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Meaning of Machine in Compiler Theory
Can anyone tell me what does "machine" means in Compiler Theory? Does it mean computer in general or operating system? Actually, the problem is I understand the definition of machine language as "the language understand by the computer". But does machine here refers to anything specific other than computer.
I was reading dragon book Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. In the class professor told that Java is both compiled and interpreted language. I didn't understand the definition so I referred to the book. I still don't get the following paragraph:
Java language processors combine compilation and interpretation, as shown in Fig. 1.4. A Java source program may first be compiled into an intermediate form called bytecodes. The bytecodes are then interpreted by a virtual machine. A benefit of this arrangement is that bytecodes compiled on one machine can be interpreted on another machine, perhaps across a network.
java software machine-code
DelsilonDelsilon
"Machine" language is the 0's and 1's that the computer understands. Everything the computer processes whether it be the BIOS, operating system or programs running on it are eventually reduced to machine language. – Phil N DeBlanc Jan 4 '19 at 14:09
Why downvoted? Which protocol did I break? Is there any way to figure out that the person who downvoted can be contacted to know the precise reason. It would be helpful in future. – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 14:11
I am confused when we talk that something is machine dependent does it mean OS dependent or computer dependent? Please clarify. Machine definition is also not available on wiki. If you find it please let me know. – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 14:13
"Machine dependent" is a different context than "machine language." Machine can be a clothes washer, an automobile or just about anything mechanical without context. – Phil N DeBlanc Jan 4 '19 at 14:28
You need to provide some context. Examples where the term "machine" is used and you didnt understand it. – Ewan Jan 4 '19 at 14:32
Machine is computer. But, the machine is not necessarily hardware.
Usually the machine is just hardware. If not, we speak of a virtual machine. Then the machine is software. The bottom line is that the machine executes software (a program).
Here it may start to become a little hazy because we have since long had interpreters, which we do not call virtual machines. So what is the difference? A virtual machine is software that executes the kind of software that was traditionally executed by hardware.
Java adds to the confusion because Java as a platform has a history. It started out as what you quote but grew into a compiled language over time, as it gained traction and people demanded better performance.
Martin MaatMartin Maat
It says that bytecode compiled on one machine can be interpreted on another machine. It means to interpret it on different machine we need different Jvm. Isn't it? We have to write different program for it which does make it machine dependent. So where is the advantage? – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 16:33
Doubt cleared from the @Erik's answer. – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 16:37
I'm a little unsure about this "It started out as what you quote but grew into a compiled language over time". I don't think there was ever a public version of Java that didn't compile to byte-code. Whether the byte-code is interpreted is a different discussion. I remember a lot of people saying (incorrectly) that Java was an interpreted language back in the day, though. – JimmyJames Jan 4 '19 at 16:50
@JimmyJames: "I don't think there was ever a public version of Java that didn't compile to byte-code." – The GNU Compiler for Java was a (now defunct) frontend for the GNU Compiler Collection, and it supported every backend that every other language frontend for GCC supports, including each and every native backend. – Jörg W Mittag Jan 5 '19 at 6:06
@MartinMaat: your memory is correct. Sun's first release was a pure bytecode interpreter. Borland developed the first JIT as an add-on to Sun's VM. Symantec quickly followed suit, which Sun licensed and shipped 1.1.5. Then, Sun bought back the Self developers they had let go only shortly before to get access to their VM technology: they had developed a Smalltalk VM based on the Self VM and soon realized that Java and Smalltalk are essentially the same and modified their Smalltalk VM to execute JVM bytecode, which they called "Hotspot". The rest is history. (BTW, the same guys later did V8.) – Jörg W Mittag Jan 8 '19 at 14:33
In general, if you want to know what a specific term means in a specific context, or when used by a specific person, then you need to ask that person which used the term to provide a definition.
In Computer Science, like all science, a term means precisely what it is defined to mean, no more, no less.
If I were to give a very broad definition, that applies to all the different usages of the word in different subfields of CS, and all the different contexts, I would say that a machine is "something that can execute something". Now, that sounds very vague, and that is because it is very vague: the meaning of the term "machine" is very broad and might differ between different subfields of CS.
Just as an example: bot the C and the C++ language specification have as one of their core concepts the Abstract Machine. The specification describes how programs are executed by this Abstract Machine. It is the job of the programmer to write their C (or C++) programs against the rules and restrictions of this Abstract Machine. And it is the job of the compiler writer to ensure that operations of this Abstract Machine are correctly translated to operations on whatever concrete machine they are writing a compiler for, and that those operations behave the same.
This machine is not a real computer. It is not even a virtual machine. It is simply a mathematical / logical construct created purely for the purpose of specifying the behavior of the C (or C++) programming language. In fact, contrary to my own definition above, it doesn't really "execute something", it's more that it describes what would happen, if it were to execute something.
Actually, very programming language gives rise to an Abstract Machine for that language, even if the specification for that language does not explicitly describe one. (Likewise, every machine gives rise to a language in which programs running on that machine are expressed!)
Edit: I was reading dragon book Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. In the class professor told that Java is both compiled and interpreted language.
This is a terrible, terrible statement. It is so bad that it is Not Even Wrong. It is non-sensical.
There is no such thing as a compiled language or an interpreted language. Compilation and interpretation are traits of a compiler or an interpreter (duh!), not a programming language. Those two terms live on two different layers of abstraction. If English were a typed language, the term "compiled language" would be a Type Error!
Every language can be implemented by a compiler and every language can be implemented by an interpreter. Many languages have multiple implementations, and for many languages, some of those implementations are compilers and some are interpreters. For example, there are interpreters for C and C++, and there are compilers for ECMAScript, PHP, Python, and Ruby. In fact, all currently existing mainstream implementations of those four languages have at least one compiler, some even have multiple compilers.
Here's an example: the V8 ECMAScript execution engine developed by Google, which powers both Chrome and Node.js went through several revisions of its internal architecture. The first version was a pure compiler, it compiled ECMAScript directly to native machine code. This was an optimizing compiler that produced reasonably fast code while itself running reasonably fast as well.
The second iteration of V8 still compiled ECMAScript directly to native machine code, but it had two compilers: a fast compiler which produced slow code, and a slow compiler which produced fast code. The first compiler would compile the code quickly so that the application would start up fast; it would also inject profiling instrumentation into the compiled code. The second compiler would use the profiling information gathered while the program was running to then compile the sourcecode again to very highly optimized code.
After that, came an iteration that replaced the first compiler with an interpreter. Now, the code would start up being interpreted and then later compiled.
So: is ECMAScript a compiled language or an interpreted language? It should be obvious now that this term simply doesn't make sense, if the exact same piece of code executed by the exact same execution engine may at the same time both be interpreted and compiled! It should be clear that this has nothing to do with the language but rather with how a particular version of a particular implementation chooses to execute a particular piece of code.
I didn't understand the definition so I referred to the book. I still don't get the following paragraph:
"Java language processors combine compilation and interpretation, as shown in Fig. 1.4. A Java source program may first be compiled into an intermediate form called bytecodes. The bytecodes are then interpreted by a virtual machine. A benefit of this arrangement is that bytecodes compiled on one machine can be interpreted on another machine, perhaps across a network."
Again, this is a terrible, terrible way to describe it.
It is simply wrong. There is nothing in the Java Language Specification that says that Java must be compiled to JVM bytecode. And, in fact, there are implementations of Java that do not use JVM bytecode, such as the native compilation mode of (the now no longer maintained) GNU Compiler for Java. Actually, there is nothing in the JLS which says that Java must be compiled at all.
Likewise, there is nothing in the Java Virtual Machine Specification that says that JVM bytecode must be intepreted. In fact, all currently existing mainstream JVM implementations have at least one compiler. Excelsior.JET is a purely ahead-of-time compiled JVM implementation that has no interpreter and no JIT compiler. The early versions of the Maxine Research JVM were purely JIT compiled, they had no interpreter. (Although an interpreter was added later to improve performance.)
For a typical Java implementation, such as Oracle's JDK, the process is roughly as follows: the developer writes the program in Java. She then uses the Oracle javac Java compiler to translate the Java sourcecode to JVM bytecode. This JVM bytecode is what gets shipped to the users.
The user uses the Oracle HotSpot JVM to execute the JVM bytecode. The HotSpot JVM has multiple execution components: it starts out by interpreting the bytecode. Also, while interpreting, it collects statistics about the code. Using those statistics, it finds the parts of the code that are executed most often (the so-called "hot spots"). It compiles these hotspots into native machine code using the C1 JIT compiler. If there are very hot hot spots, it will at some point again compile those using the C2 JIT compiler. Also, both the C1 and the C2 JIT compiler are allowed to perform speculative optimizations that cannot be proven correct. If it turns out that one of those optimizations were illegal, the particular code in question gets "de-optimized", which basically means it gets thrown away, and the interpreter takes over again.
So, as you can see, the statement that "the bytecodes are interpreted" is a gross mis-characterization of what is actually happening. They may or may not be interpreted at the very beginning of the execution, depending on the exact JVM used, and they may or may not be interpreted later on, depending on whether they are hot or cold, and whether they get de-optimized or not. The exact same piece of code may flip back and forth between interpreted and compiled multiple times during a single run of the program.
Jörg W MittagJörg W Mittag
"There is no such thing as a compiled language or an interpreted language." Of course you are correct but it's a little pedantic, no? I mean when someone says something like this, we know what they are trying to say. – JimmyJames Jan 4 '19 at 20:14
@Martin's answer is correct — and allow me to expand on the subject.
But does machine here refers to anything specific other than computer.
In this context, machine refers to the interface and contract between the execution environment — often hardware itself — and the software that is trying to accomplish some higher level purpose (e.g. a program in Java or C# or other language).
The machine, represented by an Instruction Set Architecture, offers capabilities of storage, computation, and decision making, embodied in machine code or machine language, which is the language at the interface between the hardware and software. An ISA specifies all the instructions that the machine is capable of. These instructions are encoded in binary as numbers and they are interpreted (efficiently) by the hardware.
In the class professor told that Java is both compiled and interpreted language.
To execute, Java programs undergo two translation phases.
The first phase of translation of a java program is traditionally called compilation, and this compilation phase takes source code and translates it into Java byte code intermediate (class) format. This format is machine code but for an abstract or theoretical machine called the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) rather than actual hardware (though some have endeavored to make hardware for the byte codes).
The JVM consumes the byte code representation of a program and runs it. Some will call this interpretation, however, under the covers we will typically find a Just In Time Compiler (shortened as "JIT") that takes the byte code instructions and translates them into true hardware machine code instructions for the actual processor the JVM is running on. While it is possible to interpret the byte code instructions, it is much more efficient (for loops and repeatedly called procedures) to perform translation of the byte codes into native hardware machine instructions (these translations are reused by the program's continued execution, whereas an interpreter will work to execute the byte codes directly without the reuse benefit of translation).
Java programs, with their intermediate Java byte code format, offer an independence from the hardware as compared with some other compiled languages, like C and C++. Java could be a purely compiled language like C or C++, however some of its features benefit from the two stage compilation, in particular dynamic class loading and unloading.
C programs typically suffer a few extra instructions when using functions from different DLLs (dynamically loaded libraries) whereas Java programs usually don't (as a result of the second compilation phase that happens dynamically at runtime, it can optimize cross library calls and classes because the late phase JIT has more information).
C++ systems generally bake in so much knowledge of the classes into the compiled program that they don't support (C++) classes crossing DLL boundaries — the whole program is best recompiled if changes are made in even in what might seem to be isolated areas.
In Java's JIT system, dynamically loaded code is known to the JVM — the sizes of base classes and subclasses, the locations of methods are all well-known constants at the time of (just in time) code generation. Whereas for C, locations of methods must be treated as variables since their values are not known until load time (and there is no secondary code generation phase to optimize code sequences). C++, for efficiency, makes the assumption that sizes of base and subclasses, as well as field offsets are known at compile time and because machine code is generated this way, it this precludes Java-style dynamic class loading (in Java a base class can change size for a bug fix and only the relevant class file needs to be redistributed, not the whole application.)
Erik EidtErik Eidt
Thanks for the detailed response. I am currently learning C++, so am not aware of the DLL concept. However, everything else makes sense to me. – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 16:41
This is a much better answer but I think though that the distinction between interpreted and JIT isn't as cut-and-dried as it seems from this answer (the wiki link does provide more nuance.) The main benefit of JIT isn't loading and unloading. The big benefit of JIT is the ability to apply optimizations at runtime based on empirical data from actual execution. A section of code that was compiled to machine instructions might be rewritten many times based on how it's used. JIT also allows for things like stack allocation even though Java doesn't provide any direct mechanism for that. – JimmyJames Jan 4 '19 at 18:09
@JimmyJames: In HotSpot in particular, the main benefit of JIT is the ability to deoptimize. You can make compiler optimizations even if you cannot prove that they are correct, and then simply throw away the code and fall back on interpretation in case your optimizations were wrong. For example, escape analysis is equivalent to solving the halting problem, so you can't know whether values will escape or not, but you can simply stack-allocate values anyway under the assumption that they won't escape, and when they do, you just re-allocate on the heap. – Jörg W Mittag Jan 9 '19 at 16:54
@JörgWMittag That doesn't really make much sense to me. In order to believe that, we'd have to think that initial optimization is only done to allow for more deoptimizing. "so you can't know whether values will escape or not", I'm not so sure about that. I can look at code and point to values that never escape. There are cases where it's not provable and a more aggressive optimizer can try that which comes back point of deoptimization: to allow for more aggresive optimization i.e. it's part of optimization, not the other way around. – JimmyJames Jan 9 '19 at 17:12
The quote can be confusing because it uses "machine" in two slightly different ways. First it talks about the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which executes the Java bytecode. In the last sentence it talks about the physical CPU which the JVM runs on. So Jave bytecode can indirectly be executed on different CPU's ("machines") because it is executed in a software virtual machine. Of course the JVM itself have to be compiled for different CPU's to make this possible.
A machine is just something which executes low-level code. This can be a physical CPU or a virtual machine implemented in software or even a purely theoretical construct like a Turing Machine. From a theoretical standpoint these are similar, since you can always emulate a physical processor in hardware and vice versa, even if it is impractical.
(An operating system is not typically considered a machine though since it doesn't directly execute code, it just provides some services for the CPU.)
Outside of compiler theory, machine typically just means computer.
"Outside of compiler theory, machine typically just means computer." Right, I had done computer organization and there I only assumed machine to be computer and it worked fine for me. :) – Delsilon Jan 4 '19 at 16:44
"(An operating system is not typically considered a machine though since it doesn't directly execute code, it just provides some services for the CPU.)" – Well, in one of my software engineering courses, the professor defined a virtual machine as something that fully abstracts something that underlies it. According to that definition, all non-leaky APIs would be virtual machines, and an OS certainly counts. Also note that it makes sense to interpret and analyze an OS (or rather its ABI) as a language, and every language gives rise to a machine for that language. So, it's not as clear-cut. – Jörg W Mittag Jan 4 '19 at 20:06
IMHO you don't need the "low-level" qualifier. I would simply state that "A machine is just something which executes code". – Peter M Jan 4 '19 at 20:55
@PeterM: I added "low-level" because interpreters of high-level languages are usually not called virtual machines. E.g. Java or Python as a whole could be called a virtual machine by this definition, but only the sub-component which execute the low-level bytecode is called the virtual machine. – JacquesB Jan 5 '19 at 11:42
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Ness fundraiser presented with charity award for turning the Isle of Lewis Purple
Ness resident Kathleen receives her award.
Ness resident, Kathleen Macdonald, has been presented with an award by the charity Pancreatic Cancer UK for outstanding dedication to fundraising and boosting awareness of pancreatic cancer.
When her brother was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, at the age of 39, Kathleen knew she had to do something to help.
With the help of her local community, Kathleen has raised more than £21,000 for Pancreatic Cancer UK by hosting the 'Purple Ladies' event and recruiting 60 people to cycle and walk 50 miles around the Isle of Lewis for the 'SKIG2SKIG challenge'.
Kathleen is one of just seven award winners from across the UK.
She said: "It was a shock to be nominated and shortlisted for a Star Award, but to actually win was truly wonderful.
"This was an amazing achievement for us as a fundraising team; the amount raised is testimony to the kindness and generosity of not only the community of Ness but the Island as a whole.
"We are so thankful to everyone for their continued support."
Around 780 people are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer every year in Scotland. Pancreatic Cancer UK is taking on this incredibly tough disease through supporting those affected, investing in ground-breaking research and lobbying for greater recognition of the disease.
The award was presented by the Diana Jupp, Chief Executive of Pancreatic Cancer UK at the charity's Annual Summit, where more than 250 researchers, medical professionals, policy makers gathered alongside patients and carers to hear specialist talks on breakthroughs in diagnosis, delegates, cutting-edge research and hear first-hand accounts from people affected by the disease.
Diana Jupp, said: "Kathleen is such a worthy recipient of this award and I'm delighted that we have the opportunity to recognise all her hard work and dedication to the cause.
"The way she has brought together the whole community is tremendous.
"The funds Kathleen has raised will help us offer vital support to patients and families, invest in crucial research to help us see the breakthroughs we urgently need, and be a voice for everyone affected by pancreatic cancer."
Pancreatic Cancer UK runs the only support line dedicated to pancreatic cancer, run by specialist nurses, for thousands of people affected by pancreatic cancer. Please call 080 801 0707 weekdays 10am-4pm or email nurse@pancreaticcancer.org.uk
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Friday, July 24, 2020 | History
2 edition of Yokuts and western Mono pottery-making found in the catalog.
Yokuts and western Mono pottery-making
by A. H. Gayton
Published 1929 by University of California Press in Berkeley, Calif .
Yokuts groups, the Western Mono, and the Owens Valley Paiute, had pottery at all is somewhat of an anomaly; as a usual thing people engaged in a seminomadic, hunting-gathering type of culture lack pottery, or if they make it, have obviously borrowed the trait from near-by groups having a more complex culture. Concerning the crude gray-. The extensive information gathered by Dr. Gayton concerning pottery making by the Yokuts and Western Mono2 modifies considerably the previously conceived boundary for that trait. Still farther north, in the vicinity of Lodi, California, Dr. Nordenskiold and Mr. Dawson found remains of a rudimentary forin of pottery on an archaeological site.
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Yokuts and western Mono pottery-making by A. H. Gayton Download PDF EPUB FB2
Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery Making Paperback – Octo by A. Gayton (Author) See all 3 formats and editions Hide other formats and editions.
Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $ $ Author: A. Gayton. OCLC Number: Notes: Reprint of ed.
Bound with Gayton, A. The Uhle pottery collections from Nazca. New York, Description: [] pages. Additional Physical Format: Online version: Gayton, A.H. (Anna Hadwick), Yokuts and western Mono pottery-making.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California. - Buy Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery Making book online at best prices in India on Read Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery Making book reviews & author details and more at Free delivery on qualified : A H Gayton. Author: Cook, Sherburne Friend, Published: Berkeley: University of California Press, Language: English Format: Microfiche Book Copies At: Bloomington.
Indian Culture Bibliography (Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Western Mono, Yokuts)Coville, Frederick, V. The Panament Indians of California. Amer. Anthr., 5. It would also be of tremendous value to science, as pottery from this region is exceedingly rare and it is important to preserve as many specimens as possible.
The best description of the Yokuts-Western Mono ceramic ware is that given by Gayton,whose account is based largely upon the technique of the Western Mono. Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making (), mens in the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. The Ghost Dance of in South Central Cali- A very valuable contribution to the anthro- fornia (), Yokuts-Mono Chiefs and Shamans pologist's knowledge of the Yokuts is Dr.
The Uhle Pottery Collections from Nazca / A.H. Gayton and A.L. Kroeber -- Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States / Julian H. Steward -- Yokuts and western Mono Pottery-Making / A.H. Gayton -- The Valley Nisenan / A.L. Kroeber -- The Bear River Dialect of Athapascan / Pliny Earle Goddard -- Peruvian Cumbrous Bowls / Isabel T.
Kelly. Over all size 9 X 11 1/2 inches good condition. Some wrinkling in the margins, Photo illustration removed from unknown volum.
The Yokuts that is, the people loosely grouped together as speakers of the Yokuts language lived in small bands amid the oak-studded foothills of the eastern San Joaquin Valley.
Yokuts and Yuki languages, (The). Boas anniversary volume. Anthropological Papers written in honor of Franz Boas, G.E. Stechert & Co., New York, pp. Kroeber, Alfred L. Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making.
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology: Gayton, A. Yokuts and. - Books, pictures, maps and more about Somers, NY. See more ideas about Local history, History and Books pins.
California Indian BOOK REVIEW: Earth Pigments and Paint of the California Indians: Meaning and Technology is a page, hardback research book by Paul Douglas Campbell that contains some full-color and sepia historical Native American California Indian pictures and maps about Indigenous Americans in the s, s, with authentic body painting, face painting.
Full text of "C. Hart Merriam papers relating to work with California Indians, (bulk )" See other formats. Inthe Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) purchased acres of land to be held in trust for the benefit of the San Joaquin or Big Sandy Band of Western Mono Indians. This land became known as the Big Sandy Rancheria of Auberry.
Incongress enacted the California act authorizing the termination of the trust status of the lands and the Indian status of the people of the 41. Gayton was the first woman to earn a Ph.D.
in anthropology from U.C. Berkeley. Pohot was among the last of a generation. Gayton would publish a number of ethnographic monographs–on folklore and pottery-making in the Yokuts and Western Mono–only to disappear into domesticity for 17 years.
And Pohot. Series: Box: Folder: Folder Title: 4: 2-Gayton, A.H. 4: 2: 3: Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making, University of California, Berkeley, (): University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology: Kroeber, Alfred L.
Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology: Gayton, A. Yukaghirand the Yukaghirized Tungus, (The), by W.
Jochelson. American Anthropologist 31(1): Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making. American Archaeology and Ethnology 24(3): University of California, Berkeley. Gifford, E. Clans and Moieties in Southern California.
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology Gordon, J. and J. McArthur. The Miwok Bibliography Compiled By Howard E.
Hobbs, Ph.D. Yokuts and Western Mono Pottery-Making. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 24, no.
Yokuts/Western Mono, Washo, and Shoshone Indians -- v. San Joaquin Valley: Yokuts Indians -- v. It became the ware found historically among the Mono and Yokuts. Another independent style that employed a paddle and anvil had likely evolved in central Mexico, spread to western Mexico and southern Arizona, and flourished among people of the Yuman stock, principally along the Colorado River where they practiced limited agriculture.Yokuts and Western Mono pottery making.
California wild lands. Talk given at the 59th annual meeting of University of California Publications in American Archaeology and the Society of American Foresters, Division of Range Management, Ethnology 24 (3): –Ceramic Surface Treatment and Abrasion Resistance: An Experimental Study.
Ceramic Surface Treatment and Abrasion Resistance: A. H. .
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I replaced the right front brake line on my 99 chev pu 1500. I had to take two other lines loose from the distribution block under my cab to get to the one I was replacing. After replacing everything and filling the reservoir I started bleeding the brakes starting with the right rear. the two rear brakes bleed normally but the right front bleeds air only for the most part.Also the pedal does not pump up tight before I crack the bleeder. I did spliced the line not replace the whole thing. I have checked for leaks and find none.Any suggestions?
Was this a rusted line problem?
Don't you just hate the rusted line thing especially on trucks?
Ok: I trust you spliced in line flaring in new line with flare nuts and unions as needed. You do know the compression plumbing stuff is not the correct way?
It may have been so low on fluid that master was real dry and it could be like bench bleeding again. Try with it in place to just crack open the line closest to booster (that's for fronts) as if you are bleeding it there and it may just start to behave for you at the wheel. If not I'd try to "bench" bleed it in place first as it sits fairly level in this application.
There's a chance that if a line blew out that when your foot goes to floor and again now while trying to bleed that the master cylinder had some crust deeper in its bore than it was accustomed to using and has torn up seals in the master cylinder hence behaving now as a bad master cylinder.


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Manju Yagnik walks the ramp along with 55 women leaders to support Cancer Patients at a fashion show organized by Shaina NC
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], December 27: Manju Yagnik, the Vice Chairperson at Nahar Group and the Sr. Vice President at NAREDCO, Maharashtra, supported the noble cause for the rehabilitation of cancer patients by walking the ramp at a fashion show organised by the Council for Fair Business Practices (CFBP). The event in Mumbai saw 55 women achievers, including Ms. Yagnik, from all walks of life – doctors, social entrepreneurs, artists, influencers, lawyers, businesswomen, etc. come together to support the cause of helping India's Cancer Patients in every way possible.
The event organised at the Taj Lands' End was supported by well-known names like Sonali Bendre, Swapnil Kothari, Seema Singh, Jayshree Periwal, Ramya Chaturvedi, Rashmi Uday Singh, Payal Kothari, Mickey Mehta, Suzanne Memon, Nivedita Shreyans, Poonam Sandhu, Dr Karishma Kirti and many others.
Speaking at the event, Ms. Yagnik said, "I feel immensely grateful to be a part of this wonderful initiative taken up by the CFBP and Shaina NC. This is a massive showcase of women's empowerment orchestrated for a noble cause of supporting the cancer patients of India. Together we want to make a difference in the lives of these patients by initiating multiple cancer-aid activities. I also urge more women to come forward and create many such platforms for the betterment of our society. More so, this unique initiative's social and non-profit proceedings epitomising fair business ethics and authentic consumer practices are commendable. I extend my full support towards CFBP and Ms. Shaina NC for having me here as a part of this noble vision."
The post Manju Yagnik walks the ramp along with 55 women leaders to support Cancer Patients at a fashion show organized by Shaina NC appeared first on City Lights.
Category: LifestyleTag: lifestyle by dsprime
Azad Engineering to build exclusive manufacturing facility for Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI)
Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival unveils the affiliated Tourism Partners for the 2023 Award Ceremony


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So it turns out that having jet lag is a great way to be up early to work on your blog :) As I write this, it's 6:15 a.m., but what should really impress you is that I've been up since 3:40 a.m., which will in no way deeply affect my productivity and mood today.
In lieu of the massive undertaking that will be my post(s) about the China and Hong Kong trip, I figured my final post of 2015 should be a short list of goals I'd like to meet in or by the end of 2016!
I'm currently working through a set of Powersheets (that I have had since last December...) which will contain some of my more sweeping, long-term or personal goals (like ones to do with marriage or work.) These are some of the smaller, attainable goals I have.
This one is pretty simple: blog once a week. I would like to stick to a firm (yet flexible) editorial calendar for the blog, content-wise, but I do want to hold myself to posting every Wednesday. If I'm able to do that, I may ramp up the frequency to twice or three times a week. I'm excited to see where that one goes!
Articles about the morning routines of successful authors/millionaires/CEOs are like catnip to me. I love reading that stuff. And then there's me, someone who worships at the altar of the snooze button. If I do get up early, I'll reach for my phone (like I did at 3:40 a.m. today...) instead of getting up and doing something productive like reading or journaling. This goal will probably help me with goal #2! It's like a symbiotic relationship, probably. I'm not sure what my ideal morning routine looks like, but I know it doesn't involve screens.
As I mentioned in my blog intro post, I experience some generalized anxiety, sometimes for no reason at all. At two different points in my college career, I medicated that anxiety and it truly helped tame my restlessness. And while I'll never say never to trying medication again for treating my anxiety, recently I've turned to guided meditation as an alternative. I've tried a few meditation books and apps, but my favorite one so far has been Calm.com. The website and app are beautiful and easy to use. There are plenty of calming scenes, great for playing in the background while working. My favorite feature has to be the timed and guided programs — they help with anxiety, sleep, concentration, and there's even a meditation for your commute. The app probably deserves its own blog post, so stay tuned!
There you have it! To hold myself accountable, I'm going to be writing monthly updates, sharing my goal progress. Happy 2016!!
Note: Nothin' sponsored or affiliated — just some links to be helpful :) All opinions are my own.


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Maryland Route 299 (MD 299) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs  from MD 313 and MD 330 at Massey in eastern Kent County north to U.S. Route 301 (US 301) near Warwick in far southern Cecil County. MD 299 was constructed from Massey to Sassafras around 1930 and from there to MD 282 in Warwick in the early 1930s. The highway between US 301 and MD 282 was transferred to county control in 1958.

Route description

MD 299 begins at a four-way intersection with MD 313 and MD 330 at the hamlet of Massey in eastern Kent County. MD 313 heads northbound to the west and southbound as Galena Road, and MD 330 heads eastbound as Maryland Line Road. MD 299 heads northbound as two-lane undivided Massey Road and immediately has a grade crossing of the Chestertown Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad just west of the junction of the Centreville and Chestertown branches of the Northern Line. The highway crosses Jacobs Creek before an intersection with the northern terminus of MD 290 (Galena Sassafras Road). MD 299 continues northeast as Galena Sassafras Road, which passes the historic home Rich Hill and crosses Herring Branch into the village of Sassafras. At the north end of the village, the highway crosses the Sassafras River into Cecil County, where the name of the highway changes to Massey Sassafras Road. MD 299 reaches its northern terminus at US 301 (Blue Star Memorial Highway). Sassafras Road continues northeast toward an intersection with MD 282 in the village of Warwick.

History
MD 299 was paved as a concrete road from Massey to Sassafras in two sections in 1929 and 1930. The highway from Sassafras to MD 282 in Warwick was completed as a concrete road in 1933. The portion of MD 299 north of US 301 was transferred from state to county maintenance through a May 8, 1958, road transfer agreement. The highway was widened and resurfaced with bituminous concrete in 1976. MD 299 previously connected to DE 299 when it continued to Warwick.

Junction list

Auxiliary route
MD 299A is the unsigned designation for Massey Road Spur, which runs  from MD 299 north to MD 290 in Sassafras, Kent County. The route was designated in 2012.

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 299
MD 299 at AARoads.com

299
Maryland Route 299
Maryland Route 299

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The WDC Community Development (CD) programme is an arrow that reaches out to all women in both urban and rural areas: building knowledge and awareness on rights based issues to help women mobilize, advocate, empower and bring justice to themselves and others. The CD program covers various topics, that relate to women and children, such as health, nutrition, rights education, gender equality, home management, prevention of drug addiction and abuse, prevention of VAW, economic empowerment etc. This main programme works through a holistic approach to ensure WDC's outreach to all vulnerable, marginalised communities.
The CD programme is very much linked with the Network of Women's Organisation (NOW), which is a branch of WDC's overall structure. The NOW was established as a result of WDC's work spreading to other provinces of the country, mobilizing women to form groups. WDC encouraged those in areas that were particularly active to create women's forums that could represent groups and support them at a wider level. WDC's main strategies are to strengthen already existing women's forums in creating awareness, to influence duty bearers, and build safety nets within civil society in order to take action against rights violations. We are committed to build on preventive and early intervention strategies in minimizing the effects of GBV by promoting knowledge and awareness on the cultural/religious norms that undermines roles of women and children, particularly girls.
Currently, the Network of Women's organization affiliated to WDC consists of 10 regional women's forums within 10 districts of the country (Kandy, Matale, Nuwara Eliya, Hanguranketha, Anuradhapura, Akkaraipaththu, Ampara, Batticaloa, Kilinochchi, Mannar) that continue their mission among the women, children and other vulnerable groups at the grassroots level. Unity and understanding has developed among these women throughout the year of working together, prompting action to safeguard the rights of women with disabilities and addressing issues of violations of these safeguards.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered and Queer (LGBTQ) persons are currently not included within our target groups, however since its very much part of the current gender policy we do hope to work towards tackling issues faced by LGBTQ groups in the future, through a rights based approach.
Through the CD programme, which was an entry point into women's issues faced within the community, the Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) disability programme was started to provide support to the many mothers of disabled children, who were unable to engage in any development activities, and were not receiving adequate support already. Initiated in 1990, the CBR program was the first of its kind in Sri Lanka offering professional support for children with special needs, even before any government program existed. CBR creates an environment where disabled people have equal rights and mothers of disabled children have the fullest access to resources. Social integration of differently abled people is the goal of this program. In order to achieve this, the programme aims to directly involve the community in the rehabilitation process and requires that they take a prominent role in the activities of the centre. Targeting the parents of these differently abled children, WDC provides services to ensure that they are involved in their child's development and rehabilitation process which ensures prevention of further disabilities, identification of the deficiencies, intervention in the matter of crisis and provide rehabilitation as a learning process. The CBR also creates advocacy and awareness along with intervention among the community and its duty bearers and mobilizes communities in advocating towards disabled friendly reforms and policies. The programme has a broader aim of inclusion in both education and social systems, ensuring that differently abled children are provided with the same opportunities as other children. Our program operates at 9 different centres and special school units located within the central province.
The CBR intervenes at the very initial stage, from the wellbeing of the pregnant mother, to the newborn baby. Rehabilitation services are provided at an initial stage so as to simplify the transition into inclusive education of children at school going age, prevocational training/vocational training of youth aged 16 years and above and job placement of those who have successfully completed the rehabilitation process. At the grassroots level, field staff makes home visits to provide different types of services to people with disabilities.
Identified low vision cases are referred for medical recommendation to provide required optical devices from the hospital. In 2016, WDC has managed to provide necessary services to more than 50 individuals suffering from low vision. WDC currently has 7 low vision trainers that have been trained to intervene and help those with low vision. In addition the low vision trainers have trained 30 community mobilisers to identify individuals with low vision and refer them for intervention. The main aim is to expand these services to other rural areas of the country.
As part of the CBR programme, the Ampitiya Vocational Training Centre (VTC) and the Sahana hostel provide extra facilities and opportunities for differently abled children and youth. The VTC and hostel are located just outside the Kandy town in a quiet and peaceful environment. The Children boarded at the hostel attend the Mahinda Vidyalaya special education school, which is conveniently situated at close proximity while the young adults receive personally adapted vocational training on various fields, such as carpentry, candle making, sewing, handloom and garment production, fabric painting, ekel brooms, cement flower pots, horticulture etc. Not only is the training a source of rehabilitation but is also a means in acquiring job prospects, economically empowering them to become more self-reliant, independent individuals. What is particularly significant about the Ampitiya VTC is that the trainers themselves are persons with various disabilities who have mastered their skills through the training received at the VTC. The high-quality items that are produced at the VTC are available for sale at the production unit in Ampitiya as well as the WDC 'Sthree' sales centre. Items are also occasionally sold at the Kandy City Centre (KCC) located in the heart of Kandy.
Of the seventeen SDGS, goal number five is focused on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls. On a global scale, women continue to face a lack of equal opportunities in various aspects of society. This is a frequently observed phenomenon in the employment sector in which wage disparities based on gender continued to exist. Furthermore, while working to guarantee the existence of equal opportunities for both males and females is a key component of goal number five, so is eliminating all forms of violence and discrimination against women and girls. This is inclusive of intimate partner and/or domestic violence, sexual violence and harmful practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage. Many of the issues being addressed under this goal are applicable to the Sri Lankan context and in particular to the work being carried out by WDC.
Although women in Sri Lanka account for more than half the population (51.8%), they only account for 35.1% of the economically active labour force while men continue to make up the majority, accounting for 64.9% of the economically active labour force. The UNDP has ranked Sri Lanka as 75th under the Gender Inequality Index (GII), which measures inequality between men and women within three particular areas: reproductive health, empowerment (education & political participation) and labour market participation. While women do play a significant role in the plantation sector, textile industry and migrant labour force, they simultaneously continue to face high levels of gender based violence (GBV) and/or various forms of Violence Against Women (VAW).
The work being carried out by WDC aligns with the issues being focused on under goal number five and the country's National Action Plan as it is continuously looking for ways to integrate women into the employment sector but simultaneously recognizes the triple burden facing women who often have to balance multiple roles within the public, private and household arenas. Thus, it constantly attempts to work from holistic perspective where the training and empowerment process is often inclusive of family members. This allows the woman to be supported by the very same community that she is constantly working to support and ensures a balance in roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, as WDC works with its partners to integrate women into non-traditional employment sectors, such as hospitality and tourism, it strives to ensure that the safety and security of female employees is upheld. In doing so, it hopes to secure employment for women in one of the fastest growing industries in Sri Lanka while simultaneously challenging cultural stigmas associated with women working in the particular sector.
The Crisis Intervention Centre (CI) of WDC is one of the largest establishments for crisis intervention and was also the first shelter located in Sri Lanka. The centre provides many facilities that enable a safe environment for women and girls to recover from violence and abuse with a great amount of support and care. It provides a home for survivors of many different forms of violence (i.e. physical, mental and sexual) thus since its inception, the priorities have been safety, security and ensuring empowerment of all women and girls at all levels. The activities at the centre encourage these women and girls to participate in the community and public spheres ensuring social inclusion and integration. The ultimate goal is to motivate these women and girls to reach a state of self-actualization and empowerment.
In order to achieve this, the women and girls contribute towards the daily activities of the Centre. They work together in the kitchen, in the gardens, tending to the farm animals, and doing other daily chores. They are made to feel part of a family, part of a community. They also receive skills training, in areas such as housekeeping and cookery, handloom weaving, sewing and handicrafts, home gardening, animal husbandry, shop work, fabric painting and other vocational skills.
Nine years ago, WDC started the social enterprise called 'Sthree'. This means both 'woman' in Sinhala and Tamil languages. This women's initiative aims to provide a market for Sri Lankan women and differently-abled entrepreneurs to sell their hand-made products. Financial economic empowerment can also empower the entrepreneurs in their home, community and political spheres.
The merchandise displayed at Sthree come from all over Sri Lanka, although the products from local Kandy-area entrepreneurs make up about half of the merchandise. There are brightly coloured handloom sarees from Batticaloa and Kalmunai, handloom home décor items from Welimada, stunning silver jewellery from Galle, tasty chutneys and jams from Kurunegala, traditional watti trays and rice containers from Mahiyanganaya, recycled paper products from Hanguranketha, colourful hand woven Palmyrah purses, baskets from Kilinochchi (an area that was greatly affected by the civil war), eco-friendly purses and handbags from Ampitiya, stylish batik wraparound skirts, striking collage artwork, fashionable silk scarf's and shawls created by a talented woman residing in Kandy and many more innovative products. There is beautiful wooden furniture handcrafted by persons with disabilities at WDC's Vocational Training Centre in Ampitiya. Sthree is also looking to promote jewellery-making women producers in Matara and in November 2016, Sthree had an exhibition and sale in Sweden. The shop is thus expanding its market to include international customers along with its local customer base.
Sthree mostly operates as a not-for-profit enterprise, with it taking only a small percentage of the sale price on sold merchandise to contribute towards the operating costs of the shop. Sthree's goal is to eventually become a self-sustainable entity expanding and contributing towards the other programmes of the WDC. The store is located at No. 327, Peradeniya Road, Kandy.
WDC is armed with skilled lawyers who are ready to help on various legal issues. Our lawyers will provide you with the best options available for your legal issues. Therefore, if you are facing similar problems you can visit WDC to get help from our experienced legal services team. Legal services are provided free of charge here at WDC ensuring that justice is served for all individuals without any discrimination.
WDC's family counselling services works to encourage communication between family members and brings them together to work through issues they may be facing in their relationships. Counsellors work with clients to help identify specific problems they may be facing. Some of the problems which have been identified include, distrust, extramarital affairs, alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence and financial complications. Such problems often result in issues such as anxiety, stress, eating and sleeping disorders and reduced concentration. The intervention of counselling services in these situations works to produce changes in thought and behaviour, build communication and listening skills and find alternative opportunities.
At our main Counselling Centre in Kandy, there are, on average 160 cases per year. However, there is a very high rate for repeat counselling and there it is estimated that 300 counselling sessions per year take place. Many family cases are referred through other NGO's such as SUMITHRAYO.
Therefore, any person around the island can receive help from our counselling team. If you are also suffering from depression, stress or any issue that you cannot share with anyone else, do not hesitate to contact our counselling team. They are ready to support you and they will guarantee privacy and confidentiality.
The platform of Equality training (ET) was created to enable individuals to receive awareness and information on rights based issues as well as training on various skills that they would be able to pass on to others, better known as 'training of trainers' (TOT). With much groundwork done by WDC, 29 women with and without disability were chosen as trainers. As an initial step, training was given on ET especially focusing on disability rights. The trainers created awareness amongst their own communities as well and other platforms and were given exposure visits to Northern and Central provinces of Sri Lanka. As a result, almost 600 individuals have been provided with Equality Training. A monumental achievement through the project was the round table discussions held at the Kandy D S office on the 12th of September 2017, where ETs presented an appeal to the governor of the Central Province. Recommendations were given on accessibility to and provision of disability friendly transportation services, increased participation of women with and without disabilities as decision makers/office bearers in local authorities, divisional level and provincial level Community Based Organisations (CBOs) and DPOs, increased membership of women with disabilities within Women's Rural Development Societies, increased access to Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR), and having a personal bank account in one's name and in being eligible for bank loans. This provided much needed exposure on the current needs of women, particularly women with disabilities. Relevant officers have shown an interest in improving and providing these services in the future. Positive change towards achieving peace and reconciliation in Sri Lanka is evident, however it is a long process that needs to be continued on. The WDC, with its partners and women's groups will continue to promote these concepts through its various programmes. Currently, together with HI, Search for Common Grounds (SFCG), Viluthu, the WDC is involved in a UNPBF project on Transitional Justice and Reconciliation (TJR), which focuses on inclusive peace in Sri Lanka through empowering women to participate in TJR. The project will be on going from 2017-2020.


Yes I know that my fellow Cherokee Elizabeth Warren has already done this and while I don't want to criticize a tribe member there are a few traditional Cherokee recipes she left out. And so I dive into that void. Please enjoy these traditional Cherokee dishes that my parents used to cook while reciting family folklore about the struggles of native Americans.
This is a traditional and delicious native American treat. Family folklore tells of my ancestors preparing pasta every night as they huddled around the fire engaging in Cherokee activities such as going to drive-ins, watching Johnny Carson on TV and dividing up their casino profits. Simply buy some Ronzoni pasta, throw in a pot over a stove and prepare some sauce. See how simple? Who says preparing native American dishes was complicated?
If you love history like I do then you are familiar with how the Cherokee Nation first introduced the white man to Franks and beans – a traditional native American food enjoyed by warriors for centuries. Simply buy some hot dogs (known in family folklore by their traditional Cherokee name of "White man's food by-product") and some baked beans (preferably Heinz, the brand of baked beans my ancestors ate on the Trail of Tears). Combine the two and enjoy. I dare say your cheekbones will get higher just eating this tasty Cherokee treat.
Family folklore tells how the native American village my ancestors lived in was visited by General Custer and how they offered him pizza, a dish unknown to the white man. Pizza, or in Cherokee, "Matafusha be nagafoochuck", which I believe translates as "cheese, sauce and bread" bridged the gap between Europeans and native Americans. Of course Custer later burned the village to the ground and slaughtered the inhabitants when he discovered that they didn't have deep dish. But that's a story for another day.
Crawl the pubs, just like the ;Cherokee did.
So you've had some delicious Cherokee food. Why not wet your whistle with another traditional Cherokee activity: the Pub Crawl! Family folklore has many tales of my ancestors bonding native American style by going from bar to bar while enjoying traditional Cherokee activities such as hitting on college students, playing darts, stealing coasters and vomiting in alley ways.
And there you have it readers. May you find as much joy and contentment in Cherokee heritage as I do.
You have a long and rich cultural tradition, Infidel.
Someday I will have a slice of this "Matafusha be nagafoochuck" at a completely authentic and traditional Native American gathering place, like Mohegan Sun.
Wow, somebody in Dublin really got their signals crossed.
All I know is when I want real authentic Corned Beef and Cabbage, I go right to the Dar Es Salaam Express restaurant.
Geez, my dad told me the Pub Crawl came from Scotland. Do you think he lied to me?
I had a Cherokee BLT for lunch today. The tomato mixed with the mayo, and the bacon strip looked like a deep fried cheekbone.
JCF: Not at all. The Cherokees colonized Scotland before driving all the snakes out of Ireland.
LIberty: That's the secret to a good Cherokee BLT: High cheekbones.
The Jungers is back and ready to comment rudely and obseenly on Infidels blog!
I like the pizza, though I must say that's a lot of cheese.
RWT: The Cherokees invented cheese!
The richness of your cultural heritage serves you well infidel. If only some politicians would embrace their native culture similarly!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Javier Aguirre puede referirse a:

 Javier Aguirre Fernández (1935-2019), cineasta (director de cine) español;
 Javier Aguirre Onaindía (1958-), entrenador de fútbol mexicano.
 Javier Aguirre Nogués (?-), hombre de empresa español.


Nurse practitioners say they are in a perfect position to help fill the anticipated shortage of primary care providers to take care of people newly insured because of healthcare reform. They undergo years of training beyond a regular nursing degree and, increasingly, many are receiving doctorates in the field.
Boston health officials are dealing with the immediate aftermath of two bombs that exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on the afternoon of April 15. CDC offers resources that may help local or state health officials prepare for, respond to, and mitigate the health effects of bombings and other mass casualty events.
ANA is paying respect to departed colleagues by presenting the Nightingale Tribute at the 2013 Membership Assembly. The Nightingale Tribute was designed and developed by the Kansas State Nurses Association and adopted by the ANA House of Delegates to honor deceased nurses.
To honor departed nurses since July 2012, please forward their names and credentials to lpresutti@MARNonline.org by May 15 and they will be forwarded to ANA.
Those honored will be displayed in a continuous tribute throughout the meeting on a LCD screen and added to the Nightingale Tribute Book, which will be on display at the meeting.
The American Nurses Association commends President Barack Obama for including vital investments that strengthen the nation's healthcare system in his fiscal year 2014 budget. The Obama administrations budget proposal reflects a clear commitment to expanding services and programs that will help millions of Americans receive high quality healthcare. Full release, click here.
Applications for the ANA-PAC Board of Trustees is FRIDAY, MAY 31. The term of office for members of the ANA-PAC Board of Trustees elected during this time frame begins on July 1, and runs until June 30, 2015.
The ANA-PAC Board of Trustees consists of 11 members, selected from ANA members. Of these eleven Trustees, six are appointed by the ANA Board of Directors (in the even years) and five are elected by the ANA-PAC Board of Trustees (in odd years). The five Trustee positions that are open this year will be elected by the ANA-PAC Board of Trustees.
ANA-PAC is dedicated to the promotion of the improvement of health care by raising funds from members and contributing to the support of worthy candidates for federal office who believe and have demonstrated their beliefs in the legislative objectives of the American Nurses Association. If your members are interested in applying for election to the ANA-PAC Board of Trustees, please go to www.nursingworld.org/PACApplication.aspx for an application and job description. ANA members will need to login with their ANA user name and password to access the information.
Once again, applications must be received by Friday, May 31.
For most Americans, an emergency room visit is on the top of their minds as much as 911 when in a crisis. An ER is also open to all patients to get immediate medical attention instead having to wait for doctor appointments. Advanced resources are keys to helping ERs improve their critical service abilities. This is directly proportional to emergency nursing services, which need to be redesigned to meet the increasing emergency medicine requirements.
The Newtown tragedy served as a wake-up call about the epidemic of mass shootings and violence in this country, as well as a sobering reminder of the problem of inadequate mental health services and relatively easy access to assault weapons in the United States. Consequently, ANA is urging congressional leaders to support legislation that will enhance public safety and curb gun violence.
Additionally, the White House is calling for passage of common-sense reforms to reduce gun violence through a massive social media campaign.
To learn more about ANA's position on gun violence, please visit our Legislative Agenda page. To learn more about White House efforts, click here.
A small group of experienced nurses were asked to describe the characteristics of an extraordinary day at work. The one universal theme was "making a difference." The authors say it is important for managers to know what motivates nurses in order to avoid costly staff burnout and turnover. "Making a difference" did not necessarily mean saving a life or even a positive clinical outcome but improving care for patients and/or their family.
The FDA has warned healthcare professionals to inspect and replace worn medical bed mattress covers to prevent the spread of contamination and infection to patients. The agency received 458 reports of medical bed mattress covers failing to prevent blood and body fluid ingress from January 2011 to January 2013, according to a report on the FDA website.
Closed windows in large hospital wards may increase patients' risk of getting an infection, a new study suggests. British researchers used carbon dioxide as a tracer gas to simulate how airborne infections spread in a traditional hospital ward, which typically includes two rows of up to 30 beds.
The transition from nursing student to RN often is rocky. Aside from being challenged clinically by the minute, newly licensed nurses also must adjust to demanding institutional cultures. These stresses can contribute to clinical errors and employee turnover. Situational clinical coaching or guided clinical decision-making for new graduate nurses is key to a good transition program, said Patricia Benner, RN, Ph.D., FAAN. But equally important is an institutional culture that welcomes new graduate nurses and appreciates the stresses of the graduates' first year.
The campaign to give more primary-care duties to nurse practitioners faces headwinds across the country. Physician groups continue to resist sweeping measures that would expand the allowed scope of practice for licensed nurses with advanced medical training.


text:
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Laguna Beach is a seaside resort city located in southern Orange County, California, United States, approximately 19 miles (31 km) southeast of the county seat of Santa Ana. Laguna Beach is known for its mild year-round climate, scenic beaches, coves, and artist community. The population in the 2010 census was 22,723.
Historically a territory of paleoindians, the Tongva people and then Mexico, the location became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War. Laguna Beach was settled in the 1870s, officially founded in 1887 and, in 1927 its current government was incorporated as a city. In 1944, the city adopted a council-manager form for its government. The city has remained relatively isolated from urban encroachment by its surrounding hills, limited highway access, and a dedicated greenbelt. Almost six miles (5.88 miles) of the Laguna Beach coastline is protected by a state marine reserve and an additional 1.21 miles of Laguna coastline is designated as a state conservation area.
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MOBILE CITY NOTARY & APOSTILLE


text:
Off-Topic Discussion »
Arts & Talents »
Topic: Designing unique looking aliens
Pages: < Prev 1 [2] Go Down
Author Topic: Designing unique looking aliens (Read 4660 times)
General Battuta
Poe's Law In Action
i wonder when my postcount will exceed my iq
Re: Designing unique looking aliens
All of ME's aliens share an animation rig with the humans, that's why they're constrained to a relatively simple body plans.
You'll note the ones that don't (hanar and elchor) don't move or participate in combat.
EatThePath
Laser Lich
Quote from: Nyctaeus on October 24, 2020, 11:51:57 pm
At some point I'm not sure, if "Mass Effect style" generic and unimaginative aliens comes from lack of creativity and lazy writing or more economic causes. It's generally much easier to model/animate humanoid aliens or prepare makeus/dentures, so I guess it's a mixture of both. It's worth noting that it's more forgivable for older franchises, such as Star Trek or Star Wars because technological limitations. Later it's next to impossible to drasticly redesign key visuals, but modern examples have absolutely zero excuse. ME is my favorite example how bad things can be, as it's a franchise focused on interactions with alien species which... Comes with absolutely nothing interesting, original and alien. The most interesting species of ME is straightforward Shivan rip-off.
While those factors must be a big part of it, I tend to expect there are two others that are of similar importance.
First is that a human face goes a long way to making people connect more strongly with the person behind it. Even Krogan and Turrian faces have plenty enough commonality or parallels with humanity to count for this, Salarians are a bit more of a stretch but they're still benefiting from it. I'm reminded of a writing panel who was asked 'how do you make aliens relatable?' or something to that effect, and a member of the panel who was also a cartoonist, Howard Tayler, glibly but honestly answered "I put eyebrows on them". If the story involves getting the players deeply emotionally invested in an alien, that alien having a face people can read, and to a lesser extent body language they can read, helps a ton. Obviously there's plenty of characters in media that don't have faces or whose faces you never see who people can still get attached to, but it's a big asset and I imagine very hard to pass up for games with the common ambition of imitating cinema.
Second is that Mass Effect doesn't start from a perspective of being a hard, realistic, super imaginative sci-fi. I'm not going to root around right now to see if they've talked about this in interviews any, but I'd be pretty surprised if they didn't set out to intentionally mimic those older properties that struggled with heavy limitations at least on some level. It's not "I want to make my A Mote in God's Eye, as a video game", it's "I want to make my Star Wars/Star Trek". At the very least, I bet that was what was in the mind of a lot of the creatives, even if someone initially wanted to be more out there. Criticizing them for not making realistically inhuman aliens is criticizing them for missing a target they weren't aiming at, to me. They wanted the dashing captain rescuing the hot space babe. Maybe that smacks of a lack of ambition, but I think that kind of iteration on the past staples is valid, inevitable, and even welcome to me, even if I wish more things existed that did other things too.
Name your damn turrets and sounds! Numbers alone aren't helpful!
"if disco is dead then I am the laser lich"
"...[Warmachine] keeps changing as fast as EatThePath can force the engine to do his dark bidding..."
I think the reason everything's been seen before according to nobody in particular, is because we've only got limited frames of reference and therefore inspiration.
Mammalian aliens (including pet spin offs (cat/dog/rabbit/horse) - done to death.
Lizard/reptiles - done to death.
Avian - as above
Insectoid - ditto
Aquatic - yep
Robotic - yessiree
Energy/non corporeal - affirmative
Veggie morphs - to a point
The memorable ones skirt the borders of these groups or take aspects from different groups. Take the original xenomorphs, they had an insect-like carapace, no discernable facial features apart from the double jaw yet they had human like arms and legs, an at the time originally different life cycle that's been ripped off a fair bit since sets it outside known frames of reference too.
Just a bit of out the box thinking can get you onto a winner.
Sebastian7
Reply #23 on: March 15, 2021, 04:05:08 pm
I really like the second picture of Assasin714, It looks really realistic
I used to making art pictures when I was living in the property in Latvia here but now I am just art connoisseur
« Last Edit: March 18, 2021, 02:45:03 pm by Sebastian7 »
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Steering in the opposite direction from what other drivers expect you to do.
Turning the wheel in the opposite direction after steering to avoid a hazard.
Using the steering axle brakes to prevent over-steering.


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text:
What form of movement is granted by Levitate cast on yourself?
Levitate is a spell that allows the caster to control the elevation of a target. To quote the rules:
You can change the target's altitude by up to 20 feet in either direction on your turn. If you are the target, you can move up or down as part of your move.
The Player Handbook has this to say about multiple movement speeds:
If you have more than one speed, such as your walking speed and a flying speed, you can switch back and forth between your speeds during your move. Whenever you switch, subtract the distance you've already moved from the new speed. The result determines how much farther you can move. If the result is 0 or less, you can't use the new speed during the current move.
Assume that I have cast levitate, landed at some point, but am still concentrating. If I use all of my 30 walking speed, am I prevented from ascending using levitate, or is the movement granted via levitate different than other movement speeds?
dnd-5e spells movement
xornob
asked Feb 5 at 0:14
xornobxornob
Levitate doesn't give you a different Speed
The spell Levitate permits you to move yourself in a way you couldn't before. Specifically (PHB, p. 255, bold added):
You can change the target's altitude by up to 20 feet in either direction on your turn. If you are the target, you can move up or down as part of your move. Otherwise, you can use your action to move the target, which must remain within the spell's range.
This may sound like it gives you a "levitating speed" of 20 feet, but the spell does not specify that it does this. Contrast that with the spells Fly or Gaseous Form, which state:
Fly ...The target gains a flying speed of 60 feet for the duration. (PHB, p. 243)
Gaseous Form ...While in this form, the target's only method of movement is a flying speed of 10 feet. (PHB, p. 244)
In the absence of similar text in the Levitate spell's description, we must conclude that you don't gain any new speed from Levitate. Instead, Levitate does exactly what it says it does: it allows you to move up to 20 feet in either direction "as part of your move."
What difference does that make?
So we've established you move via levitation "as part of your move." What does that mean practically? The rules on movement state (PHB, p. 190):
On your turn, you can move a distance up to your speed.
In your given example, a character who has walked 30 feet this turn (their speed) is under the influence of the Levitate spell (which they cast), and wants to immediately levitate upward. But since they've already moved "up to their speed" they cannot move further "as part of their move" this turn (unless they take the Dash action or otherwise give themselves additional movement). Thus, in your example, the character would be unable to rise, but not for the reason you suggested (having to do with multiple speeds).
Note that this can also work in your favor. If you moved 20 feet on the ground and then used your movement to change your altitude via Levitate, you could raise or lower yourself 10 feet with the spell (assuming your walking speed is 30). This would have been impossible if Levitate gave you a new speed (which, again, it doesn't), since you would subtract the 20 feet walked from the 20 feet "levitation speed" and find yourself unable to move via levitation at all that turn (due to the rules on moving with multiple speeds which you quoted in your question).
The difference between "speed" and "movement" is complicated, and this is one of the more sticky examples of them interacting in strange ways. But the bottom line is that you don't have to worry about the rules on multiple movement speeds when using this spell because the Levitate spell doesn't give you a different speed.
GandalfmeansmeGandalfmeansme
\$\begingroup\$ Note that in all the examples I gave above, I deliberately avoided discussing whether or not a character can walk normally while under the influence of the Levitate spell (that they cast themselves). While that is an interesting question, it isn't necessary to answer in order to answer the main question here. In all examples above where a character walks and attempts to levitate in the same turn, you may consider the character to have cast the Levitate spell after walking. \$\endgroup\$ – Gandalfmeansme Feb 6 at 19:59
\$\begingroup\$ Walking and then casting the spell is a nonissue, because the spell allows you to raise the target up to 20 feet when the spell it cast. \$\endgroup\$ – xornob Feb 6 at 20:15
\$\begingroup\$ @xornob Good point! My the last sentence of my original comment is an error, then. But I stand by the rest. I think that it might be worth asking a question about walking while under the influence of this spell (that you cast yourself). There seem to be parts of the spell that are intended to refer only to creatures that are elevated above the ground, but as written apply to anyone under the influence of the spell at all. \$\endgroup\$ – Gandalfmeansme Feb 6 at 20:17
Levitate on self is up and down movement with 20 speed
The confusion on which type of movement you gain through the levitate spell comes from this line in the spell description (PHB 255):
The target can move only by pushing or pulling against a fixed object or surface within reach (such as a wall or a ceiling), which allows it to move as if it were climbing.
This line suggests that any time a creature is levitated it can only move using a climbing speed. However, if the target is brought down to the ground I don't rule it that way as a GM and here's why:
Firstly, there's this line at the end of the spell description (emphasis mine):
When the spell ends, the target floats gently to the ground if it is still aloft.
By stating here, "if it is still aloft" the description clearly indicates that the spell can end with the target aloft or the target not aloft. If the target is not aloft that means it is on the ground and it can walk, it no longer needs to pull itself and use the climb speed. It also suggests that the target can fluctuate between being aloft and not aloft, which means you can walk, levitate and then walk some more.
Although his rulings are certainly not the same as RAW, I think Mike Mearls provides some access to RAI and he agrees with this point in this tweet about a Genasi casting the Levitate spell:
@mikemearls if an air genasi casts levitate on self. Can they still walk normally on the ground and float at will or can they only float?
Mike Mearls
they can walk while on the ground #wotcstaff
Additionally the spell allows you to raise or lower yourself up to twenty feet:
If you go up 20 feet and then you go down 20 feet you are on the ground. If you are on the ground you can walk, and if you continue to concentrate you can continue to levitate yourself up or down as part of your move on each turn.
The definition of movement speed is, "How far you can move on your turn with a certain type of movement." Or as stated on PHB 189:
You can levitate 20 feet as part of your turn, which means your Levitate speed is 20.
Whenever you switch movement types, subtract the distance you've already moved from the new movement's speed
There are two references to multiple movement types in the PHB.
The first is on PHB 190 under the heading Using Different Speeds, which you've quoted in the question. It also provides this explanation:
For example, if you have a speed of 30 and a flying speed of 60 because a wizard cast the fly spell on you, you could fly 20 feet, then walk 10 feet, and then leap into the air to fly 30 feet more.
This rule is applied if you have two types of movement each with their own speed: If you have more than one speed.
In the example you provide you have two different types of movement, each with an indicated speed, 20 Levitating and 30 Walking. Whichever you use first is subtracted from the type of movement you use next, and if you use one of them again the current total is subtracted again from the total available for that movement type.
Assuming you start your turn and you walk 30 feet, you can no longer levitate on that turn because your levitate speed less the distance you've already walked is less than zero: 20-30=-10, and per the rule above leaves you with no more movements. However if you walk 10 feet, you can levitate 10 feet onto a balcony and then walk another 10 feet. The explanation is that you walked 10 feet (20-10=10) so you can levitate 10 more feet. You have now gone a total of 20 feet and can no longer levitate (20-20=0) however you can walk because 30-20=10, so you have 10 feet of walking remaining.
Note that the order in which you use your movements matters and you'll need to think it through to gain the maximum advantage of both speeds.
The second reference is on PHB 182, under the heading Special Types of Movement:
Climbing, Swimming and Crawling
While climbing or swimming, each foot of movement costs 1 extra foot (2 extra feet in difficult terrain), unless a creature has a climbing or swimming speed.
(This section, strangely, says nothing about crawling) This section provides a specific rule in reference to 3 specific types of movement: Climbing, swimming and crawling, unless you have a specific climbing or swimming speed. This rule is only for PC's who want to climb or swim and do not have these movement types as a trait with their own speeds. This rule is not relevant to the specific situation you describe because in your case you have two movements, each with their own speed.
However this rule would indeed apply if you levitate into the air and then decide to move yourself by pushing. In that case, as the spell description states, your speed would work the same as climbing. In that case whatever distance you "climb" would count as 2x your walking speed and would subtract from either your levitate or walking speed, depending on what you choose to do next.
Is this a clear RAW ruling?
It is clear to me that the text supports this position, yet I can see why someone else would rule differently. If this is something you see coming up in your campaign it would be worth checking in with your GM about how they would rule it.
edited Feb 5 at 6:52
answered Feb 5 at 4:10
lightcatlightcat
\$\begingroup\$ Using walking speed is a bad example, since levitate prevents you from walking normally: "The target can move only by pushing or pulling against a fixed object or surface within reach (such as a wall or a ceiling), which allows it to move as if it were climbing." Perhaps you could edit your answer to use a creature with a climb speed instead, which should be unimpeded by the spell. \$\endgroup\$ – Ryan Thompson Feb 5 at 5:11
\$\begingroup\$ Ah, I see now that the OP is asking about that point in particular. I never GM it that way when cast on self, but I see how the wording is not clear on that point. However if you are 20 feet up, and then you are twenty feet down you are on the ground and can walk. Mearls is definitely not the same as RAW but he does appear to agree on this point and provides some RAI: sageadvice.eu/2016/11/16/… \$\endgroup\$ – lightcat Feb 5 at 5:50
\$\begingroup\$ @RyanThompson thanks for clarifying what the OP was asking. I added to the answer to address that issue, though I disagree that levitate absolutely limits self to climb speed only. You can still be on the ground and walk and then levitate some more. \$\endgroup\$ – lightcat Feb 5 at 6:56
\$\begingroup\$ I edited the question to help clear up some confusion. My doubt was on whether or not the movement from levitate was considered a movement speed. \$\endgroup\$ – xornob Feb 5 at 23:11
\$\begingroup\$ @xornob Thanks. I think my answer addresses that, but if it's not clear I can edit. \$\endgroup\$ – lightcat Feb 5 at 23:18
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It's clear that the concept designer that the designer paid attention to redesigning the basic features of the phone. This concept is made particularly for the parachute system feature, rather than to show a completely new look of the next generation Apple phone. The design and size of the phone remains same. All that's changed is internally.
According to the designer's concept, iPhone's orientation, speed and proximity sensor can work together to detect when the phone is about to hit an object. These built-in features can then trigger an internal alarm when the phone is just about to hit the floor, and can instantly signal the CO2 tank – installed internally in the phone – to operate.
Upon receiving alert from the sensors, the c02 tank can release it's gas to nozzles located on all four sides of the phone. Which would result in controlling the phone from hitting the floor with impact, minimizing speed of the phone, and causing it to gently stop rather than hitting hard onto the floor. After the CO2 tank is emptied, it can be then filled again through a slot located at the bottom of the phone. To test this feature would be interesting for sure. However the chances of this iPhone 7 Parachute System being implemented are very slim. Anyhow check out the clip and share your views on it.