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Pope Francis: Keep 'open heart' toward migrants
Posted: 7:51 PM, Feb 17, 2016
Gregorio Borgia

Pope Francis smiles as members of the World of Work organization wave at him in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, Wednesday, Feb. 17, 2016. The pontiff is scheduled to wrap up his trip to Mexico on Wednesday with a visit in a Ciudad Juarez prison, just days after a riot in another lockup killed 49 inmates, and a stop at the Texas border when immigration is a hot issue for the U.S. presidential campaign. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia)

CIUDAD JUAREZ, Mexico (AP) — In a moment filled with powerful political symbolism, Pope Francis prayed Wednesday at Mexico's dusty northern border for the thousands of migrants who have died trying to reach the United States and appealed for governments to open their hearts, if not their borders, to the "human tragedy that is forced migration."
"No more death! No more exploitation!" he implored.
It was the most poignant moment of Francis' five-day trip to Mexico and one of the most powerful images in recent times: History's first Latin American pope, who has demanded countries welcome people fleeing persecution, war and poverty, praying at the border between Mexico and El Paso, Texas at a time of soaring anti-immigrant rhetoric in the U.S. presidential campaign.
Francis stopped short of calling for the U.S. to open its borders during a Mass just 800 meters (yards) from the frontier. But in his homily beamed live into the Sun Bowl stadium on the El Paso side, Francis called for "open hearts" and recognition that the thousands of Central and South Americans who are fleeing gangland executions and extortion in their homelands are victims of the worst forms of exploitation.
"We cannot deny the humanitarian crisis which in recent years has meant the migration of thousands of people, whether by train or highway or on foot, crossing hundreds of kilometers through mountains, deserts and inhospitable zones," he said. "They are our brothers and sisters, who are being expelled by poverty and violence, drug trafficking and organized crime."
And then, in a pointed message, Francis added a politically charged greeting to the 30,000 people gathered in the Sun Bowl to watch the simulcast on giant TV screens.
"Thanks to the help of technology, we can pray, sing and celebrate together this merciful love which the Lord gives us, and which no frontier can prevent us from sharing," Francis said in Spanish. "Thank you, brothers and sisters of El Paso, for making us feel like one family and the same Christian community."
Francis, a son of Italian immigrants to Argentina, had wanted to cross the border in solidarity with other migrants when he visited the U.S. last fall. That wasn't possible for logistical reasons, so he did the next best thing on Wednesday by coming within a stone's throw of the fence and laying a bouquet of flowers next to a large crucifix that is to remain at the site as a monument to his visit. As the faithful looked on from both sides of the border, Francis blessed the cross and three smaller ones, which the Vatican said were to be sent to the diocese of Ciudad Juarez, Las Cruces and El Paso.
While migrant activists on both sides of the border cheered the gestures, Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump criticized it last week as a politicized and ill-informed move.
"I don't think he understands the danger of the open border that we have with Mexico," Trump said in an interview with Fox television. "I think Mexico got him to do it because they want to keep the border just the way it is. They're making a fortune, and we're losing."
He and GOP hopeful Sen. Ted Cruz have vowed to expel all the estimated 11 million immigrants in the U.S. illegally and build a wall along the border from Texas to California.
Asked to comment on the criticism, the Vatican spokesman, the Rev. Federico Lombardi, said Tuesday the pope is concerned about the plight of migrants everywhere, not just in the United States.
"The pope always talks about migration problems all around the world, of the duties we have to solve these problems in a humane manner, of hosting those who come from other countries in search of a life of dignity and peace," Lombardi said.
The border Mass marked the climactic end of Francis' five-day swing through some of Mexico's poorest and most marginal states, where drug-fueled violence has soared thanks to the complicity of police and other public institutions. Francis took both church and state to task for failing their people and urged the next generations to resist the lure of the drug trade.
In a speech Wednesday to workers and employers, Francis warned that without job opportunities, Mexico's youth risk being seduced into the drug trade. "Poverty becomes the best breeding ground for the young to fall into the cycle of drug-trafficking and violence," he said.
He urged employers to think instead of the Mexico they want to leave for their children.
"Do you want to leave them the memory of exploitation, of insufficient pay, of workplace harassment?" he asked. "What air will they breathe? An air tainted by corruption, violence, insecurity and suspicion or, on the contrary, an air capable of generating alternatives, renewal and change?"
"God will hold today's slave-drivers accountable," he warned.
Francis began his final day at Prison No. 3 in Ciudad Juarez, a city that was once considered the murder capital of the world. As a prison band serenaded him with their own mariachi compositions, Francis greeted a few dozen inmates clad in matching gray sweatsuits and white sneakers in a prison courtyard.
They had been selected because of their good behavior. Looking on from the barred window of the lockup, a small cluster of guards could be seen watching Francis' encounter as the smell of fresh paint and new tree saplings indicated a last-minute spruce-up for the occasion.
Francis told the 700 or so inmates gathered outside the prison's new chapel that they cannot undo the past. But he said they must believe that things can change, and that they have the possibility of "writing a new story and moving forward."
"You have known the power of sorrow and sin and have not forgotten that within your reach is the power of the resurrection, the power of divine mercy which makes all things new."
He urged the inmates to use their experience in prison for good, to help end the cycle of violence that has torn Mexico apart in recent years.
"The one who has suffered the greatest pain, and we could say has experienced hell, can become a prophet in society," he said. "Work so that this society, which uses people and discards them, will not go on claiming victims."
Francis' message of hope came just days after a deadly riot at Monterrey's Topo Chico prison, where rival gang factions last week bloodied one another with hammers, cudgels and makeshift knives. Eight more inmates were injured Tuesday in a brawl at another prison.
Not long ago Juarez was wracked by violence as cartel-backed gang warfare fed homicide rates that hit 230 per 100,000 residents in 2010. A rash of killings of women, many of them poor factory workers who just disappeared, attracted international attention.
Times have changed, though. Last year, the city's homicide rate was about 20 per 100,000 people, roughly on par with Mexico's nationwide average of 14 per 100,000 — and well below what is being seen in current hotspots of drug violence, such as the Pacific resort city of Acapulco and surrounding Guerrero state.
Many businesses that closed during Juarez's darkest years have reopened. Tourists are again crossing over from the United States to shop and dine. People say they no longer have to leave parties early to avoid being on the streets after dark.
"At least now we can go out. We go to the parks. We can walk around a little more at that time of night," said resident Lorena Diaz, standing under a huge banner of Francis hanging from her second-story balcony.
Diaz, who along with about 30 family members secured tickets for Wednesday's Mass, has followed news of Francis' tour and welcomed his calls for Mexicans not to tolerate corruption and violence.
"He's telling us to get out of the trenches, not to close ourselves off," Diaz said.


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Makeover plans for Tara lagoon
Futures Group President Joe Abbott with WDRC Community Activation Officer Jessica Wilson. Contributed
by brooke.duncan
Brooke Duncan
TARA community members can have their say on a proposed makeover of the Tara lagoon recreational area.
The Tara Future's Group presented a concept plan of the revamp to the community at a meeting on Monday night.
Tara Futures Group president Joe Abbott said the idea came about at a community inspirational walk last year.
Collating residents' ideas, the Future's Group then took the idea of a lagoon overhaul to the Western Downs Regional Council, which agreed on the need for the works, and with a grant from QGC, the Group engaged a company to create the concept plan.
"The advantage of having a concept plan is of course we can then work on projects, individual projects, that they've come up with and we can chase the funding for that, cause this is all council property and the Futures Group is a non-profit organisation," Mr Abbott said.
The main points discussed at the community meeting were the need for a walkway around the whole perimeter of the lagoon, in addition to works to combat erosion, upgrades to the barbecue and recreation area, and fencing off part of the lagoon.
"A lot of people in their recreation vehicles go down there when it's wet and when it's dry of course, and when it's wet it just turns it into a mudbath and when it's dry into a dust bowl," Mr Abbott said.
"There's also an allocated area there for an off the leash dog run on the eastern end, so that's and an allocation of some more powered caravan sites as well, so the plan looks pretty good."
The plan and proposed works are a good step forward for the town, with the area used frequently during big events including fishing competitions and the Tara Festival of Culture and Camel Races.
The next step is to get cost estimates for the works before the Future's Group can begin looking for funding. But first, the community needs to have their say on the plan.
Mr Abbott said the concept plan will be on display at the Tara council offices for two weeks, where residents can take a peek and submit their own ideas.
But overall, he emphasised the lagoon was already an asset the town can be proud of.
"It's there and by beautifying it and making it more user friendly that's got to be an asset for both the locals and for visitors."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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For the animated short film, see The Necktie.
Find sources: "Necktie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A necktie, or simply a tie, is a long piece of cloth, worn, usually by men, for decorative purposes around the neck, resting under the shirt collar and knotted at the throat.
A policeman in Hamburg, Germany, wearing a necktie.
Variants include the ascot, bow, bolo, zipper tie, cravat, and knit. The modern necktie, ascot, and bow tie are descended from the cravat. Neckties are generally unsized, but may be available in a longer size. In some cultures men and boys wear neckties as part of regular office attire or formal wear. Some women wear them as well but usually not as often as men. Neckties can also be worn as part of a uniform (e.g. military, school, waitstaff), whereas some choose to wear them as everyday clothing attire. Neckties are traditionally worn with the top shirt button fastened, and the tie knot resting between the collar points.[1]
1.1 Origins
1.2 1680–1710: the Steinkirk
1.3 1710–1800: stocks, solitaires, neckcloths, cravats
1.4 1800–1850: cravat, stocks, scarves, bandanas
1.5 1860–1920s: bow ties, scarf/neckerchief, the ascot, the long tie
1.6 1920s–present day
2.1 Cravat
2.2 Four-in-hand
2.3 Six- and seven-fold ties
2.4 Skinny tie
2.5 "Pre-tied" ties and development of clip-ons
3 Types of knot
4 Ties as a sign of membership
5 Use by women
6 Occasions for neckties
7 Opposition to neckties
7.1 Christian denominations teaching plain dress
7.2 Anti-necktie sentiment
8 Health and safety hazards
OriginsEdit
See also: Cravat
The necktie that spread from Europe traces back to Croatian mercenaries serving in France during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). These mercenaries from the Croatian Military Frontier, wearing their traditional small, knotted neckerchiefs, aroused the interest of the Parisians.[2] Because of the difference between the Croatian word for Croats, Hrvati, and the French word, Croates, the garment gained the name cravat (cravate in French).[3] The boy-king Louis XIV began wearing a lace cravat around 1646, when he was seven, and set the fashion for French nobility. This new article of clothing started a fashion craze in Europe; both men and women wore pieces of fabric around their necks. From its introduction by the French king, men wore lace cravats, or jabots, that took a large amount of time and effort to arrange. These cravats were often tied in place by cravat strings, arranged neatly and tied in a bow.
International Necktie Day is celebrated on October 18 in Croatia and in various cities around the world, including in Dublin, Tübingen, Como, Tokyo, Sydney and other towns.[4][5]
1680–1710: the SteinkirkEdit
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The Battle of Steenkerque took place in 1692. In this battle, the princes, while hurriedly dressing for battle,[dubious – discuss] wound these cravats around their necks. They twisted the ends of the fabric together and passed the twisted ends through a jacket buttonhole. These cravats were generally referred to as Steinkirks.
1710–1800: stocks, solitaires, neckcloths, cravatsEdit
In 1715, another kind of neckwear, called "stocks" made its appearance. The term originally referred to a leather collar, laced at the back, worn by soldiers to promote holding the head high in a military bearing. The leather stock also afforded some protection to the major blood vessels of the neck from saber or bayonet attacks. General Sherman is seen wearing a leather stock in several American Civil War-era photographs.
Stock ties were initially just a small piece of muslin folded into a narrow band wound a few times round the shirt collar and secured from behind with a pin. It was fashionable for men to wear their hair long, past shoulder length. The ends were tucked into a black silk bag worn at the nape of the neck. This was known as the bag-wig hairstyle, and the neckwear worn with it was the stock.
The solitaire was a variation of the bag wig. This form had matching ribbons stitched around the bag. After the stock was in place, the ribbons would be brought forward and tied in a large bow in front of the wearer.
Sometime in the late 18th century, cravats began to make an appearance again.[where?] This can be attributed to a group of young men called the macaronis (as mentioned in the song "Yankee Doodle"). These were young Englishmen who returned from Europe and brought with them new ideas about fashion from Italy. The French contemporaries of the macaronis were the incroyables.
1800–1850: cravat, stocks, scarves, bandanasEdit
Pleated silk satin stock, Boston, c. 1830. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, AC1998.78.1.
At this time, there was also much interest in the way to tie a proper cravat and this led to a series of publications. This began in 1818 with the publication of Neckclothitania, a style manual that contained illustrated instructions on how to tie 14 different cravats. Soon after, the immense skill required to tie the cravat in certain styles quickly became a mark of a man's elegance and wealth.[6] It was also the first book to use the word tie in association with neckwear.
It was about this time that black stocks made their appearance. Their popularity eclipsed the white cravat, except for formal and evening wear. These remained popular through to the 1850s. At this time, another form of neckwear worn was the scarf. This was where a neckerchief or bandana was held in place by slipping the ends through a finger or scarf ring at the neck instead of using a knot. This is the classic sailor neckwear and may have been adopted from them.
1860–1920s: bow ties, scarf/neckerchief, the ascot, the long tieEdit
Mathew Brady wearing a tie in 1875
With the industrial revolution, more people wanted neckwear that was easy to put on, was comfortable, and would last an entire workday. Neckties were designed to be long, thin and easy to knot, without accidentally coming undone. This is the necktie design still worn by millions of men.
By this time, the sometimes complicated array of knots and styles of neckwear gave way to neckties and bow ties, the latter a much smaller, more convenient version of the cravat. Another type of neckwear, the ascot tie, was considered de rigueur for male guests at formal dinners and male spectators at races. These ascots had wide flaps that were crossed and pinned together on the chest.
In 1926, a New York tie maker, Jesse Langsdorf, came up with a method of cutting the fabric on the bias and sewing it in three segments.[7] This technique improved elasticity and facilitated the fabric's return to its original shape. Since that time, most men have worn the "Langsdorf" tie.[citation needed] Yet another development during that time was the method used to secure the lining and interlining (known as the swan[citation needed]) once the tie had been folded into shape. Richard Atkinson and Company of Belfast claim to have introduced the slipstitch for this purpose in the late 1920s.[citation needed]
1920s–present dayEdit
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A collection of different colors of ties.
Two patterned neckties.
After the First World War, hand-painted ties became an accepted form of decoration in the U.S.[citation needed] The widths of some of these ties went up to 4.5 inches (11 cm). These loud, flamboyant ties sold very well all the way through the 1950s.
In Britain, regimental stripes have been continuously used in tie designs at least since the 1920s. In Commonwealth countries, necktie stripes run from the left shoulder down to the right side. In Commonwealth countries, only people affiliated with a regiment (or university, school or organisation) should wear a necktie affiliated with that regiment. When Brooks Brothers introduced similar striped ties in the United States around the beginning of the 20th century, they had their stripes run from the right shoulder to the left side, in part to distinguish them from British regimental striped neckties.
Before the Second World War ties were worn shorter than they are today; this was due, in part, to men wearing trousers at the natural waist (more or less at the level of the belly button), and also due to the popularity of waistcoats, where tie length is not important as long as the tips are concealed. Around 1944, ties started to become not only wider, but even more wild. This was the beginning of what was later labeled the Bold Look: ties that reflected the returning GIs' desire to break with wartime uniformity. Widths reached 5 inches (13 cm), and designs included Art Deco, hunting scenes, scenic "photographs", tropical themes, and even girlie prints, though more traditional designs were also available. The typical length was 48 inches (120 cm).
The Bold Look lasted until about 1951, when the "Mister T" look (so termed by Esquire magazine) was introduced. The new style, characterized by tapered suits, slimmer lapels, and smaller hat brims, included thinner and not so wild ties. Tie widths slimmed to 3 inches (7.6 cm) by 1953 and continued getting thinner up until the mid-1960s; length increased to about 52 inches (130 cm) as men started wearing their trousers lower, closer to the hips. Through the 1950s, neckties remained somewhat colorful, yet more restrained than in the previous decade. Small geometric shapes were often employed against a solid background (i.e., foulards); diagonal stripes were also popular. By the early 1960s, dark, solid ties became very common, with widths slimming down to as little as 1 inch (2.5 cm).
The 1960s brought about an influx of pop art influenced designs. The first was designed by Michael Fish when he worked at Turnbull & Asser, and was introduced in Britain in 1965; the term Kipper tie was a pun on his name, as well as a reference to the triangular shape of the front of the tie. The exuberance of the styles of the late 1960s and early 1970s gradually gave way to more restrained designs. Ties became wider, returning to their 4 1⁄2-inch (11 cm) width, sometimes with garish colors and designs. The traditional designs of the 1930s and 1950s, such as those produced by Tootal, reappeared, particularly Paisley patterns. Ties began to be sold along with shirts, and designers slowly began to experiment with bolder colors.
In the 1980s, narrower ties, some as narrow as 1 1⁄2 inches (3.8 cm) but more typically 3 to 3 1⁄4 inches (7.6 to 8.3 cm) wide, became popular again. Into the 1990s, as ties got wider again, increasingly unusual designs became common. Novelty (or joke) ties or deliberately kitschy ties designed to make a statement gained a certain popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. These included ties featuring cartoon characters, commercial products, or pop culture icons, and those made of unusual materials, such as plastic or wood. During this period, with men wearing their trousers at their hips, ties lengthened to 57 inches (140 cm).
At the start of the 21st century, ties widened to 3 1⁄2 to 3 3⁄4 inches (8.9 to 9.5 cm) wide, with a broad range of patterns available, from traditional stripes, foulards, and club ties (ties with a crest or design signifying a club, organization, or order) to abstract, themed, and humorous ones. The standard length remains 57 inches (140 cm), though other lengths vary from 117 cm to 152 cm. While ties as wide as 3 3⁄4 inches (9.5 cm) inches are still available, ties under 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide also became popular, particularly with younger men and the fashion-conscious. In 2008 and 2009 the world of fashion saw a return to narrower ties.
TypesEdit
A page from Neckclothitania showing different cravat knots.
Different knots for neckties, from a 1980s store handout
CravatEdit
In 1660, in celebration of its hard-fought victory over the Ottoman Empire, a crack regiment from Croatia visited Paris. There, the soldiers were presented as glorious heroes to Louis XIV, a monarch well known for his eye toward personal adornment. It so happened that the officers of this regiment were wearing brightly colored handkerchiefs fashioned of silk around their necks. These neck cloths struck the fancy of the king, and he soon made them an insignia of royalty as he created a regiment of Royal Cravattes. The word "cravat" is derived from the à la croate—in the style of the Croats.
Four-in-handEdit
The four-in-hand necktie (as distinct from the four-in-hand knot) was fashionable in Great Britain in the 1850s. Early neckties were simple, rectangular cloth strips cut on the square, with square ends. The term "four-in-hand" originally described a carriage with four horses and a driver; later, it also was the name of a London gentlemen's club, The Four-in-Hand Driving Company founded in 1856. Some etymologic reports are that carriage drivers knotted their reins with a four-in-hand knot (see below), whilst others claim the carriage drivers wore their scarves knotted 'four-in-hand', but, most likely, members of the club began wearing their neckties so knotted, thus making it fashionable. In the latter half of the 19th century, the four-in-hand knot and the four-in-hand necktie were synonymous. As fashion changed from stiff shirt collars to soft, turned-down collars, the four-in-hand necktie knot gained popularity; its sartorial dominance rendered the term "four-in-hand" redundant usage, shortened "long tie" and "tie".
In 1926, Jesse Langsdorf from New York City introduced ties cut on the bias (US) or cross-grain (UK), allowing the tie to evenly fall from the knot without twisting; this also caused any woven pattern such as stripes to appear diagonally across the tie.
Today, four-in-hand ties are part of men's dress clothing in both Western and non-Western societies, particularly for business.
Four-in-hand ties are generally made from silk or polyester and occasionally with cotton. Another material used is wool, usually knitted, common before World War II but not as popular nowadays. More recently,[when?] microfiber ties have also appeared; in the 1950s and 1960s, other manmade fabrics, such as Dacron and rayon, were also used, but have fallen into disfavour. Modern ties appear in a wide variety of colours and patterns, notably striped (usually diagonally); club ties (with a small motif repeated regularly all over the tie); foulards (with small geometric shapes on a solid background); paisleys; and solids. Novelty ties featuring icons from popular culture (such as cartoons, actors, or holiday images), sometimes with flashing lights, have enjoyed some popularity since the 1980s.
Six- and seven-fold tiesEdit
A seven-fold tie is an unlined construction variant of the four-in-hand necktie which pre-existed the use of interlining. Its creation at the end of the 19th century is attributed to the Parisian shirtmaker Washington Tremlett for an American customer.[8] A seven-fold tie is constructed completely out of silk. A six-fold tie is a modern alteration of the seven-fold tie. This construction method is more symmetrical than the true seven-fold. It has an interlining which gives it a little more weight and is self tipped.[citation needed]
Skinny tieEdit
A skinny tie is a necktie that is narrower than the standard tie and often all-black. Skinny ties have widths of around 2 1⁄2 inches (6.4 cm) at their widest, compared to usually 3–4 inches (7.6–10.2 cm) for regular ties.[9] Skinny ties were first popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by British bands such as the Beatles and the Kinks, alongside the subculture that embraced such bands, the mods. This is because clothes of the time evolved to become more form-fitting and tailored.[2] They were later repopularized in the late 1970s and early 1980s by new wave and power pop bands such as the Knack, Blondie and Duran Duran.[10]
"Pre-tied" ties and development of clip-onsEdit
Main article: Clip-on tie
Early illustration of a pre-tied clip-on tie.[11]
The "pre-tied", or more commonly, the clip-on, necktie is a permanently knotted four-in-hand or bow tie affixed by a clip or hook, most often metal and sometimes hinged, to the shirt front without the aid of a band around a shirt collar;[citation needed] these ties are close relatives of banded pre-tied ties that make use of a collar band and a hook and eye to secure them.[citation needed] The clip-on tie sees use with children, and in occupations where a traditional necktie might pose a safety hazard, e.g., law enforcement,[citation needed] mechanical equipment operators etc.[12] (see § Health and safety hazards below).
The perceived utility of this development in the history of style is evidenced by the series of patents issued for various forms of these ties, beginning in the late 19th century,[11][13] and by the businesses filing these applications and fulfilling a market need for them. For instance, a patent filed by Joseph W. Less of the One-In-Hand Tie Company of Clinton, Iowa for "Pre-tied neckties and methods for making the same" noted that:
a solid black clip-on tie.
many efforts ... in the past to provide a satisfactory four-in-hand tie so ... that the wearer ... need not tie the knot ... had numerous disadvantages and ... limited commercial success. Usually, such ties have not accurately simulated the Windsor knot, and have often had a[n] ... unconventional made up appearance. Frequently, ... [they were] difficult to attach and uncomfortable when worn ... [and] unduly expensive ... [offering] little advantage over the conventional.[14]
The Inventor proceeded to claim for the invention—the latest version of a 1930s–1950s product line from former concert violinist Joseph Less, Iowan brothers Walter and Louis, and son-in-law W. Emmett Thiessen evolved to be identifiable as the modern clip-on[15]—"a novel method for making up the tie ... [eliminating] the neckband of the tie, which is useless and uncomfortable in warm weather ... [and providing] means of attachment which is effective and provides no discomfort to the wearer", and in doing so achieves "accurate simulation of the Windsor knot, and extremely low material and labor costs".[14] Notably, the company made use of ordinary ties purchased from the New York garment industry, and was a significant employers of women in the pre-war and World War II years.[15]
While the appeal of the pre-tied ties from the perspective of fashion has flowed and ebbed,[citation needed] varieties of clip-on long ties and banded bow ties are still the most common form of child-sized ties in the opening decade of the 21st century.[citation needed]
Types of knotEdit
A demonstration of tying a tie
See also: Category:Necktie knots
A half Windsor knot with a dimple
An Atlantic knot, which is notable for being tied backwards
There are four main knots used to knot neckties. In rising order of difficulty, they are:
the four-in-hand knot. The four-in-hand knot may be the most common.
the Pratt knot (the Shelby knot)
the half-Windsor knot
the Windsor knot (also redundantly called the "full Windsor" and the "Double Windsor").
The Windsor knot is named after the Duke of Windsor, although he did not invent it. The Duke did favour a voluminous knot; however, he achieved this by having neckties specially made of thicker cloths.
In the late 1990s, two researchers, Thomas Fink and Yong Mao of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory, used mathematical modeling to discover that 85 knots are possible with a conventional tie (limiting the number "moves" used to tie the knot to nine; longer sequences of moves result in too large a knot or leave the hanging ends of the tie too short). The models were published in academic journals, while the results and the 85 knots were published in layman's terms in a book entitled The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie.[16] Of the 85 knots, Fink and Mao selected 13 knots as "aesthetic" knots, using the qualities of symmetry and balance. Based on these mathematical principles, the researchers came up with not only the four necktie knots in common use, but nine more, some of which had seen limited use, and some that are believed to have been codified for the first time.
Other types of knots include:
Small knot (also "oriental knot", "Kent knot"): the smallest possible necktie knot. It forms an equilateral triangle, like the half-Windsor, but much more compact (Fink–Mao notation: Lo Ri Co T, Knot 1). It is also the smallest knot to begin inside-out.
Nicky knot: an alternative version of the Pratt knot, but better-balanced and self-releasing (Lo Ci Ro Li Co T, Knot 4). Supposedly named for Nikita Khrushchev, it tends to be equally referred to as the Pratt knot in men's style literature. This is the version of the Pratt knot favored by Fink and Mao.
Atlantic knot: a reversed Pratt knot, highlighting the structure of the knot normally hidden on the back. In order for the wide blade to remain in front and rightside-out, the knot must begin rightside-out, and the thin end must be wrapped around the wide end. (Ri Co Ri Lo Ci T; not catalogued by Fink and Mao, but would be numbered 5r according to their classification.)
Prince Albert knot (also "double knot", "cross Victoria knot"): A variant of the four-in-hand with an extra pass of the wide blade around the front, before passing the wide blade through both of the resultant loops (Li Ro Li Ro Li Co T T, Knot 62). A version knotted through only the outermost loop is known as the Victoria knot (Li Ro Li Ro Li Co T, Knot 6).
Christensen knot (also "cross knot"): An elongated, symmetrical knot, whose main feature is the cruciform structure made by knotting the necktie through the double loop made in the front (Li Ro Ci Lo Ri Lo Ri Co T T, Knot 252). While it can be made with modern neckties, it is most effective with thinner ties of consistent width, which fell out of common use after the 19th century.
Ediety knot (also "Merovingian knot"): a doubled Atlantic knot, best known as the tie knot worn by the character "the Merovingian" in the 2003 film The Matrix Reloaded. This tie can be knotted with the thin end over the wide end, as with the Atlantic knot, or with the wide end over the thin end to mimic the look seen in the film, with the narrow blade in front. (Ri Co Ri Lo Ci Ri Co Ri Lo Ci T – not catalogued by Fink and Mao, as its 10 moves exceed their parameters.)
Victoria knot
Eldredge knot
Tulip knot
Vidalia knot
Caped Eldredge knot
Trinity-Eldredge knot
St.Andrew knot
Balthus knot
Hanover knot
Grantchester knot
Plattsburgh knot
Ties as a sign of membershipEdit
The two variants of the school tie for Phillips Academy
The use of coloured and patterned neckties indicating the wearer's membership in a club, military regiment, school, professional association (Royal Colleges, Inns of Courts) et cetera, dates only from late-19th century England.[17] The immediate forerunners of today's college neckties were in 1880 the oarsmen of Exeter College, Oxford, who tied the bands of their straw hats around their necks.[17][18]
In the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth countries, neckties are an essential component of the school uniform and are either worn daily, seasonally or on special occasions with the school blazer. In Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand, neckties are worn as the everyday uniform, usually as part of the winter uniform. In countries with no winter such as Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia and many African countries, the necktie is usually worn as part of the formal uniform on special occasions or functions. Neckties may also denote membership of a house or a leadership role (i.e. school prefect, house captain, etc.).
The most common pattern for such ties in the UK and most of Europe consists of diagonal stripes of alternating colours running down the tie from the wearer's left. Note that neckties are cut on the bias (diagonally), so the stripes on the source cloth are parallel or perpendicular to the selvage, not diagonal. The colours themselves may be particularly significant. The dark blue and red regimental tie of the Household Division is said to represent the blue blood (i.e. nobility) of the Royal Family, and the red blood of the Guards.[citation needed]
In the United States, diagonally striped ties are commonly worn with no connotation of group membership. Typically, American striped ties have the stripes running downward from the wearer's right (the opposite of the European style).[19] However, when Americans wear striped ties as a sign of membership, the European stripe style may be used.
An alternative membership tie pattern to diagonal stripes is either a single emblem or a crest centered and placed where a tie pin normally would be, or a repeated pattern of such motifs. Sometimes, both types are used by an organization, either simply to offer a choice or to indicate a distinction among levels of membership. Occasionally, a hybrid design is used, in which alternating stripes of colour are overlaid with repeated motif pattern.
Use by womenEdit
Ethnic Mizo schoolgirls in Mizoram wearing neckties as part of the school uniform
Biologist Gertrude Van Wagenen wearing a suit and tie.
Neckties are sometimes part of uniforms worn by women, which nowadays might be required in professions such as restaurants and police forces. In many countries, girls are nowadays required to wear ties as part of primary and secondary school uniforms.
Ties may also be used by women as a fashion statement. During the late 1970s and 1980s, it was not uncommon for young women in the United States to wear ties as part of a casual outfit.[20][21] This trend was popularized by Diane Keaton who wore a tie as the titular character in Annie Hall in 1977.[22][23]
In 1993, neckties reappeared as prominent fashion accessories for women in both Europe and the U.S.[24] Canadian recording artist Avril Lavigne wore neckties with tank tops early in her career.
Occasions for necktiesEdit
Traditionally, ties are a staple of office attire, especially for professionals. Proponents of the tie's place in the office assert that ties neatly demarcate work and leisure time.[25]
The theory is that the physical presence of something around your neck serves as a reminder to knuckle down and focus on the job at hand. Conversely, loosening of the tie after work signals that one can relax.[25]
Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Group, believes ties are a symbol of oppression and slavery.[26]
Outside of these environments, ties are usually worn especially when attending traditionally formal or professional events, including weddings, important religious ceremonies, funerals, job interviews, court appearances, and fine dining.[27]
Opposition to necktiesEdit
The debate between proponents and opponents of the necktie center on social conformity, plainness, professional expectation, and personal, sartorial expression. Quoting architect Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright said: "Form follows function". Applied sartorially, the necktie's decorative function is so criticized.[citation needed]
Christian denominations teaching plain dressEdit
Among many Christian denominations teaching the doctrine of plain dress, long neckties are not worn by men; this includes many Anabaptist communities (such as the Conservative Mennonite Conference), traditional Quakers (who view neckties as contravening their testimony of simplicity), and some Holiness Methodists (such as the Reformed Free Methodists who view neckties as conflicting with the belief in outward holiness).[28][29][30][31]
Other Holiness Methodist denominations, such as the Evangelical Wesleyan Church, allow a long necktie that is black in colour. While Reformed Mennonites, among some other Anabaptist communities, reject the long necktie, the wearing of the bow tie is customary.[28]
Anti-necktie sentimentEdit
Alexis Tsipras and Banisadr, two examples of politicians who typically do not wear ties.
In the early 20th century, the number of office workers began increasing. Many such men and women were required to wear neckties, because it was perceived as improving work attitudes, morale, and sales. Removing the necktie as a social and sartorial business requirement (and sometimes forbidding it) is a modern trend often attributed to the rise of popular culture. Although it was common as everyday wear as late as 1966, over the years 1967–69, the necktie fell out of fashion almost everywhere, except where required. There was a resurgence in the 1980s, but in the 1990s, ties again fell out of favor, with many technology-based companies having casual dress requirements, including Apple, Amazon, eBay, Genentech, Microsoft, Monsanto, and Google.[32]
In western business culture, a phenomenon known as Casual Friday has arisen, in which employees are not required to wear ties on Fridays, and then—increasingly—on other, announced, special days. Some businesses have extended casual-dress days to Thursday, and even Wednesday; others require neckties only on Monday (to start the work week). At the furniture company IKEA, neckties are not allowed.[33]
An example of anti-necktie sentiment is found in Iran, whose theocratic rulers have denounced the accessory as a decadent symbol of European oppression. In the late 1970s (at the time of the Islamic Revolution), members of the US press even metonymized Iran's hardliners as turbans and its moderates as neckties. To date, most Iranian men in Iran have retained the Western-style long-sleeved collared shirt and three-piece suit, while excluding the necktie. The majority of Iranian men abroad wear neckties.[34]
Neckties are viewed by various sub- and counter-culture movements as being a symbol of submission and slavery (i.e., having a symbolic chain around one's neck) to the corrupt elite of society, as a "wage slave".[35]
For 60 years, designers and manufacturers of neckties in the United States were members of the Men's Dress Furnishings Association but the trade group shut down in 2008 as a result of declining membership due to the declining numbers of men wearing neckties.[36]
In 2019, presidential candidate Andrew Yang drew attention when he appeared on televised presidential debates without a tie.[37] Yang dismissed media questions about it, saying that voters should be focused on more important issues.[38]
Health and safety hazardsEdit
A symbol for not wearing a tie.
Necktie wearing presents some risks for entanglement, infection, and vasoconstriction. A 2018 study published in the medical journal Neuroradiology found that a Windsor knot tightened to the point of "slight discomfort" could interrupt as much as 7.5 percent of cerebral blood flow.[39][40] A 2013 study published in the British Journal of Ophthalmology found increased intraocular pressure in such cases, which can aggravate the condition of people with weakened retinas.[41] There may be additional risks for people with glaucoma.
Entanglement is a risk when working with machinery or in dangerous, possibly violent, jobs such as police officers and prison guards, and certain medical fields.[42]
A trainee machinist and his supervisor wear neckties while at work in a machine shop in 1917. In a modern setting, "professional" dress would likely be superseded by more practical clothing due to the risk of a dangling necktie becoming entangled in moving machinery.
Paramedics performing life support remove an injured man's necktie as a first step to ensure it does not block his airway. Neckties might also be a health risk for persons other than the wearer. They are believed to be vectors in disease transmission in hospitals. Notwithstanding such fears, many doctors and dentists wear neckties for a professional image. Hospitals take seriously the cross-infection of patients by doctors wearing infected neckties,[43] because neckties are less frequently cleaned than most other clothes. On September 17, 2007, British hospitals published rules banning neckties.[44] In such a context, some instead prefer to use bow ties due to their short length and relative lack of hindrance.
Fashion portal
Ascot tie
Bolo tie
History of Western fashion
Panama hat
Prince Claus of the Netherlands and the "Declaration of the Tie"
Knit Tie
Tie chain
Tie press, a device used to combat creasing in ties without heat-related damage.
^ Agins, Teri (August 1, 2012). "When Is it Time to Loosen the Tie?". Wall Street Journal.
^ a b "The Evolution of the Necktie". tie-a-tie.net. August 14, 2013.
^ "Academia Cravatica". Academia-cravatica.hr. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
^ 18TH OCTOBER – THE CRAVAT DAY! Archived July 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Academia-cravatica.hr (October 18, 2003). Retrieved on 2013-08-08.
^ Tie Talk[permanent dead link]. Tietalk.vpweb.com.au (June 30, 2010). Retrieved on 2013-08-08.
^ Chenoune, Farid (1993). A History of Men's Fashion. Paris: Flammarion. pp. 37–40. ISBN 978-2-08-013536-0.
^ J.E. Langsdorf, 1923, Necktie, US patent 1448453
^ Gemma, Pierre (1983). Da quando? Le origini degli oggetti della vita quotidiana (in Italian). Edizione Dedalo. p. 88. ISBN 978-88-220-4502-7. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
^ Murphy, H. Lee (January 2, 2012). "In a bind about tie widths? Skinny is in, but anything goes". Crain's Chicago Business.
^ Pareles, Jon (April 5, 2005). "Nostalgia for the Skinny Tie as Duran Duran Returns". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ a b Waehner, Johann (1875) U.S. Patent 170,651 "Improvement in neck-tie fasteners" (hook-type of clip-on)
^ Agricultural Safety: Preventing Injuries B 1255. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
^ Jacobowitz, Mayer (1896) U.S. Patent 569,498 "Necktie" (band-toe attachment)
^ a b Less, Joseph W (1957) U.S. Patent 2,804,627 "Pre-tied neckties and methods for making the same".
^ a b The beginning of the effort apparently was a version that used a pre-knotted design and slipped the tie's narrow end through "slot" in back of the knot. Clinton County Historical Society (2003). Clinton, Iowa. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-0-7385-2349-1.
^ Fink, Thomas; Yong Mao (November 5, 2001) [October 3, 2000]. The 85 Ways to Tie a Tie: the science and aesthetics of tie knots (1st Paperback ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 1-84115-568-3.
^ a b "The Finest Neckties". Forbes. November 26, 2016.
^ Roetzel, Bernhard (1999). Gentleman: a timeless fashion. Könemann. p. 72. ISBN 3-8290-2029-5.
^ Dickinson, Rachel J. (June 18, 2004). "Ties have a history of hanging around." The Cincinnati Post.
^ Sagert, Kelly Boyer (2007). The 1970s. Greenwood. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-313-33919-6.
^ Peterson, Amy T. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the present. Greenwood Press. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-313-33395-8.
^ "Calender." Seventeen Nov. 2002: 24.
^ Pendergast, Sara; Tom Pendergast; Sarah Hermsen (2004). Fashion, Costume, and Culture. Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear Through the Ages. Detroit: UXL. pp. 950–951. ISBN 0-7876-5422-1.
^ Kirkham, Pat (1999). The Gendered Object (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-7190-4475-8.
^ a b "Why every man should wear a tie to work". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^ "Why Richard Branson Won't Wear a Tie". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^ "Should I Wear A Tie? | Eminence Cufflinks". Eminence Cufflinks. May 15, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
^ a b Scott, Stephen (2008). Why Do They Dress That Way?: People's Place Book. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781680992786.
^ Kraus, C. Norman (June 13, 2001). Evangelicalism and Anabaptism. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 49.
^ Holmes, Scott (2013). "Taking off My Tie: The Adventures in Fashion of a Quaker/Lawyer" (PDF). Journal of North Carolina Yearly Meeting (Conservative). Retrieved July 31, 2019.
^ Jones, Charles Edwin (1974). A guide to the study of the holiness movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 685. ISBN 9780810807037.
^ "Are ties an outdated fashion or do they still show that you mean business? - Mirror Online". web.archive.org. March 2, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
^ Killela, Amanda (February 26, 2016). "Are ties an outdated fashion or do they still show that you mean business?". Mirror. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
^ Ignatius, David (July 10, 2008). Tehran's Definite 'Maybe'. The Washington Post.
^ Bragg, Roy (May 24, 2003). "Tying one on in the office." San Antonio Express.
^ Smith, Ray A. (June 4, 2008). "Tie Association, a Fashion Victim, Calls It Quits as Trends Change". Wall Street Journal. pp. A1. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
^ Patterson, Troy (June 27, 2019). "Democratic Debate 2019: Andrew Yang's Bold Lack of a Tie". New Yorker. New York. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
^ Harris, Tim (August 2, 2019). "Andrew Yang Rips Presidential Election Process: "We're Like Characters In A Play And We Have To Follow It"". New Yorker. New York. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
^ Cameron, Christopher (July 23, 2018). "The war against neckties is heating up". New York Post. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
^ Lüddecke, Robin; Lindner, Thomas; Forstenpointner, Julia; Baron, Ralf; Jansen, Olav; Gierthmühlen, Janne (June 30, 2018). "Should you stop wearing neckties?—wearing a tight necktie reduces cerebral blood flow". Neuroradiology. 60 (8): 861–64. doi:10.1007/s00234-018-2048-7. PMID 29961088.
^ Teng, C; R Gurses-Ozden; J M Liebmann; C Tello; R Ritch (August 2003). "Effect of a tight necktie on intraocular pressure". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 87 (8): 946–948. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.8.946. PMC 1771792. PMID 12881330. Retrieved June 8, 2006.
^ Kuhn, W. (January 1999). "Violence in the emergency department: Managing aggressive patients in a high-stress environment". Postgraduate Medicine. 105 (1): 143–148. doi:10.3810/pgm.1999.01.504. PMID 9924500. Archived from the original on May 30, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2006.
^ Nurkin, Steven; Carl Urban; Ed Mangini; Norielle Mariano; Louise Grenner; James Maurer; Edmond Sabo; James Rahal (May 2004). "Is the Clinicians' Necktie a Potential Fomite for Hospital Acquired Infections?". Paper presented at the 104th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology May 23–27, 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana. p. 204.
^ Satter, Raphael; Lindsey Tanner (September 17, 2007). "U.K. Hospitals Issue Doctors' Dress Code". Retrieved September 19, 2007.
Chaille, François (1994). La grande histoire de la cravate. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 2-08-201851-2.
Keers, Paul (1987). A Gentleman's Wardrobe: Classic Clothes and the Modern Man. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79191-1.
Dyer, Rod; Spark, Ron (1987). Fit to be Tied: Vintage ties of the Forties and Early Fifties. photography by Steve Sakai (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-756-3.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: How To Tie A Tie
Look up necktie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Necktie at Wikimedia Commons
Necktie knots at Curlie
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Necktie&oldid=998381171"


Many years ago, a group of Christian people was moved by a vision of what could and should be for themselves, their families and their community. Because of that vision, this local church was established. In the combined history of what was originally two congregations, St. Peter's Church, Plymouth, and St. Clement's Church, Wilkes-Barre, many people both within and outside the congregation's membership have been richly blessed because of this church's efforts to be faithful.
"Where two or three are gathered together" is a passage that reflects the early days which gave birth to St. Clement's Church, Wilkes-Barre. Following a brief period where just a few area families gathered for the purpose of holding church services and Sunday School, a charter was granted in the month of April 1869, and soon the next steps toward establishing parish life were taken.
Washington Lee, a charter member, donated a lot located on Hanover Street for a church building. The cornerstone was laid on September 12, 1869. During the month of June 1871, the stone church, costing $10,000.00, was completed. Overcoming various hurdles with patience and perseverance, on July 11, 1871, free of debt, St. Clement's Church was consecrated and the first rector was called in February of the next year.
During the years of 1872-1884, St. Clement's experienced adversities with resignations, closings and re-openings while Sunday School continued on a regular basis. The period of struggle urged the membership to trust God, persevere, and continue efforts to become self-sustaining, a goal eventually obtained.
The earliest ministrations of St. Peter's, Plymouth, were the occasional Sunday services begun in June 1822, with the formal organization of a congregation on May 8, 1856. St. Peter's was adopted as a Mission Station under St. Stephen's Church, Wilkes-Barre, in 1873 and became an Organized Mission in 1947.
The Agnes flood of June 1972 was a major catastrophe affecting the majority of the population and properties throughout Northeastern Pennsylvania. Of the two churches, St. Peter's was particularly affected by this disaster and eventually closed and was demolished. The congregation, with prayers and with thoughtful and agonizing decisions to be made, concluded that St. Peter's should join with St. Clement's and form the Episcopal Church of St. Clement and St. Peter.
Many parishoners of both congregations are life-long members with a long history of family connections to their church, which may account for the determination which has helped to sustain this church through adversity and has encouraged growth.


With the small Heckmondwike squad missing two heat leaders and left down to the bare bones, Northumbria were able to smash their way to a massive win. All the visiting top four were unbeaten such was their dominance, but there was still some good racing as the home team kept battling hard, Darren Kent team riding his son Thomas to a shared race in heat 1, while Mick Knowles later claimed bragging rights over younger brother Andy. Bradley Stansfield made his first team debut for Northumbria, the youngster able to score 7 from his four rides, showing up well in front of his watching local West Yorkshire family.
A fast starting and hard riding Tom Whitwam had the better of Bradley Stansfield throughout this match, meaning it was up to team partner Bella Naylor to secure the win for her team with three third places. Sam Stansfield was unlucky to end up chasing on the outside of Bella in most his races, but he did manage to get the better of her in his third ride.
It's a real shame that Heckmondwike are struggling for riders, we know that very feeling well enough up here from the past, and hope we don't suffer a similar fate again. It's so fortunate that Mick Knowles decided to return to Hecky again this year when he could have stayed at Sheffield after their loss of Elite League status. However, it could be argued that the similarly-positioned Glasgow club could perform just as well as this in Division One rather than remaining in D2, which may indicate where the Yorkshire side should have been concentrating their efforts at least for this season, maybe? It's hard enough to attract new riders without them suffering batterings like this all season long and it may bear repeating that BC, and hence our Sport's insurers, don't like anyone over 18, let alone 60-odd year olds, racing pre-teens. Well done to young Thomas Kent anyway, a great effort. Fortunately Darren and Mick kept us honest in their races.
For the Vikings we have to hope Dan Redshaw has at last seen the light and can confidently compete shoulder-to-shoulder if necessary, we'll see in the next proper test against Bury on 24th. And once again our Viking Voyager, Middlesbrough-based Andy Knowles, again went well out of his way to turn out for us, he really has been a magnificent servant since returning to the Sport.


Local Coffee County Imagination Library (IL) leaders, representatives from Governor's Books from Birth Foundation (GBBF), and Tennova Healthcare – Harton CEO Rich Ellis and hospital staff celebrated the 5-year anniversary of the Imagination Library enrollment partnership at the hospital. Since May 2013, Tennova Harton has enrolled newborns into the Imagination Library before discharge from the hospital, giving families a copy of the first IL book, The Little Engine That Could, to take home as a tangible reminder of the monthly gift of books to arrive in their mailbox. With 21 birthing hospitals now enrolling newborns statewide, Tennova Harton was the second hospital to launch enrollment as part of the discharge process.
Since the partnership began, Tennova Harton has provided Coffee County IL with funds to cover 50% of the cost of the first book offered at enrollment, matched by GBBF. To date, the hospital has given over $5,000 to the program, providing a copy of The Little Engine That Could to over 4,000 children. In honor of the hospital's generosity, GBBF presented a big check to represent the impact of their charitable gift.
To celebrate, nursing staff and hospital CEO Rich Ellis enjoyed refreshments in the hospital conference room. Dean Hoskins, GBBF Vice President, presented the hospital with a letter from First Lady Crissy Haslam, expressing her gratitude for the hospital's support of the Imagination Library and its early literacy mission.
Frances Samples, Coffee County IL Coordinator, presented on program enrollment growth as a result of this partnership in Coffee County and six surrounding counties, Bedford, Moore, Franklin, Grundy and Warren. Since the partnership began, Coffee County IL has seen a 22% increase in the number of children registered – a total of 770 more children receiving 60 free books for their first five years.
Click here for a full news article about the event.


text:
Home > Blog > Power Player: Todd Gambill
Power Player: Todd Gambill
We had the opportunity to chat with kidney recipient, Todd Gambill, on the one year anniversary of his kidney transplant. Todd shared his incredible story, although he insists that it is his donor's story.
When Todd was just a year old, he was diagnosed with a Wilm's Tumor, which is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. He was also born with one large kidney instead of two. In 1967, Todd had his first surgery to remove half of his kidney. At the time, doctors were unsure if he would survive, but thankfully, he recovered and experienced a normal childhood.
It was not until he went to obtain a marriage certificate that he found out his kidney problems had accelerated significantly. After some time, Todd was told that he would need to schedule dialysis or get a kidney transplant. He told us that the scariest part of the news was the thought of dialysis, even more than the transplant itself.
He was ready to start scheduling dialysis when he received the call that he had a living donor. He had no idea who the donor was, but when he walked into the hospital, he had a feeling that it was his college roommate, Josh Embree. The two have been best friends since college. Todd and his wife even named their daughter, Embree, after Josh and his wife before the kidney donation.
Post-transplant, Todd is doing great. He returned to work just six weeks after the surgery. He also noted that he ran 21 miles the previous Saturday and is registered for a marathon. On average, transplanted kidneys last ten to fifteen years, but Todd is determined to beat the statistics. He feels obligated to Josh to keep himself as healthy as possible and make the most out of his new kidney.
Todd was skeptical about asking others to be a donor. It is, after all, a major decision and sacrifice. However, Todd now encourages others in need of a kidney to reach out to their network and ask. He explained that the donation process is set up so pressure is not put on prospective donors.
"This is not my story, this is Josh's story," Todd commented.
The two friends are even closer since the transplant, although they are both diehard fans of NFL rivals. Josh, who is an Eagles fan, often likes to remind Todd, who is a Cowboys fan, that part of him is an Eagles fan now.
Are you interested in sharing your story? We'd love to hear from you! Contact sobrien@myAST.org for more information.
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Bill Farthing says
A very heartwarming account. I am so thankful to Josh for his gift of life and so proud of my son in law Todd.


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The Robinsons toast Paul and Terry's engagement.
Scott thinks he's going to be the best man.
Jim offers Terry Anne's engagement ring.
Paul says that Shane will be his best man.
Scott stalks out, very upset. Jim twigs that it wasn't a school project at all - Scott was thinking he was going to be Paul's best man. Paul is surprised and upset.
Scott is sulking. Paul comes in and he tells Scott that he wasn't insulting him - he just thought Scott would be too busy with his school work, and didn't want to give him too much responsibility. Scott admits he is a bit relieved, but he still looks disappointed. Paul asks Scott to be their official photographer instead - he can borrow Paul's camera. Scott is very pleased. Crisis averted!
Shane has come to visit. Maria is fed up with Danny - he's not talking to her at the moment. But she doesn't care.
Shane says that living with Max is driving him crazy(!) and Mrs Logan is still around. Also Max keeps him awake at night with his moaning in his sleep. Maria says that Max's teeth have played up for years - it's probably that, but Max is afraid of dentists.
Shane starts making an impromptu speech(!) and shakes Paul's hand.
Paul and Terry come in. Paul says that they've decided to bring the wedding forward - to have a double wedding with Des. He wants to use the Robinson back yard though, since it's bigger. Paul says he'll get catering in though so Helen doesn't have to work her fingers to the bone.
Daphne suggests to Shane that they get a place together. Shane is shocked. He doesn't want to rush into things - he'd rather carry on as they are. Daphne is quite sad, but Shane explains that it might ruin their relationship. Daphne says Shane is already there every night too. Shane says he can't walk out on Max - he needs him. Daphne says she needs Shane too. He says he'll think about it.
Max puts on his dressing gown and goes down to sort the dogs out.
Max bangs on a door to wake up the owner of the dogs. It's a middle aged man who isn't pleased to be woken up. He says the dogs are guard dogs and are meant to bark. Max says he isn't exaggerating and says he'd better do something about the dogs. Otherwise he'll get the police. The bloke slams the door in Max's face. Max clutches his mouth - his teeth are clearly playing him up.
Max is on the phone to Maria. He wants to speak to Danny to ask him a favour. But Danny has already left for school.
Shane tells Max that he needs to see a dentist. Max says he's going to sort out the bloke with the dogs.
Maria and Richard are having coffee and cake. She's telling him about the course at the Justice Centre which she's really enjoying. Maria says it's amazing what children of immigrants have to do in translating for their parents - sometimes intimate details at the doctors. Richard thinks Maria will make an excellent mediator - she's down-to-earth and intelligent.
Maria says that Richard seems widely-travelled.
Terry and Helen are fitting Lucy's flower girl dress. Lucy is interrogating Terry about her previous marriage. Terry says that Paul is different to her previous husband. Lucy says that she doesn't know what Terry sees in Paul(!) Helen has run out of pins, so Terry ges to borrow some off Daphne.
Shane is relating the previous night's events to Daphne - he says maybe Maria should mediate(!) Daphne asks if Shane has thought about moving in with her. He says he hasn't really had a chance.
Terry comes in to borrow some pins. She's clearly upset to see Daphne and Shane having a pash and quickly exits with the pins.
Helen is reminsicing about her own wedding dress. She wore blue - during the war it was difficult to get white. Lucy giggles.
When Terry comes in, she's in a bad mood and goes on a rant about "little Terry managing to hook someone". She says she's fed up of people's insinuations and storms out.
Maria says she suddenly feels homesick for Czechoslovakia because she and Richard have been talking about it. Apparently he's been there and appreciated the country. Maria says she misses her home country and people who speak Czech. Richard says that the Czech people are romantic and intelligent. He wants to give her a present - his friend has a cabin outside the city. He'd like Maria to spend the weekend with him.


text:
namespace ash {
namespace phonehub {

using FeatureState = multidevice_setup::mojom::FeatureState;

FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler() = default;

FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::~FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler() = default;

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::NotifyRecentAppClicked(
    const Notification::AppMetadata& app_metadata) {
  if (base::Contains(package_name_to_click_count_, app_metadata.package_name)) {
    package_name_to_click_count_.at(app_metadata.package_name)++;
    return;
  }
  package_name_to_click_count_[app_metadata.package_name] = 1;
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::AddRecentAppClickObserver(
    RecentAppClickObserver* observer) {
  recent_app_click_observer_count_++;
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::RemoveRecentAppClickObserver(
    RecentAppClickObserver* observer) {
  recent_app_click_observer_count_--;
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::OnFeatureStateChanged(
    FeatureState feature_state) {
  feature_state_ = feature_state;
  ComputeAndUpdateUiState();
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::NotifyRecentAppAddedOrUpdated(
    const Notification::AppMetadata& app_metadata,
    base::Time last_accessed_timestamp) {
  recent_apps_metadata_.emplace_back(app_metadata, last_accessed_timestamp);
}

std::vector<Notification::AppMetadata>
FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::FetchRecentAppMetadataList() {
  std::vector<Notification::AppMetadata> app_metadata_list;
  for (const auto& recent_app_metadata : recent_apps_metadata_) {
    app_metadata_list.emplace_back(recent_app_metadata.first);
  }
  return app_metadata_list;
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::SetStreamableApps(
    const std::vector<Notification::AppMetadata>& streamable_apps) {
  // TODO(nayebi): Do we need to implement this?
}

void FakeRecentAppsInteractionHandler::ComputeAndUpdateUiState() {
  if (feature_state_ != FeatureState::kEnabledByUser) {
    ui_state_ = RecentAppsUiState::HIDDEN;
    return;
  }
  ui_state_ = recent_apps_metadata_.empty()
                  ? RecentAppsUiState::PLACEHOLDER_VIEW
                  : RecentAppsUiState::ITEMS_VISIBLE;
}

}  // namespace phonehub
}  // namespace ash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


dc.identifier.citation Brims, F. and Gunatilake, S. and Lawrie, I. and Marshall, L. and Fogg, C. and Qi, C. and Creech, L. et al. 2019. Early specialist palliative care on quality of life for malignant pleural mesothelioma: A randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 74 (4): pp. 354–361.
Purpose: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has a high symptom burden and poor survival. Evidence from other cancer types suggests some benefit in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with early specialist palliative care (SPC) integrated with oncological services, but the certainty of evidence is low. Methods: We performed a multicentre, randomised, parallel group controlled trial comparing early referral to SPC versus standard care across 19 hospital sites in the UK and one large site in Western Australia. Participants had newly diagnosed MPM; main carers were additionally recruited. Intervention: review by SPC within 3 weeks of allocation and every 4 weeks throughout the study. HRQoL was assessed at baseline and every 4 weeks with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30. Primary outcome: change in EORTC C30 Global Health Status 12 weeks after randomisation. Results: Between April 2014 and October 2016, 174 participants were randomised. There was no significant between group difference in HRQoL score at 12 weeks (mean difference 1.8 (95% CI -4.9 to 8.5; p=0.59)). HRQoL did not differ at 24 weeks (mean difference -2.0 (95% CI -8.6 to 4.6; p=0.54)). There was no difference in depression/anxiety scores at 12 weeks or 24 weeks. In carers, there was no difference in HRQoL or mood at 12 weeks or 24 weeks, although there was a consistent preference for care, favouring the intervention arm. Conclusion: There is no role for routine referral to SPC soon after diagnosis of MPM for patients who are cared for in centres with good access to SPC when required. Trial registration number: ISRCTN18955704.


text:
Shkëlzen Gashi (Zurique, 15 de julho de 1988) é um futebolista profissional albanês nascido na Suíça, que atua como atacante. Atualmente, defende o Colorado Rapids, na MLS.

Carreira
Foi artilheiro da Super Liga Suíça em 2013-2014, atuando pelo Grasshopper Club e novamente em 2014-2015, atuando pelo FC Basel.

Shkëlzen Gashi fez parte do elenco da Seleção Albanesa de Futebol da Eurocopa de 2016.

Naturais de Zurique
Futebolistas da Albânia
Futebolistas do FC Zürich
Futebolistas do FC Schaffhausen
Futebolistas da Associazione Calcio Bellinzona
Futebolistas do Neuchâtel Xamax
Futebolistas do FC Aarau
Futebolistas do Grasshopper Club
Futebolistas do FC Basel
Futebolistas do Colorado Rapids
Jogadores da Seleção Albanesa de Futebol
Jogadores da Eurocopa de 2016

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


British make-up artist Jordan James Parke has spent an incredible $150,000 (£96,000) on plastic surgery in order to look like Kim Kardashian. Judging by the pictures you would think that Jordan was done with the plastic surgery but apparently he is already saving for more.
He admits that he became obsessed with Kim after he first saw her on TV. He has already had 50 plastic surgeries and hopes to have another nose job soon.
It doesn't even look real!


text:
One of the most scenic, historic and popular parks in San Marcos, Juan Veramendi Plaza, located at C.M. Allen Parkway at Hopkins Street, is known for its iconic gazebo, the Charles S. Cock House Museum, the Dr. Eli T. Merriman Cabin Museum, the Dr. Gwen K. Smith Fountain, the Memorial Grove and the beautiful pathway to the Riverwalk.
San Marcos is located on land that was once a part of a Spanish land grant to Juan Martin de Veramendi, the colonial governor, in 1832. The "two League" grant included land on both sides of the River. The plaza that bears his name today was also a part of that original grant. In June 1970, the Urban Renewal Agency of the City of San Marcos purchased this property and began, with the Hays County Historical Survey Committee, a search into the property's past. The Urban Renewal Agency wished to recognize the rich cultural heritage of San Marcos by naming this plaza after one of the area's more illustrious citizens, Juan Martin de Veramendi.
In 1972 the Federal Urban Renewal Agency transferred this undeveloped area to the City Bicentennial Commission which soon after became the Heritage Association. Thus began the drive to protect and to preserve these three little acres as the historic centerpiece of our town!
In 1986, the Imperial Bronzelight Corporation, in observance of the Texas Sesquicentennial, completely rebuilt the fountain at a cost of $10,000. Bronzelight and private donors provided the long-delayed installation of lights for greater security along the Riverwalk in 1993. In 2006 the fountain was named for Dr. Gwen K. Smith. Through a generous gift from the Dr. Smith Estate in 2011, the fountain was rebuilt a second time, improvements were made to the area around the fountain, including new plumbing and electrical systems. All work was done under the supervision of the City Parks and Recreation Department and the Riverwalk Park Committee.
As you leave the fountain in the general direction of the Merriman Cabin, a sturdy five-sided structure nestles into the ground at dead center of the park and appears to have been there forever. Designed by Judy Stovall Upchurch and built by the Association in 1978, it is believed to be the site of the water well for the Cock House families. A well house to this day, it shelters the controls to the motor that operates the fountain, which uses recycled water.
Complete a visit to Veramendi with a stroll through the Riverwalk Memorial Grove located in the southeast portion of the park toward the river. Among the many fine trees there are more than 50 with a bronze plaque at their base with the honorees' names and related dates. These trees were planted and dedicated to deceased, distinguished persons of our community in Arbor Day ceremonies. They were citizens whose contributions to the quality of life for our community went well beyond the usual expectations.
Midway along the path behind the Gazebo that leads to the river is the large and well-weathered "master" plaque. Placed in 1976, it contains the names of all the people and organizations that joined together in a remarkable demonstration of unity to protect this extraordinary landscape so cherished today.


JUMP START your workout for FREE!
Every day, people join the Y, motivated to get healthier. But sometimes, they need a little extra help and support to reach that goal. We won't promise an easy instant transformation but we will make sure you get a start on your path to help you achieve our goals. Your Jump Start coach will focus on an approach that is safe, efficient, easy-to-follow and helps you stay motivated. Whatever your goal, our expert health and wellness staff will help you to succeed! Sign up at the Welcome Center today.
Medical studies show that adding strength training to an exercise regimen helps build bone mass, increase metabolism and improve cardiovascular health. Our fitness staff can show you safe and effective ways of incorporating strength training into your workout routine. We have a variety of resistance and strength training equipment to work out every major muscle group. Members, sign up for your orientation at the Welcome Center!
Your fitness specialist can recommend activities and exercises to improve your fitness level and optimize your workouts. To make an appointment, inquire at the Welcome Center!
Take charge of your fitness program by completing a body composition test. Determine your current body fat percentage and learn how it relates to your risk level for heart disease, diabetes and other health conditions. Our fitness specialists are available by appointment.
Stop by the social lounge to have your blood pressure checked by an RN. If you cannot make it during this time, the Y has a self-administered digital blood pressure cuff for you to use.
Stop by the lobby to have your blood pressure checked by the Northern Door Health & Wellness Ministry. If you cannot make it during this time, the Y has a self-administered digital blood pressure cuff for you to use.
Mary Volkmann, Physical Therapist from Door County Medical Center, will be available at the YMCA. She will be offering 15 minute screenings for anyone with questions about pain, joint issues, rehabilitation, etc... and can provide referrals to a physician, physical therapist or a personal trainer if needed. To schedule an appointment for this terrific service brought to you by Ministry and the YMCA, please visit the Welcome Center.
Bill Herbst, Physical Therapist from Door County Medical Center, will be available at the YMCA. He will be offering 15 minute screenings for anyone with questions about pain, joint issues, rehabilitation, etc... and can provide referrals to a physician, physical therapist or a personal trainer if needed. To schedule an appointment for this terrific service brought to you by Door County Medical Cneter and the YMCA, please visit the Welcome Center.
Alysaa Lee, Licensed Athletic Trainer from Door County Medical Center, will be available at the YMCA to discuss options for Y members who have questions about sports-related injuries. To schedule an appointment for this terrific service brought to you by Door County Medical Center and the YMCA, please visit the Welcome Center.
Alyssa Lee, Licensed Athletic Trainer from Door County Medical Center, will be available at the YMCA to discuss options for Y members who have questions about sports-related injuries. To schedule an appointment for this terrific service brought to you by Door County Medical Center and the YMCA, please visit the Welcome Center.


Her work explores the intricacies of the cellular world observed through a microscope combined with traditional Armenian patterns. The jewellery is formed from precious metals with transparent plique-a-jour enamels, which when lit from behind create the impression of tiny stained glass windows. The technique of plique–a–jour uses transparent enamels without metal backing allowing light to intensify the luscious colours used. Each piece is hand filled with a combination of two to three enamel colours and fired, a colour alchemy which means no two pieces are exactly the same.


text:
Q: How to count occurrences for each value in MultiMap ? (java) I have Multimap, which contains two strings. Example:
1 = [key,car],
2 = [key,blue],
3 = [key,car]

Multimap definition (I am using Guava library):
ListMultimap<Integer, String> map_multi = ArrayListMultimap.create();

And this is how I put values in MultiMap:
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
        if (i + 1 < list.size()) {

            multimap.put(i,(String) list.get(i));
            multimap.put(i,(String) list.get(i+1));

        } else if (i + 1 == list.size()) {
        }
    }

I want to count the occurrences of the same value inside the multimap.
So the result should be 2 if i count how many values [key,car] are (per example I have given above) in my multimap:

*

*occurrences of [key,car] = 2

*occurrences of [key,blue] = 1

I have also tried to implement this with multi value HashMap and I was counting it with this, way (Storage is class where I store two string values inside object):
B = Collections.frequency(new ArrayList<Storage>(map.values()), map.get(number));

But I don't get the right results.

A: You can achieve what you want by creating a map that has your multimap values as the keys and the count as the value:
Map<Collection<String>, Long> result = map_multi.asMap().values().stream()
    .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(v -> v, Collectors.counting()));

Here I've used Guava's Multimap.asMap method to get a view over the original multimap, then collected the values into a new map.
Another way, without streams:
Map<Collection<String>, Integer> result = new HashMap<>();
map_multi.asMap().values().forEach(v -> result.merge(v, 1, Integer::sum));

This uses the Map.merge method to accumulate equal values by counting its occurrences.

A: Please try this code. map_multi.get(key).size() is your answer.
ListMultimap<Integer, String> map_multi = ArrayListMultimap.create();
map_multi.put(1, "car");
map_multi.put(2, "blue");
map_multi.put(3, "apple");
map_multi.put(1, "car");

for (Integer key : map_multi.keySet()) {
    System.out.println(map_multi.get(key).get(0) + " occurances: " + map_multi.get(key).size());
}

Output:
car occurances: 2
blue occurances: 1
apple occurances: 1

A: So the first step is to create a Map<Integer, List<String>> from your ListMultimap. You can do this in the following way:
Map<Integer, List<String>> collect = map_multi.entries()
            .stream()
            .collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Map.Entry::getKey,
                     Collectors.mapping(Map.Entry::getValue,
                                        Collectors.toList())));

Then let's say you have a List<String> with car and key in it.
 Example:
 List<String> myList = List.of("key", "car"); // java 9

You just iterate through the values() of the map and check if myList contains all elements from map's lists.
long count = collect.values()
            .stream()
            .filter(list -> list.containsAll(myList))
            .count();

A: I think you're using wrong collection to store your data. Based on what you wrote, you want a map with integer keys and two-element tuples as values and then use Multiset to count frequencies:

Multiset is a collection that supports order-independent equality, like Set, but may have duplicate elements. A multiset is also sometimes called a bag.
Elements of a multiset that are equal to one another are referred to as occurrences of the same single element. The total number of occurrences of an element in a multiset is called the count of that element (the terms "frequency" and "multiplicity" are equivalent, but not used in this API).

The code below assumes you have proper implementation of two-element tuple (aka pair, or your Storage class, but with proper equals and hashCode implementations), like this one from jOOL:
HashMap<Integer, Tuple2<String, String>> m = new HashMap<>();
Tuple2<String, String> carTuple = new Tuple2<>("key", "car");
Tuple2<String, String> blueTuple = new Tuple2<>("key", "blue");

m.put(1, carTuple);
m.put(2, blueTuple);
m.put(3, carTuple);

ImmutableMultiset<Tuple2<String, String>> occurrences =
    ImmutableMultiset.copyOf(m.values());
System.out.println(occurrences); // [(key, car) x 2, (key, blue)]

If you need to have few values (tuples) mapped under one key (integer), then you should change the first line to multimap:
ListMultimap<Integer, Tuple2<String, String>> m = ArrayListMultimap.create();

so that m.put(1, anotherTuple) is possible and putting doesn't override first value (carTuple) but rather adds it under 1 values list.
EDIT:
You can implement Tuple2 yourself if you don't need/want additional dependency, it could look like this class:
public class Tuple2<T1, T2> {

  public final T1 v1;
  public final T2 v2;

  public Tuple2(T1 v1, T2 v2) {
    this.v1 = v1;
    this.v2 = v2;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    if (this == o) {
      return true;
    }
    if (!(o instanceof Tuple2)) {
      return false;
    }
    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"}) final Tuple2<T1, T2> that = (Tuple2) o;
    return Objects.equals(v1, that.v1) && Objects.equals(v2, that.v2);
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    return Objects.hash(v1, v2);
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    return "(" + v1 + ", " + v2 + ")";
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<layer-list xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">

    <item>
        <shape>
            <solid android:color="#efefef" />
        </shape>
    </item>

    <item
        android:drawable="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:top="15dp"
        android:bottom="15dp"
        android:left="26dp"
        android:right="26dp" />
</layer-list>


text:
Allium peninsulare är en amaryllisväxtart som beskrevs av John Gill Lemmon och Edward Lee Greene. Allium peninsulare ingår i släktet lökar, och familjen amaryllisväxter.

Underarter

Arten delas in i följande underarter:

 A. p. franciscanum
 A. p. peninsulare

Källor

Externa länkar

Lökar
peninsulare


At Fairmont Jasper Park Lodge, exceptional service and flavors are the hallmarks of every dining experience. As the Moose's Nook Manager, your leadership and passion for guest service will drive outstanding operating results - and ensure the Moose's Nook is both a preferred dining destination and workplace.
Recruit, train, manage, mentor, lead and develop your supervisors and colleagues.
Effective performance management through focus on colleague development training, problem resolution, maintain up-to-date records on performance and audits, attendance, grooming, service deficiencies, schedules, labour costs/payroll, and late/absenteeism.
Working closely with Food and Beverage Trainer/Recruiter to ensure all Standards manuals are present and up-to-date, job task checklist are completed, and all the Standard Operating procedures are taught and followed.
Exhibits an entrepreneurial attitude towards the restaurant's operation.
Constantly seek out creative ways to improve departmental profit by increased capture of covers, average check growth through up selling, and performance management and being able to take risks.
Actively participate in ongoing learning opportunities and enhancing your skills, abilities and professionalism for personal growth.
At Fairmont Hotels & Resorts we offer our guests the finest hospitality experience in each of our destinations. And we know that, to offer our guests the best, we first need to offer our employees the best. That's why you'll find exceptional work opportunities-throughout North America and the Caribbean, Europe and Africa, the Middle East and Asia Pacific-as well as industry-leading training, career development, recognition and rewards. Fairmont Hotels & Resorts is a celebrated collection of hotels that includes landmark locations like London's The Savoy, New York's The Plaza, and Shanghai's Fairmont Peace Hotel. Our teams are guided by values of Respect, Integrity, Teamwork Accountability and Excellence; we employ the highest ethical and quality standards, treating all colleagues with fairness and dignity. A community and environmental leader, Fairmont is also regarded for its responsible tourism practices and award-winning Green Partnership program. An exciting future awaits!


text:
Boxes of documents procured through Wisconsin's open records law at the Wisconsin Department of Transportation offices. Bridgit Bowden/WPR
Conservative law firm warns changing interpretation of open records law could mean less power for public
Without right to recover attorney fees, groups warn individuals will have less opportunity to sue for the release of public records
By Hope Kirwan
Thursday, July 28, 2022, 3:15pm
ListenDownload
A conservative law firm is calling on Wisconsin legislators to clarify the state's public records law to allow individuals who sue for records to continue to recover their legal fees.
In a policy brief published Thursday, the Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty said a recent Wisconsin Supreme Court decision on a public records case against the City of Waukesha has called into question prior practice around public records lawsuits.
Under state law, someone who sues a government entity to force them to release public records is entitled to have their attorney's fees covered if they "prevail," or win the case. Lucas Vebber, deputy counsel for WILL, said in some open records cases, government officials choose to release the records rather than fight the lawsuit. Vebber said state courts have viewed this situation as the requester "prevailing" if the lawsuit is what caused the government official to change.
But Vebber said it's now unclear whether that standard will continue.
"In the recent case from the Wisconsin Supreme Court, they looked at the meaning of the word 'prevails' within the public records context and they came to the conclusion that to prevail requires something more. That it requires essentially a final judicially-sanctioned victory," Vebber said.
He said a case can't reach that final judgment if it gets dropped because the records are released. So it's unclear whether record requesters will be able to recover their legal fees when a case is dropped.
Vebber said that could have a chilling effect on whether these cases get filed to begin with. He said most attorneys don't charge clients upfront in open records cases because they've had the assurance they can recover their fees.
"If you have less of an opportunity to recover fees, you're going to have less attorneys willing to take those cases. If you have less attorneys willing to take those cases, you're going to have less cases filed. And less cases filed means less people challenging what may be unlawful government action," Vebber said.
Bill Lueders, president of the Wisconsin Freedom of Information Council, said he's also worried about the impact of the state Supreme Court decision.
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"It will also encourage public authorities to just delay the release of the record until someone sues them and then turn it over with no consequences," Lueders said. "There are a lot of bad things that will happen as a result of this ruling and a lot of good reasons why it should be revisited or why the Legislature should take action to minimize the damage."
Lueders said protecting open government in Wisconsin is "very much a bipartisan issue" and concerns over the state Supreme Court decision have united both progressive and conservative groups in the state.
He said the group that filed the case recently decided by the Wisconsin Supreme Court, the Friends of Frame Park, filed a motion for reconsideration this week, arguing the new standard established by the court was not a part of the original case.
In their policy brief, WILL asks the state Legislature to consider three ways to more clearly define the law to prevent confusion in the future. The first suggests codifying the test that courts have already been using, clearly stating that if the court finds that the litigation caused the official to release the records, the requester "prevails" in the case and can be awarded fees.
The second option would create the same outcome but adopt the language used in the federal Freedom of Information Act law.
The third avenue for change could be by allowing individuals requesting records to use other legal actions to hold government officials accountable. Vebber said current law only allows record requesters to file one kind of lawsuit that is meant to compel a government official to complete a duty they have. If the official does their duty by releasing the record, the requester doesn't have as strong of an argument to continue the case, he said.
"What we proposed was treating the public records law something like the open meetings law, and just expand the number of civil actions that could be used to enforce the public records law, things like getting an injunction or declaratory judgment that the public entity broke the law," he said.
With the state Legislature not currently in session, Vebber said WILL is hopeful lawmakers will take up one of the proposed changes when they return early next year.
The Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty weighs in on redistricting, gender identity in schools and more
Wisconsin Supreme Court hears arguments in lawsuit challenging Madison schools' guidance supporting transgender students
Issues raised by state-based conservative law firm, Last undeveloped lakes of Wisconsin
Wisconsin Supreme Court rules absentee ballot drop boxes are illegal in Wisconsin
Wisconsin taxpayers will pay attorney fees for election review records lawsuit