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Does sodium forms mostly covalent compounds
does sodium forms mostly covalent compounds 3. For example, the compound NCl 3 exists, but there is no such thing as NCl 5. 3) Reading: How do the ideas developed in the lab compare with other scientist' ideas? Feb 04, 2020 · Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), essentially, is an ionic compound having the bivalent calcium and carbonate ions. Most molecules in living things are covalently bonded, for instance. Ionic bonding forms compounds. They do not contain ions in the fused state, nor do ions migrate on application of an electric potential. A covalent bond is a bond that results from the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms. These are not ionic compounds. Ionic Bonds: They are formed in which one or more electrons from an atom, are removed and attached to another atom. As a result, therefore carbon always forms only covalent bonds with other atoms. The simplest form of most matter, other than simple elements which still retains specific properties, is in the form of compounds. explain how atoms combine to form ionic and covalent bonds. the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Compare lonic and covalent compounds. Intermolecular forces are between molecules and are weak (0. do not break up into ions. e Sodium and Chlorine Sodium loses its outer most electron an becomes a positive ion Na+. A representation of both compounds is shown in Figure 26. 1. Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents. These shared electrons are found Although these are not found on Earth naturally, boron forms a variety of stable compounds with formal oxidation state less than three. Explain why compounds containing C-N and C-O single bonds can form coordinate covalent bonds with H+ but compounds containing only C-H and C-C bonds cannot. Ionic and Covalent Structure Ionic compounds form a crystalline lattice - a repeating pattern of ions. ex: sodium and chlorine ions form sodium chloride (NaCl) pls thank my answer too, this will help me a lot. , sodium chloride, NaCl); covalent compounds sometimes dissolve well in water (e. Cornstarch's chemical formula including carbon and oxygen (nonmetals) and hydrogen (behaves like a nonmetal in bonds) shows that it is a covalent bond because covalent bonds include only nonmetal elements. Prefixes are used to write the name of the covalent molecules. Putting those two names together gives you the compound's name. Jun 06, 2019 · You would find ionic rather than covalent bonds in a salt, such as sodium chloride. But this work has been under scrutiny for three years, and not everyone's convinced. (a) In molecular hydrogen (H 2), two hydrogen atoms share two electrons to form a covalent bond. Water is a combination of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) is a ration of 2:1 forming the compound H 2 O. Salt is made up of sodium and chloride and is ionically bonded. It is the only nonmetal here so it should be fairly obvious. e. Those examples have very simple chemical bonds. They are located toward the center of the periodic table, according to HowStuffWorks. Unlike covalent compounds like methane above, ionic compounds do NOT: Likewise, the Na and Cl atoms in NaCl have an electronegativity difference of 2. Nitrogen forms compounds with the elements hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium and sodium. Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) have very different electronegativity values, so when sodium and chlorine form a chemical bond, the electrons spend more time associated with one atom than the other. ex: METHANE(CH4) Ionic compounds are formed by exchange of electrons. Focus Standard: I can write formulas and name ionic compounds and covalent compounds. Covalent Bonding is the most common and, in my opinion, most important kind of bonding. Atomic number of sodium is 11 so its electronic configuration is 2,8,1. An example is the diamond in which carbon atoms each share four electrons to form giant lattices. Molecular compounds are elec Carbon atom has been no tendency to lose its four valence electrons or gain four more electrons from other atoms. However, most compounds have combinations of ionic and covalent bonds. Sodium atom has only one electron in its outermost shell so the sodium atom donates 1 electron(to a chlorine atom) and forms a sodium ion, Na+ Na(2,8,1) -----> Na+(2,8) sodium ion This form of sharing the electron among the atoms is called Covalent bond and thus a Covalent Compound. However, most of the time when people speak about "polar molecules" they mean "polar covalent molecules" and not all examples of compounds with polarity! Compounds form during chemical reactions. 2. For example, when each sodium atom in a sample of sodium metal (group 1) gives up one electron to form a sodium cation, Na +, and each chlorine atom in a sample of chlorine gas (group 17 Oct 17, 2020 · Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bond. The halides also form derivatives of B(I) and B(II). , other than is the case e. However, the element bromine does form ionic bonds with other Covalent Bonding Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are formed by a transfer of electrons that creates ions. Sucrose (table sugar), C 12H 22O 11 is ___MOLECULAR or COVALENT compound, while sodium chloride (table salt) is _ an IONIC compound. It is covalent because covalent compounds have higher melting points due to the strong bonds that must be broken to melt the substance. The Covalent Bond. Salt consists of positive sodium ions (Na +) and negative chloride ions (Cl-). In a simple calorimeter, a 100. Water H atoms O atom Boron nitride N ions-3 B ions+3 index 34 Feb 23, 2016 · There are certain processes to break down a compound It is possible through chemical means One of them would be electrolysis, which breaks down the compound #H_2O# into hydrogen and oxygen You might have seen this in school, if not check it out on youtube Anyways, hope this helped The noble gases form very few compounds because they _____. g. Various covalent compounds have their own characteristically shaped molecules. • A good model for thinking of this: o Ionic compounds are like stacks of Legos all locked together into a big block. compounds Na 2O K 3PO 4 Cu(OH) 2 (NH 4) 2S MgCl 2 Covalent Compounds Name to Formula • These compounds: – Use covalent prefixes • To write these formulas: – Write the symbols of the first and second element – Use the covalent prefixes (assume the first element is "1" if there's no prefix) as the subscripts to show number of atoms. When a covalent compound is formed the atoms are attracted together by the sharing of electrons (more about this later). Nonmetals are all very electronegative and form bonds through the sharing of electrons to satisfy the octet rule. Explain in brief two main reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Sodium and fluorine have the following Lewis structures: The sodium atom loses one valence electron. What Determines Whether a Covalent Bond Forms? Covalent bonds form when two nonmetallic atoms have the same or similar electronegativity values. 9) compared to Chlorine (3. Or they could be polyatomic ions: a discrete collections of atoms that have a charge. Whether two atoms can form a covalent bond depends upon their electronegativity i. True. Two happy atoms! When an atom gives up an electron, it becomes positive like the sodium ion (Na +). In Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\), an atom of lithium donates an electron to an atom of fluorine to form an ionic compound. The group of atoms that make up a covalent compound is called a molecule. The hydrogen atom and the halogen atoms form only one covalent bond to other atoms in most stable neutral compounds. When this happens, we say a chemical reaction has Covalent Compound= Substance composed of atoms held together by covalent bonds Molecule= Fundamental unit of most covalent compounds= A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds Writing electron-dot structures for covalent compounds= Chemists use straight line to represent 2 electrons involved in covalent bond It forms both ionic and covalent compounds. Anonymous. Therefore, carbon atom completes its octet only by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms. ) Covalent ormolecular compounds form when elementsshare electrons in a covalent bond to form molecules. If a metal can form ions with dif't charges, specify the charge with a roman numeral. It gets more complicated but for now stick. 0). Covalent compounds have low melting points and do not conduct electric current. Covalent Bonding . How many valence electrons does it have? 6. Naming Ionic And Covalent Compounds Worksheet Google Search Practices Worksheets Naming Chemical Compounds Worksheet Naming Compounds Worksheet For example, when each sodium atom in a sample of sodium metal (group 1) gives up one electron to form a sodium cation, Na +, and each chlorine atom in a sample of chlorine gas (group 17) accepts one electron to form a chloride anion, Cl −, the resulting compound, NaCl, is composed of sodium ions and chloride ions in the ratio of one Na + ion Jun 28, 2010 · An ionic compound is one in which at least two of the elements or compounds in the group are oppositely-charged ions held together in an ionic bond. always +1 in compounds, except in metal hydrides. Which of the following elements is most likely to form an ion that will then form an ionic bond with an ion of a Group 1A element? Be I Fr **my choice Pt A covalent bond is a chemical bond that comes from the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms. The more electronegative of the reactive nonmetals, such as oxygen and fluorine, are characterised by stronger nonmetallic properties and a tendency to form predominantly Apr 05, 2020 · The chemical elements most likely to form covalent bonds are those that share electrons, such as carbon, as opposed to those that take them from another element to form an ionic bond. For instance, CF4, or carbon tetrafluoride, is one covalent compound that is considered a strong greenhouse gas. Whereas melting covalent compounds does not usually break bonds, thus requiring less energy. which combination would be most likely to form an ionic compound? The reason the light bulb would light up was because of the strong electrolytes in the ionic bonds. Feb 07, 2017 · Everyone's excited about a compound formed with helium, one of the periodic table's most inert elements. 415 mol/L HCl(aq) is mixed with 50. But what happens when the two atoms […] These bonds form when an electron is shared between two elements and are the strongest and most common form of chemical bond in living organisms. a) giant covalent b) simple covalent c) ionic d) metallic 11) What is a property of simple covalent compounds. The attraction of opposite charges is the way they form and maintain the Covalent compounds are characterized by the fact that they may be gases, liquids, or solids. It's […] Apr 06, 2018 · The content in this topic will work towards building an understanding of how atoms bond to form covalent compounds. e. 00 mL sample of 0. When an atom gets an extra electron, it becomes negatively charged like the fluorine ion (F-). Because of this electronegativity difference, Chlorine can attract an electron from Sodium and form Cl –. (b) The ionic compound NaCl forms when electrons from sodium atoms are transferred to chlorine atoms. 35. Name the anion. have high melting points. Then the bond is formed between oppositely charged ions. They are non-conductors of electricity in the solid, molten or aqueous state. Aqueous HCl reacts with NaOH to form water and N … aCl. As they do not contain ions, solvation does not take place when water is added to the compound. Some of the most common are: table salt (NaCl), soda ash (Na 2 CO 3), baking soda (NaHCO 3), caustic soda (NaOH), Chile saltpeter (NaNO 3) and borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 Physical Property Ionic Compound: salt (sodium chloride) Covalent Compound Polar Molecular: sugar (sucrose) Covalent Compound Non-polar Molecular: wax Hardness (soft and waxy or brittle and granular) Melting point (high or low) Soluble in water (yes or no) Conductivity in water (µS/cm) Conductor or non-conductor 7. At the same time, sodium forms Na + ions. To how is naming a covalent compound different then naming an ionic compound, water is a good conductor for which compound, ionic componds form a _____ lattice. 57$. The number of such bonds is the valence of the atom. a) Write the electron dot structure for sodium and chlorine atoms. False, Covalent Compounds are NOT good conductors. The individual molecules of covalent compounds are more easily separated than the ions in a crystal, so most covalent compounds have relatively low boiling points. Ionic compounds are in the form of a network of particles. It also follows a simple pattern but it NEVER uses Greek prefixes. This is an ionic bond not covalent which is sharing of electrons to form the octet. Oct 25, 2020 · Sodium carbonate na2co3 6. Ionic Compounds: Most of the ionic compounds are soluble in water, but they are insoluble in non-polar solvents. Rules 1. Jun 28, 2010 · Sodium sulfate also has a high percent ionic character, while sucrose has bonds which are much more covalent in nature (it has the same bonds as does benzoic acid). Lewis: 6. How many valence electrons does it have? 7. Some covalent compounds have molecular structure while some have giant structures. For example, nitrogen can form covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms to produce the ammonium ion but the NH 4 molecule has one extra electron. But the majority of chemical compounds form when two atoms "share" an electron in order to complete a valence shell in each. , CuCl 2, coppper(II) chloride. Hence, they have high melting and boiling points and are non-volatile. 00 mL of excess NaOH(aq). Most of the covalent compounds are non-polar or have very little tendency to split completely to form ions and hence never conduct 20 Why does carbon form compounds mainly by covalent bonding [2008] 21 Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity [2008] 22 What is a functional group in a carbon compound Identify the functional group present in CH3COOH and C2H5OH [2009] [2008] 23 What - Science - Carbon and its Compounds Nov 12, 2019 · Crystallographic studies of sodium chloride show that there is no discrete sodium chloride molecule in nature. Therefore, the Lewis structure of the compound is as follows: wrong its actually A because covalent compounds form from nonmetals and C(Carbon)and O (oxygen) are nonmetals and your answer D is wrong because B (Barium )and Cl (Chlorine) form ionic compound because B is a metal For example, when each sodium atom in a sample of sodium metal (group 1) gives up one electron to form a sodium cation, Na +, and each chlorine atom in a sample of chlorine gas (group 17) accepts one electron to form a chloride anion, Cl −, the resulting compound, NaCl, is composed of sodium ions and chloride ions in the ratio of one Na + ion Covalent Compounds and Their Properties ; Most compounds are covalent compounds. the most important electrons in the formation of chemical bonds. Sodium fluoride | NaF or FNa | CID 5235 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities Electrons are shared in covalent bonds. See full list on courses. . Covalent compounds transfer and recieve electrons. True or False. List four facts related to G. Most compounds having covalent bonds exhibit relatively low melting points and boiling points. Metallic bonds are quite similar to covalent bonds as they share electrons among atoms. I suppose sulfur with bromine would be covalent, but sodium with bromine (NaBr) is a ionic compound. 83 °C. Metallic Bonding Metallic bonding exists between metal atoms. So while this is still in the polar covalent range, it is also close to ionic. The covalent bonds are what hold the molecule together. Covalent Metallic. Double covalent bonds where four electrons are shared, and triple covalent bonds where six electrons are shared, are also commonly found in nature. Its main role in organic chemistry is that of a Lewis acid that can form covalent bonds that are somewhat resistant to hydrolysis etc. For example, oxygen contains six electrons in its outer shell. Sodium chloride — table salt — is an ionic compound. Types of bonding between atoms and molecules. To gain a full outer shell of eight electrons, oxygen atoms form double bonds with other oxygen atoms. Some elements, especially transition metals, can form ions of multiple charges. This is due to weaker forces of attraction in a covalent compound than in an ionic compound. In general, they are nonmetals with similar electronegativities. This is because most covalent compounds that Covalent compounds that predominantly contain carbon and hydrogen are called organic compounds. The one overriding requirement is that the resulting compound must be electrically neutral: thus the ions Ca 2+ and Br – combine only in a 1:2 ratio to form calcium bromide, CaBr 2 . high boiling point b. good conductor of heat and electricity Covalent (molecular) compounds do not conduct electricity because they. Covalent bonds form when one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared between atoms. In all chemical reactions, the atoms in molecules rearrange themselves to form new molecules. The soda serves as a flux to lower the temperature at which the silica melts, and the lime acts as a stabilizer for the silica. However, the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms can simultaneously bond to more than one atom. Most of the elements that make ionic compounds form an ion that has a characteristic charge. Compound 'C' on treatment with an alcohol 'A' in presence of an acid forms a sweet smelling compound 'S' (molecular formula C3H6O2). Even more significantly, carbon forms double and even triple bonds with itself or other elements, forming compounds that the heavier elements of this group cannot form like acetylene (C 2 H 2 ). At the upper end of the polar covalent spectrum, the bonds frequently have both covalent and ionic characteristics. compound, while sodium chloride (table salt) is _____compound. As a result, NH 4 reacts with sulfur to form (NH 4) 2 S. The formula for the product, NaCl, indicates the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions. Identify if a molecule is polar or nonpolar based on the types of bonds and structure. There are no unshared pairs in C-H and C-C bonds. The differences in the chemical and physical properties of metals and nonmetals can be traced to differences in their electron configurations, their ionization energies, their electron The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the ions of opposite charge present in the compound. The covalent compounds exist as gases or liquids or soft solids. (b) Hydrogen Ionic compounds are compounds composed of ions, charged particles that form when an atom (or group of atoms) gains or loses electrons. o Covalent compounds are like rubber balls thrown together into the same bucket. Some compounds contain both covalent In compounds of selenium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of selenium are: 6, 4, 2, and -2. Furthermore, many covalent compounds are volatile, whereas ionic compounds are not. Ionic Compound Example: For example, you are familiar with the fairly benign unspectacular behavior of common white crystalline table salt (NaCl). no, sodium is a metal and metals don't form covalent bonds Are ionic bonds important in Br2? Bromine gas, Br2, has covalent bonds. Dec 04, 2019 · Answer: (i) Y will form an anion (ii) Z forms a cation (iii) X has four electrons in its valence shell. The bond that binds the hydrogen (H) to the oxygen (O) is covalent. Oct 05, 2017 · No ions are released into the water, so its conductivity is unchanged. These compounds have the formulae NQ 2, X 3 N, Y 3 N 2 and NZ 3, where NZ 3 represents nitrogen. Since sodium chloride is classified as a compound, a sample of it contains: covalent compounds A non-existent compound - NCl 5. The smallest particles of ionic compounds are ions. Two main reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds area) a) Catenation- it is the ability of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms, this results in compounds having long branched chains and rings. Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bond. Also, that an element is highly electronegative does not necessarily mean it cannot form covalent bonds. This leaves the sodium ion with a charge of 1+ and fluorine with a charge of 1-. We call this ionic compound NaCl (name: sodium chloride, or table salt) because of the one-to-one ratio of the elements Na and Cl. Unlike ionic bonds, covalent bonds do not dissociate in water. Covalent bonds usually occur between nonmetals. c. Familiar compounds include common table salt (Sodium Chloride) and water. In general, ionic compounds form when _METALS & NONMETALS _combine together. 8 electrons in the valence shell. Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds. Identify properties of ionic and covalent compounds; Identify if a bond is ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent. Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for a simple covalent compound. There are weak forces of attraction between the molecules. compounds that are not electrolyte: covalent compounds: compounds that are gases, liquids or solids: covalent compounds: compounds that generally don't dissolve in water: covalent compounds: compounds that are often flammable : covalent compounds: metals have _____ electrons: free mobile valence : metals form a weak _____ _____ similar to ionic Covalent compounds are those compounds that are entirely made out of non-metal atoms (read the section on metals and non-metals). Hence they do not dissolve in water. NH4Cl) Ionic bonds are the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. the number of electrons lost to form the ion (to give positive ions or cations) or May 17, 2020 · Covalent bonds form between two non-metal atoms and non-metal compounds that possess the same or similar values of attraction (electronegativity). Carbon monoxide, CO, is an example of a diatomic molecule, while ammonia and glucose, NH3 and C6H12O6, are examples of _____ molecules. For all of these compounds except sodium hydroxide, ionic bonds form between the sodium and the rest of the compound. 8 and a net charge of +1 (Na + ) 9. The covalent compound water on the other hand is a relatively poor conductor of electricity. Click the video title to watch the Teaching Science as Inquiry (TSI) lecture on bonding. 7. Arthur S. sodium, magnesium, iron, steel, copper, zinc, tin, brass, bronze Covalent bonds hold all the atoms or molecules together in a giant molecule, e. If a compound has more than one electron per element, the number of electrons is added in subscript next to the element. Substances that consist of covalent molecules are usually gases or liquids at room temperature. There are no ions in such compounds. 1 An unshared pair of electrons is needed for a coordinate covalent bond. Chemical bonding - Chemical bonding - Covalent bonds: When none of the elements in a compound is a metal, no atoms in the compound have an ionization energy low enough for electron loss to be likely. Chlorine received the electron to complete its outer shell and becomes a negative ion Cl-. The ions are held together by an electric force of attaction Dec 25, 2020 · Ordinary salt — NaCl — is one of the most common ionic compounds found in nature, consisting in basic form of a bond between a positively-charged sodium metal atom and a negatively-charged chlorine atom. For example, sodium (Na), a metal, and chloride (Cl), a nonmetal, form an ionic bond to make NaCl. However, some, like carbon compounds, can be very large. • Covalently bonded compounds can be polar (unequal distribution of charge) or nonpolar (equal distribution of charge). This is how compounds form: the atoms in one set of compounds separate as bonds break between them, and they get rearranged into new groups as new bonds form. • The representative particle of a covalent compound is the molecule. The principle of a covalent bond is that atoms want to fill their Valence Shell, or outermost energy level with the largest amount (8) of electrons. d. Please note that water always contains a small amount of H + and OH - ions and is able to conduct electricity at high voltages, so always be careful. 6. 27. Question 9 Liquid sodium has been used as a coolant for nuclear reactors. 5) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity. Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself. The less electronegative of them, such as carbon and sulfur, mostly have weak to moderately strong nonmetallic properties and tend to form covalent compounds with metals. Covalent compounds are not composed of ions. construct models of ionic and covalent compounds. ! 6. Ions in ionic compounds are held together by the electrostatic forces between oppositely charged bodies. The hydrogen found in nature is often not comprised of an individual atom. Bonds between carbon atoms are covalent bonds. NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4. Whereas melting ionic compounds does not usually break bonds, thus requiring less energy. Note: However, transition metals tend to form coordinate covalent bonds due to relatively smaller sizes. Solubility. May 14, 2012 · 1) Magnesium and chlorine form an ionic bond. !! An!ion!is!a!small!particle!having!an!electrical!charge. During the reaction, there is a rise in temperature by 4. The names of the positive and negative ions are joined together to form the compound name. Molecular Structure: Molecular structures only exist in covalent compounds. The atoms in molecules are held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms and the negatively charged electrons shared by the nuclei. If two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity - as sodium and chloride do - then one of the atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. They tend to form negative ions, such as the F - , Cl - , P 3- , SO 4 2- , and PO 4 3- ions. Mar 25, 2012 · I've never heard of sulfur bromide actually. Hydrogen is an example of an extremely simple covalent compound. Low: Covalent compounds do NOT form ions. Typical ionic compounds are NaCl, MgCl2, LiI, etc. How many covalent bonds will a particular atom form? • Atoms with one, two, or three valence e − generally form one, two or three bonds, respectively. For example, sodium makes ionic compounds in which the sodium ion always has a 1+ charge. In a covalent bond, the atoms bond by sharing electrons. Note: sometimes you'll see a classical name - ferric chloride. Covalent bonds are much weaker than ionic bonds and, therefore, most of the covalent compounds exist in the gaseous phase. In the formation of this bond, a metal atom, either alone or bonded in a molecule, donates an ion to a nonmetallic atom. Sodium chloride is an example for small molecules. Solution Because these compounds consist solely of nonmetals, we use prefixes to designate the number of atoms of each element: (a) sulfur hexafluoride (b) dinitrogen trioxide (c) dichlorine heptoxide (d) tetraphosphorus hexoxide This usually occur when a metal and a nonmetal combines to form a bond, in which case the bond is ionic. Table salt is made from a combination of atoms of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in a ratio of 1:1 forming the compound NaCl. There are four bonds and they are all covalent. Table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is a common example of an ionic compound. It is added to ethene to make (covalent) 1,2-dibromoethane which is used in manufacturing anti-knocking agents in motor fuels. Most of the covalent compounds that dissolve in water form solutions that have uncharged molecules. with the rules. A good example of where covalent bond is found is between the oxygen and each hydrogen in a water molecule (H 2 O). Sodium (Na) is a metal and chlorine (Cl) is a non-metal. In molecular structure, two or more atoms join up to form separate molecules. Covalent compounds either contain molecules or a large network of atoms linked together. The positive and negative charges continue to attract each other like magnets. Covalent bonding occurs because atoms have similar tendencies for electrons. Ionic bonds are when atoms gain or lose electrons to become charged Covalent network solids include crystals of diamond, silicon, some other nonmetals, and some covalent compounds such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Covalent compounds are compounds that form when a group of atoms shares electrons. Covalent bonding takes place between non-metals. Mar 26, 2020 · 1. Melting point Normally, covalent compounds have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. The electrons are shared between atoms. The ending of the second atom's name is changed in the same way as for negative ions. with aluminium. Apr 21, 2017 · There are four bonds and they are all covalent. Since most covalent compounds contain only a few atoms and the forces between molecules are weak, most covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points. Report. Sugar is a covalent compound that dissolves in water. Soda-lime glass is inexpensive,… The opposite charges of the atoms in the compound cause the atoms to attract and be arranges in an alternating form. molecular compound: consist of nonmetal atoms bonded together by shared electrons (covalent bonding) NAMING MONATOMIC CATIONS: Metal atoms lose valence electrons to form positively charged ions, called cations. These are compounds formed by covalently bound atoms. Name the cation. Why does carbon form strong bonds with most other elements? (Delhi 2015) Answer: Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell, and needs to gain or lose 4 electrons to attain noble gas configuration. The Ions attract to form an Ionic Bond and new compound called Sodium Chloride. Let's take a look at how it is formed. (A cation is a positively charged ion; an anion is a negatively charged ion. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Note that sodium is on the left side of the periodic table and that chlorine is on the right side of the periodic table. Ionic compounds are compounds that are composed of discrete ions or charged species. Compounds with covalent bonds usually have lower enthalpies of vaporization and fusion. Which is a property shared by most covalent compounds? a. 1 - 40 kJ/mol). Create your account. As for many covalent compounds, formal oxidation states are often of little meaning in boron hydrides and metal borides. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, and they are hard and very brittle. , what makes a compound ionic Metalloids and non-metals not only form covalent bonds by sharing, but can form ionic bonds either by losing or gaining electrons. Electrons are exchanged in ionic bonds. (a) Explain why, ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution whereas covalent compounds do not conduct electricity. Covalent compounds: A compound in whcih electrons are shared (equally or unequally) between two atoms forming a bond. Chlorine makes ionic compounds in which the chloride ion always has a 1− charge. IONIC BONDS Electrons are transferred from one atom to another creating ions. The electron density that comprises the covalent bond is located halfway between the two atoms. high melting point c. The carbon atom is bonded to all the three oxygen atoms by covalent bonds - two carbon-oxygen single bonds and one carbon-oxygen double bond. Explain the behavior of electrons in ionic bonding. The fluorine atom needs one electron to complete its octet. Examples of compounds that contain covalent bonds include: Methane (CH4) Carbon monoxide (CO) They combine with other nonmetals to form covalent compounds. So, a solution of sugar and water does not conduct an electric current, as shown in Figure 4. Two fluorine atoms, for example, can form a stable F 2 molecule in which each atom has an octet of valence electrons by sharing a pair of electrons. N. In general, molecular compounds form when ___NONMETALS_combine together. For example, when each sodium atom in a sample of sodium metal (group 1) gives up one electron to form a sodium cation, Na +, and each chlorine atom in a sample of chlorine gas (group 17) accepts one electron to form a chloride anion, Cl −, the resulting compound, NaCl, is composed of sodium ions and chloride ions in the ratio of one Na + ion In covalent compounds there are no charged ions; the atoms are held together by covalent bonds. Jun 30, 2015 · A compound 'C' molecular formula (C2H4O2) reacts with sodium metal to form a compound 'R' and evolves a gas which burns with a pop sound. Ions can be single atoms, as the sodium and chlorine in common table salt sodium chloride, or more complex groups such as the carbonate in calcium Sodium is more electropositive (the tendency to lose electrons to form cations) than chlorine while chlorine is more electronegative (the tendency to gain electrons to form anions). They are made up of positive and negative ions which are attracted together by strong ionic bonds. Covalent character Li + and Be 2+ are small and have strong polarizing abilities. Sometimes people think that if Jan 03, 2017 · Thus, ionic bonds occur between metals and non-metals (ex: Sodium chloride). A molecular compound can be defined as a compound where the atoms share electrons through covalent bonds. Chemical Bonds. There will be THREE different kinds of bonding. . One of the most important ideas regarding ionic compounds is that they are not themselves discrete units. For organometallic compounds, the difference in electronegativity between Li and C is $1. Ionic compounds form high melting points when they are in a crystalline structure. Oct 01, 2015 · Covalent Compounds: Neither pure covalent compounds nor dissolved forms in water do not conduct electricity. COVALENT BONDS Ionic compounds form because one or more electrons transfer completely from one atom to another, making a positive-negative ion pair. 4. When atoms of different elements combine together they form compounds . Ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water. When a chlorine atom covalently bonds to another chlorine atom, the shared electron pair is shared equally. Answer the question on the screen, "What type of bond is this combination likely to form?" a Circle: Ionic or Covalent? b. Nonpolar bonds mostly exist between atoms of the same element. How do these form a chemical bond? Name the type of bond so formed. diamond (C), quartz (SiO2), silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC) bonus differentiation: covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons. Generally, covalent bonds form between non-metal elements that do not differ greatly in electronegativities. (b) Covalent compounds have covalent bonding in them. What type of element is it? b. 10th grade. What are the identities of Q, X, Y and Z? Jan 01, 2021 · LO Mg F AI S Ca O N Na K CI • Naming ionic covalent compounds is a little more work than naming binary covalent compounds. That is why NaCl is called Sodium chloride. Intermolecular forces are less directional compared to covalent bonds and operate over a longer range compared to covalent bonds. On the other hand the element sodium is a silvery gray metal composed of neutral atoms which react vigorously with water Thus it forms compounds mainly by covalent bonds. Baking soda is made up of positively See full answer below. Most covalent compounds consist of molecules, groups of atoms in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by at least two atoms to form a covalent bond. On the other hand, an ionic compound does not contain a covalent bond and rely on the electrostatic attraction Other articles where Sodium oxide is discussed: soda-lime glass: …dioxide), 15 percent soda (sodium oxide), and 9 percent lime (calcium oxide), with much smaller amounts of various other compounds. Some of the most common compounds found naturally on earth are made from nonmetal elements and their covalent bonds. At the same time, very little energy is required to separate the molecules too. It is also known as a covalent compound. 16. Oct 27, 2016 · is most likely to be a covalent compound. Ionic compounds form when elements combined that have an electronegativity difference of greater than 1. Sodium atom has 1 electron in the valence shell which it donates to the chlorine atom with 7 electrons in the valence shell to attain the stable electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas, i. 9 years ago. BeCl 2 is covalent while MCl 2 (M = Mg-Ba) are ionic. Sodium Chloride. But the carbonate anion is a polyatomic species. The compounds formed by transition metals have significant covalent nature. A lot of heat energy is needed to overcome these bonds during melting or boiling. These covalent bonds are believed to be a result of the sharing of electron density between two atoms. Bonds between two nonmetals are generally covalent; bonds between a metal and a nonmetal are generally ionic. It is intermolecular forces which explain the formation of liquids and solids in covalent compounds. Combinations of metals and nonmetals typically form ionic bonds. I think it's kind of a weird question to be honest. !!Ions!are!either!single,! charged!atoms!(simple)ions Although many covalent compounds don't dissolve in water, some do. Jun 20, 2019 · Covalent bonds, moreover acknowledged by the determine of molecular bonds, are the form of chemical bonds that features sharing of shared pairs or bonding pairs (electron pairs) between atoms. When atoms share electrons, they are able to have a full outer electron shell. Uses of bromine: The element is not used directly but is converted into important compounds. i. Sodium and chlorine b. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a classic example of an ionic compound, or compound formed by ionic bonds. A hydrogen example Hydrogen is #1 on the periodic table. Electron pairs shared in a covalent bond are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs and increase the stability of the individual atoms as well as any molecule or compound they may form. Take the next atom in the molecule and replace its ending with an "ide" suffix. So, they have low melting and boiling points. A) one that is composed of a metal and a nonmetal B) a solid metal Dec 20, 2019 · Carbon compounds are much more covalent than analogous compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, or lead. 2 3 of 6 - SCH4U Date: Name(s): 4. I believe this point was meant to show that when sodium forms the +1 ion it is doing so to allow it to bond with a halogen ion of -1 which gains an electron but each elements octet is filled. Introduction Chemical compounds are combinations of atoms held together by chemical bonds. D Introduction A salt molecule is made up of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. Naming Ionic & Covalent Compounds DRAFT. The atoms in these solids are held together by a network of covalent bonds, as shown in . Ionic compounds, in their usual solid form, always have a repeating pattern of interlocked positive and negative charges like this. Ions exert electrostatic force on each other, which forms ionic bonds. Aug 24, 2020 · Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Covalent and Ionic Bonding. Ionic compounds Ionic bonds are formed between a metal and non-metal, for example, sodium chloride. HCl is a corrosive colourless gas that dissolves readily in water. Despite the differences in the distribution of electrons between these two idealized types of bonding, all models of chemical bonding have three features Apr 19, 2019 · Unlike ionic compounds, covalent compounds do not have freely moving electrons, so they cannot conduct electricity. Ionic compounds that dissolve in water tend to split into independently moving positive and negative ions in solution. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. The first nonmetal is usually less electronegative and contains original name, the second nonmetal is written with -ide suffix along with the root name. In a carbon dioxide molecule a double covalent bond forms when the carbon atom shares ___ pairs of valence electrons with each oxygen atom two in a ____ covalent bond, three pairs of valence electrons are shared between two atoms That is why, carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding. In the most common form of covalent bond, a single covalent bond, two electrons are shared, one from each atom's valence shell. 8 units (or when any preformed ions interact eg. Covalent bonds occur through sharing of valence electron between two atoms. Aug 08, 2012 · Boron is, in fact, mostly considered a metal. Covalent Compounds are good conductors. Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are formed by a transfer of electrons that creates ions. For salt to be made, the sodium atom must lose an electron and become a sodium ion. Structurally, the simplest of these structures (for example binary metal halides and sulfides) can be described as having some fraction of the octahedral and/or Most of the cations and anions described above can combine to form solid compounds that are usually known as salts. An ion formed from an individual atom is a monatomic (or monoatomic) cation. break up into ions. In fact, it doesn't. (a) Sodium chloride. Sodium hydroxide forms a very weak covalent bond, so it is very similar to an Sodium chloride, or table salt, is an ionic compound. But, it does not form ions. So the melting point of covalent compounds is low. the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 (making oxygen -2, as it should be) In LiH, the oxidation number of hydrogen is -1, because Group 1 metals are always +1. Nitrogen monoxide (NO) will be a covalently bound molecule (two non-metals), silicon dioxide (SiO 2) will be a covalently bound molecule (a semi-metal and a non-metal) and MgCl 2 will be ionic (a metal and a non-metal). The rest are soluble in oil. Metals and alloys, e. The names of the two atoms are joined together to form the compound name. Covalent Compounds have ____ (high or low) boiling and meltings point. low melting point d. During the formation of sodium chloride, the electron given off by sodium is taken by chlorine, forming the chloride ion. In ionic compounds the valency is . Such compounds behave as ionic compounds as far as the ionic bonds are concerned, but they also have covalent bonds. The number of each ion is determined based on the charges so no Greek prefixes are needed • Observe Model 5 to see the pattern for naming these compounds. In H 2 O. com Nov 30, 2020 · Magnesium chloride crystals and sodium sulphate crystals are ionic compounds. For example, when each sodium atom in a sample of sodium metal (group 1) gives up one electron to form a sodium cation, Na +, and each chlorine atom in a sample of chlorine gas (group 17) accepts one electron to form a chloride anion, Cl −, the resulting compound, NaCl, is composed of sodium ions and chloride ions in the ratio of one Na + ion May 13, 2020 · Ionic bonds usually occur between metal and nonmetal ions. Iron (11) Chloride. a. Atoms of nonmetals, such as chlorine and oxygen, form negatively charged ions. Giant molecular Simple molecular. apply the octet rule (noble gas rule) to ionic and covalent bonding. 36. As a general rule, covalent bonds are formed between elements lying toward the right in the periodic table (i. Apr 03, 2020 · Covalent bonds are a sharing of electrons; an even sharing of electrons results in a nonpolar covalent bond. Structure of solids, liquids and gases. Because of high ionisation enthalpy( it requires more energy two remove electrons from 2s² orbitals ) and small size it forms compounds which are largely covalent. 39 Covalent Compounds Covalent Bonding and the Periodic Table Covalent bonds are formed when two nonmetals combine, or when a metalloid bonds to a nonmetal. Ionic. Covalent compounds are named after the atoms that form them. •Covalent bonds often form to pair unpaired electrons and give the atoms of the elements other than hydrogen and Oct 27, 2015 · What are Covalent Compounds. The chloride ion has one excess electron, giving it a -1 charge. b) What is covalent bond? Why does carbon form compounds by covalent bonding. Because of this, both atoms gain the stable noble gas electronic Oct 29, 2020 · Covalent bonds are far more common in nature than ionic bonds. Jul 04, 2020 · Sugar does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water as it is a covalent compound but sodium chloride conducts electricity when dissolved in water as it is an ionic compound. The chemistry of carbon Goal: In this lab you will learn the rules behind naming chemical compounds, both ionic and covalent. Ionic bonds involve an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically a metal salt and an electron donor. 6) Explain why ionic compounds are formed when a metal bonds with a nonmetal but covalent compounds are formed when two nonmetals bond. Why do this compound has high melting point. There are no individual molecules of NaCl. Therefore, sodium Thus, the compound formed from sodium and chlorine will be ionic (a metal and a non-metal). Ionic bonds are between a non-metal and a metal and the ions transfer electrons. The valences of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are four, three, and two, respectively. The most common examples are the covalent compounds of beryllium and boron. Show the formation of compounds for the following using Lewis diagrams: a. Bonding in Elements and Compounds. Their bonds are directed at pre-set angles. Each molecule contains a fixed number of atoms. Covalent compounds form individual molecules that are not connected to each other. ! 7. The best guide to the covalent or ionic character of a bond is to consider the types of atoms involved and their relative positions in the periodic table. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine to form an ionic compound, sodium chloride. In general, atoms of metals, such as sodium and calcium, form positively charged ions. Electrical conductivity Most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity when dissolved in water. The melting and boiling points of covalent compounds are generally low. Hydrides The term hydride is used to indicate compounds of the type M x H y and not necessarily to indicate that any compounds listed behave as hydrides chemically. False, they SHARE electrons in bonds. Nitrogen is in the same Group of the Periodic Table as phosphorus, and you might expect it to form a similar range of compounds. Covalent Compounds Properties ; Low Solubility Most covalent compounds are not soluble in water. It is made up mostly of neutral water particles which are not affected by an electric field. Start with the name of the first atom in the molecule. All properties of covalent compounds are determined by the fact that covalent compounds form molecules, while ionic compounds form crystals. These atoms are usually involved in covalent bonding that does not involve the formation of ions. Valency or valency electrons. For example, beryllium can form two covalent bonds, resulting in only four electrons in its valence shell: Boron commonly makes only three covalent bonds, resulting in only six valence electrons around the B atom. Sodium vapor is used in streetlights and produces a brilliant yellow light. lumenlearning. As mentioned above, atoms need to form compounds in order to attain a stable electronic configuration. Choose Calcium (Ca). These elements combine to form sodium chloride. Covalent Compounds • Atoms are held together by covalent bonds in covalent (molecular) compounds. In such a case, covalence prevails. This is known as the octet rule. It is a kind of bonding between atoms within a molecule and forms some of the strongest bonds anywhere. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water, covalent compounds don't. By the end of the lab you should be able to name the compounds you will encounter in general chemistry, as well as write the chemical formula if given a name. Why does carbon form strong bonds with most other elements? (2015 D) Answer: The atomic number of carbon is 6 which means that a neutral atom of carbon retains 6 electrons. Many compounds between metals & non- metals (salts), e. ! 37! Chapter3:Ions,Ionic!Compounds,andNomenclature. A) carbon sulfide B) monocarbon disulfide C) carbon disulfide D) carbon sulfate E) carbon disulfate Lewis Dot Structures 23) The type of compound that is most likely to contain a covalent bond is _____. The convention for representing the formulas of organic compounds is to write carbon first, followed by hydrogen and then any other elements in alphabetical order (e. When one group believes it is competent check their work using random questions. Nitrogen is 1s 2 2s 2 2p x 1 2p y 1 2p z 1. Question 12: (i) Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions when dissolved in water. When nonmetals combine chemically they form covalent compounds. Choose Chlorine (CI). In contrast, salt (NaCl) is an ionic compound. Name the Naming Covalent Compounds Name the following covalent compounds: (a) SF 6 (b) N 2 O 3 (c) Cl 2 O 7 (d) P 4 O 6. Water is also a covalent compound and is a poor electrical conductor. Relatively high energies are required to break them (50 - 200 kcal/mol). Covalent bonding occurs in most non-metal elements, and in compounds formed between non-metals. Compounds are pure substances that contain 2 or more elements combined in a definite proportion by mass. There could be elemental ions, atoms that have lost or gain electrons. During the experiment, it was mostly the ionic compounds that were lighting up the light bulb while the covalent compounds did not. 5. Sodium also forms many useful compounds. Covalent species exist as individual molecules. 00. Each of the covalent bonds contains two electrons, one from a hydrogen atom and one from the oxygen atom. a) High melting point b) Low melting point 12) An ionic bond is a) when atoms share electrons. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule, however, are bonded by sharing electrons rather than by transferring them. Explain the difference between dissolving and dissociation in words and in drawings. Magnesium and flourine and sodium and aluminum both will form ionic compounds. Ions in covalent bonds share electrons. Sodium carbon oxide. Which compound would split into independent positive and negative ions in water? Water, a liquid composed of covalently bonded molecules, can also be used as a test substance for other ionic and covalently compounds. Most covalent compounds that dissolve in water remain in molecular form in solution. Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is considered an ionic compound, not a covalent compound. , CH 4 O is methyl alcohol, a fuel). , the nonmetals). What compound forms during the reaction between elemental sodium and elemental chlorine? Name: _____ Formula: _____ 5. Covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and bind the atoms in a fixed orientation. Some compounds especially medicines are soluble in water. Jul 05, 2011 · Sodium is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal; therefore, it has a very low electronegativity (0. Nomenclature of Binary Covalent Compounds. Typical covalent compounds are CH4, biology. There are two main types of bonds, Ionic bond and Covalent bond . The bonds are formed by sharing of electrons. 2, and the Mn and I atoms in MnI 2 have a difference of 1. Sodium loses its single valance electron to form sodium ion with electronic configuration 2. In most of the molecules, the electrons sharing allow each atom to get the equal of a full outer shell, akin to a gradual digital configuration. Water (H 2 O) is often called a molecular compound, but is also known as a covalent compound because it is a compound formed by covalent bonds. Covalent compounds are considered to be having a very strong Intra -molecular bond. These chemical bonds are of two basic types – ionic and covalent. • Ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids. Nov 04, 2009 · 1- Carbon. Examples of covalent compounds are H 2 O (water), CH 4 (methane) and C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose). a) Sodium fluoride. Further Explanation: The bond that is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between the bonded atoms is called a covalent bond. Particular sodium and chloride ions are not "tied" together, but they attract each other very strong because of the opposite charges, and form a strong crystal lattice. Ionic compounds involve the transfer of electrons, while covalent compounds share electrons. compare ionic and covalent bonding. Therefore, covalent compounds are poor electrical conductors in all phases. Naming and Writing Formulas for Covalent Compounds Covalent compounds are compounds formed by two elements that are NONMETAL. Their compounds are more covalent than those of the heavier elements in their groups. The sodium is bonded to the hydroxide part of the compound with an ionic bond. Compounds can be classified as one of two types: Ionic and molecular (covalent) Ionic compounds are formed by combination of a metal and a non-metal. Catenation Note: Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are polar. Atoms can combine to achieve an octet of valence electrons by sharing electrons. Naming Ionic Compounds. This kind of bond generally involves nonmetals. Ionic Compounds - Cation 1. Let's look at sodium hydroxide (Na-OH) You can see the sodium (Na) part on the left and the hydroxide (-OH) part on the right. When you have ions or compounds with atoms of more than one element, the most electronegative element is given Mar 01, 2013 · 22) The name of the binary compound CS 2 is _____. Cations formed from metals have the same name as the metal. The formula of covalent compounds represents actual numbers of atoms that are bonded to form molecules, like C 6 H 12 O 6 for glucose. Using this program will help you to learn how to write ionic compound names and formulas for Chemistry A. A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. There are weak intermolecular forces between the molecules. 1. b. All the others are metallic and tend to form ionic bonds in ionic compounds. Lab – Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds Purpose To distinguish between ionic and molecular compounds based on their physical properties. For Mar 25, 2012 · Both elements are nonmetals. Both atoms share the electrons. Formation of Covalent Bond chem (science) Which of the following pairs of elements are likely to form ionic compounds: A) helium and oxygen B) magnesium and chlorine C) chlorine and bromine D) potassium and sulfur E) sodium and potassium F) nitrogen and oxygen I believe the answer is d and f Would asked by jake on September 18, 2011 … A covalent compound is a compound that has a covalent bond present in the structure. no prefixes for ionic compounds) N2O4 2 non-metals—covalent (di =2 and tetra =4) "Di nitrogen tetr oxide" NaNO 3 3 elements — polyatomic Check chart (see below) Na - sodium 3 - nitrate (on chart) Sodium nitrate Polyatomic Ions Oxidation # Name Formula 1+ ammonium NH 4 + 1- acetate C2H3O2-2- carbonate CO 3 2-2- chromate CrO 4 2-1- hydrogen Cornstarch is classified as a covalent bond as well due to its chemical formula and most of the results from the experiments. It is also known as a molecular bond. 2. But unlike covalent bonds, the valence electrons that hold the atoms together move freely within the metal lattice. When metals and nonmetals combine chemically, then ionic compounds form. The sodium ions, Na +, are represented by the red spheres, and the chloride ions, Cl-, by the yellow spheres. (c) (i) N 2 (ii) C 2 H 6 (d) Hex-1-yne Nov 25, 2015 · Compounds are formed when elements of an atom join with another elements atom to form another substance, this happens using chemical bonds, for example the reaction between sodium and chlorine forms the compound sodium chloride. Hence in sodium chloride crystal lattice, each potassium ion is surrounded by six chlorine atom or vice versa. 1, yet both of these substances form ionic compounds. Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same elements (i. When atoms with an electronegativity difference of less than two units are joined together, the bond that is formed is a covalent bond , in which the electrons are shared by In contrast, most covalent compounds that dissolve in water form solutions that do not conduct electricity. Let's look at sodium hydroxide (Na- OH). Covalent bonds are directional where the atoms that are bonded showcase specific orientations relative to one another. Apr 17, 2020 · A broad range of compounds including metal halides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, borides, nitrides, carbides, and allotropes of some pure elements (B, C, P, As) exist in layered forms. The attraction between ions with opposite charges holds ionic compounds together. The conductivity of fused beryllium chloride is only 1/1000 that of sodium chloride under similar conditions. •The number of valence electrons for the atoms of each element is equal to the element's A-group number on the periodic table. Molecules of identical atoms Covalent bond A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Covalent compounds are those compounds which are formed by the electron sharing between two or more non-metals. Sugar, on the other hand, is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and has covalent bonds. , SO 2, sulfur dioxide. use Lewis dot structures to represent atoms in ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic compounds are composed of positively and negatively charge ions 4) Covalent compounds dissolve in organic solvents. Both bonds, ionic and covalent, have properties that distinguish them. Covalent bonds are formed when two or more atoms share electrons between them. Covalent bonds form between the elements that make up the biological molecules in our cells. COMPOUNDS contain two or more different elements in a chemically combined form. do not dissolve in water. The description "molecule" is never used with ionic bonding. Although less common, some biology textbooks refer to molecular compounds as molecules, and do not include ionic compounds in the term molecule. does sodium forms mostly covalent compounds
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Catching up with Vespers »
By Rubes | Published: February 4, 2008
Welcome to The Monk's Brew.
This is a blog about a number of things, but if I had to summarize it, I would say that it is a blog that presents an indie game developer's perspective on computer game design, development, and play. Although not limited to one game genre, the focus will tend to be on adventure games, including a focus on interactive fiction and its contributions to indie gaming and design.
The main context of this blog is the ongoing development of Vespers, an indie game project that I started back in 2006. As with many indie games, Vespers is an experiment. This experiment attempts to answer the question, "What would happen if you took a traditional interactive fiction game and dropped it into a 3D first-person graphic engine?" It is based upon the interactive fiction game of the same name, written by Jason Devlin in 2005. I found it to be a wonderfully written game, with excellent non-player characters, great imagery, and a compelling storyline.
I thought Vespers would make a great basis for my experiment. I wanted to know what it would be like to see, explore, and interact with this world in real-time, while preserving the distinct advantages of text as a method of communication — both input and output. Jason graciously agreed to allow it, and to assist with the long transition.
You can play the IF version of Vespers online for free at this link.
Along the way, I've come across some fascinating issues in the transition from a pure text environment to a graphics-text hybrid, and many of these issues have had a strong impact on design and development decisions. The process has also led to a greater awareness of game design and theory in general, particularly as it relates to story-driven games. It fits neatly into numerous ongoing discussions of game design and gameplay, including the issues surrounding linear vs. sandbox approaches, and real-time vs. turn-based play. This project provides the context and the opportunity to include my voice in these discussions.
In addition to Vespers, blog material will originate from several places, including:
mainstream games — predominantly adventure games (such as Dreamfall), but really any games that provide interesting examples of gameplay and game design;
literature, including excellent reference works such as Nick Montfort's Twisty Little Passages and Pat Harrigan's and Noah Wardrip-Fruin's Second Person, as well as works by Chris Crawford;
mainstream articles and blogs, such as from Gamasutra;
other indie gamer blogs, such as Tales of the Rampant Coyote (a great blog that focuses on the indie game scene, particularly with respect to RPG games) and Grand Text Auto (a group blog with an academic spin on digital fiction and storytelling);
other indie game projects;
The main goal is to generate discussion and to explore the many aspects of indie game development. I hope you find the content compelling and the opportunity to contribute your comments.
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The Rampant Coyote
I like the look of the site, and look forward to your comments on indie adventure games & IF these days!
andrewstern
This looks great, I'm looking forward to reading more!
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The monk turns to you and proclaims: "The Monk's Brew is a blog about indie game design, development, and play, with a particular emphasis on the adventure genre. It is brought to you by Rubes, an indie game developer from Salt Lake City, Utah."
Read more about this blog here.
> DESCRIBE RUBES
The monk looks up from his mug and utters: "Rubes (Mike Rubin) is an indie game developer who started gaming with text adventures and this book, even before the heyday of the Apple ][. He's also the budding pioneer of a new genre in computer gaming, three-dimensional interactive fiction (3D/if). His first project in this genre is Vespers."
> DESCRIBE VESPERS
The monk clears his throat and begins: "Vespers is an adaptation of Jason Devlin's interactive fiction work of the same name. It is an experiment to discover what kind of horribly disfigured offspring might result from the mating of an IF engine with a 3D first-person graphics engine."
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FMO has signed a USD 25 mln facility (7 years, 5-year Grace), to Access Bank Ghana, the second largest subsidiary of our long-term partner Access Bank PLC.
Access Bank Ghana is currently the 12th largest bank in Ghana by assets (USD 680 mln), but with the ambitious goal of becoming a top 3 bank in Ghana in the next 5 years. The facility includes a USD 3.5 mln pilot line dedicated to supporting Access Bank Ghana's female SME clients, the W initiative. Supporting women is an important part of FMO and partner Access Bank's strategy. The W initiative dedicated to providing tailored banking services to women was launched in July 2014.


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Q: Basic combinatorics question- what am I doing wrong? So the question is how many different stings of length 12 made of the characters AAABBBBCCCCC are there with no successive C's?
So my idea was to calculate the number of total possible strings with no restrictions-
$(12\ c\ 3) \times (9\ c\ 4)$
and then subtract the numbers of strings of length 11 where one of the characters is "CC", which gives me:
$(11\ c\ 3) \times (8\ c\ 4) \times (4\ c\ 3)$ options.
But the latter is greater than the former.
What am I doing wrong here?

A: As mentioned in the comments above, you have overcounted the number of "bad" strings.
Letting $X$ represent your "CC" character, the strings XCCCAAABBBB, CXCCAAABBBB, CCXCAAABBBB, CCCXAAABBBB all in reality refer to the single string CCCCCAAABBBB but with your calculations you have referred to it four separate times.  Similarly other strings are being referred to too many times as well.
For a correct approach, first consider the problem of arranging CCCCCXXXXXXX where no two C's are adjacent and then replace the string of X's with an arrangement of A's and B's.  For the first step, use stars-and-bars.
Letting $x_1$ be the number of $X$'s to the left of the first $C$, $x_2$ the number of $X$'s between the first and the second $C$, etc... on up to $x_6$ the number of $X$'s to the right of the final $C$, we have the system:
$\begin{cases}x_1+x_2+\dots+x_6=7\\0\leq x_1\\ 1\leq x_2\\ 1\leq x_3\\ \vdots\\ 0\leq x_6\end{cases}$
Via a change of variables, setting $y_i=x_i-1$ for each $i\in\{2,3,4,5\}$ and $y_i=x_i$ for $i\in\{1,6\}$ we have the new system:
$\begin{cases}y_1+y_2+\dots+y_6=3\\0\leq y_i~~\forall i\end{cases}$ which should be in a known form.

 There are $\binom{3+6-1}{6-1}=\binom{8}{5}$ such arrangements

Now, we replace the X's from left to right with an arrangement of three A's and four B's

 There are $\binom{7}{3}$ such arrangements

Multiplying we get the final total:

 $\binom{8}{5}\binom{7}{3}$

A: Treating $C$'s as boundaries, the five $C$'s splits the 12-character string into six regions:
$$\ldots C\ldots C\ldots C\ldots C\ldots C\ldots$$
We have to assign seven character slots into 6 regions. Note that the centre 4 regions by default has at least one character slots in it to separate the $C$'s. The remaining $3 = 7-4$ character slots with the $5$ $C$'s form a classical stars and bars problem:
How many ways are there to arrange $3$ slots (stars) and $5$ $C$'s (bars)? An example is
$$\_C\_CC\_CC = *|*||*||$$
There are $\binom83$ ways to arrange the three slots. This is exactly equal to the ways to arrange $7$ slots and $5$ $C$'s, so that no two $C$'s are adjacent. Continuing the example, adding the default slots:
$$\_C\_\_C\_\_\_C\_C$$
Independently, now there are seven slots regardless of the positions of $C$'s. For each of the position of $C$'s, there are $\binom 7 3$ ways to arrange $3$ $A$'s into $7$ slots. So the final answer is
$$\binom{8}{3}\binom 7 3$$

A: The problem is simply overcounting, since any string with $CCC$ will be counted twice, etc.
Working "the other way round" to make the background first, then add $C$s::
Calculate the number of arrangements of the $A$s and $B$s. There are $3$ $A$s, so the count of arrangements is $\binom 73 = 35$.
Now there are 8 "gaps" available which we can place one $C$ in ($6$ between letters and one at each end), and we have $5$ $C$s; so  $\binom 85 = 56$ choices.
Multiply together for the result, $\binom 73\binom 85 = 35\cdot 56 = 1960$.

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Reedville is a marvelous city located in the USA. This city is, obviously, from the charming Northumberland county, in a famous VA state. At 10(feet), in the American measurement system, the aforementioned city is above the sea level. Naturally, in the metric system the elevation is 3m. The coordinates are this: 37,8420743 of latitude and -76,2757772 of longitude. In the Geographic Names Information System, the city is registered under the figure of 1499945. In 2010 the population was as big as -999.


Posted on Friday, March 20, 2015 by "T".
It must be a good feeling to go into the late stages of a tournament with nearly 80,000 Euros already in your pocket,only one place to go and you have 100k.I don't know what the structure of the tournament was but with a field of only 88 it seems to have taken a long time to get to this stage.
Or simply just brings the players with the deepest wallet to the tournament. These high rollers are not always that high on standards.


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Elena de Soto
(Retired) Photographer (Atlanta, GA, USA)
- Elena de Soto wanted to be a pro concert photographer. Instead she ended up at the legendary music venue The Masquerade. She spends all of her time juggling booking at The Masquerade, booking The Wrecking Ball ATL, and running Deep Rest Records. When she isn't cuddling with @punkrockmilo or doing any/all of the above - she attempts concert photography.
THURSDAY Vocalist Geoff Rickly Discusses the Emo Revival, New Music and Future Plans
We spoke with Geoff Rickly, vocalist for New Brunswick, NJ's recently-reformed post-hardcore heavies, Thursday, about the band's reunion, the state o…
By Elena de Soto on Apr 27, 2018
Future @ Aaron's Amphitheatre at Lakewood (Atlanta, GA) on May 9, 2017 [Photos]
Future played two sold-out shows in Atlanta, GA this past week and we scored photos from the "Nobody Safe Tour" at Aaron's Amphitheater at Lakewood o…
By Elena de Soto on May 13, 2017
Thursday (w/ Touche Amore, Basement, Wax Idols) @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on April 4, 2017 [Photos]
Thursday is back! The band embarked on their first full U.S. tour since their farewell. Make sure you see them in your city with Touche Amore, Baseme…
Cherry Glazerr @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on March 25, 2017 [Photos]
Cherry Glazerr is wild! Currently out on tour supporting their new record Apocalipstick, they stopped by The Masquerade in Atlanta and sold the place…
The Menzingers @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on March 22, 2017 [Photos]
The Menzingers are one of the most fun bands to see live. They displayed that on March 22nd when they played in Atlanta while on their "After The Par…
By Elena de Soto on Mar 31, 2017
Simple Plan @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on March 21, 2017 [Photos]
Simple Plan played The Masquerade in Atlanta on March 21st during their "No Pads, No Helmets… Just Balls" 10 Year Anniversary tour.
Nails @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on March 17, 2017 [Photos]
California band Nails might have taken their time to come back to Atlanta but, from start to finish, they showed why they are one of the top-tier met…
You Blew It! @ The Masquerade (Atlanta, GA) on March 8, 2017 [Photos]
Triple Crown Records band You Blew It! returned to Atlanta for the first time since The Wrecking Ball ATL 2015 on their Abendrot Tour.


16″ 14 karat yellow gold cable chain necklace featuring a slightly curved fixed wire bar that has 5 near round cultured freshwater pearls measuring approximately 5.5mm, 6.5mm, and 7.5mm in size. This necklace has a spring ring closure and comes packaged on a black felt card inside of a 2″ x 3″ brown cardboard box. The box comes inside of a 4″ x 6″ organza bag. Colors of organza bag will vary and be selected at random.
14 karat gold plated sterling silver open cuff bracelet with an 8mm rough cut aquamarine stone on one side and a 13mm x 12mm rough cut aquamarine stone on the other side. The cuff is 3.3 mm wide.
14 karat gold plated sterling silver 3mm wide split bangle featuring an oval shaped 8mm x 11.9mm bezel set rough cut amethyst on both ends of the split. This bangle is slightly adjustable to fit most wrists.
16″ 14 karat rose gold plated sterling silver necklace with pentagon shape rose quartz pendant. The rose quartz is approximately 15mm x 20mm and has a rope edge design. This necklace has a spring ring closure.
14 karat rose gold plated sterling silver open cuff bracelet. The cuff features a 10mm x 21mm rough cut rose quarts on one end and a 6mm x 9mm tear drop shape with 1.2mm pave CZs on the opposite side. The cuff is approximately 2.8mm wide.
16″ rolo chain necklace with a bar featuring stunning 8mm round faceted fire agate beads, in a range of blue and green earth tones. This necklace has a lobster clasp closure. Handmade in Austin, Texas using the finest American or imported materials. Includes a personally signed card by the designer who crafted the necklace.
Four textured sterling silver beaded bangle bracelets. The bracelets are 1.5mm and joined together. Two bracelets have four 6mm beads, and two bracelets have five 6mm beads. The bracelet diameter is 65mm.
7mm sterling silver bead stretch bracelet.
Add some artistic, designer allure to your collection with this double strand multistone drop necklace. This necklace features a strand of faceted labradorite on sterling silver wire and a strand of faceted apatite on sterling silver wire joined together on a decorative 10mm double ring knot spacer. The drop is a 15mm x 22mm faceted amazonite stone with an ornate cap. 5.5mm – 6mm faceted quartz and labradorite beads accent the necklace. This necklace is 19″ with a 2″ extension. The closure is a lobster clasp.
3mm wide bangle features 7 x 42mm celtic design and hook closure.
1.5mm expandable silver tone fashion bangle bracelet with a 10mm flower charm, a 15mm heart charm, and an 8mm magnesite charm. The bangle diameter expands from 64mm to 79mm.
Fashion jewelry contains base metal.


text:
Fontez classic seals Fishermen another clean sheet success
Published: 1:02 PM December 1, 2011 Updated: 11:16 AM November 7, 2020
Beer Albion struck one of their most impressive results of the season with a single goal win at University.
The points were not sealed until virtually the last kick of the game when Pedro Fontez got on the end of a sweeping move in which Matty Rowson was a key figure, and, when the ball arrived at Fontez's feet some 20 yards from goal, he unleashed a fierce drive that flew into the net beyond the despairing dive of the Students keeper.
The win was no more than the Fishermen deserved. Three times they created gilt edged chances in the first half but were denied goals either by poor finishing or superb goal keeping.
Typical of this was an effort from Chris Long that looked to be heading for the net until the Students keeper made a stunning save. After the break, Long had another shot saved.
It was not a one-way contest though, and Beer's Steve Jones had to be at his best to keep out a couple of fierce strikes from the Students.
Fishermen's boss Phil Crabb said: "We put in a very good shift. In the first half we created a number of chances that, had they gone in, would have been no more than we deserved.
In the second half, they (University) came back into the game and we dug deep but I felt we were fully deserving of the three points, even if the goal that won it came with virtually the last kick"
This weekend Beer turn their attention to looking to do some giant killing as they travel to Stoke Gabriel to meet the South West Peninsula league side in the Graddon Vending, Devon Premier Cup.
Crabb says of the game: "We can travel with absolutely nothing to worry about. Nobody will expect us to win but I will certainly expect us to put on a show. It's a chance for the players to enjoy a big game and make the most of the occasion."


First visits by high-ranking Israeli delegation in 10 years.
Israel's Chief Rabbis Yona Metzger and Shlomo Amar conducted an unprecedented visit to Jewish holy sites in Nablus and Jericho on Thursday, ahead of the High Holy Days.
For the first time in 10 years, a high-ranking Israeli delegation came in broad daylight to Joseph's Tomb in Nablus and the ancient Shalom Al Israel synagogue in Jericho.
The visit, the first of its kind since the IDF pulled out of Nablus and Jericho, was said to be the result of an ongoing dialogue between Rabbi of the Western Wall and Holy Sites Shmuel Rabinovitch and the head of the Civil Administration in Judea and Samaria Brig.- Gen. Yoav Mordechai, who organized the tour.


If you want knockout results without lifting a single weight, Core de Force is the workout for you! This class is unlike any other MMA-inspired workout which includes boxing, kickboxing, and Muay Thai combinations and mixes them with fat-blasting cardio and body weight moves to help you zero in on stubborn belly fat and carve allover definition. No matter what your fitness level, you can punch, kick, and sweat at your own pace.


The label polder was created by two sisters, Madelon Lanteri-Laura and Natalie Vodegel. Madelon and Natalie were born and grew up in the Netherlands. They spent their childhood living in an exceptional area where forested hills overlooked beautiful polders that stretched out as far as the eye could see. At the age of 19, Madelon went to study in Paris where she was joined by Natalie a few years later.
In Paris, they both studied archeology and history of art at Paris University and at the Ecole du Louvre. Madelon and Natalie then both started working with fashion designers including Anne Marie Beretta, Marcel Marongiu and Hermès.
Polder was created in 2000 and the debut collection was presented in January 2001 at the trade show "Première Classe" in Paris. Since then, the handbag collection has been complemented by a line of jewellery, hand made knitwear, shoes, clothing, belts and socks.
In January 2008, they presented their first kid's accessories collection "April showers by polder" at the Playtime fair in Paris.
From the very beginning, hand made components, which bring a unique and artisan quality to the collection, have been highly significant in polder's creations. A recurring feature in each new collection is the dynamic mixture of colours and of materials such as soft cottons, leathers, wool, silk, vintage prints, patchworks and handmade embroideries.
Today the label is sold in more than two hundred fifty shops worldwide.


Chicago Video Production Pros-Why Professional Video Is A Must.
Video attracts customers and grows business.
Videos help capture attention! We all have but seconds to grab someone's attention, whether it be via email, mobile, social media or on websites – just long enough to entice others to want to find out more about us, and our products and services.
Videos can easily break the ice and create an instant, positive impression. Visual mediums quickly show current and potential customers: WHO you are, WHAT you're about and WHY you or your company is special.
Refrain from using iPhones and Androids to, "just shoot some video for your website".
This is your business we're talking about and you get but one chance to make a first impression. Shooting your own business video with a phone cam would be like sending a potential client your pitch on a post-it-note. Yes, it's that silly!
Professionally produced videos provide: well-written and marketing honed scripts, expert lighting, artistic shot composition, seamless editing, motivating music tracks and quality graphics. Well-crafted videos don't need to be long – but they need to be top notch!
Understand that cost is a negotiable thing.
Creative services of any kind are tough to price without succinct project definition. (It's kind of like answering "how long is a piece of string?") That said, a good professional video production company worth its salt will work with you and your budget!
Great production companies will give you Plan A, B & C options, all tooled to produce professional videos at effective cost levels.
Dave's top video suggestions for small to medium businesses are: Home Page "Welcome Videos," Video E-mail/Newsletters, Testimonials, Product Launch, and Video Training.


text:
Corelli Reviv'd
This is the stable version, checked on 8 December 2020.
Back to Corelli Reviv'd
X:1 T:Corrille [sic] Reviv'd T:Corelli Reviv'd M:6/8 L:1/8 R:Jig N:See 1st strain of Mackintosh's "Dutchess of Manchester's Favorite" B:John & Andrew Gow - A Collection of Slow Airs, Strathspeys and Reels (c. 1795) B:John Gow – A Favorite Collection of Slow Airs, B:Strathspeys and Reels (London, c. 1804, p. 7) Z:AK/Fiddler's Companion K:Bb ~d3 cfc|~B3 AdF|.G.A.B .c.d.e|.d.c.B .A.G.F| ~d2f ~c2f|~B2f {B}~A2F|Ged cBA|B2 {DF}B,3:| |:(DF).B (df).B|(FG)._A (GF).E|(=EG).c (=eg).c|(GA).B (AG).F| Bdf Beg|Bdf bag|fed cBA|BDF B,3:|]
CORELLI REVIV'D. Scottish, Air (6/8 time). B Flat Major. Standard tuning (fiddle). AABB. The melody was printed in John and Andrew Gow's A Collection of Slow Airs, Strathspeys and Reels (London, c. 1795, reissued in 1804). Andrew (1760-1803) and younger brother John (1764-1826) established a publishing business in London in 1788 and were the English distributors for the Gow family musical publications. The title is a reference to the Italian Baroque composer and violinist Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713). Immensely popular and successful in his day as a concert violinist, Corelli also popularized and perfected the Concerto Grosso form in his composing. He was also renowned as a teacher, and among his pupils were Vivaldi and Geminiani. The Gows' tune incorporates some aspects of baroque style.
The first strain of the tune is shared with Robert Mackintosh's "Ductchess of Manchester's Favorite (The)" but the second strains differ.
Printed sources : - S. Johnson (A Twenty Year Anniversary Collection), 2003; p. 25 (includes a variation set).


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text:
Progress: Abilene's new hybrid ERs offer care for a variety of ills
Scott Kirk
Special to the Reporter-News
The future of healthcare can be seen within a few blocks of each other near the Winters Freeway.
My Emergency Room opened this fall at the old Genghis Grill location at 4438 South Clack St. The attached My Urgent Care Clinic will open April 9.
The Express ER opened March 31 at 4157 Buffalo Gap Road in the former Johnny Carino's building.
My Emergency Room is a first for both Abilene and the My Emergency Room company, which has its headquarters in San Antonio.
It's a hybrid between a minor emergency clinic and a full-scale emergency room.
"We're proud to be a part of this both in Abilene and in our company," said Stan Bailey, the administrator for the Abilene location.
He said the availability of a facility large enough to accommodate both parts of the clinic, and at a reasonable cost, made the hybrid possible.
Bailey said the mission of My Emergency Room is to offer a full service to patients and to deliver healthcare efficiently while caring for the customer.
One of the primary goals of the clinic is limit the amount of waiting time for the patient.
"One of our mottos is 'Why wait?'," he said.
Free-standing emergency rooms describe themselves as the equal to their counterparts that are part of the hospital, offering the same services but at locations that may be closer and more accessible to the public.
Patients can be stabilized up and monitored for up to 23 hours before being released or sent to a hospital.
And while a free-standing emergency room doesn't have the immediate access to a hospital that a traditional emergency room has, Bailey said a patient can be moved to another facility within minutes.
To be an emergency room, the facility must never close and must have a physician and a registered nurse on the premises.
While My Emergency Room will not accept a patient in an ambulance, it does have an area where an ambulance can take a patient to a hospital and also has clearance to land a helicopter to transfer a patient, said Erica Coats, the director of nursing at the clinic.
One of the advantages My Emergency Room has over a traditional emergency room, said Coats, is the ability to treat patients needing urgent care, such as treating lacerations or a sinus infection, in a different area than someone needing emergency care, such as someone experiencing a heart attack.
That ability can save the patient money since the billing is separate (patients will receive two bills, one from the attending physician and another for services received, Bailey said).
Many free-standing emergency rooms, including My Emergency Room and Express ER, are owned by physicians.
"They own them for the same reason people like to own their business, for the joy of owning the business," said Bailey. "And so that they can treat their patients in the way they think they should."


text:
https://www.myjoyonline.com/vodafone-ghana-foundation-takes-healthfest-to-dawhenya/-------https://www.myjoyonline.com/vodafone-ghana-foundation-takes-healthfest-to-dawhenya/
Vodafone Ghana Foundation takes Healthfest to Dawhenya
7 June 2021 12:29pm
Vodafone Ghana Foundation has taken its impactful free health screening to Dawhenya in the Greater Accra Region.
This is in line with its initiative to provide free medical outreach programmes across the country.
The one-day event which was in collaboration with Ghana Health Service, Mother and Child Foundation screened over 500 people on Diabetes, Hepatis B, Tuberculosis, HIV-AIDS, Malaria, Syphilis, Covid-19 among others.
Pregnant women in the community also received free ultra-scan. The event also gave free medication and treatment, National Health Insurance cards, and renewals of the cards.
Speaking at the event, Head of Vodafone Ghana Foundation, Amaris Nana A. Perbi, said the activity in the Ningo Prampram district is also aimed at increasing good health in the community during the pandemic.
"Over the past 12 years, Vodafone Ghana Foundation has relentlessly implemented some of the most altruistic initiatives throughout the country.
"With initiatives like the Healthfest initiative we have implemented for several years, we will continue to provide free health screening, free medication, free National Health Insurance, and more with an able team of medical doctors and nurses".
"We are gathered here in Dawhenya in the Greater Accra Ningo Prampram district where the members of this community can literally walk in and test for a plethora of medical ailments.
"Due to the ongoing pandemic, some may have stayed away from hospitals and thus may not be updated on their medical status and thus we at Vodafone Ghana Foundation deemed it important to bring the hospital to them to screen them and to ensure all is well", he added.
Commenting on the initiative Deputy Director of Nursing Services, Vivian Dwira, said the initiative is very commendable as such activities increase access to good quality health across Ghana.
"Ghana Health Service cannot do it all and therefore we need initiatives as these from institutions and individuals to help increase access to good quality health across Ghana. In this district, we have few health personnel here so bringing in this facility to the community is very commendable. Also, the old and the needy can benefit a lot from this".
On his part, Assembly member for the North Dawhenya electoral area in the Ningo Prampram district, Moses Nii Kutor, commended Vodafone Ghana Foundation for bringing the health festival to the district.
"On behalf of the community, we say thank you to the Vodafone Ghana Foundation and it partners. Our health is our wealth and we are glad and privileged to have good health at our doorstep".
Dawhenya
Healthfest
Vodafone Foundation
Vodafone Ghana partners Otumfuo Foundation to plant trees
Vodafone takes its free e-learning and health screening to Ashanti region
Vodafone Ghana Foundation holds free health screening for 2 orphanages to mark International Health Month
We have impacted over 8.5 million lives so far – Head of Vodafone Ghana Foundation
Dambai residents benefit from Vodafone Foundation's Healthfest
Vodafone Foundation takes Rural Ultrasound Scan project to Asokore Mampong
Vodafone Foundation celebrates young talents to mark World Youth Skills Day and Nelson Mandela Day
Vodafone Healthline S9: A remarkable journey of health education and life-changing Surgeries
Okorase chief lauds Vodafone Foundation for refurbishing community clinic
Vodafone Healthline assisted families overwhelmed with joy as Season 9 ends


Database security is possibly the most important and complex implementation project any organisation will undertake. Not only is it critical to ensure that information contained within the database is secure from a host of external threats, including viruses, phishing scams and the like, the need for internal security is also increasing. With the rise in incidences of identity theft, corporate espionage and fraud, internal security tools such as identity and access management, amongst others, have become increasingly important on the corporate agenda.
The database is mission critical in the majority of modern organisations. It touches every system, every process and every person within an organisation, making security a crucial aspect. However without input from business, IT may secure systems to such an extent that the IT infrastructure does not provide the functionality needed by business. As a result, security implementations cannot simply be viewed as an IT project or as a business imperative, but as a combination of both.
Adequate preparation is critical in ensuring a successful database security implementation. This preparation can be broken down into five major areas that need to be tackled, namely: security policies and guidelines; business process analysis; people; planning and forecasting; and security infrastructure.
Simply buying technology without a solid understanding of the risks posed and organisation's needs is pointless. Risk assessments should be conducted in every area of operations. These assessments and identified risk areas need to be documented and turned into security policies, which must be approved by the Board of Directors.
Rules and parameters such as security policies need to be set otherwise it remains unclear exactly what security solutions need to accomplish, making it impossible to gauge whether or not security is meeting business requirements. Policies and guidelines also help to ensure that staff members know what is expected of them regarding security and in turn, this helps to ensure compliance. Without rules, compliance is impossible.
Security must take into account the requirements of the business and accommodate the normal business functions without major disruption. Security solutions should also be secure enough to prevent breaches, while remaining flexible enough to enable people to still do their jobs. This is a delicate balancing act that cannot be achieved without analysis and understanding of business processes. Business process analysis should be the starting point to any IT rollout and implementation, and database security is no exception.
Security must take into account not only technology, but people and processes as well, and the reality is that few organisations manage to get this right. Much focus has been given to securing the database from external threats that internal threats are ignored, and yet the majority of fraud cases and data theft occur on the inside. Access and Identity Management are critical to ensure that employees (and partners) have access only to the data they need to enable them to do their jobs, without compromising sensitive information.
Employees can prove to be the undoing of even the most stringent and comprehensive security system. They must be educated not only on how to use the technology, but also to gain an understanding of the reasons for security and policies. This requires buy-in and guidance from senior management levels, since any educational and change management programme should be driven from the top down. Without top level buy-in and education, employees will fail to see the relevance of policies and procedures and will likely ignore them, leaving the organisation vulnerable.
Security implementations can be a time-consuming affair and it is vital to understand what the desired future state of the database security should be. A roadmap needs to be in place to forecast the next stages of the project to ensure that implementations will run on time, on budget and will meet the expectations of the organisation.
As with any IT solution, a proper plan makes the implementation itself far easier, shortening the rollout time and cutting down on costs. If planning is not done upfront, the likelihood is that systems will have to be reworked because they are not delivering as expected. Any hiccup in the implementation process can cause negative perceptions of the project, hindering adoption. Planning helps to avoid such scenarios. It also ensures the right balance between business functionality and security is achieved.
Infrastructure is the heart of the database. Systems need to support standards and policies and enable security solutions to function optimally. It is one thing to have multiple standards and policies in place, but these need to be enforced if they are to be successful. However, infrastructure also needs to be 'fit for purpose' and implemented correctly otherwise it will be unable to deliver as expected.
These five steps work in harmony with each other to help organisations plan and deliver successful database security implementations. While they do not necessarily need to be completed in order, they all need to be tackled as each phase is necessary to ensure a secure environment and to prevent any breaches.
When faced with the complexity of a database security implementation, many organisations argue that the cost outweighs the benefit, and that their data simply is not valuable enough to justify the time and spend on security. A good rule of thumb is to switch off the database for a day. If the organisation can still function and is not losing money, then security is not crucial. However if business cannot operate as usual and continue to be profitable, then the database is a critical part of the organisation and needs to be adequately secured.
Established in 1995, RDB Consulting is an outsource and consulting company that specialises in five areas: Relational databases, Operating Systems, Database Security, Monitoring and Enterprise Resource Planning. The organisation also offers project management, solutions architecture, on-going maintenance and support. Our services are designed to provide businesses access to expert technical resources whether full time, part time, co-managed or via remote administration. This allows companies to focus on their 'core' business and leave their ICT issues to the experts.