In a previous post, I talked about how the Department of Justice had issued a letter to the Louisiana Supreme Court with respect to the way they went about dealing with bar applicants with a history of MH. This blog entry will talk about the settlement that DOJ entered into with the Louisiana Supreme Court.
5. If the character and fitness committee goes ahead and makes that inquiry, the character and fitness committee, or a medical professional retained by the committee, must first request a statement from the applicant and only if reasonably deemed necessary by the character and fitness committee or by the medical professional retained by that committee, the applicant's treating professional.
The key here is the imposition of an objective standard on the decision-making process of whether to conduct a further inquiry into a person's MH history after the applicant with an MH history has disclosed.
6. If information from the treating professional is sought, the treating professional's statement has to be accorded considerable weight, and medical records cannot be requested unless a statement from, and any further dialogue with, the applicant's treating professional failed to resolve the committee's reasonable concerns regarding the applicant's fitness to practice law.
A couple of keys here. First, considerable weight has to be given to the treating professional's statement. Also, this kind of provision is similar to what the Department of Justice did in its settlement with the law school admission Council, which was discussed in this blog entry. Second, the punctuation in the settlement agreement makes it unclear whether before medical records can be requested, that the character and fitness committee must do both get a statement from the treating professional and dialogue with that treating professional before requesting medical records. Or, is it okay for the character and fitness committee to obtain medical records after receiving a statement from the treating professional assuming that the information they have from the treating professional has failed to resolve the character and fitness committee's reasonable concerns regarding the applicant's fitness to practice law. The critical language is surrounded by commas, and therefore, rules of grammatical construction would seem to suggest that a dialogue with the treating professional is not necessary providing the other criteria are met. Finally, note again the objective standard imposed upon the process. That is, the decision-making has to be reasonable.
8. An independent medical exam is only a last resort and is only allowed where all other means have been exhausted so that the character and fitness committee still has reasonable concerns regarding the applicant's fitness to practice law. In such an eventuality, the independent medical exam will occur at a time and location convenient to the applicant. All personal or health-related information has to be kept strictly confidential and accessible only by individuals with legitimate need for such access.
This particular paragraph doesn't say anything about who is responsible for paying for that independent medical exam. To require the applicant to pay for the medical exam I arguably be construed as imposing an optical upon ADA enforcement. Again, that the settlement agreement doesn't say, it would be reasonable to expect litigation on this point.
10. The only time conditional admission for applicants who have revealed an MH diagnosis is proper, is when information properly obtained by the character and fitness committee indicates that: the applicant has a history of conduct that otherwise warrants denial of admission and the character and fitness committee believe that any conduct related concerns have not been fully mitigated by the applicant's treatment or other factors; or B) the applicant has a condition that currently impairs the ability to practice law in a competent, ethical, or professional manner.
11. Where conduct that has occurred in the past would not warrant denial of admission when disclosed by applicants without a history of MH, that same conduct cannot be the basis for denial of admission or conditional admission when disclosed by the applicants with an MH diagnosis.
In other words, a person with an MH diagnosis should not be singled out for special treatment just because they have an MH diagnosis.
12. The Louisiana Supreme Court has to ensure that any conditions of admission imposed upon an applicant revealing an MH diagnosis, including the duration of any such conditional admission, are individually tailored to address the conduct or current impairment of the applicant's ability to practice law that justified the recommendation.
In other words, a case-by-case analysis is required and just because a person has a certain MH diagnosis, doesn't mean they automatically are subject to conditional admission or to specific conditional admission terms.
13. A person with an MH diagnosis that is conditionally admitted cannot be referred to monitoring by the entity that gets involved with the legal assistance program. Such applicants are subject to review by that entity only to the extent necessary for that entity to perform its customary enforcement function relating to an attorney's compliance with a legal assistance program agreement.
15. Where there are reporting requirements, the ability of the entity monitoring such reporting to obtain further information about the attorney's mental health treatment is also limited in much the same way as described in paragraph 5-7 above. That is: statement from the applicant have to be requested first; statement from the treating professional can only be requested if reasonably deemed necessary by the legal assistance program or the designated professional; the treating professional's statement is accorded considerable weight; medical records cannot be requested unless the statement from the treating professional, and any further dialogue with that treating professional, fails to resolve reasonable concerns regarding the applicant's fitness to practice law.
The same concerns raised in paragraph 5-7 above apply here as well.
16. The Louisiana Supreme Court cannot require or request attorneys and applicants to provide or authorize access to their health and mental health-related information except as described in the settlement agreement and only then by way of narrowly tailored releases limiting the scope of the released information reasonably needed to assess the attorney's or applicant's fitness to practice law. Further, the Louisiana Supreme Court has to limit the individuals having access to that information to those with a legitimate need for such access.
This particular provision is to do away with the practice where conditionally admitted attorney's had their MH information freely exposed to the public.
18. Applicants, attorneys and their employers cannot be required or requested to provide or authorize access to client files.
This should help eliminate the disincentive that employers had to hire a person with MH due to the monitoring requirements imposed by the Louisiana Supreme Court on such a person, where it wasn't unheard of for the monitoring agency to ask for such files.
19. Louisiana Supreme Court cannot impose reporting requirements relating to an individual with an MH history conditional admission upon the employers of the attorneys or applicants.
Comments to paragraph 18 apply here as well.
20. Any reporting requirement relating to the conditional admission of an individual with an MH history cannot interfere with the applicant's or attorney's reasonable ability to practice law.
26. Within 45 days of the settlement agreement, the Supreme Court of Louisiana has to delete from its website copies of all orders conditionally admitting individuals that disclose their MH diagnosis or treatment and all references to those orders. Also, within that same timeframe, the Louisiana Supreme Court has to request the removal of that information from the Google and the Bing Internet search engines.
Interesting that Yahoo is not mentioned with respect to search engines. That must be an oversight.
28. The Louisiana Supreme Court has to identify all individuals, including law student registrants, whom responded affirmatively to the old question 25-27 August 1, of 2008 and who were based upon the MH diagnosis or treatment conditionally admitted. With respect to those individuals, the Louisiana Supreme Court must: A) take all necessary steps to terminate the condition of admission unless the applicant engaged in conduct otherwise warranting conditional admission and the conduct related concerns have not been fully mitigated; or B) the individual has a condition currently impairing his or her ability to practice law in a competent, ethical, or professional manner. As above, court records pertaining to the conditional admissions have to be sealed, redacted or destroyed and that their individual medical records, medical history, diagnosis, prognosis, full names, and/or conditions of admission be not publicly available.
Under this particular provision of the settlement, it would be expected that attorneys with an MH diagnosis who took conditional admission because that was their only hope of practicing but whose condition have long since been mitigated, will have their conditional bar admissions removed.
29. With respect to applicants who responded yes to the old questions 25-27 and were denied admission, the Louisiana Supreme Court has to: reevaluate those original application to consider whether they may be qualified for the unconditional or conditional admission consistent with the settlement agreement; and for many individuals who are preliminarily determined to be qualified for possible unconditional or conditional admission that they may be qualified for unconditional or conditional admission under the revised policies for conducting character and fitness inquiries pursuant to the settlement agreement; invite such individuals to petition the Supreme Court of Louisiana for admission to the Louisiana bar without additional application expense for the character and fitness review; and reevaluate and process the updated applications and any additional information received on a priority basis in a manner consistent with the settlement agreement.
31. Within two weeks after each set of admission ceremony for the length of the agreement the Louisiana Supreme Court has to make detailed reports. That report is asking for very specific information the receipt of which would go a long way towards assuring the Department of Justice that the terms of the settlement agreement are being complied with.
32. Within 30 days of the settlement agreement, each party have to select and appoint a coordinator to oversee compliance with the agreement and to serve as a point of contact.
I find this particular provision a bit odd. A person from the Louisiana Supreme Court has to be appointed to oversee monitoring the agreement AND the same goes for a person from the Department of Justice. Therefore, the Department of Justice will select and appoint a single individual to oversee compliance with the agreement and the Louisiana Supreme Court will do the same. Interesting that they did not put in place independent monitoring, such as what happened with the law school admission Council. Further, nothing about whether the parties have to agree on who the coordinator is. It would seem that each party has unfettered discretion as to whom that individual might be.
33. The length of the settlement agreement is for four years.
In short, I sincerely doubt that the State of Louisiana is the only State Bar engaged in these kinds of practices. This settlement agreement is a wake-up call to any State Bar that is engaged in practices at all similar to what the Supreme Court of Louisiana was doing. What I suspect will happen here is that just as it is happening with the lost school admission Council and the LSAT, the settlement agreement will be used as a blueprint by plaintiff attorneys to structure their case in order to maximize their client's chances of prevailing with Department of Justice involvement. Finally, I don't see why the settlement agreement and the principles contained therein would not apply to other diagnoses besides the MH. For example, ADD and other learning disabilities.


text:
The Year of Magical Thinking
By Joan Didion
Excerpts of Pulitzer Winners and Finalists
C. Max Magee - 4.18.2006
Comcast's Internet service was been down for about 36 hours which has made blogging difficult. Now that my day job is officially a work from home gig, I rely on steady Internet access like never before, and considering the amount of time I spend blogging and using the Internet for pretty much all of the information consumption in my life, going without is next to impossible for me. I'd say that's a little scary, but it's been like this for several years now so I'm pretty used to it. At any rate, hopefully I'm back up and running for good, no thanks to Comcast – it took three phone calls to them and 12 hours before they could even confirm that an outage was causing my problem. Luckily, Mrs. Millions was kind enough to let me use her office for work, otherwise I would have been really screwed.In the meantime, the Pulitzer Prizes were announced yesterday. To me, the Pulitzer Prize for fiction is the most predictable of all literary prizes as it usually goes to the most well-known American literary work of the previous year, especially if the book deals with American themes, namely the American immigrant/Melting Pot idea. American history is usually an important theme as well. This year I figured E.L. Doctorow's The March was a lock, both because it sold well and because it's about an iconic episode in American history, General Sherman's great march during the Civil War. Instead, Doctorow's book was named a finalist, but the much less well-known, but similarly named and themed book March by Geraldine Brooks won the prize. March is about the Civil War as well, but the book is not simply a fictional account of a historical event, rather March tells the story of Mr. March, the father who in Louisa May Alcott's classic Little Women is away fighting in the Civil War. This isn't the first time that what Booksquare calls a remix has won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In 1999 Michael Cunningham's The Hours, a "remix" of Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway won the prize.Listed below are this years winners and finalists in all the "Letters" categories. I've included links to excerpts and other interesting material where available.FictionWinner: March by Geraldine Brooks – excerptThe March by E.L. Doctorow – excerptThe Bright Forever by Lee Martin – excerptDrama:No Winner: (I rather like that the Pulitzer unlike most other prizes is unafraid to not pick a winner if they don't feel there's a worthy book in a category – though, admittedly, I'd be surprised to see them not pick a fiction winner any time soon.)Miss Witherspoon by Christopher Durang – New York Times reviewThe Intelligent Design of Jenny Chow by Rolin Jones – New York Times reviewRed Light Winter by Adam Rapp – New York Times reviewHistory:Winner: Polio: An American Story by David M. Oshinsky – Bookslut reviewNew York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan by Jill Lepore – excerptThe Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln by Sean Wilentz – interviewBiography:Winner: American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin – excerptThe Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion – excerptThe Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism by Megan Marshall – Megan Marshall at SlatePoetry:Winner: Late Wife by Claudia Emerson – a poemAmerican Sublime by Elizabeth Alexander – excerptElegy on Toy Piano by Dean Young – excerpt (pdf)General Non-fiction:Winner: Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya by Caroline Elkins – (very short) excerptPostwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 by Tony Judt – Judt in The NYRBThe Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq by George Packer – excerpt
A Year in Reading: Laurie's Best Books
Laurie Anderson - 1.10.2006
I want to leave 2005 behind, but I keep getting great stuff to post, so I hope you don't mind. I got this great e-mail from Laurie who wanted to share her favorite books from amongst her considerable reading last year. I'll be following this up with another e-mail Laurie sent me about what makes a book really good for her:I just read your Jan. 5th entry about "year's best" choices by various people. I thought about sending you my list, but then figured you only wanted to post the lists of people you knew [Max: Not true! I welcome e-mails from anyone and everyone!]. I don't blog, but kept a reading journal this past year and totaled 60 books (some of them children's books). It was fun looking at it at year's end and figuring out what I enjoyed the most. I began reading your blog about midyear, I think, and your posts probably influenced some of those book choices.For what it's worth, the three top titles on my list were Cold Skin by Albert S. Pinol (Catalan 2002, English 2005), War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells (1898), and Knee Deep in Blazing Snow by James Hayford (2005). Of those, my enjoyment of the last surprised me the most, because it's a poetry collection. It's also the only book of all 60 read this year that I'd recommend to just about anyone, kids and poetry-hating adults alike. The poems are short, unpretentious, mostly rhyme and are illustrated. Washington Post accurately called it "quietly lovely". It precisely captures the minutiae of the seasons and farm life that even a sheltered city-dweller can recognize with a smile. Also in my top ten were Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Beasts of No Nation by Uzodinma Iweala (chilling), Travels With Mr. Brown by Mark Twain (Letters to the Alta California 1866-1867), and Diary of a Spider by Doreen Cronin. The latter is a fun kids' book.29 of the 60 were first published in 2005.For some idea of what those "top choices" were chosen over, the 29 first published in 2005 are:From Sawdust to Stardust – Terry Lee Rioux (biography)The Bradbury Chronicles – Sam Weller (bio)Bradbury Speaks – Ray Bradbury (nf, essays)Pinhook – Janisse Ray (nonfiction, nature)Beware of God – Shalom Auslander (short stories)Never Let Me Go – Kazuo Ishiguro (novel)Lord Byron's Novel: The Evening Land – John Crowley (novel)Storyteller – Kate Wilhelm (nonfiction)Science Fiction: the best of 2004 – ed. Karen Haber & Jonathan Strahan (ss)Year's Best SF 10 – ed. David G. Hartwell & Kathryn Cramer (ss)Blue Dog, Green River – Brock Brower (novel)Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince – J.K. Rowling (novel)Cities in the Wilderness – Bruce Babbitt (nf, environment)Dahlonega Haunts – Amy Blackmarr (allegedly nf)Wonder's Child – Jack Williamson (updated autobiography)Cold Skin – Albert S. Pinol (novel)Beasts of No Nation – Uzodinma Iweala (novel)The March – E.L. Doctorow (novel)Diary of a Spider – Doreen Cronin (kids picture book)Don't Be Silly, Mrs. Millie – Judy Cox (kids picturebook)Whales on Stilts! – M.T. Anderson (short kids novel)Best American Science Writing 2005 – ed. Alan Lightman(nf)The Highest Tide – Jim Lynch (novel)Knee Deep in Blazing Snow – James Hayford (poetry)Travels With My Donkey – Tim Moore (memoir)Animals in Translation – Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson (nonfiction)From Another World – Ana Maria Machado (short kids novel)The Year of Magical Thinking – Joan Didion (memoir)Confessions of a Recovering Slut – Hollis Gillespie (memoir)Funniest were:Diary of a Spider by Doreen CroninTravels With My Donkey by Tim Moore (Bill Bryson meets Monty Python)Grimmest were:Beasts of No Nation by Uzodinma IwealaThe Year of Magical Thinking by Joan DidionHardest to put down were:Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by J.K. RowlingCold Skin by A.S. PinolThere. More than you wanted or needed to know.Thanks, Laurie!
Vollmann and Didion win National Book Awards
C. Max Magee - 11.16.2005
After a decidedly quiet run up to this year's National Book Awards, the winners have been announced. William T. Vollmann, known, it seems, more for his graphomania than any of his books in particular, has won for his novel, Europe Central. Back in April, when the book came out, Tom LeClair in the New York Times called Europe Central Vollmann's "most welcoming work, possibly his best book." In the next sentence, LeClair calls Vollmann "an off-putting writer, sometimes intentionally so," and perhaps the judges figured now, when Vollmann has written a more accessible (or shorter, though only for Vollmann could 832 pages be considered short) book, is the time to give him the plaudits he deserves.The non-fiction award went, unsurprisingly, to Joan Didion for her heart-wrenching and much praised memoir of the year following the death of her husband, John Gregory Dunne, The Year of Magical Thinking. In the Washington Post, Jonathan Yardley called it "a lacerating yet peculiarly stirring book."The other winners are: for poetry, Migration by W.S. Merwin and for young people's literature, The Penderwicks by Jeanne Birdsall. You can see all the Finalists listed here.
Awards Mania: National Book Award Finalists
The Booker was awarded Monday, the Nobel Prize will be awarded tomorrow, and today this year's National Book Award finalists were announced (by John Grisham, no less). Last year the National Book Foundation was vehemently criticized by some and defended by others for nominating five relatively unknown women from New York in the fiction category, but there will likely be less controversy this year as big name (and past winner for World's Fair in 1986) E.L. Doctorow leads the list. As the Amazon rankings at the time of the announcement indicate, the Mary Gaitskill doesn't exactly qualify as obscure either. Though not a commercial superstar, another notable nominee is William T. Vollmann. The complete list of nominees in all categories follows:FictionE.L. Doctorow, The March (Random House) (rank: 17)Mary Gaitskill, Veronica (Pantheon) (rank: 786)Christopher Sorrentino, Trance (Farrar, Straus and Giroux) (rank: 45,062)Rene Steinke, Holy Skirts (William Morrow) (rank: 423,858)William T. Vollmann, Europe Central (Viking) (rank: 51,709)NonfictionAlan Burdick, Out of Eden: An Odyssey of Ecological Invasion (Farrar, Straus & Giroux)Leo Damrosch, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius (Houghton Mifflin)Joan Didion, The Year of Magical Thinking (Alfred A. Knopf)Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn, 102 Minutes: The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers (Times Books)Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves (Houghton Mifflin)PoetryJohn Ashbery, Where Shall I Wander (Ecco)Frank Bidart, Star Dust: Poems (Farrar, Straus & Giroux)Brendan Galvin, Habitat: New and Selected Poems, 1965-2005 (Louisiana State University Press)W.S. Merwin, Migration: New and Selected Poems (Copper Canyon Press)Vern Rutsala, The Moment's Equation (Ashland Poetry Press)Young People's LiteratureJeanne Birdsall, The Penderwicks (Alfred A. Knopf)Adele Griffin, Where I Want to Be (Putnam)Chris Lynch, Inexcusable (Atheneum)Walter Dean Myers, Autobiography of My Dead Brother (HarperTempest)Deborah Wiles, Each Little Bird That Sings (Harcourt)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


July 8, 2014 – 5:30 p.m., The Bakken Museum, 3537 Zenith Ave. S.
Treasurer's Report: John Abraham-Watne reported that the NRP balance is $607.93 after writing a check for $955 to PrintGlobe for the Safety Whistles. The NCEC balance is $3,412.84. We also received two checks – one for $3,361 for an NRP reimbursement and one for $3.24 for an NCEC reimbursement from 2013 funds.
Secretary's Report: The minutes of the June 10 meeting were approved with the change under Hennepin County Commissioner Marion Greene's report that "Richard Logan mentioned…Excelsior traffic blocks the driveway out of the ambulance station," not out of the fire station as was noted.
The CPP Annual report for 2013 was approved with two changes. It was noted that there were approximately 40 people at the Station Area Walkabout that was held in April of 2013. We also will add mention of our Ward 13 Candidate Forum.
We have $27, 438.27 in CPP funds remaining from 2013 that need to be rolled over into 2014. The Board agreed to roll over $5,000 to Professional Services, $12,000 to Communications/Outreach, $5,321 to Meetings/community building events and $5,117.27 to Other Services. Rhea will submit the rollover budget to Judy Duffey.
Council Member Linea Palmisano: Council Member Palmisano was not present, but she submitted a written report prior to the meeting focusing on the Southwest LRT.
Midtown Greenway Access Point Kiosk: John Abraham-Watne reported that the Plexiglass is now up in the kiosk. The case opens with a Phillips screwdriver, not a key. There was another discussion about what to put up. John plans to put materials up on Saturday, July 12.
Utility Boxes: Haydee Peterson reported that she submitted the utility box application, but she hasn't heard back yet. There seems to be a general consensus that the Board would like original art that represents the neighborhood. We will need to select which boxes to cover and then will need to select an artist. Haydee is hoping we can interview an artist by November. She said that the Uptown Association is willing to come to our September meeting. We will also need insurance. Haydee said that the whole process will likely take a year to complete.
Calhoun Conversations: David Rhees, Haydee Peterson and Mary Underwood met to discuss the Calhoun Conversations project. They are proposing that it would not just be a lecture, but that it would be more interactive, with time included for conversation. For example, bird stories – everyone has a bird story. They would like to invite other neighborhoods/organizations: CIDNA, ECCO, Linden Hills and the Uptown Business Association. They would do the programs quarterly. They would like to make it a floating conversation, so that it would be at a different location each time. Ideas for locations include: The Bakken Museum, St. Mary's Greek Orthodox Church, Lakewood Cemetery, Linden Hills Library, Minikahda Club, Calhoun Towers penthouse, Calhoun Beach Club, Lake Point, Lake Calhoun Center.
Movie Night: Movie Night was cancelled due to flooding on the soccer field.
Future Agenda Items: 1) The Calhoun-Isles planning process will be reopened for public input. This project could involve moving the sailing school to our side of the lake. 2) We will continue strategic planning at our October Retreat. 3) We are looking at forming committees and pulling in more volunteers.
Neighborhood Priority Plan questions: 1) If you could change one thing about West Calhoun Neighborhood, what would it be? Traffic and access. Market Plaza is the worst street. 2) If WCNC had money to invest in a project in the West Calhoun neighborhood, what should they do? Invest in new, attractive lighting. Move the lights from the sidewalks.
Next meeting: Our next meeting will be Tuesday, September 9, 2014.


I made a little goal a few months ago. It was a bit of a "wouldn't it be brilliant if" thing. Wouldn't it be brilliant to get my target weight by the time we went on honeymoon. At this point my goal weight was 10.7 stone. I remember setting that target when I joined Slimming World. I uttered the words but knew deep down that this would be just like all those other times that I threw out an arbitrary number to the person who was weighing me. I smiled and went through the motions. I nodded at the "no better woman" comments. Not me. I'm just meant to be overweight.
Last month I found myself lowering my target weight. Like, what is actual life? After eighteen months I had gone from a size eighteen to a size 11. You know, most size 12's were that bit too big on me and I fit in to the odd size ten. I was absolutely very nearly at the point where I was happy to maintain. It felt amazing to talk to my consultant about lowering my target weight. Another half a stone would work really well and that's what we've gone for. I am currently 10 stone 5 and my target weight is 9 stone 12. It will mean getting my five stone award and that pretty much blows my mind.
We're going on honeymoon this week and I am 4.5 stone lighter than I was eighteen months ago. I had no idea what lay ahead. I didn't know that I would be getting engaged, married fourteen weeks later and finding myself at a healthy BMI for the first time in my life. You just never know do you? That's what I tell myself now. Never say never because you really just don't know what lies ahead.
It's been eighteen months since I embarked on this journey. I joined in August 2014 and was practically dragged there by my sister. It's February 2017 and I feel better than I have ever felt. It's a cliche. The biggest of all perhaps but it is so unbelievably true. I would have considered myself to be a very confident girl my whole life. I didn't feel as though my weight held me back too much. I realize now that it did in more ways than I have time to list. It's been a life-change on so many different levels and all for the better.
I have learnt so much over the last eighteen months. I pretty much learn something new every week. These are the things that really stick out in my mind though and I hope they might give another person some perspective on what can only be described as the best thing I have ever done for ME.
In the past when I joined Weight Watchers, The Gym or Slimming World I viewed it as a short-term thing. It was for a holiday or a wedding. It was never a lifestyle change. In that sense it felt more like a sentence. Something I had to stick to for X amount of time to achieve my goal. And then what? Go back to the way I was before I made the changes? That is pretty much what happened to me over and over again. I went hell for leather, lost weight and eventually went back to my old lifestyle and ended up heavier than I was before I joined. The biggest change of all has been accepting that something needed to change for good. Instead of being an angel 100% of the time I have found a way to make this plan liveable for me forever. I am genuinely delighted to comit to this for the rest of my life because I adore the food I can eat. I adore the wiggle room for treats, holidays and LIFE. I will never go back to the way I was before. My weight has been slow and steady because I choose to enjoy myself as often as I can while still maintaining a really healthy diet the majority of the time.
I often pride myself on the fact that I have never tried a drug before and never will. I have always been extremely anti-drugs. Well, food was my drug for a long time. I was in denial about the fact that I had a food addiction and I used food to medicate myself. If I was depressed I would binge, in secret, to numb the pain. I would stuff so much food in to my body that it HAD to push down the emotions. Anything was better than facing up to the turmoil I felt. As soon as I combatted the comfort eating and food addiction I found myself much more at peace with who I am.
I have never enjoyed grub as much as I do these days. After a couple of days of being super good, organised and "on it" I just adore a treat. If I crave a particular bar or dinner at the start of the week I make a plan to have it. Just this week I sat down with a packet of rancheros and a kinder bueno bar after weigh-in. I had seen both earlier in the week and craved them. Instead of mindlessly eating them I bought them and planned to have them after my weigh-in. I enjoyed them so much. Food has never tasted better. It is no longer in secret. It is no longer a coping mechanism. It is a joy.
I often hear people refering to their "old" selves and the way they used to eat. They used words like "disgusting" and "ugly". I choose not to do that. I am not better now. I feel happier, that's for sure, but I am not better. I am no more worthy of love and respect than I was at sixteen stone. That is ME. It's not a random person in a photo. It is me. The person I am. It is me at a heavier weight but I bloody love her. You have to love yourself at every stage. I really think that is so important. It takes you away from that school of thought which tells you that you will be happen WHEN you get there. Wherever that may be. It can't be a race that leads you to one moment of happiness. It needs to be an acceptance of the now. Enjoying everything as it comes. Facing everything in the moment and loving yourself for who you are and not the way you look. Your confidence will soar when you lose weight but you need to be able to look in the mirror at every stage and tell yourself "I Love You". Happiness doesn't come with seeing a certain number on the scales. It comes with loving yourself and treating yourself with kindness. This has been a huge realization for me.
I literally didn't know how to say the words no in the past. If food was offered to me I said yes, whether I really wanted it or not. God forbid I'd never taste another morsel of food again. I didn't want to miss out. Ever. Now I can go to a party, friend's house or restaurant and be in control. I don't feel sorry for myself or put on a "diet face" ( I love that term) because it is my choice. Nobody is telling me to say no. I am choosing to say no because I want to feel amazing when I step on the scale a few days later. Instead I say no and focus on the treat I'll have in a couple of days.
I am notorious for going a bit mad at the weekend food-wise. It has been the very thing which has made this so liveable for me. I have very few syns during the week and have some big treats on a Friday night and Saturday. I have noticed on a Sunday or Monday I'll experience a low mood and I really think this is associated with eating crap food. Don't get me wrong I'm not going to stop my treats but it is worth noting. The flip side is that after a day or two of eating healthily I feel brilliant. It has given me a sense of "get up and go" that I never had before.
When I treat myself at the weekend I don't spend a single second regretting it or feeling guilt. Guilt is just self sabotage. If I'm going to have it I'm going to enjoy it or there is no point. I have it, enjoy it and get back on the wagon. It has been a huge revelation for me. I tried to lose weight so many times in the past and this is where I continuously went wrong. I would do great until a weekend away or night out came along. I'd make some "bad" choices and spend the next week beating myself up about it. This lead to more comfort eating and the endless spiral of chasing my tail until I eventually got back to where I was. Then I'd "ruin" it again. It was an endless cycle. Now I do not feel guilt. Life is to be enjoyed. I love healthy food but I also adore junk. I'll continue to enjoy ice-cream, pizza, spice bags & butter popcorn. Not just the Slimming World versions. I am not perfect and I just need treats to look forward to. They keep me going and give me something to look forward to.
My mam cried the other day when I sent her a picture of my four and a half stone award. She said they were happy tears. As a mother she had hoped and prayed for years that I would one day feel good about myself and get healthy. That meant so much to me. Knowing that it has affected my mam in a positive way too. This lifestyle change has also dramatically changed the way my husband and my son eat. We are all healthier. Our future is brighter.
I wish I could bottle the way I feel right now. I still have bad days. Days where I feel crippled with anxiety. But overall I feel so happy in myself these days. I want to help other people feel this way too. And I will. This road has lead me to fulfilling a dream of mine. In a couple of months I will open the doors of my very own Slimming World group. I cannot wait to help other people feel great and make changes that will affect their lives in so many positive ways.
Your story is so inspiring, I just loving hearing about people who make the connection between feelings and eating, and also how you found the true balance between eating well and still not depriving yourself.
I just wanted to ask one question Tracey. As a Psychotherapist specialising in this area, can I ask did you seek any help from a counsellor or get any other support apart from Slimming World? And if you didn't, how did you go about resolving the emotional eating component?
I'd love to re-post your article (with your permission), but as the emotional eating piece is my area of speciality, I'd like to be able to comment on it!
Thanks Tracey, and I wish you a wonderful wedding and honeymoon!
Thanks for your comment Emma!
I have been to counselling quite a few times. Took a while to find a counsellor that I gelled with but when I did it was hugely beneficial. Funnily enough it didn't coincide with me losing weight. I kind of stored the "help" and it became clearer as I got older.
I think having my son made a big difference. He was 13 months when I joined Slimming World. We had only recently weaned him and I was so proud to be cooking him healthy wholesome food. It's like the clouds cleared and I suddenly realised that I needed to be just as kind to myself.
Also, my Dad got sick and I lost two grandparents in the space in five weeks and it's like for the first time in my life I realised that the one thing that was making me miserable I actually did have control over. I saw the connection between food and my happiness. Eating and my happiness.
Slimming World helped me contextualise it all because it helped me find a balance in terms of the actual food I ate. I needed the accountability. But in general, combatting the comfort eating and emotional eating came in a weird way through grief and bad news. I suddenly realised that it was making me feel worse. Pushing through it gave me a spark of excitement and a feeling of joy I had never experienced before.
Feel free to share my article, no problem at all.
We got married last August and it was amazing. Looking forward to the honeymoon – thanks a million!


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The Channels • February 3, 2020 • https://www.thechannels.org/news/2020/02/03/city-college-turns-to-goswami-for-change-transparent-leadership/
City College turns to Goswami for change, transparent leadership
Nate Stephenson
Dr. Utpal Goswami settled into his role as the new Superintendent/President of City College over winter break. "We need to create a space where people can trust [the administration]," said Goswami in front of a large whiteboard bracketed with initial plans of action in the president's office in the MacDougal Administration Building on Tuesday, Jan. 14, in Santa Barbara, Calif.
Jun Starkey, Editor-in-Chief
Utpal Goswami walked onto the stage of the Garvin Theatre, gazed out at the crowd and knew that all eyes were on him.
More than 100 people — students, faculty, staff and community members — stared right back at him. He sensed an air of apprehension and uncertainty coming from the audience.
It was the ultimate job interview, for everyone to judge for themselves, whether this man had what it takes to lead the college into the next decade.
"If the people you work with are fundamentally good, you can solve any problems," Goswami told The Channels, reflecting back on that moment.
The next day, the Board of Trustees hired Goswami, and nearly four months after his very public interview, Goswami now finds himself at Ground Zero of perhaps the college's most important and pivotal time in its 111-year history.
The past 2 years at City College have been some of the most embattled and controversial times in the college's history.
During this time the college has grappled through lawsuits, financial struggles, racial and equity issues, steep declines in enrollment and surveys showing the deep distrust between the college's faculty and administration.
Despite these issues, Goswami said he is proud of City College for creating a dialogue.
"We need to reenergize the art of dialogue," he said. "We need to show how to have a conversation with someone who thinks differently."
Goswami served as the president of Metropolitan Community College in Kansas City for seven years and has worked within community colleges for over 30 years.
He said he is looking forward to bringing his style of leadership to City College.
Goswami, who has a doctorate in economics, comes off as a very calculated person.
Every question he is asked is followed by a long pause, leading to a carefully crafted response. In his office, there are flow charts resembling game plans written on his whiteboard, outlining plans for different areas of the campus.
'If a community is not growing, it is dying.' — Utpal Goswami
The Board of Trustees President Robert Miller said Goswami has been devising solutions to City College's problems since the first interview.
"Even before he began he was thinking about how to address our issues," Miller said.
Miller said Goswami's calm demeanor makes him an excellent listener, something he feels is essential in deescalating the campus climate.
"He responds with a calm confidence," Miller said. "I think he'll be very decisive."
Goswami said the key to dealing with difficult or uncomfortable issues is transparency and maintaining trust between the administration and the campus.
"Our actions demonstrate our intentions," he said. "My philosophy is to own it, and admit when I make mistakes."
Goswami said the welfare of the students should always be the first priority of a college.
Dave Oehler, vice president of Metropolitan Community College, said Goswami has always embodied this sentiment.
"The wellbeing of the students is a given for any institution," Oehler said. "Taking care of staff is important, and he did, but we both knew that students came first."
Goswami spent his first few weeks in Santa Barbara exploring the campus and trying to learn more about the college through staff, faculty and students.
Goswami described the campus as "lively," observing the bustle of students moving to and from classes.
"I felt I was in the right place," he said.
This process of observing is how Goswami will begin understanding what City College is lacking, and what the administration can do about it.
"I meet with everyone and ask them what they want me to work on," he said.
As he begins to lead City College into the future, Goswami said he will always keep the prosperity of City College students at the forefront because "if a community is not growing, it is dying."


Earlier in the month, a motorcyclist wanted for suspicion of reckless driving charges took police officers on a chase across two counties that finally ended in him dropping his bike onto a dirt road under construction.
The bizarre chase was riddled with provocation from the rider, including him flipping off police officers, punching car mirrors as he rode by, standing on his bike and making what appeared to be gestures egging the pursuant officers on.
Of course, as Los Angeles motorcycle accident lawyers we always are there to look out for our fellow riders, but this is an example of someone out of control, and a danger to themselves, drivers around them and the motorcycle community at large. It's people like this that give the rest of of motorcyclists a bad name, and lead to heightened scrutiny against bikers. Indeed, reports have come in that due to the audacious nature of this incident, LAPD officers are on a heightened alert against bikers. Please make sure to ride safely and responsibly. With any luck, this recklesss and irrresonsible rider will never get on a motorcycle again.


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Apartments for rent in Hermosa Beach, CA
555 Apartments Available
2001 Pacific Coast Highway
2001 Pacific Coast Highway, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1100 Monterey Blvd, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1314 Loma Dr, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1403 Bayview Dr, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1134 Cypress Ave, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
208 8th St, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
85 16th St, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1717 Manhattan Ave, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
520 Manhattan Ave, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
840 15th Pl, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
909 17th St, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
1031 1/2 Aviation Blvd, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
146 Lyndon St, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
2408 Silverstrand Ave, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
116 Barney Ct, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
242 31st St, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
435 Longfellow Ave, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254
Heritage Pointe Senior Apartments
1801 Aviation Way, Redondo Beach, CA 90278
Elements 616
616 Esplanade Street, Redondo Beach, CA 90277
Americana South Bay
20707 Anza Avenue, Torrance, CA 90503
Palermo Apartments
4315 West 182nd Street, Torrance, CA 90504
2+ Beds2 Baths
Emerald Garden Apartments
20308 Madison Street, Torrance, CA 90503
Furnished Studio - Los Angeles - Torrance - Del Amo Circle
3995 Carson St, Torrance, CA 90503
Furnished Studio - Los Angeles - Torrance Blvd.
3525 Torrance Blvd, Torrance, CA 90503
Parkview on Yukon
16705 Yukon Avenue #2, Torrance, CA 90504
CitiZen South Bay on Anza
Furnished Studio - Los Angeles - LAX Airport - El Segundo
1910 E Mariposa Ave, El Segundo, CA 90245
Furnished Studio - Los Angeles - South
18602 S. Vermont Ave, Gardena, CA 90248
Furnished Studio - Los Angeles - Torrance Harbor Gateway
19200 Harborgate Way, Torrance, CA 90501
Palm View Village Gardena
1030 Magnolia Ave., Gardena, CA 90247
CitiZen South Bay on West 235th
2545-2729 W235th St, Torrance, CA 90505
Seacrest Homes
1311 W Sepulveda Boulevard, Torrance, CA 90501
211 Yacht Club Way
211 Yacht Club Way, Redondo Beach, CA 90277
1922 Carnegie Ln, Redondo Beach, CA 90278
5512 White Court, Torrance, CA 90503
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A small city located in California, Hermosa Beach has approximately 20,000 residents. Young professionals should fit right in, as they make up an above-average 20% of the population, though middle-aged professionals are well-represented as well. Renters are slightly more prevalent than homeowners in Hermosa Beach by a narrow 54%-47% margin despite a relatively high average rent of $1,865 per month, considerably higher than the state average.
Averaging about 36 minutes, Hermosa Beach's commute time is slower than the California average of about 32 minutes. Many residents (50%) commute to work by car or truck, while public transit is not used much. Relatively few residents (2%) commute to work on foot, though the number is greater than the national average.
Hermosa Beach has a large percentage of residents over the age of 25 with advanced degrees compared to the national average (7%), as 16% have earned a Master's degree or a Doctoral degree. Additionally, 37% have earned a Bachelor's degree, which also outpaces the national average. There are plenty of industries from which to choose in Hermosa Beach, the most common four of which are scientific, manufacturing, retail, and education. Together, these industries make up 31% of the workforce in the city. Meanwhile, looking at job function, 16% of the city's population works in management, which ranks as the top career path in the city. With an average annual income of about $133K, Hermosa Beach workers earn around $48,000 more than their peers elsewhere in the state. The city's average income also compares favorably to the national average of $73,345.
Average Rent in Hermosa Beach
Nov 19 1,995 3,400 7,900
Oct 19 1,895 3,400 6,500
Sep 19 1,795 7,500 4,800
Aug 19 1,995 7,500
Jul 19 1,795 3,500
Jun 19 1,825 2,450
May 19 1,895 2,525
Apr 19 1,795 3,250
Mar 19 1,795 3,350
Feb 19 2,025 3,350
Can You Rent an Apartment with Bad Credit?
Frequently Asked Questions About Hermosa Beach
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If you have a dog or cat, you'll need to find an apartment in Hermosa Beach that accepts pets. Apply Apartment Guide's pet friendly filter to see only Hermosa Beach apartments that accept pets. Remember to read the apartment's specific guidelines for acceptable pet breeds and weights if applicable.


Development of a turnkey online store for GoCar - one of the leading tuning shops in Ukraine, offering over 500 types of car tapes. GoCar has been working since 2012, offering a wide range of services, such as selling, tuning, tape pasting and other services.
The main goal was to create a user-friendly online store for clients, dealers and buyers. Personal accounts have multi-level access with individual settings for dealers and agents. The project is highly automated and independently carries out systematic marketing operations, such as newsletters mailing, etc.


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How to Calculate Your Chatbot ROI
According to the 2022 Digital-First Customer Experience Report, 52% of surveyed consumers said they prefer online chat assistance, but only 31% of businesses offer chat support.
Chatbot support is gaining wide traction in all business forms since having an online presence is essential in an increasingly digitised marketplace. Customers demand easy access to making transactions and addressing grievances.
What is a customer request?
Some customer requests can be pretty straightforward, such as
How to purchase an item?
How to return a defective item?
How to track the shipment status of an item?
Other customer requests may be more complicated, and may require more intensive assistance depending on the individual or business. In either case, providing an accessible and responsive chat assistance option can make the difference between earning a loyal customer, or alienating them.
Live chat vs chatbot support
One way to provide such assistance is via live chat with customer support representatives. This involves hiring agents trained to address queries, acting as mediators between the customers and the service providers, and providing personable yet efficient support.
Around 73% of customers prefer live chat as their primary means of communication with a business. However, live chat support is limited by labour since one representative can only attend to one customer at a time. This necessitates hiring more agents to keep up with the demands of a growing customer base.
An alternative to this is automated chatbot support. A chatbot is an AI programme meant to mimic human interaction and can provide cost-effective options for addressing customer requests. Unlike live chat support, a chatbot is capable of 24×7 functionality and attending to multiple customer requests simultaneously.
What are the benefits of chatbots for businesses?
Chatbot programs can range from simple AI, providing a standardized list of queries for a customer to select, or Intelligent Virtual Assistants (IVA), which are capable of closely replicating human speech. The latter allows a company to automate the benefits of live chat support, with the tradeoff being the vast development and implementation costs.
In a survey conducted by Userlike, 68% of respondents reacted positively to the quick response times provided by chatbots, and 54% of respondents claimed they would trust a chatbot for handling basic customer requests.
Furthermore, implementing chatbot support alongside live chat support enables the representatives to spend more time on complicated requests and grievances.
How to calculate ROI of ChatBot?
While customer satisfaction with chatbot support is quite apparent, its profitability can be gauged by comparing the ROIs of live chat support versus chatbot support. Return on Investment (ROI) is an equation that indicates the profitability of a given investment. It can be expressed as a function of two variables, the current value of the investment and the cost of investment.
ROI can be calculated as follows:
The cost of investment for live chat services will involve salaries for representatives and managers, as well as additional bonuses and benefits.
How much does it cost to provide a live chat service?
Suppose the following:
a customer service agency receives 10,000 customer requests per day
each live chat interaction has an average duration of 7 minutes
each representative works an average of 8 hours, or 480 minutes, per day
The number of representatives required for this workload can be calculated as follows:
Therefore, approximately 146 representatives will be required. Accounting for other positions such as team leaders, supervisors, and managers, the cost of investment can be calculated as follows:
The compensation figures, which include salary plus bonuses and benefits, have been taken from Salary.com. These represent the average US nationwide salaries of technical customer support employees. While calculating such cost of investment, other expenditures such as office space, equipment, and other material costs must also be accommodated.
How much does it cost to build a chatbot?
The cost of investment for a chatbot involves building a chatbot and subsequent monthly costs, which include licensing and maintenance.
A chatbot can be set up by either an in-house development team or an agency. With the former, the team will require at least one developer, with an average salary of $6,880 per month, and a graphic designer, with an average salary ranging between $2750-$6,300 per month. This will also include additional costs for integrating the chatbot into different platforms.
With an agency, the initial setup would cost anything between $500-$3,000, and further monthly maintenance would range between $100-$2,000. As a rule of thumb, the higher the setup cost, the lower the monthly maintenance cost.
It should be noted that setup costs are one-time investments only, and will not be included while calculating the cost of investment for subsequent months. Furthermore, additional costs such as employee training, web servers, and maintenance must also be considered.
Suppose that, of the 10,000 daily customer requests received, a chatbot is able to successfully interact with 5,000 of them, with the more complex requests being passed on to live chat support. With the need of human labour being effectively cut down by about 50%, the new cost of investment for live chat can be calculated as follows:
The cumulative cost during the first month of chatbot's operation will be $538,126.
Comparing the ROIs for live chat vs chatbot support
Assuming a constant total value of $3,000,000, the ROI on customer support, with and without chatbot assistance, can be calculated as follows:
If you compare the live chat ROI with chatbot ROI, it is clear to see how much more profitable chatbot support can be. Even accounting for additional costs and salaries for an in-house development team, the bulk of investment for a chatbot is linked to the one-time initial setup.
Potential limitations of chatbot
One common hesitation in adopting ai chatbots may be the over-reliance on automation. After all, about 69% of US customers have a preference for live chat support.
Of course, there are drawbacks to chatbot support. The first is the immense installation costs that might be prohibitive for smaller businesses. Then there is also the distrust in a chatbot's capability to provide adequate service. Some major complaints that consumers have against chatbot support include "lack of understanding" and "incapability to solve complex issues". 46% of consumers believe that chatbot support is a tactic employed to deny them easy access to a live agent, while 60% of consumers would rather have a human address their requirements than a chatbot.
The data is stacked in favour of chatbots. They can help save about 30% in customer service investments. They have been projected to save businesses about $8 billion on such investments and about 2.5 billion hours by 2023.
This time saved can be utilized in developing further business strategies, attracting more customers.
How to Make Customers Love Your Contact Centre's Chatbot
Businesses Put Chat Apps to the Test
Pros and Cons of Chatbots: All You Need to Know About AI Chatbots
Chatbots and Automation: I Don't Think We're Quite There Yet


Fushan Experimental Forest along with the Research Center is located at the boundaries of Taipei and Yilan Counties, with elevations ranging from 2,000 to 4600 feet. The area has an average annual temperature of 18.5°C, average rainfall of 4125 mm, and average annual relative humidity of 94.1%.
The Fushan Experimental Forest is designated into 3 zones, Water Source Reserve, Botanical Garden and Hapen Nature Reserve.
The northernmost is a 355.7-ha Water Source Reserve with a predominately natural broadleaf forest. Both Happen and Tsukeng Creeks originate in the area. This area is maintained in its original state and is open only to various research and surveillance activities; casual visitors are not permitted to enter.
The central zone is a 409.5-ha Botanical Garden; in addition to providing sites of research and experimentation, a relatively flat area of 30 ha is developed into an administrative complex and a plant display area. A systematic collection of endemic Taiwanese plants is cultivated for display to maximize the garden's academic research, environmental education, resource conservation, and forest recreation functions.
South of the botanical garden is the 332.7-ha Hapen Nature Reserve, a proclaimed nature reserve designated by the Council of Agriculture in accordance with the Cultural Heritage Preservation Act. The purpose is to protect the natural ecosystem of this region to preserve its genetic resources, allowing for perpetual ongoing observation and research.


At home and on the road, new technology is increasingly focused on reducing our impact on the environment. Whether you're planning a home renovation or just planning a short trip – we've got you covered when it comes to free impartial advice, tools, and even financial support.
We're a nation of home improvers. Having a warm home, improving comfort and reducing fuel bills are big priorities for homeowners in Scotland. Now, you can do all of these things whilst also making your home more environmentally friendly, sustainable and with a lower carbon footprint. With advice and financial support, making your home green is easier than you might think.
You can get free advice from a specialist, in your home or over the phone. One of our specially trained advisors will assess your property and its energy performance and explain your options for generating your own heat or power at home.
You can search, browse and read stories from people who've already installed renewables using this handy case study tool. You can even book a visit to a green home and chat directly with the householder about their experiences, first hand.
Looking to install solar panels, heat pump or biomass boiler? You can use this handy tool to get details and reviews of accredited installers throughout Scotland who can carry out the work for you.
If you're considering renewables, you can check which systems could work best in your home with this nifty calculator that shows the most suitable options based on your property details.
We know that climate change is an immediate and urgent problem, but driving a car is still an essential part of many people's everyday routines. Most of these journeys - over 50% in fact - cover a distance of less than 5km.
There are greener travel options for those short, everyday journeys that not only reduce carbon emissions and help the environment but are also rich in other benefits too.
Walking, cycling, car sharing, and public transport are all great alternative methods of transport that reduce travel costs and improve both our health and our environment.
You can get advice on active travel and public transport, car sharing and more from our advice teams across Scotland (we pride ourselves on our local transport knowledge!).
Our advisors have great tips and techniques for saving fuel and lowering your environmental impact when driving, choosing a car or planning a journey. We also provide training to organisations and their staff on fuel efficient driving.
Embrace active travel with an ebike - a great alternative to a car for short journeys. Contact us to find out about our interest free ebike and ecargo bike loans for up to £6,000.
If you're thinking about buying a shiny new electric car, van or motorbike, our comparison tool can help you decide on the best option to suit your lifestyle and budget.
Did you know that in 2015, 27% of Scotland's greenhouse gas emissions came from transport? Walking, cycling, car sharing and public transport are all great alternative methods of travel that help reduce emissions and improve both our health and our environment. Home Energy Scotland provides practical advice and support to make greener travel choices.
We've got the know-how and the facts and figures to help you reduce your carbon footprint. Call us on 0808 808 2282 and see what we can do to help.


For the times and locations of our Sunday services, please visit the What to Expect page.
First Family Church offices are located at 317 S.E. Magazine Road in Ankeny. Our office hours are 9am–3pm, Monday through Thursday.


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Location: Archon Anti-Nazi resistance and Je... Anti-Nazi resistance and Je...
Anti-Nazi resistance and Jews in the foreign armed forces, 1942 -- 1945 | Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust
Title: Anti-Nazi resistance and Jews in the foreign armed forces, 1942 -- 1945
ID: RG-72.17/RG-72.17
Materials are arranged by subject/creator, then by identifier, as assigned by the processor.
This collection contains artifacts relating to Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe.
The Jewish Brigade Group
The Jewish Brigade Group was created by the British War Office and was composed of Jewish volunteers from Palestine. Formed in 1944, the JBG was included over five thousand soldiers and assisted in the liberation of Italy in 1945. Towards the end of the war, they assisted in Displaced Person camps. They were disbanded in 1946.
Czechoslovakian Government in Exile
The Czechoslovak government-in-exile was initially established in France by the president of Czechoslovakia, Edvard Benes, after his country was overrun by Germany. In 1940, the government-in-exile moved to London, where it attempted to gain legal recognition for the Czechoslovak republic. They assisted Jewish refugees as well as allowing Jews to enlist in their armed forces to fight the Nazis. At the end of the war, Benes was allowed to return to Czechoslovakia and regain control of the country.
World War II proved to be an extremely turbulent time for Hungary. Initially, they were allies to Nazi Germany and provided Hitler with agricultural goods and soldiers while Germany promised to return territory to Hungary. Soon, though, it became clear that Hungary would not benefit from their partnership with Germany and began to seek an alliance with the Allied forces. Before they could form any sort of pact with the Allied forces, Germany invaded and occupied Hungary and took control of the government. In late 1944, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary and in January 1945, an armistice was signed. By April, there were no German soldiers remaining in Hungary.
Czechoslovak Armed Forces within the Allies Armed Forces (1939 -- 1945)
Hungarian Communist Resistance
Jewish Brigade Group (1944 -- 1945)
Administrative/Biographical History
The creation of the Jewish Brigade Group can be traced back to the beginning of the war, when Chaim Weizmann, the president of the World Zionist Organization, offered the British government the full cooperation of the Jewish people in the war effort, and began negotiations on the creation of a Jewish force within the British army. In October 1940, the British War Cabinet confirmed that they would create a Jewish force within their army. Most of their recruits for this Jewish force would come from the neutral United States and refugees, while Palestine would provide the commanding staff.
Initial talks with Weizmann were postponed until after the US presidential election in November 1940 and dragged on until March 1941. During this time, the war situation for Britain had changed drastically. The threat of invasion of the British Isles receded and the Middle East and the Balkans became the main battlefield for British forces. British generals were also unsure as to how Arabs in the Middle East would react to the establishment of a Jewish division. Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of England, was persuaded by his ministers and generals to postpone the decision for a few months and then later to cancel discussions of a Jewish force in October 1941.
Despite the lack of a specific Jewish division, Palestinian Jews still volunteered for service. Thirty thousand volunteered for the British army between 1939–1946 and were assigned to ground crews for the Royal Air Force. In September 1940, the British created Jewish infantry companies known as "Buffs" and several Jewish anti-air-craft and coastal artillery batteries. As part of an agreement with Palestine, the British promised that these men would serve in combat.
At the height of the recruitment campaign, the British established the Palestine Regiment on 6 August 1942 consisting of three Jewish battalions and one of Arabs. Unfortunately, the status of the Palestine Regiment was low and was disappointing to the Jewish population of Palestine, known as the Yishuv. Recruitment began to dwindle and soldiers within the Palestine Regiment asked to be transferred to different battalions so they could have the opportunity to participate in combat.
In November 1942, news of the Jewish extermination reached Palestine. This event had little impact on enlistment since most eligible men had already joined the British army. The Holocaust had a deeper impact within the battalions. Jewish soldiers demanded to be dispatched to the front where they could take their revenge on the Nazis and assist the European Jews in their liberation.
In the summer of 1943, a New Zionist proposal was brought to the British War Office for the creation of a new Jewish fighting force. This group would not be connected with the Middle East and the sensitive relationship between Arabs and Jews. This time, the British were much more responsive. To them, it was unjustifiable to deny the Jews the right to fight their oppressors. Churchill used all of his personal authority and urged his colleagues to approve the New Zionist proposal.
On 20 September 1944, the British War Office announced the formation of the Jewish Brigade Group, which consisted of over five thousand men. Brigadier Ernst Benjamin was appointed the commanding officer and the Zionist flag was officially approved as its standard. While this was not the first Jewish brigade, it was the first one recognized as representing the Jewish people.
In early November, the JBG sailed for Italy and took part in the early steps of the final Allied offensive against the Germans in April 1945. After the termination of the hostilities, the brigade was stationed in Tarvisio, near the border triangle of Italy, Yugoslavia, and Austria. The brigade took part in several missions across Eastern Europe and helped to establish Displaced Person camps for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust.
In July 1945, the brigade was moved to Belgium and the Netherlands. Brigade members became involved in organizing the immigration of Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe into Palestine. Individual soldiers acquired arms for Hagana, the Jewish underground defense organization in Palestine.
Despite last minute attempts by the Jewish Agency to prolong the brigade's existence, the British were determined to disband it according to their demobilization plan, and disbanded the JBG in July 1946.
Formed after WWI, the First Czechoslovak Republic was established on 28 October 1918 after the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. On 30 September 1938, the Munich Agreement, a document permitting the Nazi annexation of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland (the border areas of the Czech Republic with parts of Germany, Austria, and Poland), was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The Munich Agreement was a move to appease an overly aggressive Germany and detour them from further invading any countries. This, consequently, created the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the German invasion, Czechoslovakia became part of the territory of the Third Reich.
As the Nazis invaded Czechoslovakia, President Edvard Benes resigned and went into exile in Chicago, Illinois. After the outbreak of WWII, he went to Paris, France and established the Czechoslovak National Committee in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced Benes and his government to go to London in 1940. The Czechoslovakian government became one of several governments in exile in London.
The main objective of the government in exile was to reverse the Munich Agreement and gain international recognition for the legal continuity of the Czechoslovak republic and its pre-Munich boundaries. Benes established a State Council, which served as a provisional parliament to act as a unifying body for resistance activities in exile.
Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia who managed to make it to Poland, the Soviet Union, Palestine, France, and Great Britain constituted a high percentage of the Czechoslovak army units formed in exile. These forces often fought alongside the British military. Ernst Frischer, former head of the Jewish party in Czechoslovakia, was appointed the representative of the Jewish national group on the State Council. Frischer developed a network for rescue activities and organized the sending of food parcels, medicine, and funds to the concentration camps.
The official stance of the government in exile on resistance in Czechoslovakia was that no hazardous ventures should be undertaken that might put lives in danger. Still, Operation Anthropoid, a mission conceived in London, was a successful assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich, the acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia. Heydrich was fatally wounded on 27 May 1942. German retaliation was fierce, resulting in mass murder with the destruction of two villages in Bohemia, Lidice and Lezaky, and the killing of their entire male population. Operation Anthropoid did cause Britain and France, another government in exile, to formally repudiate the Munich Agreement, thus conferring the legitimacy of Benes government.
The flow of information between Prague and London enabled the Czech government to furnish important information to the Allies, including the discovery of Hitler's final solution and the Jewish extermination camps. Benes and his government cooperated closely with the Jewish leadership in the free world and in Palestine. The government also intervened with the Vatican and the Allied governments on behalf of persecuted Jews. They also openly condemned anti-Semitism.
At the end of WWII, the Czechoslovakian government was the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe to be allowed to return to its native country. Government officials returned and took cabinet positions, including President Benes. As the government became reestablished, Benes implemented some radical changes in minority policy with the objective of making the republic as nationally homogeneous as possible. These policies are referred to as Benes's decrees. One of the more radical policies included the expulsion of a large number of ethnic Germans and Hungarians. Another policy allowed the Jewish remnants in Czechoslovakia the option of declaring themselves either of Czech or Slovak nationality.
During the mid-1930's, Germany wanted to expand its interests in east-central Europe and Hungary eagerly sought markets for its agricultural surplus in the wake of the worldwide depression. With both sides filling a need for the other, Germany became Hungary's foremost trading partner. Hungary, under the leadership of Milkos Horthy, also wished to obtain the return of lost territories and peoples caused by the Treaty of Trianon, which had deprived Hungary of more than two-thirds of its territory and about sixty percent of its population after WWI. Germany was aggressive and an audacious force; if anybody were to reclaim lost Hungarian territories, it would be Germany.
From 1937 onward, Hitler offered German support for territorial revision. In return, Hungary offered Nazi Germany economic and political concessions. In 1938, the Munich Agreement was signed and Hungary received part of a former territory from Czechoslovakia. This convinced some Hungarian politicians that the Axis would play a leading role in Europe for the next several decades. Other politicians harbored the traditional Hungarian fear of a strong Germany and its brutal Nazi system.
The Nazis proved to be extremely successful in the early stages of the war. Victories in Poland and Western Europe confirmed the belief of many politicians that to achieve their political goals, they should cooperate with Germany.
As the war progressed, though, it became clear that Hungary was not a valued ally for the Nazis. Resources were taken and the demand for soldiers increased drastically. Germany passed decrees with heavy restrictions on Hungary and made them more subservient to Nazi authorities. Opinions changed and many wished to no longer be allied with Nazi Germany.
In December 1941, the United States declared war on Germany after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Subsequently, the British declared war on Hungry, creating a severance of all major links to the West. Hungary was now isolated, committed to a long war, and at the mercy of the Nazi party.
Hungary was forced to send more of their troops to battle the Soviet Union's Red Army. On 13 January 1943, the Hungarians were defeated at Stalingrad. The Red Army broke through Hungarian lines and caused the loss of one hundred fifty thousand of the two hundred thousand Hungarian soldiers. It was a devastating loss for Hungary.
Immediately, work began to extricate Hungary from the Nazi alliance. Troops were no longer sent to Russia to aid German forces. As a gesture of goodwill, at the end of 1943, Hungary tried the officers responsible for massacres that had taken place in January 1942 in the Delvidek region. A tentative agreement was signed with Istanbul, stating that Hungary would change sides and align themselves with the Allies when British and American forces reached Hungary. Horthy planned to welcome the US and British forces and requested a final withdrawal of Hungarian troops from the Soviet Union.
When Hitler heard of Hungary's plan to switch sides, he immediately took action. On 19 March 1944, Germany invaded and occupied Hungary. Knowing that they could not fight the Nazis, Hungary did not resist the occupation. Immediately, all anti-Nazi parties and politicians were eliminated. Mass deportations of Jews to German death camps in occupied Poland also began. Most of the Jewish deportees were sent to Auschwitz, where ninety percent of them were killed immediately upon arrival.
Horthy, who still had a tentative hold on Hungary, attempted to make one last charge against Germany on 15 October 1944. Sadly, his son was taken hostage and Horthy immediately resigned only to be replaced with the Arrow Cross Party.
Hungary fell into chaos. The Arrow Cross began a reign of terror; plundering, pillaging, and murdering. Their leader, Ferenc Szalasi, intended to draft all male and female Hungarians between the ages of twelve and seventy into the army or labor brigades. Szalasi followed a scorched-earth policy; all resources were stripped from Hungry and sent straight to Germany.
In late 1944, the Red Army began to invade Hungary. Many Hungarian soldiers took this opportunity to abandon their brigades and join the Red Army. In January 1945, Hungary signed an armistice with the Soviet Union and by 4 April 1945, there were no more Germans fighting in Hungary.
Author: staff
Subjects (links to similar collections)
Communism in Hungary
Resistance, Czechoslovak
Resistance, Hungary
Resistance, Jewish
Resistance, Palestine
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Copyright materials, credit to and references to the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust are required.
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Collection Material Type: Mixed Materials
On-line Images/Records
Documents and Files:
RG-72.17.01, Jewish Brigade Group patch
RG-72.17.02, Postcard for Easter from the abroad member of Czechoslovak Forces to Washington D.C, USA, written to Leo Goerth, 24 April 1943
RG-72.17.03, Envelope from the abroad member of Czechoslovak Forces to H.R Monkemeyer, New York, USA 28 October 1942
RG-72.17.04, Hungarian resistance sign, featuring hammer and sickle.
RG-72.17.05, Allied expeditionary force. D.P. Index Card
Document/Artifact of Item-Level 1: RG-72.17.01, Jewish Brigade Group patch, 1944 -- 1945
Document/Artifact of Item-Level 2: RG-72.17.02, Postcard for Easter from the abroad member of Czechoslovak Forces to Washington D.C, USA, written to Leo Goerth, 4 April 1943
Document/Artifact of Item-Level 3: RG-72.17.03, Envelope from the abroad member of Czechoslovak Forces to New York, USA, written to H.R Monkemeyer, 28 October 1942
Document/Artifact of Item-Level 4: RG-72.17.04, Hungarian resistance sign, featuring hammer and sickle
Document/Artifact of Item-Level 5: RG-72.17.05, Allied expeditionary force. D.P. Index Card


text:
14 2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Describe a straight-line graph in terms of its slope and y-intercept.
Determine average velocity or instantaneous velocity from a graph of position vs. time.
Determine average or instantaneous acceleration from a graph of velocity vs. time.
Derive a graph of velocity vs. time from a graph of position vs. time.
Derive a graph of acceleration vs. time from a graph of velocity vs. time.
A graph, like a picture, is worth a thousand words. Graphs not only contain numerical information; they also reveal relationships between physical quantities. This section uses graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration versus time to illustrate one-dimensional kinematics.
First note that graphs in this text have perpendicular axes, one horizontal and the other vertical. When two physical quantities are plotted against one another in such a graph, the horizontal axis is usually considered to be an independent variable and the vertical axis a dependent variable. If we call the horizontal axis the[latex]\boldsymbol{x}\text{-axis}[/latex]and the vertical axis the[latex]\boldsymbol{y}\text{-axis}[/latex], as in Figure 1, a straight-line graph has the general form
[latex]\boldsymbol{y}=\boldsymbol{mx+b.}[/latex]
Here[latex]\boldsymbol{m}[/latex]is the slope, defined to be the rise divided by the run (as seen in the figure) of the straight line. The letter[latex]\boldsymbol{b}[/latex]is used for the y-intercept, which is the point at which the line crosses the vertical axis.
Figure 1. A straight-line graph. The equation for a straight line is y = mx + b.
Time is usually an independent variable that other quantities, such as displacement, depend upon. A graph of displacement versus time would, thus, have[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]on the vertical axis and[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]on the horizontal axis. Figure 2 is just such a straight-line graph. It shows a graph of displacement versus time for a jet-powered car on a very flat dry lake bed in Nevada.
Figure 2. Graph of displacement versus time for a jet-powered car on the Bonneville Salt Flats.
Using the relationship between dependent and independent variables, we see that the slope in the graph above is average velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}}[/latex]and the intercept is displacement at time zero—that is,[latex]\boldsymbol{x_0}.[/latex]Substituting these symbols into[latex]\boldsymbol{y}=\boldsymbol{mx+b}[/latex]gives
[latex]\boldsymbol{x=\bar{v}t+x_0}[/latex]
[latex]\boldsymbol{x=x_0+\bar{v}t}.[/latex]
Thus a graph of displacement versus time gives a general relationship among displacement, velocity, and time, as well as giving detailed numerical information about a specific situation.
THE SLOPE OF X VS. T
The slope of the graph of displacement [latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]vs. time[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]is velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{v}.[/latex]
[latex]\textbf{slope}\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{x}}{\Delta{t}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=\bar{v}}[/latex]
Notice that this equation is the same as that derived algebraically from other motion equations in Chapter 2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension.
From the figure we can see that the car has a displacement of 25 m at 0.50 s and 2000 m at 6.40 s. Its displacement at other times can be read from the graph; furthermore, information about its velocity and acceleration can also be obtained from the graph.
Example 1: Determining Average Velocity from a Graph of Displacement versus Time: Jet Car
Find the average velocity of the car whose position is graphed in Figure 2.
The slope of a graph of[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]is average velocity, since slope equals rise over run. In this case, rise = change in displacement and run = change in time, so that
[latex]\textbf{slope}\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{x}}{\Delta{t}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=\bar{v}.}[/latex]
Since the slope is constant here, any two points on the graph can be used to find the slope. (Generally speaking, it is most accurate to use two widely separated points on the straight line. This is because any error in reading data from the graph is proportionally smaller if the interval is larger.)
1. Choose two points on the line. In this case, we choose the points labeled on the graph: (6.4 s, 2000 m) and (0.50 s, 525 m). (Note, however, that you could choose any two points.)
2. Substitute the[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]and[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]values of the chosen points into the equation. Remember in calculating change[latex]\boldsymbol{(\Delta)}[/latex]we always use final value minus initial value.
[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{x}}{\Delta{t}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{2000\textbf{ m}\:-\:525\textbf{ m}}{6.4\textbf{ s}\:-\:0.50\textbf{ s}}}[/latex],
yielding
[latex]\boldsymbol{\bar{v}=250\textbf{ m/s}.}[/latex]
This is an impressively large land speed (900 km/h, or about 560 mi/h): much greater than the typical highway speed limit of 60 mi/h (27 m/s or 96 km/h), but considerably shy of the record of 343 m/s (1234 km/h or 766 mi/h) set in 1997.
The graphs in Figure 3 below represent the motion of the jet-powered car as it accelerates toward its top speed, but only during the time when its acceleration is constant. Time starts at zero for this motion (as if measured with a stopwatch), and the displacement and velocity are initially 200 m and 15 m/s, respectively.
Figure 3. Graphs of motion of a jet-powered car during the time span when its acceleration is constant. (a) The slope of an x vs. t graph is velocity. This is shown at two points, and the instantaneous velocities obtained are plotted in the next graph. Instantaneous velocity at any point is the slope of the tangent at that point. (b) The slope of the v vs. t graph is constant for this part of the motion, indicating constant acceleration. (c) Acceleration has the constant value of 5.0 m/s2 over the time interval plotted.
Figure 4. A U.S. Air Force jet car speeds down a track. (credit: Matt Trostle, Flickr).
The graph of displacement versus time in Figure 3(a) is a curve rather than a straight line. The slope of the curve becomes steeper as time progresses, showing that the velocity is increasing over time. The slope at any point on a displacement-versus-time graph is the instantaneous velocity at that point. It is found by drawing a straight line tangent to the curve at the point of interest and taking the slope of this straight line. Tangent lines are shown for two points in Figure 3(a). If this is done at every point on the curve and the values are plotted against time, then the graph of velocity versus time shown in Figure 3(b) is obtained. Furthermore, the slope of the graph of velocity versus time is acceleration, which is shown in Figure 3(c).
Example 2: Determining Instantaneous Velocity from the Slope at a Point: Jet Car
Calculate the velocity of the jet car at a time of 25 s by finding the slope of the[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]graph in the graph below.
Figure 5. The slope of an x vs. t graph is velocity. This is shown at two points. Instantaneous velocity at any point is the slope of the tangent at that point.
The slope of a curve at a point is equal to the slope of a straight line tangent to the curve at that point. This principle is illustrated in Figure 5, where Q is the point at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=25\textbf{ s}}.[/latex]
1. Find the tangent line to the curve at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=25\textbf{ s}}.[/latex]
2. Determine the endpoints of the tangent. These correspond to a position of 1300 m at time 19 s and a position of 3120 m at time 32 s.
3. Plug these endpoints into the equation to solve for the slope,[latex]\boldsymbol{v}.[/latex]
[latex]\textbf{slope}\boldsymbol{=v_Q=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{x}_Q}{\Delta{t}_Q}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{(3120\textbf{ m}\:-\:1300\textbf{ m})}{(32\textbf{ s}\:-\:19\textbf{ s})}}[/latex]
[latex]\boldsymbol{v_Q=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{1820\textbf{ m}}{13\textbf{ s}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=140\textbf{ m/s}.}[/latex]
This is the value given in this figure's table for[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=25\textbf{ s}}.[/latex]The value of 140 m/s for[latex]\boldsymbol{v_Q}[/latex]is plotted in Figure 5. The entire graph of[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]can be obtained in this fashion.
Carrying this one step further, we note that the slope of a velocity versus time graph is acceleration. Slope is rise divided by run; on a[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]graph, rise = change in velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{\Delta{v}}[/latex]and run = change in time[latex]\boldsymbol{\Delta{t}}.[/latex]
THE SLOPE OF V VS. T
The slope of a graph of velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]vs. time[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]is acceleration[latex]\boldsymbol{a}.[/latex]
[latex]\textbf{slope}\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{v}}{\Delta{t}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=a}[/latex]
Since the velocity versus time graph in Figure 3(b) is a straight line, its slope is the same everywhere, implying that acceleration is constant. Acceleration versus time is graphed in Figure 3(c).
Additional general information can be obtained from Figure 5 and the expression for a straight line,[latex]\boldsymbol{y=mx+b}.[/latex]
In this case, the vertical axis[latex]\boldsymbol{y}[/latex]is[latex]\textbf{V}[/latex], the intercept[latex]\boldsymbol{b}[/latex]is[latex]\boldsymbol{v_0},[/latex]the slope[latex]\boldsymbol{m}[/latex]is[latex]\boldsymbol{a},[/latex]and the horizontal axis[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex] is [latex]\boldsymbol{t}.[/latex]Substituting these symbols yields
[latex]\boldsymbol{v=v_0+at.}[/latex]
A general relationship for velocity, acceleration, and time has again been obtained from a graph. Notice that this equation was also derived algebraically from other motion equations in Chapter 2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension.
It is not accidental that the same equations are obtained by graphical analysis as by algebraic techniques. In fact, an important way to discover physical relationships is to measure various physical quantities and then make graphs of one quantity against another to see if they are correlated in any way. Correlations imply physical relationships and might be shown by smooth graphs such as those above. From such graphs, mathematical relationships can sometimes be postulated. Further experiments are then performed to determine the validity of the hypothesized relationships.
Now consider the motion of the jet car as it goes from 165 m/s to its top velocity of 250 m/s, graphed in Figure 6. Time again starts at zero, and the initial displacement and velocity are 2900 m and 165 m/s, respectively. (These were the final displacement and velocity of the car in the motion graphed in Figure 3.) Acceleration gradually decreases from[latex]\boldsymbol{5.0\textbf{ m/s}^2}[/latex]to zero when the car hits 250 m/s. The slope of the[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]graph increases until[latex]\boldsymbol{t=55\textbf{ s}},[/latex]after which time the slope is constant. Similarly, velocity increases until 55 s and then becomes constant, since acceleration decreases to zero at 55 s and remains zero afterward.
Figure 6. Graphs of motion of a jet-powered car as it reaches its top velocity. This motion begins where the motion in Figure 3 ends. (a) The slope of this graph is velocity; it is plotted in the next graph. (b) The velocity gradually approaches its top value. The slope of this graph is acceleration; it is plotted in the final graph. (c) Acceleration gradually declines to zero when velocity becomes constant.
Example 3: Calculating Acceleration from a Graph of Velocity versus Time
Calculate the acceleration of the jet car at a time of 25 s by finding the slope of the[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]vs.[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]graph in Figure 6(b).
The slope of the curve at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=25\textbf{ s}}[/latex]is equal to the slope of the line tangent at that point, as illustrated in Figure 6(b).
Determine endpoints of the tangent line from the figure, and then plug them into the equation to solve for slope,[latex]\boldsymbol{a}.[/latex]
[latex]\textbf{slope}\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{\Delta{v}}{\Delta{t}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{(260\textbf{ m/s}\:-\:210\textbf{ m/s})}{(51\textbf{ s}\:-\:1.0\textbf{ s})}}[/latex]
[latex]\boldsymbol{a=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{50\textbf{ m/s}}{50\textbf{ s}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=1.0\textbf{ m/s}^2.}[/latex]
Note that this value for[latex]\boldsymbol{a}[/latex]is consistent with the value plotted in Figure 6(c) at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=25\textbf{ s}}.[/latex]
A graph of displacement versus time can be used to generate a graph of velocity versus time, and a graph of velocity versus time can be used to generate a graph of acceleration versus time. We do this by finding the slope of the graphs at every point. If the graph is linear (i.e., a line with a constant slope), it is easy to find the slope at any point and you have the slope for every point. Graphical analysis of motion can be used to describe both specific and general characteristics of kinematics. Graphs can also be used for other topics in physics. An important aspect of exploring physical relationships is to graph them and look for underlying relationships.
Check Your Understanding
1: A graph of velocity vs. time of a ship coming into a harbor is shown below. (a) Describe the motion of the ship based on the graph. (b)What would a graph of the ship's acceleration look like?
Graphs of motion can be used to analyze motion.
Graphical solutions yield identical solutions to mathematical methods for deriving motion equations.
The slope of a graph of displacement[latex]\boldsymbol{x}[/latex]vs. time[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]is velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{v}.[/latex]
The slope of a graph of velocity[latex]\boldsymbol{v}[/latex]vs. time[latex]\boldsymbol{t}[/latex]graph is acceleration[latex]\boldsymbol{a}.[/latex]
Average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration can all be obtained by analyzing graphs.
1: (a) Explain how you can use the graph of position versus time in Figure 8 to describe the change in velocity over time. Identify (b) the time ([latex]\boldsymbol{t_a, t_b,t_c,t_d,}\text{ or }\boldsymbol{t_e}[/latex]) at which the instantaneous velocity is greatest, (c) the time at which it is zero, and (d) the time at which it is negative.
2: (a) Sketch a graph of velocity versus time corresponding to the graph of displacement versus time given in Figure 9. (b) Identify the time or times ([latex]\boldsymbol{t_a,t_b,t_c},[/latex]etc.) at which the instantaneous velocity is greatest. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?
3: (a) Explain how you can determine the acceleration over time from a velocity versus time graph such as the one in Figure 10. (b) Based on the graph, how does acceleration change over time?
Figure 10.
4: (a) Sketch a graph of acceleration versus time corresponding to the graph of velocity versus time given in Figure 11. (b) Identify the time or times ([latex]\boldsymbol{t_a,t_b,t_c},[/latex]etc.) at which the acceleration is greatest. (c) At which times is it zero? (d) At which times is it negative?
5: Consider the velocity vs. time graph of a person in an elevator shown in Figure 12. Suppose the elevator is initially at rest. It then accelerates for 3 seconds, maintains that velocity for 15 seconds, then decelerates for 5 seconds until it stops. The acceleration for the entire trip is not constant so we cannot use the equations of motion from Chapter 2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension for the complete trip. (We could, however, use them in the three individual sections where acceleration is a constant.) Sketch graphs of (a) position vs. time and (b) acceleration vs. time for this trip.
6: A cylinder is given a push and then rolls up an inclined plane. If the origin is the starting point, sketch the position, velocity, and acceleration of the cylinder vs. time as it goes up and then down the plane.
Note: There is always uncertainty in numbers taken from graphs. If your answers differ from expected values, examine them to see if they are within data extraction uncertainties estimated by you.
1: (a) By taking the slope of the curve in Figure 13, verify that the velocity of the jet car is 115 m/s at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=20\textbf{ s}}.[/latex](b) By taking the slope of the curve at any point in Figure 14, verify that the jet car's acceleration is[latex]\boldsymbol{5.0\textbf{ m/s}^2}.[/latex]
2: Using approximate values, calculate the slope of the curve in Figure 15 to verify that the velocity at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=10.0\textbf{ s}}[/latex]is 0.208 m/s. Assume all values are known to 3 significant figures.
4: By taking the slope of the curve in Figure 16, verify that the acceleration is[latex]\boldsymbol{3.2\textbf{ m/s}^2}[/latex]at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=10\textbf{ s}}.[/latex]
5: Construct the displacement graph for the subway shuttle train as shown in Chapter 2.4 Figure 7(a). Your graph should show the position of the train, in kilometers, from t = 0 to 20 s. You will need to use the information on acceleration and velocity given in the examples for this figure.
6: (a) Take the slope of the curve in Figure 17 to find the jogger's velocity at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=2.5\textbf{ s}}.[/latex](b) Repeat at 7.5 s. These values must be consistent with the graph in Figure 18.
7: A graph of[latex]\boldsymbol{v(t)}[/latex]is shown for a world-class track sprinter in a 100-m race. (See Figure 20). (a) What is his average velocity for the first 4 s? (b) What is his instantaneous velocity at[latex]\boldsymbol{t=5\textbf{ s}}?[/latex](c) What is his average acceleration between 0 and 4 s? (d) What is his time for the race?
8: Figure 21 shows the displacement graph for a particle for 5 s. Draw the corresponding velocity and acceleration graphs.
independent variable
the variable that the dependent variable is measured with respect to; usually plotted along the[latex]\boldsymbol{x}\text{-axis}[/latex]
the variable that is being measured; usually plotted along the[latex]\boldsymbol{y}\text{-axis}[/latex]
the difference in[latex]\boldsymbol{y}\text{-value}[/latex](the rise) divided by the difference in[latex]\boldsymbol{x}\text{-value}[/latex](the run) of two points on a straight line
y-intercept
the[latex]\boldsymbol{y}\text{-value}[/latex]when[latex]\boldsymbol{x}=\:0,[/latex] or when the graph crosses the[latex]\boldsymbol{y}\text{-axis}[/latex]
1: (a) The ship moves at constant velocity and then begins to decelerate at a constant rate. At some point, its deceleration rate decreases. It maintains this lower deceleration rate until it stops moving.
(b) A graph of acceleration vs. time would show zero acceleration in the first leg, large and constant negative acceleration in the second leg, and constant negative acceleration.
(a)[latex]\boldsymbol{115\textbf{ m/s}}[/latex]
(b)[latex]\boldsymbol{5.0\textbf{ m/s}^2}[/latex]
[latex]\boldsymbol{v=}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{\frac{(11.7\:-\:6.95)\times10^3\textbf{ m}}{(40.0\:-\:20.0)\textbf{ s}}}[/latex][latex]\boldsymbol{=238\textbf{ m/s}}[/latex]
(a) 6 m/s
(b) 12 m/s
(c)[latex]\boldsymbol{3\textbf{ m/s}^2}[/latex]
(d) 10 s
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