text:
\section{Introduction}
Atomic magnetometers are among the most precise devices for measuring magnetic fields \cite{Grosz_2017,Mitchell_2020}.
The magnetic field magnitude is determined by the Larmor precession frequency of spins that is proportional to the field they are subjected to.
Centimeter-sized alkali-vapor magnetometers can be applied to measure the magnetic field either as a vector
quantity or as a scalar magnitude, depending on the method.
They can reach magnetic field sensitivity as high as $160$~aT/Hz$^{1/2}$ \cite{Dang_2010}.

\par

Ultracold atoms are very suitable for high-precision measurements due to their long lifetimes and small Doppler broadening \cite{Sycz_2018}.
The sensitivity of cold-atom magnetometers does not reach that of the best alkali-vapor devices because of the small size of atom clouds at comparable densities, but they are suitable for measurements with a high spatial resolution.
They can reach $8.3$~pT/Hz$^{1/2}$ magnetic field sensitivity on a $\sim10$~$\mu$m scale \cite{Vengalattore_2007}, and they can detect magnetic-field inhomogeneities down to $200$~nT/cm \cite{Koschorreck_2011}.
Typically, cold-atom magnetometers are based on the same signal detection technique as room-temperature atomic-vapor
magnetometers, i.e., the Faraday rotation \cite{Franke-Arnold_2001,Labeyrie_2001,Takeuchi_2006,Koschorreck_2010, Wojciechowski_2010, Behbood_2013, Eliasson_2019,Cohen_2019}.
This is, however, not the only possibility for detecting the spin precession in cold-atom clouds.
Various techniques have been developed, including state-selective phase-contrast imaging \cite{Vengalattore_2007,Higbie_2005} and state-selective absorption imaging \cite{Koschorreck_2011}.
Finally, the projection of the magnetization can also be measured through the populations of Zeeman sublevels using
the Stern-Gerlach method, in combination with using the Ramsey sequence to control the precession time
\cite{Eto_2013_APE,Eto_2013_PRA,Sadgrove_2013,Wood_2015}. This is the approach adopted in this work.

\par

A basic gradiometer consists of two magnetometer probes separated in space,
and the magnetic gradient is obtained by differentiating their outputs.
Magnetic gradiometry using two clouds of cold atoms was demonstrated in Ref. \onlinecite{Wood_2015}.
The experimental setup allowed the control of cloud positions, thereby enabling the measurement of the complete magnetic field gradient tensor.
In inhomogeneous magnetic field the precession frequency is position dependent.
For uniform initial phase, the phase difference between the clouds at positions $\vec{r_1}$ and $\vec{r_2}$
accumulates with time as:
\begin{equation}
	\Delta\phi(t) = \gamma \left(B(\vec{r_2})  - B(\vec{r_1})  \right) t \approx  \gamma t  \, (\vec{r_2}- \vec{r_1}) \cdot \nabla B.
\label{Deltaphi}
\end{equation}
Here, $\gamma$ denotes the gyromagnetic ratio.
The phase difference is therefore proportional to the spatial derivative of the magnetic field strength $B$ along the direction connecting both probes.
Traditionally, a series of measurements with incrementing interrogation (precession) times is required to determine the time evolution of the phase difference.
Special care has to be taken to properly count the integer multiples of $2\pi$ \cite{Wood_2015}.

\par
Here we demonstrate a method for measuring the selected component of the magnetic field gradient with a single shot,
using only one elongated atom cloud instead of two spatially separated clouds.
Specifically, we measure the spatial profile of the magnetic field through the spatial dependence of the phase
difference $\Delta\phi(x,t)$ along the cloud elongated in the $x$-direction, see Fig.~\ref{fig1}(a).
For a given precession time $t$, the magnetic field gradient causes the accumulated precession phase to have a
continuous variation along the atom cloud.
We choose the magnetic field $B_0$ to be oriented in the $x$-direction.
In this case, we can approximate the position dependence of the magnetic field magnitude with $B(x) \approx B_0 + ({ \partial B_x}/{ \partial x}) x$.
Here, we neglect contributions from magnetic field gradients ${\partial B_y}/{ \partial x}$ and ${\partial B_z}/{ \partial x}$, which may result in small magnetic-field components perpendicular to the dominant $B_0$.
The magnetization of the atoms in the cloud undergoes a Larmor precession in the magnetic field.
Therefore, its $y$-projection can be written as
\begin{equation}
M_y(x, t) = M_0 \cos \left( \gamma B_0 t + \gamma \frac{ \partial B_x}{ \partial x} x  t  \right).
\label{My}
\end{equation}
Here we assume that, at $t=0$, the whole cloud is fully polarized along the $y$-direction with initial magnetization $M_0$.
As we show below, a single experimental run with only one Stern-Gerlach image of the atom cloud is sufficient to obtain $M_y(x)$ at the selected precession time $t$,
allowing an unambiguous extraction of the magnetic field gradient ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$.
If the magnetic field $B_0$ is oriented in other directions, additional components of magnetic-field-gradient tensor can be determined.
For example, to determine  ${\partial B_y}/{ \partial x}$, the magnetic field $B_0$ has to be in the $y$-direction.

\par

According to Eq.~(\ref{My}), nonzero components of the magnetic field gradient along the cloud cause a helical or "corkscrew" spatial dependence of the magnetization direction that can also be observed in Bose-Einstein condensates \cite{Higbie_2005,Eto_2013_APE}.
It is important to note that the time-fluctuations of the magnetic field $B_0$ and any non-compensated homogeneous
external fields contribute only to the overall phase in $M_y(x,t)$.
In elongated condensates, the phase difference can also become spatially dependent in the presence of inhomogeneous internal magnetic fields caused by the spatially modulated structure of spin domains \cite{Sadler_2006,Vengalattore_2008, Kronjaeger_2010, Eto_2014}, presumably induced by long-range dipole interaction.
In contrast, recent non-destructive Faraday-rotation experiments showed no spontaneous domain formation in a tightly confined low-density $^{87}$Rb condensate \cite{Palacios_2018}.
In cold atom clouds, which have even lower densities, these effects can be neglected.

\par

In this work, we focus on the detection of magnetic field gradients originating from external sources.
A related technique is described in Ref. \onlinecite{Koschorreck_2011}, where an elongated but non-expanding cloud of $^{87}$Rb cold atoms is polarized with a pump beam pulse and the projection of the magnetization is detected with state-selective imaging.
In our $^{133}$Cs experiment, the magnetization of the expanding cloud is already fully polarized along the applied magnetic field, and we start the precession with a pulse of a radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field.
To measure $M_y(x,t)$ we perform the Stern-Gerlach imaging (Fig.~\ref{fig1}), where we apply a magnetic field gradient to separate the atoms in different Zeeman sublevels and calculate the magnetization from the atom populations in each sublevel.
After taking into account the effect of the cloud expansion during the protocol for measuring the magnetic field gradient, we reach an absolute accuracy below $\pm0.2$~mG/cm ($\pm20$~nT/cm) in a single shot.
The sensitivity of magnetic field gradient is enhanced by an order of magnitude  compared to Ref.~\onlinecite{Koschorreck_2011}, where they had $\sim5$ times more atoms in $\sim10$ times more elongated cloud, albeit at $\sim20$ times higher temperatures, which only allowed much shorter interrogation times (below 1~ms).
As discussed below, the resolution of our gradiometer is not limited by thermal motion (diffusion) of atoms since their in-trap velocity distribution is mapped into well-defined atom trajectories during the cloud expansion.

\section{Experiment}

\begin{figure} [t!]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1a.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig1b.png}
\caption{(a) Schematic illustration of the magnetic gradiometer showing an elongated $^{133}$Cs cold atom cloud expanded along the dimple beam.
(b) The experimental sequence for observing position-dependent Larmor precession of magnetization, caused by the ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ component of the magnetic field gradient.
First, the magnetic field is switched from the $z$- to the $x$-direction, then the atom cloud is released to expand along the beam.
Next, we use the Ramsey sequence composed of two $\pi/2$ RF pulses that are separated by the interrogation time $T_R$.
Finally, the absorption image is taken after the Stern-Gerlach separation of $m_F$-state populations in the applied magnetic field gradient ${\partial B_z}/{ \partial z}$.
}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Most cold atom magnetometers and gradiometers are based on $^{87}$Rb atoms in $F = 1$ or $F = 2$ hyperfine states.
Here, we use  $^{133}$Cs atoms in their $F=3$ ground state; initially, they are fully polarized along the $x$-direction.
We prepare cold $^{133}$Cs atoms by laser cooling with a standard procedure described in detail in Ref.
\onlinecite{Meznarsic_2019}, including the transfer of fully polarized atoms in the $(F=3,m_F=3)$ state from a large
dipole trap to a small dimple trap with trap frequencies $2\pi \times(20,120,120)$~Hz, followed by
further evaporative cooling for $100$~ms.
The resulting cloud in the dimple trap typically consists of $2\times10^5$ cesium atoms at $T=1.29\pm0.02$~$\mu$K,
with the $1/e$ radii of $\sigma_{x0}=69\pm2$~$\mu$m and $\sigma_{y0} \sim \sigma_{z0}=12\pm2$~$\mu$m.
To create an elongated atom cloud one of the dimple beams is turned off and the cloud starts expanding in the
$x$-direction, along the remaining beam  (Fig.~\ref{fig1}).
As shown below, a regime of linear-in-time expansion is reached after $\sim20$~ms of time-of-flight (TOF).
At $40$~ms of total expansion time, the cloud extends over an $1/e$ length of $\sigma_x=366\pm3$~$\mu$m.

\par

Immediately after the evaporation, we turn off the quadrupole coil producing a strong magnetic field gradient of $\partial B_z/\partial z=31.3$~G/cm used to levitate the cesium atoms (Fig.~\ref{fig1}(b)).
We also turn off the Helmholtz coil producing a homogeneous magnetic field $B_z=22$~G, which optimises the cesium scattering length during the evaporation.
At the same time we turn on the compensation coils that cancel out the components of magnetic field in the $y$- and $z$-directions and set the magnetic field in $x$-direction to a value of  $B_0=143$~mG.
That corresponds to a Larmor frequency of $\omega_0=\gamma B_0=2\pi\times 50$~kHz ($\gamma=350$~kHz/G).
Since the inductances of the quadrupole, Helmholtz and compensation coils are large (the switching times are in the order of several ms), we wait for $40$~ms for the magnetic fields to reach their final values.
During this period, the magnetization of the atoms, which are fully polarized in the $z$-direction, is adiabatically rotated to the $x$-direction since this process is slow compared to the Larmor precession \cite{Slichter}.
This approach is used to obtain the initial magnetization of the cold cesium atoms in all of the experiments presented below.

\par

To measure the Larmor precession of the magnetization, we apply the Ramsey sequence of RF pulses followed by the Stern-Gerlach measurement (Fig.~\ref{fig1}(b)).
The Ramsey sequence consists of two $\pi/2$ pulses, rotating the magnetization around the z-axis, separated by the interrogation time $T_R$.
With the first pulse, the magnetization is rotated from the $x$- to the $y$-direction, where it is then left to precess in the yz-plane until the second $\pi/2$ pulse is applied.
After the second pulse, the $y$-component of the instantaneous magnetization becomes the $x$-component, and the $z$-component stays unaffected.
Then we turn on a magnetic field $B_z=22$~G and a magnetic field gradient $\partial B_z/\partial z=100$~G/cm for Stern-Gerlach imaging.
Again, the magnetic field cannot reach its final value instantly.
Therefore, the magnetization of the atoms adiabatically follows the slow change of the orientation of the quantization axis.
This means that the $M_z$ component measured via Stern-Gerlach imaging is equal to the $M_y$ component at the moment right before the second $\pi/2$ pulse is applied.

\par

In the presence of a strong magnetic field gradient of $100$~G/cm, the atom cloud splits into separated clouds according to their $m_F$-states \cite{Eto_2013_APE,Eto_2013_PRA,Sadgrove_2013,Wood_2015}.
After $T_{SG}=10$~ms of Stern-Gerlach splitting, we take a standard absorption image of the separated clouds and calculate the expectation value of the spin $z$-component
\begin{equation}
\langle S_z \rangle = \frac{\sum_{m_F=-3}^{+3} m_F N_{m_F}} {\sum_{m_F=-3}^{+3} N_{m_F}},
\label{Sz}
\end{equation}
where $N_{m_F}$ is the atom number population in state $m_F$.
Similarly, we can calculate the variance of $S_z$ defined as
\begin{equation}
\langle \Delta^2S_z \rangle = \frac{\sum_{m_F=-3}^{+3} m^2_F N_{m_F}} {\sum_{m_F=-3}^{+3} N_{m_F}}-\langle S_z \rangle^2.
\label{deltaSz}
\end{equation}
If the atoms are fully polarized and precess around the magnetic field perpendicular to their magnetization, the variance is equal to 0.5 when time averaged over one precession period \cite{Eto_2013_PRA}.
However, in the presence of decoherence, the time average of  $\langle \Delta^2S_z \rangle$ increases with the interrogation time $T_R$.
If the elongated cloud is oriented along the $x$-direction, the $z$-component of the spin and its variance will be functions of $x$: $\langle S_z(x) \rangle$ and $\langle \Delta^2S_z(x) \rangle$.

\section{Results}
Fig.~\ref{fig2}(a) shows the oscillations of the $m_F$-state populations of $^{133}$Cs atoms in the $F=3$ hyperfine state measured by the Stern-Gerlach method, applied immediately after one RF pulse of length $t_{\rm RF}$.
Using Eq.~(\ref{Sz}) we can calculate $\langle S_z\rangle$ as a function of $t_{\rm RF}$, which is equal to $\langle S_x \rangle$ immediately after the end of the RF pulse.
The nutation of magnetization observed as oscillations in $\langle S_x \rangle$ is displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(b).
We obtain the Rabi frequency of $\nu_{\rm Rabi}=1905$~Hz and determine the $\pi/2$-pulse length to be $\sim130$~$\mu$s.

\begin{figure} [t!]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{(a) The Stern-Gerlach measurements showing separated atom clouds corresponding to the different $m_F$-state populations ranging from $m_F=-3$ (at the bottom) to $m_F=+3$ (at the top).
In the displayed absorption images the RF pulse length, $t_{RF}$, increases from 528~$\mu$s to 788~$\mu$s in steps of 20~$\mu$s.
(b) Oscillations of $\langle S_x \rangle$ as a function of $t_{RF}$ with $\nu_{\rm Rabi}=1905$~Hz (solid line).
(c) Absorption images showing the Larmor precession of magnetization, where the separation between two $\pi/2$ pulses, $T_R$, increases from 12~$\mu$s to 64~$\mu$s in steps of 4~$\mu$s.
(d) Oscillations of $\langle S_y \rangle$ as a function of $T_R$ with $\nu_L=49850$~Hz (solid line).
The red regions in (b) and (d) mark the experimental points shown in (a) and (c), respectively.
Each absorption image in (a) and (c) shows the area of $376$~$\mu$m~$\times$~$1738$~$\mu$m.
In all these experiments $T_{SG}=10$~ms.
}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}

To observe the Larmor precession of magnetization, we apply the Ramsey sequence composed of two $\pi/2$-pulses followed by the Stern-Gerlach measurement.
By varying the time between the two pulses, the interrogation time $T_R$, we can observe fast oscillations of $m_F$-state populations as shown in  Fig.~\ref{fig2}(c).
Again, using Eq.~(\ref{Sz}) we can calculate $\langle S_z \rangle$, which is equal to $\langle S_y\rangle$ at the moment before the second $\pi/2$ pulse is applied.
The fast oscillations of $\langle S_y \rangle$ are displayed in Fig.~\ref{fig2}(d) from which we obtain the Larmor precession frequency of $\nu_L=49850$~Hz.
This allows for a more precise determination of the magnetic field magnitude, which is equal to $B_0=142.43$~mG.
A small mismatch between the values of $\nu_L$ and $\nu_{RF}$, and consequently imperfect $\pi/2$ pulse,
results in small reduction in $\langle S_y\rangle$ oscillation amplitude, $S_0$, from the ideal value of $3$.

\begin{figure} [t!]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{Larmor precession of $m_F$-state populations for expansion times (a) $T_E=0$~ms, (b) $T_E=20$~ms and (c) $T_E=40$~ms.
Here the interrogation time $T_R$ runs from $0$~$\mu$s to $36$~$\mu$s in steps of $4$~$\mu$s ($T_{SG}=10$~ms).
The absorption images show the area of $1407$~$\mu$m~$\times$~$2110$~$\mu$m.
(d) The extracted $1/e$ widths $\sigma_z$ as a function of time-of-flight (TOF) during free-space expansion (blue squares, 3D TOF) and expansion along a single dimple beam (red diamonds, 1D TOF).
From the fit with the model $\sigma_z^2=\sigma_{z0}^2+k_BT_z/m\cdot t^2_{TOF}$, $\sigma_{z0}=12\pm2$~$\mu$m and $T_z=1.27\pm0.02$~$\mu$K are obtained.
(e) $\sigma_x$ for expansion along a dimple beam (red circles) together with the corresponding fit (solid line) using $\sigma_x^2=\sigma_{x0}^2+k_BT_x/m\cdot t^2_{TOF}$.
We obtain $\sigma_{x0}=69\pm2$~$\mu$m and $T_x=1.29\pm0.02$~$\mu$K.
The dashed line follows the linear-in-time expansion with $v_x=\sqrt{k_BT_x/m}=9.0\pm0.1$~mm/s.
The red and green areas mark, respectively, the typical interrogation and Stern-Gerlach detection time intervals in our measurement protocol.
}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure}

In Figs.~\ref{fig3}(a,b,c) we show the Larmor precession of magnetization along the elongated cold atom clouds for different expansion times $T_E$.
For short interrogation times $T_R$, the $m_F$-state populations collectively oscillate in time for all $T_E$, meaning $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ is almost independent of position $x$ along the cloud.
However, for longer $T_R$, the $m_F$-state populations become space-dependent (Fig.~\ref{fig4}).
This is caused by the presence of the component ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ of the magnetic field gradient.
Fig.~\ref{fig4}(b) shows the position dependent $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ for different values of $T_R$ and is a signature measurement of the presented magnetic gradiometer detection principle.

\begin{figure} [t!]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\linewidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{(a) Absorption images of position dependent $m_F$-state populations for a range of interrogation times $T_R$.
The first image serves as a reference; it is taken with a short $T_R=16$~$\mu$s and shows position-independent populations of $m_F$-states.
The absorption images show the area of $914$~$\mu$m~$\times$~$2110$~$\mu$m ($T_E=30$~ms and $T_{SG}
=10$~ms).
(b) Extracted $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ as a function of position $x$ for different $T_R$.
(c) The amplitude $S_0$ of the position dependent $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ obtained from sinusoidal function fits (red lines in (b)).
(d) The variance $\langle \Delta^2S_y \rangle$, time averaged over one precession period.
(e) The extracted component ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ of the magnetic field gradient for two scenarios: (i) the static model (Eq.~(\ref{grad1}), blue circles) and (ii) the model taking into account the expansion of cold atom cloud (Eq.~(\ref{grad2}), red circles).
The error bars denote a standard deviation of magnetic field gradient obtained from 10 repetitions.
}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure}

Before we proceed with the evaluation of the component ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ of the magnetic field gradient, we first analyse the expansion of cold atom cloud in a dimple beam.
The initial cloud widths $\sigma_{z0}$ and $\sigma_{x0}$ are obtained from the analysis presented in Figs.~\ref{fig3}(d,e) by fitting the atom density profiles during both free-space expansion and expansion along the dimple beam.
Notably, when $\sigma_x \gg \sigma_{x0}$, which is after $\sim20$~ms of expansion in a dimple beam, $\sigma_x$ starts increasing linearly in time with a velocity $v_x=\sqrt{k_BT_x/m}=9.0\pm0.1$~mm/s, where $k_B$ and $m$ are the Boltzmann constant and atomic mass of cesium, respectively.
This justifies a simple model of phase difference accumulation in expanding atom cloud schematically presented in Fig.~\ref{fig5}.

\par

For a nonexpanding cloud the phase difference $\Delta \phi_{\rm static}$ accumulated during the interrogation time $T_R$ can be derived directly from Eqs.~(\ref{Deltaphi}) and (\ref{My})
\begin{equation}
\Delta\phi_{\rm static}(x)=\gamma \frac{\partial B_x}{ \partial x} x T_R,
\label{phi1}
\end{equation}
which is proportional to ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ and $T_R$.
However, due to the effect of cloud expansion it can be shown using a simple geometric consideration that the phase difference $\Delta \phi_{\rm expanding}$ must be renormalized according to
\begin{equation}
\Delta\phi_{\rm expanding}(x)=\Delta\phi_{\rm static}(x)\cdot \frac{T_E-T_R/2}{T_E+T_{SG}}.
\label{phi2}
\end{equation}
The renormalization factor takes into account that during the interrogation time $T_R$ the atoms on average feel the magnetic field at the position $(x_1+x_2)/2$ (for details please refer to Fig.~\ref{fig5}).

\par

In Fig.~\ref{fig4}(b) we show the fits of experimental $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ using Eq.~(\ref{My}) for a range of interrogation times $T_R$.
From each fit we obtain the wavelength $\lambda$ of helical spatial dependence of magnetization. From $\lambda$ we then calculate the component of the magnetic field gradient.
For nonexpanding case,
\begin{equation}
\left( \frac{\partial B_x}{ \partial x} \right)_{\rm static} =\frac{2\pi}{\gamma T_R \lambda}
\label{grad1},
\end{equation}
whereas for expanding cloud,
\begin{equation}
\left( \frac{\partial B_x}{ \partial x} \right)_{\rm expanding} =\frac{2\pi}{\gamma T_R \lambda}\cdot \frac{T_E+T_{SG}}{T_E-T_R/2}
\label{grad2}.
\end{equation}
The expression for the magnetic field gradient is independent of the atom-cloud temperature and that is one of the key results of our work.

\begin{figure} [t!]
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{fig5.png}
\caption{Schematic illustration of cold atom cloud expansion. At time $t=0$, when the perpendicular dimple beam is turned off, the cloud starts expanding along the remaining dimple beam.
At $t_1$, the first $\pi/2$-pulse is applied and the magnetization starts precessing.
At $t_2$, the second $\pi/2$-pulse is applied and the Stern-Gerlach protocol starts (green area), ending at $t_3$, when the absorption image is taken.
The red area marks the time interval in which the position-dependent phase difference $\Delta\phi(x)$ is accumulated.
The atoms at the final position $x_3$ reflect the average magnetic field between positions $x_1$ and $x_2$. Because the magnetic field is linearly dependent on the position this is equal to the magnetic field at $(x_1 + x_2)/2$.
The corresponding time is exactly in the middle of the interrogation time interval at $(t_1+t_2)/2=T_E-T_R/2$.
The renormalization factor in Eq.~(\ref{phi2}) follows directly from similar triangles: $(x_1+x_2)/2:x_3=(T_E-T_R/2):(T_E+T_{SG})$.
}
\label{fig5}
\end{figure}

The importance of taking into account the effect of expansion is best seen in Fig.~\ref{fig4}(e), where we plot and compare ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ obtained from Eqs.~(\ref{grad1}) and (\ref{grad2}).
Whereas for the static model (no expansion) the values of ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}$ decrease with increasing
interrogation time $T_R$, for the expanding-cloud model the extracted values become constant and their error decreases with increasing $T_R$ for $T_R\leq 15$~ms.
For even longer $T_R$ the amplitude $S_0$ of modulated $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ becomes substantially reduced (Fig.~\ref{fig4}(c)).
Additionally, its time averaged variance $\langle \Delta^2S_y \rangle$ increases (Fig.~\ref{fig4}(d)), meaning that
the decoherence of magnetization becomes important and reduces the sensor accuracy.
The reason behind this observation is mainly in our measurement protocol (Fig.~\ref{fig5}), where longer $T_R$ brings the interrogation interval closer to the point where the effects of finite initial size of atom cloud become relevant.
However, these mainly affect the decoherence of magnetization, but have only a very small impact on the evaluation of magnetic field gradient from Eq.~(\ref{grad2}).
Even for $T_R=15$~ms the estimated systematic correction is below $3\%$.
Finally, for interrogation time $T_R=7$~ms we obtain ${\partial B_x}/{ \partial x}=7.3$~mG/cm with an estimated error
below $\pm0.2$~mG/cm in a single shot.
The measured magnetic field gradient is of external origin, most probably arising from ionic pumps surrounding our experimental chamber.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}

Using the described single-shot Stern-Gerlach magnetic gradiometer it is in principle possible to determine any
component of the complete magnetic-field-gradient tensor $\partial B_i/\partial j$, with $i,j=x,y,z$.
$\partial B_i$ can be selected by the direction of $B_0$ (in Fig.~\ref{fig1}, this is $B_x$), whereas $\partial j$ can be chosen by the orientation of the elongated cold atom cloud.
However, in order for the sensor accuracy to be similar for all measured $\partial B_i/\partial j$ components, the imaging should preferably be perpendicular to the elongated cloud and $B_{RF}$ perpendicular to $B_0$ (Fig.~\ref{fig1}).
The presented method has the potential for miniaturization using atom chips \cite{Keil_2016,Becker_2018}.
Such technology shortens the time needed to prepare cold atoms and facilitates the integration of laser beams and magnetic coils for producing the necessary magnetic fields.
For our method it is important that $B_{RF}$ and  $B_0$ are homogeneous.
If sufficient homogeneity cannot be achieved with integrated coils, external coils could be used with an atom chip.
This type of device could also easily be rotated in space to measure the magnetic-field gradients in an arbitrary direction.

\par

While the sensitivity and the accuracy of our device are comparable to or even surpass current proposals \cite{Vengalattore_2007,Koschorreck_2011}, it lacks temporal resolution.
The Stern-Gerlach detection of magnetization is destructive and $\sim13$~s are required to prepare a new elongated cloud of cold cesium atoms for each measurement.
Using $^{87}$Rb, a much faster production of cold atoms is possible and could reduce the temporal resolution well below $1$~s.
For example, in an all-optical $^{87}$Rb setup, rates on the order of $10^7$ cold atoms per second were reported \cite{Kinoshita_2005}.
In Ref.~\onlinecite{Rudolph_2015} atom-chip technology was used to achieve an even higher rate of about $10^8$ atoms per second.

\par

There are multiple ways to improve the sensitivity of the gradiometer presented here while retaining the same benefits and working principles.
The minimal measurable gradient is limited by the length of the cloud since the precision of our method decreases for longer wavelengths $\lambda$.
Therefore, a longer cloud would allow measurement of smaller gradients.
The other option is to use longer interrogation times $T_R$.
This improves the precision because $\lambda$ decreases for the same gradient.
However, $T_R$ cannot be increased indefinitely, because the signal amplitude $S_0$ decreases due to decoherence.
It would immediately be possible to allow longer $T_R$, if one extends the magnetization coherence time.
This depends on satisfying the condition $\sigma_x \gg \sigma_{x0}$.
For example, this can be achieved by decreasing the initial size $\sigma_{x0}$ of the atom cloud before releasing it into the dimple beam.
Alternatively, one could use more strongly elongated atom clouds before the first $\pi/2$ RF pulse is applied.

\par

By creating a non-expanding cold atom cloud in an elongated box-shaped potential, the cloud would become homogeneous, meaning that the errors in $\langle S_y(x)\rangle$ become comparable along the cloud and the magnetic field gradient can be easily calculated directly from Eq.~(\ref{grad1}), describing the non-expanding ($v_x=0$) case.
For example, this can be achieved by loading the atoms from a broad dipole trap directly into a single dimple beam, which is at both ends truncated with two narrow $532$~nm laser beams acting as repulsive barriers.
However, in this approach atomic diffusion will be present during the measurement protocol, which will substantially reduce the coherence time and the sensitivity of the instrument.
A possible solution is to prepare the atoms at much lower temperatures \cite{Higbie_2005}, which can be in principle achieved by evaporative cooling in such a box-shaped trap.

\par

In summary, we have demonstrated a simple and versatile method for measuring components of the magnetic field gradient in a single shot with an estimated absolute accuracy below $\pm0.2$~mG/cm ($\pm20$~nT/cm).
This method can be adopted to the majority of cold-atom setups with different atomic species, where it can serve as a
quantitative characterization tool or for the cancellation of magnetic field gradients \cite{Koschorreck_2011,Sycz_2018,Dedman_2007,Smith_2011}.
We emphasize that the sensitivity of our magnetic gradiometer suffers neither from atomic diffusion nor from fluctuations or drifting of homogeneous magnetic field since only spatially-dependent components of the magnetic field (the gradients and higher derivatives) contribute to the measured space modulated magnetization along the elongated cold atom cloud.
In addition, the presented method has the potential for miniaturization and for further improvements of its sensitivity to
magnetic field gradients in a single shot.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank Wojciech Gawlik, Alan Gregorovi\v{c}, Matja\v{z} Gomil\v{s}ek and Philipp Haslinger for their comments and discussions.
This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core fundings No. P1-0125 and No. P1-0099, and research project No. J2-8191).
\end{acknowledgments}

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Q: Проверка переполнения определенных битов Складываю числа, например

0xAABB + 0xAABB (10101010_10111011 + 10101010_10111011 = 1_01010101_01110110)

Как мне посмотреть произошло ли переполнение выделенных бит. Особенно остро стоит вопрос с переполнением, возникающим при сложении первого байта числа (0xBB).

Сдвиги НЕ применять. IF'ы использовать НЕЛЬЗЯ. MMX, SSE и т.д. тоже
  НЕТ.

A: Для беззнакового сложения все просто - при беззнаковом сложении переполнение возникает, если полученная сумма меньше (при беззнаковом сравнении) любого из операндов. (Уоррен, Алгоритмические трюки)
Так что просто смотрите на получившийся байт (и два байта) и сравнивайте. Что-то вроде
unsigned short int sum(unsigned short int a, unsigned short int b)
{
    unsigned short int s = a + b;
    if ((s&0xFF < a&0xFF) && (s&0xFF < b&0xFF))
        cout << "Переполнение 8 бита" << endl;
    if ((s < a) && (s < b))
        cout << "Переполнение 16 бита" << endl;
    return s;
}

Без if'ов - Уроррен дает такие варианты, как (с - перенос, т.е. рассматривается сумма x+y+c):
(x&y)|((x|y)&~(x+y+c))
(x>>1)+(y>>1)+(((x&y)|((x|y)&c))&1)

Ну, в вашем случае c==0, что упрощает дело... Усложняет то, что проверку надо считать отдельно от суммирования, и отдельно для байтов и слов.
Update:
unsigned short int sum(unsigned short int x, unsigned short int y,
                       bool&carry8, bool& carry16)
{
    unsigned short int s = x+y;
    carry16 = ((x&y)|((x|y)&~s));
    carry8  = carry16&0x80;
    carry16 = carry16&0x8000;
    return s;
}

Исчерпывающий перебор подтверждает правильность. Сдвигов нет, if'ов нет.
Устраивает?

A: Можно сделать так:
#include <iostream>

int main()
{

    auto first = 0xAABB;
    auto second = 0xAABB;
    auto leastByteSum = (first & 0xFF) + (second & 0xFF);
    bool leastByteOverflow = (leastByteSum & 0xFF) != leastByteSum;
    auto mostByteSum = (first & 0xFF00) + (second & 0xFF00);
    bool mostByteOverflow = (mostByteSum & 0xFFFF) != mostByteSum;
    std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Did least byte overflow: " << leastByteOverflow << "\n";
    std::cout << std::boolalpha << "Did most byte overflow: " << mostByteOverflow << "\n";
}

Или вот так:
auto first = 0xAABB;
auto second = 0xAABB;
auto ninthBit = 0b1'0000'0000;
bool leastByteOverflow = ((first ^ second) & ninthBit) != ((first + second) & ninthBit);
bool mostByteOverflow = ((first + second) & 0xFFFF) != (first + second);

А ещё вот такая вариация предыдущего решения:
auto first = 0xAABB;
auto second = 0xAABB;
auto ninthBit = 0b1'0000'0000;
bool leastByteOverflow = (first ^ second) ^ (first + second) & ninthBit;
bool mostByteOverflow = ((first + second) & 0x10000) > 0;

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text:
Timothy Watkins, MD, MSc
Executive Director, Clinical Research, Respiratory Disease Area Lead Inflammation/Respiratory Therapeutic Area
Tim Watkins is a Director of Clinical Research in Respiratory/Inflammation Therapeutics at Gilead Sciences. He has over a decade of experience in the biomedical and biopharmaceutical sectors, with clinical research spanning ARDS, trauma, sepsis, viral pneumonia and other aspects of inflammatory and respiratory diseases. At Gilead, Tim is responsible for the clinical development of drug candidates targeting an array of inflammatory and respiratory conditions. Tim is highly involved in Gilead's respiratory virus program specific to the development of presatovir, a small molecule for the treatment of RSV infection in healthy and immunocompromised adults. He has led a strategy team related to combination therapeutics for inflammatory indications. Tim is also a key member of Gilead's filgotinib (JAKi) program, launching a new program in ocular inflammation specific to noninfectious uveitis.
Prior to joining Gilead, Tim served on the faculty of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care at the University of Washington (UW) and the PSBC Research Institute. He was a member of several research partnerships including the NIH/NHLBI-funded ARDSNet and the U.S. Critical Illness & Injury Trials Group. Tim completed his MD at Ohio State University followed by internal medicine training at the University of Wisconsin. He then completed sub-specialty training in Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine at the UW in Seattle, where he also obtained a degree in Public Health – Epidemiology. Tim is a member of several professional societies including the American Thoracic Society where he serves as chair of the Drug/Device, Discovery and Development Committee.
© 2019 Respiratory Innovation Summit | Powered by Healthegy.com · Terms & Conditions · Privacy Policy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
International Journal of Morphology
Int. J. Morphol. vol.33 no.2 Temuco jun. 2015
Int. J. Morphol., 33(2):777-781, 2015.
Regenerative Capacity and Histomorphometric Changes in Rat Sciatic Nerve Following Experimental Neurotmesis
Capacidad Regenerativa y Cambios Histomorfométricos en el Nervio Ciático de Ratas Luego de una Neurotmesis Experimental
Deniele Bezerra Lós*; Karyne Albino Novaes**; Filipe Barbosa Cunha de Miranda**; Kamilla Dinah Santos de Lira*; Rodrigo Fragoso de Andrade*** & Sílvia Regina Arruda de Moraes****
* Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia/RENORBIO, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
** Graduação em Fisioterapia, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
*** Curso de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
**** Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
Correspondence to:
SUMMARY: Through a wide range of cellular and molecular events, the peripheral nervous system is endowed with great regenerative capacity, responding immediately to injuries that occur along the length of the nerve. The aim of this study was to histomorphometrically assess the degree of maturity of the nervous tissue and possible microscopic changes in newly formed nerve segments 60 days after experimental neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve in rats. Control Group (CG) and an Injury Group (IG) were used. IG underwent neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve of the right foot, with immediate surgical repair using the tubulization technique. 60 days following experimental surgery, animals from both groups had their sciatic nerves collected for histomorphometric analysis. Statistical analysis was performed, using the Student t-test for independent samples, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with 5% significance. In the event of injury, peripheral nerve tissue is mobilized in an intrinsic self-healing process. 60 days following of nerve regeneration in neurotmesis injury, the peripheral nerve presents a segment joining the newly formed neural stump. The new stump has a number of regenerated axons compatible with an intact nerve, but which still show great immaturity in the axonal structural layers of the nerve.
KEY WORDS: Nerve Tissue; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Vasa nervorum; Histology.
RESUMEN: Mediante diversos procesos celulares y moleculares, el sistema nervioso periférico tiene una gran capacidad regenerativa, respondiendo inmediatamente a las lesiones ocurridas a lo largo de su extensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar histomorfométricamente el grado de madurez del tejido nervioso y los posibles cambios microscópicos en los segmentos nerviosos recién formados 60 días después de la neurotmesis experimental en el nervio ciático de ratas. Se utilizaron 9 ratas (Wistar) separadas en grupo control (GC, n= 4) y Grupo lesión (GL, n= 5). A los 60 días de vida, el grupo GL fue sometido a neurotmesis del nervio ciático de la miembro posterior derecho, con inmediata corección quirúrgica con la técnica de tubolización. Completados 60 días luego de la cirugía experimental, los animales de ambos grupos fueron anestesiados y sus nervios ciáticos seccionados para el análisis histomorfométrico. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes, expresado como media ± desviación estándar, con un 5% de significancia. A los 60 días de la lesión por neurotmesis, el nervio ciático del GL presentó alteraciones histomorfométricas significativas para las variables: número de vasa nevorum, densidad de fibras mielínicas, diámetro axonal y de fibras mielínicas, espesor de la vaina de mielina y razón G, con similitud solamente para los números absolutos de fibras mielínicas regeneradas. El nervio periférico durante su proceso regenerativo, pasa por grandes alteraciones estructurales, siguiendo una secuencia coordinada de acciones, que dependiendo de las condiciones del microambiente donde ocurre esta regeneración, podrá ser clave para el nivel de regenerecion nerviosa periférica.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Tejido Nervioso; Regeneración Nerviosa; Traumatismos de los nervios periféricos; Vasa nervorum; Histología.
Due to its length, path and external location to the bone framework that protects the central nervous system, the peripheral nerve is extremely vulnerable to injury (Yegiyants et al., 2010) resulting from direct trauma, stretching, laceration with sharp objects, as well as bone fractures and iatrogenesis (Eser et al., 2009).
Thus, the intensity of nerve injury depends directly upon the degree of impairment in the functional unit of the nerve, the nerve itself, and the framework of connective fiber, which includes the: epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium (Lee & Wolfe, 2000; Yegiyants et al.).
Several studies have attempted to investigate possible non-invasive methods that can contribute to the regenerative process (Chang et al., 2005; Teodori et al., 2011; Medalha et al., 2012). However, the peripheral nervous system is intrinsically endowed with regenerative capacity, so that the occurrence of peripheral nerve injury in cells belonging to the injured nerve tissue  such as Schwann cells  are essential for rapid identification and response to injury. This is achieved via the release of cytokines to signal the recruitment of macrophages to the site of injury (Shamash et al., 2002).
This coordinated series of cellular and molecular events is part of the repair mechanism of the peripheral nerve, triggered by the Wallerian degeneration process, which presents a true cleaning of the affected segment following injury. This creates space for the formation of new tissue that is intact and functional (Be'eri et al., 1998; Shamash et al.).
Moreover, the Schwann cells, located in the full portion of the stump proximal to injury, alter their phenotype and acquire proliferative andmigratory capacity. They move distally and cross the perineurium of nerves during regeneration (Cheng & Zochodne, 2002) to form longitudinal bands  Büngner bands  which serve as a framework for the growth of each nerve fiber, and lead to their regeneration (Son & Thompson, 1995; Cheng & Zochodne).
When evaluating the regeneration process, it is important to take into account the autonomy of regenerative nerve tissue itself, so that we can identify and intervene at the time that the physiological regeneration process is not able to repair the injured tissue. In order to establish a morphological pattern that can explain how the nervous tissue can be repaired independently under viable conditions for regeneration, studies that evaluate histomorphometric parameters of the newly formed nerve tissue are important.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the body's intrinsic ability to repair nerve tissue by measuring variables patterns of histomorphometry in peripheral nerve tissue. The sciatic nerve underwent neurotmesis and the regenerative process was free of external interference.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The sample consisted of 9 male albino Wistar rats, weighing 254-290 g obtained from the animal laboratory of the Department of Nutrition at the Federal University of Pernambuco  UFPE. The animals were housed in plastic, propylene cages (49 x 34 x 16 cm) and kept in laboratory for experimentation by the Department of Anatomy at UFPE. The temperature was kept at 23±2 °C with a 12:12 h reversed light/dark cycle. The animals had free access to food and filtered water.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation at the Federal University of Pernambuco (Letter No. 359/11 Case No. 23076.008415/2012-95).
Experimental Groups. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: Control Group (CG, n= 4), animals with sciatic nerve intact; and Injury Group (IG, n= 5), animals whose sciatic nerves underwent neurotmesis. After inducing peripheral nerve injury to facilitate neurotmesis, the animals underwent the tubing technique to facilitate nerve regeneration.
Surgical Procedure. When they reached about 60 days, the animals were pre-anesthetized with atropine (0.044 mg/kg) 10 minutes prior to being anesthetized with a solution of 2% xylazine (Rompum,  Bayer) and ketamine (Ketalar,) 1:1 intramuscularly in 0.2 ml of solution per 100 g of body weight. Afterwards, an incision was made in the posterior paw in order to pull back the gluteus medium and maximus, and hamstring muscles for visualization of the sciatic nerve.
Nerve transection was performed using surgical scissors, with no loss of nerve tissue at the time of the experimental incision. Immediately after sectioning, the neural stumps experienced little spontaneous retraction. Thus, the stumps could be introduced, without traction, into a polyethylene tube (9 mm x 0.8 mm) filled with a solution of matrigel (BD MatrigelTM Bioscience). The neural stumps were separated 5 mm apart and formed a closed compartment. The epineurium was sutured 2 mm from the end of the tube (Braga-Silva et al., 2006).
Processing and Data Analysis. The animals were anesthetized 60 days after nerve injury, using the same procedures described above in the initial surgical procedure. This was followed by the collection of the newly formed nerve fragment present inside the polyethylene tube.
The fragment of the sciatic nerve was pre-fixed in situ by administering 1 ml of Karnowisky solution (2.5% glutaldehyde, 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer , pH = 7.4) 1 minute prior to nerve removal. A 5 mm segment of nerve was collected and maintained for 24 hours in Karnowisky solution and post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in a 0.1 M (pH 7.4) sodium cacodylate buffer for two hours. It was also immersed in 5% uranyl acetate for 24 hours, dehydrated in solutions of increasing acetone (50%, 70%, 90% and 100%) and embedded in epoxy resin.
The transverse cuts of the nerve were stained with toluidine blue solution (1%) and analyzed using an optical microscope (Olympus  BX50, 1000x magnification), and connected to a video camera (Samsung  SHC  410 NAD) and a computer with TV Tuner Application software to capture images.
The following programs were used: Mesurim Pro 0.8 to count the number of fibers and blood vessels (vasa nervorum), and ImageJ for measurement of the area of the transverse section of the sciatic nerve, diameter of myelinated fibers and axonal diameter. Then, the variables of fiberdensity, thickness of the myelin sheath, and g-ratio were calculated.
Statistical Analysis. Data were analyzed using the Prism 5.0 program and the Student t-test for independent samples. Results were expressed as Mean ± standard deviation, with 95 % as the level of reliability.
At 60 days post injury, the regenerated nerve fragments present in the Injury Group showed smaller values of axonal diameter, diameter of myelinated fibers and thickness of the myelin sheath than the Control Group (p<0.05). The newly formed tissue also showed intense vascularization (Table I).
Despite the immaturity of the regenerated myelinated fibers, the g-ratio showed that nerve fibers in the newly formed segment presented with normal mylelinization, proportional to the size of the regenerated myelinated axon formation, thus, giving rise to the capacity to conduct nerve impulses.
With respect to the absolute number of myelinated fibers, we found that the newly formed segment, at 60 days of nerve regeneration, showed a similar amount of myelinated fibers as in intact nerve. However, with regard to the g-ratio we found that the density of myelinated fibers in damaged nerve was significantly greater; demonstrating clearly that the cross-sectional area of this group presented numerically lesser than the Control Group (Table I).
Table I. Histomorphometric analysis of the parameters evaluated in the groups.
Neurotmesis is the most severe traumatic injury that can occur in the peripheral nervous system. It can cause disruption to the nerve, prevent that spontaneous regeneration occurs, and to restore function in the denervated limb. Thus, surgical repair is essential to enable aviable regeneration in this type of injury (Lee & Wolfe; Siqueira, 2007, Campbell, 2008).
In the present study, using the tubilization technique, the neural stumps in regeneration had their growth guided and protected from infiltration by scar tissue, which could have invaded the space of the nerve growth factor (Pfister et al., 2007). This reduced the influence of external factors, allowing only cells and tissue elements normally present in the nerve trunk to influence the regeneration process (Belkas et al., 2004).
The results of this study showed that the variables of thickness of the myelin sheath, axonal diameter and myelin fiber diameter, were statistically lower than those found in a healthy nerve. This demonstrated that the 60-day period of regeneration is insufficient to reach the stage of axonal maturation, which is described as the last stage of the regenerative process, and which is vital to restoring the size of the axon and returning to nerve impulse conduction (Verdú et al., 2000).
This process is supported by progressive metabolic changes with increased synthesis of lipids and protein constituents of myelin, in order to increase the thickness of the myelin sheath and the size of regenerated axons (Sunderland, 1991).
The high metabolic activity still present in these regenerating fibers is marked by intense vascularization, where the amount of vasa nervorum in the injured nerve excessively exceeds the values shown in healthy nerve. This reflects the importance of angiogenesis for nervous tissue regeneration via the enabling of the delivery of oxygen and nutrients needed for the maturation of regenerated tissue (Carmeliet & Storkebaum).
However, as first described by Schmidt & Bear in 1937, the evaluation of myelinization of regenerating axons must not be limited to assessing myelin thickness. It is also important to consider the proportion of the myelin formed in relation to the size of the respective axon. Thus, the g-ratio variable (axonal diameter/overall fiber diameter) relates to the way in which the nerve impulse is transmitted in a saltatory fashion, presenting normally myelinated axons with g-ratio values ranging between 0.65 and 0.80. The higher ratio values represent a thinner myelin, while lower values represent a thicker myelin (Ansselin et al., 1997; Stopiglia et al., 1998).
G-ratio in the Control Group showed a thicker myelin, but no significant differences when compared to the Injury Group. This indicates that at 60 days post-neurotmesis, despite the presence of axonal immaturity, fibers can be normally myelinated, facilitating nerve impulse conduction (Stopiglia et al., 1998).
Inside the guide tube, nerve regeneration is guided by Büngner Bands. Attempting to connect to the target organ, axons will mature and return to a diameter close to normal (Fawcett & Keynes, 1990). Numerous axonal segments begin to sprout from the terminals of the nodes of Ranvier, with myelinated and unmyelinated fibers intact in the segment proximal to the injury (Fawcett & Keynes; Belkas et al.).
This process is called poly-innervation, which has its peak between 21 and 25 days after injury (Sobral et al., 2008), and is responsible for the final number of axons that will integrate with the regenerated nerve. Axons that can establish a connection to the target organ will mature and return to a diameter close to normal (Fawcett & Keynes). Conversely, those that do not effectively reach the target organ are removed during the process of synaptic elimination (Favero et al., 2007; Fawcett & Keynes).
After the absolute numbers of myelinated fibers that make up the nerve were measured, no significant difference in the number of myelinated fibers in intact and injured nerves was found (Sobral et al., 2008).
Despite presenting a compatible number of myelinated fibers with intact nerve, the fiber density per cross-sectional area not only revealed the immaturity of the axons, as previously noted, but also the connective tissue layers of the nerve. This was noted mainly in the peri and epineurium, where strong and intact nerve appears as dense layers, which give the nerve support, cushioning and resistance to tension (Bové, 2008; Mizisin & Weerasuriya, 2011; Yegiyants et al.). These factors contributed to integrating the most robust cross  sectional area identified in the Control Group.
In the event of injury, peripheral nerve tissue is mobilized in an intrinsic self-healing process. After 60 days of nerve regeneration in neurotmesis injury, the peripheral nerve presents a segment joining the newly formed neural stump. The newly formed nerve segment has a number of regenerated axons compatible with an intact nerve, but which still show great immaturity in the axonal structural layers of the nerve.
Ansselin, A. D.; Fink, T. & Davey, D. F. Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guides seeded with adult Schwann cells. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 23(5):387-98, 1997. [ Links ]
Beeri, H.; Reichert, F.; Saada, A. & Rotshenker, S. The cytokine network of wallerian degeneration: IL-10 and GM-CSF. Eur. J. Neurosci.,10(8):2707-13, 1998. [ Links ]
Belkas, J. S.; Shoichet, M. S. & Midha, R. Peripheral nerve regeneration through guidance tubes. Neurol. Res., 26(2):151-60, 2004. [ Links ]
Bové, G. M. Epi-perineurial anatomy, innervation, and axonal nociceptive mechanisms. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 12(3):185-90, 2008. [ Links ]
Braga-Silva, J.; Gehlen, D.; Roman, J. A.; Menta, C.; Atkinson, E. A.; Machado, D. C.; Viezzer, C.; Barbosa, G. L.; Baes, C. V. W.; Silva, V. D. & da Costa, J. C. Efeitos das células tronco adultas de medula óssea e do plasma rico em plaquetas na regeneração e recuperação funcional nervosa em um modelo de defeito agudo em nervo perfiférico em rato. Acta Ortop. Bras., 14(5):273-5, 2006. [ Links ]
Campbell, W. W. Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury. Clin. Neurophysiol., 119(9):1951-65, 2008. [ Links ]
Carmeliet, P. & Storkebaum, E. Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 13(1):39-53, 2002. [ Links ]
Chang, C. J.; Hsu, S. H.; Lin, F. T.; Chang, H. & Chang, C. S. Low-intensity-ultrasound-accelerated nerve regeneration using cell-seeded poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits: an in vivo and in vitro study. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater., 75(1):99-107, 2005. [ Links ]
Cheng, C. & Zochodne, D. W. In vivo proliferation, migration and phenotypic changes of Schwann cells in the presence of myelinated fibers. Neuroscience, 115(1):321-9, 2002. [ Links ]
Eser, F.; Aktekin, L. A.; Bodur, H. & Atan, C. Etiological factors of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. Neurol. India, 57(4):434-7, 2009. [ Links ]
Favero, M.; Lorenzetto, E.; Bidoia, C.; Buffelli, M.; Busetto, G. & Cangiano A. Synapse formation and elimination: role of activity studied in different models of adult muscle reinnervation. J. Neurosci. Res., 85(12):2610-9, 2007. [ Links ]
Fawcett, J. W. & Keynes, R. J. Peripheral nerve regeneration. Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 13:43-60, 1990. [ Links ]
Lee, S. K. & Wolfe, S. W. Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg., 8(4):243-52, 2000. [ Links ]
Medalha, C. C.; Di Gangi, G. C.; Barbosa, C. B.; Fernandes, M.; Aguiar, O.; Faloppa, F.; Leite, V. M. & Renno, A. C. Low-level laser therapy improves repair following complete resection of the sciatic nerve in rats. Lasers Med. Sci., 27(3):629-35, 2012. [ Links ]
Mizisin, A. P. & Weerasuriya, A. Homeostatic regulation of the endoneurial microenvironment during development, aging and in response to trauma, disease and toxic insult. Acta Neuropathol., 121(3):291-312, 2011. [ Links ]
Pfister, L. A.; Papaloïzos, M.; Merkle, H. P. & Gander, B. Nerve conduits and growth factor delivery in peripheral nerve repair. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst., 12(2):65-82, 2007. [ Links ]
Shamash, S.; Reichert, F. & Rotshenker, S. The cytokine network of Wallerian degeneration: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1alpha, and interleukin-1beta. J. Neurosci., 22(8):3052-60, 2002. [ Links ]
Siqueira, R. Lesões nervosas periféricas: uma revisão. Rev. Neurocienc., 15(3):226-33, 2007. [ Links ]
Sobral, L. L.; Oliveira, L. S.; Takeda, S. Y. M.; Somazz, M. C.; Montebelo, M. I. L. & Teodori, R. M. Immediate versus later exercises for rat sciatic nerve regeneration after axonotmesis: histomorphometric and functional analyses. Rev. Bras. Fisioter., 12(4):311-6, 2008. [ Links ]
Son, Y. J. & Thompson, W. J. Schwann cell processes guide regeneration of peripheral axons. Neuron, 14(1):125-32, 1995. [ Links ]
Stopiglia, A. J.; Lainetti, R. D.; Pires, R. S. & Da-Silva, C. F. Avaliação morfométrica de fibras nervosas do nervo ulnar após reparação cirúrgica com auto-enxerto e prótese tubular em cães. Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., 35(2):80-3, 1998. [ Links ]
Sunderland, S. Nerve injuries and their repair: a critical appraisal. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1991. [ Links ]
Teodori, R. M.; Betini, J.; de Oliveira, L. S.; Sobral, L. L.; Takeda, S. Y. & de Lima Montebelo, M. I. Swimming exercise in the acute or late phase after sciatic nerve crush accelerates nerve regeneration. Neural Plast., 2011:783901, 2011. [ Links ]
Verdú, E.; Ceballos, D.; Vilches, J. J. & Navarro, X. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst., 5(4):191-208, 2000. [ Links ]
Yegiyants, S.; Dayicioglu, D.; Kardashian, G. & Panthaki, Z. J. Traumatic peripheral nerve injury: a wartime review. J. Craniofac. Surg.,21(4):998-1001, 2010. [ Links ]
Deniele Bezerra Lós
Rua Estevão de Sá, 390 Apto 503 B4  Várzea
CEP: 50740-270 Recife  PE
Email: deniele.los@gmail.com
Received: 14-05-2014
Accepted: 30-01-2015
Tel.: (56-45) 232 5571
Fax: (56-45) 232 5600
ijmorpho@ufrontera.cl


text:
Home›Features›Margot's or the New Plex? A Colloquial Debate
Nicole Mailhoit / Gavel Media
Margot's or the New Plex? A Colloquial Debate
by Emma Healy
Ever since the earliest days of its construction, Boston College's new athletic complex has been eagerly awaited by the campus community. Rachel King, MCAS '20, suggests that arguably the most hotly-debated topic this semester is how to adopt the new building, eloquently labeled "Margot Connell Recreation Center," into daily colloquial lingo.
The two frontrunners in such a debate include the feminist-favorite "Margot's" and the familiar "New Plex," though some periodically prefer to go a more creative route with "The Ter." Whichever name you favor, each has its own degree of reasoning, though some seem to hold significantly less reputability than others (I'm looking at you, "Ter").
Many of those arguing for "Margot's" point to the fact that there is not a single building on campus named after a woman. Thus, students should highlight this landmark by addressing the center with Connell's name, as she is the donor who made its creation possible.
To this point, Grace Lau, MCAS '22, offers, "I personally call it Margot's, because it's named after a woman, and I want to honor that. Female empowerment, baby!"
Especially considering that it's an athletic building, this name could help women feel represented in a space stereotypically believed to be male-dominated.
"At the same time," Lau continues, "I only ever say 'New Plex' because it just rolls off the tongue more." For those students who choose "New Plex," the name is all about what's familiar. The majority of upperclassmen are so used to the catchy ring which comes with, "I'm heading to the Plex," that it seems only fitting to continue on that same linguistic path.
Freshmen often feel that they have to latch onto whatever they hear upperclassmen say in order to avoid being ostracized by the BC Community, so in this way "New Plex" seems to have filtered down through the ranks.
Finally, there seems to be a third option for the beautiful new center: "The Ter." On first glance, this name makes little to no sense, but once receiving an explanation, many students like the idea.
"The Plex," originally short for the Flynn Recreation Complex, takes the last syllable of the building name in order to shorten its label. "The Ter" seeks to have the same effect. It is short, quick, and easy-to-remember, making it a fan-favorite among students looking for an edgier alternative.
Why do BC students insist on this process at all? McElroy Dining Hall has become "Mac," Corcoran Commons is referred to as "Lower," Vanderslice Hall as "Vandy," and Welch Dining Room/Lyons Dining Hall as "The Rat." The Margot Connell Recreation Center, then, must follow suit.
There might be a psychological aspect to the phenomenon. Abbreviating the names of buildings helps to solidify BC students as members of what's known as an "in-group"—collections of people in which the members feel connected by a common identifier. By abbreviating the names of places on campus, BC students create a stronger bond with each other in a way that makes them feel like part of an exclusive club.
Following standard naming conventions helps identify who is part of the group and who isn't—for example, being able to tell what grade someone is in when they ask (incorrectly) "Hey, how do I get to 'The Slice'?" in reference to Vandy. Since the person neglected to follow the rules of campus dialect, it would have then been clear to any conversation partner that they aren't yet part of the in-group and thus, must be a freshman.
Frankly, deciding upon a unified name for the Margot Connell Recreation Center has to happen. How else will BC students be able to bond over yet another turn-of-phrase which no one but them quite understands? Nicknaming the building is an inevitable christening of BC campus culture, for what has become a widely celebrated and acclaimed new addition to the university.
Emma Healy
TagsEmma HealyGrace LauMargot Connell Recreation CenterMargot'sNew Plexrachel king
Margot's Proving Troublesome for Swim and Dive and Tennis Teams
Ellen Gerst / Gavel Media
Scenes From the Great OIP Email Thread Meltdown of 2019
Mouse Hunters: BC Edition
Campus POV, Opinions


Olivia Prochnow, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, has achieved the Gold Award, the highest award in Girl Scouts, by creating Comfort Care Kits for children experiencing foster care at Four Oaks Family Connections. The kits, which contain a blanket, notebook, puzzle book, stuffed animal, and fidget toy, were assembled so that children transitioning into foster care would have something special and comforting of their own during a challenging time in their lives. Every year, children enter the foster care system because they have been abused, neglected, or abandoned by their guardians. Whether they are in need of a feeling of safety, entertainment, or an outlet to share emotions and frustrations, Olivia's Comfort Care Kits work to make a child's time in the foster care system a more positive and comfortable experience. Because of Olivia's work, the Outreach Committee at Holy Redeemer Lutheran Church will continue providing the kits to children at Four Oaks Family Connections in the future.
"I feel that each kit distributed gave the children transitioning into foster care a more positive experience and immediate comfort. The kits are something given to each child and it is something they can take and can call their own," says Olivia.
I've been in Girl Scouts for 13 years. I started as a Daisy in kindergarten.
Meeting new people, making friends and creating memories will have a lasting impact on me. I enjoyed the opportunity of spending time in the community helping people, whether it be volunteering at the local clothing donation store organizing items for those in need, ringing the bell for the Salvation Army, Christmas caroling, or helping an organization on the day of their fun run. And who can forget the countless hours of selling Girl Scout cookies either at a cookie booth or selling door-to-door.
Peer helping at my school for my Junior and Senior years helped me realize that each student has a different story and that each one has challenges and what it takes to overcome them. I was inspired to make the comfort care kits for children going into foster care because I wanted to create a positive impact on children's lives so that they feel important and that they know someone cares.
Girl Scouts has played an important role in my life. Going to meetings and gatherings with other Girl Scouts made me feel empowered, because we are all on the same team and working towards the same goal....to make the world a better place!
Are you going to college? If so, where and what will you be studying? I am planning to attend Kirkwood Community College and work towards being a phlebotomist.


The Cheverly Green Infrastructure Science Committee is again sponsoring combined nature hikes and winter bird counts in Cheverly, as part of its seasonal hike schedule. We will do a comprehensive survey of any birds remaining with us for the winter, as well as identify trees, shrubs and even some remaining herbaceous species. Two hikes are planned: a public one on Saturday, and another on Sunday on rougher cross-country terrain for more experienced hikers.
HIKE #1: Saturday, December 22, 2018, 9-10 AM, Woodworth Park, Cheverly, Maryland. See below for Hike #2.
All hikes will be guided by leaders familiar with local flora and fauna. We will be identifying trees and whatever native plants we come across. This is a great chance to get out, learn about plants and birds and enjoy what nature has to offer this time of the year.
Directions: Approach Cheverly from either south or north on Baltimore-Washington Parkway; take the exit for Cheverly onto Rte 202 (Landover Rd), head east a few hundred feet and turn right onto Cheverly Ave heading south. Watch out for a speed camera on your left. Continue for six blocks to Forest Road, turn left after a small park and follow it for 3 blocks until you see Town all on your right at the end of a long entrance drive (opposite 64th Ave). Parking is available on the left side of the Town Hall.
Bring: You will need a pair of binoculars for the birds. Plant or bird guides and snacks are optional, but be sure to dress appropriately for the weather. For Sunday (see below), rubber boots are strongly recommended.
Notes: For hike #1 on Saturday, fairly easy walking on good trails, but there are some slopes to climb.
HIKE # 2: The Sunday hikes of about two hour duration will be either in the morning or afternoon in Euclid Woods or on the Cabin Branch and Lower Beaverdam Creek floodplains, or both, depending on participant interests. Please call for details if you are interested. The cross-country terrain will be rougher with only natural trails and is recommended primarily for more experienced hikers.
Cancellation Policy: Hikes may be cancelled for heavy precipitation, wind or other inclement weather. Call the organizer, Matt Salo, at 301-341-1261 if in doubt or if you have other questions.


text:
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void* qtc_QLineF3(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF4(double, double, double, double);
void* qtc_QLineF5(void*,void*);
void* qtc_QLineF6(double,double,double,double);
void* qtc_QLineF7(double,double,double,double);
double qtc_QLineF_angle(void*,void*);
double qtc_QLineF_angle_qth(void*);
double qtc_QLineF_dx(void*);
double qtc_QLineF_dy(void*);
long qtc_QLineF_intersect(void*,void*,void*);
int qtc_QLineF_isNull(void*);
double qtc_QLineF_length(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_normalVector(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_normalVector_qth(void*,double*,double*,double*,double*);
void* qtc_QLineF_p1(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_p1_qth(void*,double*,double*);
void* qtc_QLineF_p2(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_p2_qth(void*,double*,double*);
void* qtc_QLineF_pointAt(void*,double);
void* qtc_QLineF_pointAt_qth(void*,double,double*,double*);
void qtc_QLineF_setLength(void*,double);
void* qtc_QLineF_toLine(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_toLine_qth(void*,int*,int*,int*,int*);
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void qtc_QLineF_translate1(void*,double,double);
void* qtc_QLineF_unitVector(void*);
void* qtc_QLineF_unitVector_qth(void*,double*,double*,double*,double*);
double qtc_QLineF_x1(void*);
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void* qtc_QLineF_getFinalizer();
void qtc_QLineF_delete(void*);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This is another Begonia that has been in my care for many many years.It traveled from Florida to New Jersey back in the 50's in a packed car filled with luggage and four young children. How on earth it has survied is amazing. This painting is done on Arches 140 lb. Hot Press Watercolor Paper,using Winsor Newton and Sennlier watercolors and embellished with pen and ink.


text:
Сергей Фёдорович Скляров (1897—1943) — генерал-майор Рабоче-крестьянской Красной Армии, участник Гражданской и Великой Отечественной войн.

Биография

Сергей Скляров родился 14 сентября 1897 года в станице Попутной (ныне —  Краснодарского края). После Октябрьской революции вступил в партизанский отряд Ивана Кочубея, сражался против формирований Добровольческой армии. После окончания Гражданской войны Скляров окончил Ленинградскую высшую кавалерийскую школу РККА и служил на командных должностях в кавалерийских частях. С февраля 1935 года командир 56-го кавалерийского полка 14-й кавалерийской дивизии УВО.

С июля 1941 года Скляров находился на фронтах Великой Отечественной войны. Воевал заместителем командира дивизии, командиром 295-й стрелковой дивизии (с 28.03.1942 по 11.06.1942) на Южном, Закавказском, Северо-Кавказском, Степном и Воронежском фронтах. В боях два раза был ранен. Активно участвовал в битве за Кавказ, освобождении Украинской ССР.

Во время битвы за Днепр полковник Сергей Скляров командовал 218-й Ромоданской стрелковой дивизией, которая успешно выполнила поставленную командованием боевую задачу по форсированию реки и захвату плацдарма на её западном берегу в районе деревни Пекари Каневского района Черкасской области. Через захваченный дивизией Склярова плацдарм начала своё наступление не только сама она, но и 294-я стрелковая дивизия. За боевые заслуги 19 октября 1943 года командир 21-го стрелкового корпуса генерал-майор Василий Абрамов, за успешное форсирование реки Днепр, представил Склярова к званию Героя Советского Союза, однако командующий войсками 47-й армии генерал-лейтенант Ф. Ф. Жмаченко снизил статус награды до ордена Суворова 2-й степени. 29 октября 1943 года Склярову было присвоено воинское звание генерал-майора.

12 ноября 1943 года Скляров погиб в бою. Похоронен на Мемориале Вечной Славы в Киеве.

Был награждён орденами Суворова 2-й степени и Красной Звезды.

Примечания

Литература

Участники Гражданской войны в России (красные)
Командиры дивизий в Великой Отечественной войне
Участники битвы за Днепр
Погибшие в боях Великой Отечественной войны
Похороненные в Парке Вечной Славы
Представленные к званию Героя Советского Союза (Великая Отечественная война)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in German, before changing to Luxembourgish; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French. Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged. In addition to the three national languages, English is taught in compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English. The past two decades have highlighted the growing importance of English in several sectors, in particular the financial sector. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large segments of the population, but by relatively few from outside the Portuguese-speaking community.
This article is based on Luxembourg from Wikipedia.


text:
Q: Best practices to Manage Database project in TFS and visual studio Currently , we don't have our stored procedures , and everything else related to the proj in TFS , we are managing everything on Server ( Adding , Fixing , removing stored procedured , tables etc) We would like to start manage everything via tfs and visual studio.
Is there any best practices on how to manage this stuff ? I didn't read about Sql Server 2005 Visual studio template and doesn't know what it does , but is there any way to create a project in VS , connect to existing DataBase , and be able to track changes of procedures , in TFS ?
Thanks.

A: Yes, you can create a database project and import objects from the database you want to manage.  You can start with this MSDN article.

A: You can!  But I do not recommend the database projects that come with VS 2010 out of the box anymore - they are great,  but there is a newer version available. Basically the SQL Server team at Microsoft took ownership of the database project features and has released those features as SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT). This is a free download from the Microsoft site. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/tools.aspx
SSDT integrates with either VS 2010 or VS 2012. When you use it to create a database project, it will generate a CREATE script for each object in your database so that you can keep them under version control and compare versions over time. It also has other features like db deployment, unit testing for databases and static code analysis of T-SQL.


text:
Ann Arbor,MI48108United States
The J, 2935 Birch Hollow Dr.
Ann Arbor,MI48108United States + Google Map
PJ Library and the Ann Arbor Orthodox Minyan have teamed up to bring a new parenting class series to Ann Arbor. The curriculum is being provided by The Florence Melton School of Adult Jewish Learning and was written by Catriella Freedman. We are hoping to have parents of all levels of faith come and learn together. The Melton Learning Experience is test-based, pluralistic, and interactive. Below is the description of the curriculum from the Melton School website: Foundations of Jewish…
Please join us in celebration of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day! This program is presented by Jewish Family Services of Washtenaw County. Click here for more information. Advanced registration is requested. Please click here to register. Co-Presenters:
In celebration of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (MLK) Day, join educator, Matasha Allen, as she teaches and leads us in singing classic "freedom songs" that energized mass meetings during the civil rights movement of the 1960's. This is a family-friendly, free event as part of a day celebrating diversity and the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. In addition to being a long time member of the Early Childhood Center education staff, Matasha Allen is the Operations Manager…
Special Concert – Free to the public
Thu January 23 @ 12:00 pm - 1:30 pm
Current Events with Heather Dombey
Thu January 23 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Have you seen any interesting stories in the newspaper lately? Bring them in to discuss with Heather during current events! Discuss issues important to you, or come to learn more about what's going on. We hope you'll find current events both enjoyable and informational!
Alcohol Ink Project by Leslie Masters' Students
Fri January 24 @ 4:00 pm - Fri March 6 @ 10:00 am
Exhibit Open to the Public - January 24 - March 6, 2020 Opening Reception - Sunday, January 26, 4 - 6 PM
Thu February 6 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu February 13 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Third Thursday @ the J: Robin Beck Sings Love Songs
Thu February 20 @ 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
Thu March 5 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu March 12 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Ann Arbor Party and Events Showcase
Sun March 15 @ 11:00 am - 2:00 pm
Are you or someone you know planning a wedding, b'nai mitzvah, a life cycle or other special event? Then this is the event for you! The Ann Arbor JCC is excited to once again bring you the Ann Arbor Party and Events Showcase. You can find event planners, photographers, caterers, decorators, entertainment companies, balloon artists, florists and more all in one place at one time. Each visiting company will have representatives on hand to assist you in exploring your event planning…
Thu April 2 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu April 16 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu May 7 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu May 14 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu June 4 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu June 11 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu July 2 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu July 16 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu August 6 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu August 13 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu September 3 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu September 10 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu October 1 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu October 15 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu November 5 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu November 12 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu December 3 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu December 10 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu January 7, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu January 14, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Yiddish Reading Group
Fri January 15, 2021 @ 1:30 pm - 3:00 pm
There is a range of reading proficiency so don't hesitate to join us. We've read books by Sholem Aleichem, I.J. Singer, Sholem Asch, I. Bashevis Singer and others. We also read short stories and poetry from time to time. We hope you'll come! Our group meets every Friday from 1:30pm to 3:00pm. Contact Lily Ladin at (734) 662-6613 for more information.
Thu February 4, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu February 11, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu March 4, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu March 11, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu April 1, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu April 15, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu May 6, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu May 13, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu June 3, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu June 10, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu July 1, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu July 15, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu August 5, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
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Thu September 2, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu September 16, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Thu October 7, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm


Don't even try to act like you haven't been 'shipping J-Rod super hard since they started dating last February. Even though they've been together for over a year now, we're still hanging on their every interview, picture and social media post. And now that they've celebrated their first anniversary, we're ready to construct a timeline of their love.
Ever since they swept the tabloids with their hot summer romance last year, we have been all about this power celebrity couple. From romantic getaways in France to backyard pool parties with their kids, J-Rod is the hottest couple in the limelight — and their bond seems further and further away from a casual fling with every passing day. The two are reportedly already serious. Like, really serious.
Here's a timeline of their romance thus far, from the rumored beginnings to the talk of marriage and even their bumps in the road as a couple. Will an engagement be the next addition to this list? Or are these two headed for splitsville like so many other superstar pairings?
A version of this article was originally published in July 2018. Additional reporting by Sarah Aswell.
Rumors began swirling that J.Lo and A-Rod were an item after they were spotted in Vegas together. There were plenty of skeptics, though, including us, especially since Lopez had just been linked to Drake.
Lopez posted a hot pic of her and Rodriguez snuggling together on her Instagram story then quickly deleted it. The two were enjoying a vacation together in the Bahamas. This is the moment we all realized a true Hollywood love story was developing and the two were dubbed J-Rod, obviously.
E! News reported things between Lopez and Rodriguez went "from zero to 100 really quick." The outlet even suggested Rodriguez already has plans to marry Lopez up in the near future.
It was already meet-the-family time for the couple of one month. The two were spotted out for a stroll in New York City with Lopez's mom Guadalupe Rodríguez. Lopez also met Rodriguez's sister, Susy Dunand and captured the moment on Instagram. Dunand even reportedly referred to Lopez as her sister-in-law.
Lopez and Rodriguez flew to La Romana, Dominican Republic, together to deliver school supplies to children in need. A couple that gives together, stays together.
J-Rod made their couple debut at the 2017 Met Gala, walking arm and arm down the red carpet and smiling for the cameras in all their glam. Lopez even posted some Instagram pics of the two on their way to the big event and referred to Rodriguez as her "macho bello."
Lopez shared a pool photo with Rodriguez, her twins, Maximilian David and Emme Maribel, 9, and his two daughters, Ella Alexander, 9, and Natasha Alexander, 12. having a #SundayFunday. Not only does this photo make it clear their children have already met one another, but it seems the family gets along well.
Lopez and Rodriguez jetted off for yet another couple vacation amidst their crazy careers. This time, they ended up in France. The trip reportedly included a yachting adventure in Monaco, fine dining on the French Riviera and a yoga lesson in St. Tropez.
Lopez supported her man on the baseball field and on social media. She gave him shoutouts every chance she got as he made appearances for MLB All-Star Week.
A bump in the road for Lopez and Rodriguez… Lopez reportedly hired a private detective to tail Rodriguez after cheating rumors surfaced in the tabloids back in June. Apparently, Rodriguez wasn't pleased at all when he found out. But the couple is reportedly working through their issues.
Families that wear matching pj's together stay together — on Thanksgiving, all the kids, plus a cousin, showed some holiday cheer by celebrating together in matching pajamas. It looked like a fun time to us for this blended family.
2017 was the first time the couple spent Christmas together, and it looked amazing — cozy but also warm since they were celebrating in Florida. There was time in the pool, an elaborate dinner and, of course, matching pj's and lots of presents for everyone.
They make an outing to floor seats at a Los Angeles Lakers game, enjoying some basketball and snacks as a big, happy group. The Charlotte Hornets defeated the Los Angeles Lakers by the final score of 108 – 94 at Staples Center, but we're sure they still had a good time.
The power couple finds time to give back among all their activities. In January, the Latin couple traveled to Puerto Rico, in part to launch the Puerto Rico Federally Qualified Health Centers Disaster Recovery Fund, but also to visit with the citizens of the island and assess the damage. This trip was in addition to the relief concert the couple put on to help the hurricane victims.
While J.Lo was headlining a special concert for DirecTV, she sang her new single, "Us," and said it was about her and the baseball pro, who was in the audience with his two daughters.
The couple did not hit the red carpet for the Oscars but instead donned their best business suits and set out for the Bronx, where they helped underprivileged kids learn about making smart financial choices and investments.
After selling off some of their solo properties, the power couple decided to move in together a little over a year after they began seeing each other. Their choice abode? A $15 million Manhattan condo that, at 4,000 square feet, is plenty big enough to happily hold their blended family.
A-Rod visited with Ellen DeGeneres and told the story of how he and Lopez met and started dating. Even though J.Lo is one of the most recognizable superstars around, Rodriguez admits it took him a minute to even place who she was, in part because she was dressed for an acting role.
The power couple went to their second Met Gala together, and A-Rod uploaded pics to Instagram of them having a blast all night, including a video of J.Lo dancing at an after-party.
Jennifer Lopez visits Jimmy Fallon on the Tonight Show to talk about her latest single and also to talk about her relationship with A-Rod. Her newest song is called "El Anillo," which translates to "the ring" — and are you thinking what we're thinking?


Brandon Jackson raises money for orphans in Honduras. Pamela Hirwa of South Africa writes poetry. McKay Hatch started a "no cussing" club at his California middle school that has expanded to include tens of thousands of people worldwide. These young members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are involved in very different activities, but they are all motivated by their faith.


I have this tendency to get way too focused and zoned in on work. I end up working hours upon hours at night and pouring in to design projects, emails, the blog, and other projects. It can get to a point where I lose track of time, exhaust myself, and even forget to eat most of the day. Not cool and a little crazy because it is not always necessary.
From time to time there are moments when life can get a little hectic. Maybe you have a deadline looming and have struggled to develop the perfect idea. Maybe you are juggling too much. Whatever it may be it has can happen and that is life, but when you are seeing a pattern of late night after late night for really no reason it is time to check yourself because you truly wreck yourself (sorry I just had to).
Sometimes we just need someone to say you need to chill out and relax. Stop everything, leave your desk, grab your favorite drink, sit in the sun for a little bit. My favorite thing is to find a way to schedule breaks in to my day. I always felt I had so much to do but I found by scheduling times to break and work out, cook dinner, or grab coffee for an hour with a friend I become more efficient and got more done. This allowed for me to find time to relax more often. As a creative your time away from your computer is more important than anything. So find ways to value it more than the time you work.
Learning a rhythm has helped me feel more relaxed and less like my life is up in the air as a creative. There are still times it doesn't all go as planned, deadlines pile up, client meetings stack up, and emails feel like Mount Everest, but always find a way to relax take deep breaths. Find balance, relax, and take one thing at a time. Set your deadlines in a comfortable spacing for your pace of work and life and learn to prioritize. Your time you spend relaxing will actually feel relaxing.
I love how the universe provides you exactly what you need, at the moment you need it. I needed this post of yours today, more than any other day, as I sit here hungry and frazzled from working all night and day. Thank you for the reminder to just stop, and go get something to eat.
You are sooo right! I know exactly what you mean – I've been doing it this week! It IS crazy! Agree with Lauren, Thank you for the reminder to just stop and go get something to eat: I don't have much to eat in a day, sometimes just one meal! And work through the night! But got too much & ended up sleeping all today & being sick! So it's maybe not the best!
You are so absolutely right! And I really need to remind myself of these things especially when it comes to work on the computer with my blog, website, webshop, photo editing etc. It seems like there are no end to these things. I can just keep on going… Definitely not good and in the end it's really bad for creativity as well.