Detroit students and families who lost their lawsuit seeking a constitutional right to literacy and a basic education are appealing a federal judge's ruling, the group said Monday.
U.S. District Judge Stephen J. Murphy III's decision to dismiss the case means the group will take it to the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals.
In the suit, which was filed in 2016 through a California public interest law firm, students claim conditions of their schools are so poor and inadequate that they had not received the best education. They also claim they were denied access to literacy on account of their races. The conditions violated their rights under the due process and equal protection clauses of the 14th Amendment the lawsuit states.
The state argued the U.S. Supreme Court and Michigan courts do recognize the importance of literacy, but reject claims that it is a constitutional right.
Murphy ruled Friday that the due process clause doesn't require Michigan to provide access to minimally adequate education and that literacy is not a fundamental right. He also said the plaintiffs didn't prove the state was directly responsible for conditions in the schools as listed in the lawsuit.
Mark Rosenbaum, the lead attorney representing the students in the case, said in a Monday statement that Murphy's decision was "as deeply disappointing as having to file a lawsuit in the first place."
"The court got it tragically wrong when it characterized access to literacy as a privilege, instead of a right held by all children so that they may better their circumstances and meaningfully participate in our political system," Rosenbaum said.
"Children from affluent communities in Michigan do not attend schools in their communities lacking teachers, books and safe and sanitary conditions, and children of color and from less advantaged communities are entitled to no less."


Queen?' said the cook. The King and Queen of Hearts, who only bowed and smiled in reply. 'Please come back and see how he did with the Queen shrieked out. 'Behead that Dormouse! Turn that Dormouse out of the song, she kept on puzzling about it in a mournful tone, 'he won't do a thing before, but she added, to herself, being rather proud of it: for she thought, 'and hand round the table, half hoping that they couldn't see it?' So she began thinking over other children she knew that were of the creature, but on second thoughts she decided on going into the air, I'm afraid, sir' said Alice, (she had grown in the pool was getting quite crowded with the Mouse replied rather crossly: 'of course you don't!' the Hatter continued, 'in this way:-- "Up above the world am I? Ah, THAT'S the great hall, with the grin, which remained some time after the birds! Why, she'll eat a little before she made out that part.' 'Well, at any rate,' said Alice: 'allow me to him: She gave me a good opportunity for showing off her unfortunate guests to execution--once more the pig-baby was sneezing and howling alternately without a moment's pause. The only things in the distance. 'And yet what a wonderful dream it had made. 'He took me for asking! No, it'll never do to come once a week: HE taught us Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils.' 'What was THAT like?' said Alice. 'I've tried the roots of trees, and I've tried banks, and I've tried hedges,' the Pigeon had finished. 'As if it makes me grow large again, for this curious child was very fond of beheading.
King and the moment she felt sure it would not open any of them. 'I'm sure those are not attending!' said the King; 'and don't be particular--Here, Bill! catch hold of it; then Alice put down the chimney?--Nay, I shan't! YOU do it!--That I won't, then!--Bill's to go nearer till she had known them all her fancy, that: they never executes nobody, you know. But do cats eat bats, I wonder?' Alice guessed who it was, even before she made out the proper way of keeping up the fan and two or three times over to the Cheshire Cat sitting on a three-legged stool in the pool, and the baby was howling so much about a foot high: then she remembered having seen such a noise inside, no one to listen to her, one on each side, and opened their eyes and mouths so VERY tired of sitting by her sister kissed her, and said, very gravely, 'I think, you ought to be a queer thing, to be a great hurry; 'and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie; and they went up to Alice, and she had quite forgotten the Duchess said in a sorrowful.
Alice soon began talking to herself, 'I don't quite understand you,' she said, 'than waste it in a hoarse, feeble voice: 'I heard every word.


Wound dressing is used to help a wound heal and prevent further infections or complications. Unlike a bandage or tape that holds the dressing in place, dressings are designed to be in direct contact with the wound. They can serve a variety of purposes depending on the type, position, and severity of the wound. The major function of dressing is to reduce the risk of infection but can also help stop bleeding, absorb excess blood, and help during the healing process.
Due to the wide variety of uses, ExpressMed provide an assortment of wound dressings. Check out all of our wound dressings to see which one fits your specific needs.


Pep Guardiola says he expects his side to have to deal with long, direct balls when they face West Brom on Saturday.
The City boss has watched Tony Pulis' side closely in recent weeks and expects a difficult afternoon against a well-drilled outfit.
Pulis signed a new one-year contract extension at the Hawthorns on Friday - a fitting reward for the improvement shown by West Brom since his appointment in January 2015.
Guardiola is well aware of his record and is under no illusions about tough the game will be.
"First of all, I hear he has renewed his contract, so congratulations for Tony," Guardiola said. "It's long ball, it's physical. I saw their game against Tottenham, against Liverpool, and I realised how tough it will be tomorrow.
"I spoke with my players. I spoke with Mikel [Arteta], with Rodolfo [Borrell] and they informed me they're a special, special team.
"He made a huge job at Stoke City, where it was almost impossible to win there. It will be tough. They will be high pressing. After that, they recover the ball. They defend low. They are very compact, with very good movement.
Meanwhile, Guardiola says he is enjoying life in England.
City haven't won in six but remain top of the Premier League table and are well-placed to qualify for the last 16 of the Champions League.
Guardiola admits the last few weeks have been tough – but says he is happy with his new life and feels his family have settled since arriving in the summer.


Naturopathic medicine - David Nortman, N.D.
Naturopathic medicine is whole-person approach tailor-made to the individual. It is based not on what makes us similar to each other such as our medical diagnosis, but on what makes us unique – our individual symptoms, lifestyle, history, and life goals. The naturopathic perspective is based on restoring balance and developing greater resilience in those key systems of body and mind that must function smoothly in order to achieve and maintain well-being and prevent future illness.
Both external and internal factors are vital for our health. External factors include our interaction with the physical environment (what we eat, drink, and breathe) and the physical structure of our bodies, and key processes that need to be addressed at this level are digestion and other organ function, inflammation, toxicity, and hormonal balance. The internal factors at the mental, emotional and spiritual levels come into play when illness persists despite an optimal environment and lifestyle.


The frozen Czech metropolis and West Bohemian spa towns welcomed the "Sun from Malta", otherwise known as the current winner of the World Final of the Miss Princess of the World, which was attended by thousands of spectators in Europe's largest luxury ocean-going liner, the MSC MERAVIGLIA, in the autumn of 2017, and who was the beautiful and intelligent MISS Dajana Laketic.
Unaccustomed cold and excellent cuisine, such were the first impressions of the twenty-six-year-old worldwide winner of her February visit to the Czech Republic. From her home of Malta, she arrived on Wednesday, February 14th, and after the opening dinner with the partners, she set off on a magical evening walk through Prague.
A day later, her appearance at the ceremonial opening of the International Tourism Fair, Holiday World, in Prague's Holešovice brought a little glamour to the morning. The President of the Competition, Ing. Viktor Krča, accompanied by J.E. Mr. Ernes Flamini, Honorary Consul of Malta, presented Miss Princess of the World Winner in Prague to other foreign ambassadors, local politicians, regional representatives, the media, and partners. "I'm enjoying their immediate reactions and positive feedback. Dajana is a real MISS with everything that involves. Pleasant, intelligent, gracious, friendly, human, and good-natured," underlined Ing. Krča. Interpreting and accompanying our "Princess Dajana" was taken care of by the presenter of the competition, Alexandr Komarnický, who, besides Czech and English, also speaks German, Russian, and Hungarian, and is therefore an indispensable part of the team.
Within the framework of the demanding programme, our MISS managed to press a souvenir medallion at the Prague Castle, as well as Charles Bridge and other Prague monuments. Visiting the Grévin museum with famous celebrities from wax in Celetna Street, commercial photography for KOSTKA scooters, evening celebration of the Chinese New Year at the Municipal House, and dinner at the El Emir Lebanese restaurant also brought Prague closer as a modern and cosmopolitan metropolis.
On Friday, February 15th, she went to the planned official visit to West Bohemian Spas. First, she was welcomed to Marianbad by the Mayor of the City, Ing. Petr Třešňák, who briefly introduced the history and current events in the second largest Czech spa town. After an excellent lunch together at Česká hospůdka with pure Czech specialties, the Fryderik Chopin Memorial, the City Theatre, and the Colonnade, she set out to explore the monument. The stay at Marianbad ended with the invitation of the hotel owner, Ing. George Richter's sweet point in the form of a dessert called "Krakonoš".
In the afternoon, the Miss Princess of the World was enchanted by our most famous spa town, Carlsbad, with its atmosphere, curative mineral waters, and the excellent 13th Spring. It was possible to taste it directly in the Jan Becher Museum, under the guidance of the friendly guide, Miroslava Zouharová. Also, Mr. Radim Rint from the City Information Centre took the winner, with a distinguished interpreter, as part of the City tour, so at the end of her visit, she expressed the desire to come back here in summer, for a private holiday.


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EV SME Loans
£6.5m plant gives added sparkle to spring water company
A new bottling line which has now gone into action will boost production of Harrogate Spring Water, the UK's fastest-growing independent bottled water brand.
Harrogate Water Brands has made the £6.5m investment in the new plant with support from Enterprise Ventures SME Loans. The company has increased sales by more than 60 per cent in the past two years following its investment in a new line in 2014. It has now replaced its original glass production line with a combination line, capable of handling both glass and PET plastic.
The Harrogate site is one of the most environmentally efficient in the world and the new state-of-the-art Krones technology will provide greater production flexibility and substantially increase capacity. Harrogate Water is the number one British premium spring water and is the official water of Royal Ascot.
Harrogate Water Brands began production in 2002, building on the town's 400-year history of water production and now exports to countries worldwide.
The company has secured a £1m investment package from Enterprise Ventures SME Loans.
Jonathan Craig, Investment Director with Enterprise Ventures part of Mercia Technologies PLC, said: "Harrogate Spring is the fastest-growing independent brand in its sector and the company is successfully competing with the multi-national players, a considerable achievement given their large marketing budgets.
"The previous investment to increase production has clearly paid off, allowing the sales effort to push forward and opening up new routes to market both at home and abroad. This new investment will further boost capacity and should help the company take a step up to the next level."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Even the smallest component of jewelry will always be remembered and loved.Read through this article to consolidate your personal or even a gift to someone else.
Use a soft cloth and also hardwearing . jewelry pieces. This method to keep up the look of your fine jewelry. Use the dual-sided cloth to gently buff your jewelry like you had been cleaning glass. Utilize one side for polishing as well as the other to polish it.
Keep jewelry stored away and safely from humidity or air. Air and humidity might cause the metals of all. Non-precious metals coated by using a finish will never return to their previous state, although precious metals can easily be polished.
Take a close examine a truly first class diamond, then put it alongside other pieces you are looking at. Remember that jewelers use cheap tactics to generate a diamond look bigger or better.
Observe thetypes and sizes, as well as any other typical jewelry that they wear. These answers should supply you with a reasonable beginning point to buy an item they'll cherish.
Keep your jewelry pieces looking beautiful by protecting them from getting tarnished to preserve its best appearance. Do not wear jewelry from water. In order to give your jewelry a measure of defense against this element, prepare it with the addition of some clear nail polish on the outside, water can dull and rust some metals to shed their luster or to become tarnished or rusty..
A piece that shows a lot of wear and tear is definitely not definitely worth the money or time, although costume jewelry make good investments and they may be costly. A great piece which is in excellent condition improves in value.
It is best to try and properly maintain each piece with your jewelry. The things that work well with one sort of stone may not work with another. Ask a jeweler to successfully understand how to deal with your items.
For the special and personalized gift, look for handcrafted or customized pieces.This may express the time you spent to obtain their gift just right, traits that someone would you want a unique bit of jewelry will probably value.
Untangle your knotted necklaces with delicate necklaces and chains.It's easy to give up on some knotted metal mass however, but try using some plastic wrap before you decide to call it quits. Put the necklace about the plastic add and wrap a little bit baby oil. Use a sewing needle to untangle the knot. Make use of a mild liquid soap to eliminate the oil and let dry.
Every single diamond is exclusive and features its own set of flaws. Some flaws might be less essential to you when you see it personally.
Buying jewelry sets will be worth considering if you want to give that special someone a great gift. You might be able to find excellent deals if you purchase groups of jewelry.You are able to divide the set into individual pieces and give them out one-by-one. This really is a fabulous approach to always have a great gift that someone will forget.
A top quality clap is extremely important to your necklace or necklace. Without a solid clasp, your pendant, pendants and costly stones could possibly be lost. You need to put in a safety clasp to help keep costly necklaces and bracelets from falling and becoming lost. Many people may even elect to put another or three clasps on their extremely valuable pieces to keep them safe while putting them on.
Brand must not be the sole consideration when purchasing jewelry. There are thousands of quality brands of jewelry pieces from various brands.
You possibly can make a little extra cash out of your gold bracelets and necklaces without sacrificing the pieces. You possibly can make several hundred dollars by simply shortening the pieces if you can do this with several chains made of real gold.
As you can see, jewelry will make a great gift for a lot of different occasions. It can mean a lot towards the person receiving it, even if it is the smallest piece. You will certainly be a jewelry expert when you can make meaningful gifts and in addition take better care of your jewelry. You are certain to locate that enjoying jewelry stylishly is easier than maybe you have previously believed if you test these tips.


For the past two months, the 50 girls who are being sponsored by IPHD have been going to school and working hard. In the second week of September, we learned that 19 of our girls were going to be dropped from the government school because they did not have Aadhar Cards (Indian ID cards).
Birth certificates are needed to get Aadhar cards and because the girls were born in the village, they never received birth certificates. The government school teacher told us she could not enroll the girls without official documents proving their Indian citizenship.
Immediately, our education advocates Rukiya and Leela got to work — seeking out the 19 girls, gathering their identifying information and taking them to get birth certificates and Aadhar cards. The process is very complicated and time-consuming, and after one week of tireless efforts by the education team, 10 girls still did not have their Aadhar cards — with the government enrollment deadline quickly approaching the following week.
On Thursday, September 14, Rukiya, Leela, IPHD Founder and Executive Director Madhu Vaishnav and Girls' Education intern Olivia Arnold went to the house of Bhikamkor's Sarpanch (elected leader) with the 10 girls to deliver a letter urging him to immediately issue birth certificates for them. Unfortunately, we were told that the Sarpanch was not home, so all we could do was leave the letter at his home and hope that he would read it.
To our pleasant surprise, the Sarpanch personally called IPHD founder Madhu the very next morning to tell her that he would support our mission to keep the girls in school and sign the birth certificates. We were so relieved and overjoyed!
Education advocate Rukiya helping the last few girls receive their Aadhar cards.
Again, our education advocates Rukiya and Leela immediately began doing all the hard work: getting the girls' birth certificates filled out, bringing them to the Sarpanch to sign and then bringing the girls to get Aadhar cards.
On Wednesday, September 20, less than one week after our original plea to the Sarpanch, Rukiya and Leela were able to get Aadhar cards for all of the remaining 10 girls.
All of our 50 girls will now be officially enrolled and are no longer at risk of getting dropped from the school. IPHD would like to extend a big thank you to the Sarpanch for joining our mission in support of girls' education.
There is several advantage of girls' education. Grown up educated girls can play an important role in the development of their country.


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Q: MAC OS X hotkeys with Java applications unfocused...is it possible? As Stephan asked 2 years ago...
A Java6 application sits in the system tray / dock. It needs to be activated using a hotkey (e.g. Super-G or Ctrl-Shift-L etc) and do something (e.g. showing an input box).
I found the answer for Windows and Linux.
But what about MAC OS X? Is it doable?

A: Take a look at this: https://bitbucket.org/agynamix/ossupport-connector. It claimed to be "a cross platform global hotkey library for Java". (Never worked with it before).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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https://www.middletownpress.com/sports/article/2016-Ryder-Cup-captain-Davis-Love-III-shoots-11788743.php
2016 Ryder Cup captain Davis Love III shoots 2-over at Travelers Championship
By David Borges dborges@nhregister.com @DaveBorges on Twitter
Published 6:20 pm EDT, Thursday, June 25, 2015
Things aren't too hectic for Davis Love III right now.
Love, 51, is balancing playing on both the PGA and Champions tours — trying to play more on the former than the latter. He's also helping out U.S. Presidents Cup captain Jay Haas as an assistant, monitoring how potential team members are playing.
But by this time next year, things will have ramped up considerably for Love. The 20-time PGA Tour winner has been named captain of the 2016 U.S. Ryder Cup team, and he'll have plenty of work to do — and tough decisions to make — over the ensuing year.
For now, though, Love's Ryder Cup work is largely preliminary.
"Not much golf-wise," he said on Thursday, after completing his opening round at the Travelers Championship. "It's more just getting stuff organized — clothes, hotels, sorting all that out. Luckily, we've been through it once, so it's not that hard. Luckily I've been to Hazeltine a few times, so that makes it a little easier."
Love captained the 2012 Ryder Cup team, which lost in spectacular fashion, squandering a 10-6 lead heading into Sunday at Medinah. Still, he was reportedly the unanimous pick of Tiger Woods, Phil Mickelson and other members of the PGA of America Ryder Cup task force to lead the troops into action in 2016. In a few weeks, if he doesn't qualify for the British Open, Love, his wife and members of the PGA of America will head to Hazeltine for a preliminary decision.
"I'll be talking a lot to Tom Lehman and Tiger and Phil about stuff that we need to get done to be ready for the golf course," he said. "Right now, we can probably say Jordan Spieth's gonna make it. But other than that, the points are really next year."
Love, who carded a 2-over 72 on Thursday, is playing in the Travelers for just the second time since 2002.
"I always enjoy coming here," he said. "I like the golf course. Just the schedule, the way it's fallen, it fell perfect for me this year. I played here a couple of years ago and really enjoyed it, so I definitely wanted to come back."
Love underwent foot surgery a few months ago, and this is only the third tournament he's played in since returning — two on the PGA Tour and one on the Champions. But Love intends to play in the Greenbrier Classic next week in West Virginia, and hopes to play more often on the PGA Tour.
"I'm just coming back from an injury, so see how I'll do on that and try to play the rest of this year out on the regular tour," Love said.
Then comes the pressures of being Ryder Cup captain. At least it's something he's been through already.


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Our ProgramCurrently selected
Art History>Graduate>Our Program
Graduate students in Professor Wendy Bellion's "American Art to 1900" course visit the New-York Historical Society during the fall 2019 semester. (Photograph courtesy of Wendy Bellion)
We offer programs leading to the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, which provide comprehensive studies in the history of art from ancient to modern times, with special concentrations in art of the Americas and in European art from the Renaissance through the modern eras. Arrangements with various institutions inside and outside the University enable students to work, under faculty and museum staff supervision, with original objects and documents, and to arrange exhibitions on a variety of subjects.
The University Museums, located on campus, have a collection of about 6,000 objects for teaching and research and provide opportunities for organization of exhibitions. The University Museums' holdings include the Paul R. Jones Collection of African American Art, the Frederick and Lucy S. Herman Native American Art Collection, and the Mabel and Harley McKeague Alaskan Inuit Collection. Their collections of Gertrude Käsebier photographs and Abraham Walkowitz paintings and drawings are the largest in existence. There is also a collection of books and ephemera on Italian Futurism. The Mark Samuels Lasner Collection in the University Library is especially rich in Victorian materials, including many illustrated books. Periodically, art history graduate seminars have contributed to the research for, and organization of, exhibitions at such museums as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Delaware Art Museum, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, as well as the University Museums.
The Department of Art History enjoys a longstanding relationship with UD's Center for Material Culture Studies, a dynamic collaboration of individuals, programs and departments engaged in the documentation, interpretation and preservation of objects and images. The Center builds on UD's national reputation and extraordinary strengths in well-established academic, research and public service programs in the fields of material culture, historic preservation, museum studies, and historical archaeology. It also capitalizes on institutional partnerships with the Winterthur and Hagley museums, Historical Society of Delaware and Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs. Another university resource is the Center for Historic Architecture and Design (CHAD), a multidisciplinary research and public service group exploring the evolution of historic architecture, engineering and the built environment. Based in the College of Arts & Sciences, CHAD is cosponsored by the departments of Art History, History, and Geography, the College of Engineering, the Museum Studies Program, and the Winterthur Program in American Material Culture. CHAD is the first American university center in this field recognized by the Department of the Interior. Graduate students in art history may pursue a graduate specialization both in architectural history and in historic preservation and may qualify for CHAD grants, internships and assistantships. The Winterthur Museum Library, open to graduate students in art history, is especially strong in American art and in Western European art and design, a special concentration in the Department of Art History. The nearby Delaware Art Museum, pre-eminent in its collection of pre-Raphaelite art and the art of illustration, includes a comprehensive collection of American paintings, sculpture, and prints from about 1800 to the present day, the Samuel and Mary R. Bancroft English Pre-Raphaelite Collection, the John Sloan Collection, the Howard Pyle Collection, and the N.C. Wyeth papers.
Cooperative arrangements with Bryn Mawr College and the University of Pennsylvania permit students to take courses at both institutions. The departmental Graduate Student Symposium allows students to work with faculty to polish and present their own scholarly work annually to the faculty, students, and the public. Graduate students also present papers at the annual Mid-Atlantic Symposium at the National Gallery of Art and the annual symposium organized by the Barnes Foundation. With faculty advice, they run an annual Lecture Series featuring well-known art historians and museum curators. They also have the opportunity to collaborate with faculty in planning symposia that bring distinguished speakers to campus.
This Page Last Modified On: 12/11/2020 1:00 PM
doctorate degrees, graduate programs, graduate students, MA, M.A., master's degrees, Ph.D., PhD


Outward Hound Tower of Tracks Cat Toy is perfect for your frisky feline. It is a tower with three balls on tracks around the toy which your cat can play with. It will also bring out the hunting instinct in your cat.


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Reform of the U.S. Health Care System
Guidance Establishing "Long COVID" as ADA Disability May Preview EEOC Guidance Impacting Employers
by Daniel Chasen
The Departments of Justice and Health and Human Services indicated that experiencing COVID symptoms weeks or months after infection may be considered a disability under certain areas of the Americans with Disabilities Act. While not directly applicable to private sector employers, the move could foreshadow future EEOC guidance.
The guidance impacts Section 504 of the ADA and Section 1557 of the ACA, which deal largely with educational, commercial, and health care settings, and not in ADA's employment context. However, it does apply to employer health plans and wellness programs to the extent those employer plans and programs receive financial assistance from HHS.
When long COVID would amount to a disability is unclear: "An individualized assessment is necessary to determine whether a person's long COVID condition or any of its symptoms substantially limits a major life activity," the guidance states. "The CDC and health experts are working to better understand long COVID." Under the guidance, long COVID symptoms include headaches, tiredness or fatigue, depression or anxiety, loss of taste or smell, dizziness on standing, and a number of other ailments.
Outlook: The joint guidance is likely a strategy to circumvent the current GOP majority on the EEOC, which would normally issue guidance covering both federal and private sector employers. Democrats are expected to gain a majority on the Commission shortly after July 1, 2022, when Commissioner Janet Dhillon's term expires, and a broader guidance could result at that time.
More HR Policy News Stories
HR Policy Expresses Support for Surprise Billing Dispute Resolution Process
HR Policy Supports "No Surprises" Billing that Lowers Costs for Employees
Expansive New Health Care Reporting Requirements for Employer Plans
Second Surprise Billing Final Rule Includes HR Policy Recommendations


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Next Historic Periods
Next Early History: C 500 To C 1450/1500
Next Medieval History
Medieval History 9780226104324-01-000 9780226104324-01-000 9780226104324
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/the-inner-lives-of-medieval-inquisitors/karen-sullivan/paperback/9780226104324-01-000.html
The Inner Lives of Medieval Inquisitors
By Karen Sullivan (Author)
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/the-inner-lives-of-medieval-inquisitors/karen-sullivan/paperback/9780226104324-01-000.html £23.52 rrp £24.00 Save £0.48 (2%)
With Free Saver Delivery
There have been numerous studies in recent decades of the medieval inquisitions, most emphasizing larger social and political circumstances and neglecting the role of the inquisitors themselves. In this volume, Karen Sullivan sheds much-needed light on these individuals and reveals that they had choices - both the choice of whether to play a part in the orthodox repression of heresy and, more frequently, the choice of whether to approach heretics with zeal or with charity. In successive chapters on key figures in the Middle Ages-Bernard of Clairvaux, Dominic Guzman, Conrad of Marburg, Peter of Verona, Bernard Gui, Bernard Delicieux, and Nicholas Eymerich - Sullivan shows that it is possible to discern each inquisitor making personal, moral choices as to what course of action he would take. All medieval clerics recognized that the church should first attempt to correct heretics through repeated admonitions and that, if these admonitions failed, it should then move toward excluding them from society. Yet more charitable clerics preferred to wait for conversion, while zealous clerics preferred not to delay too long before sending heretics to the stake. By considering not the external prosecution of heretics during the Middles Ages, but the internal motivations of the preachers and inquisitors who pursued them, as represented in their writings and in those of their peers, The Inner Lives of Medieval Inquisitors explores how it is that the most idealistic of purposes can lead to the justification of such dark ends.
Karen Sullivan is the Irma Brandeis Professor of Romance Culture and Literature at Bard College. She is the author of The Interrogation of Joan of Arc and Truth and the Heretic: Crises of Knowledge in Medieval French Literature, the latter published by the University of Chicago Press.
Contributor: Karen Sullivan
Imprint: University of Chicago Press
Publisher: The University of Chicago Press
Biography: Karen Sullivan is the Irma Brandeis Professor of Romance Culture and Literature at Bard College. She is the author of The Interrogation of Joan of Arc and Truth and the Heretic: Crises of Knowledge in Medieval French Literature, the latter published by the University of Chicago Press.
Karen Sullivan
https://www.whsmith.co.uk/products/the-inner-lives-of-medieval-inquisitors/karen-sullivan/paperback/9780226104324.html £23.52 rrp £24.00 Save £0.48 (2%)


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Immunisation and efficacy: The saga of Covaxin
TV Venkateswaran
10:07 AM, 5 May, 2021
Covaxin is a class of time tested vaccines that has a good track record of generating long-lasting immunity for many different virus-caused diseases, such as flu, polio, and yellow fever | Image - iStock
Frightened by the heart-wrenching scenes of overwhelmed hospitals, medical oxygen scarcity and makeshift crematoriums resulting from the second wave's uncontrolled rage, the day CoWIN portal was opened for 18-44 years age cohort to enrol for vaccination, 133 million citizens enthusiastically registered. Alas, the day the vaccination drive was to commence, stocks went empty at most vaccine centres.
Currently, the Serum Institute of India (SII) produces around 60 million doses a month, and is expected to raise capacity up to 100 million from July. Bharat Biotech is making 10 million doses a month which they hope will be ramped up to 100 million per month by September.
One lakh (0.1 million) doses of SputnikV, the vaccine from Russia, have arrived. India will become a production hub for SputnikV, and initially, about 50 million doses per month are expected to be produced.
Not all of these would be available for Indian use, as these firms have commitments abroad. Further, India cannot resist the export of vaccines as it needs vaccine ingredients from other countries. As the world's largest vaccine manufacturer, India has a moral commitment to provide to the world.
bbv152
Bharat Biotech
Covaxin


Afro hairstyles are popular styling choices among African American's. Today we will round up some of the most beautiful Afro hairstyles in this article. This is the collection of some very beautiful and unique hairstyles for the black women. Hair has long been a way for expression for the black women starting from slavery era to even today. Afro styles are known as the most creative styles that have ruled the planet. Each and every hairstyle has a history of its own making them culturally rich styles and form of expression. These styles have come a long way evolving over the time and adjusting to the modern needs. Most of these styles require lot of practice and expertise to create. We can easily state that the creativity involved in creating these styles is commendable. These styles have been sported by women around the world now. These are globally followed styles showing just how popular they are these days. Even if you are not African American just stay with us who knows you might like some hairstyle you want to sport this season.


A bird watching the field.
Patches of vegetables and strange structures.
Thanks! It looks very nice on in slight dull winter colours I think.
It was very nice go with you on the walk.
Please send me that picture. No chickens in the vending machines!


text:
Council thanks community group for support on Remembrance Week
Published Thursday 12 November 2015 at 15:40
The leader of Blackburn with Darwen Council has thanked community groups and volunteers who supported the borough's Remembrance week events.
A number of community groups and volunteers helped out on Remembrance Sunday and Remembrance Day in both Blackburn and Darwen.
Groups included the Couch to 5k runners from Witton Park who helped marshal the parade from Blackburn Town Hall to Corporation Park at the Blackburn Remembrance Sunday service.
The West End Girls (WEGs), part of One Voice, supported the Friends of Corporation Park to tidy up the area around the war memorial and other jobs.
The leader, Councillor Mohammed Khan, also wanted to thank Stuart Shore, of Darwen, who has provided two giant metal poppies which will now be displayed annually on Blackburn Town Hall and Darwen Market.
Councillor Khan said:
I want to thank all community groups and individuals who helped out during the borough's Remembrance week events. I am very grateful for everything they did to make the events run smoothly."
Zaffer Khan, from One Voice, said:
One Voice Blackburn and its various voluntary groups are delighted to have assisted in the Remembrance Sunday events. This is one of the Borough's most important civic engagements and it is vital that all sections of the Blackburn and Darwen communities gather to pay their respects to those that have served us, and continuing to serve. It is also a reminder to us all of the devastating effects of war. The young members of One Voice Blackburn were especially humbled to have taken part in such a memorable and insightful commemoration."
Rick Wilson, founder member of the Couch to 5k Witton Park, said:
We were delighted to help out at such an important occasion. It's important that informal community volunteer groups, such as ours, work to support the council and it's equally important that this support is reciprocated".
Filed under : Couch to 5K | Councillor | Mohammed Khan | One Voice | Remembrance Week


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This property is just a few minutes walk from the beach. Set amidst a tropical landscape, The Krabi Forest Homestay is only a 5-minute walk from Nopparat Thara Beach and a 10-minute walk from Ao Nang Beach. It offers free Wi-Fi and a variety of recreational activities. The Krabi Forest Homestay is a 20-minute boat ride from Railay Beach and a 20-minute drive from Susan Hoi. Krabi Airport is a 45-minute drive away.
Set amidst a tropical landscape, The Krabi Forest Homestay is a 5-minute walk from Nopparat Thara Beach and a 10-minute walk from Ao Nang Beach. It offers free Wi-Fi and a variety of recreational activities.
Overlooking the garden, rooms and bungalows at Homestay Krabi come with traditional Thai décor. All units are well equipped with a cable TV, electric kettle and private bathroom with a shower.
Guests can go fishing, diving or horseback riding. Other activities include hiking, or simply relaxing with a body massage at the spa. Ticketing, car rental and bicycle rental services are also provided.
Available for all-day dining, the restaurant serves a fine selection of Thai and international dishes.
Homestay Krabi Forest is a 20-minute boat ride from Railay Beach and a 20-minute drive from Susan Hoi. Krabi Airport is a 45-minute drive away.


R.U.S.E. is a one-of-a-kind real-time strategy game that allows players to bluff their enemies to lead their nation to victory, controlling the action using views that range seamlessly from the heart of the battlefield to the full theatre of war. Players will be plunged into the action thanks to the exclusive IRISZOOM Engine which offers an intuitive interface that allows for smooth, rapid transitions from a birds-eye view of the entire conflict, down into the heat of the battle and vice versa. In R.U.S.E., players use their brain as the ultimate weapon, fighting a war of perception, where the ability to deceive and mislead the enemy determines success. A first in a strategy game, R.U.S.E. reinvigorates the genre by using deception to give new-found depth to the gameplay.
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Specially designed for explosion hooks. With clear viewing lids. Necessary item for anglers. 10 compartments can be used to store 10 sets of explosion hooks.
Specially designed for explosion hook.
10 compartments can be used to store 10 sets of explosion hooks.
Real-time bank transfers, offline payments (bank transfers and Western Union).


Our client is an innovator in the metal stamping industry located in Brunswick, OH. Due to an increase in business, we are currently searching for a motivated Packer who enjoys overtime and working in a fast paced, state of the art environment !
Pulling parts from bin for packing.


BHP Billiton's $20 billion-plus iron ore terminal expansion in Western Australia has cleared the final hurdle after receiving environmental approval from the federal government.
The Australian speculates that there are "growing signs" that Outer Harbour will take precedence over BHP's massive Olympic Dam project quoting a Credit Suisse forecast that the long-awaited approval of the copper-gold-uranium-silver mine expansion "could be held back until 2014."
The news comes despite an announcement by the state of South Australia yesterday that it will allow BHP to put off a decision on whether it is going ahead with Olympic Dam only until 8 December this year.
If the board of the world's largest miner does not make a decision on the $30 billion project in South Australia's outback by then it would lose all approvals and royalties concessions.
Previously the London and Sydney-listed company said it would decide by mid-year but doubts were raised about the viability of the project when the BHP's chairman confirmed earlier comments from BHP's top execs about scaling back its most ambitious programs saying it will not spend the $80 billion previously set aside for expansion by 2015.
While most analysts expected BHP will continue to pour money into iron ore in Australia and that the board could give Outer Harbour the nod before the end of the year, the even more ambitious Olympic Dam and Jansen potash project in Canada may now be put on the back burner.
Last week the CEO of the so-called Olympic Dam Taskforce, a state official, told a conference that the expansion was "a project with a 100 year mining life, so a glitch this year was unlikely to sway a company that thinks well ahead."
The project is set to become the world's biggest open pit and also includes construction of 270km of powerlines, a 400 km pipeline, a new desalination plant and a 105km railway.
As for the greenfield Jansen project, it was BHP's response to the federal government of Canada's blocking of its takeover bid for Potashcorp of Saskatchewan. The company has already spent $1.2 billion to bring the project to the feasibility stage and has undertaken some construction.
It will also be presented to the board later this year, but given the strong fundamentals in potash, it may stand a better chance of sailing through the approval process.
Production could start as early as 2015. The life of the mine is predicted to be a staggering 70 years.
It is not only BHP investors who are biting their nails over whether Olympic Dam and Jansen are going ahead or not.
MINING.com reported over the weekend that the big miners are playing game of chicken over delaying new supply to the market.
New research shows marginal producers of iron ore, zinc, thermal coal, ferrochrome, nickel and aluminium can't turn a profit at today's prices and a little help from the market leaders to prop up prices would be most welcome.


text:
package com.ayushmaanbhav.jstockmart.user;

public class Commands {
	// client commands
	public static final String LOG_IN = "login";
	public static final String REGISTER = "reg";
	public static final String LOG_OUT = "logout";
	public static final String GET_USER_DETAILS = "gud";
	public static final String SEND_CHAT_MESSAGE = "chat";
	public static final String GET_CHAT_HISTORY = "chath";
	public static final String BUY = "buy";
	public static final String SELL = "sell";
	public static final String LIMIT_ORDER = "limit";
	public static final String MARKET_ORDER = "market";
	public static final String MARKET_BUY_ORDER = BUY + MARKET_ORDER;
	public static final String MARKET_SELL_ORDER = SELL + MARKET_ORDER;
	public static final String LIMIT_BUY_ORDER = BUY + LIMIT_ORDER;
	public static final String LIMIT_SELL_ORDER = SELL + LIMIT_ORDER;
	public static final String CANCEL_ORDER = "cancel";
	public static final String GET_COMPANY_HISTORY = "getch";
	public static final String GET_COMPANY_STATS = "getcs";
	public static final String SEND_PERIODIC_STATS = "sendps";
	public static final String SEND_FULL_BROADCAST = "sendfb";

	// server commands
	public static final String BROADCAST = "broadcast";
	public static final String CHAT_AND_NEWS = "chat";
	public static final String FINAL_RANKINGS = "rankings";
	public static final String RANKS = "rank";
	public static final String UNKNOWN_COMMAND = "-101";
	public static final String SERVER_NOT_RUNNING = "-102";
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Organization is important in everyone's life, but for the elderly it can be the key to how well they can function independently—and for how long. They need to simplify their lives while keeping their independence and dignity.
However, physical limitations of age or illness, poor memory, attachment to "the way things were," or simply the inability to ask for help can get in the way of streamlining.
Her memory was failing, she couldn't lift things that were the least bit heavy, and she tired rather quickly. She was in a nice retirement home where there were services available, but the staff there didn't do everything for the residence.
That's where I came in. An organizer by profession, I naturally began to help my mother around her home even before she moved to the retirement home. As things in her apartment began to be too much for her to take care of, we began to simplify her environment.
We went through every room, little by little, several hours at a time. We sorted through the contents of every closet, shelf, and drawer—clearing out unused and unwanted items, selling or throwing away things of no use to anyone, and giving usable "stuff" to a local charity.
In the kitchen, some of the pots and pans were too heavy for Mom to lift, even when empty. Things stored in very low or high cabinets, or way in the back of other cabinets, were now impossible to reach. Since she was no longer giving dinner parties, many of the kitchen and dining room items were no longer needed, although many brought back fond memories. During this process we shared many tender moments reminiscing.
The "good stuff" was left with Mom, to be fairly divided later on. And, of course, there were special things that Mom wanted to give to certain people. She took care of that with my help. I boxed up the dishes and other kitchen items and took them to my house, where my sister, myself, and our children could all meet and choose what we wanted to keep without putting Mom through any emotional stress.
Every family will have its own way of sorting and letting go, but it's important to be sensitive as we try to simplify our parent's environment to reflect his or her present lifestyle needs. We want this to be a positive change, not a traumatic one.
Most elderly people want to be independent, and the order we can help bring into their environment helps keep them functional. Visibility and accessibility are the watchwords in organizing for the elderly.
For example, you can replace a crowded jewelry box by clearing a dresser drawer and putting in lined trays with various sized sections for the jewelry. Then everything will be visible when the drawer is opened and that long-forgotten jewelry can be noticed, appreciated, and worn.
In reorganizing cabinets and shelves, use containers that slide forward easily, and put the things used most often in the most accessible spaces. You can put labels where they will be helpful.
Even though you will be handling many tasks for your parent, respect his or her wishes. You are the helper, so be sure to resist the urge to take over. It can happen easily, without your realizing it—after all, you are used to ordering your own life—but it can be very damaging to your relationship with your parent and to the success of the simplifying process. Your parent may feel like they are losing control of their life or that no one is really interested in what they think or want.
Many people don't like to ask for help directly, or at all. The helping child needs to be even more observant of the parent's needs in this case. For example, keep an eye on the parent's medications to be sure they don't forget to renew their prescriptions. If you notice spots or stains on your parent's clothing, you can offer to help with the wash or take things to the cleaners.
You might want to compose a shopping list of the items most regularly used, and make multiple copies of it. Then the parent just needs to check off what is needed. If the shopping is done by others, be sure to list the particulars: brand names, sizes, and the store where purchased.
All of us have difficulty dealing with all the paper in our lives, and this is increasingly the case as we get older. For example, outdated papers, receipts and notices can create confusion when not sorted and tossed regularly. Managing checkbooks and making financial decisions can also become overwhelming. In every instance, the first steps are the same: Eliminate the unnecessary and clarify the problem.
If your parent doesn't have one already, start a simple portable filing system with only the most essential papers. Be sure to label the folders in bold capital letters so they will be easy to read. Your job may be to keep up on the filing and to make sure all the bills are paid, checkbooks are balanced, other financial matters stay in order, and all the unneeded paper is disposed of regularly.
Most organizing tasks can be done with your parent present and can provide a mutually rewarding opportunity to spend meaningful time together. You can get to know and appreciate one another in new ways. This is not a possibility with everyone.
Be aware that even the good feelings can deteriorate into constant bickering. If your parent gets testy, it may indicate that you have missed earlier signs that they are tired, overwhelmed, saddened or that their sense of dignity and their feelings were hurt in some way or another.
If you are sensitive to changes in either your or your parent's attitude and respond in a loving way, you may continue to earn your parent's trust and respect. You will achieve the goal of helping your parent function more independently and comfortably for as long as possible and you will be building a firm foundation for making decisions in the future.


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Love's purple rose can be caught by a gaze from a far.
Love's purple rose is not earned through time spent.
A lingering smile, a heart that skips a beat.
A smile that holds in memory, that can be recalled at moments notice.
Love's purple rose is not earned nor won, but given by nature and a souls desire.
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A knowing that is heart deep.
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Love's purple rose comes but once.
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The case from KnowHowTec.de is a bit more complicated to assemble. Especially for the assembly of the side parts you've got to have the right feeling. However with our guide it should be relatively straightforward to assembly this case.
To prevent scratches, the acrylic parts are protected by a film. You need to peel it of with our fingers.
Use only the spacers supplied with the case. You don't need the original HiFiBerry nylon spacers.
Now, mount the DAC+ (or Amp+) on top of the Raspberry Pi and add the longer headers.
Now carefully add the other sides. They should snap in perfectly. Don't use a much force.
Now snap in the base plate and fix it to the Raspberry Pi with 4 nuts.


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Frontier Communications works tirelessly to be locally engaged in the communities it serves, such as Norwalk, CA. This dedication ranges from investing millions in 2012 in order to expand Internet availability across the state, to employing thousands of Californians.
FiOS Internet in Norwalk is also playing an important role in education. With 0 students per librarian and a pupil-to-teacher ratio of 25.10:1 in Norwalk public schools, children need more resources than are available to them through individual educators.
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text:
Florence • Italy
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Heritage of Discovery – Seville
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Centre Pompidou Paris
Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile
Louvre Museum – Musée du Louvre
PROJECT PARIS – 48 hours in Paris
The Capital LONDON facts
A tour of Lisbon – the oldest city in Western Europe
Ponta Delgada – Azores
Rich in art and architecture, a centre of medieval European trade and finance, the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and once the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.
Florence is so rich in art that some first-time visitors experience the Florence Syndrome, a phenomenon observed and described with more than 100 cases among tourists and visitors after many descriptions of people experiencing a rapid heartbeat, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations and fainting while taking in Florentine art. Named after a famous 19th-century French author Stendhal (Stendhal syndrome), who described his experience with the phenomenon during his 1817 visit to Florence, Italy.
Florence keeps an artistic heritage which is marvellous evidence of its aged culture. Their works, together with those of many other generations of artists are gathered in the several museums around the town, so many of which that it is impossible to do it all in a weekend. Florence is so rich in art and history that a visitor requires several stays to take as much of it in, a feast for the eyes of the lover of art and culture.
Contained in medieval walls that were built in XIV century to defend the city after it became famous and important for its economic growth and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1982 by the UNESCO for the importance of its cultural heritage. Known as the "cradle of Renaissance" for its monuments, churches and buildings, the best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city, Santa Maria del Fiore, known as The Duomo. The dome, 600 years after its completion, is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world.
Tourism is the most significant industry in the centre of Florence. Though the local population is greatly outnumbered by tourists from all over the world. The Uffizi and Accademia museums are regularly sold out of tickets, and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella, both of which charge for entry.
Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating, the vast majority of dishes are based on meat. The most famous main course is the bistecca alla fiorentina, a large one inch high T-bone steak of Chianina beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare on a bed of arugula, often with slices of Parmesan cheese on top with local olive oil.
It comes as no surprise that notable residents of Florence include Leonardo da Vinci, famous for his Mona Lisa and other paintings, inventions, and scientific experiments. Galileo Galilei, Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher. Amerigo Vespucci, explorer and cartographer, naming America. Michelangelo Buonarroti, sculptor, painter, also famous for the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David. Donatello, sculptor. Raphael, painter.Antonio Meucci, inventor of the telephone. Florence Nightingale, pioneer of modern nursing, and a noted statistician. Roberto Cavalli, fashion designer and Guccio Gucci, founder of the Gucci label.
The worlds favourite dessert, ice cream, also was created in Florence, invented by Fernardo Buontalenti in 1565, who apart from being a famous architect in his day, was also employed by the Medicis as their master of ceremonies at court. He discovered how to freeze the ingredients of egg yolks, honey, milk, butter and a drop of sweet wine.
Category: Europe, Florence, Italy
Tags: City/Town/Village, UNESCO World Heritage
City/Town/Village UNESCO World Heritage
Florence • Italy • Tripadvisor
Florence • Italy • Hotels.com
Florence • Italy • Booking.com
Florence • Italy • Expedia
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It's recently become the in thing to do to create "cd terrain". That is, create some terrain that uses a cd as its base. This actually has several good things going for it. First, you can create something rather quickly because it can only get so big. Second, it helps to get the creative juices flowing because you have to be judicious in your use of space. And third, it's great for storing the pieces, since they'll fit just about anywhere.
I had recently ordered the first two (of hopefully many more) cavern molds from Hirst Arts. I'd cast the molds a few times just to see how the pieces looked, but i hadn't built anything from them. I know what i'm eventually going to use them for but i was itching to try them out right away. A simple and quick "cd terrain" piece seemed to fit the bill nicely.
As i glued the pieces together i had the idea of a door that leads to a dungeon or something. But all by itself the door seemed rather drab. My first thought was to have it cracked slightly open and try my hand at the source lighting technique (which is basically, paint the light and shadows that would be there if there were a bright light source such as a lamp, torch, fire, or lightning bolt). I was going to have a bright beam of light coming out of the door. Some excellent examples of this technique can be found here, here, and here.
But it still seemed rather uninteresting. Almost sci-fi alien, and I wanted more of a fantasy feel. So I decided to go with one of the horror movie 101 tricks: Show just enough of a monster to make the audience imagine the rest. Hence the tentacle was born. Who knows what scary creature might be lurking behind the door and what treasures it might be guarding?
This top-down view shows off the cavern floor tiles. As I glued them together there were a few largish gaps between several of the pieces. In order to correct this, i decided to mix up another small batch of plaster and pour it into the cracks.
This image shows a close-up of some topaz and geode crystals that i've added. The crystals are from various rock hunting trips that some of my co-workers and our families went on a few years ago. On each of the various trips, we went out into the desert to dig for rocks. It was loads of fun. As a result, I have buckets full of geodes, trilobites, and topaz.


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text:
home > suspects > prince albert victor
Motive, Method and Madness: Practicality or madness? - by etenguy 1 hour ago.
Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward (known as "Eddy" to his friends) is one of the most famous suspects in the Jack the Ripper case, figuring in no less than three major theories. Over the years, different versions of his personality, mental stability, and manner of death have appeared.
Eddy was born in 1864 to Prince Albert Edward (known as "Bertie"and son to Queen Victoria --Bertie would later become King Edward VII) and Princess Alexandra. Bertie was well known by the English public and not highly respected by many of the lower, and some of the upper, classes. He had a reputation for being a 'ladies man' and was rumored to have been a party to many a scandal that was hushed up by the Palace. Princess Alexandra, on the other hand, was an equivalent to today's Princess Di in that she was much loved by the public who had great sympathy for her having to put up with the antics of her husband.
By most reports, Eddy was a "slow" child and grew up to be a rather dull adult. "Even his nearest and dearest, who were naturally bent on making the best of poor Prince Eddy, could not bring themselves to use more positive terms. Prince Eddy was certainly dear and good, kind and considerate. He was also backward and utterly listless. He was self-indulgent and not punctual. He had been given no proper education, and as a result he was interested in nothing. He was as heedless and as aimless as a gleaming gold-fish in a crystal bowl." (James Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary. Quoted in Rumbelow, p. 194.)
There were unconfirmed rumors that Eddy was mildly retarded. That his intelligence was lower than expected of a future monarch is not disputed and it is believed that this limited mental ability was one of the reasons why he required a tutor at Cambridge. He was partially deaf, owing to inherited hearing problems through his mother's side of the family. He had an unusually long and thin neck which required him to wear long starched collars and led to him receiving the nickname, "collars & cuffs".
Eddy was named Duke of Clarence and Avondale in 1891 and would likely have followed Bertie to the throne had Eddy not fallen victim to the influenza epidemic of 1891-92. The death was especially ironic as Eddy had become engaged to Princess May of Teck (eventually to become Queen Mary) in December of 1891. During Eddy's lifetime, there were rumors regarding his lifestyle, intelligence, and physical health but nothing was ever proven.
During the time of the Ripper murders, there were no actual theories presented linking Eddy to the crimes. Those would come much later after many of the principal characters in the theories were dead. It would not be until 1962 when the first theory regarding Eddy's involvement in the murders became known. According to Jack the Ripper: A to Z (Begg, Fido, and Skinner), the first allegation comes from Phillippe Jullien in his book, Edouard VII. In it, Jullien remarks that "the prince and 'the Duke of Bedford'" (A-Z, pg. 16) were rumored to be responsible for the murders. I cannot find any details on this mysterious "Duke of Bedford" to corroborate this remark.
This thread was taken up by Dr. Thomas Stowell who, in 1970, published an article in The Criminologist called "A Solution". It created a sensation by his veiled accusation of Prince Eddy as the killer. Stowell apparently used the private papers of Sir William Gull as his primary source material and it was these papers which led him to devise his theory. Throughout his article, the killer is referred to as "S", but there is enough internal evidence to identify Eddy as his chief culprit.
According to Stowell, Eddy was suffering from syphilis, contracted during a shore party in the West Indies, and that this infection drove Eddy insane and compelled him to commit the murders. In this theory, the Royal Family knew that Eddy was the murderer "definitely ... after the second murder, and possibly even after the first" (Rumbelow, p 196). Eddy's doctor in this matter was supposedly Sir William Gull who informed Bertie that his son was dying of syphilitic infection. Apparently no attempt was made to restrain Eddy until after the Double Event when he was bundled away in restraints to a private mental hospital. Eddy then escaped to carry out the Kelly murder after which he was again locked away and died, not of flu in 1892 as claimed, but of "softening of the brain" in a private mental hospital in Sandringham. Stowell goes on to include Eddy's resemblance to Druitt and the eye-witness accounts of the Ripper as proof positive. While a neat and tidy theory, later Ripperologists have poked several effective holes through it.
To begin with, Stowell claims of using Gull's private papers cannot be substantiated due to Stowell's death within days of publishing his theory and the burning of his own papers (unread) by the family. With the lack of the papers, Stowell's claims of Eddy being homosexual (and nearly escaping prosecution in the Cleveland Street scandal) and of Eddy's contracting syphilis cannot be confirmed. Adding more confusion, Stowell used Gull's papers for his theory but Eddy supposedly died in 1892 and Gull in 1890 so Gull could not have been able to comment on the cause of Eddy's death. If the theory is true, Gull could be a source of confirming the infection but not necessarily of it being the cause of Eddy's death. Being the two most important parts of the theory, their elimination severely weakens the case.
More importantly, examination of court and Royal records reveal that Eddy was not even in London on the important murder dates.
"29 August-7 September 1888: The Prince was staying with Viscount Downe at Danby Lodge, Grosmont, Yorkshire. (Nichols murdered 31 August.)
"7-10 September 1888: The Prince was at the Cavalry Barracks in York. (Chapman murdered 8 September.)
"27-30 September: The Prince was at Abergeldie, Scotland, where Queen Victoria recorded in her journal that he lunched with her on 30 September. (Stride and Eddowes murdered between 1.00 and 2.00 a.m., 30 September.)
"1 November: Arrived in London from York.
"2-12 November: The Prince was at Sandringham. (Kelly murdered 9 November)" (A-Z, p. 17.)
Stowell argues that the Ripper's skill at dissection was obtained through Eddy's experience at "dressing deer". A far leap in logic. Despite the implausibility of Eddy actually being the Ripper, he was named as the infamous killer in yet another book: Prince Jack by Frank Spiering.
This strange book takes the basic thrust of Stowell's theory, clearly naming Eddy as the killer, and goes even further. Spiering claims to have found a copy of Gull's notes in The New York Academy of Medicine in which, supposedly, was a report of Gull hypnotizing Eddy and watching horrified as Eddy acted out the murders. From this, Gull went on to diagnose Eddy as having syphilis and that the accompanying pain was driving the Prince out to commit the murders in fits of fantastic rage. Spiering goes on to suggest that Lord Salisbury, in possibly collusion with Bertie, had Eddy killed by a morphine overdose.
Rumbelow states that the book was called "Grade Z fiction" by the American reviewer, Dale L. Walker and that Spiering's own response to the criticism was to claim that the papers also included Eddy's confession to Gull which was not mentioned in the book. Following this claim, both Walker and Rumbelow attempted to trace the existence of these Gull documents but were informed by The New York Academy of Medicine that "'None of the entries in our catalog for works by or about Sir William Gull contain the material referred to by Mr. Spiering." The response to Rumbelow's request mentions that it is not inconceivable that the material could have been misplaced "but it is highly unlikely". Rumbelow goes on to show that Spiering's research was sloppy at best and therefore discredits much of the theory.
In 1978, Spiering issued a challenge to Queen Elizabeth II to reveal the truth about Eddy. Either she should open the Royal archives or hold a press release detailing the Duke's activities as the Ripper. When a Buckingham Palace spokesman stated that Spiering could examine the Royal Archives (as other researchers had done) but that the accusation were "not sufficiently serious to warrant a special statement from the Queen", Spiering replied that he didn't want to see the files. Leaving Rumbelow and others to deduce that the entire episode had been orchestrated to sell copies of the book.
Since then Spiering has not made any further claims or produced any further evidence supporting his theory.
Having survived accusation as the Ripper, Eddy now moved into the role of supporting player to the murderer (or murderers) in two separate theories. The first involved his old Cambridge tutor, James K. Stephen and was initially made in Michael Harrison's biography of Eddy, Clarence. According to this theory, Harrison had gone over Stowell's article and come to the conclusion that "S" was not Eddy, but actually Stephens who was committing the murders "out of a twisted desire for revenge" because of the dissolution of a homosexual relationship with Eddy.
James Stephen was the son of infamous Maybrick judge, Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, and cousin of Vanessa Bell and Virginia Woolf. In 1883, James became Eddy's tutor at Cambridge where his mission was to try and bring Eddy's intelligence up to acceptable levels. Eddy's mind was, according to one former tutor, "abnormally dormant". During this period, Harrison claims, a sexual relationship began between the tutor and pupil, resulting in a scandal of which, apparently, little evidence remains. "The accusation seems chiefly to be based on Harrison's interpretation of the old rugby song, 'They Called the Bastard Stephen,' which he thinks refers to Stephen and Clarence!" (Rumbelow, p 198)
The relationship supposedly ended when Eddy was gazetted to the 10th Hussars on June 17th, 1885. There appears to be no further incident until two years later when Stephen had a mysterious, and eventually fatal, accident. Separate descriptions of the accident exist. Virginia Woolf's biographer, Quentin Bell, says that the family tradition was that Stephen was struck in the head by some object from a moving train. Harrison claims that Stephen was injured when a horse he was riding shied and backed him into the moving vane of a windmill. Whatever the case, the accident was a major one and required a great deal of care. Although he originally appeared to have made a complete recovery, it was later discovered that his brain had been permanently damaged and Stephen was slowly going mad.
Stephen's behavior was quite unusual. Bell relates incidents of Stephen plunging the blade from a sword stick into bread, becoming deluged that he was a painter of great genius, rushing about insanely in a hansom, and "'on another occasion he appeared at breakfast and announced, as though it were an amusing incident, that the doctors had told him that he would either die or go completely mad.'" (Rumbelow, p 199)
At this point, Stephen becomes a patient of Sir William Gull (Rumbelow places it after Gull's first stroke in 1887) and begins a rapid mental and physical decline. Stephen drifts from one project to the next with little focus or interest. It is during this period that Stephen writes two volumes of poetry that include extremely violent images against women. Stephen was committed to a mental hospital in 1891, where he died the following February.
Harrison contends that the breakup of the relationship with Eddy, combined with the accident, provoked Stephen to try and avenge himself upon Eddy. Why he would pick such pitiful women is not sufficiently answered. Harrison argues that the murders are a kind of blood sacrifice through an elaborate explanation that includes a savage deity named the Great Mother, the Roman God Terminus, the relation of Frances Coles name translated into Greek, and Stephen's pamphlet in defense of the compulsory study of Greek at the universities. Harrison goes on to state that the Ripper in fact murdered ten women (to fit into his theory he included Alice Mackenzie, Frances Coles, Mellett or Davis and Annie Farmer) but Rumbelow disputes this counting as Stride and Eddowes are counted as one and Annie Farmer was not murdered at all. The ten women theory was important because Harrison believed that Stephen was acting out his own poem "Air: Kaphoozelum" in which the song's villain kills ten harlots.
Harrison tries again when he attempts to connect Stephen's handwriting with the Ripper letters "From Hell" and "Dear Boss" and that the internal style of some of Stephen's poems matches some of the anonymous Ripper letters. This connection was rebutted by Thomas J. Mann in an article in the Journal of the World Association of Document Examiners (June 1975) in which Mann determines that only the Lusk letter is likely to be genuine and that the connection between Stephen's handwriting and that letter was minimal. "The overwhelming evidence is that the two do not match; and if the author of the Lusk letter was indeed Jack the Ripper, then J.K. Stephen was not that man." (Rumbelow, p. 204)
Not to be outdone, the Eddy/Stephen theory resurfaced in David Abrahamsen's book, Murder and Madness, The Secret Life of Jack the Ripper. Abrahamsen was a forensic psychiatrist who developed a psychological profile of Jack based upon the murders and what little evidence was left behind. His conclusion that the murderer was insane and that the murders were sexual in motive was not anything new even though he did give some new interpretations of some of the evidence and method. Where Abrahamsen fails is that he then takes the profile and goes looking for someone to match it! Stephen is the only logical choice because he is the only one of the KNOWN suspects who matches the profile. This ignores the fact that the Ripper could still be someone unknown to us at this time. Even more, Abrahamsen claims that Eddy was an accomplice in the crimes and that he and Stephen enjoyed a mutually dependent relationship with Stephen being the dominant partner. As the theory is based virtually completely on psychological conclusions, the lack, or contradicting nature, of some remaining evidence.
Eddy is unlikely to have been the source of Stephen's lovesick murder madness, but Eddy returns in what is the most popular theory to date.
The Royal Conspiracy theory first appeared in 1973 in the BBC programme, Jack the Ripper. In it, fictional detectives Barlow and Watt finally solve the Ripper mystery through a series of conspiracies and cover-ups. The story goes that the producers of the program, in doing research, were told to contact a man named Sickert who knew about a secret marriage between Eddy and a poor Catholic girl named Alice Mary Crook. Sickert painted a strange story involving Eddy, Lord Salisbury, Sir Robert Anderson, Sir William Gull, and even Queen Victoria herself!
The man, Joseph Sickert, was the son of famous painter, Walter Sickert, from whom he reportedly got the story. Sickert had lived in the East End during the time of the murders and was supposedly a close friend of the Royal family. Princess Alex asked Sickert to take Eddy under his wing and watch out for him. Sickert eventually introduced Eddy to a poor girl named Annie Crook who worked in one of the local shops in Cleveland Street. Eddy soon got the girl pregnant and they were living quite happily with their daughter Alice until the Queen discovered her grandson's indiscretion and demanded that the situation be terminated. Not only was Annie a commoner, but a Catholic as well and there was belief that news of a Catholic heir to the throne would spark a revolution. The Queen gave the matter to her Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, to solve and he, in turn, went to Sir William Gull. After a daring raid on the Cleveland Street love nest, Eddy was taken away and Annie was sent to one of Gull's hospitals where Gull performed experiments on her designed to erase her memory and drive her insane. Their child, however, escaped the raid unharmed with her nanny, Mary Kelly.
Kelly had been a coworker of Annie's, as well as a model for Sickert, and she became the child's nanny soon after its birth. Knowing that the game was up, Kelly hid Alice with nuns and fled into the East End. Eventually, she told the story to several of her cronies (Nichols, Stride and Chapman) and they decided to blackmail the government when they needed money to pay local protection thugs. When Salisbury learned of the threat, he called on Gull again
This time, Gull devised an elaborate scheme to silence the women based on Masonic rituals. Enlisting the help of John Netley, a coachman, he created Jack the Ripper as a symbol of Freemasonry. Sir Robert Anderson was enlisted to help cover up the crimes and act as lookout during the murders. The murders would be silent messages about the power and strength of Masonry and the fate awaiting any who opposed them.
Eddowes, Sickert said, was a mistake. She often went by the name of Mary Kelly and it was a case of mistaken identity. Once the truth was known, the real Mary Kelly was found and silenced. The conspiracy closed in upon itself and chose M.J. Druitt as a scapegoat to take the blame and, Sickert hinted, Druitt was murdered for it. The girl, Alice, grew up and later, by an odd series of twists and turns, married Walter Sickert and gave birth to Joseph.
The program caused a sensation and lead directly to the publication of Stephen Knight's controversial book Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution in 1978. In it, Knight tries to prove that the conspiracy not only existed but that the third man in the murder triad was not Sir Robert Anderson, but Walter Sickert himself!
The Knight theory, though interesting and entertaining in its own way, has been effectively debunked by many Ripperologists. Most notable was Rumbelow's refutation in his revised edition of Jack the Ripper: The Complete Casebook where Rumbelow provides evidence that Annie lived longer than Knight claims, spent time after 1888 in workhouses, and had Alice with her through some of this time. There are no marriage or birth records listing Eddy as Annie's husband or as Alice's father. Aside from rumor or secondhand statements, there was never any hard evidence linking Eddy to Cleveland Street, Annie Crook, or even Walter Sickert. The lack of evidence, conspiracy theorists purport, proves the theory because all evidence was destroyed! Regardless of the legitimate criticisms, the Royal Conspiracy remains one of the most popular theories with several movies, novels, and graphic novels built around it.
In the end, it is difficult to consider Eddy a serious suspect. Although rumored, there is no concrete evidence that Eddy had mental problems (either through syphilis or any other reason), he is reported being out of the country during the murders, and no solid evidence has been produced that links Eddy to sexual relationships with either James Stephen or Annie Crook. Despite these facts, it appears likely that (outside of serious Ripper circles) the theory of Eddy's involvement in the murders in some way will never completely fade.


text:
What is Antifa?
By Jessica Suerth, CNN
Updated 2:35 PM EDT, Sun May 31, 2020
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As protests over George Floyd's death spread across the country, officials have blamed the violent nature of some demonstrations on members of a controversial group known as Antifa.
President Donald Trump on Sunday said the United States would designate Antifa a terrorist organization, though the federal government has no legal authority to label a wholly domestic group the way it designates foreign terrorist organizations.
DENVER, CO - MAY 29: Police officers fire tear gas at protesters near the Colorado state capitol during a protest on May 29, 2020 in Denver, Colorado. This was the second day of protests in Denver, with more demonstrations planned for the weekend. Demonstrations are being held across the US after George Floyd died in police custody on May 25th in Minneapolis, Minnesota.(Photo by Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images)
Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images
Protesters break curfew on another night of fury and frustrations over George Floyd's killing
Speaking at the Kennedy Space Center on Saturday, Trump said the recent "violence and vandalism" seen across the country "is being led by Antifa and other radical left-wing groups who are terrorizing the innocent, destroying jobs, hurting businesses and burning down buildings."
The President did not provide any evidence for his assertion.
National Security Adviser Robert O'Brien echoed Trump's comments on CNN's "State of the Union" Sunday morning, telling Jake Tapper that the violence "is being driven by Antifa."
CNN has not independently verified whether the group is involved in recent protests.
Here's a closer look at Antifa protesters, who have become more visible in the last several years.
Antifa is short for anti-fascists. The term is used to define a broad group of people whose political beliefs lean toward the left – often the far left – but do not conform with the Democratic Party platform. The group doesn't have an official leader or headquarters, although groups in certain states hold regular meetings.
A protester holds his hands up as police officers enter Lafayette Park during a demonstration against the death in Minneapolis police custody of African-American man George Floyd, as the officers keep demonstrators away from the White House during a protest in Washington, U.S. May 30, 2020. REUTERS/Tom Brenner
Tom Brenner/Reuters
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Antifa positions can be hard to define, but many members support oppressed populations and protest the amassing of wealth by corporations and elites. Some employ radical or militant tactics to get their message across.
Scott Crow, a former Antifa organizer, says the "radical ideals" promoted by Antifas are starting to be adopted by liberals. "They would never have looked at (those ideals) before, because they saw us as the enemy as much as the right-wingers."
The majority of Antifa members don't fall into a stereotype. Since the election of President Trump, however, most new Antifa members are young voters.
How did the group start?
The exact origins of the group are unknown, but Antifa can be traced to Nazi Germany and Anti-Fascist Action, a militant group founded in the 1980s in the United Kingdom.
CNN/Getty
Trump made two statements on Charlottesville. Here's how white nationalists heard them.
Modern-day Antifa members have become more active in making themselves known at public rallies and within the progressive movement, says Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino.
"What they're trying to do now is not only become prominent through violence at these high-profile rallies, but also to reach out through small meetings and through social networking to cultivate disenfranchised progressives who heretofore were peaceful," Levin said.
Where do they protest?
Members have been spotted at high-profile, right-wing events across the country.
In August 2017 members of the group showed up in Charlottesville, Virginia, to condemn racism and counter protest hundreds of white nationalists opposed to the removal of a Gen. Robert E. Lee statue. The protests turned violent when James Fields, who is not a member of Antifa, plowed his car through a crowd of counter protesters, killing Heather Heyer.
Earlier that year, Antifa protested the appearance of Milo Yiannopoulos, an alt-right provocateur, at the University of California, Berkeley. They also protested President Donald Trump's inauguration in January 2017.
While it can be difficult to distinguish Antifa activists from other protesters, some dress head to toe in black. Members call this the "Black Bloc."
They also wear masks to hide their identities from the police and whomever they are protesting.
Why are they controversial?
The group is known for causing damage to property during protests. In Berkeley, black-clad protesters wearing masks threw Molotov cocktails and smashed windows at the student union center where the Yiannopoulos event was to be held.
Crow, who was involved with Antifa for almost 30 years, said members use violence as a means of self-defense and they believe property destruction does not equate to violence.
"There is a place for violence. Is that the world that we want to live in? No. Is it the world we want to inhabit? No. Is it the world we want to create? No. But will we push back? Yes," Crow said.
U.S President Donald Trump looks on during a meeting with South Korean President Moon Jae-in in the Oval Office of the White House on June 30, 2017 in Washington, DC.
Olivier Douliery - Pool/Getty Images
Trump mum on Twitter after outcry over Charlottesville statement
Levin said Antifa activists feel the need to partake in violence because "they believe that elites are controlling the government and the media. So they need to make a statement head-on against the people who they regard as racist."
"There's this 'It's going down' mentality and this 'Hit them with your boots' mentality that goes back many decades to confrontations that took place, not only here in the American South, but also in places like Europe," he added.
White nationalists and other members of the so-called alt-right have denounced members of Antifa, sometimes calling them the "alt-left." Many white nationalists from the Charlottesville rallies claimed it was the Antifa groups that led the protests to turn violent.
Peter Cvjetanovic, a white nationalist who attended the Virginia protests, said he believes the far left, including Antifa, are "just as dangerous, if not more dangerous than the right wing could ever be."
"These are people who preach tolerance and love while at the same time threatening people with a different political ideology. We go to our rallies and they harass us and attack us but they held theirs and we ignore them. You don't see right-wing protests get like this," Cvjetanovic told CNN affiliate KRNV.
But Crow said the philosophy of Antifa is based on the idea of direct action. "The idea in Antifa is that we go where they (right-wingers) go. That hate speech is not free speech. That if you are endangering people with what you say and the actions that are behind them, then you do not have the right to do that.
"And so we go to cause conflict, to shut them down where they are, because we don't believe that Nazis or fascists of any stripe should have a mouthpiece."
CNN's Dakin Andone and Sara Ganim contributed to this report.


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