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Tsunami Warning and Preparedness: An Assessment of the U.S. Tsunami Program and the Nation's Preparedness Efforts (2011)
Chapter: Appendix A: Examples of Tsunami Sources That Threaten the United States
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Examples of Tsunami Sources That Threaten the United States." National Research Council. 2011. Tsunami Warning and Preparedness: An Assessment of the U.S. Tsunami Program and the Nation's Preparedness Efforts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12628.
Examples of Tsunami Sources That Threaten the United States
Estimates of tsunami losses and heights are from the NOAA tsunami database.1
FAULTS—Seismic slip on faults generates tsunamis directly by displacing the floors of water bodies. The slip can also generate tsunamis indirectly through shaking that triggers slides; a category of source treated separately below. Tsunamis most commonly result from slip on the subduction-zone faults that convey one tectonic plate beneath another.
Aleutian-Alaskan subduction zone—Along about 2,500 km of its length, ruptured almost completely in a series of earthquakes between 1938 and 1965.2
The zone's largest 20th-century tsunamis, both on nearby coasts and on distant ones, were generated during the Aleutian earthquake of 1946 and the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The far-field part of the 1946 tsunami, chiefly generated directly by faulting,3 caused most of Hawaii's recorded tsunami deaths. Similarly, the greatest tsunami in Washington, Oregon, and California written history originated off Alaska with tectonic displacement during the 1964 earthquake. Judging from geologic records of predecessors to the 1964 earthquake during the last 6,000 years (Fig. 3-3c),4 ocean-wide tsunamis from the 1964 source recur at irregular intervals averaging close to 600 years.
How often do Aleutian sources spawn tsunamis comparable in far-field size to the tsunamis of 1946 and 1964? How much are recurrence intervals lengthened by aseismic slip in the fault-rupture areas? Will the next large tsunami from the 1964 source recur sooner than average because the 1964 earthquake ended a recurrence interval close to 900 years, about 300 years longer than average? How persistent are the lateral limits of Aleutian-Alaskan fault ruptures of the 20th century as boundaries that define individual tsunami source areas?5
Cascadia subduction zone—1,100 km long. Confirmed as a tsunami hazard by geophysical and geological research in the 1980s and 1990s.6
The main nearby tsunami source for Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Also among the main distant sources for Hawaii.7 Intervals between the zone's great earthquakes (of estimated magnitude 8.0 or 9.0) average close to 500 years and range from a few centuries to a millennium (Fig. 3-3d).8,9 The most recent of Cascadia's great earthquakes, of estimated magnitude 8.7-9.2,10 spawned an ocean-wide tsunami in A.D. 1700 (Fig. 2f).
What proportion of Cascadia's great earthquakes produce unusually large tsunamis by attaining magnitude 9.0?9,11,12 How do those proportions vary along the length of the subduction zone? What partial-length ruptures should be assumed by tsunami modelers?13 What parts of the zone are likely to augment tsunamis on nearby shores by producing greater than average deformation of the ocean floor?12
Caribbean subduction zone—Faults from oblique convergence between the North America and Caribbean plates near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
A tsunami in 1946, which caused an estimated 1,790 deaths in the Dominican Republic, resulted from a thrust earthquake on or near the plate boundary.14 A tsunami in 1867, with some 30 fatalities in the Virgin Islands, was generated during an earthquake southeast of Puerto Rico in the Anegada Trough (Fig. 3-1b).
What is the tsunami potential of the plate boundary north and northeast of Puerto Rico, and of a probable backthrust south of the island (Muertos Trough)?15 What far-field tsunami hazard does the plate boundary pose to the U.S. Atlantic seaboard?16
Subduction zone off south-central Chile—Source of largest known earthquake, of 1960, and of a predecessor in 183717
The 1837 and 1960 tsunamis each took some 60 lives in Hawaii. The 1960 tsunami also produced strong currents in Los Angeles–Long Beach Harbor. In the source area of the 1960 tsunami, a swath of ocean floor almost 100 km by 800 km probably rose 2 m or more during the 1960 mainshock.18 Tsunamis like the big one in 1960 may have recurred at roughly four-century intervals, on average, during the last 2,000 years (Fig. 3-3b). 19
What factors enabled this subduction zone to produce the outsize earthquake and tsunami of 1960,20 and what do these factors imply for tsunami hazards from subduction zones—including the Kuril, Japan, and Mariana examples below—that are not known to have produced earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 yet may be capable of doing so?21,22
Subduction zone along the Kuril Trench—Produced earthquake of Mw 8.3 in 2006
The tsunami from the 2006 earthquake caused an estimated $700,000 in damage in Crescent City, California.23
How large were the unusually large Kuril earthquakes inferred from geological signs of tsunamis and postseismic uplift in Hokkaido?24,25
Subduction zone along the Japan Trench—No measured earthquake larger than Mw 8.322
In simulations with unit sources having 1 m of seismic slip on fault-rupture patches 50 km by 100 km, Crescent City's greatest tsunami threat from the western Pacific is the subduction zone along the Japan Trench.23
Is the Japan Trench limited to earthquakes as large as those in its written historical record?26
Mariana subduction zone—No measured earthquake larger than Mw 7.221 or 7.722
Simulated for earthquakes as large as Mw 9.3 to make hazard assessments for nearby Guam27 and distant Pearl Harbor.7
What is the maximum plausible earthquake from the Mariana subduction zone, classically considered a place where plates are weakly coupled and the interplate thrust earthquakes consequently of modest size?28
Source of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami—Offshore faulting related to collision of the Nubian (African) and Eurasian plates29
The 1755 tsunami was noted in the Caribbean, from Barbados northwestward to Cuba. Its maximum estimated Caribbean height is 7 m. The tsunami is unknown from ports along the U.S. Atlantic seaboard, probably because of shielding by submarine hills that directed the transatlantic waves northwestward toward Newfoundland and southwestward toward the Caribbean and Brazil.30
How did the 1755 tsunami affect Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands? Does it account for overwash of Anegada, in the British Virgin Islands northeast of Puerto Rico (Fig. 3-3e)? How often can tsunamis like the one in 1755 be expected?
Seattle fault—One of several faults capable of displacing waters of Puget Sound.31
Six-meter uplift along the Seattle fault generated a tsunami in Puget Sound during an earthquake about 1,100 years ago.32 The same earthquake set off slides in Lake Washington.33
How often does the Seattle fault produce earthquakes like the one 1,100 years ago? Do tsunamis result from slip limited to the Seattle fault's backthrusts, which have a post-glacial history of repeated earthquakes?34
SLIDES—Most slides that set off tsunamis have been triggered by earthquake or, less commonly, by volcanic eruption. Several grand examples:
• Lituya Bay, Alaska, 1958—An earthquake-induced rockslide in 1958 set off a giant wave that trimmed trees to an altitude of 525 m.35
• Sunda Strait, Indonesia, 1883—The explosion of Krakatau triggered a tsunami that killed an estimated 35,000 persons.36
• North Sea, 8,000 years ago—The Storegga slide displaced 2,400-3,200 km3 of ocean-bottom materials37 and generated waves known from tsunami deposits in Norway and Scotland.38,39
• Big Island of Hawaii, 120,000 years ago—Flank collapse produced tsunami run-ups to heights of hundreds of meters.40 A catastrophic ancestor to the local Hawaiian tsunamis that killed 46 persons in 1846 and 2 in 1975.41
Slide-generated tsunamis rarely amount to much on distant shores. Compared with the areas of ocean floor displaced by faulting during great subduction zone earthquakes, their source areas are usually compact. Slides therefore yield tsunami waves of short period that diminish rapidly with distance. This decrease helps limit the hazards to the U.S. Atlantic coast from flank collapse in the Canary Islands, off West Africa.42
Alaskan slides during the 1964 earthquake—Slides at Chenaga,43 Kenai Lake,44 Seward,45 Valdez,46 and Whittier47
The separate tsunamis from the Chenaga, Seward, Valdez, and Whitter slides together account for 79 of the 106 Alaskan deaths from tsunamis that the 1964 earthquake triggered (Fig. 3-2e). Most of the slides resulted from shaking-induced failures of deltas.
What do these slides imply for Puget Sound deltas as potential tsunami sources?31
Slides off Puerto Rico— Aided by a wealth of steep slopes (Fig. 3-1b) and by active faults associated with the nearby plate boundary48
The 1918 tsunami, which caused roughly 40 deaths, may have resulted from an earthquake-induced slide.49 The slide extends from a headscarp at 1,200 m depth to a terminus at 4,200 m in Mona Passage, the strait between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. It likely displaced 10 km3 of water.
What slides are poised to generate tsunamis elsewhere on the steep submarine slopes off Puerto Rico?50
Volcanic debris flows—Hot and cold debris flows into Cook Inlet and Bristol Bay, Alaska; debris avalanche at Mount St. Helens
A tsunami in Cook Inlet resulted from a debris avalanche off erupting Augustine Volcano in 1883. Sedimentary deposits suggest that Augustine and Redoubt Volcanoes triggered additional Cook Inlet tsunamis in the last 4,000 years,51 and that a caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano generated a tsunami 3,500 years ago in Bristol Bay.52 The debris avalanche at the outset of the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, upon entering Spirit Lake, set off a tsunami that reached heights of 250 m above the former lake level.53
How many of Augustine's debris avalanches, a dozen of which have reached Cook Inlet in the last 2,000 years alone, sent tsunamis onto now-populated parts of the Kenai Peninsula?54
Slides off southern California—Include the Palos Verdes slide, of 0.8 km3 with a headscarp 5 km off the coast near Los Angeles (Fig. 3-1c)55
The Palos Verdes slide serves as a poster child for southern California's near-field tsunami hazard. Other potential sources include a submarine slide near Santa Barbara and offshore faults with known or inferred Quaternary displacement.56-61 The Palos Verdes slide occurred close to 7,500 years ago.55
How do southern California's nearby sources of tsunamis compare, in probability and size, with its distant causes of lesser inundation?
Slides off the edge of the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf— Cover one-third of the continental slope and rise off New England, one-sixth off the Middle Atlantic, and one-eighth off the Southeast62
Submarine slides are "considered the primary source of potential tsunamis along the U.S. Atlantic coast."15 The Currituck slide, with an estimated volume of 165 km3, is among the largest of these.63 Its simulated tsunamis originate with peak-to-trough amplitudes of several tens of meters. The waves crest about 6 m above sea level as they overtop the sandy barrier between the Atlantic Ocean and Currituck Sound, North Carolina.64
How probable are these slides today? Most of the slides off the U.S. Atlantic coast occurred at least 5,000 years ago, the notable exception being Canada's Grand Banks slide, which generated a tsunami that took 28 lives in Newfoundland in 1929.65 The Currituck slide dates to roughly 25,000-50,000 years ago.66 Probabilities aside, simulating slides like Currituck requires uncertain estimates of slide size, speed, and duration, all factors in the slide's effectiveness at generating a tsunami.64
Slumps and slides beneath the Gulf of Mexico—Some generated by rise of salt domes,67 others at scarps in carbonate rocks,68 still others by ice-age lowering of sea level69
No confirmed tsunamis. Tsunami hazard inferred from a slump with a volume of 50-60 km3 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico.70
As with the slides off the U.S. Atlantic coast, are the Gulf of Mexico examples mainly relicts from times of lowered sea level?69
Slides ascribed to human activity— Includes construction at Skagway, Alaska,71 and fluctuation of the level of a reservoir in northeast Washington State72
Skagway: Wave heights said 5-6 m high in inlet and 9-11 m high at shore; one fatality.71 Northeast Washington: Waves up to 20 m high from shores of the reservoir behind Grand Coulee Dam,72 smaller examples from summer 2009.73
Causes considered for the Skagway slide include natural failure as well as dock construction.71
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Many coastal areas of the United States are at risk for tsunamis. After the catastrophic 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, legislation was passed to expand U.S. tsunami warning capabilities. Since then, the nation has made progress in several related areas on both the federal and state levels. At the federal level, NOAA has improved the ability to detect and forecast tsunamis by expanding the sensor network. Other federal and state activities to increase tsunami safety include: improvements to tsunami hazard and evacuation maps for many coastal communities; vulnerability assessments of some coastal populations in several states; and new efforts to increase public awareness of the hazard and how to respond.
Tsunami Warning and Preparedness explores the advances made in tsunami detection and preparedness, and identifies the challenges that still remain. The book describes areas of research and development that would improve tsunami education, preparation, and detection, especially with tsunamis that arrive less than an hour after the triggering event. It asserts that seamless coordination between the two Tsunami Warning Centers and clear communications to local officials and the public could create a timely and effective response to coastal communities facing a pending tsuanami.
According to Tsunami Warning and Preparedness, minimizing future losses to the nation from tsunamis requires persistent progress across the broad spectrum of efforts including: risk assessment, public education, government coordination, detection and forecasting, and warning-center operations. The book also suggests designing effective interagency exercises, using professional emergency-management standards to prepare communities, and prioritizing funding based on tsunami risk.
Executive Summary 1–2
1 Introduction 21–36
2 Aligning Priorities with Societal Risks from Tsunamis 37–72
3 Education and Preparedness of Individuals, Communities, and Decision Makers 73–108
4 Tsunami Detection and Forecasting 109–162
5 Long-Term Reliability and Sustainability of Warning Center Operations 163–192
References 193–206
Appendix A: Examples of Tsunami Sources That Threaten the United States 207–216
Appendix B: Review of the Tsunami Warning and Forecast System and Overview of the Nation's Tsunami Preparedness 217–218
Appendix C: Relative Hazards of Near- and Far-field Tsunami Sources 219–222
Appendix D: Available Tsunami Evacuation Maps 223–236
Appendix E: Examples of Tsunami Education Efforts 237–242
Appendix F: June 14, 2005: A Case Study in Tsunami Warning and Response 243–248
Appendix G: Magnitudes from C. Richter to Mwp and the W phase 249–256
Appendix H: Tsunami Earthquakes 257–258
Appendix I: Samoa Tsunami 259–262
Appendix J: Response to the Chilean-Earthquake Generated Tsunami: The Hawaii Case Study 263–272
Appendix K: Acronyms 273–278
Appendix L: Committee and Staff Biographies 279–284


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Home/Europe/Cyprus/Cypriot Peace Talks Impasse Continues Despite Latest UN Efforts
CyprusEuropeForeign PolicyPolitics
Cypriot Peace Talks Impasse Continues Despite Latest UN Efforts
Despite recent rounds of shuttle diplomacy by the UN Special Envoy to Cyprus, the possibility of peace talks resuming seem distant for now, as progress breaks down amidst accusations and counter-accusations surrounding Turkish activities and rights of the Turkish Cypriot population.
Ruairi Kavanagh September 26, 2019
Negotiations between Anastasiades and Akinci temporarily stall, despite UN Envoy Lute's best efforts. Copyright: Zbitnev / shutterstock.com
On September 6th, Greek-Cypriot Prime Minister Nicos Anastasiades was photographed shaking hands with his Turkish-Cypriot counterpart Mustafa Akinci on either side of UN Special Envoy Jane Holl Lute. It was speculated that a restarting of peace talks was likely to happen soon. Instead, the handshake between leaders was the final act in a futile process consisting of six rounds of separate negotiations.
The possibility of agreement broke down over the issue of co-governance on the island, a term of reference the Turkish side wanted to include for any talks, but one that the Cypriot side does not consider warranted or constructive. Co-governance would allow Turkish Cypriots decision-making parity within an envisioned federal government which, President Anastasiades believes, could enable the minority community to determine government policy. According to prominent Turkish columnist Yusuf Kanli, discussions primarily concluded due to Greek Cypriot demands that any Turkish hydrocarbon explorations around the island cease as a pre-condition for negotiations.
Lute's week on the island entailed a frantic round of meetings, but the envoy left with little achieved aside from vague promises of continued talks. Indeed, shortly after Lute's departure, contentions between both sides resurfaced. The Cypriot Prime Minister defended his government's position in an interview with the Associated Press (AP), stating that Turkish Cypriot policy was completely governed from Ankara and that their proposals would turn the island into a vassal state of Turkey.
"It's another way of controlling the whole of the new state of affairs or the entire state, which will essentially be transformed into a protectorate", Anastasiades said in the interview. "You can't accept such provisions that would turn a state into the puppet of another state, but also become the only example in the world where potentially a peace deal would collapse the next day."
Nevertheless, a series of meetings are set to take place between leaders over the next few days on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, including talks between UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres and Anastasiades, Akinci, as well as Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis.
A Long, Tumultuous History
In 1964, the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) was deployed to prevent continued fighting between Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities on the island. The Force's responsibilities expanded when Turkish troops invaded in July 1974, following a coup d'état by those who favoured the island becoming a union with Greece.
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was established in the wake of the incursion, which occupies over 35 percent of the island – yet it is only recognised by Turkey, which still keeps over 30,000 troops stationed on Cypriot territory. Hostilities officially ceased in August 1974, but the situation has become locked in frozen conflict that is monitored by one of the UN's longest serving peacekeeping missions.
Since a de facto ceasefire in August 1974, UNFICYP has supervised the ceasefire lines, provided humanitarian assistance, and maintained a buffer zone between Turkish and Turkish Cypriot forces to the north and the Greek Cypriot forces in the south. The lines extend over 180 kilometers across the island, and in the absence of a formal agreement, UNFICYP's 800-plus troops and 60-plus police officers deal with scores of incidents each year.
Turkey seeks to revive Varosha, a town in the city of Famagusta that was abandoned in the wake of the 1974 invasion. Copyright: Anton Kudelin / Shuttershock.com
Hydrocarbon Drilling and Varosha
The fractious relationship between the Cypriot Government, the Turkish Government and their proxy administration in Northern Cyprus has become increasingly agitated in recent months. Intrusions by Turkish vessels into Cypriot waters, seeking access to the country's energy-rich deposits, sparked tensions and earned stern rebuke and sanctions from the European Union.
In his interview with the Associated Press, Anastasiades noted that the drilling was an examination as to whether the Turkish government was serious about peace talks, saying that he couldn't negotiate while under threat.
Last week, in what was thought to be a sign of behind-the-scenes diplomacy, a Turkish drill vessel withdrew from Cypriot territory. Yet any hope for progress was quickly stricken when announcements were made by the Turkish Foreign Minister that there were plans to regenerate the ghost town of Varosha, an abandoned resort quarter in the city of Famagusta. The town has been deserted and only accessible by Turkish military and UN personnel since 1974, when it was annexed and the entire local population fled. Any move there is firmly resisted by the Cypriot side, as well as by the owners who were forced out of the properties that still exist there. UN Security Council Resolution 550 prohibits attempts to settle any part of the area by those other than its original inhabitants, and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the UN.
The Cypriot Government has continually sought to bolster international ties in order to keep the issue of its divided territory in the spotlight. Along with close partners Greece and Israel, Cyprus is party to a major piece of US legislation, titled the Eastern Mediterranean Security & Energy Partnership Act. This legislation would enhance Washington's support for Cyprus in the fields of defence and energy cooperation. Prime Minister Anastasiades has said that he welcomes early signs of the likely lifting of a 30-year US arms embargo on Cyprus under the Partnership Act.
Ankara Ceasefire Cyprus Cyprus Issue drilling Famagusta hydrocarbon invasion Mustafa Akinci Nicos Anastasiades Nicosia Northern Cyprus Oil and Gas peace talks reunification of Cyprus Special Envoy Lute Turkey UNFICYP United Nations Varosha
Ruairi Kavanagh
Ruairi is an Irish writer, editor and author with 25 years of experience across national and specialist media. He specialises in reporting on matters relating to education, development,emergency services, international affairs, defence and security with particular interest in European affairs, the Balkan region, the Middle East and Africa.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Described by Pacha Magazine as a 'brilliant snap shot of time' Hard To Find is a compilation series bringing together great and lost remixes from old 12" vinyl collections and CD singles.
For anyone who grew up listening to Jeff Young's Big Beat and Pete Tong's Essential Selection from the late 1980's through to the 1990's and beyond, or Annie Nightingale's Sunday night request show, this album is for you. Highlight rare mixes of St Etienne, Neneh Cherry, Frankie Goes to Hollywood and D:ream are just of the CD high spots.
Buzzin Music has two copies to giveaway in a free competiton.
Q: Who had a hit in the 1980's with 'Driving Away From Home'?
Submit your entries to comps@buzzinmedia.co.uk with the subject line: 'Hard To Find' (other subject lines will not be entered) with your full name, address & contact number.
This Buzzin Media Competition ends on 30 September, 2011.
In 1994 Jeff Buckley released his debut, and due to his untimely death in 1996, his only studio album. At the time my musical tastes were in a different corner and I merely acknowledged that Grace appeared in many 'Best Albums of the Year' lists, including #1 in Mojo magazine. But I didn't read any reviews and didn't knowingly hear any tracks.
Initially album sales didn't match the critical acclaim. But like many others I was a late-comer to Grace. In 2006, British Hit Singles & Albums and NME organised a poll of which, 40,000 people worldwide voted for the 100 best albums ever and Grace was placed at #23 on the list. If ever an album suffered by being released 'out of time' with the music trends of the day, Jeff Buckley's Grace is it.
Four singles were released in 1995 (Grace, Last Goodbye, So Real & Eternal Life) but like the album, all failed to make the UK Top 40 which leads me to think I wasn't the only one to believe the timing was wrong rather than the music of Jeff Buckley. In 1994 the UK music scene was blabbering on about the BritPop war between Blur and Oasis and how Suede was better than I could ever imagine.
My first son was born in 1995 and sometime before and after I appeared to spend more time in Mothercare and the Early Learning Centre than I did in any music shops. It was therefore with outstretched arms that I welcomed the saviour of online music file sharing. While pretending to work in my office I was able to listen to music… again. I'm not quite sure when I first listened to Grace but I do remember downloading it as I was intrigued to know what Tim Buckley's son sounded like. Thereafter I went out and bought the CD, underlining the argument that online music file sharing doesn't always lead to musicians going penniless, but that's for another article.
Because of its popularity after it was originally released, I'm assuming others had a similar experience to me that when I was in the right frame of mind to listen to Grace, it really blew my mind.
The album begins with Mojo Pin drifting around like a ship lost in the mist, gradually appearing only to drift away again into something mystical. Then it surges forward with thunder and crashing waves as it lands on the shore with a final burst of energy.
Mojo Pin is nothing like any other song from the 1990's that I have listened to. In fact it's difficult to say which decade it belongs too. This can be said for much of the album. Both voice and music has a theatrical rock sound that possibly owes more to the 1970's. But now I am listening, its clear Jeff Buckley's voice is truly something special, just like his father.
The album continues with the beautiful warm warbling of the title track Grace. Buckley's voice is infectious, beautiful and full of life. Listening again tonight to the track Grace, I can clearly hear the progressive rock and over-the-top operatic references made by Muse and The Darkness, among others.
Last Goodbye is my favourite song on the album. A truly beautiful pop song complete with a full string accompaniment that perfectly melds with this pop song about love. Again Buckley hits a vocal range that I have only heard from one other artist, Tim Buckley.
Four songs in, and another surprising element to Grace is the choice and inclusion of several cover versions. Whether Jeff Buckley didn't feel he had enough quality self-penned songs to complete Grace or he really didn't care less for the rules of what he should and shouldn't include on a debut album.
The album takes its first twist and change in mood with the inclusion of Lilac Wine, a slow ballad written in 1950, it was originally a UK hit single for Elkie Brooks in 1978 but had previously been recorded by other female singers including Eartha Kitt & Nina Simone.
From a ballad the album picks up the tempo with one of the most rocking tracks on the album, So Real which like previous tracks has its soft, loud, soft moments in a post-Nirvana world and ends with Jeff Buckley's trademark screeching and warbling.
Next the album drops once more with a version of Leonard Cohen's beautiful song, Hallelujah (from Lenard Cohen's 1984 album 'Various Positions'. Buckley based his version not on Cohen's recording but John Cale's version which includes a different arrangement and lyrics.
Jeff Buckley's Hallelujah gained popularity in December 2008 when it was re-released on the back of the X Factor winner Alexandra Burke's version which kept it from becoming the Christmas no.1.
Lover, You Should Have Come Over sits between Hallelujah and the most surprising of all cover versions on Grace. Who else would have included the hymn Corpus Christi Carol, let alone got away with it! If this song was included for no other reason than as for Jeff Buckley to impress with his angelic voice, then it works.
Eternal Life has a post-grunge angst about it. In fact it wouldn't sound out of place on a Pearl Jam album; and following the high standards of the previous eight tracks I'm afraid it's probably the albums' weakest link which is down to the timid production. There's a much improved, more raucous live version on the bonus CD of the Grace – Legacy Edition (see below) which unleashes the track like a wild animal that sounds drugged on opiates on the original album.
The final track of the album, Dream Brother begins with a snake charming middle-eastern vibe. The sound swirls like a smoke-filled haze. Dream Brother drifts off into a completely different place for the final five minutes of the album; and after hearing live recordings where the group play the song with more venom and power, like Eternal Life, the album version sounds weak in comparison and doesn't do the song justice. However, on hearing the original album for the first time, the songs sounded great to me.
Over the past 10 years Grace hasn't strayed far from my home CD player and occasionally makes its way into the car, too. It is a classic album where the music perfectly complements one of the most beautiful voices I have ever heard. It's a classic album by virtue of the fact that like other albums including The Beatles' Let It Be, London Calling by The Clash and Led Zeppelin II I have never got tired of playing the album in its entirety.
In 2004 Grace was re-released with a bonus CD of alternate versions and unreleased cover versions including the MC5's Kick Out The Jams, Bob Dylan's Mama, You Been On My Mind and great versions of Robert Johnson's Preachin' The Blues and Leiber & Stoller's Alligator Wine (the latter sung in the spirit of Captain Beefheart).
Unlike other posthumous re-issues which are clearly nothing more than a money-making venture, the bonus CD is well worthy of a few extra pounds of your money.
Legacy also includes a DVD with a short film – The Making of Grace and five promo videos for Grace, Last Goodbye, So Real, Eternal Life and Forget Her.
Jeff Buckley recorded Grace with Mick Grondahl (bass), Michael Tighe (guitar) and Matt Johnson (drums).
Having reformed in 2010 following a 13 year hiatus, Soundgarden roared back to a thunderous reception, prompting the band to announce the release of their first ever album of live tracks Soundgarden Live on I-5 which is released today, Monday March 21st.
Taking it's name from Interstate 5 which runs up and down the West Coast the live album captures Soundgarden at their definitive best, capturing the band at the height of their recording and touring career.
As a bonus, the disc includes two brilliantly inspired covers: The Beatles' "Helter Skelter" and The Stooges' anarchic proto-punk classic, "Search & Destroy". The band took out recording engineer, Adam Kasper with them on the West Coast leg of this tour- the first time they ever recorded any live shows.
They rented a mobile 24 track machine/truck and recorded the gigs on 2″ tape. Soundgarden had always intended to release it as a live record soon after the tour, but alas, they disbanded and the tapes were left in the closet of Studio X in Seattle (now called Bad Animals) to gather dust until now.
Live on I-5 is the follow-up to Soundgarden's celebrated 2010 reunion, with the band re-staking their well deserved place, earning a Grammy nomination for previously unreleased track "Black Rain" for Best Hard Rock Performance, gracing the covers of music magazines SPIN and Guitar World, performing on the second night of Conan and topping critics' lists with their fall 2010 release, Telephantasm.
The multi-label, career-spanning collection, also available in collector's editions with the band's first-ever DVD and booklet, was a comprehensive retrospective of the enormously influential band whose music put Seattle and a young label called Sub Pop on the map.
Capturing the rawness, spontaneity and magic of Soundgarden at their best the live album represents the blueprint for the Seattle sound explosion of the nineties – heavy, loud, full of metal guitar heroics and classic rock pomp.
The Levellers have just won 'Roots Award' at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards at The Brewery in East London.
The Levellers then went on to close the show with a high-energy charge through two of their most popular songs – One Way and Riverflow, showing just how much they deserved the recognition.
2011 is turning into a year not to forget for the Levellers as they head out on a Spring UK & Ireland Tour. The band will perform the 'Levelling The Land' album in its entirety for the very first time followed by an extended encore of live favourites from their extensive back catalogue including the the hit singles One Way, 15 Years, Far From Home, The Game, Liberty Song, Sell Out, Another Man's Cause, Riverflow and Boatman.
The Levellers will be supported by special guests The Wonder Stuff on all March dates (except Dublin).


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Home	Home | News & Events | Security & Emergency Messages
By U.S. Embassy Windhoek | 29 December, 2017 | Topics: Security & Emergency Messages
Anthrax Confirmed in Dead Hippos in Bwabwata National Park
The U.S. Embassy advises U.S. citizens to avoid all contact with dead animals in the wild, particularly hippopotamuses (hippos) found in rivers and flood plains inside Bwabwata National Park. Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism has confirmed anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) as the cause of death and has advised the public not to touch or …
By U.S. Embassy Windhoek | 16 October, 2017 | Topics: Messages for U.S. Citizens, Security & Emergency Messages, U.S. Citizen Services
Message for U.S. Citizens: Yellow Fever Vaccination Enforcement
The U.S. Embassy in Namibia informs U.S. citizens that as of July 15, 2016, all travelers entering Namibia will be required to show proof of a yellow fever vaccination unless in possession of a valid waiver certificate as outlined below. While this is not technically different from our previous advice to travelers to Namibia, the …
By U.S. Embassy Windhoek | 14 July, 2016 | Topics: Security & Emergency Messages
Security Message for U.S. Citizens: Security Precautions While Driving in Windhoek
The U.S. Embassy in Namibia informs U.S. citizens that local authorities have reported an increase in criminals attempting to enter vehicles stopped at traffic lights or intersections in and around the city of Windhoek. In most cases, one subject distracts the driver while an accomplice attempts to open a passenger-side door and grab items of …


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Webber worried about Verstappen: 'Couldn't compete with Mercedes'
With two second places in Russia and Turkey Max Verstappen regained the lead in the championship at the expense of Lewis Hamilton. The Dutchman can therefore be satisfied, but Mark Webber is still worried about the speed of the Red Bull compared to the Mercedes. Worried about Verstappen Former Formula One driver Mark Webber wonders in the F1 Nation podcast wonder if Mercedes don't have the faster car at the moment. "I'm a bit worried about Max Verstappen. Because based on the last few races, you have to wonder if he's going to have a car that's fast enough to beat Lewis Hamilton and Mercedes." Webber himself drove for Red Bull Racing from 2007 to 2013, winning nine Grands Prix....
Webber: Red Bull urgently need to react to Mercedes...
Mark Webber says Red Bull will immediately need to react to Mercedes'...
1y ago from F1i.com
Webber: Red Bull need to react to Mercedes' pace
Article To news overview © Olle Photos Mark Webber is concerned that Red...
Webber unsure whether Verstappen has title-winning car
Mark Webber is worried Red Bull won't be able to provide Max Verstappen...
Webber concerned Red Bull 'not giving Verstappen the...
Mark Webber has conceded he holds concerns as to whether former team Red...
1y ago from GPFans.com


Set during the 1930s, this film focuses on three escapees from a Midwestern prison camp who go on a crime spree throughout the South. The film is a remake of They Live By Night, yet it is distinguished by Robert Altman's's distinctive, detailed characterizations.
Robert Altman finds a sure, soft tone in this movie, from 1974, and he never loses it.
In many ways, Thieves Like Us is Altman's best work yet, his most stringent and evocative.
Thieves Like Us proves that when Robert Altman has a solid story and script, he can make an exceptional film, one mostly devoid of clutter, auterist mannerism, and other cinema chic.
Never portentous, never a mere spoof, this is a touching, intelligent, and -- in its own small way -- rather wonderful movie.
It is full of things to think about, that hang in the memory like the details of a banal crime story on page 32, which, though read quickly, won't go away. Somehow you know that this happened.
A 1930s crime story with humor and humanity.
A sleepy film about a motley collection of dim, but well-meaning failures. A perfect Altman film, in other words.
Great Altman film with strong work by Carradine and Duvall.
Captivating remake of Nicholas Ray's They Live By Night.
A minor work for Altman but still another exceptional film in his genre experimentation period.
Altman does Bonnie & Clyde.


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List of popular programming languages for engineers in 2021
List of popular programming languages…
Essentially sure, nearly everybody realizes that in the present carefully progressed world how innovation is changing at a fast speed. It has gotten very typical to watch elective innovations outperforming each other often with customary updates and headways. In the midst of this, there comes an area that gets influenced a ton with a particularly unstable nature of the tech world – and that is Programming Language!
Indeed, Programming Language is the main essential for pretty much every order whether it be Web Development, Machine Learning, Data Science, or some other. What's more, consistently, we perceive how the positioning of these Programming Languages vacillates as per their interest and fame among the engineers. Then, you're needed to be refreshed with every one of these most recent patterns and records of Programming Language to remain pertinent in the tech market. Specifically, amateurs are firmly needed to consider a few essential viewpoints like interest and fame, open positions, applications, and so on prior to quitting for a specific programming language.
Yet, stand by… as there are many Programming Languages accessible across the world; wouldn't you say choosing the significant one in the wake of considering every one of these perspectives is a serious overwhelming assignment?
No concerns, we've by one way or another made it simpler for you as dependent on a few standard reports and examination, we've gathered a rundown of top 10 Programming Languages that will run in 2021 – how about we investigate these programming languages:
Numerous languages came and vanish however JavaScript is one of those couple of famous languagess that is getting a charge out of a high run and request in the programming scene. In the TIOBE positioning report, JavaScript has been positioned under the best 10 programming languages for quite a long while reliably. Truth be told, the Stack Overflow study portrays that JavaScript is the most famous language among engineers. At Octoverse likewise, JavaScript is appreciating the top situation among all programming languages. In the interim, a portion of the eminent organizations in the tech world that are utilizing JavaScript are Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Uber, and so on
Despite the fact that the language is basically known for including responsive components site pages it has a wide scope of utilizations, for example, in web improvement, game turn of events, versatile application advancement, and some more. In addition, the language is being utilized for both – Front End Development and Back End Development. Likewise, its similarity for certain noticeable systems like React, Vue, Node, and so on makes it more ideal among the engineers. As there are a huge number of sites previously existing over the web that are intensely depending on JavaScript and what's more, taking a gander at the interest and strength of the language, it will not be right to say that JavaScript will administer in 2021 also!
2. Python
According to the RedMonk Ranking report for the year 2020, Python outclasses JAVA to turn into the second most well known programming language. The language has encountered huge development of around 18-19% over the most recent 5 years. At the PYPL record, Python is positioning at the #1 situation for December 2020 file. The language positions among the most mainstream programming languages in a few other prestigious stages likewise like Stack Overflow, Github, and so on Likewise, the similarity of Python with moving advancements like AI and ML makes it more ideal among the designers.
Python has been the most loved language of pretty much every person who is simply beginning with the programming space for the last numerous years. The essential purpose for this is a very straightforward language structure that makes it simple to peruse, learn, and use. The language is widely utilized for web advancement, programming improvement, and so on, and with a few moving innovations like Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and so forth The language offers some improving highlights, for example, rich library support, programmed trash assortment, simpler combination with different languages, GUI Programming support, and some more. A few famous Python structures that make things more proficient and helpful are Django, Flask, Pyramid, and so on
3. C/C++
They are similar as old wine as their interest is expanding altogether with time!
Both C and C++ are possessing an impressive segment of the tech world and presently positioning at the top situations on different lists. At the TIOBE record of 2020, C and C++ are positioning under the best 5 programming languages from the outset and fourth position individually. At the PYPL record, C/C++ has seen a vertical pattern of around 0.1 % and is positioning at the #5 position. There are various enormous tech organizations that enlist C/C++ designers with some fair compensation bundles like Adobe, Oracle, Microsoft, Nvidia, and so on What's more, to learn C/C++ in 2021 isn't just advantageous from the vocation viewpoints yet it likewise by one way or another makes it simpler for you to learn other programming languages thereafter.
On the off chance that we especially talk about C language, the universally useful procedural programming language is significantly utilized in the improvement of low-level frameworks like working frameworks, piece advancement, and others. Furthermore, numerous other programming languages acquire the properties of this specific language. Then again, C++ is an article situated programming language (essentially created as an augmentation of C). The language is generally utilized in Game Development, GUI and Desktop applications, and Competitive Programming alongside a few different fields.
4. JAVA
Commonly it appears to be out that JAVA is losing its appeal yet when we take a gander at the genuine details – consistently JAVA winds up with a great positioning that demonstrates the specific language is as yet progressing nicely and popular in the tech world. There are around 8 million JAVA engineers across the world – perhaps this number can assist you with evaluating the interest and prevalence of this specific language. Additionally, the language is appreciating a top-second situation among all the programming languages in the positioning of TIOBE and PYPL. According to the RedMonk reports, JAVA is positioning at third situation beneath JavaScript and Python as it were.
The article arranged programming language concocts a much-commended standard of Write Once Run Anywhere that permits the Java code to be executed on different stages, that upholds JAVA, without doing recompilation. The language is generally utilized in Android improvement alongside Web Applications, Desktop Applications, Scientific Applications, and so forth Additionally, first rate organizations like Adobe, Amazon, Flipkart, and numerous others are utilizing JAVA and offering bewitching profession freedoms to Java engineers. Its huge interest in the tech world, gigantic local area support, mainstream systems like Spring and Hibernate and a few advancing highlights like multithreading, programmed memory assignment and trash assortment, stage independency, and so forth guarantees that JAVA will give you a great deal of advantageous profession openings in the impending a long time also.
5. R Language
R has seen an outstanding ascent in its positioning on different presumed lists for programming languages. Especially on TIOBE positioning, it has leaped to ninth situation from sixteenth situation inside a range of under 1 year. Different enormous tech organizations like Facebook, Google, Uber, and so forth are utilizing the R language for their organizations, and thinking about the quickly expanding interest for information science and AI patterns, learning the R programming language is without a doubt beneficial for your future profession attempts.
R is another arising name in the Programming scene! It is an open-source programming language that is generally utilized in the space of Data Science, Statistical Analysis, and Machine Learning and furnishes you with a tremendous arrangement of libraries and structures. The language is especially reasonable for GNU/Linux and Microsoft Windows. Likewise, it tends to be handily coordinated with a few information preparing innovations like Hadoop and Spark. A portion of the other noticeable highlights of this specific language, for example, cross-stage similarity, profoundly extensible, solid graphical capacities, conveyed processing, and so on make it a more favored language among the engineers.
6. Kotlin
In the current day situation, at whatever point there is a discussion of android application advancement – the name of 'Kotlin' without a doubt starts things out! However, an enormous tendency of engineers towards Kotlin is seen after Google proclaimed it as its favored language for Android application improvement. The Stack Overflow overview expresses that Kotlin positions fourth among the most adored programming languages. Likewise, the quantity of Kotlin clients in the Github people group is expanding altogether.
To sum things up, Kotlin is a statically composed broadly useful programming language that supports object-arranged just as practical programming highlights. The best thing about the language is that it is totally interoperable with Java and supports all Java libraries. Likewise, the language is very simpler to learn, and close by Android advancement, it very well may be utilized for web improvement and work area application improvement too. Javalin, KTor, and Vert.x are a portion of the well known systems for Kotlin, and organizations like Pinterest, Uber, Netflix, and so forth are offering different occupation chances for the Kotlin designers. As known to everybody that the market of Android isn't setting out toward retirement at any point in the near future consequently you can select to learn Kotlin in 2021 for some advantageous profession openings later on.
7. C#
For the last numerous years, C# is standing firm on a decent foothold in the rundown of top programming languages of pretty much every file. The language is positioned at fourth and fifth situation at TIOBE and PYPL file separately. On GitHub Language Rankings, it stands firm on a spot at the #5 footing reliably throughout the previous two years. Likewise, close by India, there are huge vocation openings for C# engineer
Category: GeneralBy cmseditor May 21, 2021
Tags: hire python programmersKotlin programming languageprogramming languageweb development
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