text:
Q: Attach debugger and get variable address programmatically Visual Studio In a micro-controller programmed using C/C++ all the addresses are known before the program starts. I can use an elf file that is generated when compiling to find those with gdb, for example:
gdb "elfFile.elf" -ex "print &variableName" -ex quit
This is useful to get variables in real-time by asking the micro-controller for a variable address from an external tool that can be used to log and plot data. The tool gets the variable address from the elf file and then just asks the micro-controller to read the data at address &variableName for n bytes.
I have ported some of the micro-controller code to Windows for testing purposes and it is running correctly. I would like to add the log functionality and for this purpose I need to be able to get a variable address programmatically from a running exe file. The address of variables is not known until the program starts in Windows (perhaps the offset is known though). I am using Visual Studio Express 2017 and I intend to get addresses of the program I compile myself, not any program from outside. From inside Visual Studio I can see any variable with the debugger so I hope there's gotta be a debugger exe file I can call from outside and attach to my program and read the variable addresses in a similar fashion as I did with gdb.
Any help? Thank you

A: You could inject a dll with CreateRemoteProcess, and read the variable address there.
But you're looking for a program called OllyDbg.
Also, you could download and install MinGW & msys, then you can build GDB for Windows from source. But then you have to use MinGW on Windows to compile the program. (Mingw creates native Win32/Win64 programs - no need for Cygwin)
I don't have the C-Sources anymore for CreateRemoteThread, but I can give you the C# source:
// Inject(DLL_NAME, "Engine");
void Inject(string strDLLtoInject, string strEngine)
{
    CheckIfDebugger();
    //String pszLibFileRemote = Application.StartupPath + "\\"+ strDLLtoInject;
    //String pszLibFileRemote = Application.StartupPath + "\\"+ strDLLtoInject;
    //String strPathOfSharedObjectToInject = System.IO.Path.GetDirectoryName(System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location) + System.IO.Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + strDLLtoInject;
    String strPathOfSharedObjectToInject = m_strTempPath + strDLLtoInject;

    //System.Windows.Forms.MessageBox.Show(strPathOfSharedObjectToInject);
    System.Diagnostics.Process[] TargetProcess = System.Diagnostics.Process.GetProcessesByName(strEngine);

    if (TargetProcess.Length > 0)
    {
        System.IntPtr pTargetProcess = WinAPI.OpenProcess(WinAPI.CREATE_THREAD_ACCESS, false, TargetProcess[0].Id);
        if (pTargetProcess != System.IntPtr.Zero)
        {
            CheckIfDebugger();
            int iLoadLibraryAaddress = WinAPI.GetProcAddress(WinAPI.GetModuleHandleA("Kernel32.dll"), "LoadLibraryA");
            if (iLoadLibraryAaddress != 0)
            {
                int iSharedObjectNameBufferSize = 1 + strPathOfSharedObjectToInject.Length;
                int iSharedObjectNameAddress = WinAPI.VirtualAllocEx(pTargetProcess, 0, iSharedObjectNameBufferSize, 4096, 4);

                if (iSharedObjectNameAddress != 0)
                {
                    CheckIfDebugger();
                    int iReturnValue = WinAPI.WriteProcessMemory(pTargetProcess, iSharedObjectNameAddress, strPathOfSharedObjectToInject, iSharedObjectNameBufferSize, 0);

                    if (iReturnValue != 0)
                        WinAPI.CreateRemoteThread(pTargetProcess, 0, 0, iLoadLibraryAaddress, iSharedObjectNameAddress, 0, 0);
                    else
                        MsgBox("WriteProcessMemory failed.", "Error");

                    CheckIfDebugger();
                } // End if (iSharedObjectNameAddress != null)
                else
                    MsgBox("VirtualAllocEx failed.", "Error");

            }// End if (iLoadLibraryAaddress != null)
            else
                MsgBox("GetProcAddress or GetModuleHandleA failed.", "Error");

            CheckIfDebugger();
            WinAPI.CloseHandle(pTargetProcess);
        } // End if (pTargetProcess != System.IntPtr.Zero)
        else
            MsgBox("OpenProcess failed.", "Error");

        CheckIfDebugger();
    } // End if (TargetProcess.Length > 0)
    else
        MsgBox("GetProcessesByName failed.", "Error");

    CheckIfDebugger();
} // End Sub Inject

Here's the WinAPI calls:
class WinAPI
{
    public const int CREATE_THREAD_ACCESS = 0x1F0FFF;

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    public static extern IntPtr OpenProcess(int dwDesiredAccess, bool bInheritHandle, int dwProcessId);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("Kernel32", EntryPoint = "GetModuleHandleA", ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    public static extern int GetModuleHandleA(string lpModuleName);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32", ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    public static extern int GetProcAddress(int hModule, string lpProcName);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32", ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    public static extern int VirtualAllocEx(System.IntPtr hProcess, int lpAddress, int dwSize, int flAllocationType, int flProtect);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32", ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    public static extern int WriteProcessMemory(System.IntPtr hProcess, int lpBaseAddress, string lpBuffer, int nSize, int lpNumberOfBytesWritten);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32", ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Ansi, SetLastError = true)]
    public static extern int CreateRemoteThread(System.IntPtr hProcess, int lpThreadAttributes, int dwStackSize, int lpStartAddress, int lpParameter, int dwCreationFlags, int lpThreadId);

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32", EntryPoint = "CloseHandle")]
    public static extern int CloseHandle(System.IntPtr hObject);

    // http://www.pinvoke.net/default.aspx/kernel32/GetVersion.html
    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
    public static extern uint GetVersion();

    [System.Runtime.InteropServices.DllImport("kernel32.dll", CharSet = System.Runtime.InteropServices.CharSet.Auto, ExactSpelling = true)]
    internal static extern bool IsDebuggerPresent();

} // End class WinAPI


text:
Q: How to persistently use R1C1 styling in Excel? I want Excel to be permanently labelled using R1C1 notation for cell positions. However, the changes I make by going to File > Options > R1C1 setting only work as long and the project is open. Once I close Excel, the option reverts to the original settings.
How can I make it persist?
It would be even better if I could show columns as A(1), B(2).... etc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ancient UK standing stone guided people through sacred landscape
Archeologists say Trefael, a standing stone near Newport south-west Wales, was used as a ritual marker to guide communities through a scared landscape.
Studies showed that the cupmarks gouged onto the solitary stone represent a section of the night sky that includes the star constellations of Cassiopeia, Orion, Sirius and the North Star.
There are more than 75 cupmarks on the stone, which were revealed through complete exposure of the stone during recent excavations, Archeo News reported.
Until 40 years ago archaeologists assumed that the stone was part of a capstone covering a small burial chamber.
Later geophysical surveys unveiled the remains of a kidney-shaped anomaly, looking like remnants of the cairn that once surrounded the chamber, with an entrance to the east.
Excavations confirmed the site to be a portal dolmen, also exposing a cairn deposit within the eastern and northern sections of the trench.
A clear vertical cut was also found in section, which was parallel with the dip of the former capstone. This showed that the cairn had been excavated into and the capstone set and packed within the existing cairn, probably used as a standing stone during the Early Bronze Age when new burial-ritual monuments were introduced in Western Britain.
Archeologists found medieval and post-medieval pottery shards and two Mesolithic shale beads. They are planning to conduct further excavations in the area to assess the later prehistoric landscape setting and a contour survey of the monument.
Categories : Avebury, Blue Stones, megalith, Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, Stonehenge news, UK Stone Circles
University student sparks new Stonehenge theory
A REVOLUTIONARY new idea on the movement of big monument stones like those at Stonehenge has been put forward by an archaeology student at the University of Exeter.
While an undergraduate, Andrew Young saw a correlation between standing stone circles in Aberdeenshire, Scotland and a concentration of carved stone balls, which may have been used to help transport the big stones by functioning like ball bearings.
Young discovered that many of the late Neolithic stone balls had a diameter within a millimetre of each other, which he felt indicated they would have been used together in some way rather than individually.
By plotting on a map where the carved balls were found, he realised they were all within the vicinity of Neolithic monuments known as recumbent stone circles.
These stone circle monuments in Aberdeenshire share an equivalent form to Stonehenge, yet with some much larger stones.
To test his theory Young built a model using small wooden balls which were placed in a grooved pieces of wood moulding, similar to a railway track but with a groove rather than a rail.
The balls were spread apart and a mirror image of the track was placed on top supporting a wood platform.
He then placed concrete slabs on the tracks, to replicate a heavy weight.
Young said: "I then sat on top of the slabs to add extra weight. The true test was when a colleague used his index finger to move me forward, a mere push and the slabs and I shot forward with great ease.
"This proved the balls could move large heavy objects and could be a viable explanation of how giant stones were moved, especially in relation to where the stone balls were originally found."
A further experiment on a much larger scale was arranged with the financial assistance of Gemini Productions and WGBH, Boston for NOVA, an American documentary TV programme.
They were focusing on Stonehenge and wanted to see if a team of archaeology students directed by Professor Bruce Bradley, a lead archaeologist at the University of Exeter could build and test a life size model using wood that might reflect how massive stones could have been moved across the landscape.
Previous experiments, which others have carried out to move large stones had not been particularly effective.
The building of a hardened surface to roll logs on and the trench experiments only moved the stone with great effort and if they had been moved in this way the hardened surface or trench would show up in the archaeological record, however these have not been found.
In the large scale experiment, green wood was used for cost purposes. Neolithic people would have had access to much better materials, such as cured oak, which is extremely tough and was in abundance due to the great forests at the time.
They also had the technical ability to cut long timber planks, known through archaeological evidence of planks used as a way of creating tracks for people to walk on through bogs.
The experiment used hand shaped granite spheres as well as wooden spheres.
Professor Bradley said: "Our experiment had to go for the much cheaper option of green wood, which is relatively soft, however, we successfully moved extremely heavy weights at a pace.
"The demonstration indicated that big stones could have been moved using this ball bearing system with roughly ten oxen and may have been able to transport stones up to ten miles per day.
"This method also has no lasting impact on the landscape, as the tracks with the ball bearings are moved along leap-frogging each other as the tracks get moved up the line."
He added: "It demonstrates that the concept works. It does not prove that Neolithic people used this method, but it was and is possible.
"This is a radical new departure, because previous ideas were not particularly effective in transporting large stones and left unanswered questions about the archaeological record they would have left behind."
The next stage in the project is to collaborate with the engineering experts at the University who can calculate the loads which could be transported using various combinations of variables such as hard wood and U-shaped grooves.
This will provide the mathematical evidence to see how much force would be needed to get the stone moving and to keep it moving.
This will enable the project team to gain an even greater understanding of how stones may have been transported across huge distances and even up hills.
The ultimate goal is for a full-scale experiment in Aberdeenshire using more authentic materials, stone balls and a team of oxen.
Categories : Blue Stones, megalith, Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, Stonehenge news, UK Stone Circles
New Stonehenge book launched – Stonehenge Times Square BC
New Stonehenge book
Discover the Ultimate Function and Purpose of Stonehenge
Where would you be without your diary to check your appointments for the week, or your calendar to work out dates?
We are all ruled by hours, days, weeks and months – from getting up in the morning, to working out schedules, to planning holidays and important functions. In addition to this, most of us have heard of the mysterious, starkly beautiful monument, Stonehenge, and have wondered as to its construction. Be this as it may, how often have we given any thought as to how (and why) this Heritage Site was originated? Are we at all aware of the key role it has played in the concept of 'time' and in our New Year celebrations?
Once you have an understanding of the four ancient calendars, revealed and explained in this fascinating window to the past, you will realise that Stonehenge was a site of enormous importance and significance to the ancients. The monument was in fact a device or tool, for revealing the exact date of the year.
More importantly, we are given a glimpse of how the ancients discovered and designed their calendars with little more than sticks and stones to work with. Discover too, the accuracy of their calendars, which were accurate to within a day. Their solar calendar consisted of 365 days had 52 weeks, with 3 seasons of 91 days and 1 season of 92 days. Discover how 12, 30 day months were introduced around 3600 years ago with 5 tagged on days at the end of the year. This last calendar is known to have been used by both the Babylonians and Egyptians.
About the BookThe key points in any solar calendar are alignments with both midsummer and midwinter. Very early on, an important discovery made at Stonehenge was that certain of the megaliths would have aligned perfectly with the midsummer and midwinter solstices approximately 5000 years ago, when the monument was built.
Stonehenge, as it is seen today, is impressive and has fostered many theories as to its original function and purpose. However, this megalithic monument, impressive as it is, is not the full story. Archaeologists have discovered that before the Megaliths (Sarsen stones) were erected, there were earlier structures dating back to as far as 5000 years ago. The area at Stonehenge was in use long before the Sarsen megaliths were erected.
The author of Stonehenge: Times Square BC, Faith Booysen, realized that although some theories held for certain of the structures, taken as a whole, most theories did not explain the older structures.
Working on the assumption that these structures were calendars, her calculations proved that this was, indeed, so.
Her book, Stonehenge: Times Square BC sets out in detail the remarkable calculations and details of four calendars at Stonehenge. The brilliance of the ancient designers and builders are reflected in these calendars. With little more than primitive tools, they designed and built calendars that lasted for hundreds, if not thousands of years. The calendars formed the basis of the calendar we use to this day. Discover how the calendars evolved over a period of 1650 years from a circle of 56 wooden posts to the massive monument we see today.
Extract from the BookWe might never truly know whether the designers were local or foreign to Britain. What we do know is that designing and building calendars with primitive tools, required genius. Civilisation, it can be said, is built upon such genius, dedication and persistence.
These stone structures were built to last and because of this, crucial knowledge was passed down to future generations. Everything from a simple coffee in the morning to space exploration, testifies to this. Sadly, with the advent of written language, these structures fell into disuse and disrepair. Even so, after 5000 years and with little more than holes in the ground, scattered stones and a few remaining megaliths, we are able to reconstruct and understand their calendars." Extract from Stonehenge: Times Square BC
About the AuthorThe author, Faith Booysen, has always had an overwhelming interest in the stone structures of the ancient world. Stonehenge in particular, held a strong fascination and in 2006, while watching a TV program on "Foamhenge" (a precise model of Stonehenge in polystyrene), she realized that the monument was only part of an equation and that the ancients would have used either loose stones or logs to mark their calendars daily.
It soon became obvious that the ruin of the Stonehenge monument seen today was preceded by other calendars. Stonehenge: Times Square BC is the result. Once the author had resolved the oldest calendar (the Aubrey Posts), she studied the remaining structures at Stonehenge and Woodhenge and these were revealed to be precise solar calendars. Mount Pleasant, a Neolithic henge in Dorset that supported wooden posts, proved to be a precise solar calendar as well.
Merlins CommentIt is obvious that the author knows and loves her subject and she has done some meticulous research to compile this fascinating account of the origins of our modern-day calendars and traditions behind our New Year celebrations.
Even those who are not ruled by the clock, or who are science buffs, will find that this absorbing account of the early designers who built one of the most fascinating monuments known to man and who made time and motion as we know it today all possible, makes you forget all about the time.
Link to TimeHenge book – http://www.timehenge.com/Link to Stonehenge Book Shop
Comments : 4 Comments »
Categories : Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, stonehenge book, Stonehenge news, Stonehenge tours, UK Stone Circles, Winter Solstice, world heritage site
Stonehenge was 'part of crazy golf course for race of giant humans' claims archaeologist
The ancient mystery of the Bronze Age monument known as Stonehenge was finally unlocked this week, after Britain's most eminent archaeologist announced that his exhaustive twelve-year study conclusively proved that the monument was part of an ancient crazy-golf course that covered much of Wiltshire and was used by holidaying giant humans 'who were taller than a really big tree'.
Professor Arnold Cockburn of Cambridge University, has devoted much of his life to this study of Europe's greatest Bronze Age monument, and several colleagues looked a little uneasy as he made the announcement at a press conference for the science journal Nature.
'Look at the shaft of this massive nine-iron golf club, that at the time was dismissed as section of old gas pipe.' He said. 'It proves that our ancestors were about a hundred feet high and built Stonehenge as the final hole in a novelty mini-golf range that stretched from Salisbury Plain to Maiden Castle' he declared.
At this point his former colleague Sir Bryan Peterson interjected to say 'Arnold has worked very hard on this research project, and I think the strain of it all may have clouded his usually razor-sharp mind. Especially with Deirdre leaving him like that. Arnold, why don't we go and have a drink, I could help you redraft the research project?'
But Professor Cockburn was undaunted by the discomfort of the attendant journalists, adding that the hundred foot hunter-gatherers were also into Swingball, ping-pong and bike polo. 'Although they were very tall, they had really small heads, and spoke with a marked Scandinavian accent, like that chef on the Muppets' continued Britain's leading academic on ancient European anthropology.
Professor Arnold was recently arrested for trying to run over his wife's lesbian lover while under the influence of alcohol and was offered paid leave by Cambridge University on condition that he sought medical help. But he claimed that his studies were the only thing that were keeping him sane, and resolved to see the project through to the end.
'Arnold has had a pretty rough time of recently' said another Cambridge don 'and has clearly gone off his mind with this 'crazy golf for giants' theory. You only have to look at Stonehenge to realize that the giants obviously built it for croquet.'
History can't always be serious, hope you liked this Stoonehenge spoof…….
Categories : funny, Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, Stonehenge news, Stonehenge tours, wiltshire
Did Stonehenge's Builders Use Ball Bearings?
When it comes to mystical places on Earth, few can rival Stonehenge — the enigmatic stone monument sitting on the Salisbury Plain of southern England. And now comes a new theory that suggests the Neolithic builders who erected Stonehenge may have used ball bearings to move the giant stones into place.
Aligned in a circle and made up of 30 vertical standing stones — called megaliths — over 10 feet tall and weighing many tons, Stonehenge is believed to be somewhere between 3,000 and 5,000 years old.
An archaeological study, the Stonehenge Riverside Project, suggested in 2008 that the original purpose of Stonehenge was as a burial ground.
Researchers say the massive stones of Stonehenge could have been moved 10 miles a day using ball bearings.
But other questions raised about the structure have led scientists to wonder whether there wasn't a more mystical or scientific reason for its existence, including the speculation that Stonehenge was built as a sophisticated astronomical observatory. Researchers have thought that the Stonehenge stones were aligned in such a way to accurately observe the heavens.
One of the lingering questions about Stonehenge is how the ancient builders were able to transport the huge stone slabs a distance of 150 miles from their quarry to the Salisbury Plain.
Now, scientists believe they've solved that mystery, the Daily Mail reports. In ongoing experiments, researchers from the University of Exeter have used wooden ball bearings placed in long grooves dug from wood planks.
When they put heavy concrete slabs onto a platform — resting above the balls — they found it was easier to move them.
Archaeologist Andrew Young added his own weight to the experiment by sitting on top of the slabs.
"The true test was when a colleague used his index finger to move me forward. A mere push and the slabs and I shot forward," Young said. "This proved the balls could move large heavy objects and could be a viable explanation of how giant stones were moved."
The researchers believe that, using this ball bearing technique along with several oxen, Stonehenge's builders could have transported the massive stones 10 miles a day, or approximately two weeks from the quarry to their final destination.
All that's known for certain is that the builders of Stonehenge left no explanation of how they did it or why.
An upcoming National Geographic special, "Stonehenge Decoded," will consider the various theories to explain the purpose of Stonehenge: prehistoric computer, celestial observatory, place of worship, burial ground and, even, extraterrestrial origin.
Read more at the Daily Mail and National Geographic.
Categories : Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, Stonehenge news, wiltshire
English Heritage Gift of Membership makes the ideal Christmas present
Gift of Membership
For the person who has everything. Why not buy them an English Heritage membership
English Heritage Gift of Membership makes the ideal Christmas present – free entry to over 400 English Heritage properties for a whole year! The gift of membership comes as a beautifully branded card, plus we offer felixible delivery options.
Your Gift of Membership also includes:
exclusive members' magazine Heritage Today
free English Heritage Handbook worth £8.95
free entry for up to six accompanying children (under 19 – within the family group)
free or reduced price entry to 100s of special events
free or reduced price entry to over 100 associated attractions
Please bear in mind that the last order dates for Christmas delivery are: delivery to UK: Friday 17th December, delivery to Western Europe: Thursday 9th December, delivery to Rest of World: Thursday 2nd December.
External Link: http://www.stonehenge-stone-circle.co.uk/overseas-visitor-pass.htm
Thats my Mum and Dad sorted!
Categories : Christmas tours, Stonehenge, Stonehenge Visitor Centre, world heritage site
£10m investment from the Heritage Lottery Fund for Stonehenge
Today, the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) has announced confirmed funding¹ of £10m for Stonehenge in Wiltshire.
Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF)
Dame Jenny Abramsky, Chair of the Heritage Lottery Fund, said:
"Stonehenge is one of the archaeological wonders of the world. It demonstrates the vital role heritage plays within the UK's tourism industry as well as being a great example of our fascinating history. This Heritage Lottery Fund investment will help transform this site and give people a much greater understanding of why it is so significant."
Stonehenge, described as 'the most architecturally sophisticated pre-historic stone circle in the world'², was constructed and in use between 3,000BC to 1,600BC. It is thought to have been used for a variety of religious ceremonies and the surrounding landscape – a World Heritage Site -contains over 700 known archaeological features. Stonehenge attracts 900,000 visitors every year from across the globe.
New Stonehenge visitor centre design
Neil Oliver, archaeologist, historian and broadcaster, said:
"Stonehenge is one of the most famous and important archaeological sites in the world – right up there with the Pyramids of Egypt and the Colosseum in Rome. Just the sound of the word makes us wonder about our ancient past and our ancestors."
"It's therefore fantastic news that thanks to this grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, visitors will have an even better experience than before. Perhaps more importantly, the money will help ensure the magic of that special place will be retained, and looked after into the future. Stonehenge has always been a mind- blowing experience. With this kind of support, it hopefully always will be."
Dr Simon Thurley, Chief Executive of English Heritage, said,
"We are tremendously grateful for this generous grant. Not only does it help to narrow the funding gap for the project considerably, it also sends out a message of confidence about the transformational benefits that the project will bring – to tourism, local economy, and the conservation and public enjoyment of Stonehenge and its landscape. "
HLF's grant will support work to remove the existing visitor facilities allowing the experience of the stones to be more naturally integrated with its ancient processional approach and the surrounding landscape. These much-needed wider improvements will give people the chance to explore what the site would have been like thousands of years ago. The project aims to improve the visitor experience, including the creation of a new carefully designed visitor centre which will include education and exhibition spaces to help people learn more about Stonehenge's history. The project will also support training opportunities and a new volunteering programme.
¹ A confirmed award means that money had already been earmarked by HLF for the project in question and that the full amount has now been secured.
²The World Heritage Committee described Stonehenge as 'the most architecturally sophisticated pre-historic stone circle in the world.'
Using money raised through the National Lottery, the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) sustains and transforms a wide range of heritage for present and future generations to take part in, learn from and enjoy. From museums, parks and historic places to archaeology, natural environment and cultural traditions, we invest in every part of our diverse heritage. HLF has supported 33,900 projects, allocating £4.4billion across the UK.
www.hlf.org.uk
www.English-Heritage.org.uk
Progress, at last……………………… £10 million should do the job nicely!
Categories : Stonehenge, Stonehenge news, Stonehenge Visitor Centre, wiltshire, world heritage site
Heavy rain has caused severe flooding at Stonehenge
• Heavy rain has caused severe flooding on Salisbury Plain
• Scores of residents have been rescued in nearby Amesbury
• Landslides have blocked train routes and the A303
• English Heritage cant open the shop
Stonehenge underwater
Stonehenge rescue efforts hampered by more rain…………………..
It cant all be serious……… and I did promise a few laughs.
Categories : funny, Stonehenge, Stonehenge news, Stonehenge Visitor Centre, wiltshire
Proposals for the new Stonehenge Visitor Centre
English Heritage's plans are the culmination of months of working closely with a range of stakeholders and engaging with local residents.
Well worth a look!
Click here for the new English Heritage Stonehenge Proposal Video
Wot no roads ? Future aerial view of Stonehenge
The scheme fulfils a long standing ambition to improve the facilities on offer to the many hundreds of thousands who visit each year and to restore a sense of dignity to the setting of one of the world's most loved ancient monuments. It includes:
a new environmentally sensitive visitor centre 1.5miles away at Airman's Corner with high quality exhibition and education facilities;
a low-key visitor transit system that will transport visitors from the visitor centre to a drop-off point close to the Stones;
removal of the current car park and facilities at the Stones. The area will be returned to grass, leaving only a minimal operations/security base and emergency toilets;
closure of the A344. Wiltshire Council will apply to restrict motorised vehicles on the A344 from the Stones to Airman's Corner (with exemptions) and also on byways within the World Heritage Site; and
an upgrade of the Airman's Corner road junction to a roundabout. The Highways Agency will also make improvements at Longbarrow Crossroads to mitigate the effects of the A344 closure.
Comments and links from the Heritage Journal
Forget the new Visitor Centre (who knows if it will be like that or built there or built at all this side of the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro) but look at the rest! It certainly looks excellent.
We do have a few concerns – the land train for one. It looks a lot better and less intrusive than we feared it might – or still could but it would be nice to know it will look like that and there's no question of it doing other than going from A to B and back and that having it buzzing all over the WHS won't be considered.
We also wonder if this seductive vision of no fences, no ropes and apparently full access to the stones, that we'd all like, can actually prove viable? What about erosion? And security? How are they going to be dealt with?
But most of all we wonder about the fact the government has said all the good stuff like closing part of the road can't happen unless the new Visitor Centre gets built! The latter doesn't seem exactly a definite which means the good stuff might not happen either.
We're certainly not alone in seeing the road closure as terribly important in it's own right. Rescue and the Stonehenge Alliance for two! Surely, after all these years, a way can be found to treat the closure and grassing over of the road adjacent to the stones as THE UK heritage priority?
And just DOING it?
(And if money's a problem, just run a public appeal. It would probably be one of the best supported ones in history!)
Progress at last…………..
Categories : Stonehenge, Stonehenge news, Stonehenge Visitor Centre
Canadian Archeologists given access to Bluehenge
Eerie, foreboding, mysterious and yet utterly familiar, the stone monuments at Stonehenge are part of the popular consciousness, and yet not much is known about them except that they predate recorded history.
Bluehenge
Until now, that is.
An archeological research team from PBS's science program Nova was recently granted unique access to a stone-circle monument little more than a mile from the famous site in Wiltshire, England.
This new site, discovered just over two years ago and dubbed Bluestonehenge – or just plain Bluehenge – has prompted a renewed wave of speculation and investigation, using the latest in high-tech gadgetry and breakthroughs in carbon-dating techniques.
Armchair archeologists will get a kick out of Nova's findings, which are even more compelling, because they're presented as dry, scientific history, with none of the hype, loud music or tacky dramatized recreations of most docureality TV shows.
The big questions – who built Stonehenge, why, and how on earth did they manage without engineering blueprints, heavy machinery and construction unions – remain elusive, but it's hard not to share the researchers' excitement and enthusiasm as they seem to draw ever closer to the answers. The discovery of traces of charcoal, for example, suggests that some kind of ritual fire or ceremonial burnings happened there – shades of The Wicker Man – and it's fun to let one's imagination wander, in the best tradition of folk tales.
Archeologists have since hypothesized that stones may have been removed from Bluehenge around 2500 BC and used to shore up Stonehenge itself, which is known to have undergone major restoration around that time. One theory holds that Bluehenge was a place of life, where the living gathered, and Stonehenge was the "domain of the dead," and ancient Britain's first known cemetery.
Whether Stonehenge was created by the ancient Celts or by the magician Merlin, or by space aliens of the Erich von Daniken variety, the ruins' origin and purpose remain one of the most enduring mysteries facing humankind today.
More than a million people make a pilgrimage to Salisbury Plain every year, and hardly any of them know why. Perhaps it was the site of the original Burning Man. (what ?)
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=23928
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8288567.stm
http://blog.histouries.co.uk/2010/02/28/bluehenge-unearthed-prehistoric-site-that-could-be-famous-stone-circles-little-sister/
blog: http://www.canada.com/tv guy
Categories : Blue Stones, funny, special access tours, Stonehenge, Stonehenge archaeological digs, Stonehenge news, wiltshire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Only a book is enough to change the course of your life.
There are moments in relationship when you didn't speak, you didn't have to; but you talked a lot.
To a woman, the first kiss tells all about a relationship.
Sometimes it's OK to go with the flow; you need not to be a winner, diverse, superior, special EVERYTIME.
Men wouldn't lie that much to the women in their life, if the women don't ask so many questions.
Read different to think differently; world is already into rat race.
Reading is like a bridge which fills the gap between the real world and the imaginations.
If you don't want to waste your time on thinking, start reading.


DVD PLAYER!!! ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM!!! ACURA WATCH PKG!!! AWD!!! TECH PKG!!! 4 BRAND NEW TIRES!!! LOADED!!! HEATED LEATHER SEATS!!! SUNROOF!!! GORGEOUS!!! STUNNING CALIFORNIA ONE OWNER LEASE RETURN!!!!!! WOW!!! CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED WITH WARRANTY!!! NAV!!! BLUETOOTH!!! HANDSFREE CALLING!!! BACK UP CAM!!! AUX INPUT!!! SUPER CLEAN!!! CarFax has Certified a CLEAN TITLE!!! STUNNINGLY BEAUTIFUL 2016 Acura MDX Tech Pkg AWD!!! SERIOUSLY LOOKS LIKE NEW INSIDE AND OUT!!! Drives like a dream! Just buy and drive!!


text:
Papoose pays his respects with "Obituary 2021"
Cordae wrote "Momma's Hood" the day after one of his close friends was killed.
Twitter discusses JAY-Z's 'In My Lifetime, Vol. 1' album, HOV weighs in
The billionaire hip hop mogul hasn't shared a tweet since October 2021.
Ne-Yo discusses how R&B has changed: "I love you became you my bitch"
On Monday (Jan. 17), fans will get to watch Ne-Yo hit the stage as the ...
Fact Check | Is it true that Stevie Wonder played a role in Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day becoming a federal holiday?
Every third Monday in January, the United States pauses for the federal holiday observance of ...
By Bianca Alysse
Jasmine Guy says Bill Cosby scandals were heartbreaking to the Black community
Guy said she talked to men in her life to try to gain insight into ...


Yesterday evening, trooper Zachary J. Smith from the Indiana State Police Post at Sellersburg followed up with an anonymous tip that was provided to the Indiana State Police Meth Suppression Section.
The tip led Trooper Smith along with other troopers to a residence located at 5469 Fertig Creek Road in Floyd Knobs. While at the residence troopers spoke with two occupants of the residence who were identified as Kevin M. Fessel, 41 and Tracy L. Fentress, 33, both were residing at the above mentioned address. While speaking to the individuals troopers observed criminal indicators associated with the manufacturing of Methamphetamine.
A search warrant was obtained for the residence. During the search of the residence and a garage located on the property, a working Methamphetamine Lab, several grams of Methamphetamine and paraphernalia were located.
Kevin M. Fessel and Tracy L. Fentress were both placed under arrest and incarcerated at the Floyd County Jail on the initial charges of, Manufacturing Methamphetamine, Possession of Pre-Cursors used in the Manufacturing of Methamphetamine, Possession of Paraphernalia and Maintaining a Common Nuisance.
Assisting Agencies- Floyd County Sherriff's Department and Floyd County Prosecutor's Office.


Over the years, we've gotten a lot of calls about the histogram. Here are a couple of the most common errors users make with their data.
Process capability metrics formulas use the range as part of the sigma estimator formula. Ranges are calculated as the difference between consecutive data points. For example, cell B3 below is the difference between A3 and A2.
When you sort the data, it eliminates the natural range between each individual measurement and substitutes an artificial one that's very small. When you do this, Cp and Cpk increase dramatically. Below are two histograms using the same data. The first one has data with normal variation; the second one has sorted data.
Notice the graphs look the same BUT the Cp and Cpk values are different.
Tip: When Cp and Pp, or Cpk and Ppk differ dramatically, the data might have been sorted or the process may be too out of control for analysis.
QI Macros mistake proofs your analysis by comparing Cp to Pp and Cpk to Ppk. If the differences are significant, an error box will pop up and the Cp Cpk and Pp Ppk values will be turned red.
Many machines produce single columns of data, but the data is actually in subgroups with a sample size of five. When using subgroups of five, the range or standard deviation is calculated across the five samples. (5 samples uses Sbar/c4 instead of Rbar/d2).
Tip: a subgroupis a group of measurements produced under the same set of conditions.
Some people still try to calculate Cp and Cpk using standard deviation (stdev), not Sigma estimator. Stdev is used to calculate Pp and Ppk.


text:
#include <boost/numeric/ublas/vector_sparse.hpp>
#include <boost/numeric/ublas/io.hpp>

int main () {
    using namespace boost::numeric::ublas;
    compressed_vector<double> v (3, 3);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < v.size (); ++ i)
        v (i) = i;
    std::cout << v << std::endl;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A thin, dehydrated cat presents to the clinic with the complaint of malaise, inappetence, and weight loss. I tent his skin and watch as I let go, the gummy flap at the nape of his neck sitting still instead of snapping smartly back in place. His breath has the sour smell a vet might describe as "uremic", common in cats with renal failure as the kidneys are overwhelmed with their job of filtering waste from the blood. Bloodwork confirms what we suspect: this older cat is in kidney failure, and despite the amount of supportive care we have to offer, the bottom line is this: it's an irreversible disease.
All diseases have their share of distress and frustrations; in feline medicine, renal disease is one of the worst. It's one of the most common conditions we see in older cats. Although there are specific, known causative agents for some types of renal failure, things like toxins, autoimmune disease, and infection, much of the time we have no idea what causes it. As the kidneys lose function, a litany of unpleasant secondary issues develop: hypertension, anemia, ulcerations, vomiting. Owners do what they can to stay on top of the symptoms with administration of fluids, special diets, and medications, but the overall course is frustrating, uncomfortable, and challenging for both the pet and the owner.
So it was with great interest that I read this abstract from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, out this week: "Feline morbillivirus, a previously undescribed paramyxovirus associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis in domestic cats." That's the actual abstract for the bio-nerds types like me who like reading about paramyxoviruses. For those thinking, "huh?" Stephanie Pappas at LiveScience does a great job translating the study and its implications.
To summarize the summary, a group of researchers in Hong Kong went on a hunt for a feline morbillivirus, a family of viruses known to infect humans (measles, mumps) and dogs (distemper.) In a study of 457 stray cats, the virus was found in 12%. So to answer the first question, does this virus exist in cats, the answer is yes. Then they asked, what body systems does it affect?
Translation: The researchers examined 27 stray cats who had passed away from various causes. Of 12 who were positive for the virus, 7 had signs of kidney damage (58%). Of the 15 who were not positive for the virus, only 2 (13%) had kidney damage. And if I read the abstract correctly, they were further able to isolate viral protein within the kidney cells themselves. Heady stuff.
So we'll see- if it does turn out that this virus is one of the causes of renal disease in cats, the implications could be big. We have vaccines for measles, mumps, and distemper. The idea that one day in the future we may be able to vaccinate cats and save some from that horrible spectre of death by renal failure is one that fills me with joy.
So rock on, researchers. Pursuing a PhD in a biological science was something I considered at one point, but the truth is I was never possessed of the right temperament for that job. I've never been one with the meticulous nature and attention to detail needed to do what they do, but man, when I hear stories like this, I am so glad that someone else does.
Wow! That would be wonderful. As one of those owners who has gone through giving fluids, supplements, prescription diet, etc, I was able to give my cat Zeke, about an extra four years. Then last fall when my poor sweet Ally went into renal failure it was just too fast and that wasn't an option. How wonderful if there was a chance that a vaccine could be discovered that could prevent at least some cases.
Oh, this would be fabulous!
That's hopeful. We caught my cats renal failure early and with the right diet and medication she had many happy YEARS after the diagnosis. The end was tough as hell to see her quickly waste away. If there's a way to prevent it, it'll save a lot of heartache.
Years- how wonderful. Such a gift to know about these problems early enough to start interventions.
That would be awesome. There are a lot of people, especially my 90 year old mother-in-law, who would LOVE to find a cure for her cat!
Oh, wow. We just lost our cat to renal failure, and we're in the process of watching my mother-in-law's cat go through the same thing. It would be AMAZING to be able to do something more about it than just keep them as comfortable as possible.


Deposition Author(s): Welin, M., Skovgaard, T., Knecht, W., Berenstein, D., Munch-Petersen, B., Piskur, J., Eklund, H.
Structural basis for the changed substrate specificity of Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase mutant N64D.
Welin, M., Skovgaard, T., Knecht, W., Zhu, C., Berenstein, D., Munch-Petersen, B., Piskur, J., Eklund, H.
The Drosophila melanogaster deoxyribonucleoside kinase (Dm-dNK) double mutant N45D/N64D was identified during a previous directed evolution study. This mutant enzyme had a decreased activity towards the natural substrates and decreased feedback inhibition with dTTP, whereas the activity with 3'-modified nucleoside analogs like 3'-azidothymidine (AZT) was nearly unchanged. Here, we identify the mutation N64D as being responsible for these changes. Furthermore, we crystallized the mutant enzyme in the presence of one of its substrates, thymidine, and the feedback inhibitor, dTTP. The introduction of the charged Asp residue appears to destabilize the LID region (residues 167-176) of the enzyme by electrostatic repulsion and no hydrogen bond to the 3'-OH is made in the substrate complex by Glu172 of the LID region. This provides a binding space for more bulky 3'-substituents like the azido group in AZT but influences negatively the interactions between Dm-dNK, substrates and feedback inhibitors based on deoxyribose. The detailed picture of the structure-function relationship provides an improved background for future development of novel mutant suicide genes for Dm-dNK-mediated gene therapy.


text:
Future of Hope
This past year has held layers of loss and grief and rupture as well as tectonic shifts of opening and learning and possibility. We walk into a world trying to open up, fitfully, that we must in many ways remake. At On Being, we're feeling called to walk alongside others listening, asking and leading. So in the year ahead we are going to be bringing a stunning array of voices having the conversations they want to be hearing now.
Pico Iyer and Elizabeth Gilbert
The Future of Hope 3
Pico Iyer is an esteemed journalist and essayist, and an explorer of inner life — for himself and in 21st-century society. For this episode in our Future of Hope series, he draws out writer Elizabeth Gilbert and "her sense of hope based not on a confidence in happy endings, but the conviction that something makes sense — even if not a sense that we can grasp." Pico's questions and Liz's answers are all the more poignant given that both of them have recently suffered deep losses. These two friends delve into what it means to retreat into smallness, and grapple with a complex understanding of hope, as the world continues to overwhelm.
Darnell Moore and dream hampton
We're in a time as thick with uncertainty as with possibility. Many of us are still, and again, exhausted — and yet opening, fitfully, to what we've learned and have been called to at this moment in the life of the world. Toward nourishing that, the second offering in our new series, The Future of Hope, with social creative Darnell Moore in conversation with filmmaker dream hampton. The influence they wield spans hip-hop to Netflix to the Oscars; from the Movement for Black Lives to Surviving R. Kelly.
It is an honor to enter this tender, intimate conversation between two dear friends. In them we experience a muscular hope in justice oriented toward redemption — and calling out in a spirit of "calling in."
Kate Bowler and Wajahat Ali
The Future of Hope
An irreverent conversation about hope between journalist Wajahat Ali and theologian Kate Bowler. They speak to this moment we're in through the friendship they found on the edge of life and death that is cancer — Wajahat through his young daughter; and Kate with a stage 4 diagnosis at the age of 35 that she's chronicled in a beloved memoir, Everything Happens for a Reason (And Other Lies I've Loved). Their conversation is rich with practical wisdom for facing uncertainty and mortality, losses we did not foresee, and new beginnings we would not have chosen.
This is the first in a new series, The Future of Hope — a beautiful array of voices, former guests on this show, having the conversations they want to be hearing in this time.
The Future of Hope — Trailer
We're calling this series The Future of Hope: Wajahat Ali with Kate Bowler; Darnell Moore with dream hampton; Pico Iyer with Elizabeth Gilbert; Ai-jen Poo with Tarana Burke; plus David Treuer, Claudia Rankine, Brother Guy Consolmagno, Katherine May, and many more.
We'll begin on Sept. 16. Follow us on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Overcast, or wherever you listen.
The Pause
Step away from the week with us.
The Pause is our Saturday morning newsletter, a gathering of threads from the far-flung, ongoing conversation that is The On Being Project. Stay up to date with our latest podcasts, writings, live events, and more.
Subscribe to Future of Hope


Glenn examines the technological changes that are driving the need for employers to engage with their people. He asks how companies can create customer advocacy if they only have employee satisfaction. He discusses companies that engage their people versus eliminate their people, and he presents his own practical vision for employee engagement – The Engagement Bridge™.


text:
Q: "syntax error: data truncated" when parsing AppStore Receipts I am trying decode an asn1 object which follows the following format:
ReceiptModule DEFINITIONS ::=
BEGIN

ReceiptAttribute ::= SEQUENCE {
    type    INTEGER,
    version INTEGER,
    value   OCTET STRING
}

Payload ::= SET OF ReceiptAttribute

END

as per https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/releasenotes/General/ValidateAppStoreReceipt/Chapters/ValidateLocally.html.
However when I try and decode some samples (some examples can be found here), I am consistently getting
asn1: syntax error: data truncated

here is a reference to the playground I am testing this in: https://go.dev/play/p/K12y0jzwzSQ
When I paste the structure, and receipt into the following online tool: https://asn1.io/asn1playground/ I am able to decode the receipt.
I think I must be mis understanding how this asn1 library works. Hoping someone can help shed some light.


Antique fine silver chalice with Minerva hallmarks of 950 1st titre French silver complete with matching patten. Superb decoration with turquoise and enameled Maltese cross. Chalice measures 25 cm in height and measures 17 cm across the base and 10 cm across the cup (cup is 8 cm in height). Patten measures 14 cm across. This item is also available for sale through the shop and may be withdrawn.
The item "Antique fine chalice with Minerva hallmarks for 950 1st titre French all silver" is in sale since Thursday, March 28, 2019. This item is in the category "Antiques\Silver\Silverplate\Cups & Goblets".
The seller is "incizjoni" and is located in B'Kara. This item can be shipped worldwide.


(2) The Brick Moon is a short story written by an American man called Edward Everett Hale in the 19th century. It is the first known fictional description of an artificial satellite. The story is written as if it were a journal. It describes the construction and launch into orbit of a sphere, 200 ft. in diameter, built of bricks. It was intended as a navigational aid for ships, but is accidentally launched with people aboard. It also provides the first known fictional description of a space station.
I have no sort of objection now to telling the whole story. The subscribers, of course, have a right to know what became of their money. The astronomers may as well know all about it, before they announce any more asteroids with an enormous movement in declination. And experimenters on the longitude may as well know, so that they may act advisedly in attempting another brick moon or in refusing to do so.
It all began more than thirty years ago, when we were in college; as most good things begin. We were studying in the book which has gray sides and a green back, and is called "Cambridge Astronomy" because it is translated from the French. We came across this business of the longitude, and, as we talked, in the gloom and glamour of the old South Middle dining-hall, we had going the usual number of students' stories about rewards offered by the Board of Longitude for discoveries in that matter,-- stories, all of which, so far as I know, are lies. Like all boys, we had tried our hands at perpetual motion. For me, I was sure I could square the circle, if they would give me chalk enough. But as to this business of the longitude, it was reserved for Q. to make the happy hit and to explain it to the rest of us.
 Wherever Q. is referred to in these pages my brother Nathan is meant. One of his noms de plume was Gnat Q. Hale, because G and Q may be silent letters.
I wonder if I can explain it to an unlearned world, which has not studied the book with gray sides and a green cambric back. Let us try.
You know then, dear world, that when you look at the North Star, it always appears to you at just the same height above the horizon or what is between you and the horizon: say the Dwight School-house, or the houses in Concord Street; or to me, just now, North College. You know also that, if you were to travel to the North Pole, the North Star would be just over your head. And, if you were to travel to the equator, it would be just on your horizon, if you could see it at all through the red, dusty, hazy mist in the north, as you could not. If you were just half-way between pole and equator, on the line between us and Canada, the North Star would be half-way up, or 45@ from the horizon. So you would know there that you were 45@ from the equator. Then in Boston, you would find it was 42@ 20' from the horizon. So you know there that you are 42@ 20' from the equator. At Seattle again you would find it was 47@ 40' high, so our friends at Seattle know that they are at 47@ 40' from the equator. The latitude of a place, in other words, is found very easily by any observation which shows how high the North Star is; if you do not want to measure the North Star, you may take any star when it is just to north of you, and measure its height; wait twelve hours, and if you can find it, measure its height again. Split the difference, and that is the altitude of the pole, or the latitude of you, the observer.
"Of course we know this," says the graduating world. "Do you suppose that is what we borrow your book for, to have you spell out your miserable elementary astronomy?" At which rebuff I should shrink distressed, but that a chorus of voices an octave higher comes up with, "Dear Mr. Ingham, we are ever so much obliged to you; we did not know it at all before, and you make it perfectly clear."
Thank you, my dear, and you, and you. We will not care what the others say. If you do understand it, or do know it, it is more than Mr. Charles Reade knew, or he would not have made his two lovers on the island guess at their latitude, as they did. If they had either of them been educated at a respectable academy for the Middle Classes, they would have fared better.
The latitude, which you have found, measures your distance north or south from the equator or the pole. To find your longitude, you want to find your distance east or west from the meridian of Greenwich. Now, if any one would build a good tall tower at Greenwich, straight into the sky,--say a hundred miles into the sky,--of course if you and I were east or west of it, and could see it, we could tell how far east or west we were by measuring the apparent height of the tower above our horizon. If we could see so far, when the lantern with a Drummond's light, "ever so bright," on the very top of the tower, appeared to be on our horizon, we should know we were eight hundred and seventy-three miles away from it. The top of the tower would answer for us as the North Star does when we are measuring the latitude. If we were nearer, our horizon would make a longer angle with the line from the top to our place of vision. If we were farther away, we should need a higher tower.
But nobody will build any such tower at Greenwich, or elsewhere on that meridian, or on any meridian. You see that to be of use to the half the world nearest to it, it would have to be so high that the diameter of the world would seem nothing in proportion. And then, for the other half of the world you would have to erect another tower as high on the other side. It was this difficulty that made Q. suggest the expedient of the Brick Moon.
For you see that if, by good luck, there were a ring like Saturn's which stretched round the world, above Greenwich and the meridian of Greenwich, and if it would stay above Greenwich, turning with the world, any one who wanted to measure his longitude or distance from Greenwich would look out of window and see how high this ring was above his horizon. At Greenwich it would be over his head exactly. At New Orleans, which is quarter round the world from Greenwich, it would be just in his horizon. A little west of New Orleans you would begin to look for the other half of the ring on the west instead of the east; and if you went a little west of the Feejee Islands the ring would be over your head again. So if we only had a ring like that, not round the equator of the world,--as Saturn's ring is around Saturn,--but vertical to the plane of the equator, as the brass ring of an artificial globe goes, only far higher in proportion,-- "from that ring," said Q., pensively, "we could calculate the longitude."
"Yes," said Q., "but we must make a large pea." Then we fell to work on plans for making the pea very large and very light. Large,--that it might be seen far away by storm-tossed navigators: light,--that it might be the easier blown four thousand and odd miles into the air; lest it should fall on the heads of the Greenlanders or the Patagonians; lest they should be injured and the world lose its new moon. But, of course, all this lath- and-plaster had to be given up. For the motion through the air would set fire to this moon just as it does to other aerolites, and all your lath-and-plaster would gather into a few white drops, which no Rosse telescope even could discern. "No," said Q. bravely, "at the least it must be very substantial. It must stand fire well, very well. Iron will not answer. It must be brick; we must have a Brick Moon."
Themselves the owners and their sons the crew.
On the other hand, we did not want our moon two hundred and fifty thousand miles away, as the old moon is, which I will call the Thornbush moon, for distinction. We did not care how near it was, indeed, if it were only far enough away to be seen, in practice, from almost the whole world. There must be a little strip where they could not see it from the surface, unless we threw it infinitely high. "But they need not look from the surface," said Q.; "they might climb to the mast-head. And if they did not see it at all, they would know that they were ninety degrees from the meridian."
This difficulty about what we call "the strip," however, led to an improvement in the plan, which made it better in every way. It was clear that even if "the strip" were quite wide, the moon would have to be a good way off, and, in proportion, hard to see. If, however, we would satisfy ourselves with a moon four thousand miles away, THAT could be seen on the earth's surface for three or four thousand miles on each side; and twice three thousand, or six thousand, is one fourth of the largest circumference of the earth. We did not dare have it nearer than four thousand miles, since even at that distance it would be eclipsed three hours out of every night; and we wanted it bright and distinct, and not of that lurid, copper, eclipse color. But at four thousand miles' distance the moon could be seen by a belt of observers six or eight thousand miles in diameter. "Start, then, two moons,"--this was my contribution to the plan. "Suppose one over the meridian of Greenwich, and the other over that of New Orleans. Take care that there is a little difference in the radii of their orbits, lest they `collide' some foul day. Then, in most places, one or other, perhaps two will come in sight. So much the less risk of clouds: and everywhere there may be one, except when it is cloudy. Neither need be more than four thousand miles off; so much the larger and more beautiful will they be. If on the old Thornbush moon old Herschel with his reflector could see a town-house two hundred feet long, on the Brick Moon young Herschel will be able to see a dab of mortar a foot and a half long, if he wants to. And people without the reflector, with their opera-glasses, will be able to see sufficiently well." And to this they agreed: that eventually there must be two Brick Moons. Indeed, it were better that there should be four, as each must be below the horizon half the time. That is only as many as Jupiter has. But it was also agreed that we might begin with one.
Why we settled on two hundred feet of diameter I hardly know. I think it was from the statement of dear John Farrar's about the impossibility of there being a state house two hundred feet long not yet discovered, on the sunny side of old Thornbush. That, somehow, made two hundred our fixed point. Besides, a moon of two hundred feet diameter did not seem quite unmanageable. Yet it was evident that a smaller moon would be of no use, unless we meant to have them near the world, when there would be so many that they would be confusing, and eclipsed most of the time. And four thousand miles is a good way off to see a moon even two hundred feet in diameter.
Small though we made them on paper, these two-hundred-foot moons were still too much for us. Of course we meant to build them hollow. But even if hollow there must be some thickness, and the quantity of brick would at best be enormous. Then, to get them up! The pea-shooter, of course, was only an illustration. It was long after that time that Rodman and other guns sent iron balls five or six miles in distance,--say two miles, more or less, in height.
Iron is much heavier than hollow brick, but you can build no gun with a bore of two hundred feet now,--far less could you then. No. Q. again suggested the method of shooting oft the moon. It was not to be by any of your sudden explosions. It was to be done as all great things are done,--by the gradual and silent accumulation of power. You all know that a flywheel--heavy, very heavy on the circumference, light, very light within it--was made to save up power, from the time when it was produced to the time when it was wanted. Yes? Then, before we began even to build the moon, before we even began to make the brick, we would build two gigantic fly-wheels, the diameter of each should be "ever so great," the circumference heavy beyond all precedent, and thundering strong, so that no temptation might burst it. They should revolve, their edges nearly touching, in opposite directions, for years, if it were necessary, to accumulate power, driven by some waterfall now wasted to the world. One should be a little heavier than the other. When the Brick Moon was finished, and all was ready, IT should be gently rolled down a gigantic groove provided for it, till it lighted on the edge of both wheels at the same instant. Of course it would not rest there, not the ten-thousandth part of a second. It would be snapped upward, as a drop of water from a grindstone. Upward and upward; but the heavier wheel would have deflected it a little from the vertical. Upward and northward it would rise, therefore, till it had passed the axis of the world. It would, of course, feel the world's attraction all the time, which would bend its flight gently, but still it would leave the world more and more behind. Upward still, but now southward, till it had traversed more than one hundred and eighty degrees of a circle. Little resistance, indeed, after it had cleared the forty or fifty miles of visible atmosphere. "Now let it fall," said Q., inspired with the vision. "Let it fall, and the sooner the better! The curve it is now on will forever clear the world; and over the meridian of that lonely waterfall,--if only we have rightly adjusted the gigantic flies,--will forever revolve, in its obedient orbit, the--BRICK MOON, the blessing of all seamen,--as constant in all change as its older sister has been fickle, and the second cynosure of all lovers upon the waves, and of all girls left behind them." "Amen," we cried, and then we sat in silence till the clock struck ten; then shook each other gravely by the hand, and left the South Middle dining- hall. Of waterfalls there were plenty that we knew. Fly-wheels could be built of oak and pine, and hooped with iron. Fly-wheels did not discourage us. But brick? One brick is, say, sixty-four cubic inches only. This moon,--though we made it hollow,--see,--it must take twelve million brick. The brick alone will cost sixty thousand dollars!
The brick alone would cost sixty thousand dollars. There the scheme of the Brick Moon hung, an airy vision, for seventeen years,--the years that changed us from young men into men. The brick alone, sixty thousand dollars! For, to boys who have still left a few of their college bills unpaid, who cannot think of buying that lovely little Elzevir which Smith has for sale at auction, of which Smith does not dream of the value, sixty thousand dollars seems as intangible as sixty million sestertia. Clarke, second, how much are sixty million sestertia stated in cowries? How much in currency, gold being at 1.37 1/4/? Right; go up. Stop, I forget myself!
So, to resume, the project of the Brick Moon hung in the ideal, an airy vision, a vision as lovely and as distant as the Brick Moon itself, at this calm moment of midnight when I write, as it poises itself over the shoulder of Orion, in my southern horizon. Stop! I anticipate. Let me keep--as we say in Beadle's Dime Series--to the even current of my story.
"Boards are made of wood, they are long and narrow."
But we do not get on! Seventeen years after, I say, or should have said, dear Orcutt entered my room at Naguadavick again. I had not seen him since the Commencement day when we parted at Cambridge. He looked the same, and yet not the same. His smile was the same, his voice, his tender look of sympathy when I spoke to him of a great sorrow, his childlike love of fun. His waistband was different, his pantaloons were different, his smooth chin was buried in a full beard, and he weighed two hundred pounds if he weighed a gramme. O, the good time we had, so like the times of old! Those were happy days for me in Naguadavick. At that moment my double was at work for me at a meeting of the publishing committee of the Sandemanian Review, so I called Orcutt up to my own snuggery, and we talked over old times; talked till tea was ready. Polly came up through the orchard and made tea for us herself there. We talked on and on, till nine, ten at night, and then it was that dear Orcutt asked me if I remembered the Brick Moon. Remember it? of course I did. And without leaving my chair I opened the drawer of my writing-desk, and handed him a portfolio full of working-drawings on which I had engaged myself for my "third" all that winter. Orcutt was delighted. He turned them over hastily but intelligently, and said: "I am so glad. I could not think you had forgotten. And I have seen Brannan, and Brannan has not forgotten." "Now do you know," said he, "in all this railroading of mine, I have not forgotten. When I built the great tunnel for the Cattawissa and Opelousas, by which we got rid of the old inclined planes, there was never a stone bigger than a peach-stone within two hundred miles of us. I baked the brick of that tunnel on the line with my own kilns. Ingham, I have made more brick, I believe, than any man living in the world!"
 "Every man," says Dr. Peabody, "should have a vocation and an avocation." To which I add,"A third."
"You are the providential man," said I. "Am I not, Fred? More than that," said he; "I have succeeded in things the world counts worth more than brick. I have made brick, and I have made money!"
"One of us make money?" asked I, amazed.
"Even so," said dear Orcutt; "one of us has, made money." And he proceeded to tell me how. It was not in building tunnels, nor in making brick. No! It was by buying up the original stock of the Cattawissa and Opelousas, at a moment when that stock had hardly a nominal price in the market. There were the first mortgage bonds, and the second mortgage bonds, and the third, and I know not how much floating debt; and worse than all, the reputation of the road lost, and deservedly lost. Every locomotive it had was asthmatic. Every car it had bore the marks of unprecedented accidents, for which no one was to blame. Rival lines, I know not how many, were cutting each other's throats for its legitimate business. At this juncture dear George invested all his earnings as a contractor, in the despised original stock,--he actually bought it for 3 1/4 per cent,--good shares that had cost a round hundred to every wretch who had subscribed. Six thousand eight hundred dollars--every cent he had--did George thus invest. Then he went himself to the trustees of the first mortgage, to the trustees of the second, and to the trustees of the third, and told them what he had done.
Now it is personal presence that moves the world. Dear Orcutt has found that out since, if he did not know it before. The trustees who would have sniffed had George written to them, turned round from their desks, and begged him to take a chair, when he came to talk with them. Had he put every penny he was worth into that stock? Then it was worth something which they did not know of, for George Orcutt was no fool about railroads. The man who bridged the Lower Rapidan when a freshet was running was no fool. "What were his plans?"
George did not tell--no, not to lordly trustees--what his plans were. He had plans, but he kept them to himself. All he told them was that he had plans. On those plans he had staked his all. Now, would they or would they not agree to put him in charge of the running of that road, for twelve months, on a nominal salary? The superintendent they had had was a rascal. He had proved that by running away. They knew that George was not a rascal. He knew that he could make this road pay expenses, pay bond-holders, and pay a dividend,--a thing no one else had dreamed of for twenty years. Could they do better than try him?
Of course they could not, and they knew they could not. Of course they sniffed and talked, and waited, and pretended they did not know, and that they must consult, and so forth and so on. But of course they all did try him, on his own terms. He was put in charge of the running of that road.
In one week he showed he should redeem it. In three months he did redeem it!
He advertised boldly the first day: "Infant children at treble price."
The novelty attracted instant remark. And it showed many things. First, it showed he was a humane man, who wished to save human life. He would leave these innocents in their cradles, where they belonged.
Second, and chiefly, the world of travellers saw that the Crichton, the Amadis, the perfect chevalier of the future, had arisen,--a railroad manager caring for the comfort of his passengers!
The first week the number of the C. and O.'s passengers was doubled: in a week or two more freight began to come in, in driblets, on the line which its owners had gone over. As soon as the shops could turn them out, some cars were put on, with arms on which travellers could rest their elbows, with head-rests where they could take naps if they were weary. These excited so much curiosity that one was exhibited in the museum at Cattawissa and another at Opelousas. It may not be generally known that the received car of the American roads was devised to secure a premium offered by the Pawtucket and Podunk Company. Their receipts were growing so large that they feared they should forfeit their charter. They advertised, therefore, for a car in which no man could sleep at night or rest by day,--in which the backs should be straight, the heads of passengers unsupported, the feet entangled in a vice, the elbows always knocked by the passing conductor. The pattern was produced which immediately came into use on all the American roads. But on the Cattawissa and Opelousas this time-honored pattern was set aside. Of course you see the result. Men went hundreds of miles out of their way to ride on the C. and O. The third mortgage was paid off; a reserve fund was piled up for the second; the trustees of the first lived in dread of being paid; and George's stock, which he bought at 3 1/4, rose to 147 before two years had gone by! So was it that, as we sat together in the snuggery, George was worth well-nigh three hundred thousand dollars. Some of his eggs were in the basket where they were laid; some he had taken out and placed in other baskets; some in nests where various hens were brooding over them. Sound eggs they were, wherever placed; and such was the victory of which George had come to tell.
One of us had made money!
On his way he had seen Brannan. Brannan, the pure-minded, right-minded, shifty man of tact, man of brain, man of heart, and man of word, who held New Altona in the hollow of his hand. Brannan had made no money. Not he, nor ever will. But Brannan could do much what he pleased in this world, without money. For whenever Brannan studied the rights and the wrongs of any enterprise, all men knew that what Brannan decided about it was well-nigh the eternal truth; and therefore all men of sense were accustomed to place great confidence in his prophecies. But, more than this, and better, Brannan was an unconscious dog, who believed in the people. So, when he knew what was the right and what was the wrong, he could stand up before two or three thousand people and tell them what was right and what was wrong, and tell them with the same simplicity and freshness with which he would talk to little Horace on his knee. Of the thousands who heard him there would not be one in a hundred who knew that this was eloquence. They were fain to say, as they sat in their shops, talking, that Brannan was not eloquent. Nay, they went so far as to regret that Brannan was not eloquent! If he were only as eloquent as Carker was or as Barker was, how excellent he would be! But when, a month after, it was necessary for them to do anything about the thing he had been speaking of, they did what Brannan had told them to do; forgetting, most likely, that he had ever told them, and fancying that these were their own ideas, which, in fact, had, from his liquid, ponderous, transparent, and invisible common sense, distilled unconsciously into their being. I wonder whether Brannan ever knew that he was eloquent. What I knew, and what dear George knew, was, that he was one of the leaders of men!
Courage, my friends, we are steadily advancing to the Brick Moon!
For George had stopped, and seen Brannan; and Brannan had not forgotten. Seventeen years Brannan had remembered, and not a ship had been lost on a lee-shore because her longitude was wrong,--not a baby had wailed its last as it was ground between wrecked spar and cruel rock,--not a swollen corpse unknown had been flung up upon the sand and been buried with a nameless epitaph,-- but Brannan had recollected the Brick Moon, and had, in the memory-chamber which rejected nothing, stored away the story of the horror. And now George was ready to consecrate a round hundred thousand to the building of the Moon; and Brannan was ready, in the thousand ways in which wise men move the people to and fro, to persuade them to give to us a hundred thousand more; and George had come to ask me if I were not ready to undertake with them the final great effort, of which our old calculations were the embryo. For this I was now to contribute the mathematical certainty and the lore borrowed from naval science, which should blossom and bear fruit when the Brick Moon was snapped like a cherry from the ways on which it was built, was launched into the air by power gathered from a thousand freshets, and, poised at last in its own pre-calculated region of the ether, should begin its course of eternal blessings in one unchanging meridian! Vision of Beneficence and Wonder! Of course I consented.
Oh that you were not so eager for the end! Oh that I might tell you, what now you will never know,--of the great campaign which we then and there inaugurated! How the horrible loss of the Royal Martyr, whose longitude was three degrees awry, startled the whole world, and gave us a point to start from. How I explained to George that he must not subscribe the one hundred thousand dollars in a moment. It must come in bits, when "the cause" needed a stimulus, or the public needed encouragement. How we caught neophyte editors, and explained to them enough to make them think the Moon was well-nigh their own invention and their own thunder. How, beginning in Boston, we sent round to all the men of science, all those of philanthropy, and all those of commerce, three thousand circulars, inviting them to a private meeting at George's parlors at the Revere. How, besides ourselves, and some nice, respectable-looking old gentlemen Brannan had brought over from Podunk with him, paying their fares both ways, there were present only three men,--all adventurers whose projects had failed,-- besides the representatives of the press. How, of these representatives, some understood the whole, and some understood nothing. How, the next day, all gave us "first-rate notices." How, a few days after, in the lower Horticultural Hall, we had our first public meeting. How Haliburton brought us fifty people who loved him,--his Bible class, most of them,--to help fill up; how, besides these, there were not three persons whom we had not asked personally, or one who could invent an excuse to stay away. How we had hung the walls with intelligible and unintelligible diagrams. How I opened the meeting. Of that meeting, indeed, I must tell something.
First, I spoke. I did not pretend to unfold the scheme. I did not attempt any rhetoric. But I did not make any apologies. I told them simply of the dangers of lee-shores. I told them when they were most dangerous,-- when seamen came upon them unawares. I explained to them that, though the costly chronometer, frequently adjusted, made a delusive guide to the voyager who often made a harbor, still the adjustment was treacherous, the instrument beyond the use of the poor, and that, once astray, its error increased forever. I said that we believed we had a method which, if the means were supplied for the experiment, would give the humblest fisherman the very certainty of sunrise and of sunset in his calculations of his place upon the world. And I said that whenever a man knew his place in this world, it was always likely all would go well. Then I sat down.
Then dear George spoke,--simply, but very briefly. He said he was a stranger to the Boston people, and that those who knew him at all knew he was not a talking man. He was a civil engineer, and his business was to calculate and to build, and not to talk. But he had come here to say that he had studied this new plan for the longitude from the Top to the Bottom, and that he believed in it through and through. There was his opinion, if that was worth anything to anybody. If that meeting resolved to go forward with the enterprise, or if anybody proposed to, he should offer his services in any capacity, and without any pay, for its success. If he might only work as a bricklayer, he would work as a bricklayer. For he believed, on his soul, that the success of this enterprise promised more for mankind than any enterprise which was ever likely to call for the devotion of his life. "And to the good of mankind," he said, very simply, "my life is devoted." Then he sat down.
Then Brannan got up. Up to this time, excepting that George had dropped this hint about bricklaying, nobody had said a word about the Moon, far less hinted what it was to be made of. So Ben had the whole to open. He did it as if he had been talking to a bright boy of ten years old. He made those people think that he respected them as his equals. But, in fact, he chose every word, as if not one of them knew anything. He explained, as if it were rather more simple to explain than to take for granted. But he explained as if, were they talking, they might be explaining to him. He led them from point to point,--oh! so much more clearly than I have been leading you,--till, as their mouths dropped a little open in their eager interest, and their lids forgot to wink in their gaze upon his face, and so their eyebrows seemed a little lifted in curiosity,--till, I say, each man felt as if he were himself the inventor, who had bridged difficulty after difficulty; as if, indeed, the whole were too simple to be called difficult or complicated. The only wonder was that the Board of Longitude, or the Emperor Napoleon, or the Smithsonian, or somebody, had not sent this little planet on its voyage of blessing long before. Not a syllable that you would have called rhetoric, not a word that you would have thought prepared; and then Brannan sat down. That was Ben Brannan's way. For my part, I like it better than eloquence.
Then I got up again. We would answer any questions, I said. We represented people who were eager to go forward with this work. (Alas! except Q., all of those represented were on the stage.) We could not go forward without the general assistance of the community. It was not an enterprise which the government could be asked to favor. It was not an enterprise which would yield one penny of profit to any human being. We had therefore, purely on the ground of its benefit to mankind, brought it before an assembly of Boston men and women.
Then there was a pause, and we could hear our watches tick, and our hearts beat. Dear George asked me in a whisper if he should say anything more, but I thought not. The pause became painful, and then Tom Coram, prince of merchants, rose. Had any calculation been made of the probable cost of the experiment of one moon?
I said the calculations were on the table. The brick alone would cost $60,000. Mr. Orcutt had computed that $214,729 would complete two flywheels and one moon. This made no allowance for whitewashing the moon, which was not strictly necessary. The fly-wheels and water-power would be equally valuable for the succeeding moons, it any were attempted, and therefore the second moon could be turned off, it was hoped, for $159,732.
Thomas Coram had been standing all the time I spoke, and in an instant he said: "I am no mathematician. But I have had a ship ground to pieces under me on the Laccadives because our chronometer was wrong. You need $250,000 to build your first moon. I will be one of twenty men to furnish the money; or I will pay $10,000 to-morrow for this purpose, to any person who may be named as treasurer, to be repaid to me if the moon is not finished this day twenty years." That was as long a speech as Tom Coram ever made. But it was pointed. The small audience tapped applause.
Orcutt looked at me, and I nodded. "I will be another, of the twenty men," cried he. "And I another," said an old bluff Englishman, whom nobody had invited; who proved to be a Mr. Robert Boll, a Sheffield man, who came in from curiosity. He stopped after the meeting; said he should leave the country the next week, and I have never seen him since. But his bill of exchange came all the same.
That was all the public subscribing. Enough more than we had hoped for. We tried to make Coram treasurer, but he refused. We had to make Haliburton treasurer, though we should have liked a man better known than he then was. Then we adjourned. Some nice ladies then came up, and gave, one a dollar, and one five dollars, and one fifty, and so on,--and some men who have stuck by ever since. I always, in my own mind, call each of those women Damaris, and each of those men Dionysius. But those are not their real names.
How I am wasting time on an old story! Then some of these ladies came the next day and proposed a fair; and out of that, six months after, grew the great Longitude Fair, that you will all remember, if you went to it, I am sure. And the papers the next day gave us first-rate reports; and then, two by two, with our subscription-books, we went at it. But I must not tell the details of that subscription. There were two or three men who subscribed $5,000 each, because they were perfectly certain the amount would never be raised. They wanted, for once, to get the credit of liberality for nothing. There were many men and many women who subscribed from one dollar up to one thousand, not because they cared a straw for the longitude, nor because they believed in the least in the project; but because they believed in Brannan, in Orcutt, in Q., or in me. Love goes far in this world of ours. Some few men subscribed because others had done it: it was the thing to do, and they must not be out of fashion. And three or four, at least, subscribed because each hour of their lives there came up the memory of the day when the news came that the---- was lost, George, or Harry, or John, in the----, and they knew that George, or Harry, or John might have been at home, had it been easier than it is to read the courses of the stars!
Fair, subscriptions, and Orcutt's reserve,--we counted up $162,000, or nearly so. There would be a little more when all was paid in.
But we could not use a cent, except Orcutt's and our own little subscriptions, till we had got the whole. And at this point it seemed as if the whole world was sick of us, and that we had gathered every penny that was in store for us. The orange was squeezed dry!


text:
Leonard Clemence "Leo" Tindemans (Zwijndrecht, 1922. április 16. – 2014. december 26.) belga politikus és államférfi, Belgium miniszterelnöke 1974 és 1978 között. 1979 után az Európai Parlament képviselője volt, majd 1994–95-ben a róla elnevezett Tindemans-csoport elnöke.

Élete
Tindemans az Antwerpenhez közeli Burcht faluban született, a második világháború alatt kereskedelmi ismereteket tanult Antwerpenben, majd a háború után a Genti Egyetemen közgazdasági tanulmányokat folytatott. Kereskedelmi, közgazdasági és politikatudományi diplomákat szerzett. Már a belga parlament tagja volt, amikor további diplomát szerzett a Leuveni Katolikus Egyetemen és az egyetem emeritus professzora lett. Utóda, Paul Vanden Boeynants azt mondta róla: "Leo túl sokat tanult politikus létére" és megjósolta, hogy sosem fog ötezer szavazatnál többet szerezni.

Politikai pályafutása
 1961–1989: a belga parlament alsóházának képviselője
 1965–1973: Edegem belga település polgármestere
 1968–1972: holland közösségi kapcsolatokért felelős miniszter
 1972–1973: mezőgazdasági miniszter
 1973–1974: miniszterelnök-helyettes
 1973–1974: költségvetési miniszter
 1974–1978: miniszterelnök
 1976–1985: az Európai Parlamentben az EPP-ED frakció vezetője
 1979–1981: a flamand CVP párt elnöke
 1981–1989: külügyminiszter
 1994–1995: a róla elnevezett Tindemans-csoport elnöke, amelyek az európai intézmények jövőjéről szóló jelentés elkészítésére kértek fel, beleértve az EU kibővítését a közép- és kelet-európai jelentkezőkkel.

A Tindemans-kormány összetétele

Tindemans I.

Tindemans II.
1977. június 3-án lépett hivatalba az átszervezett kormány, amelyben helyet kaptak az FDF (Front démocratique des francophones) és a flamand nacionalista Volksunie politikusai is.

Tindemans szerepe az európai integrációban
Az 1974-es párizsi csúcstalálkozón (1974. december 9-10.) az EK vezetői felkérték Tindemans-t, aki akkor belga miniszterelnök volt, hogy szakértők bevonásával készítsen egy jelentést az európai integráció jövőjéről, az "Európai Unió" értelmezéséről. Az EU-9 ezzel jelezte a politikai szándékot az integrációs folyamat újraindítására, amelyet az olajárrobbanás által kiváltott gazdasági válság majdnem teljesen szétzilált. Tindemans, aki régóta az európai integráció hive volt, nemcsak az EGK intézményeivel, hanem több száz, a politika, gazdaság, kereskedelem, szakszervezetek és értelmiségiek közül kiválasztott személlyel konzultált.

A Tindemans-csoport 1975-ben készült el jelentésével, amelyet 1975. december 29-én hoztak nyilvánosságra és amelyben az egységesebb és integráltabb Európa megvalósítását szorgalmazták. Bár nyíltan nem fogalmazta meg, hogy egy új alapító szerződést írjanak alá a tagállamok, a Tindemans-jelentés mindenesetre javasolta a meglévő intézmények konszolidációját és új, közös politikák kidolgozását. A jelentés szorgalmazta még az Európai Bizottság szerepének és hatáskörének bővítését, és ezért javasolta, hogy a bizottság elnökét az Európai Tanács nevezze ki és a Parlament hagyja jóvá. Emellett javasolta, hogy az Európai Parlament képviselőit közvetlen választásokon válasszák meg (akkor még a nemzeti parlamentek delegálták a képviselőket).

Ebben a jelentésben fogalmazták meg először a "kétsebességes Európa" elvét. Mivel a kilenc akkori tagállamból nem mindegyik tudta vagy akarta egyformán teljesíteni az integrációból adódó kötelezettségeket, Tindemans javasolta, hogy teremtsék meg a lehetőséget arra, hogy egyes országok szabadon előrehaladhassanak az integrációval, anélkül, hogy a lemaradók ebben megakadályozzák ezeket. Előbbieknek viszont segítséget kell nyújtani, hogy lehetőségük legyen a felzárkózásra (amennyiben erre hajlandóságot mutatnak). Ezzel az elvvel sokan nem értettek egyet, mivel körülményessé tette volna a közösségi vívmányok alkalmazását, a külkapcsolatokat, a költségvetés elfogadását. Ugyanakkor bizonyos államok attól tartottak, hogy az előrehaladottabban jobb elbírálásban, több előnyben részesülnek. Az elvet ekkor végül elvetették, de az integráció folyamatában később visszatért, erre példa az euró bevezetése és a schengeni egyezmény létrehozása is.

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

További információk
 Életrajza a belga kormány hivatalos honlapján
 Tindemans, Léo, "Le Conseil européen: un premier bilan, quelques réflexions" (Az Európai Tanács első két évének értékelése)
 Interjú Leo Tindemans-al a Benelux államok mezőgazdasági kapcsolatairól
 Leo Tindemans válogatott publikációi
 Famous Belgians: Leo Tindemans

Belgium miniszterelnökei
Belgium európai parlamenti képviselői
Belgium külügyminiszterei
Belgium mezőgazdasági miniszterei
Európai parlamenti képviselők 1994–1999
Európai parlamenti képviselők 1989–1994
Európai parlamenti képviselők 1979–1984
1922-ben született személyek
2014-ben elhunyt személyek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


It is important to have good health. Today, several products have arrived on the market, making it easier to do your health checks at home. The products can never be a substitute for the real doctor but they allow you instead to avoid a visit to the doctor.
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If a member of the family is ill, you often take their temperature. Today you do not have to open your mouth or pull down your pants to measure body temperature. Measure the temperature in the ear or via infrared with one of the many thermometers in our range.


That enthusiasm for IPOs hasn't lasted. Some 12 million people in the U.K. population are estimated to own shares, but more than three quarters of those didn't take part in initial offerings of stock last year, according to Syndicate Room. The U.K. government hoped to sell shares this year in Lloyds Banking Group PLC, one of the U.K. lenders bailed out in the financial crisis, but it has postponed the plan given volatile markets.
Some British executives and academics have called for better use of new technology to widen access to IPOs.
The traditional IPO process is "preindustrial," Paul Myners, the former financial services secretary to the U.K. Treasury said last April.
There hadn't been much technological innovation in IPOs because "entrenched interests" were resisting change to a business model that suited them, Mr. Myners said. "Too many people's rice bowls are at risk," he said.