowie, A. P., Speech formulae in English: problems of analysis and dictionary treatment (Formule de acte de vorbire în engleză: probleme de analiză și tratare de către dicționare), Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik, vol. 44, nr. 1, Groningen, Universitatea din Groningen, Centrul pentru limbă și cunoaștere din Groningen, 2001, PDF de descărcat (accesat la 29 decembrie 2022)
  Crystal, David, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (Dicționar de lingvistică și fonetică), ediția a VI-a, Blackwell Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4051-5296-9 (accesat la 10 noiembrie 2018)
  Dubois, Jean et al., Dictionnaire de linguistique (Dicționar de lingvistică), Paris, Larousse-Bordas/VUEF, 2002 (accesat la 29 decembrie 2022)
  González Rey, María Isabel, "Constructions endocentriques et exocentriques des unités phraséologiques" (Construcții endocentrice și exocentrice ale unităților frazeologice), María Luz Casal Silva et al. (coord.), La lingüística francesa en España camino del siglo XXI, Arrecife Producciones, S.L., 2000, ISBN-13: 978-8492379286 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Gourmond, Remy de, Esthétique de la langue française, Paris, Société du Mercure de France, 1899 (accesat la 28 decembrie 2022)
  Granger, Sylviane și Paquot Magali, "Disentangling the phraseological web" (Să descurcăm ițele frazeologice), Granger, Sylviane; Meunier, Fanny (coord.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective (Frazeologia. O perspectivă interdisciplinară), Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978 90 272 3246 5, pp. 27–50 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Gries, Stefan Th., "Phraseology and linguistic theory" (Frazeologia și teoria lingvistică), Granger, Sylviane; Meunier, Fanny (coord.), Phraseology. An interdisciplinary perspective (Frazeologia. O perspectivă interdisciplinară), Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008, ISBN 978 90 272 3246 5, pp. 3–26 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Husarciuc, Maria, "Echivalarea în limba română a unităților frazeologice infinitivale din limba franceză", Trandabăț, Diana Maria et al. (coord.), [http://consilr.info.uaic.ro/editii%20anterioare/2008/Atelier2008-Facultatea%20de%20Informatica_FINAL.pdf Lucrările atelierului Resurse lingvistice și instrumente pentru prelucrarea limbii române], Iași, 19-21 noiembrie 2008, Editura Universității "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iași, 2008, ISSN 1843-911X, pp. 115–127 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Klein, Jean René, "La phraséologie (et en particulier les proverbes) dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé" [Frazeologia (și mai ales proverbele) în Tezaurul limbii franceze informatizat], conferință ținută la Séminaire de méthodologie en étymologie et lexicologie historique (Seminarul de metodologie în etimologie și lexicologie istorică) al proiectului ATILF (Analiza și tratarea informatică a limbii franceze), 24 mai 2006 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Lamiroy, Béatrice, "Les expressions figées : à la recherche d'une définition" (Expresiile fixe: în căutarea unei definiții), Zeitschrift für Französische Sprache und Literatur, vol. 36, 2008, pp. 85–99 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Leroi, Marie-Véronique, Le traitement automatique et lexicographique des locutions verbales figées en français (Prelucrarea automată și lexicografică a locuțiunilor verbale fixe din franceză), lucrare de cercetare, Universitatea Paris III, ILPGA, 2004, PDF de descărcat (accesat la 29 decembrie 2022)
  Marque-Pucheu, Christiane, Les énoncés liés à une situation : mode de fonctionnement et mode d'accès en langue 2 (Enunțurile legate de o situație: mod de funcționare și mod de acces într-o limbă străină), Hieronymus, nr. 1, Universitatea din Zadar (Croația), 2007, pp. 25–48 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Munteanu, Cristinel, Sinonimia frazeologică în limba română din perspectiva lingvisticii integrale, Pitești, Editura "Independența Economică", 2007, ISBN 978-973-7732-66-8 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Munteanu Siserman, Mihaela, "Onomastic Markers in Romanian Fixed structures. Sociolinguistic and Cultural Perspectives" (Mărci onomastice în structuri fixe românești. Viziune sociolingvistică și culturală), Boldea, Iulian (coord.), Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity. Studies and articles, vol. III, secțiunea Language and Discourse, Târgu-Mureș, Editura Universității "Petru Maior", 2014, pp. 67–77 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Navarro Domínguez, Fernando, "La rhétorique du slogan : cliché, idéologie et communication" (Retorica sloganului; clișeu, ideologie și comunicare), Bulletin Hispanique, vol. 107, nr. 1, 2005, pp. 265–282 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Palicica, Maria, Presa scrisă și lecția, Timișoara, Mirton, 2006 (accesat 26 octombrie 2022)
 Podaru, Alina, "Idiomaticitatea și expresiile idiomatice în italiană și română", Philologica Jassyensia, an VIII, nr. 1 (15), 2012, pp. 309–318 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Privat, Maryse, "Le nœud gordien des parémiologues: qu'est-ce qu'un proverbe?" (Nodul gordian al parimiologilor: ce este un proverb?), Thélème. Revista Complutense de Estudios Franceses, nr. 13, 1998, pp. 253–264, PDF de descărcat (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  The manual of heraldry : being a concise description of the several terms used, and containing a dictionary of every designation in the science (Manualul heraldicii: o descriere concisă a diverșilor termeni folosiți și un dicționar al fiecărei denumiri din domeniu), ediția a V-a, Londra, Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co., f.a. (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Trésor de la langue française informatisé (TLFi) (Tezaurul limbii franceze informatizat) (TLFi) (accesat la 23 august 2018)
 Vrabie, Laura Ana-Maria (coord.), Ghid stilistic de traducere în limba română pentru uzul traducătorilor acquis-ului comunitar, ediția a V-a, revăzută și adăugită, București, Institutul European din România, 2008, ISBN 978-973-7736-72-7 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Yin Zihan, Linking adverbials in English (Articulatori logici în limba engleză), teză de doctorat, Universitatea "Victoria" din Wellington, (Noua Zeelandă), 2014 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Zouogbo, Jean-Philippe Claver, Le proverbe entre langues et cultures (Proverbul între limbi și culturi), Berna, Peter Lang, 2009, ISBN 978-3-03911-667-6 (accesat la 23 august 2018)
  Zsemlyei, János, A mai magyar nyelv szókészlete (Lexicul limbii maghiare contemporane), partea a VI-a, A mai magyar nyelv állandósult szókapcsolatai. Frazeológia (Unitățile frazeologice ale limbii maghiare contemporane), Őrszavak, septembrie 2010 (accesat la 23 august 2018)

Surse indirecte

 Avădanei, Constanța, Construcții idiomatice în română și engleză, Ed. Universității "Al. I. Cuza", Iași, 2000
  Biber, Douglas et al., Longman grammar of spoken and written English (Gramatica Longman a limbii engleze vorbite și scrise), Harlow (Essex), Pearson Education Ltd, 1999,
  Bally, Charles, Linguistique générale et linguistique française (Lingvistică generală și lingvistica limbii franceze), Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1932
 Colțun, Gheorghe, Frazeologia limbii române, Ed. Arc, Chișinău, 2000
 Coteanu, Ion, Gramatica de bază a limbii române, Ed.Albatros, București, 1982
  Cowie, A. P., The treatmant of collocations and idioms in learners' dictionaries (Tratarea colocațiilor și expresiilor idiomatice în dicționarele pentru elevi și studenți), Applied linguistics, 2 (3), 1981, pp.  223–235
  Cowie, A. P., Stable and creative aspects of vocabulary use (Aspecte stabile și creative ale folosirii lexicului), Carter, R & M. și J. McCarthy (coord.), Vocabulary and Language Teaching (Lexicul și predarea limbilor), Londra, Longman, 1988, pp. 126–137
  Greimas, Algirdas Julien, "Les proverbes et les dictons" (Proverbele și zicătorile), Du sens. Essais sémiotiques (Despre sens. Eseuri semiotice), Paris, Seuil, 1970
 Hristea, Theodor, "Introducere în studiul frazeologiei", Hristea et alii, Sinteze de limba română, București, Editura Albatros, 1984
  Kocourek, Rostislav, La langue française de la technique et de la science (Limba franceză a tehnicii și a științei), Wiesbaden, Oscar Brandstetter, 1982
  Rodegem, François-Marie, "La parole proverbiale" (Vorba proverbială), François Suard și Claude Buridant (coord.) Richesse du proverbe (Bogăția proverbului), vol. II. Typologie et fonctions (Tipologie și funcții), PUL, Universitatea Lille III, 1984, pp. 121–135

Vezi și

 Deviză
 Expresie idiomatică
 Frazeologie
 Locuțiune
 Proverb

Frazeologie


text:
Q: Background image looks wrong when website is loaded on a mobile device I currently have it to where the current link is "underlined", but the underline is an image as I wanted it to look Android-style. The image looks like this when the web page is loaded on a normal desktop pc:

The image itself is a simple image with the top 90% transparent and the bottom 1/8th of it blue. Whenever the web page is loaded on a phone, it turns into this:

The css for it is this:
#currentlink
{
    background-image:url('../images/menu-underline.png');
    background-position:center;
}

With this html:

About me

Apps & Projects

Work with Me

I have also tried making the image simply just the blue line, and changing the css to have background-position:bottom but it made the whole entire box blue.

A: Why not just use the border-bottom property?
#currentlink {
  border-bottom: 5px solid #35B5E5; /* this is your blue color */
}

The problem is on a phone your li's are adjusting, and the image isnt scaling proportionally.

A: This should resolve your issue:
#currentlink {
 background-image:url('../images/menu-underline.png') no-repeat center center fixed;
}

The problem is your background image repeated itself, for the Android Device, in which you viewing the WebPage, either you can fire media queries for the same to adjust the background image for specific resolution only.

A: As @natewiley suggested I'd recommend doing such simple styling with CSS only, so your client doesn't have to download extra assets (images). But in your particular case, since on a phone the size of the list items changes and thus causing the background image to shift position.
You can try setting background-repeat: no-repeat to prevent the background image from repeating itself to fill the space, so you should at least see just one blue line instead of two. Though you'll need to adjust where the blue line should be.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In short: Dallas, Texas-based U.S. District Judge Ed Kinkeade on Wednesday ruled ZTE violated a probation period imposed on it in early 2017 after the company pleaded guilty to a conspiracy to violate trade sanctions imposed on North Korea and Iran. While the firm was initially set to be subjected to a monitoring period until 2020, that scrutiny will now extend to 2022, as per the judge's order.
Background: The transgressions that led to the penalty were the same that the Commerce Department used as the basis for issuing a denial order to American technology companies this April, forbidding them to sell or license their solutions to the Chinese firm over a seven-year period. The sanction that would have almost certainly bankrupted ZTE in the immediate term was eventually replaced following pressure from President Trump, with ZTE instead agreeing to a $1 billion fine, a $400 million escrow payment, and a broad range of concessions, including a complete revamp of its board of directors and management. Independently of the monitorship extended in Dallas earlier this week, ZTE is also financing a small team of independent auditors that will be scrutinizing it for future trade sanction violations until 2028.
Impact: The Dallas ruling doesn't change a lot of things for ZTE and was largely expected following the company's violation of the 2017 settlement. ZTE is still facing a massively challenging rebuilding mission in the United States, with many industry watchers expressing skepticism about its ability to continue doing business as usual. The short-lived denial order and the bad PR that stemmed from it already delivered a major hit to its stateside ambitions and the trade war between Washington and Beijing that emerged in the meantime doesn't spell good news for its efforts to recover its brand in the country. Depending on the outcome of the November mid-terms, ZTE may find itself facing more investigations in the near future as well given how the DNC has been rather vocal about not allowing the firm to continue operating in the U.S. unchecked, citing national security concerns.


text:
Virginia True Estate Lawyers
There exists a common perception in our nation that laws relating to land are complex and it is professional job to recognize and apply the law. Ü The Act gives for minimum and maximum land holding in Kenya, this provision nevertheless remains postponed until the cabinet secretary in charge of land has been appointed. N/B: It is extremely crucial for purchasers to use specialist and trustworthy lawyers anytime they are buying land in Kenya in order to acquire appropriate legal advise and representation in the complete sale process and therefore keep away from unnecessary pitfalls and dealing with cons.
However, for the agricultural land, foreigners or privately owned firms whose shareholders are not all Kenyan citizens are not permitted to buy such land unless exactly where such transaction has been exempted from the provisions of the Land Manage Act by president pursuant to section 24 thereof. If the search results are satisfactory, after should also verify no matter whether the land is integrated on the Report by the Commission of Inquiry on the Illegal and Irregularly Allocated Land, generally identified as the Ndungu Land Report.
Since local municipalities are continuously altering the guidelines and regulations applicable to land development, project completion has turn into increasingly far more complex and costly. We have a limited inventory of established Texas shelf LLCs and Nevada shelf LLCs that include our greatest anonymity and asset protection features like currently registered assumed names (See Texas and Nevada shelf firms ). These premium LLCs are ready for immediate shipment to clientele for whom time is a critical aspect.
As stated just before, the stamp duty is collected by Kenya Revenue Authority and need to be paid to the Commissioner of Domestic Taxes by means of different banks which have been appointed as collecting agents. This covers the 999 years leases that were initially granted to the white settlers under the Crown Land Ordinance of 1902 and 1915 as effectively as lease for flats or apartment over such properties.
When challenges do arise, Reid is at his ideal and pursues challenging land use difficulties to resolution. As a outcome, vested rights are crucial to protecting businesses' and individuals' investments in land improvement projects and land purchases. Possessing a lawyer that specializes in environmental law and knows exactly what to do is already a huge benefit It is sensible to appear for the solutions of an land use troubles lawyer in seattle specifically when land troubles and issues have gone awry.
CategoriesLand LawyersTagsestate, lawyers, virginia
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This is the most populous district in Manipur. The Imphal West district falls in the category of Manipur valley region. It is a tiny plain at the centre of Manipur surrounded by Plains of other districts. Imphal City, the State Capital is the nodal functional centre of this district. A large variety of birds are found in the district. Due to the heavy pressure on land and cleaning of forest land in the valley, the existence of varieties of animals, birds, fauna are on fast decreasing trend.
Sub-Divisions: Lamsang, Patsoi, Lamphelpat and Wangoi.
Blocks: Imphal West-I, Imphal West-II, Patsoi, Hiyangthang.
Major Agricultural Products: Rice, Lentil, Gram, Cowpea, Urd, Groundnut, Sesame.
Major Industrial Products: Handicrafts, Bamboo and Cane crafts, Jewelry making, Handloom.
Major Rivers: Imphal River, Nambul River.
Flora: Bamboos, Pepals, Kaubila, Eucalyptus, Amla, Parkai roxburgil (Yongchak), Arundo donax (yendhou), Carica papaya (papaya), Citrus grandia (Pamelo), Mangifera indica (Mango), Prunus domestics (plum), Prumus persica (peach), Pyrus selerotine (pear), Psidium guavaya (guava), Famarin dus indica (Tamarind).
Fauna: Fox, Deer, Wild Pig, Jungle Cat, Monkeys and Leopards were the important animals once habited in the district. The common birds available in the district are Sparrow, Swallow, Owl, Myna, Pigeon, Nightingale, King Fisher, Wood pecker, Heren, Kite, etc.
Folk Arts: Ras Lila, Pung Cholom, Nupa Pala, Maibi Jagoi.


text:
Feeding Time for Bed Bugs: From Flat to Fat in Minutes
Danielle Wishon, forensic investigator for the Sacramento Police Department, started her colony of bed bugs while studying for her bachelor's degree in entomology at UC Davis. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
Brother, sister...can you spare a meal?
If you're rearing a bed bug colony, they need blood. Yours, if you don't mind.
Someone else's, if there's no one else around.
A big draw at the Bohart Museum of Entomology's recent open house, "Parasite Palooza," was a bed-bug feeding demonstration, featuring bed bugs from a UC Davis-reared colony.
When it was feeding time for the parasitic insects, Cimex lectularius, two scientists stepped forth and offered their arms in the name of science.
Charlotte Herbert, who is studying for her doctorate in entomology, volunteered to be the first "blood donor." Next to step up was nematologist/parasitologist Lauren Camp, who received her doctorate last December at UC Davis.
The particulars: Tabatha Yang, education and outreach coordinator for the Bohart, handed each scientist a bed bug enclosed in fine netting. The netting proved fine enough to prevent escape, but large enough to allow feeding.
"We don't want any escapees," Yang said.
Close-up of bed bug, Cimex lectularius. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
The Bohart Museum visitors, ranging from pre-schoolers to senior citizens, crowded around, asking questions and taking photos. The reddish-brown bed bugs went from flat to fat within minutes.
The insects originated from the parent colony of UC Davis entomology graduate Danielle Wishon, now a forensic investigator for the Sacramento Police Department. She began rearing them several years ago, intending to do research. Later she gave some of her bed bugs to UC Davis researcher Jenella Loye of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology, who in turn loaned some to the Bohart Museum for its "Parasitic Palooza: Botflies, Fleas and Mites, Oh, My."
Wishon says it's fairly easy to rear bed bugs. "If you want a fast growing colony, you can feed them once a week. When I was very actively feeding them, I chose to feed them once or twice a month so the colony didn't get too big too fast. I've gone as much as six months without feeding them, and they repopulated just fine. I started this colony several years back, but I would occasionally add individuals I find on mattresses discarded by UC Davis students during the great fall quarter move."
Wishon acknowledged that in the past, she 'sub-let' feeding responsibilities to forensic entomologist Bob Kimsey of the UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology faculty and to entomology student/Bohart associate Wade Spencer. "Hey, they offered!" she said.
Has Wishon ever encountered bed bugs in a hotel room?
Enclosed bed bug in fine netting: fine enough to prevent an escape, large enough to feed. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
"No, but I always look for their 'salt and pepper'--eggs and feces--first thing," Wishon said. "I had a friend come up and ask about bites after she stayed at a motel in California -- they were definitely bed bug bites. She's taken enough entomology to get a kick out of it so she wasn't upset."
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): "Everyone is at risk for getting bed bugs when visiting an infected area. However, anyone who travels frequently and shares living and sleeping quarters where other people have previously slept has a higher risk of being bitten and or spreading a bed bug infestation."
"Bed bug infestations usually occur around or near the areas where people sleep," the CDC points out on its website. "These areas include apartments, shelters, rooming houses, hotels, cruise ships, buses, trains, and dorm rooms. They hide during the day in places such as seams of mattresses, box springs, bed frames, headboards, dresser tables, inside cracks or crevices, behind wallpaper, or any other clutter or objects around a bed. Bed bugs have been shown to be able to travel over 100 feet in a night but tend to live within 8 feet of where people sleep."
Bed bugs are not known to spread disease, according to the CDC. However, excessive scratching can "sometimes increase the chance of a secondary skin infection."
Wishon noted that some people experience a "pretty negative reaction to the saliva--flu-like symptoms if I remember correctly. That's really the reason I want to keep feeding a colony even though I am not going to be doing research on them anytime soon--most of the older researchers I know who once fed a colony but stopped, or who traveled to countries where they were common and were exposed regularly but then moved back, and were exposed to them many years later, seem to develop hyper sensitivity to bed bug saliva. This could be completely anecdotal and coincidental, but I've heard this familiar story enough times to want to error on the side of caution and continue feeding without years of breaking. I don't want to develop a negative reaction to exposure."
Both Camp and Herbert said they basically didn't feel much of anything when the bed bugs began feeding. Here's why: "When bed bugs bite, they inject an anesthetic and an anticoagulant that prevents a person from realizing they are being bitten," according to the CDC. "Most people do not realize they have been bitten until bite marks appear anywhere from one to several days after the initial bite. The bite marks are similar to that of a mosquito or a flea -- a slightly swollen and red area that may itch and be irritating. The bite marks may be random or appear in a straight line. Other symptoms of bed bug bites include insomnia, anxiety, and skin problems that arise from profuse scratching of the bites."
Any reactions? "It took a while, but I did react to the bed bug bites," Camp said. "On the third day (Jan. 25), I saw raised red marks on my right arm, that were a bit itchy. Guess it took me three days to react."
Said Herbert: "I had a very small red mark where it bit, but no lasting marks or feelings. I felt it bite, but just barely. However, I have had bed bugs before while visiting my grandparents in the U.S. Virgin Islands and the bites were pretty terrible! I was itchy and thrashed all night, I didn't realize what was happening until the morning when I was covered in little bite marks and we found the bed bugs on the edges of the mattress. They looked very well fed!
No wonder folks say: "Good night! Sleep tight! And don't let the bed bugs bite."
Charlotte Herbert
Cimex lectularius
Danielle Wishon
Jenella Loye
Lauren Camp
Parasite Palooza
Nematologist/parasitologist Lauren Camp, who received her doctorate at UC Davis last December, volunteered for the bed bug-feeding demonstration. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
Bohart Museum visitors crowd around Charlotte Herbert, a graduate student in entomology at UC Davis, as she participates in a bed bug-feeding demonstration. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)
Tabatha Yang (standing at right) explains what bed bug-feeding is all about. Seated is "blood donor" Lauren Camp. (Photo by Kathy Keatley Garvey)


Last night on Day 3 of Relative Race, each team raced to smell their way through the challenge and get to their relatives as quickly as possible to avoid getting a strike.
But only one team got the prize for winning Day 3's race, while the other teams anxiously awaited Dan's call to see who came up short. Keep reading to watch the episode and see the results!
On Day 3, Team Black, Team Blue, Team Green, and Team Red had to tap into their sniffing senses to make their way through the challenge.
But while all the teams eventually succeeded in the challenge, some teams faced obstacles along the road to their relatives that cost them big.
Watch the full episode to see how Day 3 panned out for each team!
Itching for More Relative Race?
We know it can be hard to wait a whole week for the next episode of Relative Race, so in the meantime, reminisce with host, Dan, as we quiz him on the biggest moments and most emotional relative encounters in the past.


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Published court appearances reflect the daily 10:00 a.m. criminal call and do not necessarily account for all felony proceedings heard that day. Christian County Resident Judge Brad Paisley presided over the following cases on August 2, 2021:
Ashton R. Burt, 20CF102, burglary without causing damage, bond date. First appearance with counsel was set August 31, 2021.
Megan L. Orange, 21CF203, possession of meth five grams or less, first appearance with counsel was set September 20, 2021.
Devin L. Worker, 19CF137, domestic battery. The defendant plead guilty in a negotiated settlement of the case. The defendant was sentenced to 2 years of probation.
Brian R. Garrison, 20CF221, burglary, pre-trial was continued to August 31, 2021.
Pre-trial for Levi J. Ginger, possession of meth five grams or less, was continued to August 16, 2021.
Cody E. Hines, 20CF229, possession of a stolen vehi- cle. Notice to appear was set August 31, 2021.
First appearance on a petition to revoke for Willie J. Jones, 20CF298, domestic battery. First appearance with counsel was set September 17, 2021.
Trevor L. Lindsey, 18CF250, possession of a controlled substance, first appearance with counsel. Pre-trial was set February 16, 2022 at 9:00 a.m.
Cierra S. Little, 19CF369, burglary, pre-trial was continued to September 3, 2021.
Robert L. Meek, 21CF83, aggravated battery of a peace officer, pre-trial was continued to September 16, 2021.
Posted in Court and Crime, News
Coroner investigating death of Tennessee man
Pana burglary pair appear in court


Arne Jacobsen was a Danish architect and designer who helped to modernize Denmark. He has international reputation, and is one of Denmark's most famous designers.
Arne Jacobsen was educated at the Art Academy in Copenhagen, where he was teaching as a professor of building art in the period 1956-1965. In the mid 90's, there was renewed interest in modernism furniture and Danish design. This led to an increasing demand for Arne Jacobsen's furniture and artistic production. Therefore, AJ is one of the most popular door handles design, sold in Scandinavia and in the United States.
AJ Grips and door handles, abbreviated from Arne Jacobsen, was signed in 1955 at the SAS Royal Hotel in Copenhagen, where Arne Jacobsen also designed the Swane and the egg to the hotel. He is today internationally renowned and acknowledged especially for his chairs.


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GET Access: Connecting with Geriatric Patients During COVID-19 and Beyond
by Cayla Pichan | Oct 29, 2020
March 11, 2020, was a memorable day, not only because it was my 25th birthday, but because it was the day when COVID-19 was declared a world-wide pandemic. I was on my Neurology rotation, and my fellow classmates and I did not know what this meant for all of us currently working and learning in the hospital. When the AAMC recommended that medical student clerkships should be halted, we were promptly removed from our clinical duties and instructed to stay home to stay safe. We went from buzzing around the hospitals and clinics to our couches and Animal Crossings in the matter of a day. We had spent the entire year playing an important role in patient care and doing hands-on learning on the various clinical teams throughout the health care system, and all of the sudden the world, our education, and our connection to patient care halted. A lot of us like myself felt helpless in wanting to do something.
Within 24 hours of being pulled from the hospital wards, a group of students created the M-Response Corps (MRC), and within a week, more than a dozen volunteer initiatives were formed, aimed at helping wherever medical students could be of use – from making hand sanitizer to working at the PPE donation site. Dr. Mary Blazek reached out to the MRC requesting help to target a specific population who were at a significant disadvantage and increased risk because of COVID-19 – the Geriatric Patient Population. While many patients were easily and seamlessly able to utilize the technology they were already accustomed to, to connect with family members as well as complete virtual doctor's visits, geriatric patients are at a significant disadvantage given their lack of access to and comfort with technology. Although 81% of Americans own a smartphone, only 53% of those over age 65 do. While 73% of Americans have broadband internet service at home, only 59% of people 65 years or older do. Because geriatric patients are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19, it felt necessary to prioritize remote connections with these patients. Under the guidance of Dr. Blazek, I got to work on creating GET Access – Geriatric Education on Telehealth, creating an algorithm and procedures manual. We recruited medical student volunteers from the MRC and began making calls to geriatric patients within the community who had upcoming phone visits in an effort to convert them to video visits.
We received resounding positive feedback from the providers who our volunteers were servicing, and increased demand prompted us to expand our volunteer pool to include University of Michigan undergraduate students as well. With the clinical volunteer opportunities next to none for undergraduate pre-medical students, we received extensive interest and were able to expand our team to 26 total volunteers. Over a 12-week period during the initial height of COVID-19, volunteers made 219 total calls. The GET Access Program volunteers were successful in teaching and converting many visits to video that the schedulers were unable to do on a first pass and achieved an 88.75% conversion rate from phone to video visits. Providers whose patients worked with our GET Access volunteers had a video visit rate of 43% compared to 19.2% prior to participation in the program.
Patients appreciated the increased comfort of video visits. The husband of a 93-year-old patient who assisted with his wife's video visit stated, "We even liked it better than sitting right there. It was more comfortable being at home."
The providers we worked with were also grateful to have the help, "My patients loved the contact and the help – they are not technologically savvy and valued the expert help and the friendly encouragement."
The volunteers also enjoyed working with the patients. Undergraduate student volunteer, Faith Chang, describes a lovely experience with one patient who was particularly struggling with technology, "It was really difficult but at one point she said, 'Computers just make me so anxious, and when my kids try to help me they always end up yelling and I get so anxious my stomach hurts and I get nauseous. But not once working with you has my stomach hurt one bit. Your patience and kindness will serve you well in life.' She was just so sweet and that was a really nice experience."
"I really appreciated my time volunteering with Get Access because I was able to interact with patients while social distancing. It was so much fun to get to know them and help them through their technology questions. For some patients, I probably spent more time chatting about their grandchildren than talking about Zoom. It was also helpful to learn how to do a virtual visit since I'll be seeing patients virtually during the clinical year." Alexandra Peirce, M2
"GET Access has created a channel of communication with a very wise and resilient patient population. It has made me realize not only the importance of improved communication between patient and provider in these socially distanced times, but also the unique bonds that can be formed between college students and geriatric patients." Annika Dhawan – U-M Undergraduate Student
Although the urgency of our program's need has dissipated, we still are looking forward to offering these services to the geriatric population. We believe this is important work that still needs to be completed, especially as the winter weather approaches which may prompt patients to prefer video visits over in-person visits. We are currently working to expand to other clinics within the University of Michigan and eventually would like to adapt our materials to accommodate other health care systems outside of Michigan Medicine to help the greater Ann Arbor and nearby Ypsilanti communities.
Overall, GET Access has given me a purpose in a time where medical students initially felt pretty useless at the onset of COVID-19. This project brought (and continues to bring) me a lot of joy. Communicating with older adults, especially during a time when social isolation is at an all-time high, was the most enjoyable and special part of this project. Although I already knew I had an interest in geriatric medicine following my exposure to the field during my internal medicine rotation, this project really solidified my desire to consider working with this specific population of patients who often are left to the wayside, for the rest of my career. Projects like these are what make the University of Michigan Medical School so unique. Michigan creates a space of creativity and freedom to pursue and combine our personal interests outside of the classroom and wards with our future career interests, and does whatever it can to support students like me along the way.
The creation and sustainability of the GET Access Program could not have been successful without the help and guidance from faculty advisors Dr. Mary Blazek & Dr. Lillian Min, and student co-leads Clare Anderson, Cassidy Merklen, and Kinsey Vear.
Cayla Pichan
Cayla Pichan is a third year medical student at the University of Michigan. She is passionate about medical student mental health, geriatrics, cardiology, & cats.


[FONT=arial,helvetica,sans-serif]So here I am...a newby when it comes to raising back yard chickens. I just found out that my "pullets" are really "cockerels" 6 months old now....so I traded one for a hen. Now I have a lovely couple (brother and sister). I hope this is ok. They really get along fine and the hen knows how to avoid constant attempts by the rooster to get some. They cuddle at night to keep warm. We have a chicken house that is about 4'x3'x4' and is filled with white shavings about 6" thick for insulation. I hope this keeps them warm at night. I put them inside after dark. In the morning when I get up I let them out into their pen which is approximately 10'by 12' fully enclosed with chicken wire and a roof. The rooster loves to crow for about 15 minutes after I let him out. He is still working on his sound....pretty pathetic right now. They seem very happy. Right now I am looking for new names for my couple. Before I had "Henny Penny" and "Goosey Lucy" for my babies who turned into roosters. Now I need names for a hen and a rooster.


Vice President Mike Pence is going to Miami on Friday to meet with people who have fled Venezuela, as the Trump administration continues to challenge Nicolas Maduro's claim to the presidency.
The Trump administration has recognized Juan Guaido, the head of the opposition-controlled congress, as Venezuela's rightful president.
Trump spoke with Guaido on Wednesday. The president tweeted that he congratulated Guaido "on his historic assumption of the presidency and reinforced strong United States support for Venezuela's fight to regain its democracy."
Mexico and Uruguay have refused to withdraw recognition from the embattled Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro. The U.S., Canada and many Latin American nations have recognized opposition leader Juan Guiado, who declared himself Venezuela's interim president last week.
A statement from Uruguay and Mexico says that "the purpose of the conference will be to establish the basis for a new dialogue mechanism that includes all the forces in Venezuela, in order to help restore peace in that country."
Republican Sen. Jim Risch of Idaho is chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee and he told reporters Wednesday that the Venezuelan opposition's new envoy in Washington "asked us to urge our European allies, which we have done and will continue to do."
Sen. Ben Cardin of Maryland was the only Democrat in the group of five senators who met with opposition envoy Carlos Vecchio to express bipartisan support for Guaido, who has declared himself Venezuela's interim president in a challenge to Venezuelan leader Nicolas Maduro.
The European Union's foreign policy chief has said that if Maduro doesn't announce a new presidential election in the next days, the 28-nation bloc "will take further actions, including on the issue of recognition of the country's leadership."
Colombia is barring over 200 people identified as having close ties to Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro from entering the neighboring Andean nation.
Kruger said those on the no-entry list are being barred because of their "close relationship and support for the regime of Nicolas Maduro."
The Trump administration's special envoy for Venezuela says there are deep splits in the country's military that should make embattled President Nicolas Maduro and his supporters very nervous.
The administration last week recognized Guiado as the country's legitimate leader and has since hit Venezuela with severe sanctions. It has also turned over control of government bank accounts in the U.S. to Guaido.
Opposition protesters in Venezuela have wrapped up a walkout urging President Nicolas Maduro to step down by singing their country's national anthem.
Protester Maria Kley said she was demonstrating because, "We want a free Venezuela."
He said the children's hospital where he works has turned into "a storeroom for cadavers."
Like last week's demonstration, the walkout drew a cross section of Venezuelan society, from nurses and businessmen to students and construction workers.
A week earlier he asserted that the constitution gave him presidential powers because Maduro's re-election was a sham.
Guaido says he's not losing any sleep over a Supreme Court order banning him from leaving the country.
He also says his goal is for masses fleeing Venezuela's crisis to return home and reclaim their nation.
People began gathering on streets in the capital city of Caracas around noon, waving flags and chanting phrases like, "Free elections!"
The demonstration comes one week after opposition leader Juan Guaido declared himself president before thousands of supporters, contending that he is the nation's rightful leader because Maduro's reelection was a sham.
Guaido is the 35-year-old president of the National Assembly, the only branch of Venezuela's government controlled by the opposition.
The White House says President Donald Trump has stressed to Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido his "strong support" for the nation's fight to regain its democracy.
Trump and Guaido spoke on Wednesday. The White House says Guaido thanked Trump for committing the U.S. to freedom and prosperity in Venezuela and the region. The leaders also agreed to regular communication in support of Venezuela's path back to stability and to rebuild strained relations between both countries.
Guaido declared himself Venezuela's rightful leader last week and said the nation "is set on change."
He asked "all powerful God" to bless Venezuela and lead it to a peaceful future.
The socialist president has been challenged by opposition leader Juan Guaido, who claims that he's Venezuela's rightful leader.
Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro is huddling with his military ahead of planned anti-government protests.
chief?" Maduro asked the troops, who responded with loud shouts of "Yes, commander in chief!"
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro is pressing his case directly to the American people, asking for their help preventing a "Vietnam in Latin America."
In a 45-second video shot late Tuesday from the presidential palace and addressed to "the American people" Maduro said that the Trump administration is behind an attempt to overthrow him in a coup.
He said the U.S. is looking to get its hands on Venezuela's abundant oil reserves, replicating U.S. military interventions in Iraq and Libya.
But he said he's confident that he's on the "right side of history" and pleaded with regular Americans to keep U.S. troops out of the country.
The wife of a rebel military officer who President Nicolas Maduro has accused of plotting his overthrow says he has been arrested after sneaking back into Venezuela amid the country's upheaval.
The Associated Press was unable to confirm the arrest and the government has yet to comment. But Luis Almagro, the head of the Organization of American States, condemned late Tuesday what he called the "kidnapping" of Garcia Palomo.
This version corrects the spelling of the officer's name to Garcia Palomo.
U.S. President Donald Trump is telling Americans to not go to Venezuela, where there's major political turmoil.
Trump tweeted Wednesday there's a "Massive protest expected today." He says, "Americans should not travel to Venezuela until further notice."
Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaido is looking to increase pressure on President Nicolas Maduro with nationwide walkouts. Guaido declared himself Venezuela's rightful leader a week ago and says the nation "is set on change."
Maduro's embattled socialist administration has barred Guaido from leaving the country while he's investigated for anti-government activities.
Trump tweets: "Maduro willing to negotiate with opposition in Venezuela following U.S. sanctions and the cutting off of oil revenues. Guaido is being targeted by Venezuelan Supreme Court."
Maduro's remarks in an interview with Russian state-owned RIA Novosti news agency on Wednesday came amid a dire political crisis in Venezuela. Opposition leader Juan Guaido declared himself the interim president last week and has urged citizens to challenge Maduro with walkouts on Wednesday.
Maduro told RIA Novosti that he is "willing to sit down for talks with the opposition for the sake of Venezuela's peace and its future." Maduro said the talks could be held with mediation of other countries.
The man challenging Maduro's claim to the presidency is urging Venezuelans to step outside their homes and workplaces for two hours beginning at noon in the first mass mobilization since he declared himself the nation's rightful leader a week ago during another round of big protests.
The surge in political maneuvering has seen two dozen nations, including the United States and several big Latin American countries, backed Guaido, and the Trump administration has imposed sanctions that could starve the already distressed nation of billions in oil revenue.


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TRI COUNTY REPORT FOR JULY 8TH, 2020
July 8, 20205:41 am
A Mahoningtown man was sentenced in connection with a fatal shooting back in March of last year. 30 year old David Williams was sentenced to 7 and a half to 40 years in prison after pleading guilty to one count of third-degree murder in the shooting death of 33 year old Joseph Alan Kelosky. According to the New Castle News Kelosky was shot several times outside the Double D Café on East Washington Street. Kelosky was taken to UPMC Jameson were he was pronounced dead.
The head of Allegheny County's Health Department says they are now considering changing event limits and outdoor dining requirements in the county. This comes as Allegheny County announced over 200-new COVID-19 cases for the second straight day and case counts in the triple digits for eight days in the past two weeks. Doctor Debra Bogen said the call to make those changes could come this afternoon.
Governor Tom Wolf is considering signing into law two bills aiming to deal with police reform. The bills that are on the governor's desk would require thorough background checks when hiring police officers and would require more training on the use of force. They would also try to deal with bias and racial and economic backgrounds.
U-S Senator Pat Toomey is calling a potential extension of the 600-dollar-per-week unemployment add-on a misguided policy. Speaking at a P-A Chamber event Tuesday, Toomey said the payment will ultimately separate people from their employer and from their career. Toomey said he would not support an extension while U-S Senator Bob Casey is a co-sponsor on a bill that would extend the benefit. In a statement, Casey said we have a long road ahead before the economy gets back on its feet.
In addition to efforts to get illegal drugs off the streets during the second quarter, Pennsylvania StatePolice also collected legal drugs which could be abused if they fall into the wrong hands. State Police collected 211 pounds of prescription drugs and other medications as part of their drug take-back box program from April 1st through June 30th. State Police say properly disposing of these drugs can keep them from falling into the hands of someone who might misuse or abuse them. StatePolice have 65 drug take-back boxes in State Police stations which are available 24/7/365.
It is believed an announcement could come today that would effectively shut down indoor dining in Beaver and Westmoreland counties. W-P-X-I T-V cites anonymous sources saying the Commonwealth will make that call within the next few days to attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19. Beaver County moved into the Governor's Green reopening phase June 12th and since then virus numbers have been on the rise. It's believed that shutdown could last for two weeks.
Officials with the Shell Chemical ethane cracker plant in Potter Township, Beaver County say they have had nine confirmed COVID-19 cases. A spokesperson says they are following all P-A health guidelines, with only those positive tests out of their 35-hundred employees. At this point, Shell officials say they have no plans to stop construction at the plant amid rumors that could happen due to the positive tests.
Pennsylvania health officials are confirming more cases of COVID-19 throughout the state. Officials say that yesterday saw an increase of nearly one-thousand new cases, with the state total surpassing 91-thousand. About 33 more deaths related to the virus were added to the death toll, which is now 67-hundred-87. Lawrence County added five positive COVID-19 cases on Tuesday, and now has 129 positive cases and nine deaths.
Officials with Summit Academy say they are searching for a student who left their facility Tuesday. It's believed the male student is still in the area and isn't considered dangerous. Neighbors are asked to make sure their house and vehicle doors are locked, and they shouldn't interact with the student if they come across him.


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La place Karaïskákis (en ), est une place située à  à l'ouest de la place Omónia dans le centre d'Athènes en Grèce. Elle est reliée à la place Omónia par la rue Agíou Konstantínou. La place Karaïskákis est située dans le quartier de Metaxourgeío : elle est souvent appelée à tort place Metaxourgeío. Elle est desservie par la ligne 2 du métro, station Metaxourgío. La place est assez grande, similaire à celle d'Omónia, et la majeure partie est aménagée en espace vert avec des arbres et de l'herbe. Au centre de la place, sur une base pyramidale, se trouve le monument Icare aux aviateurs morts au combat, une statue métallique moderne créée en 1987 par le sculpteur Evángelos Moustákas et l'architecte Ioánnis Moustákas. La place tient son nom de Geórgios Karaïskákis, héros de la guerre d'indépendance grecque.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Karaïskáki
Karaïskáki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Community: Two beloved events will not be featured in the film
It has been known for some time that Peacock ordered the production of the film of Community, the beloved television series created by Dan Harmon and which ended in 2014. The announcement came in September 2022 and since then fans went wild creating speculation regarding the film's tram. During the last episode of Six Seasons and a Podcast , Dan Harmon himself wanted to underline what will not be present in the film .
Community : Dan Harmon's words about the film
Apparently there will be neither paintball, a recurring appointment in the various seasons of the series, nor any reference to Dungeons and Dragons (by the way, did you know that you can recover the board game on Amazon?). These are Harmon's words:
It's much easier for me to exclude things instead of telling you what we would like to do. For example, we asked ourselves, "Do we really think it would be a good idea to do an episode about paintball?" It's one of the first things to rule out because it's the first thing that comes to mind, and that's a problem with the idea of a Community movie. We've done a lot of episodes where you're gleefully locked into a narrative construct that's not traditional for sitcoms, but closer to the point of view of David Fincher or Martin Scorsese. There were so many special episodes that were homages to the genre. Those on paintball were an example. We've attempted to make more about paintball, and they were always great to make, but would anyone ever capture the joy of the first paintball episode?
Harmon also said that those episodes, as well as those on Dungeons & Dragons were "emblematic of what made our series special" , but in writing the film, he felt "compelled to leave out a similar story, even if a better writer wouldn't have done it" . Then Harmon always stated that the film will not see a decaying Greendale Community College nor will it be set in real time:
Nothing particularly clever would come of using the school's fall or its resurrection as a narrative trick, because it doesn't make sense that half of your film is unrecognizable. It would not be absurd, however, to suggest that enough time has passed that both the world and the characters of Community have changed so that they face many particular events. They haven't seen each other for a long time, and it's not because they fought… There's a reason they see each other again and a reason they should stay together.
Community: The Movie will star Joel McHale, Danny Pudi, Alison Brie, Gillian Jacobs, Jim Rash and Ken Jeong. Currently there is no official information on Donald Glover engaged both for his film career and with the series Atlanta, Chevy Chase and Yvette Nicole Brown. All three, in fact, had left the series before its conclusion with Chase who had clashed several times with Harmon due to creative and thought differences. The film will be written by series writer Harmon and Andrew Guest, who will also executive produce alongside McHale, Russ Krasnoff and Gary Foster. The production will be under the control of Sony Pictures Television and Universal Television .
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub