text:
Recovering Stellar Population Parameters via Two Full-Spectrum Fitting Algorithms in the Absence of Model Uncertainties
Junqiang Ge, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Michele Cappellari, University of Oxford, UK
Shude Mao, Tsinghua University, China
Hongyu Li, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Youjun Lu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Using mock spectra based on Vazdekis/MILES library fitted within the wavelength region 3600–7350 Å, we analyse the bias and scatter on the resulting physical parameters induced by the choice of fitting algorithms and observational uncertainties, but avoid effects of those model uncertainties. We consider two full-spectrum fitting codes: PPXF and STARLIGHT, in fitting for stellar population age, metallicity, mass-to-light ratio, and dust extinction. With PPXF, we find that both the bias μ in the population parameters and the scatter σ in the recovered logarithmic values follows the expected trend μ ∝ σ ∝ 1/(S/N). The bias increases for younger ages and systematically makes recovered ages older, M*/Lr larger and metallicities lower than the true values. For reference, at S/N = 30, and for the worst case (t = 108 yr), the bias is 0.06 dex in M*/Lr, 0.03 dex in both age and [M/H]. There is no significant dependence on either E(B − V) or the shape of the error spectrum. Moreover, the results are consistent for both our 1-SSP (simple stellar population) and 2-SSP tests. With the STARLIGHT algorithm, we find trends similar to PPXF, when the input E(B − V) < 0.2 mag. However, with larger input E(B − V), the biases of the output parameter do not converge to zero even at the highest S/N and are strongly affected by the shape of the error spectra. This effect is particularly dramatic for youngest age (t = 108 yr), for which all population parameters can be strongly different from the input values, with significantly underestimated dust extinction and [M/H], and larger ages and M*/Lr. Results degrade when moving from our 1-SSP to the 2-SSP tests. The STARLIGHT convergence to the true values can be improved by increasing Markov Chains and annealing loops to the 'slow mode'. For the same input spectrum, PPXF is about two order of magnitudes faster than STARLIGHT's 'default mode' and about three order of magnitude faster than STARLIGHT's 'slow mode'.
This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2018 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1245
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grant number 11473032 (JG), 11333003 (SM), 11390372 (SM, YL), and 11690024 (YL). RY acknowledges support by National Science Foundation grant AST-1715898. MC acknowledges support from a Royal Society University Research Fellowship.
Ge, Junqiang; Yan, Renbin; Cappellari, Michele; Mao, Shude; Li, Hongyu; and Lu, Youjun, "Recovering Stellar Population Parameters via Two Full-Spectrum Fitting Algorithms in the Absence of Model Uncertainties" (2018). Physics and Astronomy Faculty Publications. 636.


KIMBERLY, WI – National Pro Fastpitch announced its awards for the 2007 season today at a press conference and awards ceremony in Kimberly, Wisconsin, site of the 2007 NPF Championship Series.
Washington Glory Amber Jackson was named the Majestic Athletic 2007 Player of the Year. In her rookie season, Jackson led the league in just about every offensive category throughout the year and was also the Glory's mainstay at shortstop. She is second in the league in batting average at .372 and leads the league in homeruns at 15; RBI's at 38 and amassed a league leading slugging percentage of .814.
Washington Glory right-hander and Arizona Heat transplant Desiree Serrano earned the Diamond Sports 2007 Pitcher of the Year honors. Her 18 wins set an all-time NPF record for the regular season. Serrano also ranked 1st in total innings at 140.1 while only allowing an astonishingly low 20 walks during her 22 appearances.
Akron Racers second baseman Veronica Wootson slugged her way to the Nokona American Glove Award for the 2007 Offensive Player of the Year. Wootson is an un-drafted free agent who signed a contract to play for the Racers just prior to the start of spring training. Wootson clearly was the best leadoff hitter in the league having rocketed the Racers to victories with her surprising burst of power and her stellar defense. Wootson blasted nine homeruns, four doubles and collected 46 hits in 148 official at-bats for a .534 slugging percentage and a .311 average. The Florida State grad has been among the offensive league leaders since day one scoring 27 runs and chipping in 27 RBI for the second place Racers. She has been dangerous on the base paths having swiped 10 bases while posting a .329 on-base percentage. Wootson had seven game-winning hits, three of which were homeruns.
New England Riptide Jackie Pasquerella was presented with the Nokona American Glove Award as the 2007 Defensive Player of the Year for her stellar performance at 3rd base. During the 2007 season, Pasquerella made many great plays at third base taking away multiple hits from opponents and played in 40 games without committing a single error. Her quickness, athleticism and agility are matched by few others. Not only is Jackie one of the finest third basemen in softball, she makes those around her better players through her encouragement and on-field leadership.
Philadelphia Force ace Kristina Thorson was awarded with the Nokona American Glove Award as the 2007 Rookie of the Year honors. Coming from a prestigious softball school in Cal-Berkeley, her pitching command and amazing strikeout totals helped her rise to the top early on this season. Thorson finished the season with 115 strikeouts and a 5th place finish among NPF pitchers for strikeouts. Thorson posted a 14-5 record which put her second in league wins. The Lake Forest Park, Washington native pitched 12 complete games this season (T-1st), including a no-hitter against Team China and 7 shut-outs. Pitching 116.2 innings (5th in NPF), Thorson only allowed 20 earned runs with a 1.22 earned run average, putting her in 2nd place on the pitching leader-board. Thorson was a workhorse for the Force and started 18 games for the team. She currently holds numerous Philadelphia Force season and career pitching records in only her first year of NPF experience.
Carie Dever-Boaz was awarded the Diamond Sports 2007 Manager of the Year award. With only a few weeks to prepare her team before the start of the season Dever-Boaz led the new Washington Glory franchise to a regular season championship with a record of 34 and 10. Under Dever-Boaz 's leadership the Glory also set the regular season homerun record and the record for the most wins in a season by a pitcher. In addition, her team contributed five to the All-NPF team and had the Most Valuable Player and Pitcher of the Year for the NPF.
National Pro Fastpitch commissioner Cheri Kempf also recognized the league-wide effort by NPF players, staff, owners and sponsors for another great season and for their contribution to the development and growth of National Pro Fastpitch and to NPF fans for their continued support.
Sponsors of this year's awards include Nokona, official bat and glove of NPF, Majestic Athletic, official supplier of authentic NPF team uniforms, training apparel, and replica sportswear and Diamond Sports, official ball of NPF. THE GAME, the official headwear supplier of NPF, sponsored the Championship MVP trophy which will be awarded following the Championship game on Sunday, August 26th. Nike, official NPF Supplier, provided Nike Vision eyewear to the All-NPF Team which was also honored during the pre-Championship Series award ceremony.
National Pro Fastpitch is headquartered in Denver, Colorado. The league, created to give elite female fastpitch players the opportunity to pursue a professional career in their chosen sport, has operated since 1997 under the names Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL).


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Current: Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws
Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws
Amb. Dore Gold, August 26, 2005
Filed under: International Law, Palestinians
Mahmoud Abbas, occupied territory, PLO, West Bank and Gaza
Publication: Jerusalem Issue Briefs
Vol. 5, No. 3 August 26, 2005
Remarkably, even as Israel completes its withdrawal from 21 settlements in the Gaza Strip, official Palestinian spokesmen are already making the argument that Gaza remains "occupied" territory. PA Chairman Mahmoud Abbas stated that "the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed."
Palestinian spokesmen have used the grievance of being under Israeli occupation as their cutting-edge argument against the policies of Israel in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which have effectively been territories under dispute since 1967 when they were captured by the Israel Defense Forces from Jordan and Egypt in the Six-Day War.
The foremost document in defining the existence of an occupation has been the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention "Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War." Article 6 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly states that "the Occupying Power shall be bound for the duration of the occupation to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in such territory…." If no Israeli military government is exercising its authority or any of "the functions of government" in the Gaza Strip, then there is no occupation.
What Israel essentially did with the Oslo implementation agreements was to withdraw its military government over the Palestinians and replace it with a Palestinian Authority under Yasser Arafat. Oslo didn't create a Palestinian state, but it would be hard to argue that by the mid-1990s, with Arafat ruling the Palestinians, that the Palestinians were under Israeli military occupation.
The fact that a wide variety of Palestinian spokesmen will charge that the Gaza Strip is still "occupied" even though the Palestinians exercise self-government and the Israeli civilian and military presence in this territory have been removed is revealing. It means that the charge of "occupation" is less a rigorous legal definition and more a blunt political instrument to serve the PLO's diplomatic and military agenda against Israel.
Remarkably, even as Israel completes its withdrawal from 21 settlements in the Gaza Strip, official Palestinian spokesmen are already making the argument that Gaza disengagement changes very little and, as far as they are concerned, Gaza remains "occupied" territory. According to the Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website, PA Chairman Mahmoud Abbas already stated on July 7, 2005, that "the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed."
Three basic arguments are being used by various Palestinian factions to claim that the Gaza Strip will still be "occupied" even after Israel has completely left. First, as long as the Palestinians are unable to exercise full sovereignty in Gaza, the Palestinian foreign minister, Nasser al-Kidwa, maintains that the territory is still "occupied," particularly because of Israel's continuing control of Gaza's territorial waters and its airspace.1 For Saeb Erekat, who heads the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department, since the Gaza Strip and the West Bank were designated as "one territorial unit" in the Oslo Accords, Gaza disengagement affects only a portion of the total territory under discussion and, therefore, its legal status remains unchanged.2
From the standpoint of Hamas, the designation of territory as "occupied" is directly tied to its self-proclaimed mission "to expel the occupation." If Hamas refuses to recognize any change in the situation coming about because of Israel's pullout, it is because it argues, in the words of the head of Hamas in Gaza, Mahmoud al-Zahar, "All of Palestine is our land."3 He added, "neither the liberation of the Gaza Strip, nor the liberation of the West Bank or even Jerusalem will suffice for us. Hamas will pursue the armed struggle until the liberation of all our lands. We don't recognize the State of Israel or its right to hold onto one inch of Palestine."4
What Legally Causes a Territory to be Under Occupation?
Palestinian spokesmen have used the grievance of being under Israeli occupation as their cutting-edge argument against the policies of Israel in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, while in fact the legal status of these territories has been under dispute since 1967 when they were captured by the Israel Defense Forces from Jordan and Egypt in the Six-Day War. The only previously recognized sovereign in these territories was the Ottoman Empire from 1517 through 1917; in 1923, the Turks renounced their territorial claims when the Ottoman Empire was dismantled. The British Mandate for Palestine envisioned the territories in question becoming part of a Jewish national home; the UN General Assembly recommended in 1947 that the areas that became the West Bank and Gaza Strip become part of a future Arab state, but this proposal was opposed by the Arab states at the time. Therefore, the exact legal status of these territories remained unresolved.
Using its political power in the United Nations, the PLO nonetheless has received the support of the Arab bloc and the Non-Aligned Movement to obtain the adoption of dozens of non-binding UN General Assembly resolutions defining these areas as "occupied Palestinian territories." More recently, this political power was used to bring these politicized definitions to other UN organs, including the International Court of Justice in The Hague.
But "occupation" is not just a rhetorical or political term. It is first and foremost a legal term in international law. The legal termination of occupation clearly does not require that all the political demands of one party in a territorial conflict be met in full. That would make the end of occupation highly subjective. Instead, it must be based on certain legal criteria being met.
The main source of international law is international agreements and conventions signed by states, not declaratory resolutions of the UN General Assembly. The foremost document in defining the existence of an occupation has been the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention "Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War."
Israel argued back in 1967 that formally the Fourth Geneva Convention did not legally apply to the case of the Gaza Strip or the West Bank, since their previous occupants, Egypt and Jordan, illegally invaded those territories in 1948 and did not exercise internationally recognized sovereignty on the ground. The convention becomes relevant with the occupation of the territory of a signatory – but the Gaza Strip and the West Bank were not recognized as Egyptian and Jordanian territories.
Nonetheless, successive Israeli governments agreed to de-facto application of the terms of the Fourth Geneva Convention over the last thirty-eight years. More importantly, the Fourth Geneva Convention became an internationally-recognized standard for determining the rights and responsibilities of state parties in cases of military occupation.
Article 6 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly states that "the Occupying Power shall be bound for the duration of the occupation to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in such territory…."5 In other words, what creates an "occupation" is the existence of a military government which "exercises the functions of government." This is a confirmation of the older 1907 Hague Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, which state, "Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." The Hague Regulations also stipulate: "The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised."6 What follows is that if no Israeli military government is exercising its authority or any of "the functions of government" in the Gaza Strip, then there is no occupation.
Did the Occupation End After Oslo?
It is fascinating to consider these definitions with respect to the situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip during the period in which the Oslo Agreements were implemented. The original Oslo Declaration of Principles was signed in 1993. It was first implemented with the 1994 Gaza-Jericho Agreement. In 1995, the Interim Agreement extended this implementation to Palestinian population centers in the rest of the West Bank. What Israel essentially did with the Oslo implementation agreements was to withdraw its military government over the Palestinians and replace it with a Palestinian Authority under Yasser Arafat. Israeli officers would no longer serve as mayors in Palestinian cities; there would be no need for an Israeli civil administration to give out drivers' licenses or building permits. Essentially, Israel transferred specific powers from its previous military government to the Palestinian Authority, with the exception of foreign affairs and external security. Oslo didn't create a Palestinian state, but it would be hard to argue that by the mid-1990s, with Arafat ruling the Palestinians, that the Palestinians were under Israeli military occupation.
Indeed, back in 1994, the legal advisor to the International Red Cross, Dr. Hans-Peter Gasser, proposed that his organization had no reason to monitor Israeli compliance with the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, since the convention no longer applied with the advent of Palestinian administration in those areas.7 At best, the Palestinians could argue that Oslo placed them in an ambiguous legal position, since they themselves exercised most of the functions of government, while Israel only maintained a few residual powers.
The Importance of the Occupation Claim for the Palestinian Armed Struggle
If there are serious legal questions about applying the term "occupation" to the post-Oslo West Bank and Gaza Strip of the 1990s, then why did the Palestinians persist in doing so? And why is it so essential for them to make this case even after Gaza disengagement? First, hammering at the term "occupation" is part of the way the Palestinians stake a strong claim to territory where sovereignty is, in fact, very much contested. As noted earlier, there has not been a legally recognized sovereign in the West Bank and Gaza Strip since 1922. The 1947 UN Partition Plan did not create a new Palestinian Arab state, but rather was followed by an illegal occupation of the West Bank and Gaza by the Arab states that invaded in 1948. Rather than leave these territories as a "black hole" of sovereignty with several claimants, the Palestinian Authority reminds the world that these are "occupied Palestinian territories" in order to assert exclusive rights in these territories, as though they were once under Palestinian sovereignty in the past.
Second, constant reference to an ongoing Israeli "occupation" is also a powerful argument in the electronic media that Palestinians might not want to concede so quickly. It highlights the position of the Palestinians as victims in the Arab-Israeli conflict and presents Israel unfavorably, as an oppressor. It helps obfuscate the fact that Israel entered these territories in a war of self-defense back in 1967, presenting it instead as an aggressor. But there is a further important utility of the charge of occupation for the Palestinian Authority and its spokesmen: it provides a context for explaining how Palestinian groups resort to terrorism.
The roots of this contextualization of violence come from UN General Assembly resolutions that were adopted during the period of de-colonization. For example, Resolution 2708 that was passed on December 14, 1970, "reaffirms its recognition of the legitimacy of the struggle of the colonial peoples and peoples under alien domination to exercise their right to self-determination and independence by all the necessary means at their disposal." In the early 1970s, Yasser Arafat repeatedly made reference to such UN resolutions when he was pressed to justify acts of terrorism, like airplane hijacking. More recently, many Arab states have refused to agree to a blanket renunciation of all violence against civilians as part of an agreed definition of terrorism at the UN, because a special right of "resistance to occupation" is not protected. Consequently, once a territory can no longer be defined as "occupied," a huge fig leaf for political violence is lifted.
For the current Palestinian Authority, that sort of change would pose many problems. True, Mahmoud Abbas has repeatedly stated that violence does not serve the interests of the Palestinians; he believes that the second intifada was a strategic error. But many militiamen in Abbas' Fatah movement, including the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, still believe in the use of political violence. Moreover, rather than challenge Hamas, Abbas has decided to co-opt the militant movement into the Palestinian Authority with the January 2006 elections. Then, the Palestinian Authority will not need the occupation argument for its own strategy against Israel, but rather to provide political cover for its future political partners, who have made clear that they will not forgo what they still call the armed struggle against Israel. Like Arafat thirty years ago, even Hamas wraps its justification for violence in the language of "occupation."
How Israel Should Respond to the Occupation Charge
The best way for Israel to counter Palestinian efforts to use the occupation charge to provide political cover for violence is to base its arguments on the growing international consensus against terrorism – regardless of the justification provided – for no political cause can legitimately explain why innocent civilians must be intentionally murdered in terrorist bombing attacks conducted on its behalf.
The Palestinians may not like the limitations that have been maintained on Gaza airspace or territorial waters. But even Egypt has limitations on its sovereignty in Sinai that are the result of security arrangements created by the 1979 Treaty of Peace. No one would argue that limitations on Egyptian authority constitute a form of "occupation." In the tight airspace of Europe, many mini-states cannot fully control their airspace alone, but must coordinate their air traffic with larger neighbors to prevent air collisions. Their sovereignty is hardly compromised by this cooperation.
Additionally, Israel does have legitimate security concerns, given the history of Palestinian violations of the security provisions of the Oslo Agreements, including high-profile attempts by the Palestinian Authority to illegally import weaponry by sea on ships like the Santorini and the Karine A. Still, the Israeli government has demonstrated that it will not abuse the authority it still exercises outside of the borders of the Gaza Strip, as attested to by its readiness to withdraw from the Philadelphi route between Gaza and Egypt and its willingness to let the Palestinians dig a port for Gaza. And, should Israel nonetheless find it necessary to re-enter the Gaza Strip to quash a terrorist threat, it would not do so as a former occupying power but rather as a state defending itself from an immediate threat being posed by a neighbor under Article 51 of the UN Charter.
Beyond the propaganda war between the two sides, there are serious issues that Israel will have to resolve regarding the Gaza Strip. Israel may not have formal humanitarian responsibilities toward the civilian population of Gaza any longer, but it might nonetheless seek to exercise some of them, if requested by the Palestinians themselves. But Israel's role will be that of a neighboring state, similar to Turkey when a humanitarian emergency arose in Iraqi Kurdistan or Chad with respect to the Darfur area of Sudan. Israel will not host Palestinian refugees, but it can provide backing to international humanitarian efforts of other states and international agencies, despite the withdrawal of its remaining authority in the Gaza Strip after disengagement is completed.
1. "Palestinian FM: Pullout Will Not End Gaza Occupation, Agence France Presse, August 9, 2005; http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=17458
2. Saeb Erekat, "Gaza Remains Occupied," Bitterlemons.org, August 22, 2005; http://www.bitterlemons.org/previous/bl220805ed30.html#pal2
3. "An Interview with Hamas Leader Dr. Mahmoud Al-Zahar," Asharq Al-Awsat (London), August 18, 2005; MEMRI, Special Dispatch Series, No. 964, August 19, 2005; http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP96405
4. Khaled Abu Toameh, "Abbas: Gaza Withdrawal Only First Step," Jerusalem Post, August 15, 2005; http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1124072335137&p=1119925650407
5. International Committee of the Red Cross, The Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 (Geneva: ICRC, 1997), p. 156.
6. Ruth Lapidoth, "Unity Does Not Require Uniformity" Bitterlemons.org, August 22, 2005.
7. Dore Gold, "From 'Occupied Territories' to 'Disputed Territories,'" Jerusalem Viewpoints No. 470, January 16, 2002; https://jcpa.org/jl/vp470.htm
Dr. Dore Gold is President of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. He was the eleventh Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations (1997-1999). Dr. Gold was a member of the Israeli delegation at the 1998 Wye River negotiations between Israel and the PLO and negotiated the Note for the Record, which supplemented the 1997 Hebron Protocol. In 1991, he served as an advisor to the Israeli delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference.
Ambassador Dore Gold has served as President of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs since 2000. From June 2015 until October 2016 he served as Director-General of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Previously he served as Foreign Policy Advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel's Ambassador to the UN (1997-1999), and as an advisor to Prime Minister Ariel Sharon.
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Iran Supporting New West Bank Terrorist Groups with Money and Weapons
Palestinian Terrorism Is Getting Stronger in the Northern West Bank

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bryantown is located in Maryland. Bryantown, Maryland has a population of 825. Bryantown is more family-centric than the surrounding county with 39.41% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 33.22%.
The median household income in Bryantown, Maryland is $76,786. The median household income for the surrounding county is $91,910 compared to the national median of $53,482. The median age of people living in Bryantown is 42.1 years.
The average high temperature in July is 84.9 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 28.5 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 43.7 inches per year, with 16.1 inches of snow per year. No weather information available.


Nixtorm (Japanese: フブキの国 Fubuki Nation) is a kingdom located in northern Ransei, featured in Pokémon Conquest. It represents the Ice type, and is led by Mitsuhide. Its adjacent kingdoms are Spectra, Valora, and Dragnor.
Eevee evolves into Glaceon when it is deployed in Nixtorm while it has a Attack stat of 91 or higher.
The frozen battlefield of Nixtorm features ice tiles, Drifting Ice, and Thin Ice. Ice- and Flying-type Pokémon, as well as Pokémon with the ability Levitate, can move regularly on ice tiles, while other Pokémon will slide. Blocks of Drifting Ice provide transportation. Thin Ice are tiles that will break when stood on for two turns, except by Flying/Levitating Pokémon.
Battles fought on Nixtorm's battlefield are set to a maximum of 25 turns, and victory is seized by defeating all enemies. If both armies are still standing when all 25 turns have passed, the army defending Nixtorm wins the battle.
A Sky Garden appears in the kingdom when the Snowy Mountain reaches level 2. The variety of wild Pokémon that can be encountered increases with the level of the Sky Garden, as listed below.
The Icy Peak temporarily appears in the kingdom as a venue for facing Articuno when the story Tragic Determination has been completed, and the Snowy Mountain and Sky Garden are at level 3.
Mitsuhide is the commanding Warlord of Nixtorm in the four unite Ransei stories.
Mitsuhide is the commanding Warlord of Nixtorm in the four collect 100 Pokémon stories.
Mitsuhide is the commanding Warlord of Nixtorm in the two defeat Nobunaga stories.
He is controlled by the player in Tragic Determination. In this case, the default army is affected by any prior accomplishments saved in the Gallery.
His default Nixtorm army is presented below. As the months pass, the army will develop by recruiting Warriors, forming links, increasing links, equipping items, investing in kingdom locations, and challenging other kingdoms to battle.
Japanese フブキの国 Fubuki no Kuni From 吹雪 fubuki, blizzard.
English Nixtorm From nix, Latin for snow, and storm.
This page was last edited on 2 March 2019, at 06:08.


Apply relevant design processes and techniques when producing an effective cloud infrastructure design.
Create a cloud infrastructure design that addresses business requirements and constraints that were identified during an assessment.
Know the advantages, problems, and considerations of different cloud technologies as well as their significance in meeting a business requirement.
Develop a cloud infrastructure design that includes components such as cloud management, consumer resources, elasticity, metering, hybrid capabilities, and disaster recovery.
DELLEMC Cloud Infrastructure and Services.


15 Merveilleux Comment Aménager Une Allée De Jardin is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at juillet 19, 2018 upload by Boyer in Jardin.
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Delaware burglary suspect shot dead by Wilmington Police
The name burglary suspect was shot and killed by a Wilmington Police officer in the 100 block of West Ninth Street Saturday night has been released.
He has been identified as Yusef Reynolds of Galloway Twp, New Jersey. The only other information given by police was his date of birth: June 1970.
Here are details of the shooting incident as released by Wilmington Police.
The police officer, who has not been identified, was on routine patrol in the area when he saw the front door of a vacant business open. NewsWorks correspondent, John Jankowski reports the business was a UPS store.
Wilmington Police say the officer thought the building was being burglarized, so he entered the store front and confronted the suspect. The officer chased the man into the store basement. Sgt. Paul E. Reutter said the officer ordered the man to stop, at which point, the suspect turned on the officer and started to assault him. Sgt. Reutter said the officer tried to use "non-lethal" means to stop him.
Sgt. Reutter said the officer feared for his life and took out weapon and shot the man. He was pronounced dead at the scene by New Castle County paramedics.
Sgt. Reutter in a news release added, "The police shooting is being investigated by Wilmington Police Detectives per Departmental Policy and the Attorney General's Office. The Wilmington Police Office of Professional Standards is monitoring the investigation and will review the circumstances for compliance with Departmental Policy."
As is standard practice in Wilmington, Sgt. Reutter also said the officer involved with the shooting has been placed on administrative leave until the investigation is complete.


text:
Privacy Pollicy
_REASONING
_NUMERICAL
_COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE
_ESSAY WRITING
_DAILY UPDATES
_FOREIGN EXCHANGE
_ECONOMICS
_IBPS BANK JOBS
_NON IBPS BANK JOBS
_GOVT JOBS
_PRESENT VACANCIES
_SBI PO SALARY
_IBPS PO SALARY
_SBI CLERK SALARY
_IBPS CLERK SALARY
_PREPARATION
_EXPERIENCES
_SBI PO
_IBPS PO
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Home / Shashi Kapoor / SHASHI KAPOOR , Hindi actor dies
SHASHI KAPOOR , Hindi actor dies
BANK EXAMS 8:33:00 PM Shashi Kapoor
Shashi Kapoor (born as Balbir Raj Kapoor; 18 March 1938 – 4 December 2017[1]) was an Indian film actor and producer. He appeared in a large number of Hindi films as well as in a few English-language films. He also been a film director and assistant director in the Hindi film industry.[2]
Shashi Kapoor was a member of the Kapoor family, a film dynasty in India's Bollywood cinema. Kapoor was born in Calcutta[3] (now Kolkata) during the British Raj. He was the 3rd and the youngest son of Prithviraj Kapoor, the younger brother of Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor, the widower of Jennifer Kendal (sister of actress Felicity Kendal), and the father of Karan Kapoor, Kunal Kapoor, and Sanjana Kapoor. In 2011, he was honoured with the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India for his contributions to Art-Cinema.[4] In 2015, he was awarded the 2014 Dadasaheb Phalke Award, making him the third member of his family to receive the highest award in Indian Cinema after Prithviraj Kapoor and Raj Kapoor.[5] He passed away on 4th December 2017 after a prolonged liver cirrhosis at Kokilaben Hospital,Mumbai[6][7]
1Career
1.1Child actor
1.2Early career (1960s)
1.31970s and 1980s
1.4Later career (1987–1999)
2Personal life
3Health
4Death
5.1Civilian Award
5.2National Film Awards
5.3Filmfare Awards
5.4Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
5.5Other awards
6Honours and recognitions
7Filmography
7.1Actor
7.2Producer
7.3Assistant Director
7.4Director
8Works
9Further reading
10References
11External links
Career[edit]
Child actor[edit]
Shashi Kapoor acted in plays directed and produced by his father Prithviraj Kapoor, while traveling with Prithvi Theatres. He started acting in films as a child in the late 1940s, appearing in commercial films including Sangram (1950) and Dana Paani (1953) under the name of Shashiraj as there was another actor by the same name who used to act in mythological films as a child artiste. His best-known performances as child actor were in Aag (1948) and Awaara(1951), where he played the younger version of the characters played by his older brother Raj Kapoor and in Sangram (1950), where he played the younger version of Ashok Kumar. He worked in four Hindi films as a child artiste from 1948 to 1954.
Early career (1960s)[edit]
Kapoor got an opportunity to work as an assistant director in the film Post Box 999, the debut film of Sunil Dutt, and worked as an assistant director to Ravindra Dave in Guest House (1959), which was followed by movies such as Dulha Dulhan and Shriman Satyawadi, where Raj Kapoor was the lead hero.
Shashi Kapoor made his debut as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra and went on to appear in 116 Hindi films, including 61 films as the solo lead hero and 55 multi star-cast films, 21 films as supporting actor and special appearance in 7 films. He was a very popular actor in Bollywood during the 60s, 70s and until the mid-80s. Kapoor's early films, Dharmputra, Prem Patra, and Char Diwari, were in Hindi. Since 1961, he started acting in English language films, which include The Householder and Shakespeare-Wallah. He was one of India's first actors to go international.[8]Actress Nanda, who was an established star at this time,[citation needed] signed 8 Hindi films with Kapoor, as she believed that he could deliver good performances.[citation needed] Their first two films as a pair were the critically acclaimed romantic film Char Diwari (1961) and Mehndi Lagi Mere Haath (1962).[9] In the 1960s Kapoor acted in several romantic films opposite Nanda, including Mohabbat Isko Kahete Hain (1965), Jab Jab Phool Khile (1965), Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare (1966), Raja Saab (1969) and Rootha Na Karo (1970).[10] In an interview in the 1990s, Kapoor declared that Nanda was his favorite heroine and that he regarded her as one of his mentors.[11] In another interview, Nanda stated that Shashi Kapoor was her favorite hero.[citation needed]
1970s and 1980s[edit]
Shashi Kapoor formed on screen pairs with Raakhee, Sharmila Tagore and Zeenat Aman from the late sixties to the mid eighties. He also acted opposite actresses Hema Malini, Parveen Babi, and Moushumi Chatterjee in many films. After their first movie together Sharmelee became a blockbuster, Raakhee was frequently paired with him, and they acted in hit films such as Jaanwar Aur Insaan (1972), Kabhi Kabhie (1976), Baseraa (1981), the critically acclaimed Trishna (1978) however Doosara Aadmi (1977), Bandhan Kuchchey Daghon Ka, Bandh Honth (1984), and Zameen Aasman were flops.[12] He starred with Sharmila Tagore in hits like Waqt (1965), Aamne Samne (1967), Suhana Safar(1970), Patanga (1971), Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1973), Vachan (1974),[13] Paap Aur Punya (1974), Swati (1986), the critically acclaimed New Delhi Times (1985), which fetched Kapoor a National Film Award for Best Actor in 1986,[14]Other films with Sharmila like My Love (1970), Anari (1975), Gehri Chot (1983), Maa Beti (1986) and Ghar Bazar (1998) were not successful. With Zeenat Aman, he worked in hit films like Chori Mera Kaam (1975), Deewaangee (1976), Roti Kapda Aur Makan, Heeralal Pannalal (1978), Pakhandi (1984), Bhavani Junction (1985), Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) and the pair witnessed flops like Krodhi (1981), Vakil Babu (1982), and Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka (1983). He did 10 films opposite Hema Malini.As a pair, Shashi and Hema Malini had 6 hits like Abhinetri, Aap Beati, Trishul, Aand Aandhi Toofan, Apna Khoon, Maan Gaye Ustaad and 4 flops - Jahan Pyar Mile, Naach Uthe Sansaar, Do Aur Do Paanch, Anjaam.
Kapoor's other successful movies include Haseena Maan Jayegi (1968) and Ek Shriman Ek Shrimati (1969), both with Babita, Kanyadan (1968) and Pyar Ka Mausam (1969) both opposite Asha Parekh, Chor Machaye Shor opposite Mumtaz, Abhinetri (1970), Aap Beati (1976) and Maan Gaye Ustaad (1981), with Hema Malini, Bezubaan with Reena Roy, Chakkar Pe Chakkar (1976), Kali Ghata (1980), Kalyug (1981), Vijeta (1982) and Pyaar Ki Jeet (1987) all with Rekha and Bepanaah (1985) with Rati Agnihotri. Other films include multi-starrers like Dil Ne Pukara (1967), Trishul(1978), Neeyat (1980), Aandhi Toofan (1985), Naina (1973), Phaansi (1978), Salaakhen (1975), Fakira (1976), and Junoon (1978).[15] He also worked with Rajesh Khanna in Prem Kahani (1975).
Shashi Kapoor as a child artist had worked with Ashok Kumar in blockbusters like Sangram (1950), Samadhi (1950) where Ashok Kumar was the solo lead hero, which were huge hits at box office. He played Ashok Kumar's younger brother in Benazir where Ashok Kumar was the main male lead hero. Ashok Kumar played the supporting actor in 7 films with Shashi as the lead hero from 1975-1985 of which Chori Mera Kaam, Aap Baeti, Shankar Dada, Apna Khoon and Maan Gaye Ustaad became hits, while Hira Aur Paththar and Do Musafir became flops.
He did 2 double role films, both of which were box-office hits - Haseena Maan Jayegi and Shankar Dada.Shashi did a song number in Shankar Dada, a box-office hit, dressed up as a female.
From the 1970s to early 1980s, Kapoor starred alongside Pran in 9 films which include Biradari, Chori Mera Kaam, Phaansi, Shankar Dada, Chakkar Pe Chakkar, Rahu Ketu and Maan Gaye Ustaad.[16] Earlier Shashi had worked as child artists with Pran in Sanskar.He made a popular pairing with Amitabh Bachchan and the two co-starred in a total of 12 films: Roti Kapda Aur Makaan (1974), Deewaar (1975), Kabhi Kabhie (1976), Trishul (1978), Kaala Patthar (1979), Suhaag (1979), Namak Halaal (1982) however Immaan Dharam (1977),Do Aur Do Paanch (1980), Shaan(1980),Silsila (1981), Akayla (1991) were flops.[17] Shashi Kapoor was regularly cast with Sanjeev Kumar also in films like Mukti (1977), Trishul, Muqaddar (1978), Swayamvar (1980), Sawaal (1982), and Pakhandi (1984).After his wife's death in 1984, he started becoming fat ,but he was given his comeback role as character artiste by Rajesh Khanna in Alag Alag, a 1985 film.
He was also known internationally for starring in British and American films, notably Merchant Ivory productions run by Ismail Merchant and James Ivory, such as The Householder (1963), Shakespeare Wallah (1965) (opposite his sister-in-law Felicity Kendal), Bombay Talkie (1970) and Heat and Dust (1982) in which he co-starred with his wife Jennifer Kendal, The Deceivers (1988) and Side Streets (1998). He also starred in other British and American films such as Pretty Polly ("A Matter Of Innocence" (1967)) opposite Hayley Mills, Siddhartha (1972), Sammy and Rosie Get Laid(1987), and Muhafiz (1994). James Ivory directed Kapoor in the first Merchant Ivory production The Householder, then in Shakespeare-Wallah, Bombay Talkie and Heat and Dust while Ismail Merchant directed him in In Custody (1993).[18]He was the first Indian actor to work extensively in Hollywood films and British films.[citation needed]
In 1978, he set up his production house, Film Valas, which produced critically acclaimed films such as Junoon (1978), Kalyug (1981), 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981), Vijeta (1982) and Utsav (1984).[19] In 1991 he produced and directed a fantasy film titled Ajooba which had his frequent co-star Amitabh Bachchan and nephew Rishi Kapoor in the lead.[20][21]
Shashi Kapoor was 2nd highest paid Hindi actor, sharing the spot with Devanand from 1970-75 and 3rd third highest paid Hindi actor, sharing space with Vinod Khanna from 1976-82.The highest paid Indian actor was Rajesh Khanna from 1970-1987.Shashi was paid more than co-actors Vinod Khanna, Amitabh Bachchan, Jeetendra, Rishi and Randhir Kapoor in multi-starrer films. However, Sanjeev Kumar, Pran and Dharmendra were paid at same rate as Shashi. Among all leading actors, only Rajesh Khanna was paid more than Shashi in the 2 films they acted together – Prem Kahani and Alag Alag.
Shashi regarded Rajesh Khanna and Sanjeev Kumar as the most versatile actors of Hindi Cinema from among his contemporaries and he regarded these 2 along-with his seniors Pran and Ashok Kumar from 1930-2000 as the most versatile from Hindi Cinema.He respected M G Ramachandran and Sivaji Ganeshan among the Tamil film actors for their body of work. He believed Amitabh did mostly angry young man or multi-star films from 1975 to 1999 and turned versatile only after 2000.
He personally regarded his best performances as solo lead hero in Hindi films were in Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare , Jab Jab Phool Khile, Haseena Maan Jayegi , Pyar Ka Mausam, Raja Saab (1969), Jaanwar Aur Insaan, Mr.Romeo, Aa Gale Lag Jaa, Chori Mera Kaam, Phaansi, Junoon, Kalyug , Pighalta Aasman, New Delhi Times and among the English films he did he feels his best were Shakespeare-Wallah, A Matter of Innocence (1967), Heat and Dust (1983), In Custody (1994).Among the multi star films his personal favorites are Pyar Kiye Jaa, Prem Kahani, Deewar, Mukti, Trishna, Basera, Heeralal Pannalal, Bezubaan, Alag Alag.
He regarded Nanda, Pran, Dharmendra, Dev Anand, Ismail Merchant, Rajesh Khanna, Sanjeev Kumar as his closest friends from the industry since the beginning of his career and maintained cordial relations with Amitabh Bachchan, Yash Chopra, MGR, Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar and most of his co-stars.
In the whole of the Kapoor clan, Shashi Kapoor has been the solo hero more times (61 films) and also as a lead protagonist in more Hindi films(116) than his nephews Rishi Kapoor,Randhir Kapoor and Rajiv and even more than his brothers Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor and more than his grand-nephews and grand-nieces.
Later career (1987–1999)[edit]
He accepted very few roles as a character actor in films since 1987. He acted with Pierce Brosnan in The Deceivers(1988).[22] He also won a National (special jury) Award for his performance in Muhafiz (In Custody) (1994), and played the Rajah in the TV adaptation of Gulliver's Travels (1996). His last and most recent film appearances were in Jinnah(1998), a biographical film of Mohammed Ali Jinnah in which he was the narrator and another Merchant Ivoryproduction titled Side Streets (1998). He retired from the film industry by late 1990s and had not appeared in any film ever since. He was seen in the limelight at the Shashi Kapoor Film Festival held in Muscat, Oman (September 2007). At the 55th Annual Filmfare Awards, Shashi Kapoor received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award.[1]
Personal life[edit]
Kapoor attended Don Bosco High School in Matunga, Mumbai. He met English actress Jennifer Kendal in Calcutta in 1956 while both were working for their respective theatre groups. Shashi was both assistant stage manager as well as an actor for his father's theatre group, Prithvi Theatre. Geoffrey Kendal's Shakespearean group was also present at the same time in Calcutta and Jennifer was Geoffrey's daughter. After their subsequent meeting, the couple fell in love and after facing initial opposition from the Kendals and support from sister-in-law Geeta Bali, they got married in July 1958.[23] They acted in a number of films together, most notably in Merchant Ivory productions. They had three children: Kunal Kapoor, Karan Kapoor and Sanjana Kapoor. Jennifer and Shashi established Prithvi Theatre on 5 November 1978 in Mumbai.[24] Jennifer died of cancer in 1984 which shattered him. The English actress Felicity Kendal is his sister-in-law.
Kapoor's children, for a short while, became Hindi film actors but their European looks and accented Hindi prevented them from having successful careers. His eldest son Kunal is married to director Ramesh Sippy's daughter. Kunalmoved on to ad film direction and established his production house Adfilm-Valas which is today extremely successful.[25] Shashi's daughter Sanjana, is a theatre personality and married to wildlife conservationist Valmik Thapar.[26] They have a son named Hamir. Shashi's younger son Karan became successful in modeling and later settled down in London. He is an accomplished photographer.[27]
Health[edit]
On 20 July 2012, Shashi Kapoor underwent a cataract surgery at Kokilaben Hospital in suburban Andheri. He was discharged from the hospital the same day.[28] He was admitted at the Kokilaben Hospital, Mumbai, on December 3, 2017 reportedly for chest infection, where he died the following day on December 4, 2017. [29] He is survived by two sons, Kunal and Karan, and a daughter, Sanjana, who takes care of the Prithvi Theatre. [30]
Death[edit]
Kapoor died on Monday, 4th of December 2017 aged 79 after prolonged illness in Kokilaben Hospital Mumbai. He had been suffering from ailments for the past few years. He had undergone a bypass surgery and was also hospitalized for a chest infection in 2014. [31] [32]
Awards[edit]
Civilian Award[edit]
2011 – Padma Bhushan by the Government of India[4]
National Film Awards[edit]
Shashi Kapoor with son Kunal Kapoor and daughter Sanjana Kapoor receiving Dadasaheb Phalke Award from Union Minister Arun Jaitley in May 2015
2015 – Dadasaheb Phalke Award[33]
1994 – National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film)for Muhafiz (1993)
1986 – National Film Award for Best Actor for New Delhi Times
1979 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi (as Producer) for Junoon
Filmfare Awards[edit]
2010 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award
Filmfare Best Movie Award – Won
1982 Kalyug
1980 Junoon
Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Won
1976 Deewar – Ravi Verma
Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award – Nominated
1983 Namak Halaal – Raja Singh
1977 Kabhi Kabhie – Vijay Khanna
Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards[edit]
BFJA Award for Best Actor
1988 New Delhi Times[34] – Vikas Pande
1965 Jab Jab Phool Khile[35] – Raja
Other awards[edit]
2011 – Mohammed Rafi Award[36]
2009 – The 7th Pune International Film Festival (PIFF)[37]
2009 – The 11th Mumbai Film Festival (MFF)[38][39]
Honours and recognitions[edit]
He was honoured by Walk of the Stars as his handprint was preserved for posterity at Bandra bandstand in Mumbai in November 2013.
Filmography[edit]
Actor[edit]
Main article: Shashi Kapoor filmography
Producer[edit]
1978 Junoon Won 1979
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi
1981 36 Chowringhee Lane
1982 Vijeta
1984 Utsav
1991 Ajooba
Assistant Director[edit]
1974 Manoranjan
1964 Dulha Dulhan
1960 Shriman Satyawadi
1959 Guest House
1958 Post Box 999
Director[edit]
1991 Ajooba Bollywood Film
1988 Vozvrashcheniye Bagdadskogo Vora Russian Film
Works[edit]
Shashi Kapoor presents the Prithviwallahs, by Shashi Kapoor, Deepa Gahlot, Prithvi Theatre (Mumbai, India). Roli Books, 2004. ISBN 81-7436-348-3.
The Kapoors: The First Family of Indian Cinema, by Madhu Jain. Penguin, Viking, 2005. ISBN 0-670-05837-8
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text:
function drawDna(size) {
    let combinations = ['AT', 'CG', 'TT', 'AG', 'GG']

    let currentSide = 0
    let currentDashesOnRow = 0
    let currentSumatorForDashes = 2;

    while (currentSide < size) {
        let currentStarsOnSide = (6 - 2 - currentDashesOnRow) / 2
        let starsOnSideString = '*'.repeat(currentStarsOnSide)
        let currentCombination = combinations[currentSide % 5]
        let dashesOnSideString = '-'.repeat(currentDashesOnRow)
        console.log(`${starsOnSideString}${currentCombination[0]}${dashesOnSideString}${currentCombination[1]}${starsOnSideString}`)
        currentSide++

        currentDashesOnRow += currentSumatorForDashes

        if (currentDashesOnRow == 4 || currentDashesOnRow == 0) {
            currentSumatorForDashes *= -1
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub