Prophylaxis and treatment of emerging zoonotic Streptococcus suis infection in agricultural and healthcare settings mainly rely on antibiotics. However, continued use of antibiotics contributing to emergence and widespread of antibiotic resistant S. suis becomes a significant challenge in many endemic countries, including Thailand. Meanwhile, the knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial pathogens is required for overcoming the antimicrobial resistance problem, the information of antibiotic susceptibility of S. suis strains isolated in Thailand remains limited. This study aims to assess the susceptibility of Thai-isolated S. suis strains to different antibiotic classes in order to gain an insight into the distribution of antibiotic-resistant patterns of S. suis strains in different regions of Thailand.
This study revealed the antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance of 262 S. suis strains isolated in different regions of Thailand. Susceptibility testing indicated widespread resistance to macrolides and tetracyclines of S. suis strains in the country. Beta-lactam antibiotic drugs (including cefotaxime and ceftiofur), vancomycin, chloramphenicol, as well as florfenicol were potentially the most effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of S. suis infection in both pigs and humans. High prevalence of intermediate susceptibility of S. suis isolated from asymptomatic pigs for penicillin G, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin could be the premise of the emergence of S. suis antibiotic resistance. Resistance was also found in S. suis strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs indicating that they could act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on antimicrobial resistance of a large collection of S. suis strains isolated from pigs and humans in Thailand. It revealed the multidrug resistance of S. suis strains in pigs and humans. The information gained from this study raises an awareness and encourage best practices of appropriate antibiotic drug prescribing and use among human health and agriculture sectors.
Streptococcus suis is facultative anaerobic gram-positive α-hemolytic coccus and classified, based on cell-wall antigenic determinants, to be related to Lancefield group D streptococci. It is an important zoonotic bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide. S. suis naturally colonizes upper respiratory tract of pigs, particularly the tonsils and nasal cavities [1, 2]. It can cause systemic diseases in newborn and, more commonly, weaned piglets, resulting in sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis and arthritis [3, 4]. Moreover, S. suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen of humans who came in contact with infected pigs or consumed pork products that get contaminated with this pathogenic bacteria [5, 6]. Thirty-five serotypes (serotype 1–34 and serotype 1/2) of S. suis were originally classified based on polysaccharide capsules by using the coagglutination method [7–9]. However, recent studies, using DNA-based approaches, have shown that serotypes 20 22, 26, 33, 32, and 34 belong to novel bacterial species [10, 11]. Moreover, novel 9 capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) loci (NCLs) of non-typable S. suis strains have been identified based on DNA sequencing [12, 13]. Therefore, strict S. suis species currently comprise of 38 serotypes. Serotype 2 of S. suis is considered as the most common type recovered from both pigs and humans worldwide and other serotypes, such as 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 21 and 24, are also capable to induce disease in pigs and, some of them, also in humans [7–9, 14, 15]. To prevent or control S. suis infection in pigs and to deliver safer pork products for consumers, antimicrobial agents have long been applied in pig farming industries. However, the increased usage of antimicrobial agents in pigs and humans causes the antimicrobial resistance  that has become a global problem in recent years.
The antimicrobial agents and antibiotic classes used for prophylaxis and treatment of S. suis infections in pigs and humans are somewhat similar. Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin, ceftriaxone and ceftiofur) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as enrofloxacin are used in pigs and humans to treat S. suis infections [16–18]. Generally, three major antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfonamides) are frequently used in S. suis infection . The increasing cases of antimicrobial resistance in S. suis isolated from pigs and humans have been reported from many countries in America, Asia and Europe [19, 20]. Notably, resistant S. suis has been identified as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes which can be transferred horizontally to streptococcal human pathogens such as S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae .
Acute bacterial infection for humans and animals relies on effective antibiotic treatment. Monitoring the susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens to antibiotic drugs is therefore an important tool that provides an evidence-based guidance for further optimizing effective antimicrobial treatment options and following up the emergence of antibiotic drug resistance. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern of particular pathogen is geographically variable. Hence, knowledge of the susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogen, in certain regions is necessary for controlling the AMR problem. So far, antimicrobial susceptibility data of S. suis isolated in Thailand has not been well reported and available studies have focused on human cases [22–26]. Lakkitjareon et al. investigated the antimicrobial profile of 52 S. suis isolates from healthy pigs in Northern Thailand during 2008 to 2009 by disk diffusion susceptibility test . The results showed high rate of lincomycin and tetracycline resistance but most of the isolates remained susceptible to ceftiofur, ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin and enrofloxacin.
The study described herein, aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis isolated from both human patients (epidemic and sporadic cases) and pigs (diseased and asymptomatic pigs) in northern, central, and southern regions of Thailand. The information of antimicrobial resistance of Thai-isolated S. suis strains could have implications for optimizing the therapeutic treatment for zoonosis and controlling the emergence of antibiotic-resistant S. suis in the country and worldwide.
The antimicrobial susceptibility of 262 Thai S. suis isolated strains was determined using 20 antibiotic drugs with different modes of inhibition. It is noted that multidrug resistance (MDR) is defined as resisting to at least three different classes of agents . The result showed that there were 144 distinct antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns (Additional file 1: Table S1). None of Thai S. suis isolated strains used in this study exhibited drug susceptibility to all tested 20 antibiotic drugs. Overall, 99.3% (260/262) of Thai S. suis strains resisted to at least one antibiotic drug. Two out of 262 strains isolated from diseased or asymptomatic pigs shared the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile with susceptibility to 19 tested antibiotic drugs and intermediate susceptibility to norfloxacin (AMR pattern No. 1). A similar AMR pattern (AMR pattern No. 78) was observed in S. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from both human patients and asymptomatic pigs during 2006–2007. In addition, S. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from human patients and asymptomatic pigs from Northern Thailand (during 2006–2007) shared a similar AMR pattern (AMR pattern No. 79) with S. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from diseased pigs from central regions of Thailand (during 2012–2015).
The MDR S. suis strains were isolated from pigs only. Out of 235 pig-isolated S. suis strains, 118 strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs (118/253, 50.2%) and 20 strains isolated from diseased pigs (20/235, 8.5%) are MDR S. suis strains, displaying 90 different AMR patterns (Additional file 1: Table S1). Most of the MDR S. suis strains were AA (63 strains) and followed by non-serotype 2 (42 strains), NT (24 strains), and serotype 2 (9 strains). Two MDR S. suis strains, resisting to 17 out of 20 antibiotic drugs (AMR pattern No. 136) were isolated from two diseased pigs during 2006–2007. They were found in the central regions of the country where there have been intensive swine farming and production. The most predominant MDR S. suis strains isolated from diseased pigs resisting to AZM/CLI/DOX/ERY/GEN/TET/TIA/NOR/SXT (AMR pattern No. 97, total 12 strains) were found in different isolation periods and different regions of the country.
A total of 110 Thai S. suis strains, including 27 human-isolated strains, 30 strains isolated from diseased pigs, and 53 strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs, were susceptible to all 6 antibiotics drugs inhibiting cell-wall synthesis. One S. suis strain isolated from southern diseased pig resisted to all these 6 antibiotic drugs (AMR pattern No. 139, Additional file 1: Table S1). A total of 260 strains resisted to at least one antibiotic drug acting on protein synthesis, suggesting less effectiveness of these particular drugs for the treatment of S. suis infection in both human patients and pigs. Intermediate susceptibility to at least one antibiotic drug inhibiting DNA synthesis was observed for 118 Thai S. suis isolated strains, including 23 human-isolated strains, 24 strains isolated from diseased pigs, and 71 strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs, suggesting the emerging of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) for these antibiotic drugs.
The distribution of antimicrobial susceptibility of Thai S. suis isolated strains is summarized in Table 1. Thai S. suis isolated strains showed high level of antimicrobial susceptibility to CTX (93.1%), CTF (94.7%), VAN (96.6%), and FFC (92.4%). Susceptibility of Thai S. suis isolated strains to CLI (6.5%), DOX (9.2%), TET (5.0%) and TIA (2.3%) indicates the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant S. suis against these drugs. Intermediate level of antibiotic susceptibility was relatively high for PEN (33.2%), GEN (23.3%), ENR (21.4%), and NOR (27.9%), suggesting the emergence of AMR problem for these antibiotic drugs in S. suis.
The distribution of antibiotic susceptibility according to the sources of S. suis isolation is presented in Table 2 and Additional file 2: Figure S1. The statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between the source of bacterial isolation and susceptibility of the bacteria towards antibiotic drugs acting on protein synthesis, including AZM, CHL, DOX, and TET. The results suggested that, among those three sources, the antibiotic resistant patterns of the isolated S. suis were similar. On the contrary, for the other drugs, there were associations between the resistant pattern and the source of isolation.
All 27 strains of S. suis isolated from human patients showed the highest level of antimicrobial susceptibility (100%) to AMP, CFL, CTX, CTF, PEN, VAN, LEV, and SXT. The data supports that these antibiotic drugs could still be effective drugs for treating S. suis infection in human patients. High-level sensitivity to CTX (82.6 and 94.7%), CTF (84.8 and 96.3%), and VAN (91.3 and 97.4%) were also observed in S. suis isolated from diseased and asymptomatic pigs. Although S. suis strains isolated from pigs remained highly sensitive to CTX, CTF, and VAN, their resistance against all these drugs were detected in different regions of the country, including southern regions of the country where a number of swine productions were relatively small, indicating the distribution of these antibiotic-resistant S. suis strains throughout the country. Among three different isolation sources, high resistance to AMP (21.7%), CFL (42.9%), PEN (27.0%), CIP (31.7%), ENR (29.1%), LEV (26.5%), and SXT (71.4%) was observed for S. suis strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs. In addition, this category of S. suis strains also showed the highest intermediate susceptible level of PEN (41.8%).
Antibiotic drug susceptibility to CHL and FFC was relatively high in pig-isolated S. suis strains. The prevalence of S. suis isolated from asymptomatic pigs resisting to FFC was relatively low in Thailand. This finding was consistent with a previous study in Brazil . Resistance to AZM, CLI, DOX, ERY, TET, and TIA was observed from S. suis strains isolated from all sources. High-level resistance to CLI (89.1 and 96.3%), ERY (78.2 and 83.0%), TET (89.1 and 92.1%), and TIA (80.4 and 89.9%) in S. suis isolated from diseased and asymptomatic pigs were consistent with previous studies in England , Spain , France , Denmark , America , Brazil , China [37, 38], and Korea . In addition, the data clearly showed that tiamulin which has a long history of use in veterinary medicine was significantly less effective for strains isolated from pigs.
The susceptibility test using fluoroquinolones, antibiotic drugs acting on DNA synthesis, demonstrated that LEV was the most effective drug against S. suis strains isolated from both human patients and pigs. The highest numbers of strains with intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of S. suis isolated from human patients and diseased pigs was observed for ENR (44.4 and 32.6%, respectively) and NOR (70.4 and 28.3%, respectively). As a preferable veterinary medicine, enrofloxacin is commonly prescribed for the treatment of streptococcal infection and also used against gram-negative bacterial infections in pigs . Therefore, the observations of intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in pig-isolated S. suis strains in Thailand suggest that continued administration of fluoroquinolones could eventually lead to widespread of resistance to this class of compounds.
Comparison of antibiotic resistance of S. suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in two discrete periods (Additional file 3: Table S2 Additional file 4: Figure S2) revealed the associations between isolation period and susceptibility of S. suis for CFL, PEN, AZM, CHL, ERY, CIP, and ENR. The resistance to antibiotic drugs inhibiting on protein synthesis, including AZM and ERY increased in 2012–2015. The results also showed significant increases in susceptibility of Thai S. suis isolated strains to CFL, PEN, CIP, and ENR in 2012–2015. For fluoroquinolones, high prevalence of S. suis strains susceptible to NOR (100%). Nonetheless, intermediate susceptibility against LEV (21.7%) and ENR (43.5%) was observed in 2012–2015. In addition, the result showed that the susceptibility of S. suis against CHL was relatively high; however, the increasing cases of intermediate susceptibility could be found in the isolation year of 2012–2015. Taken together, the data suggest a tendency of reduced efficacy of these antibiotic drugs for the treatment of S. suis infection in the future.
The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of S. suis was determined according to capsular serotype of S. suis, including serotype 2, non-serotype 2, AA, and NT (Table 3 and Additional file 5: Figure S3). Based on statistical analysis, there were significant associations between bacterial serotypes and the susceptibility patterns towards AMP, CFL, PEN, ERY, GEN, TET, TIA, CIP, ENR, LEV, and SXT. The results showed that most of the serotype 2 S. suis strains were highly sensitive to antibiotic drugs acting on cell-wall synthesis, AMP (98.3%), CFL (98.3%), CTX (98.3%), CTF (98.3%), PEN (96.6%), and VAN (100%), and antibiotic drugs inhibiting DNA synthesis, CIP (79.6%), and LEV (100%). The overall data implied that serotype 2 S. suis strains were prone to be susceptible to more antibiotic drugs, compared to the other S. suis serotypes.
Compared to serotype 2 S. suis, non-serotype 2, AA, and NT strains exhibited less sensitive to the same drugs. High frequency of intermediate susceptibility to PEN was determined in non-serotype 2 (46.6%), AA (38.5%), and NT (43.6%), but not in serotype 2 strains (1.7%) while the serotype 2 strains exhibited high frequency of intermediate susceptibility to TIA (50.8%) ENR (45.8%), and NOR (45.8%). Susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, CIP, ENR, and LEV was similar for non-serotype 2, AA, and NT S. suis and lower than that of serotype 2 S. suis.
Among antibiotic drugs inhibiting protein synthesis used in this study, a high susceptibility to CHL (82.1–91.2%) and FFC (88.1–95.9%) was observed for all serotypes; however, high-level of intermediate susceptibility to CHL (12.8%) and FFC (2.6%) was found in the NT S. suis strains. The result obtained from this study was also consistent with other reports on the resistance to tetracyclin and macrolide drugs of S. suis in pig isolates worldwide . The highest percentage of resistance to AZM (69.2–91.5%), CLI (87.2–96.7%), DOX (82.1–100%), ERY (69.2–87.7%), and TET (79.5–100%) was observed for all serotypes. In addition, the percentage of resistance to AZM observed from this study was higher than reported in other countries (49% and 69% for Brazil and China, respectively) [16, 20, 38].
Among the serotypes described, serotype 2 is the most virulent and frequently isolated from both diseased pigs and human patients. Focusing on the serotype 2 S. suis isolated from the groups of human patients and diseased pigs (Additonal file 6: Table S3 and Additonal file 7: Figure S4), no correlation between the sources of bacterial isolation and the susceptibility patterns of S. suis was observed for AMP, CFL, CTX, CTF, PEN, VAN, CHL, DOX, TET, CIP, ENR, and LEV. All serotype 2 S. suis strains were completely sensitive to VAN and LEV and resistant to tetracyclins (DOX and TET). The susceptibility test showed that all serotype 2 S. suis isolated strains in Thailand remained sensitive to beta-lactams. Although most of the serotype 2 strains isolated from both human patients and diseased pigs still exhibited sensitive susceptibility towards AMP, CFL, CTX, CTF, and PEN, the cases of intermediate susceptibility or resistance against these drugs was found in the strains isolated from diseased pigs in central regions of the country in 2012–2015, raising a concern about the emerging resistance of serotype 2 S. suis to these drugs in the country.
Although susceptibility to CIP was relatively high in serotype 2 S. suis, high frequency of intermediate susceptibility to CIP was found in human-isolated serotype 2 S. suis strains and CIP-resistant serotype 2 S. suis strains were determined from pig-isolated strains. Among the serotype 2 S. suis strains, the results also showed that the prevalence of serotype 2 S. suis strains resisting to AZM, CLI, ERY, FFC, GEN, TIA, NOR, and SXT was higher in the group of pig-isolated strains. This information suggest that pigs could be a significant reservoir for antibiotic-resistant serotype 2 S. suis.
Monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis is conducted worldwide, particularly in the countries with an intensive swine production. Resistance of S. suis to many classes of antimicrobial agents such as lincosamides, macrolides, sulphonamides and tetracycline showed high prevalence . In Northern America and European countries, the resistance of lincosamides and macrolides has been increasing both for strains isolated from pigs and humans [16, 20]. A high prevalence of tetracycline resistance was reported for S. suis isolates in many countries including those of North America, Asia and some from Europe [16, 19, 20]. A significant increase in tetracycline resistance was found in meningitis patients from Asia [41–43] and high prevalence of tetracycline-resistant S. suis isolated from pigs was clearly found in different regions of China . Resistance to cephalosporin was reported in both China and Europe [45–47]. However, among common antibiotics used for the treatment of S. suis infection, the prevalence of S. suis strains resistant to penicillin (0–27%), ampicillin (0.6–23%) and ceftiofur (0–23%) was still low in many countries .
This study revealed the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis strains isolated in Thailand. Similar AMR patterns determined from S. suis strains isolated from different sources and in discrete periods of time could suggest a zoonotic transmission of AMR S. suis between pigs and humans and widespread of antibiotic-resistant S. suis across the country. The AMR patterns of Thai S. suis isolated strains also revealed that only S. suis strains isolated from pigs exhibited MDR and most of the MDR S. suis strains were isolated from asymptomatic pigs. This finding confirmed that asymptomatic pigs could potentially serve as reservoirs for MDR S. suis. As a result, a narrow spectrum of effective antibiotic drugs can be used for the treatment of S. suis infection in both pigs and humans.
It is important to note that S. suis isolates used in our study were classified by serotyping method, as described . Under this circumstance, S. suis serotypes 22, 34 (19 and 4 strains, respectively) and all NT (39 strains) were still included for the susceptibility test and data analysis in this study. The result showed that none of the serotype 2 S. suis strains displayed MDR pattern and high prevalence of MDR patterns were observed for AA S. suis strains. The antimicrobial resistance pattern showed that serotype 22 and 34 S. suis strains exhibited different MDR patterns and the most MDR S. suis strains belonged to serotype 22. This finding suggests that precise bacterial classification methods are necessary for the AMR surveillance study of this bacterial species.
Although the findings from this study are consistent with previous literatures reporting the surveillance of S. suis susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics [16–18], high prevalence of intermediate-susceptibility S. suis strains against penicillin were observed and the prevalence of penicillin resistance was highest in asymptomatic pig-isolated S. suis strains, inferring pigs being a main reservoir for penicillin resistance of S. suis. Hence, a proper use of penicillin for S. suis infection in pigs is recommended to avoid further spread of penicillin-resistant S. suis.
The third-generation cephalosporin, ceftiofur has been the most effective antibiotic drug for both humans and pigs until now. Nonetheless, recent evidences from China and Europe showed the emergence of resistance to the third-generation cephalosporins [39, 41, 42]. Our study also revealed the presence of ceftiofur-resistant S. suis in Thailand. The evidence raise an awareness of long-term administration of this antibiotic drug inducing the spread of cephalosporins resistance in S. suis and therefore of the need of a surveillance of the susceptibility pattern of this zoonotic pathogen.
In this study, the periodic comparison of S. suis strains was performed for small number of strains that were isolated from diseased pigs only and the isolation sources of two sample groups were considerably different. Although the heatmap result demonstrated the increase of S. suis strains susceptible to beta-lactams in 2012–2015 (Additional file 4: Fig. S2), this finding might not markedly reflect a declining trend of AMR situation for S. suis in the country. To evaluate the progression of AMR situation and guide for prevention and control of AMR problem in the country, AMR surveillances of S. suis isolates in different regions and in consecutive years needs to be continuously carried out.
Overall, the result obtained from this study confirm that beta-lactams are the current highly-effective antibiotics whereas tetracyclines and macrolides failed to treat S. suis infection. Our finding also supports that chloramphenicol remains the most potent antibiotic among the protein synthesis inhibitors; however, due to toxicity of this compound, its usage has been limited in humans and prohibited to be used in food-producing animals in many countries, including Thailand.
Among Thai-isolated S. suis strains, a wide-range resistance to drugs acting on protein synthesis was observed in both diseased and asymptomatic pigs. Macrolides have a long history of intensive use in swine industries for prophylaxis and treatment of zoonotic streptococcal diseases . Therefore, overuse and misuse of these antibiotics over many years could introduce drug resistance. In this study, the high prevalence of both AZM and ERY of S. suis strains observed in pig population suggests a cross-resistant mechanism of these two drugs, which needs to be further investigated.
Resistance to macrolides is mainly due to erythromycin ribosomal methylase encoded by erm genes or by macrolide efflux protein encoded by mef genes. Previous studies have identified the gene erm(B) associated with macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance in S. suis isolated from pigs and humans [48, 49]. Recently, our preliminary data analysis of sequenced genome has shown that erm(B) is the most common gene found in macrolide-resistant Thai S. suis strains and erm(T) and erm(A) are resistant determinants of pig-isolated ERY/AZM-resistant S. suis strains (unpublished data). The mef(A) gene associated in efflux-mediated erythromycin resistance for 14- and 15-membered macrolides (known as M phenotype) and msr(D) encoding macrolide-efflux pump were determined in Thai S. suis strains (unpublished data). Nonetheless, macrolide-resistant Thai S. suis strains without these resistant genes were found, suggesting that other resistance mechanisms could occur and need to be further investigated.
Tetracycline resistance mechanism in Streptococcus species is mainly due to tetracycline-resistant ribosomal protection protein and tetracycline efflux protein, encoded by tet genes. In S. suis, tet(B), tet(40), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(W), and mosaic tet(O/W/32/O) have been identified [21, 50]. The tet(W) associates with a transposable chromosomal element and carries elements in S. suis isolates. Characterization of tet(W)-carrying elements revealed that two genetic elements, both carrying erm(B) besides tet(W), were completely different, one was almost identical to a genomic island of S. suis genome and another one resembling a phage that also carried other antibiotic (macrolide, aminoglycoside, and streptothricin) and heavy metal (cadmium) resistance genes . A 14,741-bp unstable genetic element associated with tet(O/W/32/O) has been detected. This element can also carry macrolide erm(B) and aminoglycoside (aadE, aphA) resistance genes. In the integrated form, this unstable genetic element could be found inside an integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) which is transferable at high frequency to pathogenic Streptococcus species . Our preliminary results, obtained from analysis of sequenced genome of tetracycline-resistant S. suis strains isolated from pigs and humans, have determined tet(M), tet(O), mosaic tet(O/W/32/O), tet(L), and mosaic tet(W/N/W) (unpublished data) which need to be further validated and their mobile genetic elements must be investigated.
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), including ICEs, transposons, plasmids, insertion sequences, integrons, prophages, and other genomics islands, play a crucial role in dissemination of AMR determinants. Recently, comprehensive analysis of AMR-associated mobilome among Streptococcus species showed that several AMR genes mediating resistance to antibiotics were carried by their corresponding MGEs . Among the MGEs, ICEs play a major role in bacterial adaptation and S. suis has high rates of ICEs. Compared to other pathogenic Streptococcus species, S. suis has higher prevalent and greater diversity of MGEs. These evidences support that S. suis potentially serves as MGEs reservoir for playing a key role in intra- and interspecies horizontal transfer of AMR genes to other Streptococcus species.
The data obtained from this study support that multidrug resistance of S. suis strains occurs in Thailand and pigs could serve as reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic-resistant S. suis strains. Beta-lactam antibiotic drugs remain the most effective therapeutic drugs for the treatment of S. suis infection in both humans and pigs in Thailand; however, a high prevalence of intermediate susceptibility of Thai-isolated S. suis to different antibiotic drugs indicates a tendency for AMR problems in the future. In addition, the presence of high resistance for macrolides is raising an awareness of long-term and over use of antibiotics inducing antibiotic resistance of S. suis. Therefore, an appropriate and careful selection of antibiotic drug choice for prophylactic and empirical treatments of zoonotic streptococcal disease are highly recommended. To tackle the AMR problem in S. suis, antibiotic resistance surveillance activities in both swine industries and healthcare sector are needed to guide decisions on appropriate antibiotic use. Intensive research aiming at understanding AMR mechanism including the identification of drug-resistant biomarkers, mechanism of resistant-associated gene transfer, and development of rapid diagnostics for S. suis identification, are urgently needed.
A total of 239 strains of S. suis isolated from diseased pigs, healthy pigs (or so-called asymptomatic pigs), and human patients (epidemic and sporadic cases), in northern, central, and southern regions of Thailand during 2006–2007, and 23 strains of S. suis isolated in central regions of the country during 2012–2015 were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test. Diseased pigs were pigs died with clinical symptoms of septicemia and meningitis whereas asymptomatic pigs were pigs did not present any clinical signs of S. suis disease.
The isolation of S. suis has previously been described in . Briefly, S. suis strains isolated from human patients were collected from blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), prior to an outbreak (2006 to March 2007) and during the outbreak (April–May 2007). S. suis strains isolated from diseased pigs during 2006–2007 were collected from blood. S. suis strains isolated from diseased pigs during 2012–2015 were collected from lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes. S. suis strains isolated from asymptomatic pigs were obtained from whole tonsil swab of pigs at slaughterhouses.
Bacterial identification of all S. suis isolated strains used in this study were conducted using conventional biochemical tests and PCR-based approaches . Serotyping of S. suis isolated strains was performed by coagglutination test using serotype-specific anti-sera for all 35 serotypes at the Reference Laboratory for S. suis Serotyping, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada . Characteristics of S. suis isolated strains used in this study are summarized in Additional file 8: Table S4. Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 was used as a quality control strain for each set of antimicrobial susceptibility tests and S. suis strain P1/7 was used as a reference strain in this study.
Twenty commercially available antibiotic drugs for veterinary and human uses, including beta-lactams (ampicillin, cephalexin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur, and penicillin G), glycopeptide (vancomycin), aminoglycoside (gentamicin), tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline), phenicols (chloramphenicol and florfenicol), pleuromutilin (tiamulin), macrolides (azithromycin and erythromycin), lincosamide (clindamycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin), quinolone (norfloxacin), and folate inhibitors (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) were applied for susceptibility test of S. suis. The antibiotic disks were purchased from Oxoid Limited (Hampshire, England). Tiamulin disk (30 μg/disk) was prepared by applying 5 μL of 6 mg/mL of tiamulin on a sterile paper disk (Oxiod disks). Antibiotic drugs used in this study classified according to mode of drug action are listed in Additional file 9: data, Table S5.
To assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of S. suis strains isolated from Thailand, the antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out by disk diffusion method according to a standard protocol of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute . S. suis was grown overnight on Columbia agar (Sisco Research Laboratories, New Mumbai, India) supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood at 37 °C in 5% CO2. Subsequently, colonies from the overnight culture were selected and suspended in Todd Hewitt broth (Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, England). The bacterial cell suspension was adjusted to be a 0.5 McFarland standard, equivalent to 106 colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL). The adjusted cell suspension was spread on 4-mm depth Mueller Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. The disks containing standardized known amount of antibiotic agent were placed on the bacterial agar plate. Approximately, 5–6 disks were placed per plate using a disk dispenser (BioRad, Hercules, California USA). The plates were then incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 18 h. During the plate incubation, the antibiotic agents diffused around the disk and inhibited the growth of bacteria, generating a clear zone known as "zone of inhibition".
The diameter of inhibition zone of S. suis strains, control strain, and reference strain was measured and interpreted as susceptible (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R), according to CLSI supplement M100S  for cefotaxime (CTX), azithromycin (AZM), chloramphenicol (CHL), clindamycin (CLI), doxycycline (DOX), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), levofloxacin (LEV), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT). The inhibition zone for ceftiofur (CTF), florfenicol (FFC), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR) and norfloxacin (NOR) was interpreted according to Soares TCS., et al. 2014 . The diameter breakpoint for ampicillin (AMP), cephalexin (CFL), penicillin G (PEN), vancomycin (VAN), gentamicin (GEN), tiamulin (TIA) was taken from EUCAST and CLSI-potency Neo-Sensitabs™ User's Guide  (Additional file 9: Table S5).
The Pearson's Chi-square (χ2) test was performed to determine the independence between antibiotic susceptibility and the four categorical variables of interest, including bacterial serotype, source of bacterial isolation, health status of the source, and year of isolation. The null hypothesis was stated as no association between antibiotic susceptibility and the testing categorical variable whereas the alternative hypothesis was that the susceptibility of each testing antibiotic drug was significantly associated with the testing variables. The Chi-square formula is shown as followed.
where fij is the observed frequency count of events belonging to both ith of category X and jth of category Y and eij is the corresponding expected count if X and Y are independent. Antibiotic susceptibility (category Y) was denoted as "sensitive" (S), "intermediate sensitive" (I) and "resistance" (R). For each category X, bacterial serotype included "serotype 2", "non-serotype 2", "autoagglutinating (AA)", and "non-typable (NT)"; source of bacterial isolation comprises "human patients", "diseased pigs", and "asymptomatic pigs"; health status of source consisted of "diseased pigs" and "asymptomatic pigs"; year of isolation was defined as the period between "2006-2007" and "2012-2015".
The analysis was performed using function chisq.test of R package version 3.4.3 . The null hypothesis of the independence assumption is to be rejected if the P-value of the Chi-squared test was less than a given significance level α = 0.05 (P-value < 0.05).
Suganya Yongkiettrakul and Krissana Maneerat contributed equally to this work.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Darin Kongkasuriyachai for constructive comments and Mr. Surasak Jiemsup for technical assistances.
This research was supported by BIOTEC-Research Initiative Grant for Food Biotechnology Research Unit (BIOTEC-RI Grant No. P-16-51-873).
All data supported these finding are present within the manuscript.
SY, KM, and BA performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests. SY and YM conducted statistical analysis. SY was a major contributor in data analysis and manuscript preparation. SY, KM, YM, PS, and MG participated in revising the manuscript. PS, MG, and WV critically reviewed the scientific content of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
All experimental procedures were conducted according to the IBC Protocol Number 018/2560 at Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Thailand.


text:
Three more examples of the black & white memory flashback sequences.
The third level of reality was that of the childhood flashbacks and the gypsy fortuneteller. These scenes would be stark, stylized, high contrast black and white, the "Silver Screen" kind, with velvety blacks and silvery whites and plenty of detail in between. These scenes were lighted for higher contrast; wardrobe colors were selected for maximum contrast. Then the scenes were photographed through heavy yellow (9Y), green (56) or red (23A) filtration, to increase contrast even further. In the case of the 23A, the skin tones are also rendered more pale or pasty, thus apparently increasing contrast still further without losing all the detail in the blacks.
The natural light in the practical sets at Dry Creek Station was perfect. Capturing it was my objective.
For Day Interiors I always let the natural light occurring in the space, at the indicated time of day, show me where and what color and intensity the lights needed to be. The interiors of Dry Creek Station were a sensation to photograph. The walls were a dirty pastel and the window glass in almost every room was frosted with the patina of age and the grime of the desert sand. Direct sunlight or the indirect brightness of the noonday sun always lit each room in a moodily beautiful way. During scouting I pointed this out to Michael and we agreed that we would capture and amplify that kind of light whenever we could; or we would create it whenever it didn't exist -- which was rare. We were extremely lucky that way.
Left & center are examples of night interiors. Right is a typical night exterior.
From warm sunsets to the blue of night to the white hot noonday sun, I used the desert palette.
Night Interiors in this central, and longest, part of the film were lit with a mixture of warm, often practical, tungsten sources, and soft bounce from 4' x 4' bead board, with very soft blue light through any windows, or open, exterior doorways. Night Exteriors were lit with blue ambiance and rim light on actors and objects and I often let the actors go into full silhouette, or let them be lit only with rim light, whenever it was appropriate or natural to do so.
Left: Johnny, looking in the mirror, knows he's losing it. Center: His former girlfriend throws his clothes out of the window. Right: Away from the city, the look becomes cleaner, crisper.
The second reality level is where most of the story occurs. It begins at the point where Johnny Mack, sick to his stomach, is looking at himself in the mirror in a sleazy public bathroom. From this point forward, until just before the ending of the story, we are in Johnny's dream (or nightmare) but we just don't know it. The photographic look remains essentially the same at first, but slowly changes to a cleaner more pure feeling as Johnny leaves the depressing grime of the city and heads toward his destiny.
THE PHOTOGRAPHIC LOOK
Michael and I spent a lot of time during pre-production getting to know each other's style and taste, likes and dislikes. We each got into the other's head by sharing favorite films. The film that came closest to what we both had in mind was "Spitfire Grill". To my mind the fine film was notable as much for its low-key, naturalistic lighting design and unobtrusive cinematography as for its powerful story and fine performances. Michael and I both dislike zooms for the sake of adjusting shot size when a dolly move or appropriate blocking would accomplish the same end. To my utter delight he wanted to do something that I love. He wanted to try to play most scenes in master shots that could stand on their own. He wanted to block the action in such a way that with few exceptions the actors would move rather than the camera. Actors would come to the lens for their close-ups. The camera would serve the story and move only when motivated, never for the sake of movement. Blocking would also emphasize the lateral dimension of the 1:85 format for which we were composing; and we wouldn't have to protect TV composition. This didn't mean the camera wouldn't move at all. In fact it moved quite a lot, but with two notable exceptions the moves were simple linear moves to change or maintain composition when motivated by the action.Due to budget restraints the lighting schemes were kept simple. I let practical sources dictate the look of the lighting. That doesn't mean I didn't add or subtract "practical" sources when or where needed. It's just that the look is always completely natural and believable.The story called for three separate levels of reality. The first is Johnny Mac's basic reality: Grim! He lives in a cheap apartment in Hollywood, drives an old hearse for Grave Line Tours and he leads a miserable, monotone existence, sacrificing all while waiting for his big break as an actor. We kept the look real, edgy, documentary-like, but with muted, monotone colors, high contrast, rich blacks and a depressing starkness.
Two examples of the strong imagery of the b/w flashback sequences using 7276 Plus X negative.
Examples of 7248 in (above from left to right) a day exterior and a day interior.
Then I chose 7248 for all day exteriors as well as a couple of high-key day interiors in the desert. Finally, I chose 7231, Plus X Negative for the black & white. Based upon consultation with Chuck Kemmerer at Foto Kem and personnel at Du Art in New York, I was advised that overexposing the 16mm color negative up to one full stop was a must for a good blowup to 35mm. I shot a test (16mm only) to verify the latitude and grain structure at various exposures and liked 7248 overexposed 2/3 of a stop, and 7277 overexposed 1 full stop. That meant I would rate 7248 at EI 64 tungsten and 7277 at EI 160 tungsten. On the other hand, the same people advised that the 7231 be exposed normally. I opted not to test the Plus X since I would be rating it normally and was already very familiar with it from other black and white projects.
Examples of 7277 in (from left to right) a night interior, a night exterior and a day interior.
By mid March most of the key players were firmly committed and we immediately began scouting and prepping. By April 1st, I was in full pre-production with April 7th scheduled as our first shooting day. It would be a three week long schedule of 17 twelve-hour days.
FILM GUAGE AND RAW STOCK
Because we were shooting in Super 16, I wanted to do everything I could to maximize image quality in terms of grain and sharpness. In choosing a film stock, I would also need speed, because our very-low budget demanded that I work at or near the ambient nighttime light levels of actual locations. We were at about 15 foot-candles for the key for most of the interiors. I had recently shot a project using Vision 320 (7277) from Eastman and I was favorably impressed with the film's wide latitude, tight grain and good blacks, especially in overexposure. After doing a little research and based on gut feeling as much as experience, I decided to shoot 7277 for all of the night interiors and exteriors and most of the day interiors.
Michael McCraine as "Emily" Fiona Hogan as "Madam" Joey Vieira as "Sam"
I soon realized that this was a guy who wasn't just tap dancing. With a degree in international finance, Michael Nash had achieved financial success by his late twenties. Then he discovered that he wasn't happy with money alone and now, in his mid thirties, he was using his business talent to further his artistic talent. He would make NEBRASKA alright, but he would do it his way, with his own money. This wasn't going to be a low-budget, made for video or wherever else you can sell it film. This was to be as much a work of craft and art as we could make it. The film was designed to be a film festival showcase for the director and everyone involved.Michael promptly sent me the script and I liked it. It is a moody story about Johnny Mack, a failed actor, a lost soul, who journeys back home to Nebraska, in search of his final failure, his own suicide. Only when his car breaks down in the middle of the desert does he glimpse a second chance at life.I responded with some ideas about how I visualized the story and we found we were very much in tune. Then he told me what the budget would be and hair stood up on the back of my neck! This wasn't low budget. It was NO BUDGET - under $100,000. The good news was that he wanted a director of photography who could take charge of the visual side of the film while he concentrated on acting/directing, etc.Michael had me hooked; he also had a bunch of skilled and talented people committed to the project at all levels. Some were working professionals of varying levels of experience, some were recent graduates of AFI and some were first timers looking for a way to get into the business. He cast actress/model Michael McCraine in the roll of the female lead, Emily. Mikey, as she liked to be called, recently played a recurring character in the Dream Works TV series "High Incident". Veteran TV actor Joey Vieira (Timmy's friend Porky from the Lassie TV Series) was cast in the major supporting role of Sam, the wise but lonely proprietor of the desert gas station where Johnny finds himself stranded. Veteran New York stage actress Fiona Hogan (Generation X) would play the "Madam" in Johnny's recurring dreams. The supporting cast including James Chase, Justin Hogan, Ricki Dale and Damon White, just to name a few, were all extremely professional.
Director Michael Nash checks the shot of a scene he'll be acting.
Chuck Barbee & Script Supervisor, Rondelle Cagwin.
Barbee and actor/director
Michael Nash working out a shot.
I've had many interesting projects and experiences in my career shooting documentaries, specials, commercials, corporate, series, MOW's and some feature and special effects work. Since ending a three year run on Night Court over four year ago, my bread and butter has again been news, magazine shows and documentaries, with a couple of commercials and a 70 mm Ride Film thrown in for good measure. Recently, though, I've begun to feel a strong desire to stretch myself in the direction of feature films. In an attempt to build a solid reel of narrative film work - between paying gigs - I've volunteered to shoot a couple of theatrical short films and videos for young directors and actors trying to build their reels. Among them Michael King, who wrote and directed "Deadly Illusions" and Michael Adams, who wrote and directed "Love Bites", a theatrical short co-starring an actor named Michael Nash (I think there is a trend here). During the production of "Love Bites", Michael Nash (the actor) whose work I was admiring, approached me regarding a full-length feature he was preparing to do. He said he had written a story called NEBRASKA and was just about to begin producing it. He would also finance it, star in it, and direct it. Right!
An abriged version of this article can be seen in the October 1997 issue of
International Photographer Magazine.
© 1997 Charles L. Barbee. All rights reserved.
Photographs: ©1997 Michael Nash. All rights reserved.
Michael Nash as Johnny Mack. Two examples of the highly stylized look of NEBRASKA.
JOHNNY NEBRASKA
SHOOTING A NO-BUDGET FEATURE
Barbee's Resume
Barbee's Biography
Last Update: March 9, 2014 Web Author: Chuck Barbee
©1999 Charles L. Barbee - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
THE LIGHTING & GRIP PACKAGE
Because of the extremely low budget nature of the film we could only afford a single, 5-ton grip/lighting truck and a very small lighting package. Because of my background in documentaries I knew I could make it work. With the truck came a modest assortment of grip equipment including a Chapman Pee Wee (standard, not super), my Sachtler Pro 20 fluid head and standard sticks, babies and hi hat (couldn't afford a gear head). I also had two 12'x12' and three 6'x6' complete overhead sets. To this we added a small assortment of tungsten lighting, the biggest of which were two Juniors. We also had four babies, two Mole Pars, and one or two of just about every type of small unit. We also had a couple of 4-foot KinoFlos with 3200 and 5600 tubes and a Mini Flo car lighting kit. My HMI package consisted of two 400-watt "Joker" pars and one 1200-watt ArriSun par. I also had a heavy duty 30 volt/inverter lighting pkg. which could run several different tungsten units or one of the 400 watt HMI's for up to 50 minutes. Since we didn't have an insert car, the Mini Flo kit and the 30-volt equipment proved indispensable for running car interior shots.We had a small generator capable of servicing the HMI's properly and plenty of feeder cable to do some of the bigger night exteriors. I had wanted some kind of night ambience lighting trick such as a Musco or some form of balloon light, but we just couldn't afford any of it. I was going to have to make things work with what I've listed above.Because of the hard work, talent and commitment of those involved, we did make it work. In particular I owe a debt of gratitude to four very key people. Geoffrey Maynard, the production designer/art director/set decorator did a masterful job of designing, creating and maintaining the look of our practical locations. Andrew Neerdaels, the gaffer, (also an accomplished commercial still photographer) was a dream to work with and did much to help me give NEBRASKA the lighting look I wanted. Most importantly, Linda Cohen and Conrad Hunziker III, the 1st A.C.'s kept me in focus under the most demanding conditions.We all made it work very well indeed and NEBRASKA just might have a chance at recognition because of the excellent contributions made by everyone. As low budget projects go, NEBRASKA was a shining example of what such a project could and should be. Michael Nash put an unlikely team together and somehow made it work smoothly.We had a 17-day schedule and we came in on time and on budget almost to the penny. According to the script supervisor's daily report, we shot a total of about 203 hours over the 17 days. That's an average of less than 12 hours per day. In actuality we had one 15-hour day, two 14-hour days and three 13-hour days. All the rest were 12 hours or less. We even had two days under 8 hours (7 and 6.5). During that time we completed 329 setups, averaging over 19 setups, or 5 1/2 pages, per day, yet there was never any yelling and almost never any confusion. In spite of the speed with which we worked this may be my best work ever. Michael encouraged me to push some limits visually and then trusted me to do it my way. A cinematographer could never ask for more.As of this writing NEBRASKA is being edited. What happens next remains to be seen. Whatever happens, for me it has already been worth the price of admission.Ready when you are, Michael!
THE CAMERA PACKAGE
Fortunately we were able to put together a good quality Arri SR 3 package from Alan Gordon Enterprises. Again, because of budget considerations, I decided to shoot the film with prime lenses only. The cost of a zoom lens with attendant accessories would have been over $1,000 per week which was more than 10% of the camera budget. Actually there were some creative reasons as well. I wanted the speed advantage of the Ziess Super Speeds because we would have a very small lighting package and would have to rely on fast film and lenses and lots of "natural" light. Furthermore, I've always believed that one of the major qualities of the look and feel of high quality theatrical motion pictures is the relatively short depth-of-field of 35mm and larger formats, when compared to 16mm or 2/3" video cameras. For a given frame size at a given distance, 16mm will always require a lens of 1/2 the focal length of 35mm. Thus, if are no other changes made, the 16mm product will always have much more depth of field than larger formats. In some situations this may be an advantage. When trying to get the best "theatrical" look I think it is a definite disadvantage. So by using Super Speed primes and shooting wide open all the time and by using the longest focal lengths practical for every shot, I was able to address the depth-of-field problem to my satisfaction. I think this helped the look of the film tremendously. Shooting only with primes would also keep us honest with respect to our desire not to use the zoom in place of the dolly. On the down side, shooting wide open might compromise sharpness a bit. When blowing up to 35mm this would be critical, so I tested to be sure I had a very good set of primes.
Once away from the city, the natural intensities of desert light and dark are allowed to play fully. From rich sunrises and sunsets to the indigo blues of night, to the warm, white-hot crispness of the hot desert midday, we followed and exaggerated the natural desert palate. I emphasized the build-up of desert heat by gradually adding heavier coral filtration, from 1/8th to 1/4 to 1/2, as we progress toward midday. Then I reverse the process until we're back to blue-black of night again.
Whether sitting alone in his apartment or driving the Grave Line Tours on a cold, misty morning, the "look" of Johnny's life is as grim as the dingy garage where he parks the hearse.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mixocyclops minutus is een eenoogkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Cyclopidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1951 door Chappuis.

Cyclopidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Premier League start date 'too early' for Chelsea boss Frank Lampard
Arsenal v Chelsea – Heads Up FA Cup Final – Wembley Stadium (PA Wire)
By NewsChain Sport
22:30pm, Sun 02 Aug 2020
Frank Lampard has called on the Premier League to give Chelsea a fair start to the new campaign and not risk further injury to his players.
The Blues lost Saturday's FA Cup final 2-1 to London rivals Arsenal, but even though the 2020-21 league season is set to kick-off on September 12, Chelsea are still not finished with the current campaign.
Lampard's side take on Bayern Munich on Saturday in the rescheduled second leg of their Champions League round-of-16 tie.
Chelsea face a monumental task to progress further in the competition having lost the first leg 3-0 at Stamford Bridge back in February.
Even if they fall to defeat in Bavaria, Chelsea will have just 35 days before the new season is due to begin.
In the unlikely event they progress – and then go on to reach the final – that gap drops to just 20 days.
It is understood that when Premier League clubs agreed a September 12 start date, it was also clear that there would need to be at least a 30-day break for Chelsea and any of the other teams playing in the end-of-season European competitions.
Even in a worst-case scenario, we don't go through against Bayern, the 12th feels too early for me for the players to start playing again
Lampard, who saw Willian and Ruben Loftus-Cheek pull out on the eve of the FA Cup final through injury, then lost Cesar Azpilicueta and goalscorer Christian Pulisic during the game to hamstring problems.
"I am guessing we will be told when we start and that will be dependent on how we will go against Bayern Munich," he said.
"It is not ideal if we carry on against Bayern – the players need to be given a break to play at the level and the quality product that the Premier League is.
"Even in a worst-case scenario, we don't go through against Bayern, the 12th feels too early for me for the players to start playing again.
Chelsea v Bayern Munich – UEFA Champions League – Round of 16 – First Leg – Stamford Bridge (PA Wire)
"The players need a break. That is why we have pulled two hamstrings and had players pull out of the game before this."
Lampard then implored the Premier League to make sure clubs start the next season with a level playing field.
"I would like to think the Premier League would look seriously at that," he added.
"Hopefully they give us a fair start next season. We deserve to be (given a fair start) as a Premier League club competing in the Champions League."
David Moyes likely to mix it up for West Ham against Doncaster
Southend hit by James Olayinka injury blow ahead of Mansfield clash
Tranmere hope Stefan Payne will be fit to face Bolton
AC Milan eager to complete loan deal for Chelsea's Fikayo Tomori
How Frank Lampard compares to other Chelsea managers under Roman Abramovich
Frank Lampard: Blues benchmark has changed since Brendan Rodgers made job remark
Frank Lampard says Chelsea's focus is on top-four battle rather than title race
Chelsea's Danny Drinkwater joins Turkish side Kasimpasa on loan
Care home residents evacuated after Storm Christoph flooding


text:
Who Are Civil Engineers?
As Jim climbed into his car, he shivered as he thought to himself "the paper shop is only down the road, but it is too cold to walk". Jane was running late as usual. She yelled at the kids to put their seat belts on. She tutted to herself as she saw Jim pull away, "why doesn't he walk to the paper shop, it's only round the corner" she grumbled. 5 minutes later, she pulled up on the 'school keep clear' zig-zags before shooing the kids out of the car into school.
Raj finally got fed up with sitting in the daily traffic jam, stuck there because just down the road parents would be dropping off the kids at the school. "Bollocks to this" he thought and so he overtook the queue on the wrong side of the road before swerving off down a side road, just missing a person crossing, "bloody zombie pedestrians, never look where they are going" he muttered as he slowed down behind the queue of people who had done the same thing as him. Sam shouted after the car which nearly hit her as she crossed the side road, "what were you thinking being on the wrong side of the road!"
John had to step on the brake sharply as the car came towards him, "didn't he see me for goodness sake, I'll have a passenger complain about my driving; I am sure that guy using the wheelchair at the last bus stop will have something to say because I didn't stop, but I just couldn't get into the kerb because of that idiot parked there to go into the shop" he groaned.
Bill looked up from his book as the bus lurched, now stuck in the middle of the junction "this flipping bus journey gets worse and worse, stuck in this blasted traffic every day. Why can't they just rephase the traffic lights at this stupid junction", he thought.
Emily was already late for college and rather than ambling along her normal route by the canal, she decided to take the direct route which involves a diagonal crossing at Campbell junction, "six green men to cross, I would have been better off by the canal after all", she groaned as she dodged a bus which was blocking the crossing.
Yannis was arguing with a bloke on a bike, "I have a delivery to make and I can't go round the corner", "but you are not only blocking the cycle lane, just look at the traffic jam you have caused back through the lights" countered Paul. "It's not my fault", said Yannis," I have to make this drop now, otherwise I won't make by next one on the other side of town". Jess smiled as she weaved through the traffic thinking "why is he arguing with that van driver, he stops there every morning". SMASH. Jim hadn't seen the cyclist as he opened his door.
Yes friends, it's the run up to Halloween and this is my little hat-tip to the season, but this is not a nightmare. It is far worse then that. This is real life and is found daily in many of our towns and cities where we lurch on in a stupor worthy of a character from the brain of George Romero; unable to comprehend that there are better ways to run our local transport networks. Yes, the Zombie Apocalypse is here, we are the zombies and this is our very own Zombie Nation. They're us. We're them and they're us.
Posted by The Ranty Highwayman at Friday, October 30, 2015
Mobility Cat 30 October 2015 at 17:40
Brilliant, absolutely brilliant. All the excuses blown away in one go.
Nice stories, sums up the UK traffic "system" well. I noticed a huge drop in traffic congestion during half term last week, it's concerning really. A lot of staff and pupils must be going to school in cars.
James M 31 October 2015 at 18:06
I think parents taking the week off makes a big difference too
The Ranty Highwayman 1 November 2015 at 12:10
My anecdote is that as I am normally in work by 8ish, traffic still lighter in school holidays and so there must be an effect of parents/ carers being on holiday and so cannot all be placed on kids being driven. I also find Fridays to be noticeably quieter more generally which could be an effect of people working from home perhaps.
brooksby1971 3 November 2015 at 08:46
I think what you've also illustrated is that everyone thinks that the problems are caused by someone else, not by they themselves. "I'm a responsible driver, but those other people, well..."
policy wonk 7 November 2015 at 20:04
yeah it's all true, but aren't you making it a bit too easy to knock your characters? Sure, driving to the paper shop is lazy, but there are people (I'm not one of them) who can only do the school/nursery/breakfast club run and get to work if they do part of it by car (no excuse for the zig zags) and having previously driven in peak hour London I can't believe many people do it who believe they have an alternative. no-one seems to have an answer to this except making driving even harder until drivers stop - which works, but makes life a misery for those people. I'm not having a pop, I'm genuinely interested in whether there are any carrots out there and whether anyone has evidence on why people drive in peak hours - and what is the solution to deliveries? I guess anyone who can answer those question is probably already running the world, but what are your thoughts?
Fair points indeed. Of course Jim may not be able to walk to the paper shop as it is too far for him to walk because of his mobility and it is so easy to pass judgement; especially when you consider your own journey as being more important which I think Jane may be thinking.
When my first two kids were small, they went to nursery and I drove them before going on to work and they were often picked up by relatives. My employer had flexi-hours which enabled it all to be fitted in. Why drive in my case? Well, we liked the nursery, there was nothing immediately local and we both worked with my wife having to get the train - I drove to work and so I did the run.
I would say that there is choice in having children and this choice generates car trips. The wider story is lack of local child care and the whole issue of schools (especially primary) getting bigger (as local authorities are banned from building new schools), having larger catchments and walking and cycling to them being awful.
I would imagine most people hating driving in town at peak times, but the employer flexibility, lack of child care and lack of walking/ cycling infrastructure all play against local active travel.
policy wonk 12 November 2015 at 20:42
'the choice of having children generates car use' - never a truer word. my learning to drive coincided with having kids after 40 years in London never feeling I needed to drive. now..... in my dreams electric minibuses pick up peoples kids and half the peak hour cars disappear, but I dare say there's a flaw in that and anyway there's no money for it
The Ranty Highwayman 15 November 2015 at 17:24
Someone recently said that the half-term quiet roads in Cambridge was only a reduction of 8% traffic!
Vist my engineering micro-consultancy
Designing for active urban travel
Visit my youtube channel
Beyond the Bicycle Coalition
Cycling Fallacies
Bust the nonsense
Chartered Institution of Highways & Transportation
Streets & Transport in the Urban Environment
This is Civil Engineering
Highways Magazine
@RantyHighwayman
Rant on Twitter
The Ranty Highwayman
Adventures in time & space of a cycling, walking, highway engineering, Chartered Civil Engineer. The street is not too narrow, your imagination is too narrow. This blog gives my thoughts on transport and highways in London and the UK, with a bias towards walking and cycling, which are the resilient transport modes which will civilise our towns, cities and neighbourhoods.
My Top Posts (last 30 days)
Low Traffic Neighbourhoods: Back To the Future
Aside from the odd regulatory tweak such as low level traffic signals and parallel zebra crossings, the UK already had the tools needed to m...
What Exactly Is A Design Classic?
There was a tweet doing the rounds the other day about how how ugly someone thought that a secure cycle parking shelter was with a suggestio...
I am by no means a materials expert, but with surfacing materials I know what I like as both an engineer and a user. so this week, some of ...
The Predicatable & Lazy End Of Year Roundup: 2021
Well, for the third year running, I have to reflect on what has been another challenging year, especially as Covid very much remains with us...
The Christmas break is now a distant memory and I'm back on the weekly treadmill, looking forward to some warmer weather and some visits...
Blog Archive January (3) December (4) November (4) October (5) September (4) August (5) July (4) June (4) May (5) April (4) March (4) February (4) January (5) December (4) November (4) October (5) September (4) August (5) July (4) June (4) May (5) April (4) March (4) February (5) January (4) December (4) November (5) October (4) September (4) August (5) July (4) June (5) May (4) April (4) March (5) February (4) January (4) December (5) November (4) October (4) September (5) August (4) July (5) June (4) May (5) April (4) March (5) February (4) January (4) December (5) November (4) October (4) September (5) August (4) July (5) June (4) May (4) April (5) March (4) February (5) January (4) December (5) November (4) October (4) September (6) August (4) July (4) June (5) May (4) April (4) March (5) February (4) January (4) December (5) November (4) October (5) September (3) August (5) July (5) June (4) May (5) April (4) March (4) February (4) January (5) December (4) November (6) October (3) September (5) August (4) July (5) June (4) May (6) April (4) March (5) February (3) January (5) December (4) November (4) October (5) September (4) August (4) July (5) June (5) May (3) April (4) March (3) February (6) January (4) December (3) November (1)
My Kind Of Blogs
BICYCLE DUTCH
Town Mouse
One More Bin Will Fix It
A Hidden LTN Benefit
The Bus Stops Here: A Safer Oxford Street for Everyone
Vision Zero and Bus Drivers
SPACE for Gosforth
Traffic Crash Injury 2021
Wet, cold and angry
End of a Wandrer era
Subversive Suburbanite
Vision Zero London
Key considerations when responding to the Consultation on establishing a Road Collision Investigation Branch
Clive Durdle's Blog
What might a safer Elm Grove junction look like? – Rebel Yarns
A new twist in a long road
katsdekker
Vortrag: Neue Formen des Aktivismus
Nicer cities, liveable places
Rethinking road safety – part 1
Berlin Senate wants to promote deliveries by cargobikes – K4RGO
The workhorse on Mexican streets
Inland Empire – The Lo Fidelity Bicycle Club
Why People in the UK Don't Cycle No. 1; Class
The Invisible Visible Man
The Gorbals, Robert Moses and the hometown blues
The 2020s: Disruption? You ain't seen nothing yet!
Road Danger Reduction Forum
Review. Peter Walker: "The Miracle Pill"
As Easy As Riding A Bike
Selective concern
Helen Blackman
Nowt so blind
Hackney cyclist
A couple of road changes in Eindhoven - Part Two
Show Me A Sign
Low Traffic Neighbourhoods are empowering, not oppressive.
Alex in the Cities
Starting to Happen
cyclableblog
Bike City Amsterdam – a Manual for Changing the World
Cycling with Crutches
Vole O'Speed
A letter to the Leader of Brent Council on enabling socially-distanced active travel
lastnotlost
At the Council: March & April 2020
Plastic Planners
Cycling Cities are also Walking Cities
WMP Traffic
Op ClosePass Evolution
Ups and Downs in Sheffield
Cycling in Edmonton from the Eyes of a Teen
Common offenses
Car-Sick Glasgow
How the Scottish Green Party is deliberately failing cycling
Human Streets – …. It's about the kind of city we want to live in.
Westway route ruled out, where is the alternative?
Stuff Rich Writes
Wheatfield Way Shared Space
London Cycle Chic
The Spirit of Cycle Chic
ShapethePlace
Break the Rules - Get Tactical
This blog is me expressing my opinion. Any links are given for background and for information and I am not responsible for their content.
Some of the things within this blog could be interpreted as design work for the purposes of the Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2015. This is not my intention, such items are not guidance, simply ideas. For any design work you should be suitably competent or engage someone suitably competent to advise you.
Don't take my word for it, do some research and challenge "them" as "they" don't always know what "they" are doing!
I do use images from different sources which I try to acknowledge, but if I have used your image and you are not happy, please let me know and I will remove. All other images are mine and I am happy for you to use them non-commercially with an acknowledgement which should read "photograph courtesy of The Ranty Highwayman Blog".
Unless otherwise stated all materials on this website are copyright and should not be reproduced without permission. Commercial use of photographs from this website is not permitted without express consent.
I am not writing on behalf of any organisation, the views expressed in this blog are my own and not those of my employer or any organisations that I am a member of or affiliated to.
© The Ranty Highwayman. Picture Window theme. Powered by Blogger.


64 years, 5 months, 27 days old age. James Pickens Jr. will turn 65 on 26 October, 2019. Only 6 months, 3 days, 22 hours, 6 minutes has left for his next birthday.
James Pickens Jr. has celebrated the total number of 64 birthdays till date. See the analysis by days count and bar graph.
James Pickens Jr. was born on 26-10-1954 in Cleveland in the state of Ohio, United States. He is an American Film Actor & Television Actor who known for his work in Hollywood.
He was born to James Pickens Sr. He has a sister named Marie Walker and a brother named Marlin Pickens. He is married to actress Gina Taylor-Pickens since 1984. He has a son named Carl Tharps and a daughter named Gavyn Picken.


PHILADELPHIA (KYW Newsradio) -- It's not easy to be merry this time of year if your family is facing health issues or loss.
"I think maybe asking them what kind of traditions they want to celebrate in the moment and just being with them, taking pictures and sharing stories," Moretti said, "and if they're comfortable recording memories, that can be really meaningful for family in years to come."
If your best friend is grieving, offer to help him enjoy at least a few moments of the holiday.
"If they want to leave the party early, be the one who says I'll take you home," Moretti said. "Don't just say 'call me if you need me,' reach out to them, bring them some food, go over and spend time with them, even it it's just sitting, having coffee. Just spending time with them and being present can really be a lot for someone who is grieving."
And if he needs to cry, let him be sad....it's expected.


Famed French boulangerie, PAUL, has recently opened it's new outlet at Marina Bay Link Mall! Along with new changes, patrons of this refined heritage French brand will be delighted to try out the 26 new dishes, desserts and beverages that is now launched islandwide.
Loved for its handmade traditional and specialty French breads, you will be pleased to find different kinds of rustic and fancy breads that has the same nutty flavour as in France.
And what French fare is ever complete without its decadent pastries right? But that will not be the main focus today, instead let's have a sneak peek into their new items ranging from savoury mains to sweet indulgences… below are the few dishes I've tried recently!
For appetizer, we were served Salade de la Mer($20.90) which is a refreshing seafood salad topped with seasonal fresh greens combined mixed with succulent prawns, mussels and octopus topped with creamy avocado, grapefruit and slices of red radish. The ingredients were really generous and I find it more than sufficient if you're into a healthy low-carb option, especially when you're having a quick lunch.
Moving on to the PAUL's French classics, we have the Longe de thon($29.90) – a seasoned loin of fatty tuna that's grilled to perfection and served with roasted vegetables and cranberry sauce. It was a hit or miss with this one, but I like it and find it an interesting combination of the salty tuna paired with the sweet cranberry sauce.
No French classic is complete if you're not served roast duck! Confit de canard($28.90) is a slow roast herb-marinated duck leg accompanied by roasted vegetables and cranberry sauce. The combination feels like the tuna but as the portion is bigger, it was definitely more satisfying for my hungry tummy~ We were told that Confit de canard is traditionally marinated for 1-2 days before being oven-baked. The entire dish was very well balanced where the cranberry sweet and sour complemented the duck saltiness.
Ending our delightful meal with classic French sweets, we were treated to two new desserts that were recently updated in PAUL's wide array of sweet treats. Eclair Paris-Brest($7.50) definitely hit the spot for me with its almond-flaked choux pastry generously filled with hazlenut cream and come cutely accompanied with caramalised hazelnuts that taste like popcorns!
Previous Post Unveiling The SNAILWHITE Box!


Mwanza. Some Mwanza residents have urged the government to take action against a wave of abductions or people going missing.
They said such incidents had become common in Tanzania.
Speaking on different occasions on October 11, 2018, they said Thursday's abduction of prominent businessman Mohamed Dewji, popularly known as Mo Dewji, was yet another sign of worsening security.
"Tanzania is no longer safe. People have been going missing or abducted. Such incidents have become common. People like Ben Saanane and Azory Gwanda have disappeared. Now it's Mo Dewji. Who is next? We don't know," said Mr Ahmed Chonza, a resident of Kenyatta Street in Mwanza City.
Mr Said Ismail, a resident of Iloganzara in Mwanza City, said fear had started gripping Tanzanians.
He called on state security organs to arrest perpetrators.
Another city resident, Mr Theophil Sued, said Mr Dewji's abduction had dented Tanzania's image as peaceful country.
He believes such an incident will scare away foreign investors.


Hi Everyone, I'm here, honest… Sheesh! Was it really two whole years?
Quite a lot has happened: I'm married now, own my house and have had a really busy few years with work building our company to a strength where we can recruit during a time when lots of others have been going under. Oh, and I wrote up my Ph.D. thesis too.
2011 has a really positive outlook both for home and work and I've rejuvenated my enthusiasm for my own website, sorry it took a while.


text:
Future Leaders Academy of Africa
. Towards a new African leadership .
Future Leadership Academy of Africa
Podcast – Briefs
Podcast – Analysis
Podcast – Interview
Energy & Sustainable Development
January 16, 2023 January 16, 2023 Future Leaders Academy of Africa
Africa, persistent political and economic volatility in 2023
Author: Dr Alex Vines OBE.
(This article was first published in The Mail & Guardian).
Africa's economy was recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 when a range of internal and external shocks struck such as adverse weather conditions, a devastating locust invasion, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine – all of which worsened already rapidly-rising rates of inflation and borrowing costs.
Although the direct trade and financial linkages of Africa with Russia and Ukraine are small, the war has damaged the continent's economies through higher commodity prices, higher food, fuel, and headline inflation.
The main impact is on the increasing likelihood of civil strife because of food and energy-fuelled inflation amid an environment of heightened political instability.
Key African economies such as South Africa and Nigeria were already stuck with low growth and many African governments have seen their debt burdens increase – some such as Ethiopia and Ghana now have dollar debt trading at distressed levels – and more countries will follow in 2023.
On average the public sector debt-to-GDP ratio of African countries stood at above 60 per cent in 2022. The era of Chinese state-backed big loans and mega-projects which started 20 years ago in Angola after the end of its civil war may be coming to an end but Chinese private sector investments on the continent will continue through its Belt and Road Initiative and dual circulation model of development.
Great and middle powers building influence
Geopolitical competition in Africa has intensified in 2022, particularly among great powers such as China, Russia, the US, and the EU but also by middle powers such as Turkey, Japan, and the Gulf states.
The sixth AU-EU summit held in Brussels in February 2022 agreed on the principles for a new partnership, although the Russian invasion of Ukraine which followed disrupted these ambitions. Japan's pledge of $30 billion in aid for Africa at TICAD 8 in August 2022 was clearly made due to the $40 billion pledged at the China–Africa summit in November 2021.
The US also launched a new strategy to strengthen its partnership and held a second US-Africa Leaders' summit in Washington in December, the first since 2014. Russia's ambition has been curtailed by its invasion of Ukraine, postponing its second summit with African states to 2023.
The imposition of international sanctions complicated its trade and investments, and military support such as that provided by Russian paramilitary group Wagner focused on Mali, Libya and the Central African Republic (CAR) has been curtailed.
The strategic importance of Africa has resulted in all the UN P5 members calling on the G20 to make the African Union (AU) its 21st member in 2023 under India's presidency.
International competition to secure Africa's critical and strategic minerals and energy products intensified in 2022 and, in the energy sector, European countries are seeking to diversify away from Russian oil and gas with alternative supplies, such as those from Africa.
Western mining companies and commodity traders are also increasingly seeking alternative supplies from Africa. Decarbonization is becoming a driver of resource nationalism and geopolitical competition in certain African mining markets, home to large deposits of critical 'transition minerals' such as copper, cobalt, graphite, lithium, or nickel.
COP27 was hosted in Egypt in November and gave African leaders an opportunity to shape climate discussions by pushing priority areas such as loss and damage, stranded assets, access to climate finance, adaptation, and desertification. Climate adaptation in Africa is a key condition to preserving economic growth and maintaining social cohesion.
The Horn of Africa, particularly Somalia, is suffering from one of the worst droughts in memory. The geopolitical and geoeconomic ramifications of the war in Ukraine has directly impacted the African continent by contributing to food and cooking oil inflation and humanitarian aid delivery.
Thoughout 2022 the AU was undergoing intensive reform and it struggled to respond to the growing number of security crises across the continent. Hotspots in 2023 will be in the western Sahel and Lake Chad Basin, eastern DRC, and northern Mozambique, all of them crossing state borders.
In Mozambique, a 2019 peace deal assisted by the United Nations (UN) will see the last ex-guerrillas from Renamo demobilized in 2023 to reintegrate into civilian life – some having been recruited in 1978.
In eastern Congo, M23 – one of around 120 armed groups – resumed its conflict against the central government. After lying dormant for several years, it took up arms again in 2021 and has been leading an offensive in eastern DRC against the Congolese army.
According to the UN, Rwanda has been supporting M23, and Kenya's parliament approved in November the deployment of about 900 soldiers to the DRC as part of a joint military force from the East African Community (EAC) bloc – DRC joined the EAC in March.
In the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia saw an uneasy ceasefire agreed between the federal government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF).
Islamist militant groups in Africa further expanded their territorial reach in 2022, particularly in the western Sahel where al-Qaeda and Islamic State affiliates are competing for influence and continued to make inroads.
The drawdown and exit of western forces from Mali, both the French Operation Barkane and international contributions for the UN's MINUSMA mission there, adds new dimensions to regional security challenges.
Mali's decision in May to withdraw from the G5 Sahel has also eroded the regional security architecture. Jihadist activity may spread further into coastal states which has resulted in international partners such as France and the UK redesigning their security assistance strategies for the region.
Coups on the increase again
Since 2020, there have been successful military coups in Burkina Faso (twice), Chad, Guinea, Mali (twice), and Sudan, and failed ones in the CAR, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Niger, and possibly Gambia and São Tomé and Príncipe.
Three national elections illustrate the state of African democracy in 2022. In Angola's August elections, the ruling MPLA lost its absolute majority with the opposition UNITA winning the majority in Luanda for the first time.
In Kenya, also in August, William Ruto prevailed to become president ahead of an incumbent-backed coalition led by longstanding political challenger Raila Odinga. Meanwhile in Equatorial Guinea's elections in November, Africa's longest serving president Teodoro Obiang extended his 43-year mandate with 94.7 per cent of the vote on a turnout of 97 per cent.
There will be elections in 17 African states during 2023 for either head of state or government, or national legislature. Elections and their results in Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe could prove to be flashpoints.
Although fragile, the African Development Bank forecasts an economic recovery particularly in East Africa, due to the rebound of service and industrial activities, increased public spending, reopening of travel and trade due to uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, recovery of the tourism sector, and deepening regional ties.
Published by Future Leaders Academy of Africa
Think Tank View all posts by Future Leaders Academy of Africa
Previous The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: Simple Copy or Contextualized Supplement to the Convention on the Rights of the Child?
Next Economy in Africa in 2023: Things to watch out for
Economy in Africa in 2023: Things to watch out for - Future Leaders Academy of Africa says:
[…] economies will face turbulent times in 2023 as a range of internal and external shocks undermine the region's growth prospects and […]
African Fintech will continue its boom in 2023 - Future Leaders Academy of Africa says:
[…] The African Financial Technology (Fintech) ecosystem continues to expand despite global economic challenges. […]
What can Africa expect from Davos? Optimism in turbulent times - Future Leaders Academy of Africa says:
[…] result, among other things, was record-high inflation around the world, aggressive monetary tightening by central banks in response and for many emerging […]
Ethics and Educational Technol… on Dr. Robert Farrow
State of Ethics and Trust in T… on eDiscovery Today by Doug Austin
Development Transformation as… on ICTs for Development
God Help Elam, Pray for Iran on You are awesome
The Ethiopia-Kenya power deal… on Yes Africa


Ver pelicula wonder woman en español.
KinoCheck International 24, views. Yes No Report this. Edit Details Official Sites: Frequently Asked Questions Q: Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Sign in with Facebook Other Sign in options. Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet! Superman to better understand this movie? Screen Rant 2, views. Edit Did You Know?
WONDER WOMAN PELICULA COMPLETA ESPAÑOL LATINO VER Download Wonder Woman Full HD Movie in Hindi Dubbed, Dual Audio p. peliscompleta. Ver Wonder Woman Pelicula Completa Español Latino En HD Completa.
Browse all other D channels · Browse all other games! Switch to. Ver Wonder Woman 2 pelicula completa online, Descargar Wonder Woman 2 pelicula completa en español latino, Wonder Woman 2 trailer español, Wonder.
Young Diana 8 Lisa Loven Kongsli Yes No Report this.
This is a typical propaganda essence among westernised movies mainly made by Jewish origin filmmakers. Zero Mediaviews.
Ver pelicula wonder woman en español Young Diana 8 Lisa Loven Kongsli What I surprised to see was the historical revisionism that successfully became ideological essence of the blockbuster entertainment of today!
In my opinion, this means she has really long legs. FandangoNOW Extrasviews.
Ver Wonder Woman pelicula completa online, Descargar Wonder Woman pelicula completa en español latino, Wonder Woman trailer español.
Gal Gadot stars as the title character in the epic action adventure from director Patty Jenkins ("Monster," AMC's "The Killing"), "Wonder Woman".
"Wonder. Wonder Woman Makeup, Wonder Woman Art, Wonder Woman Comic, Amazons .
™ Annihilation P E L I C U L A Completa Español Latino HD.
When a pilot crashes and tells of conflict in the outside world, Diana, an Amazonian warrior in training, leaves home to fight a war, discovering her full powers and true destiny. Full Cast and Crew. The film takes place during World War 1.
The shot momentarily changes to Steve and back to Diana, at which point the soldier vanishes. Ryan Reynolds, Morena Baccarin, T.
Gmx login trackid=sp-006 como quitar New Rockstars 2, views. FilmSelect Trailer 9, views. The film takes place during World War 1.
Wonder Woman 7. Don't like this video? But I knew so little then.
Share this Rating Title: A group of intergalactic criminals are forced to work together to stop a fanatical warrior from taking control of the universe.


LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Amg Illuminated Door Sills, Amg Night Package, Amg Performance Exhaust System, Black Headliner, Black with Red Stitching, Dinamica/Mb-Tex Upholstery, Designo Diamond White Metallic, Natural Grain Black Ash Wood Trim, Wheels: 19 Amg Twin 5-Spoke with Black Accents. This Mercedes-Benz E-Class also includes Air Conditioning, Clock, Climate Control, Tachometer, Dual Zone Climate Control, Cruise Control, Homelink System, Power Steering, Telescoping Steering Wheel, Steering Radio Controls, Wood Trim, Sunroof, Power Mirrors, Moonroof, Lthr. Steering Wheel, Driver Airbag, Passenger Airbag, Intermittent Wipers, Side Airbags, Rear Defogger, Security System, Anti-Theft, MP3, Surround Sound, Bluetooth®, Rear Spoiler, Center Arm Rest, Vanity Mirrors, Heated Mirrors, Daytime Running Lights, Reverse Camera, Side Curtain Airbags, Roll Stability Control, Tire Pressure Monitor, Premium Sound, Carpeted Floor Mats, Overhead Console, Aux. Audio Input. Air Conditioning, Climate Control, Dual Zone Climate Control, Cruise Control, Power Steering, Power Mirrors, Leather Steering Wheel, Wood Trim, Clock, Tachometer, Homelink System, Telescoping Steering Wheel, Steering Wheel Radio Controls, Sunroof, Moonroof, Driver Airbag, Passenger Airbag, Side Airbags, Security System, Rear Defogger, Intermittent Wipers, Anti-Theft, Aux. Audio Input, Bluetooth®, Carpeted Floor Mats, Center Arm Rest, Daytime Running Lights, Heated Mirrors, Overhead Console, Premium Sound, Rear Spoiler, Rear Spoiler, Reverse Camera, Roll Stability Control, Side Curtain Airbags, Tire Pressure Monitor, Vanity Mirrors -LOADED WITH VALUE!
Comes equipped with: Amg Illuminated Door Sills, Amg Night Package, Amg Performance Exhaust System, Black Headliner, Black with Red Stitching, Dinamica/Mb-Tex Upholstery, Designo Diamond White Metallic, Natural Grain Black Ash Wood Trim, Wheels: 19 Amg Twin 5-Spoke with Black Accents.
LOADED WITH VALUE! Comes equipped with: Amg Floor Mats, Amg Line Package, Black Headliner, Black, Leather Upholstery, Burmester Surround Sound System, Exterior Lighting Package, Heated & Active Ventilated Front Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Illuminated Door Sills with Mercedes-Benz Lettering, Natural Grain Black Ash Wood Trim, Polar White, Premium 1 Package, Rear Deck Spoiler, Wheel Locking Bolts, Wheels: 19 Amg Twin 5-Spoke. This Mercedes-Benz E-Class also includes Air Conditioning, Clock, Climate Control, Tachometer, Dual Zone Climate Control, Cruise Control, Homelink System, Power Steering, Telescoping Steering Wheel, Steering Radio Controls, Wood Trim, Sunroof, Power Mirrors, Moonroof, Lthr. Steering Wheel, Driver Airbag, Passenger Airbag, Intermittent Wipers, Side Airbags, Rear Defogger, Security System, Anti-Theft, MP3, Satellite Radio, Navigation System, Sport Seats, Center Arm Rest, Vanity Mirrors, Center Console, Heated Mirrors, Daytime Running Lights, Reverse Camera, Side Curtain Airbags, Roll Stability Control, Tire Pressure Monitor, Carpeted Floor Mats, Overhead Console, Aux. Audio Input, HD Radio. Air Conditioning, Climate Control, Dual Zone Climate Control, Cruise Control, Power Steering, Power Mirrors, Leather Steering Wheel, Wood Trim, Clock, Tachometer, Homelink System, Telescoping Steering Wheel, Steering Wheel Radio Controls, Sunroof, Moonroof, Driver Airbag, Passenger Airbag, Side Airbags, Security System, Rear Defogger, Intermittent Wipers, Anti-Theft, Aux. Audio Input, Carpeted Floor Mats, Center Arm Rest, Center Console, Daytime Running Lights, Heated Mirrors, Navigation System, Overhead Console, Reverse Camera, Roll Stability Control, Side Curtain Airbags, Sport Seats, Tire Pressure Monitor, Vanity Mirrors -LOADED WITH VALUE!
Comes equipped with: Amg Floor Mats, Amg Line Package, Black Headliner, Black, Leather Upholstery, Burmester Surround Sound System, Exterior Lighting Package, Heated & Active Ventilated Front Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, Illuminated Door Sills with Mercedes-Benz Lettering, Natural Grain Black Ash Wood Trim, Polar White, Premium 1 Package, Rear Deck Spoiler, Wheel Locking Bolts, Wheels: 19 Amg Twin 5-Spoke.


Binding of Rv1827 to target proteins through its forkhead-associated (FHA) domain does not require their prior phosphorylation at threonine residues.
High intrinsic basal signaling in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways ensures proper dynamic responses to environmental stimuli.
RNAi screens for essential kinases reveal that the potential therapeutic kinase universe is larger than expected.
Amyloid plaques have farther-reaching effects on astrocytes than previously suspected.
Cell signaling researchers gathered in Weimar, Germany, for the annual meeting of the Signal Transduction Society.
B cells undergo membrane spreading and contraction during activation in response to antigen-presenting cells.
The activity of a bacterial FHA domain–containing protein is regulated intramolecularly.
Chemoattractants that help guide growing pollen tubes in Torenia fournieri have been identified.
When released upon cell death, ribosomal protein S19 may bind and inhibit the cytokine MIF.
The scaffold protein Ste5 plays a coactivating role in the phosphorylation of Fus3 in the yeast mating response.
A neuronal signal involving a noncanonical TGF-β signaling pathway induces the expression of genes encoding antifungal caenacin-family peptides.
The antigen binding site of a therapeutic antibody for cancer simultaneously binds two proteins required for tumor growth.
The assembly and function of key photoreceptor proteins in neonatal mouse retinas is mediated by the protein ankyrin-G.


text:
Q: Laravel Installer Running Out of Memory I have gotten composer to work on my laptop a while back, but I'm getting very stuck with getting it installed on my main computer. I have downloaded the latest version of Composer (1.10.8) and am using Cygwin on a Windows machine. The problem comes with running "composer global require laravel/installer" in that it keeps running out of memory. I have the PHP memory limit currently set at 8GB (which should be way more than enough) and yet it keeps saying it's running out of memory at the exact same place as it did with my memory limit at 128M, or 1024M, or 2048M! I have even tried the following command and got the following result:
$ php -d memory_limit=-1 /usr/local/bin/composer global require laravel/installer
Changed current directory to /home/User/.composer

PHP Fatal error:  Out of memory (allocated 38273024) (tried to allocate 2102411 bytes) in phar:///usr/local/bin/composer/src/Composer/Util/RemoteFilesystem.php on line 462

Fatal error: Out of memory (allocated 38273024) (tried to allocate 2102411 bytes) in phar:///usr/local/bin/composer/src/Composer/Util/RemoteFilesystem.php on line 462

I am unsure what to do now because everywhere online keeps telling me to increase my memory limit but even with no memory limit, the output is the same. What should I do?

A: Try to use x64 version of PHP.
To run composer using a local copy of PHP x64 you can do the following:
Download the zip file from here (VC15 x64 Thread Safe version): https://windows.php.net/download
Unzip the file
Copy php.ini-development and rename to php.ini
Uncomment the extension_dir = "ext" line and any other php extensions you will need (such as extension=gd2 or extension=openssl).
If any other PHP extensions are needed for the update then it will tell you while running the command.
Working command:
"C:\path\to\php-7.2.23-Win32-VC15-x64\php.exe" -d memory_limit=-1 "C:/path/to/composer.phar" update

Source: https://ourcodeworld.com/articles/read/816/how-to-solve-composer-install-update-error-virtualalloc-failed-0x00000008

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mindy Kaling is the latest celebrity to praise Crazy Rich Asians and she found it special for a personal reason. Kaling, who is a single mother, commented on the strong bond between mother and daughter in the film.
"No one told me that Crazy Rich Asians would also carry a powerful statement about single moms and their bonds with their daughters. I was bawling. Crazy Ugly Crying From Me," the actor said on her Twitter account Monday.
Kaling, who appeared in The Mindy Project and Oceans 8, had daughter Katherine in December 2017. Though Kaling is private about her daughter's upbringing, she's spoken about the joys and worries single motherhood has brought her.
Along with the maternal storyline, Kaling praised Crazy Rich Asians for the strong, Asian actors.
"Not to be tacky but it felt so good to be immersed in so much Asian attractiveness. Even more than the tiny waists and 8 packs (which was super impressive), there were so many beautiful happy Asian couples. I loved it," Kaling tweeted.
Kaling also noted the movie was a fitting romantic comedy, complete with a makeover montage scene, but also included a strong female lead. She boasted of Constance Wu's acting skills as well as her character's career as an Economic Professor at NYU.
"Constance was revelatory. Such a superstar, so warm and vulnerable. And AN ECON PROFESSOR romantic comedy lead! Bye cupcake bakery art dealer blahdee blah girl," she said.
Crazy Rich Asians follows the relationship of Nick and Rachel, who meets Nick's uber-rich family for the first time. Rachel is thrown into a world of glamour and standards she has never known.
The film has been an immense hit at the box office and pulled in $22.2 million over Labor Day weekend alone, according to the New York Times on Sunday. The film has earned almost $111 million in North America in the three weeks it has been out. A sequel is expected.


For over 26 years, Tour Master has been developing and manufacturing a full line of motorcycle apparel and accessories. And while our name may hearken back to our touring beginnings, Tour Master has become one of the country's top names in gear for sport riders, cruising riders, touring riders - every rider.
Virtually every Tour Master product is first created at our California headquarters. It might begin as a new idea we get on a ride, or a product we see that we think could be better. Then a rigorous obstacle course of conceptual drawings, material and construction possibilities, prototypes, more prototypes, evaluation and re-evaluation follow.
Candidates are worn, mounted, ridden with, pushed, and tested until we're satisfied they meet our standards and our name. That's why you can "trust the Master" to offer you high quality riding gear and accessories with one very special bonus - a fair price.