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How Big Oil helped Russia
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NATALIA KOLESNIKOVA/AFP via Getty Images
Dec 15 2022 Updated Dec 16 2022
This is the two decade-long story of how the oil majors stuck with Putin, helping to fund the Russian government despite growing evidence of the regime's violence, and how they enabled the development of climate-wrecking oil and gas projects despite knowing about the impact of fossil fuels
The post-Soviet years
'I wouldn't like to pass a moral judgement on that'
The human rights situation by 2013
2014: Crimea and the first sanctions
2014-2022: New enablers
2022: Supporting conflict
The need for sanctions, renewables and demand-reduction
In the days after Putin's army invaded Ukraine in February 2022, almost every western oil company announced that they would stop doing business in Russia. Some took a bit longer, persuaded by the onset of sanctions. But it seemed – at least, as the financial press reported it – that a historic shift was underway. Thirty years after arriving in post-Soviet Russia, the oil majors appeared to be retreating from one of the world's top fossil fuel producers. Russia is home to the world's largest gas reserves and in 2021 was the biggest exporter of oil.
'This military action represents a fundamental change,' said Helge Lund, BP's chair. 'It has led the BP board to conclude, after a thorough process, that our involvement with Rosneft, a state-owned enterprise, simply cannot continue.' 'We are shocked by the loss of life in Ukraine, which we deplore, resulting from a senseless act of military aggression which threatens European security,' said Ben van Beurden, Shell's chief executive. 'We cannot – and we will not – stand by.'
The tone of these statements sounded familiar to Global Witness. It's a pattern we've seen before, where corporations or banks do business with dictatorial regimes for decades despite mounting evidence of their horrific human rights records. It's a pattern in which it takes blood – not just a few deaths, but sustained bloodshed, somewhere that matters to western media – to push corporations to say 'that's enough'.
What will too obvious to ignore look like when we're talking about the growing impacts of continued fossil fuel extraction?
There are two problems with the narrative that oil companies did the right thing by getting out of Russia. One is that many of them haven't actually done so, and are still profiting from Russian oil. The other problem is that they left it too late. As with other violent and autocratic regimes they deal with, they waited until the violations were too obvious to ignore. So too did the governments of European states, who pushed the deals and pipelines, even after the 2014 invasion of Crimea. Too obvious to ignore meant large-scale atrocities and millions of refugees: the invasion of a sovereign nation, targeting Europeans.
What will too obvious to ignore look like when we're talking about the growing impacts of continued fossil fuel extraction? When the International Energy Agency has already said that there can be no new oil and gas fields, and the IPCC has reported that half of the world's population are already 'highly vulnerable' to climate disasters? The summer of 2022 saw unprecedented heatwaves in Europe and China, and weeks of flooding in Pakistan that affected about a third of the country and destroyed 1.7 million homes.
This is why we are telling the story behind those initial headlines about the oil companies leaving Russia. It's because they are doubly complicit. Firstly, payments for oil and gas helped to fund the Russian military assault. Taxes and dividends from oil and gas companies contributed a massive 45% to the Russian federal budget in 2021. Revenues from oil and gas projects backed by European and U.S. companies have fuelled Putin's regime to the tune of nearly $100 billion since 2014.
Secondly, their provision of technology and expertise has enabled the development of colossal oil and gas fields that are incompatible with the Paris target of 1.5 degrees. Russia has one of the world's largest fossil fuel reserves. The oil and gas fields that the majors have helped to develop will contribute catastrophic quantities of CO2 for a world so close to its carbon budget. Some Russian fields, including those developed by BP and Total, feature on the 'carbon bombs' list of projects that, if exploited, guarantee safe limits will be exceeded.
The real story here is that the oil companies and traders knew. They knew for decades about the inevitable consequences of fossil fuels, yet continued to explore and develop new fields as their primary source of income, regardless of green 'transition' initiatives on the side. Likewise, they had two decades of opportunities to see who Putin really was, yet continued to invest in and profit from his regime.
Russia's opening up to western capitalism after the fall of the USSR and the resulting deep economic slump was a massive opportunity for the oil majors. By the time Putin came to power – as Yeltsin's prime minister in August 1999, then succeeding him as president in May 2000 – three oil majors had signed production sharing agreements for the first big projects of the new post-Soviet Russia. Total had Kharyaga, an enormous Arctic onshore oilfield, Sakhalin 1 went to ExxonMobil and Sakhalin 2 to Shell. Sakhalin is a sub-Arctic island in the Pacific to the north of Japan, a sparsely inhabited former penal colony with massive reserves of oil and gas. Sakhalin 1 contained 2.3 billion barrels of oil and 485 billion cubic meters of gas; Sakhalin 2 had 1.1 billion barrels of oil and 684 billion cubic metres of gas. If all the reserves were extracted, the oil and gas from both developments would release over 3 billion tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere, more than the whole of India emits in a single year.
A liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant at Sakhalin 2 whilst under construction in 2006. Denis Sinyakov/AFP via Getty Images
A global 'budget' for fossil fuel extraction had first been proposed in 1990, and Shell and Exxon understood the climate impact of their products when they signed these deals in 1994 and 1995. A confidential internal briefing at Shell in 1988 – revealed by a Dutch newspaper in 2018 – predicted rising temperatures and sea levels, flooding, habit destruction and mass migration, and made a clear link to its own products. An internal Exxon memo in 1982, leaked in 2015, warned of a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and increases in global average temperatures of up to three degrees. The companies chose to sow confusion and doubt about the science, a story well told elsewhere.
Shell and Exxon were both approached for comment prior to publication of this article. Exxon declined to comment, but a spokesperson for Shell said that the company had been 'talking about climate change and greenhouse gases for decades' and that it did not have 'unique knowledge about climate change.' The spokesperson also said, 'Shell's advocacy has become increasingly forward leaning on climate issues over time' and that it had now had 'aggressive goals' on climate.
It took ten or more years of investment, construction and difficulty before extraction at Sakhalin began in the mid-noughties. Russia could not have built the Sakhalin developments alone. The old Soviet oil machine was an onshore beast, and Russia needed help with these wildly ambitious projects involving deepwater drilling, hundreds of kilometres of pipelines linking to an ice-free terminal, and the construction of Russia's first LNG facility where gas could be cooled and liquefied for shipping to Asia. 'Gazprom couldn't do it. The Russian state companies are onshore specialists,' said a former Shell executive. 'The majors were positioning themselves as the enablers. Exxon was with Rosneft, and the whole idea was that we were going to be Gazprom's best mate.'
Meanwhile BP was trying to get a foothold in Russia. It had opened petrol stations in 1996 and bought a stake in an oil company called Sidanco, before combining assets in 2003 with another oligarch-run company to become TNK-BP. The deal was signed in front of Tony Blair, who hosted Putin in London, having attended the opera with him in St Petersburg three years earlier. Putin wasn't seen as a dictator at that point, BP's then chief executive John Browne told the Financial Times shortly after the invasion of Ukraine. He was 'the new broom who would sweep everything out, the big reformer.'
Lord Browne (former CEO of BP), Putin and Blair at Lancaster House, London in 2003 where the TNK-BP deal was signed. John Stillwell/AFP via Getty Images
That's one way to put it. Evidence of Putin's disregard for life and the Geneva Conventions was already clearly visible in his war in Chechnya, a separatist state in the Caucasus that had seen off Yeltsin's forces in the mid-nineties. On the pretext of the bombings in 1999 of four apartment blocks in Moscow and two other cities in which hundreds died – attacks that many observers believe were the responsibility of Russian security forces – Putin cemented his leadership by flattening and laying siege to the Chechen capital Grozny the following winter, killing tens of thousands. By February 2000, Human Rights Watch had documented large-scale massacres and indiscriminate carpet bombing of civilians in Grozny. The reporter John Sweeney described Russia's total destruction of a village called Katyr Yurt and the bombing of a white-flag convoy of families trying to leave.
The relationship with Putin's Russia was BP's new survival strategy.
It is inconceivable that BP, signing its deal with TNK in 2003, did not know what Putin was doing in Chechnya. But, as with the other majors, the relationship with Putin's Russia was BP's new survival strategy. The previous century's easy oil in shallow water and huge Middle East fields was over. Since the 1970s state-owned oil companies controlled most of the world's reserves and the majors were in search of a niche. Their comparative advantage was now in difficult situations: complex construction, combinations of onshore and offshore technology, and liquefied natural gas, all of which were on offer in Russia's Arctic as Putin tried to resuscitate Russia's economy from its 1998 crash. Nick Butler, a BP vice-president at the time, has described how BP faced decline unless it went all-in to a new country. The other options were Nigeria (too corrupt, he said) and Iran (where they still weren't welcome). Russia was the only other option.
BP also knew about climate change. In 1997 it was the first oil major to be open about the risk of fossil fuels, in a speech by then CEO John Browne at Stanford University. Six years later, he was still CEO when BP paid nearly $8 billion for its access to TNK's giant Russian oilfields. The new company now had access to 3.6 billion barrels of proven reserves, including the Samotlor field, the jewel of the Soviet oil industry and, as BP crowed, 'the third largest oilfield ever discovered'. It was in decline after peaking in the 1980s, but BP's new drilling technology increased production by 24% within two years. Samotlor remains high on a recent list of 'carbon bombs' – the huge reserves that researchers have identified as essential to keep in the ground, and of which Russia is home to the third highest number.
BP was committed to Russia for the long term. But its TNK partners wanted to cash out. They parted ways in 2013, selling to the Russian state oil company Rosneft. BP came out of the sale with a 19.75% stake in Rosneft and $12.5 billion in cash, $8 billion of which was distributed back to shareholders. The joint venture had paid $190 billion in duties, taxes and excise to the Russian government over that decade.
'BP made a lot of money,' said Nick Butler, the former BP vice-president, speaking at a meeting at King's College in London earlier this year. 'The oligarchs made a lot of money. And Russia made a lot of money. So some of the value of the resources did... flow back to the country. How it was used? I wouldn't like to pass a moral judgement on that. But Russia was a little richer as a result of us and other people being there.'
He told Global Witness: 'When BP invested we believed, as did many western leaders, including Tony Blair, that Russia was changing and that Mr Putin wanted to open up relations with the West. That optimism evaporated over time and it was clear that working there was difficult and that the new Government was becoming more autocratic.'
'I believe BP helped make TNK-BP a serious business and that did create jobs and gave Russia tax and export earnings. BP was able to work to our standards in terms of safety and environmental protection which were a great improvement on what had gone before.'
What kind of a state was Putin's Russia by the time BP doubled down on its investment in the country?
It was a state in which human rights were violated with impunity. In October 2006 the journalist Anna Politkovskaya, a vocal critic of corruption and Putin's human rights abuses in Chechnya, was murdered in the hallway of her apartment block. The next month Alexander Litvinenko, a former spy and critic of Putin's regime, died an agonising death in a London hospital after drinking tea poisoned with radioactive polonium. A British inquiry later ruled that Putin 'probably' authorised his murder. By 2016 the Committee to Protect Journalists had reported the murders of twenty journalists in the previous decade, and Freedom House had counted 63 violent attacks on reporters. Sergei Magnitsky, a lawyer working for Hermitage Capital Management, an investment fund, was held without charge for nearly a year and died in custody after investigating a huge tax fraud perpetrated by state employees.
The grave of Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky pictured in 2012 in Moscow. Andrey Smirnov/Stringer
It was clear that Russia was also a risky place for business owners. In 2003, as BP signed the TNK deal, Putin was already moving against the first generation of oligarchs, particularly those using their power to call for democracy. Platon Lebedev, chair of the Menatep financial group, was in prison. In October his collaborator Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who ran the oil company Yukos, was arrested. Yukos was systematically dismantled and its assets reallocated to the state-owned companies Rosneft and Gazprom. Western companies experienced their own challenges. Shell was backed into a corner in 2006 and forced to hand over 50% of its stake in Sakhalin 2 to Gazprom. BP's chief in Russia was harassed out of the country in 2008.
But the riches on offer outweighed other considerations, for BP and its peers.
But the riches on offer outweighed other considerations, for BP and its peers. ExxonMobil signed a deal with Rosneft to invest more than $500 billion developing reserves in the Arctic and Black Sea. The multiple exploration licences signed between 2012 and 2014 involved a potential 12.3 billion tonnes of oil and gas condensate, and 15.2 trillion cubic metres of gas. Exxon's initial $600 million drilling investment hit lucky in the Kara Sea, in fields that Rosneft CEO Igor Sechin claimed were equivalent to those of Saudi Arabia. Putin praised 'efficient international cooperation' and awarded the Russian Order of Friendship to Exxon's CEO Rex Tillerson (who would later become Trump's first Secretary of State). TotalEnergies, the French oil giant, was also working on new deals. During 2013 and 2014 it agreed a fracking project in Western Siberia in partnership with the Russian oil company Lukoil.
In 2013, the year that BP bought into Rosneft, the IPCC reported that evidence for warming of the earth's surface was now 'unequivocal'.
In February and March 2014 Putin annexed Crimea, a region of Ukraine, resulting in EU and American sanctions targeting Russian oil. Subsequent financial and trade press analysis of the Russian oil industry would say things like 'before Russia first signalled its rift with international norms by annexing Crimea in 2014' – as if the Russian state had not, long before 2014, already clearly signalled its departure from international norms by murdering journalists, poisoning one of its own citizens with radioactive substances on foreign soil, and flattening cities in breakaway states (Chechnya) and those of murderous allies (Syria).
The motivation of the US and EU was ambivalent. Diplomatically, they needed to be seen to be taking a firm line. But Putin's impunity had been growing for years under the gaze of western governments as well as western oil majors, and these governments weren't yet prepared to risk shortages, so the restrictions they imposed targeted future rather than current production. The immediate impact on Russia was limited. In 2016 its oil production growth was at its highest for 11 years, and gas exports to Europe hit record highs in 2016 and 2017. Its economy slumped, but that was as much to do with the fall in oil prices following the fracking revolution in the US.
The bans on lending and on deep water and Arctic technology exports did have an impact in delaying projects that were at a critical stage, where Russia was dependent on technical expertise brought by the majors. After ExxonMobil unsuccessfully lobbied the Obama and Trump administrations for a sanctions waiver, in 2018 it announced it would withdraw from its joint ventures with Rosneft.
But the limited nature of the sanctions can be seen in the list of projects that continued or were initiated. Let's take the French major TotalEnergies. In mid-2015, Total – which also called for the sanctions to be lifted – was celebrating as its Termokarstovoye gas field in northern Siberia came on stream, run as a joint venture with its partner, the Russian gas giant Novatek (in which Total had, by that point, an 18.2% stake). (Novatek had specifically acknowledged as the project commenced that Total's technology capabilities would be complementary.) Together with Novatek, and with help from European engineering companies, South Korean manufacturers of vessels and Chinese manufacturers of LNG modules, Total was also constructing Yamal LNG, a 'colossal' new plant in the Arctic that would ship its first cargo of liquefied natural gas at the end of 2017. In May 2018 Putin and the French president Emmanuel Macron witnessed the signing of Total's agreement with Novatak to buy 10% of another massive gas project, Arctic LNG 2. Total's Kharyaga field had already produced 15 million tonnes of oil and generated $3 billion for Russia since 1999.
Like the other majors, Total had known about the consequences of burning fossil fuels for decades. Researchers in Total's internal archives found warnings of the climate impact of burning fossil fuels from 1971. In a statement on its website published in response to academic research detailing what the company knew in 1971, Total said that in the 1970s its knowledge of global warming was no different to that published in scientific journals at the time.
The sanctions on bank lending did have one impact: they brought new sources of finance into the inner circle of Putin's enablers and strengthened emerging relationships.
One new lender was China, whose banks and investment funds could replace some of the western credit that had been lost; much of Russia's oil finance had previously come from French and German banks. China in turn gained access to the oil, which in summer could travel across the shorter and now ice-free Arctic route.
Another credit source was the commodity traders, who made themselves indispensable to Putin with their old habit of oil-backed loans: credit repayable directly in oil cargoes. When Rosneft needed to raise $55 billion to buy TNK-BP in 2013, $10 billion came from Vitol and Glencore, the largest ever oil-backed deal. Their rival Trafigura developed its relationship with Rosneft with $1.5 billion of short-term oil-backed loans that were not affected by the sanctions. These got Rosneft out of a sticky situation when the commercial bank loans from the 2013 TNK-BP purchase were coming due in late 2014 and further credit was sanctioned. 'We have seen a niche,' said chief executive Jeremy Weir in early 2015.
Glencore was already becoming the main trader of Rosneft's oil, after a shift in Kremlin policy away from previous favourite Gunvor, when it surprised observers in 2016 by buying a 19.5% stake in Rosneft. Glencore put up a fraction of the cash itself and brought in the Qatari Investment Authority, currently its second largest shareholder, with the details hidden behind offshore companies. The deal provided $11 billion to the Russian government, 220,000 barrels a day to Glencore, and a Russian Order of Friendship for its boss Ivan Glasenberg.
Igor Sechin, CEO of Rosneft, and Ivan Glasenberg, former CEO of Glencore, at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF) in 2018. Chris Ratcliffe/Bloomberg via Getty Images
During 2020 and 2021 Trafigura and Vitol bought into Vostok Oil, Rosneft's vast new Arctic project. Its 52 licences cover a potential 5.4 billion tons of oil which could produce over 14 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. Trafigura's 10% and Vitol and Mercantile & Maritime's 5% of the project contributed $7 billion and $4 billion respectively. They weren't providing the kind of technical assistance that the majors might. But they brought cash in an environment when western banks were prohibited from lending, and added credibility that helped Rosneft's prospects with other lenders.
Most of these investments did not contravene the 2014 sanctions. (Exxon was found to have violated US sanctions by doing business with Rosneft's CEO who was blacklisted, and fined $2 million, which is small change for a company that size). But they are an indication that the oil majors and traders were happy to do business with Putin's regime regardless of the events which caused it to be sanctioned. There can be no doubt that, from 2014 onwards, they knew what they were dealing with.
In February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine, followed by a wave of statements from oil companies – some of them preceding new sanctions – that they would leave Russia. BP, Shell and Equinor all quickly said they'd get out. Exxon declared force majeure – the 'act of God' clause in any contract – on Sakhalin 1 at the end of April: shipping firms, wary of sanctions, were refusing to carry its cargoes. Production at Sakhalin 1 fell by 95% after Exxon withdrew its non-Russian staff in July, indicating the extent of reliance on Exxon up until that point. In practice, selling their stakes has been harder. Putin has prohibited companies from 'unfriendly countries' – this affects companies including BP and ExxonMobil – from divesting assets before the end of this year; he nationalised Sakhalin 2, in which Shell still had a 27.5% stake, in July. BP has written off $25.5 billion; Shell said in April it would write down $4-5 billion. In December, nine months after the invasion, Total said it would write-off $3.7 billion of its investment in Novatek and withdraw its directors from their baord.
A recent Global Witness investigation uncovered possible links between Total's own joint venture and the Russian military jet fuel supply chain. Gas condensate supplied by Terneftegaz – a company that was jointly owned by Total and Novatek – was processed by a plant called Purovsky owned by Novatek (Total also has a 19.4% stake in Novatek, although it announced in December that it is writing this off). According to rail freight data from Refintiv analysed by Global Witness, some of the gas condensate from this plant is likely to have been sold on to Gazprom's Omsk refinery where it was subsequently turned into jet fuel sent to locations near Russian air bases. Global Witness identified hundreds of shipments of jet fuel from the Omsk refinery to stations near Russian Air Force bases near Ukraine in the lead-up to the invasion on 24 February and since then. In Global Witness' view, even if Total had pulled out of Russia already, it would still bear moral responsibility, because it helped to build the Terneftegaz Termokarstovoye field long after Putin had shown his colours.
In Total's response to our original investigation, it strongly denied that any of its gas condensate was used as feedstock for military jet fuel for the Russian air force. Instead, Total quoted a statement from Novatek which said that all the condensate produced by Terneftegaz was processed and sent to Ust-Luga which 'manufactures a series of products including kerosene which is exclusively exported outside Russia and this jet fuel does not have the necessary certificates to be sold on the Russian market.' Total's full response to the Global Witness investigation can be read here.
Gazprom Neft's Omsk refinery which makes jet fuel that is shipped to locations near Russian military air bases. Neftehim
Prior to publication of this article, Global Witness approached BP, Shell and Exxon for comment on their relationship to Russia, the conflict in Ukraine and Putin's human rights record.
A spokesperson for BP said, 'We reject any suggestion that simply doing business in Russia, alongside hundreds of other foreign investors and companies prior to the invasion of Ukraine, somehow equates to complicity in Russia's war in Ukraine. In February 2022, within the first 96 hours of the invasion, and as one of the first companies to do so, we announced that we were exiting Rosneft and our businesses with Rosneft in Russia. We have also ceased all other business activities and operations in Russia. We no longer have any directors on the board of Rosneft and in our first quarter 2022 results we wrote down the value of our Rosneft shareholding and businesses to zero and took a pre-tax charge of $25.5 billion related to Russia.'
A spokesperson for Shell said, 'Shell is committed to respecting human rights as set out in the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Our approach is informed by the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.
Exxon declined to comment.
What about the commodity traders? In July Trafigura sold its Vostok stake to a Hong Kong trading company incorporated nine days before the invasion of Ukraine. According to data from Refinitiv Eikon the company was also delivering cargoes of fuel oil from Russian ports to Romania and Croatia in October. Vitol announced in April it would do no new business with Russia and would start to reduce its trading activity, although Amur Trading – in which Vitol is an indirect shareholder – was still trading Russian oil in May. Vitol is reportedly trying to sell its Vostok stake. Glencore has not yet sold its small stake in Rosneft, saying there is 'no realistic way' of doing so in the current environment.
A Global Witness investigation found that in the calendar month following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the three companies transported more oil from Russian ports than they had done in the same period over the previous three years. Trafigura and Glencore said they were continuing to fulfil their legal obligations under long term contracts and were not doing new business; Vitol contested our figures. Global Witness is not accusing any of these companies of breaking sanctions.
Vitol, Glencore and Trafigura were all approached for comment prior to publication of this article.
A spokesperson for Trafigura said, 'We unconditionally condemn the war in Ukraine and the humanitarian crisis this is causing. Trafigura complies with applicable sanctions. Trafigura ceased purchasing crude and substantially reduced purchases of oil products from Russian counterparties targeted by sanctions before the 15 May deadline as publicly stated at the time. Trafigura does not and has never operated any oil or gas assets in Russia. As soon as the war broke out in Ukraine we immediately froze our sole investment in Russia. Trafigura's passive, non-operational 10% stake in the Vostok Oil project was acquired in late December 2020. Trafigura has not received any dividends or similar payments from its shareholding in Vostok Oil which is primarily a project in development.'
Vitol and Glencore declined to comment.
Russia earned €158 billion from oil and gas in the first six months of Putin's invasion of Ukraine, contributing approximately €43 billion to the federal budget. The sanctions so far – including an outright ban on Russian crude to the EU introduced in December – have significantly reduced oil exports to Europe. However, the majors and traders are still legally finding ways round them. One loophole exposed by Global Witness includes a caveat allowing Russian and Kazakh oil to be mixed and exported. Another is that once refined, for example in India, oil products can be exported to countries like the US that have sanctioned direct imports of Russian oil. British firms have helped transfers of Russian oil between tankers off the Suffolk coast before it is shipped to refineries around the world.
These loopholes need closing and the sanctions need strengthening. But the bigger picture is demand, which will always make sanctions leaky.
The oil majors tend to lean on 'demand' in their responses to criticism. They say that it is for governments to set policy, which they will follow. In one sense this is true. Western governments have proceeded in lockstep with the majors: helping to open doors, blessing their deals and shaping energy policies around assumptions of continuing supply despite repeated warnings since the early 2000s that reliance on Russian gas was risky.
But it is also disingenuous. The majors shape policy more than they follow it. By helping Russia to create new oil and gas projects they created revenue streams for Putin and ensured that he can fuel his war machine, even if the newer Arctic projects are now delayed.
And their contribution to Europe and America's climate policy has, for years, been to obstruct radical action towards renewables that would reduce demand for oil and gas. There were more than 636 fossil fuel industry lobbyists at the COP27 climate talks in 2022, more than any national delegation bar the United Arab Emirates. No major has yet made sufficient commitments to an explicit end-date for extraction or for sufficiently phasing down production in light of a 1.5 degree target, regardless of their renewables commitments.
It is time for governments to break the death-hold of this industry on the people of Ukraine and the future of humanity.
These companies have shown they will not voluntarily shut down their hydrocarbon interests in the necessary time frame. And it is disturbing to see the UK and US's current substitution strategies, such as North Sea oil licences or increased imports from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, in the absence of more radical alternatives.
It is time for governments to break the death-hold of this industry on the people of Ukraine and the future of humanity. It is time for visionary investment in renewable energy together with equitable demand-reduction in already-developed countries, and for all citizens to demand this.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
La selección de fútbol  femenino sub-20 de China Taipéi representa a la República de China en las competiciones internacionales de fútbol femenino en la categoría.  Su organización está a cargo de la Asociación de Fútbol de China Taipéi perteneciente a la AFC.

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Copa Mundial Femenina Sub-20

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The Museum Guard
January 04, 2019 January 04, 2019 - Books
The Museum Guard #2020
The Museum Guard A novel about two museum guards one an eccentric uncle the other his orphaned nephew DeFoe This book is an examination of the desire to step out of the everyday and into action With echoes of the h
Title: The Museum Guard
Author: Howard Norman
The Museum Guard By Howard Norman, A novel about two museum guards, one an eccentric uncle, the other his orphaned nephew, DeFoe This book is an examination of the desire to step out of the everyday and into action With echoes of the holocaust and of a world lost but not forgotten, this is a poignant novel.
UNLIMITED AUDIOBOOK ☆ The Museum Guard - by Howard Norman
Howard Norman 352 Howard Norman
Title: UNLIMITED AUDIOBOOK ☆ The Museum Guard - by Howard Norman
Posted by:Howard Norman
1 thought on "The Museum Guard"
May 4th 2008 Upgraded to 5 stars.An extraordinary novel by the author of The Bird Artist There are certain things you can rely on in a book by Howard Norman distinctly quirky protagonists, odd names, a relatively remote Canadian location, and a dynamite opening sentence The painting I stole for Imogen Linny,Jewess on a Street in Amsterdam , arrived to the Glace Museum, here in Halifax, on September 5, 1938 That s the voice of DeFoe Russet, the main protagonist of The Museum Guard He is one of tw [...]
Ronald Wise says:
This captivating novel is the second of Howard A Norman s Canadian Trilogy , following The Bird Artist, and while the first is not a prerequisite to this one, a continuation of tone and narrative style meant that I found this one much easier to enjoy from the outset This book is also told by a young man coming of age in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, though this time in Halifax, which, in the first novel, was the big city for the remote folk of extreme Newfoundland.It is 1938 and young DeFoe [...]
Chrissie says:
ADDENDUM So why only three stars after all the positive points mentioned below For two reasons it is not as good at The Bird Artist which got 4 stars and importantly b c it lacks humor ORIGINAL REVIEW I have to think about this a bit What is bothering me is where the characters end up at the end of the novel What is bothering and yet at the same time intriguing me is my uncertainty What is the author trying to say and do I agree and are the characters believable There is a lot to think abou.All [...]
Okay, so I ve seen other people write very highly of Howard Norman s work I ve had The Bird Artist sitting on my shelf for awhile now, and while I probably should have read that book first since I did buy it first , but I liked the cover to The Museum Guard better.The Museum Guard takes place in Halifax, Canada What Where Who writes books about Canada I mean who cares The Museum Guard takes place just before World War II when Canada was rife with tension over the impending war they felt they mig [...]
This was near the top of my to read list for a long time, based on some rave reviews I had remembered from long ago But even though the book held my attention and created some of the most distinctive characters I ve encountered in fiction, its strangeness and the flat narration of its protagonist finally did me in.Defoe Russett is one of two guards in a small art museum in Halifax He has been raised by his neer do well uncle, the other guard, in a local hotel, after Defoe s parents were killed i [...]
After reading all the reviews and the novel, I ve come to the conclusion that you either really love the novel or you hate the novel There seems to be little room in between As for me, I belong to the group that did not enjoy this novel and its hard to pinpoint why I thought the author did a great job with the tone of the novel, a sort of sparse, dead, dreary tone But during some moments of the novel, I wanted some kind of emotion and felt little from the characters Even when Edward died or the [...]
☕Laura says:
Ratings 1 to 5 Writing 4Plot 5Characters 5Emotional impact 4Overall rating 4.5
Qualgar says:
I want to start by saying I really loved the beginning of the story, the interaction between DeFoe and Edward alone in the museum The dialogue was quirky, but in a good way I loved the way the two of them were as different as East and West The book began as a character study of the highest level But then, about a third of the way into it, there seemed to be this wrenching feeling, where the supporting players acted somewhat randomly to facilitate action , as if the dialogue was not enough I felt [...]
I kept thinking I might have already read this, but couldn t remember the details Unfortunately, that is still the case An interesting book, but not one I could connect to on any emotional level It was like reading about some historical figure from another country The lack of connection to the characters left me unmoved by a story that should have been tragic Set in Nova Scotia, just before the outbreak of the second World War, the Museum Guard is interesting, but unaffecting The characters inte [...]
Halifax, Canada, 1938Defoe Russet museum guard and Imogene Linny caretaker of small Jewish cemetery , both orphaned, both in their late 20s, are the focus of this story, which is basically a character study Neither of them elicited much sympathy from me, and maybe that was intentional on the part of the author The last third of the book is the most engaging, but I doubt that I d ever pick up the book for a second read.
Mitchell Waldman says:
Howard Norman s The Museum Guard brings us a compelling, page turning, quirky story told by a museum guard named DeFoe Russett, whose parents were tragically killed in a zeppelin crash, and who was, as a result, raised by his uncle Edward in the Lord Nelson Hotel in Halifax, Nova Scotia DeFoe s family is the staff of the hotel where he has lived for so many years DeFoe s life is a narrow one He has never left Halifax, has followed his uncle in his choice of careers, and in no way considers himse [...]
Strange characters and a strange plot but it really worked out to be a great piece of fiction I was excited to read a book set in Halifax prior to the second world war, but I never ended up with a sense of place It could have been happening in a museum anywhere.
Jennifer Fox says:
The authors storytelling method works for me I like hearing the same episode revisited repeatedly I am still considering what I think of using the looming Holocaust as a backdrop in this story Does it trivialize the Shoah by making it s evident probability the means by which people who are living some relatively small lives make their lives bigger What about madness mental illness Is that trivialized, or is that just something that the indirectly affected learn to live their lives around, despit [...]
Laurel Deloria says:
This only got three stars because Ive read all of Normans novels and there gets to be a same ness about them A novel about two museum guards, one an eccentric uncle, the other his orphaned nephew, DeFoe This book is an examination of the desire to step out of the everyday and into action With echoes of the holocaust and of a world lost but not forgotten, this is a poignant novel.A novel about two museum guards, one an eccentric uncle, the other his orphaned nephew, DeFoe This book is an examinat [...]
Susan Schefflein says:
I enjoyed this book so much The writer has a quirky imagination I found myself drawn into the life of DeFoe Russet the protagonist, name suggesting coarse, homespun, reddish brown cloth with great interest DeFoe is a man who respects the dignity of others and loves to iron shirts I could write a paragraph about that metaphor of ironing.I seem to stumble into Howard Norman s books by accident, and I am always grateful to have traveled through the strange drama he creates.
Janellyn51 says:
It s definitely a Howard Norman book QUIRKY characters, and amusing dialog the first half anyway I loved Edward, but that would be me, always going for the reprobate in the crowd Could not stand Imogene second half I didn t much care for Not because it dealt with war and all that, but, I simply could not stand Imogen Linney.
Slow , no action
Didn t work for medidn t finish A very dry read.
I have thought about this book and why I found it to be so totally gripping.One of the reasons is that, for me, the book has the low key qualities of an old black and white movie a film of the 40 s that lasts 90 minutes with a focus on one character s interior life, voice overs, very few sets, major supporting roles, and a number of character actors That is, it leaves a lot to the imagination.The other reason is simply the perfect fit between the story and the character of the museum guard, Defo [...]
Dani Peloquin says:
The Museum Guard tells the story of an uncle and nephew who work as security guards at a small museum in Halifax, Nova Scotia The nephew, DeFoe, lost his parents in a zeppelin accident when he was eight and has since been raised by his uncle DeFoe grew up living in a hotel with his uncle and when he finally moved out of his uncle s room, it was only to relocate down the hall in the same hotel DeFoe s uncle, Russett, is a crotchety man in his forties who lives a fast life filled with women, alcoh [...]
There were several well crafted aspects of this book and several less desirable or missing components.The good 1 The book really tapped into and used loneliness The author is obviously well versed in the character of the earnest but solitary young man, as well as what this man could become in the future the jaded, isolated fellow Finding one s self true self and not was a running theme.2 Simple writing style anyone who was interested would find this book palatable This is especially nice, as it [...]
Crystal Smiley says:
Strange I m not sure how I feel about it It s certainly a tangled story with obsession, madness, and compulsions of people at its heart I was struck by the narrator s blind loyalty to the object of his affection, though she came across to me on the pages as horrid, self indulgent, and cold It was refreshing to read something where the thinking and behaviours of the main character were primal and simplistic in nature, weak as humans often are The story, though, as it reaches its climax, leaves a [...]
Mark Willen says:
DeFoe Russet, the protagonist in this complex novel, is a minimally educated man of simple ambitions, limited horizons and little self knowledge An orphan whose parents died in a dirigible crash when he was eight, DeFoe is raised in a Halifax hotel in the 1930s by his alcoholic and amorous Uncle Edward DeFoe is content with the simple life of a museum guard and an oddly behaving girlfriend, even as word of Hitler s march through Europe begins to penetrate Nova Scotia Content, that is, until Imog [...]
Don t get me wrong, DeFoe I like Edward, God help me Very fond of him, in ways I ve had to invent specially 13 He has a thick accent, mind you even if a word s got only one syllable 42 Let s talk about her face Some might consider it a bit what s the correct word dour But do you know what If dour is her natural look, it means it means when her face brightens, you notice 118 119 As someone whose face has often been described thus, or as serious, I doubly appreciate this passage It did not bode we [...]
Karschtl says:
The main character, DeFoe, has lived with his uncle in a hotel since his parents died in a balloon crash several years ago Now he even starts the same job as his uncle he becomes a museum guard in the small local museum.Currently they have an exhibition with paintings from the Netherlands, and DeFoes girlfriend a jewish cemetry caretake is obsessed with a painting called Jewess on a Street in Amsterdam I gave up about halfway through the book It just didn t keep me interested The story is soo ve [...]
Erin Thornhill says:
I wish I hadn t read three of his books so closely together or I may have liked this I do like his writing style and what he writes about but I think I hate his characters Out of the three books I read, each male narrator was orphaned by suicide or freak accident A horse and cart overturning, a zeppelin accident and flinging themselves of bridges You never really feel much towards the narrator other than frustration as to why he would take up with an even annoying or strange female character T [...]
Howard Norman portrays the life of a young man in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the late 1930 s, just at the beginning of WW II Under the care of his uncle since the death of his parents, he begins working as a museum guard with his uncle He spends his time trying to gain the love of a young woman who becomes obsessed with a Dutch painting in the museum As she becomes convinced that she IS the woman in the painting, A Jewess on a Street in Amsterdam, he struggles to bring her back to her senses The h [...]
Since I read it in two sittings, I obviously found it something of a page turner, but I can t quite put my finger on why Quirky characters, certainly, and also the looming threat from the Nazis, at least three of the female characters are Jewish, and it s clear that DeFoe is likely to be drafted to fight in the war And both Halifax and Amsterdam are, to me, interesting places But I didn t find any of the characters especially believable, nor their situations especially moving In addition, I m no [...]
Suzie Langdon says:
Re The Museum Guard , I just discovered Howard Norman when my bookpal rec his memoir I Hate to Leave this Beautiful Place 2013.My attention was caught and I started,as usual out of sequence, his trilogy of life in small communities in isolated parts of Canada northern Manitoba, Halifax,Nova Scotia,Witless Bay,Newfoundland around the turn of the century see his extensive history of translation in the Cree language.All these 3 books are wonderful and captivating.For once I ve veered from my usual [...]
Howard Norman is one of those exquisite authors who can paint a picture so vividly with his words that you actually feel that you are gazing at it If someone asked me if I had seen the painting the Sunday Flower Market, I would probably answer yes so clearly do I envision the scene and the feeling of the picture Howard Norman describes So too, with his characters I feel I know them I might not necessarily like them but, nevertheless, they intrigue me Once again, as in the Bird Artist, an encount [...]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
#!/bin/bash
set -e

if [[ -z $1 ]]; then
  echo "Enter new version: "
  read -r VERSION
else
  VERSION=$1
fi

read -p "Releasing $VERSION - are you sure? (y/n) " -n 1 -r
echo
if [[ $REPLY =~ ^[Yy]$ ]]; then
  echo "Releasing $VERSION ..."

  if [[ -z $SKIP_TESTS ]]; then
    npm run lint
  fi

  # remove old builds
  rm -rf ./packages/core/components
  rm -rf ./packages/core/css
  rm -rf ./packages/core/js
  rm -rf ./packages/core/less
  rm -rf ./packages/core/modules
  rm -rf ./packages/core/utils
  rm -rf ./packages/core/*.js
  rm -rf ./packages/core/*.less
  rm -rf ./packages/react/components
  rm -rf ./packages/react/runtime-helpers
  rm -rf ./packages/react/utils
  rm -rf ./packages/react/*.js
  rm -rf ./packages/react/*.map
  rm -rf ./packages/vue/components
  rm -rf ./packages/vue/runtime-helpers
  rm -rf ./packages/vue/utils
  rm -rf ./packages/vue/*.js
  rm -rf ./packages/vue/*.map

  # build
  VERSION=$VERSION npm run build:prod

  # update dependencies
  npm run release-update-dependencies

  # update packages
  # using subshells to avoid having to cd back
  (
    (
      cd packages/core
      npm version "$VERSION"
      npm publish
    )
    (
      cd packages/vue
      npm version "$VERSION"
      npm publish
    )
    (
      cd packages/react
      npm version "$VERSION"
      npm publish
    )
  )

  # commit
  git add -A
  git add -f packages/**/*.*
  git commit -m "$VERSION release"

  # publish
  git push
  git tag v"$VERSION"
  git push origin --tags

  # Create assets
  echo "Generate assets"
  (
    (
      cd packages/core
      tar -zcvf ../framework7.tar.gz ./*
    )
    (
      cd packages/react
      tar -zcvf ../framework7-react.tar.gz ./*
    )
    (
      cd packages/vue
      tar -zcvf ../framework7-vue.tar.gz ./*
    )
  )

  # Read TOKEN
  token=$(<./.github-access-token)

  echo "Creating release"
  API_JSON=$(printf '{"tag_name": "v%s","name": "v%s","body": "Release of version %s","draft": false,"prerelease": false}' $VERSION $VERSION $VERSION)
  curl --data "$API_JSON" https://api.github.com/repos/framework7io/framework7/releases?access_token=$token

  # Upload assets
  echo "Uploading release assets"
  source "scripts/release-asset.sh" github_api_token=$token tag=v$VERSION filename=./packages/framework7.tar.gz
  source "scripts/release-asset.sh" github_api_token=$token tag=v$VERSION filename=./packages/framework7-react.tar.gz
  source "scripts/release-asset.sh" github_api_token=$token tag=v$VERSION filename=./packages/framework7-vue.tar.gz

  # Remove generated assets
  rm -rf ./packages/*.tar.gz

  echo "Done"

fi


So reads the title of an article that came out in late April and spread quickly across the international news. It summarized the findings of Ladislav Smejda just released at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2017 from the DEEPDEAD Project that said chemical traces of human bodies can be detected in soil hundreds or even thousands of years after being deposited. This goes for bodies left on the surface, bodies buried, and those cremated and scattered in scattering gardens. The article's title is sensational to get people to read it, but the concerns are real.
In this space I have elaborated on the problems of burying biodegradable urns filled with ashes because the concentrated ashes appear to poison the surrounding soil, rendering it unfit for planting. What Smejda is saying is that human remains in general contain concentrations of chemicals otherwise considered nutrients that may overwhelm the soil. In other words, natural burial can be too much of a good thing, even as it does so much to reduce or eliminate other environmental downsides of conventional burial.
I wrote to Smejda today hoping he can shed light on what this might mean for green burial. Decomposing animal bodies also contain concentrated nutrients, but animal bodies are not accumulated in cemeteries (except for pets) and are often broken up by scavengers. With land use already an issue for many people, breaking our burial grounds up into ever smaller spaces wouldn't make much sense.
Smejda's presentation certainly didn't negate the goals of green burial. Our afterdeath choices will affect the environment for a very long time. "It's a message to us to consider our present day and future practices and behavior so we potentially direct our impact on the environment in the right way."
Newer PostDEATH CAFE: Discuss death without averting your eyes.


A wide range of evaluation metrics have been proposed to measure the quality of search results, including in the presence of diversification. Some of these metrics have been adapted for use in search tasks with different complexities, such as where the search system returns lists of different lengths. Given the range of requirements, it can be difficult to compare the behavior of these metrics. In this work, we examine effectiveness metrics using a simple property-based approach. In particular, we present a case-analysis framework to define and study fundamental properties that seem integral to any evaluation metric. An example of a simple property is that a ranking with only one non-relevant document should never score lower than a ranking with two non-relevant documents. The framework facilitates quantifying the ability of metrics to satisfy properties, both separately and simultaneously, and to identify those cases where properties are violated. Our analysis shows that the Average Cube Test and Intent-Aware Average Precision are two metrics which fail to satisfy the desirable properties, and hence should be used with caution.


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Cognitive Dissidence: Scott Walker: "Land Ho!"
I will not get into doing any fact checking on either commercial, per se. I'll leave that to the able hands of others. But I will discuss the hypocrisy of Walker's ad.
In his attack ad, he points out to an alleged incident in which Burke, then head of the Department of Commerce, saying that she "wasted" $12.5 million on a vacant lot for a company that never used it to build a facility and create jobs. I guess we're supposed to just ignore that Walker had four years to do something about this, but has apparently chosen not to.
But the real kicker is that when it comes to land deals, Walker doesn't have any ground to stand on while hurling mud.
In fact, his problems go all the way back to his days as Milwaukee County Executive.
Milwaukee County owned a large parcel of land in Wauwatosa, which was one of the most unique spots in North America due to having a naturally occurring haven for migrating Monarch butterflies. When Walker took office, he vowed never to do anything to harm the land and even talked about asking to make it a state park.
Like everything else Walker says, this proved to be just another lie. He not only sold the land to wealthy land developers, but he sold it for a fraction of the worth of the land. On top of that, he also sold the Parks Administration building with a promise to lease it for the next twenty years. The land was supposed to go to building an extension for the University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee. So far, everything has been built there but that.
When Walker became governor, his bungling of land deals only got worse.
If the gentle reader would recall, within a month of taking office, Walker set about paving over wetlands in Ashwaubenon to build a store for Bass Pro Shop. However, when the company learned that Walker was damaging wetlands for the store, they pulled out of the deal.
In 2012, Walker promised precertified land to companies willing to come to Wisconsin. This gimmick was to be administered through Walker's newly created WEDC, which has gone on to lose tens of millions of dollars and to give money to companies that used it to outsource jobs to foreign countries.
As a final example, it was just reported that Walker is set to sell off several state assets in a no bid process and won't even reveal the fair market values of said assets so that the taxpayers won't find out how badly they're getting ripped off. Any bets on the buyers of said assets turn out to be campaign donors?
And do I even have to mention iron mine, frack sand mining or pipelines?
At first, I was amazed that Walker would try to attack Burke from such a weak position. But after a few moments of reflection, I realized that as weak as a position as this is for Walker, it is one of his strongest ones. After all, I can't imagine anyone would take him seriously if he started talking about creating jobs, stimulating the economy or helping the working class.
Considering the track record of Walker's WEDC, Walker has no grounds to criticize Burke.
Hello, Burke Campaign! You really need to run ads highlighting how Walker's WEDC has spent hundred of millions of dollars and lost tens of millions of taxpayer money with hardly any job creation to show for it. $203 million in taxpayer money created 4,796 jobs.
…… and apparently some of the WEDC money was used to create jobs overseas.
Scott Walker's grand plan of WEDC reflect the corruption and incompetence of both. They have royally screwed Wisconsin taxpayers, as well as the state economy. The information supplied in the Progressive "How Many Jobs Has Walker's WEDC Created?" article needs to be told to voters, for starters. Those 4,796 jobs each cost more than $42,325, which is obscene! It's indefensable!
WEDC recently granted developer Louie Lange of Commonwealth Companies $400,000 to tear down and renovate properties on Main Street, including office space for its new corporate headquarters, spec retail space and 10 market-rate apartments.
Five jobs, each already filled, are to be created.
Lange donated $10,000 for Scott Walker's 2010 campaign.
Good Lord! $400,000 to turn a landmark 1925 Rapp & Rapp motion picture palace into a 32-space surface parking lot? What could those fools be thinking! If nothing else a vacant lot in the heart of their supposed Arts and Entertainment District would be the kiss of death to Fond Du Lac's downtown revitalization dreams. Nothing spells "failure" like demolish with no plan to rebuild.
But, hey, a $400,000 return on a $10,000 investment -- let it never be said that Scooter's big money backers don't know how to turn a buck into forty!
I'm confused. I thought you hated Burke more than Walker.
After Bass Pro Shop pulled out in Ashwaubenon, Cabela's filled in and built on this wetlands.
Mary Burke is Wisconsin's Elizabeth Warren.
Sadly no. Burke is a corporate Democrat like Hillary Clinton, Bill Clinton, Barack Obama and Chris Abele.
Warren would go after WEDC and WMC. Burke is trying to work with them.
Capper, I think you are on to something.


I am a tenure-track assistant professor of Operational Research (O.R.) at Universitat Pompeu Fabra. I also hold a Juan de la Cierva grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.
I obtained my PhD degree from the University of Bologna, worked as post-doctoral researcher at RWTH Aachen University, and held visiting positions at various universities (such as the Danish Technical University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and private research centres (such as the Modelling and Optimisation group at Amazon).
My research is focused on combinatorial optimisation problems. I am interested in both exact and heuristic solution methods. I am lately researching problem-independent properties of popular metaheuristics and how they can improved via machine learning techniques.
I founded AIROYoung, the youth chapter of the Italian O.R. society, and EUROYoung, a network of O.R. researchers from European countries organising training and dissemination events. I am currently serving in the board of directors of the Italian O.R. Society (AIRO).
1. Enrico Malaguti, Silvano Martello, and Alberto Santini. The Traveling Salesman Problem with Pickups, Deliveries, and Draft Limits, Omega 74 (2018), pp. 50–58.
2. Fabio Furini, Enrico Malaguti, and Alberto Santini. An Exact Algorithm for the Partition Coloring Problem, Computers & Operations Research 92 (2018), pp. 170–181.
3. Alberto Santini, Stefan Ropke, and Lars Magnus Hvattum. A comparison of acceptance criteria for the Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search metaheuristic, Journal of Heuristics 24 (5 2018), pp. 783–815.
4. Alberto Santini, Stefan Ropke, and Christian E.M. Plum. A branch-and-price approach to the Feeder Network Design Problem, European Journal of Operational Research 264 (2 2017), pp. 607–622.
5. Andrea Bettinelli, Alberto Santini, and Daniele Vigo. A real-time con ict solution algorithm for the Train Rescheduling Problem, Transportation Research Part B 106 (2017), pp. 237–265.


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text:
Die Bildsteine von Änge in Buttle stehen unmittelbar südlich vom Hof Änge auf der schwedischen Insel Gotland.

Beschreibung
Die Bildsteine des Typs 3 (errichtet zwischen 700 und 1100 n. Chr.) stehen an ihrem ursprünglichen Platz (wie die Bildsteine Bro Stainkällingar), was selten der Fall ist. Der eine ist mit einer Höhe von 3,7 m Gotlands größter, vollständig erhaltener Bildstein. Aus älteren Landvermessungskarten geht hervor, dass die Steine an einem der Hauptwege über die Lojsta-Heide stehen. Er führte von Buttle über Änge, den letzten Hof vor der Heide, in südlicher Richtung nach Etelhem. Dies ist wichtig, weil es einen Anhaltspunkt für das Alter des Ängehofes und die Wegstrecke bietet.

Die Bildseite der Steine war dem frühgeschichtlichen Weg zugewandt, der gut 100 m nordöstlich und südwestlich des Ängehofes im Gelände erkennbar ist. Bei den Steinen entdeckte man Reste einer Grabkiste, deren Seitenteile mit Tierbildern und einer Borte mit Bandmuster versehen waren. Sie befinden sich im Länsmuseum Gotlands Fornsal in Visby.

Der kleinere Stein wurde nie mit einem gehauenen Relief versehen. Falls er eine Darstellung besaß, muss sie aufgemalt worden sein. Der größere Stein weist dagegen verwaschene Spuren eines gehauenen Reliefs auf. Vor einer Randborte mit Bandmuster ist der obere Teil in vier Felder aufgeteilt, die Figurendarstellungen enthalten unter anderem gehende Männer. Der untere Teil ist in gleicher Weise gegliedert. Hier ist ein kleines Boot erkennbar, ein Reiter und ganz unten ein großes, auf dem aufgewühlten Meer segelndes Schiff.

In der Nähe
Das Gebiet um den Ängehof ist reich an frühgeschichtlichen Zeugnissen. Etwa 200 m nordöstlich liegen inmitten des Weidelandes drei Hausfundamente aus der älteren Eisenzeit. Im Nordwesten befinden sich eine ähnliche Gruppe von Hausfundamenten sowie ein Areal mit frühgeschichtlichen Äckern. Folgt man dem wikingerzeitlichen Weg nach Südwesten, so passiert dieser nach etwa 300 m ein großes Gräberfeld mit etwa 90 Gräbern.

Literatur
 Erik Nylén, Jan Peder Lamm: Bildsteine auf Gotland. Wachholtz, Neumünster 1981 (2. Auflage 1991), ISBN 3-529-01823-6.

Weblinks

 Die Bildsteine Änge auf Grosssteingraeber.de

Ange
Gotländischer Bildstein
Wikingerzeit
Kunst der Ur- und Frühgeschichte


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How do you show your school spirit? If you're super proud of your alma mater and want to show off either your own accomplishments or those of other students, what's your go-to solution? Students, parents, faculty, and administration all have a great and completely customizable option available to them with custom wall mounts. Here, we'll take a look at just two of the many different scenarios where a custom wall mount is the winner when it comes to flashing school pride.
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As a school faculty, staff, or administrator, you want to instill pride in your students and other faculty while also showing visitors and outsiders those accolades that best demonstrate your sources of pride. When your students are featured in the local Sports section of the newspaper, an educator is featured in The New York Times Upfront, or your undergrads receive some time in the spotlight in a high profile publication like Forbes, these are moments that should be preserved for past, current and future students, staff, and the community to see. With a custom wall plaque from That's Great News, you can create a Wall of Fame that is worth bragging about.
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This is a Amazon Kindle Paperwhite Leather Case that is Royal Purple in color. This is a must have to protect your kindle and has a professional look and feel.
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text:
Q: Typescript & React - Render a component throws an error I'm trying to inject an icon from UI material to another component and render it but it throws an error
import InsertCommentIcon from "@material-ui/icons/InsertComment";

const Siderbar = () => {
  return (
      <SidebarOption icon={InsertCommentIcon} title="Threads" />
  );
};

export default Siderbar;

import React from "react";
import "./SidebarOption.css";

interface SidebarOptionProps {
  icon?: React.ReactNode;
  title: string;
  id?: string;
}

const SidebarOption: React.FC<SidebarOptionProps> = ({ icon, title, id }) => {
  return (

      {icon ? (

 {icon}{title}

      ) : (

            #
            {title}

        )
      }

  );
};

export default SidebarOption

The error message:
Error: Objects are not valid as a React child (found: object with keys {$$typeof, type, compare, displayName, muiName}). If you meant to render a collection of children, use an array instead.
    in h3 (at SidebarOption.tsx:15)
    in div (at SidebarOption.tsx:12)
    in SidebarOption (at Sidebar.tsx:50)
    in div (at Sidebar.tsx:39)

It's possible to do it in React but I'm quite new with typescript.
Any clue?

A: You need to use tags to pass the component.
 <SidebarOption icon={<InsertCommentIcon />} title="Threads" />

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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CREDIT TRANSFER / LATERAL ENTRY
Lateral entry should be allowed only in the programmes where the same is specifically mentioned.Students who are pursuing programmes from other universities can pursue their remaining part of the programme under the credit transfer scheme of the university under the credit transfer provision for the next years semesters as per university rule.The period of study in the university shall not be less than 50% of the total duration of the course.Candidates otherwise eligible for the course and interested to take transfer from the university under this provision will fill up the regular application form.
GOVERNMENT RECOGNITIONS AND APPROVALS
NEFTU UNIVERSITY
The North East Frontier Technical University (NEFTU) is a private university that was founded in the year of 2014. It is approved by University Grants Commission. The university is sponsored by the Automobile Society India. The University campus is situated in beautiful scenic views of Aalo, West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. The campus infrastructure is aesthetically and thoughtfully made to improve the student learning knowledge.
Singhania University was established by the Government of Rajasthan, under Ordinance 6 of 2007. It is a UGC recognized private university as per Sec. 2f of the UGC Act 1956. It is in Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. Singhania University has more than 200 programs in 50 disciplines. It offers graduate, postgraduate and doctoral degree programs in engineering. It has a management school that offers graduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degree programs in management. The campus covers an area of about 30 acres of land. Singhania University is in Pacheri Bari, Distt. Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) on the Delhi-Narnaul Singhana - Pilani Road. It is about 160 km west of Delhi and about 165 km north of Jaipur.
RABINDRANATH TAGORE UNIVERSITY
India's first skill-based private university, RabindraNath Tagore University strives to impart skill-based quality education and promote research driven advancement of knowledge for creating successful professionals. Established by the RabindraNath Tagore Group in 2010, it has carved a niche for itself in Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand. With strong industry linkages, RabindraNath Tagore University's focus lies in the holistic learning and development of a student in order to ensure the effective application of knowledge for a secure future.
DR. C. V. RAMAN UNIVERSITY
Dr. C. V. Raman University is a private university located in Kota, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. Established in 3 November 2006 by All India Society for Electronics & Computer Technology. It is named after the first Nobel Laureate of the country, C.V. Raman. The Placement in this university is amazing. The placement cell is very active and provides best career opportunities to their students. They have tie-ups with many multinational companies and big industries as their placement partners, providing best placement opportunities to students.
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Dr. C. V. Raman University is set up under section 2(f) of the University Grands Commission(UGC) ACT. 1956/GOCG Act no. 29/2006
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The Education Programs are recognized and approved by National Council for Teacher's Education(NCTE) Govt. Of India.
The distance education programs are approved by Distance Education Council(DEC) Of Govt. Of India and Joint Committee(UGC, AICTE, DEC)
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Copy of Secondary certificate
Copy of Senior Secondary Certificate
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Four Passport size Photograph
Migration Certificate
Nottarized affidavit(download on download section of the university)
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What is Credit Transfer / Lateral Entry?
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Students who are pursuing programmes from other universities can pursue their remaining part of the programme under the credit transfer scheme of the university.
Students have to pay lateral/ credit transfer fee.
Who can do this programme?
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Is Credit Transfer course valid for higher studies in India and
abroad?
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Who conduct examination?
University conduct examination.
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Dr. C. V. Raman University conduct private programme only.
Is a degree holder eligible for the entrance examinations required for admission for further post graduation programmes?
Since our universities are approved by an University Grand Commission and Association Of Indian Universities, eligible for the higher education entrance examinations.
Where is examination held during the year?
Every year June / July & December / January.
Where is the examination application is to be submitted?
The person who needs to admit various course, either one can submit application direct in university or @ Cfcedu Institute.
Are application forms available in university official website?
Yes, all applications are available in university official website.
OUR COLLABORATION/AFFILIATION
Admission Enquiry:
(9:30 am to 5:30 pm)Monday to Saturday
Email for admission: admin@cfcedu.in
Administration Enquiry:
(10 am to 5 pm)Monday to Saturday
Email Id for Admission Communication: admin@cfcedu.in
Any complaint:
© 2021 Cfcedu. All Rights Reserved.


text:
By Stephen Seigel
REBELS WITH A CAUSE: "All laws which can be violated without doing anyone any injury are laughed at. Nay, they are so far from doing anything to control the desires and passions of men that, on the contrary, they direct and incite men's thoughts the more toward those very objects, for we always strive toward what is forbidden and desire the things we are not allowed to have. And men of leisure are never deficient in the ingenuity needed to enable them to outwit laws framed to regulate things which cannot be entirely forbidden." --Baruch Spinoza
This quote comes courtesy of the friendly folks at Radio Limbo, and is most appropriate to their existence. Since 1996, the non-licensed, micro-radio station--located at 103.3 on your FM dial every day from 6 p.m. to 2 a.m.--has skirted FCC laws by changing the location of both its broadcasting headquarters and its transmitter (which was once confiscated by the feds). Why would an all-volunteer staff continue to put itself on the line, work its collective ass off to keep the station up and running, and be so tenacious in its efforts as to reappear after each setback it has faced? Did you bother to read the opening quote, dummy?
It seems the Limbo-ites are so convinced of their place in this community that they simply refuse to go away. And justly so. Without a doubt, the station provides a much-needed freewheeling approach to radio that has virtually died away as conglomerates have continually bought out commercial radio stations, thus making them virtually unrecognizable from same-formatted stations in other towns. With the exception of college radio and community stations (such as our own KXCI-FM, 91.3), real local radio has virtually vanished from the radar. And while KXCI certainly serves its demographic well, Limbo succeeds in filling those gaps left by a tightly run, professional-sounding community station. Plus the music is, nine times out of 10, more eclectic than anything you'll hear anywhere else on the dial.
Now, after a five-month absence (is that all it's been?), Radio Limbo is back on the air once again, ready to serve its hungry public, and offend them whenever possible. But even volunteer radio stations have costs to absorb, and it is to this end that the Third Annual Radio Limbo Benefit Party will be thrown this weekend.
Entertainment includes distorto-Delta-blues-on-meth dude Bob Log III; lounge-hell-escapees Bebe & Serge; organic hip-hop from Mankind (who stole the show at the Great Cover-Up with its set of N.W.A hits); the down 'n' dirty punk rock fury of Head Grenade; radical cheerleading courtesy of Las Sin Fronteras; Tucson Puppet Works; live DJs; a giveaway of a Bicas-donated bike; plus many more surprises.
It all goes down at 8 p.m. on Saturday, January 20, at the Mat Bevel Institute, 530 N. Stone Ave., and will run you a mere $5 donation. For more info check out www.radiolimbo.org, or e-mail limbo103@yahoo.com.
PONY EXPRESS: It seems the yearly musical lull brought on by the holiday season has finally dissipated, and we've finally got a busy week on our hands. So let's get right to it --
Call it small(er)-town pride, but nothing seems to make us Tucsonans more gleeful than when a cool show bypasses the greater Phoenix metro sprawl for our humble little burg. This week we're treated to one of the cooler metal bands in existence doing just that: The Deftones, whose newest release, White Pony (Warner Brothers), has just been re-released with a bonus track (I hate it when they do that!). The group will be in town tonight (Thursday, January 18) at 8 at the Rialto Theatre, 318 E. Congress St.
Pony, which made many a critic's Top Ten list of last year, is a moodier affair than its previous efforts. Yes, it still rocks like a motherfucker, but there are some (relative) ballads on there, too. At a time when nu-metal bands seem to be in a competition to see who can rock harder (never mind actual songwriting), it's downright refreshing to see a band successfully pull back in the other direction. And it's just as cool that the fans seem to appreciate it--I've yet to hear a single fan call it a "sellout." Tickets are available through Ticketmaster.
CASE STUDY: With the members of Giant Sand and Calexico back in town from their seemingly perpetual tour schedules comes a host of local shows. Last week we were treated to not one, but two Giant Sand shows, and this week it's Calexico's turn. And while I realize that it's pretty unnecessary to spill any more ink on their behalf (if you don't know what to expect from a Calexico show by now, you have no business living in this town), I will gladly urge you to make it to the show early this time around in order to catch the out-of-town opener.
Like many an alt-country (whatever that is) artist, Neko Case forsook her rock band, Maow, a few years back (she played drums and sang) in order to step into the spotlight to front her new band, Neko Case and Her Boyfriends. That band has released a split single with the now-defunct Whiskeytown, along with two full-length albums on Bloodshot Records, the most recent being last year's Furnace Room Lullaby.
The lowdown: This lady's got pipes! From sultry crooners to hillbilly boogie, Case's voice always sounds at home in her material. And frankly, she's pretty easy on the eyes, too. The Dixie Chicks wish they had an ounce of her talent. Check out Calexico along with Neko Case and Her Boyfriends at 9 p.m. on Tuesday, January 23 at Solar Culture, 31 E. Toole Ave. For more information call 884-0784.
DANCING IN CIRCLES: One of the brightest lights in the Tucson Irish music scene (sounds weird, huh?) over the last couple years has been Round the House, a four-piece that consists of multi-instrumentalist Dave Firestine (banjo, mandolin, cittern, guitar and vocals), Sharon Goldwasser (fiddle), Mike Smith (guitar) and Claire Jamieson Zucker (vocals and bodhran). The quartet has earned a substantial local following for its traditional treatment of both Celtic ballads and up-tempo jigs-n-reels, and those who have witnessed it live now have the chance to take the band home with them.
Before you get any ideas, I'm talking about the release party for the new CD, Keep This Coupon, this weekend, which also doubles as a benefit for the Bracken School of Irish Dance, Tucson's only Irish dance school. For the performance, Round the House will be joined by some of the school's dancers, performing both solo and group pieces. The show takes place at 7:30 p.m. on Saturday, January 20 at the Berger Performing Arts Center, 1200 W. Speedway Blvd. Advance tickets are available for $12, with a $2 discount for In Concert! and TFTM members (kids 12 and under are $6), at Hear's Music, Antigone Books, The Folk Shop and Harp & Shamrock, or by phone at 327-4809. All tickets will be $2 more at the door.
LAST NOTES: Bentley's House of Coffee and Tea presents an evening of original acoustic music courtesy of singer/songwriters Nancy Lynn Bright and Hank Childers this weekend. Bright released a winsome collection of high and lonesome-style ballads last year on Orchestrate the Jubilee (Mother Bear). Check 'em out at 8 p.m. on Saturday, January 20. Bentley's is located at 1730 E. Speedway, and you can give them a call at 795-0338 for more information.
Support underground hip-hop when the Fantastic Four Tour, featuring The Micranots, Zion I, Foreign Legion and Boom Bap Project, drops into The Rock, 136 N. Park Ave., on Sunday, January 21. For more information call 629-9211.
Stephen Seigel
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text:
package com.hazelcast.config;

import com.hazelcast.security.IPermissionPolicy;

import java.util.Properties;

public class PermissionPolicyConfig {

    private String className = null;

    private IPermissionPolicy implementation = null;

    private Properties properties = new Properties();

    public PermissionPolicyConfig() {
        super();
    }

    public PermissionPolicyConfig(String className) {
        super();
        this.className = className;
    }

    public String getClassName() {
        return className;
    }

    public void setClassName(String className) {
        this.className = className;
    }

    public IPermissionPolicy getImplementation() {
        return implementation;
    }

    public void setImplementation(IPermissionPolicy policyImpl) {
        this.implementation = policyImpl;
    }

    public Properties getProperties() {
        return properties;
    }

    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
        this.properties = properties;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("PermissionPolicyConfig");
        sb.append("{className='").append(className).append('\'');
        sb.append(", implementation=").append(implementation);
        sb.append(", properties=").append(properties);
        sb.append('}');
        return sb.toString();
    }
}