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Q&A with Jeff Hornsby
Photo credit: Janet Rogers, Strategic Communications & Marketing
Regnier Institute Director Receives Advocacy Award for Entrepreneurial Efforts
How were you chosen for the award?
I was nominated for the John E. Hughes Entrepreneurial Advocacy Award by Dr. Donald Kuratko at Indiana University, with whom I've participated in the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE) for a number of years. I received the award during the USASBE 2016 Award Winners celebration.
What are the qualifications for which the award is given?
The award is named after its first recipient, John Hughes. It recognizes individuals for their "long-term encouragement, support, resources, time, development, talent and skills to further the field of entrepreneurship and to support structures that nurture emerging and practicing business owners."
Once nominated, the nominator had to get letters of support forwarded to a selection committee. The committee reviewed the nominations and, following that, the selection was made.
How long have you been involved with USASBE?
I've been involved since the early 90s, including serving on the board for more than 10 years, executive committee for three years, and as a conference chair twice.
This was through new and corporate venture promotion at Ball State University, and the Center for the Advancement of Entrepreneurship at Kansas State University. Now, I am still actively involved in venture promotion at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.
Can you provide examples of your work in and advocacy of entrepreneurship?
Much of my work has been through the various roles I've had at USASBE since 1990. I spent 21 years at Ball State University, which was ranked number three in undergraduate programs by U.S. News and World Report; I was founding director of Kansas State's Center for the Advancement of Entrepreneurship; and now I lead UMKC's Regnier Institute for Entrepreneurship and Innovation.
Also, I hope my scholarship contributed to my receiving this award. I have co-authored more than 70 articles and five books that have investigated critical elements of the entrepreneurial process, especially as it relates to entrepreneurial mindset, human resources, and entrepreneurial orientation.
How long have you been at the Bloch School?
I have been here approximately three years, and I feel strongly about the Regnier Institute. Our mission and commitment to working across campus and into the Kansas City community with a focus on early stage ventures is at the very core of what the John Hughes Entrepreneurial Advocacy Award is about.
Tell me your thoughts when you learned you were the 2016 award recipient.
I am not a big awards guy, but this was quite an honor. This is a great recognition for 26 years of work at USASBE, for the advocacy of entrepreneurship at the university level, and through research and writing accomplishments.
|Wandra Brooks Green, Division of Strategic Marketing and Communications
Tags: Henry W. Bloch School of Management, Jeff Hornsby, John E. Hughes Entrepreneurial Advocacy Award, Regnier Institute for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship.
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Mekonnen Haileselassie1,2,
Getachew Redae1,
Gebretsadik Berhe1,
Carol J. Henry3,
Michael T. Nickerson4 &
Afework Mulugeta1
Nutrition Journal volume 21, Article number: 4 (2022) Cite this article
Limited studies in Ethiopia showed that infants and young children are at high risk of inadequate intake of energy and nutrients. However, inclusive assessment of both nutrient intakes and their food sources are lacking. We aimed at assessing energy and nutrient intakes and their food sources during religious fasting and non-fasting periods among 6–23 months old children in Northern Ethiopia.
Data for this longitudinal study were collected following repeated multiple-pass 24-h dietary recall technique through face-to-face interviews with primary caregivers. Using a two-stage systematic random sampling method, a total of 570 and 551 children participated respectively in the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated and compared with WHO daily requirements. All foods that a child consumed on the day preceding the date of data collection were recorded and processed with database software. Chi-square and t- tests were used to analyze the data. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
The overall prevalence of child stunting was 41.4%. Almost all of children (99.6%) consumed grains, roots, and tubers. The inadequacy prevalence of energy, protein and eight selected micronutrients (calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C) intake were 96.2, 44.9, and 95.5%, respectively. Calcium and zinc were the highest (100%) deficits observed across all age groups. Although consumption of animal source foods (ASFs) was very low (dairy 10.1%, meat 2.3% and eggs 23.6%), there was significantly higher consumption of meat and eggs during the non-fasting compared to fasting period (p < 0.001).
Inadequate intake of energy and nutrients was common among 6–23 months old children. Cereals were found to be the main sources of many of the nutrients. The consumption of ASFs among 6–23-month-old children was low which was also affected by the religious fasting period. Hence, strengthening social and behavior change communication, supporting rural households to raise poultry and small ruminants is recommended.
Malnutrition is an underlying cause for child mortality, particularly among low socioeconomic communities in developing countries [1]. It has severe short-and long-term health consequences including child growth restriction, poor cognition and educational performance, lost productivity and increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases [2]. Globally, 144 and 47 million children under- five suffer from stunting and wasting respectively [3].
Despite the remarkable achievements in improving children's nutrition over the past two decades, child malnutrition is still a major public health challenge in Ethiopia. The national prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among children under five was 36.8, 21.1 and 7.2% in 2019, respectively [4]. Similarly, 57% of children under five were anemic, only 14% had an adequately diverse diet, and just 7% of children aged 6–23 months meet the minimum acceptable dietary standards [5].
The current level of child malnutrition may persist if the socio-cultural and religious determinants to child feeding practices are not thoroughly investigated and interventions are not designed to mitigate their effects on child nutrition. The Orthodox Tewahedo Christians is among the religions with 43.5% adherents in Ethiopia [6]. During the Orthodox fasting period, eating animal source foods (ASFs) such as flesh foods, eggs and dairy products are strictly forbidden except for children and pregnant women [7]. There are more than 150 days per year that most adults do not consume ASFs during the Orthodox fasting period [8, 9]. Although fasting have positive health-related markers among adults [10, 11], the practices of fasting by adult caregivers/parents may affect the type of complementary foods to be offered for children. During this period, though children are exempted from fasting, ASFs may not be prepared at home and be available for them due to mother/caregivers fear of contaminating utensils during cooking family foods [9, 12, 13]. Therefore, children miss ASFs which are energy and nutrient-dense, high quality and easily digestible protein sources and an efficient and easily absorbable source of micronutrients like iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B12, riboflavin and calcium [14]. Hence, 6–23 months of age children are at high risk for energy and micronutrient deficiencies [15] because they have high needs to energy and micronutrient intakes [16]. To date, the few studies in Ethiopia [17,18,19] described the intake of energy and some selected nutrients among children under five. However, none of them have taken into account the intake of many essential nutrients and their food sources in areas where chronic malnutrition is high.
Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the influence of fasting on energy and nutrient intakes and their corresponding food sources among 6–23 months old children from the rural communities in Northern Ethiopia where the burden of child stunting is unacceptably high. This will enable program managers to design interventions to improve intake and quality of complementary foods for 6–23 months old children.
Study area, sample size and sampling techniques
The study was conducted in the rural areas of Samre Seharti and Tanqua Abergele, both food insecure districts of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, with a total population of 144,527 and 120,180, respectively [20]. Both are intervention districts of the Seqota Declaration, with a target of achieving an end to childhood stunting by 2030 [21].
A single population proportion formula, n = Z21- α/2 P (1-P) /d2 was used to determine the sample size and was estimated to be 366. The following parameters were taken into consideration during the sample size calculation: 95% Confidence level, 5% desired degree of precision and 39.3% stunting prevalence of Tigray region [5], 1.5 design effect (to account for the heterogeneity between Tabias of the district about the measured indicator) and a 10% non-responses rate. Thus the final sample size was computed as 604 children whose mothers had been practicing fasting during the religious fasting period.
Eight Tabias were selected from the forty-three Tabias in the two districts of Samre Seharti and Tanqua Abergele, using simple random sampling technique. The sample size was proportionately divided into the randomly eight selected Tabias. Figure 1 depicts the selected tabias and the sampled households. Study participants in each nominated Tabia were selected by systematic random sampling method.
Schematic representations of the sampling technique for the quantitative study in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, 2019
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Children with 6–23 months age, apparently healthy and breastfeeding during the study periods were included. Breastfeeding children were selected due to the reason that continued breastfeeding rates at two years were high (92.4%) at the regional level [5]. Non-fasting mothers, those with twins and not permanent dwellers (mothers have no plans to stay longer than six months) were excluded from the study.
Study design, duration and participants
A longitudinal study design was carried out in both lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Mothers with 6–23 months old children were answer as indirect responders. The first and second round study was conducted from March 21–April 17/2019 and May 23–June 15/2019 respectively.
Socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometry
Information on socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants such as children's age and sex, family size of households, parents' educational level were collected using a structured questionnaire. Height (recumbent length) was measured using a portable child length measuring wooden board (Shorr board, California) to the nearest 0.1 cm. While weight of the child was measured using a calibrated high precision portable digital scale measured to the nearest 0.1 kg [17, 22]. Data were collected by health professionals who were well trained and skilled in child anthropometric measurements. Duplicate measurements (length and weight) were taken following standard procedures [23]. Height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height were calculated according to the WHO Standard Reference [24] using the software ENA 2015. The nutritional status indicators namely stunting, underweight, and wasting were defined as Length-for-age z-score (LAZ), Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), and Weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) < − 2 Z-scores, respectively.
Dietary diversity
An interactive 24-h dietary recall method was used to assess dietary diversity in each household by asking the child's primary caregiver about breastfeeding and all foods consumed by each child on the previous day [25]. Food items consumed were classified into either of seven food groups: (1) cereals; (2) meat (beef, lamb, goat, chicken, liver, kidney, heart or other organs and fish); (3) milk and milk products; (4) eggs; (5) legume and pulses; (6) Vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables; and (7) Other fruits and vegetables [17]. Then children's minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum diet diversity (MDD) were computed using the 24-h recall data. Children receiving four or more food groups were categorized as meeting the minimum dietary diversity; or else, they were considered as getting low minimum dietary diversity [25].
Dietary intakes and food sources
An interactive two round 24-h dietary recall was conducted with the primary caregivers using multiple pass technique validated for use in developing countries [26]. The technique included a quick list of all consumed foods and drinks, time, place, ingredients, detailed description of listed food items, preparation and cooking method, and review of the recall. In some cases, the sibling and father of the child assisted the primary caregiver to recall the food intake of the child. The recruited data collectors had experience with similar data collection techniques and prior to collection of data; they were trained and conducted a pilot test to further modify the questionnaire. The portion sizes of each food/drink was estimated using local measurement aids such as spoons, feeding bottle cups, ladles and bowls. Digital food photos were also used as a memory aid and to estimate the portion sizes of foods given by primary caregivers [17]. Data collectors had also salted replica of common local infant and young child foods in the study area, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) bread, enjera, porridge, gruel, shallot, tomato, and stew. To estimate portion size, each participant was asked to put the amount of food that is equivalent to the food actually eaten if actual food is available at their home or salted replica on a food weighing scale in grams (calibrated portable electronic kitchen scale, Yongkang Zhezhong Weighing Apparatus Factory, China). The respondents were also asked to estimate the portion of leftover. Every respondent was also asked for snack, fluid and outdoor consumption of food after they completed the recall. All days of the week were equally represented in the final sample. All the collected food items were grouped into the seven food groups by the researchers. Food items that contributed 10% and above to the intakes of energy and nutrients were presented by the children's age group (6–8 months, 9–11 months and 12–23 months) between the lent fasting and non-fasting periods.
Estimation of nutrient intakes and nutrient density
Energy and nutrient estimation of diets, recipes, or commercial food items was conducted using the Ethiopian food composition table [27]. Missing values were completed using the USDA nutrient database [28]. The median energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods were calculated for fasting and non-fasting periods separately for each child's age group. Energy and nutrient intake of breastfed children were compared to estimated needs from complementary foods assuming average intake of breast milk and composition [29, 30]. The "nutrient density per 100kcal" of the diet was calculated by dividing nutrient intake by the total energy intake (in kcal) as described in Dewey and Brown [29]. The nutrient densities were compared with estimated needs for energy and selected nutrients that would allow children to meet their daily nutrient requirements based on WHO/FAO recommended intakes [31].
Data quality control
In the beginning prior to data collection, data collectors were trained and conducted a pilot test to further modify the questionnaire. A strong follow-up and continuous support were also given for them while they were in the field. The nutrient content of children's diet was assessed using the Ethiopian food composition table [27] and their feeding practices were characterized using the WHO infants and young child feeding indicators [25]. Repeated measurement across items provided consistent result and the value of Cronbach's Alpha was 0.880 which is reliable. During the Anthropometric measurements, the scales were calibrated at the beginning of the measurement using standard weights and measuring tapes. Duplicate measurements (length and weight) were taken following standard procedures.
Data on socio-demographic characteristics and child feeding practices were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to a statistical software IBM SPSS version 20. All continuous variables were checked for normality using skewness and kurtosis test. Children's feeding practices between fasting and non-fasting periods were compared using the t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. And non-normally distributed data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Statistical significance was set at P-values< 0.05. Multicollinearity among the variables was detected using variance inflation factor (VIF) showing that there was no multicollinearity (VIF < 10) [32].
The data about dietary intake and food sources from the dietary assessment were entered and converted into energy and nutrient intake using the NutriSurvey software program (www.nutrisurvey.de) based on Ethiopian Food Composition Tables. The dietary intakes and nutrient densities were described using medians with interquartile range due to the non-normal distributions of nutrient intakes. The adequacy of the energy and nutrient intakes were evaluated in comparison with percentage of estimated energy needs from complementary foods by calculating the energy requirements of the children based on age (in months). The percentage contribution of each food item for the energy and selected nutrients was calculated by adding the amount of a given nutrient provided by each collected food items for all individuals and dividing by the total intake of that nutrient consumed by all individuals from all food types and multiplied by 100.
Socio-demographic and nutritional status of children
A total of 570 participants were surveyed during the Ethiopian Orthodox lent fasting periods with response rate of 93.5% and 551 in the non-fasting period "with a response rate" of 96.7%. Table 1 presents the overall socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics of children in the study area. The overall mean age of children was 14.5 months, and 52.5% of the children were males. Mean household size of the study participants was 5.5 persons. Only 23% of the interviewed mothers had a formal education. They were all Orthodox Christian followers. About 90% of the households owned at least one type of livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens. The overall prevalence of child stunting, underweight, and wasting was 41.4, 21.6, and 8.6%, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and nutritional status of 6–23 months old children in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia (N = 570)
Child dietary diversity
The overall child feeding practices between the lent fasting and non-fasting periods are summarized in Table 2. No child received meat during the lent fasting period, while only 4.5% of the children received meat during the non-fasting periods. Based on the comparisons of percent proportions, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the lent fasting and non-fasting periods in the children's consumption of food groups such as grains, roots and tubers, dairy products, vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables and other fruits and vegetables. However, there was a significantly higher consumption of meat and eggs and lower consumption of legumes and nuts among children during the non-fasting periods than the lent fasting periods. Minimum dietary diversity was significantly higher in the non-fasting period compared to the lent fasting periods (Table 2).
Table 2 Types of food groups consumed by 6–23 months age children in lent fasting and non-fasting periods in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Nutrient intakes
Table 3 presents the median nutrient intake of complementary foods for the three age groups of children between the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Except for the median intakes of vitamin A, which is the lowest for infants aged 9–11 months, all nutrients intake increased with age. Apart from protein at the age of 12–23 months, energy and the selected eight micronutrients intake from complementary foods were below the corresponding estimated needs recommended by WHO/FAO for breastfed children of 6–23 months old, in both periods. The children's nutrient inadequacy prevalence was > 90% for energy, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C and was 100% for calcium, zinc, and niacin in both lent fasting and non-fasting periods. The median intakes of all nutrients by 6–23 months old children were higher in the non-fasting periods than the lent fasting one across all age groups. Nevertheless, the median intakes of vitamin A at the age of 9–11 months children were similar in both periods.
Table 3 Median (IQR) daily energy and nutrient intakes of infants and young children (aged 6–23 months) from complementary foods in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Nutrient densities
The median nutrient densities of protein for children of all age groups in the lent fasting and non-fasting periods exceed desired protein density from complimentary foods. Similarly, iron for 12–23 months (in both periods) and thiamin for 9–23 months (non-fasting periods) was found higher than the corresponding estimated needs where moderate bioavailability was assumed for iron and zinc. However, the rest of micronutrients from complementary foods across all age groups were below the desired density in both periods. The highest deficits were observed for the nutrient density of calcium across all age groups of children during the lent fasting and non-fasting periods (Table 4).
Table 4 Median (first, third quartile) nutrient densities of complementary foods in relation to estimated needs among children aged 6–23 months in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Contribution of food items to children's energy and nutrient intakes
Contribution of food types for nutrient intakes of 6–23 month old children in lent fasting and non-fasting periods is described (Table 5). Although more than 100 food types were collected from the study area, only nine food items contributed 10% and above to children's energy and nutrient intakes. Cereals, mainly sorghum remained the most consumed food type by the children in both lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Sesame and linseed were also good sources of calcium during the lent fasting periods of the children's diet.
Table 5 Contribution of food items (at least 10%) to nutrient intakes of 6–23 month old children in lent fasting and non-fasting periods in rural districts of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Eggs provided the major sources of vitamin A, in all age groups of the children in both fasting and non-fasting periods. The mixed, red and white sorghum was the highest source of all B- vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin), and vitamin C across all ages of the study children during the lent fasting and non-fasting periods.
The aim of the study was to assess energy intakes and dietary nutrient adequacy and their food sources during lent fasting and non-fasting periods among rural 6–23 months old children in Northern Ethiopia. In general, our findings indicated that children's complementary diets were poor both in quantity and quality. The total intake of energy, protein and eight selected micronutrients by infants and young children were not in accordance to WHO/FAO [31] recommendations. Shortfalls of energy and nutrients were observed. This large shortfall for the diet of the study children may be explained, in part by the highest prevalence of child stunting (41.4%) in the study area.
Feeding practices
Our study showed that cereals were the most ubiquitous along with legumes and nuts claimed to be fed by the children frequently. Only 7.1 and 2.3% of the infants and young children met the minimum dietary diversity of four or above food groups per day during the non-fasting period and the lent fasting period, respectively. Our finding was much lower than other studies from Ethiopia 21.8% [33], 59.9% [34], 38% [35], 27.3% [36], and (11.3%) [37]. This could be associated with poor feeding habit, low economic status, poor nutrition knowledge, social norms, and beliefs among the study communities [13, 33, 37]. Thus, social and behavioral change communication and health interventions suggested to improve the feeding practices and stunting among infants and young children [13, 38].
Although 90% of household own at least one type of livestock; we have found that the consumption of a diet composed of meat was 4.5% in non-fasting period and (0.0%) during the lent fasting periods. These results are similar with a previous study in North West Ethiopia (0.0%) [9] and in Southern Ethiopia (1.6%) [39]. This is further supported by previous evidence that households who owned some livestock, such as chickens, goats, and cows mainly used them as an income-generating activity rather than for home consumption [19]. Thus, implementing appropriate nutrition education and improving the socioeconomic status of the community could advance the dietary diversity of infants and young children during the fasting and non-fasting periods [19, 40].
Inadequacy of nutrient intakes and micronutrient densities
The present study depicted that the average inadequacy of nutrients intake was particularly higher for energy (96.2%) and eight selected micronutrients (95.5%) compared to protein (44.9%) in both lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Although low adequacy intake has been reported from earlier studies in Ethiopia [17, 19] and Bangladesh [41], the severity of nutrient intake inadequacy was higher in our study children. This large shortfall in the diet of the study children could not be adequate for catch-up growth trajectory of the infant and young children in the study area.
It is evidenced that micronutrients are crucial for chemical processes that assure the survival, growth, and functioning of vital human systems [42]; yet, our study indicated that children who had received adequate intakes of energy and eight selected micronutrients was (1.6 and 2.4%, respectively) in lent fasting period and (4.9 and 7.3%, respectively) in non-fasting period. This could be due in part to inappropriate feeding practices [43] and low energy and nutrient density of complementary foods [17, 44, 45].
Complementary foods should contain ASFs or be fortified in some way especially for nutrients that must come from ASFs such as iron (97–98%) and zinc (80–87%) [29]. However, the consumption of ASFs, mainly meat, by children in the study communities was lacking during the lent fasting period and low during the non-fasting period. The micronutrient intakes of these children were unlikely to achieve their estimated need because of the very low micronutrient densities of their complementary diets for all nutrients. Although the consumption of meat and eggs during the non-fasting period was higher than the lent fasting one, their contribution to nutrient intakes among the study children was inadequate at both periods, which did not allow time (fasting/non-fasting) variation in nutrient intakes to be considered. This is because the consumption level of different food groups in both periods was inadequate among infants and young children.
Although all of the nutrients received by the children were below the desired needs in lent fasting and non-fasting periods of all age groups, children were able to achieve better adequacy for protein and iron as compared to other nutrients. Indeed, similar to our findings, earlier studies reported that protein and iron nutrient densities met the desired needs of children [17, 46]. Others reported 100% inadequacy of nutrient intake for calcium and zinc across all age groups of the children during both periods of lent fasting and non-fasting. This may arise either from low or absence of foods rich calcium and zinc in the diets of children, which are mainly found in ASFs. Similar to the current findings, the highest deficiency of calcium was identified in the diets of infants and young children elsewhere in Ethiopia [19] and Bangladesh [41]. Hence, extension services should specifically focus on educating women to own livestock for household consumption and cost-effective approaches are needed to ensure adequate intake of nutrients among children.
Contribution of food items to children's nutrient intakes
Cereal-based foods largely contributed to the intake of nutrients among the study children. Sorghum in the form of porridge, bread and enjera was the children's primary source of energy, protein, calcium, zinc, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C during both the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Tef (Eragrostis tef) in the form of gruel, enjera and porridge was also the second most important food sources of nutrient intakes in the study population during both periods. In contrast, in Mexico, different food items such as soups, stews, sweetened bread, dried beans cookies, fruit, tortillas, milk, eggs, and traditional beverages were identified the top food sources of energy and nutrients among infants, toddlers, and young children [47]. Similarly, milk has been reported as the most important source of energy and nutrient intakes among infants and toddlers in Philippines and China [48, 49].
In the study setting, children were served only single food items (sorghum and/or tef) at different times. This is consistent with a study conducted by Motuma et al., [44] who reported that only one food item was processed into various forms and presented to the child at different serving episodes. Therefore, the observed high risk of nutrient inadequacy in the current study population may be attributed to the monotonous, chiefly plant-based diets. These results are largely supported by other dietary survey conducted among rural Zambian children of 4–8 years old [50].
Legumes (such as beans, chickpea, grass pea, peas, vetch, and lentils) were consumed by 58.9 and 49.2% of the infants and young children respectively in the religious fasting and non-fasting periods. As it is prepared in the form of shiro Tsebhi (stew) with very small amounts, its contribution to the children's nutrient intake was low. The consumption of legumes in small amounts was similar for children of ages 24–48 months in Bangladesh [41]. There is suggestive evidence that complementary foods that are mainly plant-based foods provide insufficient amounts of iron, zinc, and calcium to meet the recommended nutrient intakes for children of 6–23 months of age [29, 51]. Similarly, the principal sources of the above nutrients during both periods were plant source foods such as sorghum and tef in the form of gruel, bread, enjera and porridge across all age groups of the study children. Milk and eggs contributed respectively 18 and 6.6% in lent fasting period and 17.3 and 18.7% in the non-fasting period for the total calcium intake of the study children. In the same way, eggs contributed 12.6% of the total zinc intakes. Surprisingly, sesame, linseed, and enjera which were prepared from the mixture of sorghum and tef were good source of calcium in the study area. Another observation was that enjera and bread which was prepared by mixing of sorghum and maize were rich sources of iron. Thus, to improve the palatability and intake of nutrients among children, homemade/traditional food preparation and processing techniques such as mixing should be promoted [22, 44].
Egg was the most important food sources of vitamin A (71% of the total vitamin A intake) across all age groups of the study children. Only 12.5 and 34.7% of the study children consumed egg in the religious fasting and non-fasting periods, respectively. This indicates that other food items that were more consumed by the infants and young children such as sorghum had (0.0%) vitamin A content. The low consumption of egg among the study group is also comparable with a previous study in rural Tigray [22]. With regard to B-vitamins, cereal foods such as sorghum and wheat for thiamin and sorghum and tef for niacin accounted for more than 50% of their total intakes. This is in line with earlier reports from Ethiopia, which showed that consumption of cereal foods was widespread [19, 52, 53]. Although only 10.1% children consumed dairy products, it contributed to 18.8% of the total riboflavin intakes- the second-highest source of riboflavin next to sorghum among the study children. Mengistu et al., [17] also reported that dairy products were the highest sources of food groups for riboflavin intake among infants and young children. In addition to the presence of low vitamin A source foods, the consumption of other fruits and vegetables in the present study was 13.2%, which is comparable with the national figs [5].; Sorghum (63.8%) was the top source of vitamin C among the study population, contributing to the high prevalence of inadequate vitamin C intakes. These findings highlight the importance of nutrition education and intervention for the study children to improve their dietary structures based on the available resources.
Data were collected from a representative sample to provide information about the broad assessment of energy and nutrient intakes, and their corresponding food sources among 6–23 months old children of the study area during the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. The collection of data during the lent fasting and non-fasting periods from the individual study population and the use of validated interactive 24-h recall technique to reduce recall bias were some of strengths of the study. However, this study had the following limitations. The study relied on caregiver's ability to recall accurately on child food intake such as mixed dishes and supplements. Although efforts were made to search the foods that could match the equivalent foods in the national database, it was difficult to estimate the nutrient intakes from a mixed prepared food for those not listed in the national or other food composition database. This could also over or underestimate the nutrient intakes in this population. In such cases, calculation of the nutrient intake was made separately from the available food composition database. Temporal variation was not considered as the differences in dietary intakes in the harvest and lean seasons would influence dietary nutrient intake.
The present study had shown a low dietary diversity and low nutritional quality of foods consumed among the study children during both the lent fasting and non-fasting periods. Also, it was possible to observe a high prevalence of stunting as well as deficits in energy and nutrients among children. Cereals mainly sorghum and tef were the first sources of energy and the top source of other key nutrients across all age groups of the study children. The nutrient-rich foods such as ASFs are almost missing from the diet chiefly during the lent fasting period and it could impact on the dietary diversity and nutritional status of children. Therefore, interventions that improve complementary feeding practices by optimizing the use of locally available foods and strengthening social and behavior change communication are urgently needed.
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Karras SN, Persynaki A, Petro'czi A, Barkans E, Mulrooney H, Kypraiou M, et al. Health benefits and consequences of the eastern orthodox fasting in monks of Mount Athos: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(6):743–9.
Kaitlin S, Potts KS, Afework M, Bazzano AN. Animal source food consumption in young children from four regions of Ethiopia: association with religion, livelihood, and participation in the productive safety net program. Nutrients. 2019;11:354. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020354 PMID: 30743994.
Haileselassie M, Redae G, Berhe G, Henry CJ, Nickerson MT, Mulugeta A. Why are animal source foods rarely consumed by 6-23 months old children in rural communities of northern Ethiopia? A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0225707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225707.
Neumann C, Harris DM, Rogers LM. Contribution of animal source foods in improving diet quality and function in children in the developing world. Nutr Res. 2002;22:193–220.
Mangels A, Messina V. Considerations in planning vegan diets: infants. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(6):670–7.
Shrimpton R, Victora CG, de Onis M, Lima RC, Blössner M, Clugston G. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: implications for nutritional interventions. Pediatrics. 2001;107:e75.
Mengistu G, Moges T, Samuel A, Baye K. Energy and nutrient intake of infants and young children in pastoralist communities of Ethiopia. Nutrition. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.02.012.
Kaleab B, Jean-Pierre G, Christe'le I, Claire M. Nutrient intakes from complementary foods consumed by young children (aged 12–23 months) from north Wollo, northern Ethiopia: the need for agro-ecologically adapted interventions. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(10):1741–50.
Rosalind G, Yewelsew A, Michael H, Isabel A, Aklilu T, Barbara S. Inadequate feeding practices and impaired growth among children from subsistence farming households in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Matern Child Nutr. 2009;5(3):260–75.
Tigray Region Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau. Report on food security and nutrition status of 31 Woreda's of the region. Mekele: Tigray Region Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau; 2016.
Ministry of Health (MOH). In: The Seqota declaration: a government of Ethiopia commitment to end child undernutrition in Ethiopia by 2030. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Health (MOH); 2016.
Beruk B, Lambert C, Riedel S, Tegene N, Biesalski H. Feeding practices and undernutrition in 6–23-month-old children of orthodox Christian mothers in rural Tigray, Ethiopia: longitudinal study. Nutrients. 2019;11:138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010138.
Moss C, Kuche D, Bekele TH, Salasibew M, Ayana G, Abera A, et al. Precision of measurements performed by a cadre of Anthropometrists trained for a large household nutrition survey in Ethiopia. Curr Dev Nutr. 2020;4(9):nzaa139.
WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO child growth standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2006;450:76–85.
WHO. Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: part 1: definitions: conclusions of a consensus meeting held 6–8 November 2007 in Washington DC, USA. 2008.
Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. An interactive 24-hour recall for assessing the adequacy of iron and zinc intakes in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute; 2008.
EHNRI. Food composition table for use in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa; 1998.
Haytowitz D, Ahuja J, Khan Wu, Somanchi M, Nickle M. S, Nguyen Q. et al. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24, 2011.
Dewey D, Brown K. Update on technical issues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food Nutr Bull. 2003;24:5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400102.
WHO. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ World Health Organization/United Nations University. Human Energy Requirements. Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series no. 1. Rome: FAO/WHO/UNU; 2004.
Dessalegn T, Alemayehu A, Mulusew G, Aderajew N, Girmay A, Tefera B. Improving dietary diversity of school adolescents through school based nutrition education and home gardening in Jimma zone: quasi-experimental design. Eat Behav. 2016;23:180–6.
Abel G, Woisa A, Afework M, Reddy S. Dietary diversity and meal frequency practices among children aged 6-23 months in agro pastoral communities in Afar region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Ecol Food Nutr. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2019.1644328.
Solomon DS, Zewdie A, Teketo K. Minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0680-1.
Mohammed M, Niguse T, Tafesse L. Determinants of dietary diversity score among children age between 6-23 months in bench Maji zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Ped Health Res. 2018;3:10.
Tefera C, Shimelash B, Tesfa M, Wubalem F. Meal frequency and dietary diversity feeding practices among children 6–23 months of age in Wolaita Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0097-x.
Tassew A, Tekle D, Belachew A, Adhena B. Factors affecting feeding 6–23 months age children according to minimum acceptable diet in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the Ethiopian demographic health survey. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0203098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203098.
Kim S, Nguyen P, Tran L, Yewelsew A, Yonas A, Tharaney M, et al. Maternal behavioral determinants and livestock ownership are associated with animal source food consumption among young children during fasting in rural Ethiopia. Matern Child Nutr. 2018:e12695. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12695 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mcn. PMID: 30230233.
Gamo SG. Dietary diversity and associated factors among infants and young children inWolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia. Sci J Clin Med. 2017;6:53.
Bwibo N, Neumann CG. The need for animal source foods by Kenyan children. J Nutr. 2003;133(11 suppl 2):3936S–40S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3936S PMID: 14672293.
Joanne A, Elizabeth Y, Munirul I, Mohammad H, Tahmeed A, Christine H, et al. Very low adequacy of micronutrient intakes by young children and women in rural Bangladesh is primarily explained by low food intake and limited diversity. J Nutr. 2013;143:197–203.
Sanghvi T, Ross J, Helen H. Why is reducing vitamin and mineral deficiencies critical for development? The links between VMDs and survival, health, education, and productivity. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28:S167–73.
Mouquet-Rivier C, Traoré T, Soma A, Kaboré C, Trèche S. Both encouraging feeding style and high energy density may increase energy intakes from fermented millet gruels eaten by infants and toddlers in Ouagadougou. Appetite. 2016;99:245–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.024.
Motuma A, Abdulaziz A, Gulelat D, Azeb L, Bekesho G. Evaluation of energy, protein, and selected micronutrient density of homemade complementary foods consumed by children between 6 months and 23 months in food insecure woredas of Wolayita zone, southern Ethiopia. Nutr Diet Suppl. 2016;8:71–84.
Dewey KG, Adu-Afarwuah S. Systematic review of the efficacy and effectiveness of complementary feeding interventions in developing countries. Matern Child Nutr. 2008;4(s1):24–85.
Osendarp S, Broersen B, van Liere M, De-Regil L, Bahirathan L, Klassen E, et al. Complementary feeding diets made of local foods can be optimized, but additional interventions will be needed to meet Iron and zinc requirements in 6- to 23-month-old children in low- and middle-income countries. Food Nutr Bull. 2016;37(4):544–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572116655239.
Denney L, Afeiche M, Eldridge A, Villalpando CS. Food sources of energy and nutrients in infants, toddlers, and young children from the Mexican National Health and nutrition survey 2012. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):494. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050494.
Denney L, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana M, Toledo M, Donohue J, Carriquiry A. Nutrient intakes and food sources of Filipino infants, toddlers and young children are inadequate: findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013. Nutrients. 2018;10:1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111730.
Wang H, Denney L, Zheng Y, Vinyes-Pares G, Reidy K, Wang P, et al. Food sources of energy and nutrients in the diets of infants and toddlers in urban areas of China, based on one 24-hour dietary recall. BMC Nutr. 2015;1(19). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-015-0014-x.
Caswell B, Talegawkar S, Siamusantu W, West K, Palmer A. Usual nutrient intake adequacy among young, rural Zambian children. Br J Nutr. 2018;119:57–65.
Gibson RS, Ferguson EL, Lehrfeld J. Complementary foods for infant feeding in developing countries: their nutrient adequacy and improvement. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;31:205–28.
Herrador Z, Perez-Formigo J, Sordo L, Gadisa E, Moreno J, Benito A, et al. Low dietary diversity and intake of animal source foods among school aged children in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0133435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133435.
Habtamu T, Tebikew Y, Muluken T. Dietary diversity and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Sinan Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr. 2018;4:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-018-0214-2.
We are grateful to the Tigray Regional Health Bureau, Zone and district health offices for mobilizing participants and facilitating data collection. The authors thank all of the study participants. Special thanks go to Dr. Birhanu H. and Mr. G/medhin B. for their valuable comments.
This study was funded by Global Institute for Food Security (Saskatoon, SK, Canada).
School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Mekonnen Haileselassie, Getachew Redae, Gebretsadik Berhe & Afework Mulugeta
Tigray National Regional State, Bureau of Science and Technology, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
Mekonnen Haileselassie
College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Carol J. Henry
Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Michael T. Nickerson
Getachew Redae
Gebretsadik Berhe
Afework Mulugeta
M.H. and A.M. participated in the idea conception and study design. M.H. collected the data, did the analysis and wrote the first draft. A.M. coordinated and supervised the fieldwork. M.H. and A.M. analyzed and interpreted the data. A.M., M.T.N., C.J.H., G.B. and G.R. reviewed the manuscript and provided critical inputs. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Mekonnen Haileselassie.
Ethical clearance was secured from Mekelle University's ethical review committee (ERC 1432/2018) and permission to carry out the study was obtained from the Tigray Regional State Health Bureau. Informed oral consent was obtained from caregivers to proceed with the data collection process after they had been briefed on the purpose of the study, benefit and risk, anonymity, confidentiality and their right to decline to answer any question or withdraw from the discussion or interview at any time. Utmost care was taken to maintain the confidentiality and privacy of the participants. Due to the literacy level of the primary caregivers, verbal consent was preferred in our context without violating the ethical principles and it was approved by the ethical review committee.
Haileselassie, M., Redae, G., Berhe, G. et al. The influence of fasting on energy and nutrient intake and their corresponding food sources among 6-23 months old children in rural communities with high burden of stunting from Northern Ethiopia. Nutr J 21, 4 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00759-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00759-z
Dietary intake
Orthodox fasting

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It has a alexa rank of #6,380,770 in the world. It is a domain having .co.za extension. It is estimated worth of R 103.46 and have a daily income of around R 1.73. As no active threats were reported recently, adventure-village.co.za is SAFE to browse.
Wedding photography by Susan du Toit. Capture all your special moments from engagement day, to dressing up and driving away.


Photography with a Diana+ is easy to do. Put your camera on a tripod. Set the aperture to Cloudy. Set the shutter to B. If you haven't made one, take a look at my video on how to make a better shutter release lock. Bracket your exposures. I like to do a bracket of 3 exposures. For instance, if you start with 2 minutes (The exposure I used in the above photo), I would also shoot 2 more exposures, one at 1/2 (1 minute) and one at 2x (4 minutes) This is called bracketing your exposure.
This is a video on repairing the shutter on a Lomography Diana+ camera. It does not apply to vintage Diana cameras. When working this repair, take a deep breath and be patient. What you don't see on this video, are the several out-takes when I fumble trying to get the shutter spring reattached.


text:
<?php

namespace Agile\NimbleBoardBundle\Controller;

use Agile\NimbleBoardBundle\Entity\Project;
use Agile\NimbleBoardBundle\Form\Type\ProjectType;
use Agile\NimbleBoardBundle\Utils\ControllerUtils;

class ProjectController
{
    /**
     * @var ControllerUtils $utils
     */
    protected $utils;

    public function __construct(ControllerUtils $utils)
    {
        $this->utils = $utils;
    }

    public function listAction()
    {
        $projects = $this->utils->getRepository('AgileNimbleBoardBundle:Project')->findAll();

        return $this->utils->renderView('AgileNimbleBoardBundle:Project:list.html.twig', array('projects' => $projects));
    }

    public function addAction()
    {
        $form = $this->utils->createForm(new ProjectType());
        $form->handleRequest($this->utils->getRequest());

        if ($form->isValid()) {
            // perform some action, such as saving the task to the database

            return $this->utils->redirect($this->utils->generateUrl('agile_nimble_board_project_list'));
        }

        return $this->utils->renderView(
            'AgileNimbleBoardBundle:Project:add.html.twig',
            array('form' => $form->createView())
        );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Оксалат бария — соль бария и щавелевой кислоты. Представляет собой белый порошок без запаха. Плохо растворим в воде, растворим в соляной, азотной и уксусной (при нагревании) кислотах. При нагревании до 180°C теряет кристаллизационную воду. При прокаливании  разлагается с образованием карбоната бария.

Применение
Иногда используется как зеленый краситель в пиротехнических изделиях.

Токсичность
При попадании на кожу вызывает раздражение, при попадании внутрь вызывает тошноту, рвоту и почечную недостаточность.

Источники

Б
Соединения бария по алфавиту
Соли бария

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Metals Stocks
First Quantum Minerals Announces Changes to Senior Management Team
Investing News Network - December 21st, 2020
First Quantum Minerals Ltd. is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. Tristan Pascall as Chief Operating Officer, effective January 1, 2021. In addition, Mr. Clive Newall, one of the founders of the Company, has decided that, after nearly twenty-five years of dedication and commitment to First Quantum, he will step back from his executive position but will remain as a Director. Tristan has been with First …
First Quantum Minerals Ltd. ("First Quantum" or "the Company") (TSX:FM) is pleased to announce the appointment of Mr. Tristan Pascall as Chief Operating Officer, effective January 1, 2021. In addition, Mr. Clive Newall, one of the founders of the Company, has decided that, after nearly twenty-five years of dedication and commitment to First Quantum, he will step back from his executive position but will remain as a Director.
Tristan has been with First Quantum for over 13 years, having joined in July 2007. Since then he has worked in metal trading and on project construction and operations assignments in Zambia from the initial development of the Sentinel mine. More recently he has been General Manager of the Cobre Panama mine from the start of the project in October 2015 until January 2020, after which he has retained oversight responsibility and served as Director of Strategy based in London.
Mr. Pascall graduated from the University of Western Australia with a Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) and Bachelor of Commerce in 1997 and completed an MBA at INSEAD in France in 2005. After approximately eight years in corporate finance and investment banking largely to resources and industrials industry clients in Australia, Eastern Europe and Asia, he joined First Quantum.
Mr. Clive Newall co-founded the Company in 1996 and has been President and a Director of the Company since its inception. He will continue to serve the Company in a non-executive capacity through the transition.
"Clive, as President and a founder of First Quantum, has been with our Company longer than anyone. His wisdom and support through the many challenges and difficulties over the past twenty five years, have been a crucial ingredient in our development and success. I am very pleased that he will continue, as a consultant and director, to provide us with his ideas and counsel," Philip Pascall, CEO and Chairman said.
"The appointment of Tristan as Chief Operating Officer reflects the next stage in the journey for First Quantum and paves the way for the next generation of leaders. With the extensive Company knowledge gained by Tristan over the past 13 years, he is well placed to serve in this role and I am confident that he will provide the talent and leadership to take the Company forward," Clive Newall, Director said.
For further information visit our website at www.first-quantum.com
Contact : Lisa Doddridge, Director, Investor Relations
Tel: (416) 361-3400 Toll free: 1 (888) 688-6577
E-Mail: info@fqml.com
www.first-quantum.com
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text:
Q: Ошибка при импорте ключа GPG в ubuntu root@50e29e4059a8:~# gpg --keyserver hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv E2D8289C0A9D2C28A3320B62D2AAFD5D9088F1A2
gpg: keyserver receive failed: No name

Ubuntu запущен в Докер контейнере

A: то ли проблемы какие-то у серверов криптографических ключей, то ли перегружены спам-запросами.
пробуйте другие серверы и/или пулы серверов.
после многих неудачных попыток мне вот удалось один раз скачать этот ваш ключ E2D8289C0A9D2C28A3320B62D2AAFD5D9088F1A2 с сервера pgp.key-server.io. если надоест искать рабочий сервер, можете из файла импортировать:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"Known for his greatness in motocross, Florida native Ricky Carmichael retires his bike for the day to conquer Florida by jet skiing completely around the island of Key West. In this episode of Conquering Florida, Ricky Carmichael and his manager, J.H. Leale, take a 28-mile adventure around Key West, Florida, which takes them from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean and back again. All along the way, they encounter some truly unique and amazing aquatic sites and sounds that can only be experienced off the coasts of Florida. The team at Sunset Watersports (www.sunsetwatersportskeywest.com) were great guides for this trip and helped keep Ricky and J.H. safe no matter how wet and wild they got."


ASEAN and its new sectoral dialogue partner meet to discuss how to strengthen ties.
On December 11, ASEAN and Norway held their first Joint Sectoral Cooperation Committee meeting (AN-JSCC) in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta.
The meeting is the latest step in an ongoing process by both sides to strengthen their relationship. In August, Norway was conferred the status of an ASEAN Sectoral Dialogue Partner after it applied to establish a formal partnership with the regional grouping. Within ASEAN, per Article 44 of the ASEAN Charter, Sectoral Dialogue Partner status is one of several formal statuses that the organization can confer on an external party, with the others being Development Partner, Special Observer, Guest, or Dialogue Partner (which is considered the highest level).
The AN-JSCC is a cooperation mechanism to consider and approve programs and projects under the new ASEAN-Norway partnership. The first AN-JSCC on December 11 was co-chaired by Norway's ambassador to ASEAN Stig Traavik and ASEAN's deputy secretary-general for the ASEAN Political-Security community, Hirubalan V.P. According to the ASEAN Secretariat, the inaugural AN-JSCC saw the adoption of its terms of reference, a discussion on modalities and processes to move the partnership forward, and priority cooperation areas. Discussions built on the work done in the Joint Statement on ASEAN-Norway Partnership adopted in August 2014 in Naypyidaw, Myanmar.
Hirubalan V.P. also had a bilateral meeting with Norwegian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Morten Hoeglund later that day. According to the Norwegian embassy in Indonesia, Hoeglund, who had also attended the Bali Democracy Forum prior to the meeting, stressed that being an ASEAN partner is very important for Norway as it allows the country "access to important political arenas" and enhances opportunities for Norwegian companies in Southeast Asian markets. In 2014, ASEAN countries were collectively Norway's fourth largest trading partner and home to the highest concentration of Norwegian foreign companies.
"ASEAN and Norway would forge substantial cooperation for maximum benefits to both sides," Hoeglund said.


The 2012 Section 179 Deduction limit after adjustment for inflation has increased to $139,000 (maximum allowance would have been only $25,000 prior to the new legislation).
The 2012 Section 179 Deduction threshold for total amount of equipment that can be purchased has increased to $560,000 (threshold would have been only $200,000 prior to the new legislation).
The Section 179 Deduction is available for most new and used capital equipment, and also includes certain software.
The new law allows 50% "Bonus Depreciation" on qualified assets placed in service during 2012. However, this can be taken on new equipment only.
Also, many businesses found Section 179 Qualified Financing to be an attractive option last year.
How would you like to trim your tax liability? Alpacas, as well as other types of livestock, are the answer. Alpacas are by far, the easiest to manage ….. ask any large animal Vet who has worked with alpacas!!
You can choose to enhance your real estate, purchase animals, and deduct expenses directly against earned income. If you prefer to agist or board the animals, you can capture the expenses and cost of the animals against passive income now and 15 years into the future. Tax deferred wealth building is another benefit. Taxes are postponed on the increased value until you are ready to start selling the offspring.
Many alpaca breeders throughout the United States have recognized financial and personal gains. The rewards are many. Their initial investment has grown to a level that creates independence. Individuals have recognized that their current careers can be incorporated into alpaca breeding with positive results. Take for example the physician who has done extensive research into the Accoyo line of alpacas. He has been winning in the show rings and his progeny line is sought after before they are even born! As an added bonus, many of these same individuals will share their stories of how they begun and grew into today's levels. The alpaca industry is full of many individuals willing to help you get started!
Even if you are a passive investor you will still be allowed the following tax benefits.
The only question remains as to whether you can take the deductions on a current basis.
Also refer to Section 179 from the IRS that allows a substantial deduction each tax year for expenses.
The passive owner's losses that are in excess of current income can be carried forward and taken against future income. Timing is the issue.
Alpacas in which you have cost basis can be written off over 5, 7 or 10 years if there are being held as breeding stock. Straight line or accelerated schedules allow for a percentage of the asset to be written off. Example: An alpaca is purchased for $20,000, depreciated for 2.5 years or 50% of its value and then resold for $20,000. There would be a gain for tax purposes of $10,000. Result = The adjusted cost basis is deducted from your sale price to determine gain or loss.
Capital Gain Treatment: The sale of breeding stock qualifies for capital gains treatment. Please note that alpaca offspring do not qualify for capital gain but rather income taxes.
Your accountant can advise you of your tax structure and we recommend that you follow that advice.
Well, we know you have heard of compounding. This basic principal exists with alpaca ownership. They multiply! Imagine getting a return of $10,000 – $15,000 +/- on your $30,000 investment in one year? This does and can happen to you. The only glitch … you do have to sell the alpacas. Too many farms are reluctant to sell the animals and their return on investment is minimized. Don't make that mistake.Play with the following compounding table and exercise all the possibilities that would be right for you!
Pricing is always determined by this factor. Alpaca ownership has enjoyed a growing interest coupled with a limited supply. Importation of alpacas started in 1984 and ceased in 1998. The U.S. alpaca registry is closed to further importation to protect our national herd. In the early years, the U.S. Alpaca Industry created a breed registry called The Alpaca Registry, Inc. (ARI). ARI houses the database of all alpacas in North America by the blood typing. When purchasing alpacas, a buyer is assured of being provided the correct genealogy of that animal. Progeny can also be tracked as well through ARI.The price of alpacas has risen throughout the years. Conformation and fiber characteristics are the fundamental guidelines of value. Exceptional females have sold for as high as $160,000 and males at 1.2 million. However, a nice female with quality fiber and good confirmation generally brings anywhere from $10,000-25,000. If that animal has won in the show ring, then the price increases. Herdsires that have proven themselves in the show ring and by their progeny also command a higher price.
The alpaca is an amazingly peaceful animal. Not only is their temperament tranquil and easy for their owners, but their physiology is also sensitive and gentle to the environment. This harmonic relationship allows alpaca owners freedom from anxieties that owners of more demanding livestock must face.
Padded feet- Their soft feet cannot damage any terrain, which enables an owner to have less acreage and less need for rotation. In addition, alpacas gently break the grass midway on the blade as opposed to tearing away the root system.
Three-compartment stomach- Alpacas eat less than other livestock because of their ability to efficiently convert food to energy.
Camelid family- While it is extremely important to provide a constant source of fresh water, the alpaca can thrive without large amounts of water.
Stocking Density- Alpacas are considerably easier on the land than most other livestock. Ten alpacas can safely be managed on one acre of land.
Dung- American Indians used it for fuel and gardeners recognize it as an exceptional fertilizer. Alpacas make it easy to collect. Alpacas create a communal spot to be used by all. This practice also naturally inhibits parasite infestation.


Are You Getting Ripped Off Traveling Abroad?
International travel is a rewarding experience that lets you see the world outside your home country. Many foreign nations attract millions of tourists each year due to exceptional weather, magnificent historical sites, and welcoming local cultures.
Unfortunately, some businesses that serve tourists take advantage of a foreigner's lack of experience with local customs to earn extra profit. These sneaky, unfair tricks prey upon innocent travelers' naivete. But the threat isn't solely in shops and restaurants – there are other ways travelers get ripped off while traveling the world.
To avoid getting ripped off when traveling abroad, look out for these common scams travelers face.
One of the easiest ways to spend money abroad is to use your bank debit card when making purchases. However, leading card companies, such as Mastercard and Visa, will make you pay a surcharge of about 3 percent when you use your bank card to make purchases in a foreign country. ATM machines also demand an extra withdrawal fee of about $5 for foreign travelers, and this fee is charged in addition to ordinary ATM fees.
Worst of all, credit card companies exchange your money into the local currency at expensive rates that often exceed 5 percent. Instead of paying an incredibly high exchange rate as well as all of the fees that come with a debit card, rely on cash alone.
The easiest way to avoid bank card fees is to carry a significant amount of cash with you to your destination. To spend cash, however, you will have to exchange your money into the local currency. Unscrupulous currency exchange dealers often target foreign travelers who are unfamiliar with prevailing exchange rates. Dealers may attempt to give you a poor exchange rate because you are a foreigner, or they may even try to invert currency exchange rates in an attempt to prey on gullible travelers.
Before exchanging your money into the local currency, check online reviews to ensure that a dealer is reputable. One of the smartest ways to exchange your currency is to do so in the US before you leave on your trip.
Foreign airports often sell international SIM cards for travelers. Unfortunately, the SIM cards marketed to foreign travelers tend to be offered at exorbitant rates since foreigners are often unfamiliar with local prices. Some stores will even attempt to charge fictitious telecom sales taxes.
The best way to ensure that you pay the same rates as local residents for data and international calling is to buy from reputable telecom companies. You can also minimize your need for cellular service by relying on free texting and calling apps that connect you with anyone in the world using Wi-Fi.
Taxi services in foreign nations are often poorly regulated, so taxi scams tend to be widespread. Unscrupulous taxi drivers focus on airports where a steady stream of first-time travelers can be willing to pay as much as 10 times the local taxi rates without hesitation. You should conduct research before arriving so that you can recognize reasonable rates for taxi services. Or, avoid scams altogether with apps like Uber or Lyft.
Hotels are inexpensive in most foreign countries – high-quality hotels can be reserved for less than $20 per night. Major international hotel companies, however, often charge the same rates in foreign countries as they charge in Westernized cities.
Don't overpay for a big chain. When booking your hotel reservation, use online reviews to find a reputable hotel company offering competitive rates. If you are booking for a week or more, don't be afraid to haggle with the hotel manager to obtain a substantial discount.
When traveling abroad, eating local cuisine is a great way to acquire a rich understanding of a nation's culture. Additionally, inexpensive local cuisine often attracts travelers who expect to save money.
Some restaurants, however, are set up to attract foreign travelers. These establishments often charge rates travelers are accustomed to paying in their home countries. Before going into a restaurant, look around to see if the diners are local residents. If locals avoid a restaurant, it's certain to be a tourist trap that charges too much.
Tips are customary in Western nations, but different cultures around the world avoid tipping. In foreign countries, businesses that expect tips in Western nations simply charge higher rates instead of asking for gratuities. To avoid paying more than you have to, do some research on tipping customs. If you're unsure about whether you need to pay a tip, asking other customers can be a good way to find out whether you need to leave a tip.
Make sure you're aware of common tourist scams before hopping on a plane for your next international trip. These are only a few ways tourists can find themselves spending way too much. Each country and every region have different customs as well as different types of crime, so it's important to know how you could get ripped off before you arrive.