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Why Has the U.S. Waged A Trade War Against China?
—Protracted Confrontation Inevitable
Chi Hung KWAN
Consulting Fellow, RIETI
The announcement of the imposition of sanctions against China based on Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act in March 2018 triggered an escalation of the U.S.-China trade friction. As symbolized by the subsequent tit-for-tat exchange of tariff hikes, the situation has now developed into a trade war. Previously, although the U.S.-China relationship was beset by various problems, the friction was limited to specific fields, with the two countries avoiding a full-blown trade war like the one that has now broken out. A trade war could cause significant damage to the side that starts the war as well as the opponent. As to why the United States has waged a trade war against China while being aware of the risk of paying a high price, there is apparently a clash of arguments between the U.S. side, which views China as the odd man out in the international community, and the Chinese side, which is criticizing the U.S. assessment of China as a threat. Each side's argument appears to have some grains of truth.
Against the backdrop of China rising as an economic superpower while maintaining political and economic systems different from those of the West (the so-called China model), the United States has shifted its China policy from engagement to deterrence. In order to maintain its supremacy over China, the United States has increased the pressure on China to open its market, strengthened the control of technology transfer to China, and aimed to reform the international trading system centered on the World Trade Organization (WTO).
In China, the opinion on how to respond to the trade war waged by the United States is divided between the hawkish camp, which is calling for outright resistance, and the dovish camp, which is hoping to resolve the dispute early by accepting the U.S. demands as much as possible. The hawkish camp strongly believes in the fundamental strength of China, particularly its economy, and is confident about defeating the United States in the trade war. Meanwhile, the dovish camp argues that China should accept and use the U.S. demands as leverage to accelerate its reform and opening-up initiative based on the recognition that the Chinese economy is still far inferior in fundamental economic strength to the U.S. economy.
With no prospect in sight of how a compromise can be reached after the outbreak of the U.S.-China trade war, the Chinese government on September 24 announced a set of principles addressing many of the U.S. demands, including enhancing the protection of intellectual property rights and foreign companies' lawful interests in China and deepening the reform and opening-up initiative, as a step toward resolving the dispute. However, implementing these policies could at best weaken to some degree the view of China as the odd man out, which will remain influential. Thus the U.S.-China friction is likely to drag on for a long time while extending beyond the field of trade into the realm of technology.
View of China as the Odd Man Out—"China Model" is the Focus of Criticism
Attributing the cause of the U.S.-China trade friction and the ensuing trade war to China's failure to comply with the principles set by the WTO—openness and the leading role of the market—the United States is propagating the view of China as the odd man out (Note 1). Based on this view, U.S. Ambassador to the WTO Dennis Shea criticized China as follows and called for improvements (Shea, Dennis, "Ambassador Shea: China's Trade-Disruptive Economic Model and Implications for the WTO," WTO General Council, Geneva, July 26, 2018):
Despite China's repeated portrayal of itself as a staunch defender of free trade and the global trading system, China is in fact the most protectionist, mercantilist economy in the world. Contrary to Members' expectations, China has not been moving toward a fuller embrace of market-based policies and practices since it joined the WTO in 2001. The state's role in China's economy has been increasing.
The Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party have a constitutional mandate, echoed in China's broader legal framework, to develop a "socialist market economy." To this end, the government and the Communist Party continue to exercise control directly and indirectly over the allocation of resources through instruments such as government ownership and control of key economic actors and government directives. As a result, the means of production are not sufficiently allocated or priced according to market principles. Instead, the government and the Communist Party continue to control or otherwise influence the prices of key factors of production, including land, labor, energy and capital.
Just as when China acceded to the WTO in 2001, state-owned enterprises continue to play an outsized role in China's economy. Moreover, the government and the Communist Party have for decades exercised control over these enterprises through the appointment of key executives and the provision of preferential access to land, energy and capital and other important inputs. Recently, the Communist Party also has taken steps to increase the strength and presence of the Communist Party within all business organizations in China.
China's system also treats law as an instrument of the state, in the sense that it is used to facilitate the government's industrial policy goals and to secure discrete economic outcomes. In addition, key legal institutions, such as the courts, are structured to respond to the Communist Party's direction. This type of system makes it very difficult for enterprises to act independently of approved industrial policies on a systemic or consistent basis.
China's five-year plan is a "hallmark of a planned economy." Various institutions participate in formulation and execution of industrial policy plans, including central government agencies with legislative and regulatory authority, thousands of local government authorities, various organs of the Communist Party and Chinese enterprises.
A key focus of China's industrial policies is technology development, which China views as integral to its economic development. In order to attain domestic market dominance and global leadership in the high-tech field, China has issued a large number of industrial policies, including, for example, the "Made in China 2025" industrial plan.
China is providing massive subsidies to targeted domestic industries through its industrial policies. The subsidies may cause market distortions and severe excess capacity. Excess capacity hurts the global economy not only through direct exports from China, but also because lower global prices and a glut of supply make it difficult for even the most competitive producers to remain viable, as has been observed in the steel, aluminum and solar sectors. China has pursued a variety of unreasonable policies and practices that harm U.S. intellectual property rights, innovation and technology development.
Meanwhile, China continues to benefit tremendously from its WTO membership. China now is the world's largest automotive market, the world's largest oil importer, the world's largest steel manufacturer and the world's largest meat consumer. China also hosts the largest number of super-computers in the world. China is claiming that it should be exempt from contributing to progressive liberalization of global trade rules, as other developing countries are, on the grounds that it struggles with poverty-related challenges in some areas of its economy. However, this claim is simply not sustainable when measured against numerous indicators of China's rapid development and accumulation of wealth.
Since joining the WTO, China has repeatedly signaled that it is pursuing economic reform. Unfortunately, China's use of the term "reform" differs from the type of reform that a country would be pursuing if it were embracing market-oriented principles. For China, economic reform means perfecting the government's and the Communist Party's management of the economy and strengthening the state sector, particularly state-owned enterprises. As long as China remains on this path, the implications for the WTO are decidedly negative.
China often describes its approach as "win-win," but that is not accurate. China is pursuing industrial policies which go well beyond the traditional approach of guiding and supporting domestic industries and is seeking to keep out foreign competitors. In other words, China's approach seems to be based on the view that trade is a "zero-sum game," rather than the view that free, fair and reciprocal trade is mutually beneficial.
Based on the above recognition of the situation, Ambassador Shea called on China to "fully and effectively embrace open, market-oriented policies."
Assessment of China as a Threat—Fearing China's Rise as a Superpower
Responding to the criticism from the U.S. side, China retorted that the real motive of the United States in waging a trade war is to contain China as a challenger to the U.S. hegemony and asserted that the view of China as the odd man out is groundless and is nothing more than an excuse ("The Fundamental Reason Why the U.S. Waged a Trade War"; The People's Daily, August 9, 2018).
In the past, the United States started what came to be known as the Cold War against the Soviet Union, a powerful country with an entirely different ideology, and contained and attacked it at every level. As a result, the Soviet Union collapsed and the United States congratulated itself for winning "the end of history" (Note 2). In the 1980s, the United States forced Japan, a rapidly rising economic power, to accept "voluntary export restrictions" and the "Plaza Accord," which was accompanied by the yen's appreciation, thereby causing Japan to be trapped in a prolonged period of stagnation known as the "lost two decades."
Therefore, the U.S. trade war against China can in no way be interpreted in terms of stress in the U.S.-China relationship caused by China's aggressive diplomacy or ideological differences. Since becoming the global No. 1 in GDP size in 1894, the United States has always viewed the number-two country as a rival that threatens its supremacy.
Specifically, U.S. foreign policy follows a "60% rule," which dictates that whenever a foreign country reaches 60% of the United States in economic size and continues to grow fast, threatening to overtake the U.S. economy, the United States should view it as a rival and vanquish it by all means. China is now the target, as Japan was in the past (Figure).
Figure: Change in the Economic Size of China and Japan Relative to the United States in Terms of GDP
Source: Compiled by the author based on IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 data.
For the United States, China has become a threat to the "America First" principle. China is now the world second largest economy, with GDP surpassing 60% that of the U.S., and equivalent to that of Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom combined. China is also the global No. 1 in terms of the value of trade in goods and the amount of foreign exchange reserves. China accounts for a quarter of global industrial production capacity, and it is rapidly approaching the United States in terms of technological innovation capability as well. As its economic and trade relationships with countries around the world are becoming closer, China has become a very attractive country for the outside world. As a result of more than a century of hard work since the Opium War, China has returned to the center of the world stage at long last. Being an economic elephant, China cannot make itself invisible even if it keeps a low profile.
For the United States, China is an unprecedented rival that is achieving faster economic growth and is richer in potential than either of its previous rivals—the Soviet Union or Japan—was. The United States has adopted two ways of countering this new rival. One is mobilizing the American people's political support through the "Make America great again" slogan. The other is containing China at every level. The real motive of the United States in waging a trade war is not merely reducing the U.S. trade deficit but to curb China's development in a broad range of fields.
Indeed, Steven Bannon, while serving as White House Chief Strategist, said in an interview with The American Prospect, a U.S. news site: "One of us (the United States or China) is going to be a hegemon in 25 or 30 years and it's gonna be them if we go down this path." He went on to predict: "If we continue to lose it, we're five years away, I think, ten years at the most, of hitting an inflection point from which we'll never be able to recover." (Robert Kuttner, "Steve Bannon, Unrepentant," The American Prospect, August 16, 2017). This assessment of China as a threat appears to epitomize the Trump administration's perception of the country, rather than reflecting Mr. Bannon's personal opinion.
Under the mechanism of the rise and decline of superpowers, an emerging superpower always challenges the existing one, and as a result of the existing superpower's response, war often breaks out. This situation is well-known as the Thucydides Trap. It is natural for China under the Xi Jinping administration—which has made a major shift from the policy of "hiding your strength and biding your time" that was set by Deng Xiaoping in the early 1990s to the policy of seeking to realize the "Chinese Dream" of achieving the "great renaissance of the Chinese nation"—to clash with the Trump administration, which has pledged to "make America great again" under the "America First" principle.
United States' China Policy Shifts from Engagement to Deterrence
Indeed, against the backdrop of China rising as an economic superpower while maintaining political and economic systems different from those of the West, the United States has shifted its China policy from engagement to deterrence. The United States characterized its relationship with China as a "strategic partnership" under the Clinton administration, as a relationship with a "responsible stakeholder" under the Bush (junior) administration, and as a "partnership based on mutual respect and win-win cooperation" under the Obama administration. However, in the National Security Strategy Report published in December 2017, the Trump administration emphasized that economic security is the foundation of national security and labeled China and Russia "strategic competitors." The report offered the following observations concerning the geopolitical situation:
"The United States will respond to the growing political, economic, and military competitions we face around the world."
"China and Russia challenge American power, influence, and interests, attempting to erode American security and prosperity."
"They (China and Russia) are determined to make economies less free and less fair, to grow their militaries, and to control information and data to repress their societies and expand their influence."
Based on these judgments, the Trump administration has shifted its China policy from engagement to deterrence. At the core of the previous policy of engagement was fully accepting China as a member of the international community and encouraging the country to become a stakeholder responsible for fulfilling some of the international responsibilities performed by the United States. In contrast, at the core of the policy of deterrence is preventing China from threatening the U.S. leadership in the world by constraining China's behavior and economic growth.
The U.S. policy of deterrence against China is comprised of three pillars—cracking open China's market, curbing technology transfer to China and reforming the international trading system (Zhang Yuyan and Feng Weijiang, "From Engagement to Deterrence: Motive of the United States' China Strategy and Four Scenarios of China-U.S. Gamesmanship," Tsinghua Financial Commentary, seventh period of 2018).
(i) Cracking open China's market
Citing the trade imbalance as a reason, the United States has proposed "fair trade" and is urging China to further increase imports of U.S. products and open its market. Even so, the United States must be aware that, in fact, its trade deficit is not the central issue for the U.S.-China relationship. That is because the deficit is a problem closely related to excessive consumption, which is a structural problem in the United States itself, and the dollar's status as the world's key currency. Even if the United States succeeds in forcibly shrinking its deficit with China, its overall trade deficit is unlikely to decline as deficits with other countries increase. However, as the trade friction is a matter of strong interest for the general public, it can be exploited as a means to fuel populism and extreme nationalism. It is possible to win voters' support in elections by using the trade friction as an excuse to rally the nation. Moreover, taking up market opening and other trade issues is an effective way of obtaining support from other countries exposed to competitive pressure from China.
(ii) Curbing technology transfer to China
China's presence in the global supply chain has grown, and competition between China and developed countries, including the United States, has intensified in the field of technology and in technology-intensive industries. Against this background, China is coming under increasing criticism for engaging in such practices as forced technology transfer, theft of technology and infringement on intellectual property rights. As the United States is wary of technological advances in China, it is striving to maintain the dominance and competitive advantage of U.S. technologies by curbing technology transfer to China. In a statement issued when the list of Chinese products subject to additional tariffs was announced on April 3, 2018, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) made clear that the targets are products benefiting from China's policy initiatives to promote the manufacturing industry, including the Made in China 2025 initiative. The United States is also trying to control the inflow of students and researchers from China in science and technology fields through such measures as restricting visa issuance and reforming the immigration system.
(iii) Reforming the international trading system
The United States is trying to hold back China through the rebuilding of the international trading system. The United States is claiming that it has suffered a huge disadvantage as a result of China's exploitation of the multilateral trading system centered around the WTO and is insisting that the WTO should revise its preferential measures for developing countries that are benefiting China. At a meeting of trade ministers from Japan, the EU and the United States held in New York on September 25, 2018, an agreement was reached on presenting a joint proposal for the reform of the WTO in November. The proposal is expected to include the adoption of penalties to be imposed on countries that have introduced a system to give preferential treatment to specific domestic industries, with China as a likely target.
Under the policy of deterrence against China, curbing technology transfer is becoming increasingly important. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, signed by President Trump on August 13, 2018, contains the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act (FIRRMA) of 2018, which strengthens the authority of the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS), responsible for reviewing foreign companies' investments in the United States, and the Export Control Reform Act of 2018, which provides for countermeasures against the transfer of critical U.S. technologies to other countries. Although no particular country has been specified, all these legislations are considered to be intended mainly to restrict technology transfer to China.
In particular, as a result of the enforcement of FIRRMA, the following business activities, in addition to "controlling investments" in U.S. companies by foreign companies, have become subject to review.
Purchase, lease or concession of real estate located in close proximity to a U.S. military installation, or an air or maritime installation.
A non-passive investment in a U.S. company owning critical technology, critical infrastructure or sensitive data.
A change to the right of a foreign company investing in a U.S. company which may result in the transfer of the control of the U.S. company to the foreign company or which may enable the foreign company to access the U.S. company's critical technology, critical infrastructure, or sensitive data.
A transaction, concession, or contract intended to evade review by CFIUS.
Consequently, it will become more difficult than before for Chinese companies and investment funds to acquire or invest in U.S. companies, particularly in the high-tech sector.
The economy is not the only area of confrontation between the United States and China. In a speech at the Hudson Institute on October 4, 2018, U.S. Vice President Mike Pence strongly condemned not only China's economic policies and systems but also its political systems, religious policy, Taiwan policy and foreign policy initiatives (e.g., the Belt and Road Initiative ), maritime expansion, and interferences in the internal affairs of the United States (particularly interference in U.S. elections) ("Remarks by Vice President Pence on the Administration's Policy Toward China," The Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., October 4, 2018). Moreover, he made clear the United States' readiness to confront China on all fronts, for example by raising tariffs and strengthening the control of foreign investments in the United States on the economic front, and also by reinforcing the military forces and strengthening cooperation with Indo-Pacific nations that share values with the United States. Many media outlets view this speech as an indication of an emerging U.S.-China cold war. (e.g., "Pence's China Speech Seen as Portent of 'New Cold War'," Jane Perlez, The New York Times, October 5, 2018).
Argument of the Hawkish Camp in China
In China, the opinion on how to respond to the trade war waged by the United States is divided between the hawkish and dovish camps. The hawkish camp strongly believes in the fundamental strength of China, particularly its economy, and is confident about defeating the United States in the trade war. A typical example of the hawkish attitude is the argument made by Jin Canrong, associate dean of Renmin University of China's School of International Studies ("'Political Committee Member' Jin Canrong: China's Five Advantages in the Trade War—Trump Could Be Miscalculating," Global Times, July 7, 2018).
According to Mr. Jin, China has advantages over the United States in the following respects. First, China is blessed with the excellent leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, strong patriotism among the Chinese people and a high level of social organizing capability. In addition, compared with the United States, China has a full-ranging industrial structure capable of domestically producing most sorts of products. Moreover, China not only has vast territorial land (9.6 million square kilometers) and a huge population (approximately 1.4 billion people) but is also a giant economy in terms of GDP size (on a purchasing power parity basis, China's GDP surpassed the U.S. GDP in 2014 and was equivalent to 120% of the U.S. GDP in 2017). China also has robust strategies for national security and economic development, and it does not need to accommodate other countries' intentions.
Meanwhile, the Trump administration, which has created many enemies abroad, is likely to find it difficult to obtain support from the international community. If the United States had started a trade war together with its allies, China would be in a tight spot. However, as President Trump has not only waged a trade war against China but is also attacking U.S. allies and neighboring countries over trade issues, the chances of the U.S. winning the war are not very high, according to Mr. Jin.
Mei Xinyu, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation under the Ministry of Commerce who is also a hawk, is arguing that in order to win the trade war, China can resort to the following strategy (Mei Xinyu, "Trump Action Demands Strong Response," China Daily, March 23, 2018):
First, China's response should follow the principle of a precision strike. Since the trade war is not between China and the American people, but between China and President Trump and his protectionist-minded administration, China should first take measures to deal a blow to the industries in the U.S. states that helped President Trump win the 2016 presidential election and those states whose political leaders are still backing him in this year's mid-term election.
Second, China should suspend the ongoing initiative to open some emerging industries to the outside world during the trade war, pending the conclusion of the negotiations.
Third, China should not confine the countermeasures to pursuing solutions under the dispute settlement mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Instead, it should consider a legal move to possibly remove the United States from the WTO.
Finally, China's actions should extend beyond the economic field, to political and other areas, as the United States needs China's support and cooperation concerning matters in the field of international politics, such as resolving the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue.
The hawkish camp cites the following possibilities as potentially unfavorable factors for the United States in the U.S.-China trade war that may encourage the Trump administration to moderate its aggressive China policy: (i) The EU member countries and Japan will cooperate with each other in pushing back against President Trump's trade policy; (ii) U.S. consumers, farmers and industries will obstruct President Trump's anti-China trade policy; and (iii) U.S. voters' discontent will grow and affect the mid-term elections unfavorably for the Republican Party, prompting President Trump to back down (Cheng Xiaonong, "U.S.-China Trade War—Why Is China Pushing Back?," the Qing Lianju website, July 27, 2018).
Moreover, the hawkish camp expects not only that the trade war will lead to the improvement of China's economic structure by promoting the expansion of domestic demand, industrial upgrading and indigenous innovation capability, but also that the U.S. restrictions on investments from China and the strengthening of control of visa issuance for Chinese people will help prevent capital outflow and brain drain.
Argument of the Dovish camp in China
Meanwhile, the dovish camp believes that China, with its current level of economic strength, cannot defeat the United States in the trade war, so it argues that China should accept and use the U.S. demands as a leverage to accelerate the reform and opening-up initiative. The opinion of Professor Yu Zhi of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics is representative of this argument (Yu Zhi, "China Should Prevent the Trade War from Escalating," Lianhe Zaobao, July 26, 2018).
The impact of the trade war is much greater on the Chinese economy than on the U.S. economy. That is because China is more dependent on exports to the United States than the United States is on exports to China. Furthermore, the United States can raise tariffs on more Chinese products than China can on U.S. products and it can use some of the tariff revenue to pay compensation to U.S. companies that have suffered losses. In addition, Chinese companies are less resilient to the impact of the trade war because their profitability is lower than that of their U.S. counterparts.
Thus the Chinese government should strive to resolve the problems behind the U.S.-China trade friction and do its utmost to prevent the trade war from escalating. State-controlled media in China are attributing the responsibility for the trade war entirely to the United States and are contending that China has made every possible effort to avoid a trade war. Although Chinese media are asserting that greed and hubris on the part of the United States are the fundamental causes of the trade war, this attitude is too emotional and is lacking in self-possession and objectivity.
In fact, there is still much room for effort on the Chinese side. As the U.S. side points out, the Chinese government's support for exports and strategic industries (the provision of various direct and indirect subsidies) is one factor of the trade imbalance between the United States and China. In addition, China's external economic and trade strategy and industrial development strategy, which depend on various subsidies, are causing a lot of problems, including the deterioration of the terms of trade due to export price drops, a decline in the efficiency of industries and companies receiving subsidies, accounting fraud, excess production, dumping, and bribery. In particular, such industries as solar power generation, new energy vehicles and robotics are in serious trouble. The management of external economic and trade strategy and industrial development strategy is in no way a domestic affair. When such strategies are formulated and implemented, consistency with international rules, such as the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, and a possible negative impact on other countries must be taken into consideration.
Therefore, in U.S.-China negotiations, China should not treat its external economic and trade strategy and industrial development strategy as part of its core interests over which it can by no means compromise. Although the objective of development strategy may be treated as a core national interest, specific approaches and methods adopted under the strategy should not be treated as such. To be sure, it is difficult for China to abandon the strategies it has already announced, such as "Made in China 2025," but adjustments can be made. The parts of the strategies which do not conform to international rules or which have had an excessive impact on other countries can be corrected. China should switch its approach to promoting the development of strategic industries from the provision of subsidies to targeted industries to tax cuts for all companies and support for industrial basic research.
Next, China should strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. Not only is strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights a global trend, but it will also contribute to the improvement of China's own innovation environment and will be the key to the development of high-tech industries. At the same time as making efforts to correct its shortcomings, such as eradicating counterfeit products, China should aim to resolve the problem of forced technology transfer, over which there is no clear WTO rule, through bilateral negotiations.
China should not underestimate the damage of the trade war on itself, nor should it overestimate the damage of its retaliatory measures on the United States. Otherwise, China could make a serious strategic blunder. Some people assert that China should "fight fire with fire," but that would merely escalate the trade war.
The Position of the Chinese Government
With no prospect in sight of how a compromise can be reached after the outbreak of the U.S.-China trade war, the Chinese State Council announced a white paper titled "The Facts and China's Position on China-US Trade Friction." The white paper set forth the following eight Chinese principles:
(i) China is firmly committed to safeguarding its national dignity and core interests.
China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and will fight one if necessary. China has kept the door to negotiations open, but negotiations can only happen when there is mutual respect, equality, good faith and credibility. Negotiations cannot be conducted under the threat of tariffs, or at the cost of China's right to development.
(ii) China is firmly committed to the sound development of China-U.S. economic and trade relations.
China would like to work with the United States in the same direction, act in a spirit of mutual respect and win-win cooperation, focus on economic and trade cooperation, and properly manage economic and trade differences. Under the condition of equality and mutual benefit, China is willing to resume negotiations with the United States on a bilateral investment treaty, and launch bilateral FTA negotiations when appropriate.
(iii) China is firmly committed to the reform and improvement of the multilateral trading system.
China firmly observes and upholds the WTO rules and supports an open, transparent, inclusive and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system. China supports necessary reform of the WTO and firmly opposes unilateralism and protectionism. China supports initiatives to enhance cooperation within the G20, APEC and other multilateral frameworks and to make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial to all.
(iv) China is firmly committed to protecting intellectual property rights (IPR).
China will keep improving its laws and regulations on IPR protection and enhance the quality and efficiency of IPR reviews. China protects the lawful IPR of foreign businesses in strict accordance with the law, and takes stern measures to address all types of IPR infringement cases. China will enhance its cooperation with all countries to protect IPR.
(v) China is firmly committed to protecting the lawful rights and interests of foreign businesses in China.
China treats all businesses registered in the country equally and always protects the lawful rights and interests of foreign-invested businesses, and takes firm measures to address violations of their lawful rights and interests in accordance with the law.
(vi) China is firmly committed to deepening reform and widening opening-up.
China will always continue to deepen its reform without reversing course. China will not close its doors to the world, but will only open them wider. The market will play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and the government will play a better role to encourage competition and oppose monopoly. China will manage its own affairs well and pursue economic development with higher quality.
(vii) China is firmly committed to mutually beneficial cooperation with other developed and developing countries.
China will accelerate the negotiations on the China-EU Investment Agreement and the China-Japan-ROK Free Trade Area and promote deeper international cooperation under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative.
(viii) China is firmly committed to building a community with a shared future for mankind.
China will continue to act as a responsible major country and join other countries in building a world that enjoys common prosperity.
As is indicated by the inclusion in those principles of actions to accommodate many of the U.S. demands, this white paper indicates a softening of the Chinese side's stance toward resolving the trade friction and ending the trade war. Pursuing these principles should help dilute the view of China as the odd man out. On the other hand, the resulting deepening of reform and opening-up is expected to further intensify competition between China and the U.S., as it accelerates China's catch-up with the United States by injecting fresh energy into the Chinese economy. With the prospect of China's GDP surpassing that of the United States moving closer to reality, the U.S. view of China as a threat is likely to persist. Therefore, even if a compromise is reached between the two sides in the near future and the trade war is brought under control, the trade friction is likely to drag on for long, with the possibility left open of the war flaring up again.
The original text in Japanese was posted on October 19, 2018.
Footnote(s)
^ In the 1980s, when the Japan-U.S. trade friction was at its peak, U.S. revisionists asserted that as Japan was different from other developed countries in the West, it should be dealt with through a different approach, particularly with respect to trade issues. MITI and the Japanese Miracle by Chalmers Johnson (Stanford University Press, 1982), Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead by Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr. (Basic Books, 1988), The Enigma of the Japanese Power by Karel van Wolferen (Knopf, 1989), and Containing Japan, More Like Us by James Fallows are books representative of the revisionist argument.
^ Francis Fukuyama, an American political scientist, in his book The End of History and the Last Man (Free Press, 1992), presented the argument that the development of social systems and the history of ideological evolution will reach an end point, as liberal democracy as the final form of human government, liberal nations, political liberalism and economic liberalism triumph over other ideologies. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War were widely regarded as the "end of history" as defined by Fukuyama.
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Casino Software and Game Providers Explained
How the Software Provider Affects the Playing Experience?
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How We Rate Software Providers
Can You Hack Casino Software?
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When you play casino games on the internet, these games rarely – if ever – belong to the casino operator. More likely, they are provided, alongside the entire iGaming platform, by specialized companies that create casino software and games. In the industry, they are widely called game providers or game suppliers. But what's the difference between all the casino game providers, and which ones are considered the best? You can find an extensive selection of great iGaming software studios in our GoodLuckMate top lists and guides.
Nowadays, many players enjoy the convenience offered by online gambling. Within a few minutes, you can easily sign up at an online casino, make a deposit, and play an amazing selection of games right away. At the best online casino sites, you can choose between thousands of slots, table games, and live dealer releases.
But that begs the question of how it is possible for a single casino to provide its players with such an incredible flood of high-quality games? Well, the answer is relatively simple. For the most part, it is not the online casinos themselves doing all the hard work creating your favorite games. It is a multitude of independent casino game software providers that are responsible for that.
The casino operators are merely renting the games from them for a fee, and this is exactly the reason why you can find one and the same game at multiple different online casinos.
Any review of an online casino will mention if a site works with the best casino game providers. The reason is simple – this segment makes or breaks the entire experience. Games coming from trusted companies run smoothly and have no glitches. They also work on various devices plus guarantee fairness and safety.
Moreover, the game and theme versatility depend on the online casino software providers that work with the operator.
Another aspect that the software for online casino impacts the player experience is the geographical restrictions. Namely, some providers don't work in some countries. For instance, players from Australia typically don't have access to NetEnt games.
Currently, there are more than 400 software studios out there and counting – and each of these companies is designing its own games for online casinos across the world. With that much competition on the market, it is important to develop games that are both memorable and unique. Here are some of the factors that explain how casino and slot game providers differ from one another.
Different game providers focus on different aspects of the games or, more specifically, specialize in certain genres. The vast majority of iGaming studios solely focus on slot machine games, including classic slots, video slots, and video poker. Other game providers exclusively release table games such as online roulette, baccarat, blackjack, or casino poker. A small number of software casino online providers have made it their calling to provide players with a unique live casino experience. There's also a tiny niche for games like bingo, scratch cards, and virtual sports. Of course, there are also some ambitious game providers that want to offer the full spectrum of games.
The features of each game contribute a lot to its perceived uniqueness among players. This is where the best game providers manage to set themselves apart from the competition. The best examples of this are slot machines. There are already several thousands of titles on the market, and we have covered most of them in our slot reviews, so you might want to check them out! The majority of the slots by the best online casino game providers follow the same basic principles but add a little twist. Hence, it needs quite some ingenuity to come up with something fresh and revitalizing that makes a brand stand out.
Microgaming will always be known for its record-breaking progressive jackpots, where you can win millions in a single spin. NetEnt rose to fame with its Gonzo's Quest slot and the game's cascading symbols, also known as the Avalanche feature. Another example would be Big Time Gaming players often associate with their famous Megaways features that they introduced in Bonanza Megaways. Of course, there are several other features that would be worth mentioning, but the list is simply too long to go too much into the details at this point. Yggdrasil is also one of the most innovative online casino slot game providers with a range of creative and copyrighted in-game features.
Bonus rounds could be seen as a feature and included above, but oftentimes, they are so unique that they redefine the character of a casino game entirely. Some game developers emphasize their efforts to create an unforgettable gaming experience with the help of innovative bonus rounds. For example, Rocky looks like a regular slot machine at first, but in the bonus round, you can step into the ring with Apollo Creed, Ivan Drago, or Clubber Lang. The Aliens slot turns itself into a first-person shooter during the bonus round, and in Jurassic Park, you can hunt a Tyrannosaurus Rex. So, as you can see, there is plenty of innovation in bonus rounds.
Please don't confuse bonuses for top casino game providers with the bonus rounds in the games, though. The first is casino promotions associated with games from a specific brand, while the latter are special in-game features.
Gambling software providers greatly differ in their design choices, from cartoony or fantastic to hyper-realistic – and everything in between. Oftentimes the game designers also follow a particular art style that is consistent throughout their games or at least huge parts of the games' library. Chances are, if you fall in love with the design of one game, you might enjoy the appearance of their other titles in the provider's roster just as much. Be sure to check out your favorite casino games software for more.
Another area where game suppliers set themselves apart quite a bit is the minimum and maximum betting limits. Some of them provide slots and table games that can be played for nickels and dimes, whereas others want to cater more towards the high rollers and VIP players with greatly increased minimum bet sizes and higher table limits. It is also worth mentioning that some online gambling software providers opt to create more volatile games than others. Here, you have to ask yourself the question if you prefer smaller, more reliable wins or if you want to take the risk to land a big win in a game that only gives up its prizes every once in a while.
Licensing and certification always play a huge role in the iGaming world, be it for online casinos or casino software providers. Some regulated markets, like the UK and some US states, demand that suppliers hold B2B licensing to offer their games to consumers from those countries and states. So, if the necessary permits aren't obtained, games from that casino games company cannot be played by players in those jurisdictions. That's how licensing often makes some studios popular in some markets.
The list of game providers is probably just as big as the one for different online casinos from which you can choose – it's not, but it's certainly close! Choosing the best one often comes down to personal taste, however, and it's hard to crown one of them as the best option that will suit every type of player out there. However, we can safely say that some of the best slot game providers have stood the test of time, as their classics and new creations constantly show up in the best new online casino lists. Here is a quick overview of a small selection of the most notable game providers…
Microgaming is one of the pioneering companies in the development of online casino solutions. It started its operations in 1994, and in its subsequent rise to fame, it has an entertainment repertoire featuring more than 1,000 top-class casino games. It's one of the longest-standing casino vendors in the industry. For this reason, every prestigious online casino tries to provide its players with the best games carrying the Microgaming logo. Their products stand out for the quality of their graphics, progressive jackpots, and unique titles. It should be noted that Microgaming is particularly famous for its slots, online roulette, and online blackjack. Furthermore, it is a very reliable provider because all its games are certified by eCOGRA, which guarantees that they are fully tested, honest, balanced, random, and fair.
Net Entertainment (NetEnt) has a special place in the online casino industry because, for more than 20 years, it has created premium games. More than 200 of them have received awards. NetEnt is one of the most popular and adored online casino providers on the market. It doesn't come as a surprise that NetEnt's slots are incredibly popular and, therefore, can be found in almost every well-sorted online casino. The Swedish company has grown its portfolio over the years and branched out into other genres, such as table games and live dealer games. Today, it is one of the biggest live casino providers on the market, next to Evolution.
It is impossible to have a conversation about live dealer games without mentioning Evolution Gaming. This brand is a leader among the live casino game providers and has forever changed the online casino game offering with its innovative products. Their live roulette tables and live blackjack games are insanely popular amongst players, just make sure before you dive into any of these games to check our in-depth guides because these table games require some knowledge and skill, so you can start off by reading our latest blackjack guide to familiarize yourself with the game rules and strategies.
Currently, this internationally renowned live casino supplier has more than 300 tables with live dealers that are broadcasted from several different countries and in many languages. They are also the inventors of innovative "live game shows" such as Football Studio, Monopoly Live, Dream Catcher, and Deal or No Deal Live. Evolution is by far the number one live casino developer, and it is not hard to see why.
No repertoire of online casino games would be considered complete without the fantastic entertainment provided by Playtech. The company has more than 20 years of experience in the industry, hundreds of employees and is presently based in roughly 20 countries all across the globe. It is worth mentioning that Playtech is an online casino software platform that covers all casino solutions, such as slot machines, live casino, table games, and sports betting. It is no coincidence that Playtech has been awarded several trophies for their great work. Its entertainment library is made up of more than 700 titles. You can enjoy these casino games on your mobile and desktop devices without any issues, as they are perfectly optimized for both.
This game provider from the UK is one of the most important casino game and slot providers on an international scale. IGT games can be found at almost every online casino and are beloved by players all around the world. If you like TV series, this provider will surprise you with reels full of multipliers, free spins, spectacular bonus stages, good graphics, quality animations, and great prizes. They are incredibly adaptive and always manage to impress exciting new features and gameplay ideas.
You will love Thunderkick's online slots for lots of reasons. They are full of free spins and bonus rounds, their graphics are crazy, and their themes are wildly original. The games of this Swedish company have come to the best online casinos and are here to stay. Players especially like the high payouts that some of the games by this slot game company offer. In 1429 Uncharted Seas, the RTP is more than 98.6%, which is amongst the highest payouts in the industry. Because of this, it is common to find it excluded from wagering requirements, which goes to show just how good that RTP is!
Pragmatic Play is an industry-leading provider of multi-product content in the gaming world. With a focus on regulated markets, their portfolio of offerings includes over 250 innovative and immersive slot titles, live casino solutions, various table games and bingo products. They have created some of the most popular and widely played slots in the industry, including Sweet Bonanza, Gates of Olympus, and Release the Kraken. This company has also joined the live dealer segment and is now one of the leading live casino game providers as well.
Hacksaw Gaming is an innovative gaming software provider that creates ludic, entertaining, and reliable products for the global gambling industry. Founded in 2018, Hacksaw Gaming is a tech-powered company that has quickly become one of the leading providers of game content for online casinos. Hacksaw Gaming's top picks among its 40+ releases are Wanted Dead or a Wild, RIP City, and Alpha Eagle.
Nolimit City is a leading supplier of innovative and engaging gaming solutions and services. Based in Stockholm, Sweden, but also in Malta, this gambling software provider has been providing cutting-edge casino games to operators in regulated markets since 2014. Nolimit City takes pride in its excellent team, which includes some of the most experienced professionals in the gaming industry who have developed top titles like Book of Shadows, Deadwood xNudge, and San Quentin xWays.
Evoplay is a cutting-edge gaming solutions provider with a passion for pushing the boundaries of immersive, engaging and entertaining gaming experiences. They are dedicated to creating innovative games that combine modern technology, stunning visuals and captivating storylines to create an unforgettable journey for their players. Evoplay has been in business since 2017 and has developed over 160 titles, including Star Guardians, Nuke World, and Bonanza Wheel.
Red Tiger Gaming is an online gaming provider offering a full suite of exciting and engaging slots and casino games. With its innovative approach to game design, Red Tiger Gaming creates games that capture the imagination of players, who are then quickly drawn into the immersive gaming experience. The games feature vibrant graphics and animation, high-quality sound effects, and unique features. Crystal Mirror, Primate King, and Chinese Treasures are among the company's top releases.
There's no list of the top 10 best online casino game providers without Play'n GO. This is an international gaming software development company which specializes in the production of high-quality online and mobile casino games. Founded in 2005, this Swedish-based company has grown to become one of the leading providers of gaming solutions worldwide. Their comprehensive suite includes more than 200 desktop and mobile games and boasts attractive titles like Book of Dead, Reactoonz, and Fire Joker.
ELK Studios is an independent game provider that specializes in creating innovative, quality slots for players of all levels. The company was founded in 2013 by experienced entrepreneurs and developers who wanted to bring something new and exciting to the world of iGaming. Their mission is to create unique experiences for players with their wide selection of high quality games. Their leading releases are the Nitropolis slot series, Platooners, and Wild Toro.
Yggdrasil Gaming is an industry-leading Swedish iGaming provider, boasting a portfolio of diverse titles that span across all genres. Founded in 2013, the company's mission is to create content that is both entertaining and innovative, offering players a unique gaming experience. Yggdrasil has become one of the best online casino game software suppliers thanks to games like Vikings Go Berzerk, Holmes and the Stolen Stones, and Joker Millions.
Push Gaming is a UK-based game provider that has quickly become world-renowned for its innovative approach to slots and other casino games. Founded in 2010, they have developed over 30 online slots, with a focus on creating products that are compatible across all devices and platforms, from desktop to mobile. As one of the leading casino software companies, the brand boasts many popular releases, including Razor Shark, Retro Tapes, and Jammin' Jars.
We've listed the best casino game manufacturers on this page. Yet, if you're new to the iGaming concept, you may need more information about how we decided which brands deserve mention. Below, we're explaining the basic evaluation criteria of the best casino software companies and why they matter.
Game Variety – we always appreciate a solid game variety because that ensures players can choose among different games, themes, and features.
RTP Rates and Transparency – casino game and slot gaming companies must have fair RTP rates and be transparent about them rather than hiding such info.
Certification – seals of approval from independent auditors like eCOGRA and GLI are always a good sign that the games from specific game providers are fair and regularly tested.
Innovative Features – we always give extra credit to casino game providers that invest in innovative and creative game mechanics.
Network Promos and Jackpots – we love when suppliers go the extra mile and ensure engaging experiences for their consumers by launching network campaigns, progressive jackpots, etc.
Availability – it's always positive when a brand has many licenses and, therefore, it's widely available to players from various jurisdictions.
Mobile Readiness – casino and online slot providers whose products work smoothly on various devices always get better rankings.
The simple answer to the question 'Can you hack casino software?' is yes, it is possible to hack casino software. However, it is important to understand that hacking into a casino's systems and software requires an experienced hacker with a highly sophisticated set of skills. It would be virtually impossible for the average person to successfully attempt such a feat. Moreover, both online casino game providers and casinos have safety measures and mechanisms in place. In case of foul play, they never pay out any winnings.
Depending on the casino, the software might be available for download or play directly through their website. Many online casino software suppliers have switched their operations to browser-play only. Players seem to prefer this way. However, some provide both options, like RTG, for example. Its games are often available at exclusive RTG gambling sites that will let you download the platform or play instantly.
Typically, companies work individually to bring players a solid range of games. For a casino to work with one such company, it would need appropriate agreements. Then, it would have to do the same with any other game developer, which often takes time and even more money.
Well, game aggregators have already done the hard work by striking content deals with various casino game providers. When a gambling operator works with an aggregator, it gets thousands of games from various brands from a single partner.
Andreas SchmidtUpdated: 30 Jan 2023
Andreas gained a lot of experience with the gaming industry during his student days. He regularly played poker with his fellow students and quickly realized how much strategy was p...
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The Montessori philosophy assumes that all children are born intelligent.
We believe that an individual child's learning style is as unique as his or her personality and each child learns in his or her own way at his or her own rate.
Montessori classrooms are conscious of these innate difference, and that's why we provide a wide variety of settings and activities to appeal to each child's interests. We offer learning centers where lessons can be completed alone or in small groups, as well as fieldwork excursions led by an instructor where children learn as a class. This variety not only ensures that each child's unique learning needs are being met, but it also helps young learners develop flexible thinking strategies. Montessori classrooms have high expectations for all students, not a select few.


Anchored in Melanie Cove in Desolation Sound.
The deck and a line on a sailboat in Point Hudson.
Princess Cove on Wallace Island. That's actually not us in the photo.
In front of the Empress Hotel in Victoria's Inner Harbour. We could not have asked for a better location.
Princess Cove, Wallace Island Marine Park in British Columbia. This may be my favorite anchorage in the Gulf Islands.
Motoring south down the Malaspina Strait.
Another view in Malaspina Strait. A glorious day motoring from the flybridge.
Desolation Sound. This is such a spectacular view.
At the dock at Otter Bay.
At the Port of Sidney Marina. The nicest marina in the Gulf Islands, I think.
This entry was posted in Interesting and tagged Archimedes, boating, British Columbia, Grand Banks, Gulf Islands, Otter Bay Marina, Pacific Northwest, Point Hudson, Port Townsend, Princess Cove, Puget Sound, Seattle, Trawler, Wallace Island by Rusty. Bookmark the permalink.
Great pictures! I enjoy your blog and look forward to reading more.
John. Thanks for the kind words.


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Frustrated Tenancies Occur When Occupancy Becomes Impossible and Therefore the Tenancy Terminates
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Do I Have to Pay My Rent if My Apartment was Flooded?
A Lease Ends as Per the Law of 'Frustrated Contract' When Long-Term Repairs are Needed to Repair Serious Damage by Fire, Flood, among other things.
A Helpful Guide For How to Determine and Understand When the Doctrine of Frustration Applies to a Residential Tenancy
Incidents that cause serious damage such as a fire, a tornado, a flood, a major water leak, or another catastrophic circumstance, may occur and cause impossibility of occupancy of a residential unit. Even a change in law may occur in such a way as to make compliance impossible. When a tenancy is made impossible due to unforeseeable outside forces, such is referred to as a 'force majeure event', and the legal result is that the statutory obligations as well as the contractual obligations of the landlord and the tenant come to an end as per section 19 of the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006, S.O. 2006, Chapter 17. This ending of the tenancy relationship due to the frustrating event occurs regardless of whether the frustrating event happens within a lease period or happens afterwards when the lease is expired and the tenure is converted into a month-to-month arrangement. Specifically, the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 says:
Residential Tenancies Act, 2006,S.O. 2006, Chapter 17 at section 19
19 The doctrine of frustration of contract and the Frustrated Contracts Act apply with respect to tenancy agreements.
Sometimes a rental unit becomes unoccupiable due to an order issued by the local municipality that condemns the premises. This type of situation occurred and was the issue within the case of AS v. CJM, TSL-05808-10 (Re), 2010 CanLII 58985 where it was said:
AS v. CJM,2010 CanLII 58985 at paragragh 1 to 3
1. At the hearing before me the parties filed an order dated September 27, 2010 issued by the City of Toronto that says the residential complex is unsafe and that occupancy of the rental unit is prohibited.
2. As I explained at the hearing section 19 of the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (the 'Act') says: "The doctrine of frustration of contract and the Frustrated Contracts Act apply with respect to tenancy agreements." Essentially the doctrine of frustration says that when a contract becomes impossible of performance, then the contract has come to an end. As the doctrine applies to residential tenancy agreements what this means is that when a residential complex cannot be physically lived in anymore because it has been condemned, the tenancy has come to an end by operation of law.
3. As a result, an order will issue declaring the tenancy termination by operation of the doctrine of frustration.
Accordingly, and perhaps surprisingly, even when premises become condemned due to neglect, meaning a failure of maintenance, by the landlord, a frustration of the tenancy occurs resulting in a termination of the tenancy agreement, whether as a lease agreement or a statutory month-to-month agreement, when the rental unit is condemned.
Ceasing of Security of Tenure
Where a tenancy agreement is deemed frustrated, such as in circumstances where a fire requires restorative work that will be extensive and take considerable time, the security of tenure, including first right of refusal to return following restorative work, is absent. Only where the restorative work can be done in a reasonable amount of time will the tenancy agreement be without frustration and therefore with security of tenure protected as per the case of Y.Y. v. A.T. and L.W., TEL-32649-12 (Re), 2013 CanLII 51226 where it was said:
Y.Y. v. A.T. and L.W.,2013 CanLII 51226 at paragraphs 1 to 3
1. The Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 did apply to this unit from June 1, 2012 until December 1, 2012. At that time the unit was deemed uninhabitable and the tenancy agreement became frustrated pursuant to the Frustrated Contracts Act and as permitted under section 19 of the Residential Tenancies Act, 2006 (RTA).
2. As a result of the lengthy period of time required to make repairs to the unit there is no foreseeable date that the Tenants would be permitted back into the rental unit. There is no requirement under the RTA for the Landlord to offer the Tenants first right of refusal when the unit does become habitable.
3. Based on the evidence provided and the fact this vacancy of the rental unit is not for a short period of time I have deemed the rental contract to be frustrated as of December 1, 2012.
When a serious force majeure event occurs, rendering the premises unoccupiable for an unforeseeable length of time, the tenancy agreement, whether within a lease period or month-to-month period, becomes frustrated and all obligations cease including the security of tenure usually enjoyed by the tenant.
DK Legal Practice provides affordable services as a Paralegal in Oakville, Port Credit, Cooksville, Etobicoke, Halton Hills, among other places!
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Gwyneth Paltrow is a perfect example of an iconic blonde that has never really strayed too far from her comfort level. As I am writing this I have come to learn that Gwyneth and husband Chris Martin (of Coldplay fame) are separating. I am not sure if her separation will make her yearn for a change in her hair colour but I hope it doesn't, as a quick Google image search will show you that she has had almost the exact same shade of blonde forever!
The secret to Gwyneth's beautiful locks partly has to be credited to her stylist and partly to the fact that she goes with what I call the California blonde. The California blonde is the hue of blonde that is neither too light or too harsh. It has hints of lighter pieces and hints of warmer pieces all blended together which create a blonde that is easy on the eye. The fact that she only alters her shade in subtle ways gives her the ability to keep her hair blonde and healthy. It has always been a debate to change your colour or not to change your colour, but there is nothing wrong with having a "signature" look that works and people identify you with.
Ultimately there are different ways to achieve this type of look and will vary depending on how light or dark your base is. The key things to get a similar shade of blonde are to make sure your stylist is not overlapping your colour too much as this will lead to breakage and blotchy colour. Also keep in mind that the toning process is probably the most important thing to look for if going for this shade as toners not only act as colour perfection tools, they also work to add a layer of gloss to the hair that would be non existent without. I can't believe how many new clients have told me that the salon they used to go to never toned their hair! I tone my blondes 100% of the time, no compromise. Last but not least taking care of this colour with at home care products will ensure longevity. Colour care is a must and certain products such as shampoos specifically for blonde really help keep your colour looking vibrant for longer. A lightweight hair masque will also help replenish some of the moisture that has been taken out in the lightening process.
There is something to be said about women who find the perfect colour and wear it confidently without feeling the pressure to reinvent themselves through experimenting with different shades. A close look at Gwyneth is proof that wearing a colour that works for you not only has its benefits such as keeping your hair healthy for long periods of time, but that if it isn't broken then perhaps it doesn't need fixing.


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Agustin shines as Potomac Nationals take down Wilmington, 5-1
Published Tuesday, Apr. 24, 2018, 11:42 pm
With a slight shakeup to the roster with the addition of 19-year-old RF Juan Soto from Hagerstown and 1B Ian Sagdal from the disabled list, the Potomac Nationals (10-9) picked up a 5-1 win over the Wilmington Blue Rocks (8-10) in the series opener on Tuesday night. RHP Tyler Mapes (W, 3-0) allowed a run two batters into his outing, but posted zeroes the rest of the way, while DH Telmito Agustin's seventh inning home run proved to be the difference in the game.
LF Rudy Martin led off Wilmington's offensive night with a triple to centerfield. One batter later, 2B D.J. Burt made it 1-0 with a sacrifice fly. It was the fifth consecutive game in which Potomac has given up the first run of the game.
Potomac tied the game with a run in the second inning against RHP Anthony Bender (ND). Sagdal doubled in his first at-bat off of the DL, while a pair of walks loaded the bases. Agustin tallied his first of two RBIs in the game with a single to LF. The teams remained deadlocked at 1-1 until the seventh inning.
While both Mapes and Bender worked in and out of some trouble through their respective starts, the game turned to the Wilmington bullpen, as Bender departed after a two-out single from CF Blake Perkins in the fifth inning.
RHP Ofreidy Gomez (L, 0-2) entered for Wilmington to begin the seventh inning. After two straight strikeouts, he gave up a double to Sagdal, but stranded him at third base. In the following frame, Gomez once again struck out the first two batters in the inning, but Agustin followed with a towering home run to right field. Agustin's first home run of the season gave Potomac a 2-1 lead.
The P-Nats put the game away with three runs in the top of the ninth inning against RHP Bryan Brickhouse. The righty walked the first two hitters that he faced in the frame, while Agustin reached on a fielder's choice, with no out recorded, which loaded the bases with no outs. Perkins made it 3-1 Potomac with a sacrifice fly, SS Carter Kieboom made it 4-1 with a bloop single to right field, and Soto finished off the scoring with an RBI groundout.
After two scoreless innings from LHP Jordan Mills, RHP James Bourque closed out the game with a scoreless ninth inning. Potomac snapped a three-game losing streak with the win. Perkins, Sagdal, and Agustin all recorded a multi-hit game for the P-Nats in the victory.
With a win in the series opener, Potomac will turn to RHP Wil Crowe (2-0, 3.94) in the middle game of the set. Crowe has pitched at least five innings and allowed no more than three earned runs in each of his three starts this season. In an effort to level the series, RHP Gerson Garabito (1-1, 2.12) is set to start for the Blue Rocks. Garabito allowed only one hit over six-scoreless frames against Potomac in a no-decision on 4/8.
First pitch at Frawley Stadium on Wednesday night is set for 6:35pm. The Potomac broadcast will get underway at 6:20pm with the P-Nats Leadoff Show. You can listen to the Potomac broadcast at potomacnationals.com or on the TuneIn Radio App.


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Intelligence Technology
Brazil Doubles Down on Cyber Security
Post author By Robert Muggah
No Comments on Brazil Doubles Down on Cyber Security
Brazilian flag. Image: bea_marques/Pixabay.
This article was originally published by OpenDemocracy on 20 November, 2014.
Brazil has embraced the digital age with more gusto than most countries. It is one of the top users of social media and recently signed-off on a bill of rights for the Internet, the marco civil. The country is also a leader in the development of online banking with more than 43% of web users engaging such services, and can be proud of a thriving software industry, including some world beating companies.
But as computer users around the world are beginning to grasp, the spread of the digital world has its downsides. Alongside all the great things the Internet offers, not least new forms of political and economic empowerment, it brings some very serious threats.
Brazilians are waking up to the reality of online scams, hacking, espionage and digital surveillance. And while the government is taking cyber malfeasance seriously, it may have seriously misinterpreted the nature and significance of those threats and, as a consequence, the best way to tackle them.
For political reasons, Brasilia has outsourced most responsibility for the country's cyber security to the military. While the armed forces have enthusiastically embraced this new role, placing them in charge of overall cyber security for both civilian and military networks is a mismatch that could have damaging consequences for the country's security.
Not all cyber threats are equal. Perhaps the most egregious one is economically-motivated cyber-crime – the targeting of private banks, firms and individuals. Others are posed by domestic and international hacktivist groups intent on disrupting government services and corporate websites. Brazil´s popular protests of June-August 2013, for example, coincided with a sharp rise in hacktivist activity.
The revelations by Edward Snowden have ratcheted-up Brazil´s concern with cyber security. The US National Security Agency (NSA) was routinely spying on state and commercial networks, including listening in to the President's phone conversations. Cyber espionage and perhaps, further down the line, cyber warfare are now threats that are being taken very seriously.
Notwithstanding the growing angst in Brasilia, and indeed across Latin American capitals, comparatively little is actually known about what real dangers are lurking in cyberspace. There is virtually no public debate or research into those responsible for launching attacks, what their interests and motivations might be, how they operate, or if and how they might be connected to criminal and political organizations.
There are only a few experts evaluating public and private sector responses to these threats which appear to have increased exponentially in numbers and sophistication in the last three years. While operating to a large extent in the dark, the Brazilian government has nevertheless rapidly constructed a sprawling cyber-security and defense infrastructure.
Its response is narrowly focused on just one or two dimensions of these threats – especially foreign ones. At the center of the state´s response is the Brazilian Army's Center for Cyber-defense (CDCiber), one of the only such entities in South America. Yet the emphasis on a military response may be incommensurate with the real (as opposed to existential) threats facing the country. Despite allegations of Hezbollah smuggling weapons to Brazilian gangs (these rumors have been circulating for over a decade), the country has comparatively few external cyber threats from foreign governments or terrorist groups.
This represents a mismatch with the real and emerging threats in cyberspace. Instead of focusing on international and domestic cyber-criminality, which constitutes by far the gravest risk, the state is doubling down on strengthening cyber war-fighting and anti-terrorism capabilities. This is not to suggest that cyber terrorism and cyber warfare are not real threats. Rather the government is overemphasizing broader issues of national security rather than addressing the most pressing challenges confronting citizens – that is cyber-crime.
The military approach to cyber insecurity in Brazil is consistent with a broader effort to find the role of the Brazilian armed forces in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, they are strengthening border control and anti-drug activities in the Amazon and the so-called tri-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. On the other, the armed forces are seeking to expand their reach and influence in cyberspace.
All of this has profound consequences for individual rights and public spending. The out-sized military response risks compromising citizens' fundamental rights owing to, among other things, the temptation to undertake their own surveillance and censorship. For instance, CDCiber and Brazil's central intelligence agency (ABIN) created social media monitoring platforms in the aftermath of the 2013 protests. Meanwhile, other public institutions such as the Federal Police are less generously resourced and supported.
These developments are partly inspired by Brazil´s desire to enhance its geopolitical reach and relevance. As a rising power, the Brazilian government is mobilizing the country's nascent cyber-security architecture to project soft power in bilateral relations and multilateral arenas. For example, in 2013 the President requested that the UN develop a new global legal system to govern the Internet.
Brazil´s own architecture is still work in progress. While there have been some important developments, there are conflicting lines of accountability among institutions, distorted funding priorities, confused public debate, contradictory legislative measures and the importation of outside solutions for local challenges. In the meantime, the military has "captured" resources for cyber defense, with potentially dangerous implications for civil liberties more generally.
What is more, the comparatively limited engagement of civil society in cyber security debates in Brazil means that the armed forces have free reign to advance their interests. What is urgently needed is a balanced cyber security strategy, one that accurately gauges evolving threats to understand where future vulnerabilities reside.
First, the government should encourage people to talk. There is a now a lively conversation in Brazil about the many positive developments related to e-governance, smart cities, digital sovereignty and other new information technologies. Curiously, there is a silence on issues related to cyber-security and cyber-defense. Where debated at all, conversations tend to be reserved to the highest levels of government, the armed forces, law enforcement agencies and a narrow group of businesses, though there are signs this may be starting to change.
The second step is to put in place measured and efficient strategies to engage cyber threats. Since the budgets allocated for cyber-related issues are hard to predict, there is considerable bureaucratic competition over funds. Military, law enforcement and civilian entities may exaggerate risks in order to increase their likely access to resources. If Brazil is to build a cyber security system fit for purpose, an informed debate is imperative.
At a minimum, Brazilians need to better understand the dynamics of cyber-crime groups, and the ways in which traditional crime is migrating online. They also need to monitor how security forces are adapting new surveillance technologies. Above all, the government should encourage a broader debate with a clear communications strategy about the need for cyber security and what forms this might take.
Robert Muggah is the research director of the Brazil-based Igarapé Institute in Rio de Janeiro, and oversees research at the SecDev Foundation in Canada.
Gustavo Diniz is a former researcher at the Igarapé Institute.
Misha Glenny is a former BBC correspondent, the author of 3 books on Eastern and South Eastern Europe, including The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804-1999 (Penguin, 2001). His latest book is on trans-national organised crime and globalization, McMafia and Dark Markets.
This article is based on a forthcoming Strategic Paper by the Igarapé Institute – Deconstructing Cyber Security in Brazil: Threats and Responses – coming out in December 2014. See www.igarape.org.br.
For more information on issues and events that shape our world, please visit ISN Security Watch or browse our resources.
Tags Cybersecurity, Brazil
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Can anyone provide information on the kata Tenryu no Kon. It is the only bo kata we practice in my (Shotokan) school and was reportedly Funakoshi's favorite bo kata. Since Funakoshi's father was a bojutsu expert I'm wondering if this form came from him or from one of Funakoshi's other teachers. How widespread is this form in other styles?
Also, a description of the stance used for the major block and attack sequence would be helpful. Some in my school do it the "Shotokan way", with a long front stance. Others (my teacher included) do it with a shortened front stance, somewhere between moto-dachi and a natural stance, which seems more logical, but less in accordance with the changes that occurred as Shotokan stances were lengthened in the 1930's.
Any idea why this kata was not affected by the Shotkan stance change? Perhaps, the delation of weapons' kata from the JKA syllabus is part of it, Tenryu no Kon could have just been ignored by the JKA people. However, my Shotokan lineage broke from the JKA lineage fairly early most of our kata are quite similar to the early (1960's) JKA forms having long stances, but this bo kata and a few others conspicuoulsy have evloved (or have not evelved) differently.
Sorry about the Japanese karate digression in the Ryukyuan thread, but I didn't know where else to post a bojutsu question.
Kanken Toyama taught Tenryu no Kon. Toyama almost certainly learned the kata from Chojo Oshiro. It is very likely that Oshiro taught Yoshitaka Funakoshi. Bob McMahon recently published a booklet on "Shoto Bojutsu" which includes illustrations of the Toyama version.
It seems to me to be quite a basic form, something like Shuji no sho.
As always ready with the answer. That helps, but I wonder if elder Funakoshi did the form, as well? I haven't got Bob MacMahon's booklet yet, but I do remember him writing at one time that Gichin as well as Gigo did the form.
It does seem like a basic form. Although I found out that I had the applications all screwed up until I actually had the opportunity to try the techniques from the kata bo to bo and bo to bokken with a friend. That's probably due to my incompetence with anything more complicated than walking and chewing gum, but I do think it is a good, no-nonsense intro bo kata.
Dear Geoff, if you make it to the St. Louis Spring Camp in April perhaps you would be so kind as to show me the kata?
It would be intersting for me to compare it to the"feeling" of Shuji no sho.
If I can get the time off from work I will definately be there, bo in hand.
It's on Bob's website in the video clip section. His son is performing it, I believe.
Thank you Rob, it is very interesting. The beginning does remind me of Shuji no sho with touches of Shuji no dai as taught in the Inoue system. I was taught both of these kata by my good friend Julian Mead. It might be that Tenryu is linked to both of these kata, perhaps a derivation or summary of them?
# If you purchase my Shoto Bo Booklet (hint :), you will see Gigo Funakoshi demonstrate Shushi no Kon and Sakugawa no Kon in the long shotokan stances. I think he was just creating a bridge between his bojutsu and shotokan karate though as in application, shorter stances are imperative for mobility.
Tenryu no Kon could have just been ignored by the JKA people. However, my Shotokan lineage broke from the JKA lineage fairly early most of our kata are quite similar to the early (1960's) JKA forms having long stances, but this bo kata and a few others conspicuoulsy have evloved (or have not evelved) differently.
# Nakayama had no training in the bojutsu of Gigo and after ww2, training in weapons would not have been encouraged by the Americans.
I feel that Nakayama and co. had enough on their hands trying to remember the kata and finding someone willing to bring them up to speed on the changes that had occurred during the period that Nakayama was in China (1937-46).
Tenryu fits in perfectly before Shushi no Kon and Sakugawa followed by Matsukaze and Hakuson form a well structured logical progression of bojutsu.
There is a lot of similarity in the sliding of the bo to Yamaneryu s I also feel that Oshiro Chojun has had a big influence on Gigo's bojutsu.


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Barbara and Barry
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Sweet, Sour & Saucy
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Join Barbara and Barry (aka Melissa Western and Tnee Dyer) for well-intentioned, yet questionable love advice through talkback radio theatre and a unique mix of sweet, sour and saucy songs of yesteryear. This critically acclaimed and well toured vintage ocker musical duo will have you squealing with their hysterical banter, virtuosic piano playing and tight rich harmonies.
Barbara and Barry's theatre-cabaret show Sweet, Sour & Saucy has delighted audiences and critics around Queensland and the UK. The show debuted at the Edinburgh Fringe and has since featured at over 30 venues around Australia and the UK. The Brisbane season at Judith Wright Centre for Contemporary Arts was nominated for three Matilda Awards: Best Musical/Cabaret, Best Female Actor, Best Set Design.
Barbara and Barry are often invited to host events (International Women's Day - Brisbane City Hall or cabaret (Les Enfants Perdus - Canterbury Festival Spiegeltent) or special events (Christmas in the Spiegeltent, Bristol UK). If you have an event and you require either or all of the following: live music, comedy and compering, Barbara and Barry will be perfect for your needs.
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Meet the Irish Fockers
Met up with the Girls last night for dinner and a few drinkies. Over the dinner table, the conversation got around to the various guys that we have brought home to meet our parents over the past few/many years!
Obviously none were successful, as we are all still single. We live in hope!
Prize for best story has to go to Fiona.
When she headed "up to Dublin" in 80's to go to college, it was still quite a rarity....and therefore a cause for an Irish Mammy to brag about, to all and sundry.
Fiona's attention was turned somewhat from her studies when she met "the love of her life". Was it a like-minded student, up-from-the-country, intent on forging a career and making it in the world/
Was it hell as like???
He was a college drop out (if he'd ever been there in the first place), long hair to his waist, yellowing fingers from years of smoking (despite the fact that he was only about 19) and not a prospect in sight! I'm not sure, but she may have met him near a homeless shelter! Just the type of guy every Irish Mammy wants her precious daughter to bring home.
But he was in a band!
Well maybe not exactly IN a band, but was going to be some day, when people began to appreciate how feckin' talented he really was, etc. etc. etc.
Which made him a god-like figure in Fiona's only recently opened Mullingar eyes! She decided to bring him home to meet her parents one weekend. She was so madly in love, she could not see any possibility of her parents not seeing beyond the veneer of .....grime(?) and recognising his genius, like she had done.
Big mistake!
When her mother laid eyes on him, she gave him a look that would wither a baby elephant at ten paces. Things didn't improve when he engaged in conversation with her father, extolling the benefits of dope-smoking. But the nail in the coffin was when he returned to the kitchen after a brief absence and exclaimed
""Hey man. That's a really useful ashtray. I've never seen one on the wall before. It's at the perfect height, no need to bend down".
"What are you talking about, young man", her mother retorted through pursed lips. "We have no ashtrays pinned to our walls".
Fiona's blood ran cold when she realised what he had done.
He had stood leaning against the jam of the front door, dragging on his cigarette....and dropping his ashes into........the Holy Water Font!!!
The weekend visit was cut short after that and they returned to Dublin.
I'd love to be able to say that he joined a rock band, took the world by storm, got rid of world debt and fed the starving millions.....because his name was Bono!
But was would be a big, fat lie!
No, reality is much more mundane. She continued to see him for a while but it soon fizzled out. And she thought long and hard before bringing anyone else from inside The Pale to visit her parents!
Did the earth move for you?
What makes a healthy school lunch?
As happy as a pig in the proverbial!
Women who drop their knickers for Joe Dolan gach l...
Is féidir liom, leat, leis, léi...........
Pure Madness!
Feck the begrudgers!
Over reaction.
Do as I say and not as I do!
If you are going to lie to me, make it a good one!...
What do you get when you cross Lady Gaga with the ...
Milestones in a girl's life #2
Milestones in a girl's life
Twin it to win it
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All Ireland Drama Festival
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All is not as it seems......
Phantom of the Soap Opera
Bee careful what you wish for.
Copy Kate


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