text:
Q: Create with Include Sequelize recently I discovered this on the sequelize documentation where you can create using include. Now I trying to do it on my program but only creates the records of the "parent" model and not for the children.
This is my model and my controller.
var MainMenu = sequelize.define('MainMenu', {
    Name: {
      type: DataTypes.STRING(50)
    },
    Day: {
      type: DataTypes.DATE
    },
    RecordStatus:{
      type: DataTypes.BOOLEAN,
      defaultValue: true
    },
    DeletedAt: {
      type: DataTypes.DATE
    }
  },
  {
    associate: function(models){
      models.MainMenu.hasMany(models.MainMeal, {as: 'Menu'});
    }
  }
);

exports.createIn = (req, res) => {

 let Menu = {
   Name: 'MenuTest',
   MainMeal: [{
     Type: 'Breakfast',
     Name: 'MealTest1'
   }, {
     Type: 'Lunch',
     Name: 'MealTest2'
   }]
 };

  db.MainMenu.create(Menu, {
    include: [{
      model: db.MainMeal,
      as: 'Menu'
    }]
  })
    .then( mainmenu => {
      if (!mainmenu) {
        return res.send('users/signup', {
          errors: 'Error al registrar el mainmenu.'
        });
      } else {
        return res.jsonp(mainmenu);
      }
    })
    .catch( err => {
      console.log(err);
      return res.status(400)
        .send({
          message: errorHandler.getErrorMessage(err)
        });
    });
};

On my case it only creates the MainMenu record and not the MainMeal records. What am I doing wrong?

A: Change your menu object, and include Menu array and not MainMeal

*

*You have to give the aliased name in the object

let mainMenu = {
   Name: 'MenuTest',
   Menu: [{
     Type: 'Breakfast',
     Name: 'MealTest1'
   }, {
     Type: 'Lunch',
     Name: 'MealTest2'
   }]
 };

Now,
db.MainMenu.create(mainMenu, {
    include: [{
      model: db.MainMeal,
      as: 'Menu'
    }]
  })
    .then( mainmenu => {
      if (!mainmenu) {
        return res.send('users/signup', {
          errors: 'Error al registrar el mainmenu.'
        });
      } else {
        return res.jsonp(mainmenu);
      }
    })
    .catch( err => {
      console.log(err);
      return res.status(400)
        .send({
          message: errorHandler.getErrorMessage(err)
        });
    });

A: The main thing is of course the naming of Menu should be within the data passed to .create() itself, along with the arguments presented there and if you really need to specify the alias "twice", which you do not. But there are some other things to be aware of.
I'd personally prefer storing the association as it's own export and including that within the statement. This generally becomes a bit clearer when you understand the usage of that association later.
I would also strongly encourage that when you are "writing" things across multiple tables, then you implement transactions to ensure all related items are actually created and not left orphaned should any errors arise.
As a brief listing based on the example:
const Sequelize = require('sequelize');

const sequelize = new Sequelize('sqlite:menu.db',{ logging: console.log });

const MainMeal = sequelize.define('MainMeal', {
  Type: { type: Sequelize.STRING(50) },
  Name: { type: Sequelize.STRING(50) }
});

const MainMenu = sequelize.define('MainMenu', {
  Name: { type: Sequelize.STRING(50) }
});

MainMenu.Meals = MainMenu.hasMany(MainMeal, { as: 'Menu' });

(async function() {

  try {

    await sequelize.authenticate();
    await MainMeal.sync({ force: true });
    await MainMenu.sync({ force: true });

    let result = await sequelize.transaction(transaction =>
      MainMenu.create({
        Name: 'MenuTest',
        Menu: [
          { Type: 'Breakfast', Name: 'MealTest1' },
          { Type: 'Lunch', Name: 'MealTest2' }
        ]
      },{
        include: MainMenu.Meals,
        transaction
      })
    );

  } catch(e) {
    console.error(e);
  } finally {
    process.exit();
  }
})();

Which would output something like:
Executing (default): SELECT 1+1 AS result
Executing (default): DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `MainMeals`;
Executing (default): CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `MainMeals` (`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, `Type` VARCHAR(50), `Name` VARCHAR(50), `createdAt` DATETIME NOT NULL, `updatedAt` DATETIME NOT NULL, `MainMenuId` INTEGER REFERENCES `MainMenus` (`id`) ON DELETE
SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE);
Executing (default): PRAGMA INDEX_LIST(`MainMeals`)
Executing (default): DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `MainMenus`;
Executing (default): CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `MainMenus` (`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, `Name` VARCHAR(50), `createdAt` DATETIME NOT NULL, `updatedAt` DATETIME NOT NULL);
Executing (default): PRAGMA INDEX_LIST(`MainMenus`)
Executing (3d645847-56ca-435a-b786-6be62a05e8d5): BEGIN DEFERRED TRANSACTION;
Executing (3d645847-56ca-435a-b786-6be62a05e8d5): INSERT INTO `MainMenus` (`id`,`Name`,`createdAt`,`updatedAt`) VALUES (NULL,'MenuTest','2018-04-14 08:08:17.132 +00:00','2018-04-14 08:08:17.132 +00:00');
Executing (3d645847-56ca-435a-b786-6be62a05e8d5): INSERT INTO `MainMeals` (`id`,`Type`,`Name`,`createdAt`,`updatedAt`,`MainMenuId`)
VALUES (NULL,'Breakfast','MealTest1','2018-04-14 08:08:17.152 +00:00','2018-04-14 08:08:17.152 +00:00',1);
Executing (3d645847-56ca-435a-b786-6be62a05e8d5): INSERT INTO `MainMeals` (`id`,`Type`,`Name`,`createdAt`,`updatedAt`,`MainMenuId`)
VALUES (NULL,'Lunch','MealTest2','2018-04-14 08:08:17.153 +00:00','2018-04-14 08:08:17.153 +00:00',1);
Executing (3d645847-56ca-435a-b786-6be62a05e8d5): COMMIT;

The important part there being the transaction BEGIN and COMMIT wrapping all of those INSERT statements as data is created. Even without the transaction implemented, you still see both items being created along with the related "parent". But the point of the argument is this is where you "should" be implementing transactions.
Also note that the "aliased" Menu as used in the data creation and for subsequent access, is not actually "required" to be included within the .create() method on the include option. It's "optional" and is already defined under the .hasMany() arguments, so you don't really need to do it again.
Even if you did, then that part would still be the "association" as used with the model argument:
{
  include: {
    model: MainMenu.Meals,
    as: 'Menu'
  },
  transaction
}

So that's not to be confused with the original name of the model for the "table" which is referenced, which also might be another point of confusion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This second Newsletter for 2002 is being written shortly after the very successful Village Conference, organised as part of the procedure for developing the "Parish Plan".
The Conference took place on Thursday 17th October and was attended by many more people than we would care to acknowledge with a specific number (in case of conflict with the maximum occupancy figure for the Gaskell Hall). It was certainly a tribute to the people of Silverdale, that there was so much interest – the enthusiasm for having a say in the future of our community was quite inspiring. The members of the 'steering group', who worked so hard in setting-up the Conference, are now working just as hard in evaluating the comments and suggestions posted on the boards by those who attended. More news about this in due course.
In our last Newsletter, mention was made of the "… frustration (exasperation, even), as a consequence of the Government's new Model Code of Conduct and all the bureaucracy that goes with it." Just a few weeks ago, the chief officer of one of the county associations of local councils wrote "Just when you thought it might be safe to get back in the water after the Code of Conduct and the Lighter Touch Audit, there is another shark out there waiting to snap at your heels!" This time he was referring to the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the duty imposed on Parish Councils to register a Declaration of an adopted Publication Scheme. Whilst this has obviously caused quite a lot of panic and doom in many councils, for Silverdale it has almost been a case of "so what". The reason for this laid-back response lies in this web site, which you have just accessed. Our Council has simply registered the "Model Publication Scheme for Local Councils (Core Classes only)", knowing that almost all of the requirements are met by the information contained on this web site. Just for once we feel slightly smug!
Our Clerk is, however, not feeling too smug as he contemplates the new training regime, introduced to enable all clerks to attain an AQA Qualification. Peter could take a chance, by submitting a portfolio without doing the new training modules and, if the 'verifier' just could not find even the slightest weakness, he would be awarded the qualification. However, it is clear that clerks are to be deterred from trying to take this route, so it will probably be back to school in 2003. Fortunately Peter is also Clerk at Arnside, so the cost of the training can be shared with our neighbouring Council (and the precept for Silverdale kept slightly lower than would otherwise be the case).
Of course, the Council could decide to opt out of this latest Government scheme, but… if our Clerk does not attain the AQA qualification, then Silverdale Parish Council cannot be awarded "Quality Parish" status. If QP status is not attained, our Parish Plan will carry less weight in future Planning considerations (maybe no weight at all). This could leave some of you who are working so hard on the Parish Plan, wondering whether there would be any point in continuing!
We already have a foretaste of some of the challenges of 2003 and there are bound to be others appearing from nowhere, but when we have such a superb area in which to live and work it is surely worthwhile. Clearly we must all pull together… we being: residents and traders of Silverdale, Parish Councillors and the Clerk.


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You are here: Home / Arbitration / Court Decisions / Arkansas Federal Court Finds McCarran-Ferguson Act Does Not Supersede the New York Convention or Chapter II of the FAA
Arkansas Federal Court Finds McCarran-Ferguson Act Does Not Supersede the New York Convention or Chapter II of the FAA
August 10, 2020 by Christina Gallo
In a case involving an arbitration agreement between foreign nationals and U.S. citizens, which is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and its implementing legislation, chapter II of the FAA, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas found that the McCarran-Ferguson Act does not supersede the Convention or chapter II of the FAA, therefore directing the plaintiff's claims for insurance coverage to arbitration.
Plaintiff J.B. Hunt Transport Inc.'s claims arose out of a dispute concerning two insurance policies issued to it by Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's and Steadfast Insurance Co., under which the plaintiff sought defense and indemnity coverage for claims presented in a separate lawsuit involving the wrongful death of a woman by an employee of one of the plaintiff's contracted carriers.
Underwriters moved for arbitration pursuant to the arbitration provision in its policy with the plaintiff directing any disputes to an arbitrator. In its motion to compel, Underwriters argued that the Convention, which provides that the "court of a Contracting State … shall, at the request of one of the parties, refer the parties to arbitration," is controlling law under the Supremacy Clause, rendering the arbitration provision valid and enforceable. Conversely, the plaintiff argued that Arkansas law, which bars the enforcement of binding arbitration clauses in insurance contracts, should control pursuant to the McCarran-Ferguson Act, which creates a system of "reverse-preemption" for state insurance laws. Underwriters responded that the McCarran-Ferguson Act does not apply to the Convention or chapter II of the FAA and that, as a result, the court should enforce the arbitration provision. The lynchpin of Underwriters' argument was that the Convention and chapter II of the FAA are not "acts of Congress" subject to the McCarran-Ferguson Act. In support of its argument, Underwriters cited a variety of cases concluding that the McCarran-Ferguson Act does not supersede the Convention or chapter II of the FAA.
Steadfast also opposed Underwriters' motion for arbitration, arguing that it was not a party to the policy between Underwriters and the plaintiff and therefore was not subject to the arbitration provision. Steadfast asked the court to stay the plaintiff's claims against it in the event the court granted arbitration.
The district court held that the McCarran-Ferguson Act does not supersede the Convention or chapter II of the FAA. The court noted that the McCarran-Ferguson Act does not nullify international agreements, but rather is limited to domestic affairs. As such, the Convention and chapter II of the FAA are not within the scope of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, and the Convention and chapter II of the FAA are not reverse-preempted by Arkansas law barring the enforcement of arbitration agreements in insurance contracts.
After finding the Convention controls, the district court analyzed four factors to determine whether the Convention applied to the arbitration provision at issue: (1) whether a written arbitration agreement exists between the parties; (2) whether the arbitration provision provides for arbitration in the territory of a signatory of the Convention; (3) whether the relationship between the parties involves a commercial subject matter; and (4) whether the relationship between the parties is not entirely domestic. The district court found that the second and third requirements for applying the Convention were easily met where the arbitration provision stated that the arbitration should occur in New York, which is located within the signatory's territory, and the parties' insurer/insured relationship is commercial in nature.
As to the first and fourth requirements, the plaintiff argued that the Convention did not apply because the arbitration provision only applies to disputes between reinsurers and that the relationship between the plaintiff and Underwriters was entirely domestic because it obtained the Underwriters policy through a U.S.-based broker. The district court rejected both arguments, finding that the arbitration provision was part of the policy held by the plaintiff, and referenced the policy to which the plaintiff was a party. The court also noted that while the plaintiff may have gone through a U.S. broker, Underwriters is a foreign-based company, and the broker had to go through the U.K.'s insurance market.
The court also stayed the remaining claims against Steadfast until the conclusion of arbitration.
J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc. v. Steadfast Insurance Co., No. 5:20-cv-05049 (W.D. Ark. July 1, 2020).
Filed Under: Arbitration / Court Decisions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It's in the news again. A new study has just revealed that substituting artificial sweetener for sugar and fruit leads to increased weight gain, cravings for carbohydrate and insomnia as well as a possible link to diabetes.
Torta di noce, cioccolato e datteri.
In this latest study, fruit flies were fed artificial sweetener and afterwards, the flies consumed one-third more calories and one-third more food. They also found that artificial sweeteners promoted hyperactivity and insomnia. They concluded that if people eat sweeteners but do not actually get the equivalent amount of calories, they eat more food to make up for it. The increase in consumption of artificial sweeteners also coincided with the dramatic increase in the obesity and diabetes epidemic.
I have never used artificial sweeteners and I don't intend to soon. Fake foods worry me but then so does the the idea of eliminating sugar altogether from my diet. I'm wondering whether those who go 'sugar free' also behave like the fruit flies of the Sydney University study.
The cake in profile. Dense but light, not lite.
Once a week I make a cake. I get a couple of slices over a few days and the rest gets distributed to the hungry fruit fly visitors and family members. This cake covers any sugar cravings I might have for the week and contains a few healthy elements as well. The other bonus is that it only contains five ingredients and, once the ingredients are chopped, it can be thrown together in minutes. The dark chocolate adds rich notes, the nuts and dates add a healthy density and the lack of flour keeps it light.
The meringue cake just out of the oven.
Preheat oven to 180C. Butter a 23 cm springform cake tin then line with baking paper on the bottom and sides. Beat the egg whites until they are stiff then gradually add the sugar until they become glossy and meringue-like. Gently fold in the nuts, dates and chocolate. Bake for about an hour. Cool and serve.
No fruit flies on me. The cake with cream.
Tip: The nuts and chocolate can be roughly chopped ( separately) in the food processor. Pulse and stop the machine as you go. The dates need to be chopped by hand.
Oh good luck with the weight loss. 30 kg is rather a lot to lose. I rarely eat cake but make one a week just to appease the masses and have a weekly treat. Avoiding anything labelled lite or food that is in any way processed is my answer. Cheese is something I use in moderation too.
Oh my goodness, this looks delicious. I don't use artificial anything either. My husband, on the advice of his doctor, eats cholesterol lowering margarine. He used to tell me that he had run out and could I buy more. I refused, but he buys it himself anyway. I would go without a spread entirely rather than eat that rubbish.
I would too. Does he like nut butters? Hummus? Bread with olive oil and tomatoes? I can think of better things that that spread.
I can too. I have suggested other things, but because his doctor suggested it, he eats it. I use butter or olive oil when I cook and he has such a tiny scrape of the garbage that I don't worry too much about it.
I totally agree with you Francesca, I hate anything artificial. I enjoy a little piece of something almost every day. For me it is moderation. Your cake looks delicious.
Thanks Gerlinde, I agree- it's all about moderation.
I knew there was a reason for all those egg whites I froze after marathon ice cream making. There are only so many pavlovas one can eat. Am reserving this recipe for cooler months. Looks fab and I am sure is scrumptious.
Thanks Debi- it lasts a few days and impresses the guests.
I know how good this is, I posted the exact same recipe a few years ago!it was a cafe darling in the 90s. I have to comment about your plate too, I have an oddball collection I use for "best" including some of that exact same pattern. I don't start me on replacement foods….
Well, I have some frozen egg whites, just waiting to be used in this wonderful recipe.
Francesca that looks fantastic. That stash of egg whites in the freezer is at last going to come in handy. Everyone is making yummy things at the moment.
My youngest son lives in an area where people just stick things out any old time- he is well trained in the art of scavenging, as are all my children. Our hard rubbish has gone now- you have to book it in once a year. But some councils still have them and touring with a like minded scavenger is the go.
I hate the taste of artificial sweeteners. I can taste them straight away and it ruins the taste for me. Looks like a simple, tasty cake.
I've just made your ricotta, lemon, almond cake,Francesca, and I'm happy to report I didn't stuff it up! It's yum!! So this chocolate walnut cake is next on my list. I love to cook – and eat – but l'm not a confident cook – so when something is successful I feel a foot taller. I like Michael Pollan's mantra "eat food, mostly plants, not too much" – but i'm sure he would approve of cake as a treat – and the ricotta lemon, almond recipe would surely count as healthy, happy treat. Mr Tranquillo is such a sport posing for that lovely bean soup post – it's a lovely composition and we've just been given quite a lot of kale and tomatoes so bean soup is a project for the weekend. Many thanks for the pleasure, Francesca.
Hi Jan, so pleased that the lemon ricotta cake went well for you. I love that expression of Michael Pollans- must adopt it, its so fitting really.
Mr T is a kindly soul to go along with my mad schemes – once I get an idea in my head, that's it! Kale and tomatoes- lucky one, sounds like a good base for a ribollita soup.
True Dale, life's too short to go through a life of denial. Moderation is the go. Hope the travels are going well.
I always cook too much. I could bring the cake and you could supply the sticky.
If there's a cake recipe I love, it's one that includes the word "easy". lol. And meringue cakes are one of my favourites too. I can just imagine that delicious crunch!
yes, its the initial crunch that makes a meringue cake work so well.
I will definitely try this cake when I get home again. It sounds and looks delicious. My problem with making cake is not many others around to help eat it. Hubby is away a lot and so there I am with half a cake to myself!!
You could eat this cake Ardys. I have the same problem with cakes- but I still try to make one each week. I often send half home with my son, or if Mr T is working physically, he tends to eat more. Nice when you know someone's coming around.
This looks fantastic and I will be baking soon, great fruit fly imagery there!
'Baking it soon', I have sausage fingers today! Yes, life's too bloody short not to have a wee bit of something good.
I gave up on the sugar free fad when I realised dates were banned. Seriously? Life is too short. Today I read that alcohol causes cancer – I'm taking my chances with that one! Eating good food with a healthy provenance that hasn't been messed about with too much is what it's all about for me. So I'll take a slice of this cake please.
I have just made my second one of these…delicious. It will become a regular.
Great to hear it went well Debra.


Back pain is one of the most common ailments in the United States. The Mayo Clinic reports that it's one of the most common reasons people call into work for a sick day.
While back pain can be debilitating, rarely do you need surgery to ease your pain. And that coincides with our mission here at the Southeastern Spine Institute — to find the right kind of pain management for you without resorting to surgery.
Your spine physician in Charleston has access to a specialized Pain Management department that uses state-of-the-art techniques and equipment. In the same or subsequent visits, you'll also have access to a wide range of physical medicine and rehab options to help you prevent further back pain.
Practice these exercises daily for best results. Integrate the stretches you'll learn into your daily regimen, and you may soon learn to live without pain.


We are very excited to bring you a play by another one of our incredibly talented Propulsion Lab members! It's a new work that we're really excited to share with the Queens community. And by then let's hope New York is shaking off the last of it's winter doldrums and maybe, maybe Spring is showing up to the show.
Please RSVP – we expect this one to fill up quickly. Please let us know how many seats you need. This event is 100% free to the public – just the way we like it!
The Secret Theatre hosts theatre, musicals, dance, music, opera, film, video, classes, rehearsals, art openings, parties, film festivals and more. They produce both in house, co-produce and accept rental submissions.
Both of their current spaces are available for hire for rehearsals and performances – for more information on the venue, please visit The Secret Theatre.


As more and more applications moving into the cloud, the more and more securities that need to be handled carefully. Normally for WebApps whether it's a .NetFramework (or) .NetCore all the configuration and secrets were kept in `web.config` (or) `appsettings.json` all the connection string/ApplicationId/ApplicationSecrets/Passwords were stored in those configurations. But this should not be kept as directly in the configuration which is less secure.
Now, in this article, I'll explain how to manage secrets in your WebApps that is built on .Net Core 2.1. I'll majorly talk about 2 ways to achieve this.
If you look onto the 1st Pre-requisites.I've mentioned the version as bold, because of Microsoft released support for the secrets from the Version 15.8.
Great! We did it. So all the secrets were stored/access securely from AzureKeyVault.
So what will be the priority order of Overriding the config values?


The first official release from Portalights.
* Zooplace (2013) UK * - The copyright in this sound recording and artwork is owned by Whitelab Records Ltd (UK). Warning: All rights reserved. Unauthorised copying, reproduction, hiring, lending, public performance and broadcasting prohibited - Lyrics written by Will Poston, music written by Portalights, special guest Benji Faith. Recorded & produced by Daniel Squires & Jamie O'Connor, recorded at Soundskills Studios, editing & mastering by Daniel Squires & Jamie O'Connor at Soundskills Studios. Album artwork designed by Chris Mason.


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FREE FEATURE: Which is the ultimate V4? DESmo RR Vs Panigale V4 speciale!
14th December 2018 Sam Hewitt Bike Reviews, Features
A test of time, wallet size and of exotica, we pitched Ducati's GP-inspired Desmo RR against the firm's decade fresher Panigale V4 Speciale.
Silk sheets, the finest of wines and not even Ron Burgundy's wind flute performance can hold a candle to the suave delights of the charismatic V4. From a performance point of view it's possibly the greatest configuration of all time, typically comprising a rich delivery of torque with a high-revving disposition, meaning you get the ponies and the punch. And to make the deal even sweeter V4s are compact in all the right places, being only two cylinders broad and, dependant on the angle of the cylinders, petite in length too, meaning you can achieve short wheelbases and aerodynamically pleasing silhouettes.
Oh, and then there's the traction inducing drive to mention, and the perfectly harmonised primary balance (90̊). That's got to make them the perfect engine, right? Well, kind of. If you've ever changed the exhaust on one or, worse still, tried to remove or fit a bank of carbs (or injectors), your battered knuckles, crooked neck and willingness to put that bike on eBay the moment the job's done, would suggest you disagree.
To work on they can be a nightmare, and good luck trying to get the rear cylinders balanced or running at the same temperature as the front ones. Then there's the added costs involved in producing two lots of cylinders, heads, cams and what-not. Nah, they're not perfect, but they're still bloody brilliant. So brilliant that it's hard to ignore their consistent prescience in GP racing over many, many decades, on two-strokes and fours, always at the foreground of the field. It's the configuration that powers Marquez's conquering Honda RCV and, more fittingly in this case, Ducatis GP18, which is said to have inspired the Italian firm's first iteration of a mass-production V4 sportsbike… the Panigale V4.
Of course, that's if you choose to ignore the last mass-production V4 they made, which was a much closer mirror image of the firm's 2006 MotoGP steed. Yes, I'm talking about the 'sell your kidneys to own one' Desmocedicci RR you see before you, which had me and Boothy acting like pubescent schoolboys when arguing who should ride it first. I won (if you're asking?), but more importantly, here's what we made of this most exotic of pairings…
The V4 origins…
Having first appeared in an automobile in the late 19th century, it wasn't until the 1930s that V4s became apparent in two-wheels.
Pioneering the configuration was Matchless with the 592cc Silver Hawk, which used the same unique monoblock 26̊ cylinder design, as had been perfected on the brand's V-twin Silver Arrow in 1929. The extremely narrow angled cylinders allowed the engine to be compact, and fed by a single carburettor for all four cylinders.
Sporting OHC technology and a dry sump, the Matchless was ahead of its time, but it failed to sell successfully and was dropped from the line-up in 1935. Picking up where Matchless had left off, rivals AJS showcased its Bert Colliers designed 50̊ V4 racer in '35, which never made it into production despite four years of development work. This fact aside, the V4's many virtues had been highlighted and other manufacturers would pick up where the British firms left off. Throughout the following decades many more brands toyed with the V4 concept, with Honda picking up the mantle in 1978 when it unveiled its NR500 V4 GP Racer. Built to challenge the reign of the two-strokes, the motorcycle never achieved what it was intended to do, but Honda's obsession with V4s was well and truly solidified and remains a core configuration for the Japanese firm to this day.
The V4 is the motor of choice, proving to be that perfect compromise between a v-twin and in-line-four.
Ducati Desmodedici RR
Any fans of roast chestnuts out there? Me neither, especially when they're your own, cooking slowly on a Desmo's underseat exhaust.
But sometimes there's a price to be paid, and this was the going rate for blitzing around on a one-time MotoGP machine. Well, as near as dammit. 2006 might seem a long time ago now, but I remember it like yesterday, watching the vertically challenged Loris Capirossi scrapping it out with his unwieldy Ducati GP6, hoping for some form of submission. It looked a right weapon; a fire breather with an iconic look and an equally iconic soundtrack. What wasn't there to like about the steel framed wonder that sported the only V4 engine on the Grand Prix grid?
Clearly I wasn't the only one to think that way as following a mid-season announcement that the Italian maestros were looking to make a road-going replica for 2007, over 1,500 sold as quickly as they were built. And this was one of them… number 583 off the production line. Box fresh in'07 it'd hit the showrooms with a cool £40k price tag, but owing to limited numbers and the natural effects of aged desirability, current owners The Bike Specialists want a tear-jerking £59,980 to part with its company – and you'll pay even more if you want one of their zero mile examples. For me, there was only ever one question: Was it worth it?
On stats alone the answer was no. The bike claimed in the region of 200bhp, but on the dyno it showed 177 ponies. Still respectable, but by today's standards it was some way short of the mark. And the same could be said about its tech arsenal… or lack of; I've seen more sophisticated saucepans. If you're a traction control abuser, or love a bit of ABS, it's time to stop reading because the Desmo has none of that. And don't even think to ask if it's got one of those fancy pants coloured dashes, because I think we both know the answer.
Being a purveyor of raw, unadulterated motorcycling, this would've typically been music to my ears, but glancing at the bike's shiny, brand-new, decade old Bridgestone BT-01s got me bricking it like the time Pretty Boy took me to his favourite gentleman's club. Thankfully Boothy came up with the smart idea to slot tyre warmers on the rubber before taking the Desmo for a walk. While they were cooking, we were looking, scouring every inch of this stunningly crafted masterpiece. I could see it was old, somewhat basic even, but the design, the finish and general aura of the Desmo had me hooked, line and sinker. It was dripping in carbon, from the fairings to the clock shroud, and nice little touches like the remote brake lever adjuster helped it carry that air of racing goodness.
This was no two-bit tribute. It might have been a few years old, but the motor had clocked less than a thousand miles. Without any hesitation, at the touch of a button, the V4 boomed into life, scaring off the local cats and building our excitement. It had the looks, it had the noise, but it didn't have an obliging clutch. There's nothing surreptitious about the Desmo, which means you get a crowd wherever you are, and the office car park was no exception. Just as I went to dump the clutch, the bike lurched a foot and stalled. It was hard to concentrate through all the laughter on my second attempt, but by the third time the sticking clutch had unstuck… and we were away.
First impression; it was no rocket. Maybe I'd built up the hype in my head, but as I made it out onto the main road and opened up the throttle, the Desmo failed to deliver. Sure, it was fast, but not fast in a way I'd expected it to be. It felt a little asthmatic even, though the torque from low down was decent enough, and the power delivery seemed straighter than a line of cocaine. The fuelling was good and the joyride was aided by the weirdest looking quickshifter that sported a 'built in the garden shed' appearance. It was about the only rider aid on the bike, which seemed to operate via two springs and a pressure plate; looking more like an antiquity than a state of the art system – which it would have been back then.
Looks aside, it worked a treat, and I only wished the bike could've boasted a blipper too. Heaven forbid, as it didn't I had to apply a little manual labour on my downshifts, squeezing in the clutch lever each time I notched the 'box down a selection. The process was slick enough, but the mechanical noise seemed exaggerated and strained. Here was a bike purposely crafted for abuse, yet because of a few funny noises I felt obliged to treat it with kid gloves, gingerly suggesting it did a certain gear change or revved to a certain level. I just didn't feel as at home on it as I would've been on a new bike a tenth as costly.
As it happened, the sensations in the corners were equally as un-endearing. With the tyres up to temp, I didn't hang about when getting the sheen off of them, firing into corners and reaching full lean long before the rubber had chance to cool off. But the stiff, almost wooden, feel from the bike's über stiff Öhlins took some getting used to. I've ridden bikes with the same feeling before and setups that stiff demand your commitment. You've got to work them hard to be operating them in their range, and on the roads that was near impossible. Here was a bike built for Grand Prixs, for rear wheel drifts and entering corners pinned in sixth. Essentially, for all the antics I wasn't partaking in as I tickled the beast through bumpy bends along battered back lanes. Of course it was going to feel a bit of a handful, made all the more queer by its 16-inch rear.
The Desmo was unorthodox in every possible way, but that didn't make it un-rideable, it just meant you had to get used to it. One thing in particular both Boothy and I got spooked by was the way the front end seemed to flop unsupported when cranked on its ear. The bike proved fast to steer, even stable in a corner, but it had this weird habit of the 'bars flopping inwards marginally, at full lean. The HR department would not have been happy about writing one of these off, but luckily that conversation never made the airwaves. It was just another trait we had to learn, and a reality we could have possibly even dialled out by fettling the pogos – if we'd of had the right tools.
With the bike on loan for a few days, it meant I also got chance to ride it less intensely – you know, to pop to the shops on and take in the odd cream tea. At the faster end of the scale the Desmo had been unnerving on the roads. At a slower pace, it proved torturous. On a hot day, tootling through traffic, there's arguably no worse bike to ride. For starters it's quick to overheat, with the temperature gauge on its Dot Matrix dash rising faster than Boothy's bar bill. This bike craves air to cool it, which means, principally, you can't get stuck in traffic.
And if it does, your balls pay the price – big time. Like a sadistic 10th century torture device, the heat hits you from the seat below and the metal tank in front, reducing your sperm count to zero before you'd had chance to scream. The heat's relentless, forcing you into standing on the pegs or making rash overtakes to seek that much craved cool air. I've never known another bike quite like it, but then again, this Ducati's pretty unique. Another few points worth mentioning are the extremely limited steering lock, just like you'd find on a race bike, and the practically hidden side stand, which leave you with the option on scratching up the carbon fairings to try and hook it, or bending down and using your hand –regardless of the looks you get.
For the sake of my wallet, I quickly adapted to the latter system. Still, despite it few idiosyncrasies, I really enjoyed my time with the Desmo. It's not a great road bike, it's not particularly fast, but there's something unexplainably special about rocking up at the traffic lights on a GP-mirroring motorcycle. As to whether its £60k special, that's one for my bank manager to decide.
Verdict – 7/10
If you dream of riding a GP bike, this is possibly the closest you'll ever get. A special bike to ride and guaranteed to turn heads. It's pricey but you're buying a piece of history.
+ Looks, sound, iconic status
– No tech, steady motor
Ducati Desmosedici RR
177bhp V4
171kg dry weight
Dripping in carbon
Awesome agility
GP looks and noise
Braking – 7 – Not the best
Stability – 8 – Best bump-free
Agility – 9 – Loves to flop
Drive – 7 – Above average
Fun – 7 – It does the job
Boothy's bluff – Desmo RR
I always wanted to be a MotoGP rider, so when I got the chance to ride the Desmo I was like a kid at Christmas. I couldn't wait.
It wasn't until I actually got on-board, though, that I grasped the reality of the situation – I was sat on a £60k MotoGP bike for the road, a bike which has been designed for professional GP racers to use on billiard-table-smooth circuits, not a washed up second rate Superstock racer on Lincolnshire's finest highways.
The novelty of riding such a valuable and exciting bike soon turned into fear and panic. What if I broke it, or worse, crashed it? I'll give the Ducati its due; it was quite a thing to ride. It was super stiff and I could feel how eager the thing was to get on its ear, but its willingness to turn made everything feel a bit twitchy and nervous. Which made me even more twitchy and nervous. I'm really glad to have had the opportunity to ride a Desmosedici but, in all honestly, I enjoy telling people that I have ridden one more than I enjoyed actually riding it.
Ducati Panigale V4 Speciale
I'll admit to living a little crazy at times and opting for the profiteroles off a specials board, regardless of the few quid extra they might cost. But whether I could defend spending £35k on a spec'd up Panigale V4 Speciale, when the justifiably good base model weighs in some £15,745 cheaper, kept me up pondering at night. It was a question that needed answering, and one which I managed to do so during a two week loan of the fanciest V4 on the market.
Like a kid at Christmas, minus the crappy jumper and piles of shredded wrapping paper, my life was lit up exponentially when the van doors opened and a 222bhp beauty was wheeled out before me, regaled in a striking tricolore design and sporting more shiny bits than you'll find in a tart's handbag. Did I like the look of it? I loved it, especially once I'd taken the time to explore all of its intimacies. There was no ignoring the serpent like flow of the stunning titanium Akrapovic exhaust system, or the adjustable CNC machined rearsets or the detail-stitched Alcantara saddle, which felt as nice as it looked. For a good few moments my eyes didn't stop twitching… But then they did, and my mind started ticking.
Paintwork aside, there were relatively finite differences between this and the mid-range V4S, which packs the same second generation Öhlins electronically adjusted suspension, the same wheels, the same motor and mirrors it in a multitude of other ways (including the same shaky mirrors) – all for £11,100 less. Now call me cynical but after my scant orgy of an overview I was left 'wanting' for some epic wow factor that, as delectably presentable as the Speciale was, kitted out with its race-inspired front brake lever guard, carbon heal plates, mudguards and an exhaust cover made from the same featherweight material, I just couldn't find.
Not even the machined top-yoke with its exclusive and numbered yoke (number 108 of just 1500 in production, if you're asking) warranted the massive price difference over the V4S, or at least to my penny-pinching mind. Surely, there had to be something more to the Speciale, something that would make it a bit more special, and I hoped that would become clear when giving the bike a good old throttling.
Firstly, a word of caution; this bike is loud.
Seriously loud!
Alongside the race screen, a fancy bike cover and the altered mapping that comes as part of the 'race package', you also get the funky looking titanium Akrpaovic race system and that makes the biggest of impacts; both visually and audibly. It's largely responsible for the 2kg weight saving over the V4S, and it's also the main reason the output gets cranked up by 10bhp. And the other thing it's good at is pissing off your neighbours. Just below the hi-tech colour TFT dash, on which you'd think you could monitor the stock market and launch nukes, is a 107dB sticker that shouldn't be taken with a pinch of salt. It means it, and it also means you can wave your neighbourhood friendships goodbye. But more importantly, and devastatingly, it means trackdays are off the radar… aside from those once a year delicacies where you get to ride unsilenced.
That was something I hadn't factored in, and I wasn't pleased to learn. Still, all was forgiven after I'd taken my first ride and realised the brilliance of the beast. On the roads every V4 I've ridden has proven to be an absolute hoot, arguably even the best street bikes on the market.
They're big, comfy and pack shed loads of torque. When the V4 first came out people were concerned that the motor wouldn't deliver the instant, hard hitting fix of drive that L-twins possessed. They were wrong to. Arguably, the torque isn't as intense, but that's not such a bad thing. The spread of power seems greater, and you've got extra revs at the top end to play with (thanks to a higher 14,500rpm limiter), assuming you've had your spinach and can handle the pace of this thing. V4s are rocketships, regardless of spec, as the Speciale reiterated. Of course, this particular Ducati came laced with an extra 10bhp of madness, but I'd be a liar if I said I could notice it.
What I did learn over that inaugural blast, and the many, many others I had, was a lack of power was never on the cards. The initial pickup did feel slightly abrupt, but once rolling the fuelling was creamier than a slice of Wensleydale. It stopped for nothing, being governed by a light and accurate electronic throttle, sporting special Speciale handlebar grips – simply lovely!
What wasn't so lovely was the motor's tendency to stall when setting off from junctions, if you were anything like meagre with throwing revs into the mix. Boothy managed the feat on a few occasions, and I couldn't stop laughing at him, mostly because he didn't know I'd been stalling it too. The clutch purchase doesn't help in this department. The Speciale gets spec'd up with Rizoma folding levers which is all well and good, but even using the span adjustment they offer you can't substantially alter the biting point of the engine, which sits not far off of the 'bar.
It takes a bit of getting used to. In Race mode, the sportiest of the three riding modes (Race, Sport, Street), I found the throttle a little too eager in town, making for a jerky ride, but switching to Sport proved a good solution. To be fair, even when out of town Sport mode never failed to deliver the drive and excitement I hoped for (I reckon it was worth an extra mile per gallon, too).
So far so good, and that's the general theme of the V4 Speciale; In fact, it's better than good – it's brilliant. But much of what I'm telling you would be relatable to owners of the base or S versions. If it wasn't for the racing fuel filler or 'Speciale' branding that stares up at you from the side of the slightly taller racing screen, I could have easily believed I was riding a V4S. With the same geometry and same firm Öhlins suspension, the Speciale felt familiar from the get-go. I liked the way it handled, proving lithe and effortless to throw around. The stiff, minimalist chassis fought the pogos in the same way the 'S' did, letting off a tell-tale weave when ridden hard out of bends as the carbon-clad swingarm worked hard to stabilise the package.
That said it felt a largely planted bike, but a characterful one at that, mostly down to the punch of the motor. It's not normal to get fourth gear power wheelies on motorcycles, but the V4's torque would claim otherwise. And it's because the motor is so ferocious, and the frame so small and stiff, that you get these playful notions from the Ducati when you're cracking on. I kind of liked it, but I couldn't adapt to the sheer stiffness of the ride when I wasn't striving for lap records. The Speciale was clearly designed for silky smooth race tracks, not my local back lanes. I played around quite a bit with the electronically adjustable setup, which allows you to prioritise between handling or comfort. Even with the bike on the softest of its 10 settings, it still felt too hard and proved only marginally more forgiving on the rough stuff. At least that fancy saddle was comfy, albeit a little toasty at times. Whether it was down to the sleeker carbon fibre exhaust guard or even the makeup of the titanium system, the Speciale definitely felt hotter than its siblings.
In total I clocked over 400 miles on the £35k wonder weapon, which hooked me under its spell. Great ergonomics, sharp looks and a monstrous motor were its biggest draws, topped off by the knowledge that you were riding something more than a bit glitzy. The other things that deserve a strong mention are the flawless electronics the bike boasts, including a blipper, shifter, engine brake control and even slide control function. On the road there's no chance you can properly grasp their potential, but everything from the traction control package to the less-invasive ABS (which can be switched off up front), proved a notch above any other brand's offerings –as has been the case for a while now on Ducatis. Hell, the Speciale even sports GPS and a data analyser to you can check out your lines, your braking pressure, lean angle and loads of other factors that you've just unleashed on your last thrash.
The V4 concept is next level, but I'm not sure I can say the same about the Speciale when compared to the standard and V4S models. Sure as hell I could see the bike's wow-factor, even Stevie Wonder could've, but it was near identical to that of the other two models – only much louder. As for image, yeah, it might get you a few more bras thrown your way, but no more than you could achieve by splashing out on a base model and tarting it up with a new painjob and some glitzy bits to help you look like a racer. Personally, I'm not sold on the massive price hike, but don't let me stop you delving deep in your pockets. I think I'll stick to the profiteroles.
Great looks, awesome power and a truly rich character make this bike as special as its name suggests, but it comes at a price. If you've got the cash, here's your chance for a bit of exclusivity.
+ Unreal motor, GP soundtrack, killer looks
– Too pricy
Razor handling
Loads of carbon
Amazing tech
Braking – 10 – As good as it gets
Stability – 8 – Likes it smooth
Agility – 9 – Happy hustler
Drive – 10 – Heavyweight bruiser
Fun – 9 – Oh yes!
Boothy's Bluff: Panigale V4 Speciale
Even in its base trim, I love the new Panigale V4 – it's such an exciting bike to ride, so I was really excited to ride the Speciale. So much so that I forgot to put my earplugs in. Huge mistake.
The sound from that Akrapovic exhaust nearly made my ears fall off. It sounds great but it's very, very noisy. Aside from that, it's very similar to any other Panigale V4; it's fast, its nimble, the breaks are awesome and it looks great. Ok it looks better than great in its fancy pants tri-colour livery and it was more than just fast, it was absolutely bonkersly fast, with wheelie inducing power from tick-over to redline. But the V4S, and even the standard V4, don't look bad and certainly aren't slow – and they might not be a cheap alternative but they are a fraction of the price of a Speciale.
I did enjoy riding the Speciale, but it was bordering on being too loud for me – although if you spend £35k on a bike I suppose you'll want people to notice you.
Electric avenue…
In some way the Desmo RR's lack of electronics counted against it as despite the GP bike running traction control, the Desmo was given nothing in the way of assists. Considering its price tag this was a bit of an omission, especially as the 1098R arrived just a year later with a traction control system, taking a bit of the shine off the RR. The Panigale is left lacking nothing with the latest generation of Ducati's electronic assists, called EVO. Controlled by 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the Panigale has three-level cornering ABS, Ducati Traction Control EVO with a 'spin on demand' function, two-level Slide Control, Wheelie Control, three-level Power Launch, an up and down quickshifter, Engine Brake Control, three Riding Modes and even semi-active suspension on the S model. The desmo RR has nothing and its mode button just alters the dash's display…
Desmosedici RR vs Panigale V4 – what makes them tick?
Both the RR and Panigale run a 90-degree V4 motor with a desmodromic valve train, so in this aspect they are similar, however the V4's crank rotates counter-clockwise while the RR's runs clockwise. MotoGP bikes also generally run counter clockwise, however Ducati never admitted when their GP bike adopted this format.
Based on the GP6 MotoGP bike, the Desmo runs a 989cc capacity through an 86mm x 42.56mm bore and stroke (MotoGP swapped to 800cc in 2007 from 990cc) while the Panigale is 1103cc with a 81mm x 53.4mm bore and stroke. Which shows just how massive the RR's bore was! Both bikes run a desmo valve train, but the RR has gear driven cams with titanium valves while the Panigale has steel valves with a cam chain turning the one cam, which turns the other via a gear. And while the RR has sand-cast cases, the Panigale has gravity die-cast items, which are faster and easier to mass produce, with magnesium used on non-stressed covers. The RR also gets a cassette gearbox, which the Panigale lacks, but both bikes have slipper clutches.
When it comes to power, the RR makes a measured 177bhp @ 13,750rpm with 104Nm of torque while the Panigale churns out 198.5bhp @ 13,000rpm with 118Nm, helped by its extra capacity and variable length intake funnels, which the RR lacks.
Desmosedici RR vs Panigale V4 – under the skin
The MotoGP bike's chassis has long been a source of frustration for Ducati and the race team has experimented with a carbon monocoque, steel trellis and aluminium beam, which it now runs. In the early days it used Ducati's traditional steel trellis, which is what the RR runs where the Panigale has the firm's new aluminium alloy 'Front Frame,' which is an evolution of the monocoque design debuted on the 1199 Panigale. With an adjustable rake of 23.5-24.5-degrees (claimed by Ducati to be the same geometry as the GP6) and 1430mm wheelbase, the RR is shorter than the 1469mm Panigale, which has a fixed 24.5-degree rake. Uniquely, the RR also runs a 16-inch rear wheel (which was the size used in MotoGP at the time) where the Panigale has the now industry standard 17-inch items. The RR also manages to usurp the Panigale by having its Marchesini wheels made from magnesium alloy where the V4 has forged aluminium wheels. Impressively, the RR's rear is a 200-section, like the Panigale's, but the modern bike's tyre has a taller 60 profile where the RR is a 55.
Suspension-wise, the RR was the first, and only, road bike to run Öhlins FG353 gas-pressurised forks, while the Panigale gets event-based Öhlins Smart E 2.0 semi-active suspension. Both use 43mm diameter forks and both run Öhlins shocks, but again the Panigale's shock is semi-active.
Due to its GP heritage, the RR gained a double-sided swingarm where the Panigale gets a single-sided unit. This is very much a race track vs fashion and style decision and it is believed the WSB-homologation Panigale will have a double-sided swingarm as it is both stiffer and lighter, which matters on a track.
When it comes to stoppers, it's radial four-piston monoblock Brembos all the way, however the Panigale benefits from the latest design and caliper construction, not to mention electronic back up…
Finally, the RR has a carbon fairing and self-supporting carbon seat unit where the Panigale has a plastic fairing with a shell-cast aluminium subframe that mounts to the rear cylinders and the frame.
Desmosedici RR vs Panigale V4 – electronics
In some way the RR's lack of electronics counted against it as despite the GP bike running traction control, the Desmo was given nothing in the way of assists. Considering its price tag this was a bit of an omission, especially as the 1098R arrived just a year later with a traction control system, taking a bit of the shine off the RR. The Panigale is left lacking nothing with the latest generation of Ducati's electronic assists, called EVO. Controlled by 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the Panigale has three-level cornering ABS, Ducati Traction Control EVO with a 'spin on demand' function, two-level Slide Control, Wheelie Control, three-level Power Launch, an up and down quickshifter, Engine Brake Control, three Riding Modes and even semi-active suspension on the S model. The desmo RR has nothing and its mode button just alters the dash's display…
So there we have it, two very special motorcycles. As to which one you should go for, that's a pretty subjective decision… and one your bank balance is likely to have something to say about. But if money's no problem and you were to choose a bike using your noggin, there is only one choice. For the easy life, the greatest amount of power and the best tech to keep you from launching yourself down the road, the Speciale wins hands down.
I really did enjoying blitzing it around, proving effortlessly adaptable to all roads, speeds and conditions. It was a piece of piss to ride, being so much more predictable and manageable than the Desmo – especially where cornering was concerned. It was the most comfortable too and lacked the air of intensity that came with hammering around an irreplaceable £60k Desmo. But nerves and edginess aside, the RR really did feel special.
From a performance point of view it might not have been anything exceptional, but it was the one my heart enjoyed most. The Desmo has reached iconic status, like that favoured t-shirt you keep in your wardrobe that's slightly faded, has the odd Pot Noodle stain and probably doesn't fit anymore, but reminds you of the best summer you've ever known. Essentially, it's precious, and better for ogling than riding, but for some people that's all they need, and who am I to question them? If I won the lottery I'd definitely buy one, it'd take pride of place in my lounge, and it'd sport big Marlborough livery across those vacant white spaces. I can see it now, even if my bank balance can't. But hey, we can all dream, right?
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Enrolment of foreign students and students with foreign qualifications as day scholars for degree programs at KDU
Post by SLDHC Chennai Last Updated on Aug 17, 2022
Common Eligibility Requirements
Candidates with results at a foreign examination held outside Sri Lanka, deemed equivalent to G.C.E (Advanced Level) Examination of Sri Lanka or qualifications required for admission to a university in an applicant's own country to follow an undergraduate course of study leading to a Bachelor's Degree.
All Sri Lankan candidates should have studied abroad for a period of not less than three academic years immediately prior to sitting the qualifying examination.
A candidate should be between 17-30 years of age by the closing date of applications for degree programmes except the MBBS degree programme. Age limit for MBBS degree programme is 17-25 years of age by the closing date of applications. Candidate who have completed another related degree qualification are eligible to apply for the MBBS degree programme if the age is not more than 27 years at the closing date of applications
Closing date 31st October 2022
Advertisement https://www.kdu.ac.lk/
Mission Press Releases, Press Release
Deputy High Commissioner of Sri Lanka in Chennai hosts a dinner for Heads of the Mission in Chennai
Reopening of Mahabodhi Centre in Chennai
Scheme to grant permits to import electric vehicles by the Sri Lankans working abroad
Press Release – Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Consular, Press Release
COMMENCEMENT OF WORK YEAR – 2022
The Deputy High Commissioner of Sri Lanka for Southern India, Dr. D. Venkateshwaran, paid a courtesy call on the Honorable Governor of Tamil Nadu, Mr. R. N. Ravi
Cultural Events, Press Release
Deepavali Celebrations -2021
Mission Press Releases, Press Release, Tourism Promotion, Trade
Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission hosts two out bound tour operator delegations
Sri Lankans in collaboration with ICTA
Limitation of Consular Services


Dipran designs and manufactures equipment and machines for bottling exclusively in Italy.
Each system starts from the design of a layout based on specific customer requirements, feasibility and functionality studies.
The manufacturing process aims at the creation of machines that can meet the needs of all the processing cycles of a bottling plant, such as rinsers, blowing machines, sterilizers, different filling systems, monobloc or multibloc machines (rinser-filler-capper).
Our fillers are designed for different filling systems: isobaric, light pressure, with assistance of vacuum and gravity fillers. Dipran S.r.l. also produces conveyors for each type of product: glass and plastic bottles, cans, briks, cartons, bundles and pallets. Dipran's most appreciated products are special "turnkey" complete systems. Customized systems include the mechanical, the hydraulic, the electrical and the electronic part, as well as operators' training provided by a specialized staff. Our equipment is used mainly in the food industry, where there is a greater demand of bottling systems, washing lines and sterilization for plain or carbonated liquid products such as water, wine, sparkling wine, soft drinks, fruit juices, milk, Balsamic Vinegar, alcoholic drinks, but also in other branches such as the chemical/pharmaceutical sector where the transport and packaging of a product is required.
Bottle washing machines: Rinsers, blowers and sterilizers.


IQS Directory is a top industrial directory listing of leading industrial copper forging manufacturers and suppliers in Michigan. Access our comprehensive index to review and source copper forging manufacturers with preview ads and detailed product descriptions. These copper forging companies can design, engineer and manufacture copper forgings to your specifications and application needs. A quick and easy to use request for quote form is provided for you to contact these copper forging manufacturers and suppliers. Each company has detailed profile information, locations, phone number, website links, product videos and product information defined. Read customer reviews and product specific news articles. We are the right resource for your information requirement whether its for a manufacturer of closed die forgings, carbon steel forgings, or carbon steel forgings.
Founded in 1956 as a small blacksmith shop, Lansing Forge Inc. is a family run business that has become a nation-wide supplier of top quality forged hand tools. In the mold of our blacksmith beginnings Lansing Forge is known throughout the industry as a producer of the finest forging tongs on the market. As the time has passed LFI has grown and so has the depth and breadth of our product line. Copper Forgings in Michigan.
From the procurement of raw materials to metal forging, heat treatment, machining and testing, Weldaloy Products Company is a vertically-integrated company which focuses on accuracy, reliability and consistent quality. With over 60 years of experience in the industry, Weldaloy specializes in custom products such as seamless rolled rings, closed die forgings, copper and aluminum forgings and more. Copper Forgings in Michigan.
Our 51 forging cells include hammer, press and upset capabilities. Production is distributed between six forge facilities. Our forge equipment's range of sizes with built-in redundancies allows us to produce almost any forging product. We can accommodate your needs with wide-ranging forming practices for complex geometric shapes. Forge Resources Group has significant experience adapting existing tools as well, especially if you have a die you would like to transfer. Copper Forgings in Illinois.
IQE based in the US, with manufacturing in China, supplies high quality and low cost Steel Forging including Open die forging and Closed die forging; and secondary operations, such as, Machining, Plating. We also provide stainless steel forging, and aluminum forging. Our suppliers are ISO9001-2000 or ISO/TS16949 certificated. Copper Forgings in Indiana.
We are committed to working with the latest and most advanced forging technology in the industry. We are dedicated to continuously improve the industry and your customer service experience. Our team of dedicated and seasoned professionals work to make sure that you have everything you'll need. For more information on our superalloy forging services, give us a call today! Copper Forgings in Indiana.
Since 1999, Tarunsika, Inc. has been your go-to for top-quality custom solutions at competitive prices. Serving the automotive industry, farming industry, general industrial manufacturers and many more. For more information on our products or to learn how we can help you, contact us today. Copper Forgings in Ontario.


Abstract: High profile cases have raised public awareness of racial bias in the outcomes of police interactions in the United States. In response, a growing number of police departments are joining the nationwide movement to publish data associated with traffic stops in an effort to encourage understanding while promoting accountability for individual officers within and across police districts.
Police interaction disparities are often studied along a single dimension (for example, race) without accounting for differences in other driver characteristics (age, driving history), the type of moving violation observed, officer characteristics (years of service, rank, prior complaints, awards), vehicle characteristics (make, model, year, condition, history of infractions), geographic location of the traffic stop, driving conditions (weather, school zone proximity), time of day, time of the month, and other factors. Unsupervised learning techniques such as clustering could be used to create traffic stop segments, or subgroups of traffic stops that have similar attributes. These segments facilitate comparison of similar encounters with respect to any number of outcomes, including citation issuance, whether the driver was arrested, whether a search was conducted, etc.
Segmentation analyses help elucidate the nuanced relationship between race and traffic stop outcomes when evaluated in the context of other factors. In this presentation, we will describe the proposed framework for studying racial bias in police interventions using segmentation analysis. We will demonstrate how these techniques were used to find examples of racial bias in the Illinois Traffic Stop Study data that were masked in bivariate studies of race and traffic stop outcomes.


Two people in Joplin have died from a fungal infection in their tornado wounds. Kendra Williams from the Green County Health department in Springfield says the fungus that causes it was kicked up into the air by the tornado.
The infections aren't contagious, and because most people would have shown signs of infection by now, Williams says they probably won't see any more cases of it.
She says the type of bacteria that causes this infection is native to the area, and these types of wounds are common during a disaster like this. She says the people who died from the infection probably had a medical condition before the tornado hit.
The fungus manifests itself in a wound and can cause swelling, pain and in some cases it can start to kill the skin. She said in really bad cases doctors can actually see the fungus growing in the wound.


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Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products The Official Journal of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
WoS | ESCI
Journal Information Board & Committee Join JJNPP Editorial Indexing and Listing Sources Journal Metrics Open Peer Review (OPR) Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement Contact Us
Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and Antimicrobial Activities of Padina australis Extracts
Vajihe Akbari 1 , Fereshteh Safaiee 2 , Afsaneh Yegdaneh 2 , *
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2 Department of Pharmacognosy and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
* Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmacognosy and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Email: [email protected]
How to Cite: Akbari V, Safaiee F, Yegdaneh A. Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and Antimicrobial Activities of Padina australis Extracts, Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2020 ; 15(4):e68304. doi: 10.5812/jjnpp.68304.
Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products: 15 (4); e68304
Published Online: January 3, 2021
Revised: January 15, 2019
DOI : 10.5812/jjnpp.68304
Image Credit: Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod
Objectives: Marine seaweeds synthesize different metabolites with various biological activities, including antimicrobial effects. The main object of this study was to fractionate the seaweed Padina australis and analyze the antimicrobial activities of these fractions to isolate the bioactive compounds.
Methods: Padina australis was collected from the Persian Gulf and extracted by maceration with methanol-ethyl acetate solvent. The extract was evaporated and partitioned by the Kupchan method to yield hexane, dichloromethane, water, and butanol partitions. Dichloromethane partition was further fractionated by MPLC, and antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and all fractions were investigated using disc diffusion and agar plate count methods. The MIC values of hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and butanol partitions and all fractions were calculated.
Results: Fraction numbers 11, 4, and 7 showed the highest inhibitory effect with MIC value of 87 µg/mL, 156 µg/mL, and 156 µg/mL against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, respectively.
Conclusions: This study reveals that different fractions of P. australis have antimicrobial activities against various microorganisms.
Persian Gulf Seaweed Padina australis Anti-Microbe
Despite many signs of progress in the development and production of antibiotics, infectious diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis are considered a global problem mainly in developing countries. Bacterial resistance practically to β-lactams (e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) and quinolones (e.g., fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas) has attracted many attentions to the research for novel and natural candidate drug, especially from marine sources (1).
Marine habitat is an important source of biologically active metabolites. A large number of marine compounds are different from terrestrial natural metabolites due to the unique physical and chemical conditions in the marine litter (2). So different marine organisms such as seaweeds, sponges, corals, fungi, and ascidians contain potent metabolites with characteristic structural and chemical features. In the field of marine plants, there are more than 2,400 marine natural compounds isolated only from seaweeds of subtropical and tropical populations (3).
A number of researches exhibited that seaweeds are important resources of natural drug development. They have different kinds of metabolites, such as terpenoid compounds, amino acids, steroids, phlorotannins, phenolic compounds, halogenated compounds, particularly ketones, glycolipids, and cyclic polysulphides (4). Novel structures and also novel mechanisms of action of these metabolisms have led to the isolation of bioactive substances, which show great potential as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial, antitumor, and anti-Alzheimer activities (5-11).
More than 6,000 species of seaweeds have been identified around the world and are classified by their color to brown (Phaeophyta), green (Chlorophyta), and red (Rhodophyta). Some species of seaweeds have been used as a food source from ancient times (12). Dictyotaceae is a huge family of brown algae (class Phaeophyceae) with interesting secondary metabolites and biological activities. The genera such as calcareous, Lobophora, Distromium, Padina, and Dictyota belong to this family (13).
Iran has a rich resource of marines on its coastlines of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. A recent report has introduced more than 150 species of marine seaweeds from various provinces of this country. Despite the high amount of marine algae in this region, there have been only a few studies on the pharmacological properties of these seaweeds. The aim of the present study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity of extract and also various fractions of the brown alga P. australis collected from the Persian Gulf in order to isolate the active metabolites.
3. Methods
3.1. Authentication of Plant Material
P. australis was collected in autumn 2015 from Bushehr, a Southwest coastline of the Persian Gulf Voucher specimens were coded in the herbarium of the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and were identified by the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Bushehr as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The seaweed Padina australis from the Persian Gulf.
3.2. Preparation of the Extracts
The algae were dried at room temperature in the shade, powdered, and then extracted by maceration method with methanol-ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (1:1) at room temperature. The extraction method was repeated four times, and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum and partitioned by the Kupchan method to yield hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water partitions. In this method, the extract was partitioned between MeOH 90% and hexane, MeOH 80% and dichloromethane, respectively. Finally, the MeOH solvent was removed completely, and the remaining water was partitioned with ButOH. The partitions were subject to antimicrobial test (14).
Dichloromethane extract was subject to MPLC. The stationary phase was Silica gel, and a gradient solvent system from pure hexane to 100% EtOAc was used as the mobile phase. The eluates were checked by TLC and 1HNMR spectra and were divided into 15 fractions (Fractions. 1 - 15) TLC was done on silica gel plates and hexane; EtOAc as the solvent. Fractions were further tested about their antimicrobial activity.
3.3. Microorganisms
Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC1337), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTCC1074), Escherichia coli (PTCC1338), and Candida albicans (PTCC5027) were obtained from the Persian Type Culture Collection. S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were subcultured on Nutrient agar plates and incubated at 37°C. C. albicans, the yeast-like fungus, was subcultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plate and incubated at 25°C.
3.4. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity
3.4.1. Disc Diffusion Method
The hexane, dichloromethane, water, and butanol partitions of P. australis were dissolved in 1 % DMSO and passed through a 0.22 µ filter. The suspension of the test organism (107 CFU/mL) was inoculated to the Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plate (for bacteria) or the SDA plate (for fungi), and then 6 mm diameter sterile paper discs were placed on plates by a sterile forceps. The solubilized partitions were pipetted out onto the surface of paper discs and incubated overnight at 37°C and 25°C for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Each plate had a 1% DMSO paper disc as the negative control and a Cephalexin paper disc as the positive control. The next day, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured to the nearest 0.1 mm by means of a ruler (15).
3.4.2. Agar Plate Count Method
The antimicrobial activity of solubilized and filtrate partitions was also evaluated using the agar plate count technique. One hundred microliters of the partitions were added to molten MHA, or SDA inoculated with test organisms (105 CFU/mL). Three controls, first the plate inoculated with bacterial/fungal suspension without partitions. Second, the plate inoculated with bacterial/fungal suspension containing 1% DMSO (final concentration of DMSO in the partition plates), and finally, the plate without partition and the test organism were included. The plates were incubated overnight and the next day, the number of emergent colonies on each plate was counted. All tests were repeated three times (15).
3.4.3. Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
The MIC of dichloromethane fractions was determined using tube dilution technique. The dried fractions were solubilized using DMSO and passed through a 0.22 µm filter. The fraction was added to the tubes containing a medium suitable for the growth of the test organism (Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) for bacteria and Sabouraud Dextrose broth (SDB) for fungi) and six different concentrations of the fraction were made using serial two-fold dilutions. The suspension of the test organism (CFU/mL) was added to the tubes. Three controls, a tube was inoculated with bacterial/fungal suspension without the test fraction, a tube contained medium supplemented with 1% DMSO (final concentration of DMSO in the test tube) inoculated with bacterial/fungal suspension, and a tube without the test organism and the test fraction were also included. The tubes were incubated overnight at 37°C and 25°C for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Next day, the lowest fraction concentration that prevented visible bacterial growth was reported as the MIC. To determine the MBC, 10 µl of the contents of the tubes were plated on to MHA plate or SDA plate and incubated overnight at 37°C and 25°C for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The lowest concentration of the fraction that inhibited any residual colony formation was identified as the MBC.
Partitioning of the 203 g crude extract of P. australis was led to 26% hexane, 13% dichloromethane, 0.1% butanol, and 43% water partitions. Column chromatography of dichloromethane partition yielded 15 fractions.
4.1. Antimicrobial Activity of P. australis Partitions
The antimicrobial activity of hexane, dichloromethane, water, and butanol partitions was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Based on our results, dichloromethane and hexane partitions showed inhibitory effects against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa (Figure 2a, Figure 2b, and Figure 2c). However, none of the partitions indicated a significant inhibitory effect against C. albicans (Figure 2d). Antimicrobial potentials of hexane, dichloromethane, water, and butanol partitions were also assessed by agar plate count technique. As shown in Table 1, dichloromethane partition showed more antimicrobial activity than hexane, so it was further fractionated, and the antimicrobial activity of its fractions was also evaluated.
Figure 2. Disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test of hexane, dichloromethane, water, and butanol partitions against a) S. aureus, b) E. coli, c) P. aeruginosa, and d) C. albicans.
Table 1. Antimicrobial Potential of Four Partitions of P. australis to Decrease the Number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) on the Plate
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
C. albicans
Hexane 57 307 267 292
Dichloromethane 55 207 116 111
Water > 1000 > 1000 > 1000 > 1000
Butanol > 1000 > 1000 > 1000 > 1000
4.2. Antimicrobial Activity of P. australis Dichloromethane Fractions
The MIC of 15 dichloromethane fractions was determined using the tube dilution technique. The MIC and MBC values for these 15 fractions were reported in Table 2. Among these fractions, fractions number 4, 7, and 11 showed a strong antibacterial activity and moderate antifungal activity. Fraction number 11 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect against E. coli with a MIC value of 87 µg/mL. This fraction also had the most antimicrobial potential against P. aeruginosa with a MIC value of 156 µg/mL. Fraction number 7 showed the most antimicrobial effect against S. aureus with a MIC value of 156 µg/mL. The most antifungal effect against C. albicans was found for fraction number 4 with a MIC value of 625 µg/mL.
Table 2. MIC and MBC Values of 15 Dichloromethane Fractions of P. australis
Fraction number
MIC (µg/mL)
MBC (µg/mL)
1 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000
2 > 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000 2500 > 5000 5000 5000
3 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000
4 312 312 1250 2500 > 5000 > 5000 625 1500
5 5000 > 5000 2500 > 5000 2500 > 5000 5000 5000
6 5000 5000 2500 > 5000 2500 > 5000 5000 5000
7 625 2500 156 2500 312 625 1250 1250
8 > 5000 > 5000 5000 5000 > 5000 > 5000 5000 5000
9 > 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000 2500 5000 2500 5000
10 1250 > 5000 2250 5000 > 5000 > 5000 2500 5000
11 78 1250 312 2500 156 325 1250 2500
12 2500 2500 > 5000 > 5000 625 1250 2500 2500
13 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000
15 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000 5000 > 5000 > 5000 > 5000
Various types of compounds with different biological activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been isolated from marine sources, and these metabolites are unique sources of novel therapeutic agents (16-19). Marine organisms live in special communities with competitive and complicated habitats. They produce different secondary compounds to counter pressure, getting better space, predation, and tide dissimilarities. Some of these metabolites show antimicrobial activities that inhibit or reduce the growth of other microorganisms (20).
Metabolites from all three types of marine algae may be effective in controlling the development of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other epibionts. The extracts from algae and also the fractions or purified compounds isolated from these organisms have also shown other pharmacological activities such as anticoagulant, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities (21-25).
Besides, the genus of Padina has different types of macroalgae-containing antibacterial compounds that may inhibit the growth of human- and animal-related pathogens. In the present study, non-polar or less polar partitions (i.e., hexane and dichloromethane) of P. australis showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of three different bacteria and one fungus. The polarity of solvent, which was used to extract biologically active compounds from marine algae could significantly influence their antimicrobial efficacy. Both polar and non-polar compounds extracted from marine algae exhibited antimicrobial effects against various microorganisms with different modes of action. In agreement with our results, Shimaa M et al. reported that different partitions of P. pavonica could inhibit the growth of various microorganisms. Diethyl ether, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform fractions of this seaweed were tested against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and diethyl ether (The less polar one) fraction was the most active one (26). In another research, P. antillarum sample was subject to sequential extraction using organic solvents (i.e., hexane followed by diethyl ether, chloroform, EtOAc, acetone, methanol, and finally water). The hexane extract exhibited the highest and most consistent inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa with a mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, n = 3) value of 0.625 mg/mL (27). However, in another study on brown marine algae, P. tetrastromatica was extracted using diverse organic solvents of increasing polarity such as diethyl ether, chloroform, acetone, dichloromethane: methanol, and methanol. The obtained extracts were evaluated for antibacterial assays. It was found that methanolic extract (The most polar one) of P. tetrastromatica demonstrated the broadest and highest range of antibacterial activity (28).
We subjected the most effective partition, dichloromethane, to further fractionation by chromatography, which yielded 15 fractions among which three different fractions showed the most antimicrobial activity. Fractions 4, 7, and 11 demonstrated various degrees of inhibitory effect against different microorganisms, suggesting they may differ in their antimicrobial mechanism. Various bioactive compounds have different physicochemical properties (e.g., polarity, charge, and lipophilicity), which influence their interaction with cell wall, cell membrane, and other cell compartments of Gram-positive or -negative bacteria and fungi. Based on our results, these fractions showed a stronger inhibitory effect on Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) than Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. This difference could be explained based on a thicker peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria and a double phospholipid bilayer in the Gram-negative cell wall (29). Furthermore, these fractions exhibited a less inhibitory effect on fungi compared with bacteria, which may be due to different chemical compositions of the cell wall in fungi and bacteria (30). Hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite-producing epiphytic bacteria. In a study, Ismail and colleagues reported antibacterial activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from P. pavonica (31).
In conclusion, this study shows that the seaweed extracts and fractions may inhibit the growth of different microorganisms, and it means that different fractions contain substances that may inhibit the growth of various microorganisms. The antibacterial activity of marine organisms may be due to the presence of different secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The metabolites isolated from different types of seaweeds that show potent antimicrobial activity belong to fatty acids, polysaccharides, tannins, pigments, lectins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and halogenated compounds (32) but whether this superiority of activity from fractions number 4, 7, and 11 means that it contains more potent antimicrobial principles or it contains compounds acting together synergistically or additively needs to be ascertained.
Authors' Contribution: All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors contributed to performing the experiments and writing parts of the research.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval: We received ethics approval for this study from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.MUI.REC.1395.1.076).
Funding/Support: This study was supported by the Vice-chancellor of Research, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, and Iran National Science Foundation (INSF).
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Vajihe Akbari: [PubMed] [Scholar]
Fereshteh Safaiee: [PubMed] [Scholar]
Afsaneh Yegdaneh: [PubMed] [Scholar]


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POLITICS OF GEOGRAPHY
China's aid to African leaders' home regions nearly tripled after they assumed power
Doling out goodies.
Image: Lintao Zhang/POOL Via REUTERS
Abdi Latif Dahir
China's aid outlay to Africa has grown rapidly over the last two decades, rising to its largest figure of $15 billion in 2018. In doling out these packages, president Xi Jinping has stressed the condition-free nature of the assistance and how Beijing wasn't seeking "selfish political gains in investment and financing cooperation."
Yet foreign aid from China to Africa has proven to be political—at least on the local level—defined by narrow sectional interests and captured by state clientelism, a new study says. Published in the Journal of Development Economics, the study examined 1650 development projects done between 2000 and 2012 based on 117 African leaders' birthplaces in 49 nations including Kenya, Ghana, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Nigeria. The total number of projects covered was estimated at $83.3 billion.
Researchers showed the birth regions of African presidents receive nearly triple the number of aid inflows from Beijing in the years when those leaders were in power compared to other times. These incumbents also allocated significant aid to their own backyards in the year before competitive elections in a bid to "improve their chances of staying in power." Leaders also largely distributed aid not just in their own "home districts" but also in their "home provinces" so as to maximize voter turnout in stronghold areas.
Before assuming office and after vacating it, the study noted there was no increase in Chinese aid—concluding "that these effects are causal."
Value of Chinese aid projects per subnational unit in Africa (2000-2011)
Image: Journal of Development Economics
For comparative purposes, the paper looked at 533 projects worth $43.4 billion undertaken by the World Bank. The authors say they didn't notice preferential treatment in relation to the spatial distribution of the projects, mainly because of the cost-benefit analysis and appraisal procedures demanded by the World Bank before funding is granted.
The data sheds light on the "on-demand" nature of China's aid packages and how African leaders could abuse them for their own political gains. While both Western and Chinese aid is linked to either parties' donor interests, Beijing doesn't generally tie its support with improving governance and accountability, adhering to international best practices, or dealing with corruption.
And even though Xi has cautioned against "vanity projects" and said Sino-African cooperation must result in "tangible benefits," Beijing has usually given aid to African states as long as they upheld the "One China" policy that casts Taiwan as an inalienable part of China's territory.
Birth regions of effective political leaders in Africa (2000-2011)
This strategy of staying away from dictating African nations' development agenda and giving them more "ownership" has garnered Beijing praise among many African states who say the "win-win" partnership was their path to genuine economic development. Last year, Tanzanian president John Magufuli praised China for giving aid "not tied to any conditions" even as his country faced aid cuts from European states and the World Bank over his government's human rights record.
While the study focuses on China's foreign aid to Africa, it's equally important to note investments in infrastructure and bilateral trade has long since eclipsed aid over the past decade. Much of the focus on China-Africa relations today has shifted to concerns about mounting debt, trade deficits, and talk of neocolonialism and "debt-trap diplomacy" as China's cultural, economic, and political foothold deepens in Africa.
And since Beijing isn't part of global multilateral frameworks such as the Paris Club, observers have raised questions about the transparency, sustainability, and commercial viability of these Chinese state-sponsored projects.
Read more of Quartz Africa's China in Africa coverage here.
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The finish is not up to the price!
The Fiat 1200 was manufactured from 1957 to 1960. The Fiat 1100, of similar bodywork, until 1969. This was my father's first car, with a blue roof.
Features (1960 model): four-cylinder in-line engine, 1221 cm³, 46 kW (62 hp) SAE. Tyres 5.2 × 14. Top speed 138 km/h.


text:
Lebanese-born Australian aims to build first global Islamic bank Saudi sukuk market draws little attention
The Global Threat of Shariah
On July 24, 2009 · In Christianity and Islam, Hamas, Human Rights under Shariah, Human Rights under Shariah Law, Iran, Islam, Islamic Law, Jihad, Palestinians, Shariah Law, Somalia, Yemen
Ever so often it's useful to remind ourselves of the fact that Shariah isn't just some abstract, remote system isolated to a few Middle Eastern nations.
It's a global threat.
We've recently seen numerous reports of Shariah courts operating in Britain. We've recently witnessed a Jihadi organization hold a conference in Chicago to support the establishment of a global caliphate and the replacement of capitalism with an Islamic economic system.
In other places around the world, there is a great human cost to Shariah. Here are some samples from recent news reports:
• In Yemen, Christians are being denied funerals by the majority Muslim population…
http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/christians-denied-funerals-yemen
• In Somalia, the Jihadists who rule much of the country now are insisting that NGOs and international relief agencies abide by Islamic rules…
http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2009/07/23/4288693.htm
• Sheda Vasseghi of WorldTribune.com reminds everyone that the "reformists" in Iran just want a power shift from one camp to another under the pillars of Islamic laws…
http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/me_iran0585_07_22.asp
• In the Maldives, 150 women and 50 men will be flogged for extramarital relations…
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/150-women-face-adultery-flogging-on-maldives-1757150.html
• In Malaysia, a Muslim woman is to be caned for the crime of drinking beer…
http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/news/kasperontap/2009/07/yikes_muslim_model_to_be_caned.html
• Finally, in the most absurd item we ran into recently, the journal "Foreign Policy" has seen fit to publish a thinly veiled Muslim Brotherhood front piece suggesting that the key to peace between Israel and the Jihadist terrorist organization HAMAS is none other than Shariah. The fact that "Foreign Policy" saw fit to publish this nonsense is disheartening to say the least…
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/22/why_sharia_law_might_be_israels_path_to_peace
One Response to The Global Threat of Shariah
heroyalwhyness says:
UK: Muslims Could Get Own Police (via GoV links ht/Lexington)
By Katherine Fenech MUSLIM crime victims could gain the right to have their cases overseen by police from their own religion, it emerged last night.
Police in London already give victims the right to ask for a Sikh officer to be involved in an investigation but the scheme could be introduced for other religions elsewhere.
Chief Supt Joanna Young, from the Met's Criminal Justice Policy Unit, said: "If it's a success, I would encourage the other (police) associations to do likewise."
The project is intended to help investigate "honour" killings and forced marriages but Metropolitan Police Federation chairman Peter Smyth said: "We're stretched thin enough already. Are Sikh officers going to have their rotas changed so there's always one on duty?
"It's political correctness gone mad. We talking about the creation of a separate force within a force."
But Palbinder Singh, chairman of the Metropolitan Police Sikh Association, said: "I don't believe a white officer is ever going to be fully conversant with a Sikh."