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Download the bletchley circle season 2 episode 1 free
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Alice is to hang, though she tells her friends she assumed lizzie had killed john and so taken the blame. It originally aired in england in september, 2012, in 3 parts. The bletchley circle to return to pbs for second season. Dissatisfied with the officials failure to investigate complex crimes, the women join to investigate for themselves. The bletchley circle is a british tv miniseries which focuses on a murder investigation by a group of women who worked during world war ii as code breakers for the british military at bletchley park.
August 6, 20 the bletchley circle is returning to pbs for a second season, it was announced today. If you find a dead link write in the comments or email us, and we will fix it in short time. One of them, susan, notices a pattern to the murders of several women which is in the news but no one one else seems to have noticed the. The bletchley circle season 1 subtitles 110 subtitles. San francisco begins tonight, wednesday, july 25 at 9pm on itv. During the war alice merren was one of bletchleys brightest codebreakers. The bletchley circle, season 1 episode 2, is available to watch and stream on pbs. However, subsequent investigations lead to the discovery of a much darker military conspiracy. You can also buy, rent the bletchley circle on demand at amazon prime. Watch the bletchley circle online full episodes of. Following the discovery of lizzie lancasters true identity, the women face a race against time to prove alices innocence and.
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The bletchley circle 20122014 blood on their hands. Click here and start watching the full episode in seconds. With rachael stirling, julie graham, sophie rundle, anna maxwell martin. The fourpart series will air on sunday nights in spring 2014. The bletchley circle s01 ep03 cracking a killers code, part 3 hd watch. Now in 1952, susan, millie, lucy and jean have returned to civilian life, keeping their intelligence work secret from all, including family and friends. Watch the bletchley circle season 2 episode 1 online. Watch the bletchley circle season 2 prime video amazon uk. The bletchley circle season 1 the bletchley circle season 2 the bletchley circle season 2 see also. The bletchley circle is a 2012 television mystery drama miniseries, set in 1952, about four women who used to work as codebreakers at bletchley park. The first season of the bletchley circle was originally broadcast by british networks itv, stv and utv. Download the tv guide app for iphone, ipad and android. Cracking a killers code is a miniseries, covering the investigation of one murderer over a total of 5 minutes. Pbss new series the bletchley circle episode 1 premieres on sunday april 21 at 10 pm.
In 1952, four women who worked at the wartime codebreaking centre. With hattie morahan, rachael stirling, julie graham, faye marsay. The bletchley circle follows four ordinary women with the extraordinary ability to break codes, a skill honed during world war ii when they worked undercover at bletchley park, site of the united kingdoms main decryption establishment. Watch the bletchley circle season 1 episode 2 episode. The bletchley circle streaming tv show online justwatch. The first series of the miniseries, produced for itv, was originally shown in the uk in 2012 and premiered in the u. Watch the bletchley circle season 1 episode 2 online. The season 2 premiere finds jean attempting to reunite the circle in order to prove the innocence of a former bletchley park colleague whos accused of murder. The police apparently overlook the pattern, so the women start investigating themselves.
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La Géorgie a participé au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2012 et a sélectionné son artiste et sa chanson via une finale nationale, organisée par le diffuseur géorgien GPB.

Finale nationale
Le , GPB confirme sa participation au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2012 à Bakou.

Le , GPB lance son appel aux chansons pour la sélection nationale. Les chansons doivent être en anglais ou en géorgien. Elles pouvaient être soumises jusqu'au . Un comité interne d'experts a sélectionné ensuite 9 chansons qui participent à la finale nationale qui a lieu le . Lors de celle-ci, le vainqueur est décidé par le public et par un jury à 50 % chacun et il s'agit de Anri Jokhadze avec sa chanson I'm a Joker.

Résultats

À l'Eurovision
La Géorgie participe à la seconde moitié de la seconde demi-finale du  en passant en  position entre la Suède et la Turquie et ne se qualifie pas pour la finale en terminant à la  place avec 36 points.

Points accordés à la Géorgie

Points accordés par la Géorgie

Demi-finale 2

Finale

Voir aussi
 Géorgie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson

Références

Liens externes
 Géorgie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2012 sur le site officiel eurovision.tv
 Site officiel du diffuseur

Pays du Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2012
2012 en Géorgie
Géorgie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


We represent women who have suffered due to Gender Based Violence and continually campaign against Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), helping to ensure that young girls do not have to suffer this traumatic procedure.
FGM Training Programme for Professionals – designed to educate and prevent this cruel practice. We regularly work with professionals and volunteers from children centres, schools, churches, health institutions and the justice system, including the police. See details of our training programme.
Providing psychological counselling services and referrals – for those who have experienced FGM.
Advocacy against FGM – Hear Women also partners with women's, men's and youth groups, community leaders, mainstream civil society and the media to change discriminatory laws and practices against women, promoting gender equality and women's advancement in all aspects of life.


According to the New York State Unified Court System, the prolific debt collection law-firm Selip & Stylianou, LLP filed a staggering 28,939 New York debt collection lawsuits in 2018.
Selip & Stylianou used to go by the name "Cohen & Slamowitz, LLP". Under overwhelming scrutiny for debt collection misconduct and violations of debt collection laws, Cohen & Slamowitz changed its name to Selip & Stylianou, LLP.
While Selip & Stylianou, LLP is a law-firm, in reality they act more like a glorified collection using the courts as a debt collection tool. Once a judgment is obtained, law-firm debt collectors like Selip & Stylianou, LLP can freeze bank accounts, garnishee wages and issue subpoenas.
Law-firm debt collectors like Selip & Stylianou employ few attorneys but many debt collection agents. In fact, if you call them, you will not speak with an attorney, you will speak with a debt collection agent who is probably being paid a commission for any money he or she collects from you.
Selip & Stylianou, LLP and many of its debt buyer clients are accused violators of federal debt collection laws known as the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and are sued regularly by consumers for these violations. The FDCPA is a federal law that regulates the collection of consumer debts. It precludes third party debt collectors from using false, misleading, deceptive and harassing debt collection tactics.
If a debt collector like Selip & Stylianou, LLP violates the FDCPA, you can sue or statutory damages up to $1,000.00 plus actual damages (like pain and suffering) and your attorney's fees. In FDCPA cases, The Law Offices of Robert J. Nahoum, P.C. doesn't charge our clients a penny out of pocket.


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The city is like poetry.
By E.B. White
"New York is the concentrate of art and commerce and sport and religion and entertainment and finance, bringing to a single compact arena the gladiator, the evangelist, the promoter, the actor, the trader and the merchant. It carries on its lapel the unexpungeable odor of the long past, so that no matter where you sit in New York you feel the vibrations of great times and tall deeds, of queer people and events and undertakings." (p. 19-20)
"A poem compresses much in a small space and adds music, thus heightening its meaning. The city is like poetry: it compresses all life, all races and breeds, into a small island and adds music and the accompaniment of internal engines. The island of Manhattan is without any doubt the greatest human concentrate on earth, the poem whose magic is comprehensible to millions of permanent residents but whose full meaning will always remain elusive." (p. 29)
"The subtlest change in New York is something people don't speak much about but that is in everyone's mind. The city, for the first time in its long history, is destructible. A single flight of planes no bigger than a wedge of geese can quickly end this island fantasy, burn the towers, crumble the bridges, turn the underground passages into lethal chambers, cremate the millions. The intimation of mortality is part of New York now: in the sound of jets overhead, in the black headlines of the latest edition." (p. 54)
"A block or two west of the new City of Man in Turtle Bay there is an old willow tree that presides over an interior garden. It is a battered tree, long suffering and much climbed, held together by strands of wire but beloved of those who know it. In a way it symbolizes the city: life under difficulties, growth against odds, sap-rise in the midst of concrete, and the steady reaching for the sun. Whenever I look at it nowadays, and feel the cold shadow of the planes, I think: "This must be saved, this particular thing, this very tree." If it were to go, all would go--this city, this mischievous and marvelous monument which not to look upon would be like death." (p. 56)
Labels: E.B. White, Here is New York, New York City
"He could have started a year earlier. He could ha...
And I promised myself that I would begin a new life.
There was something inexpressibly broken in my hea...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Nuria Párrizas Díaz (* 15. Juli 1991 in Granada) ist eine spanische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Párrizas Díaz spielte 2006 in ihrer Heimatstadt ihr erstes Profiturnier auf dem ITF Women's Circuit und gewann 2013 nach zuvor sechs verlorenen Finalteilnahmen ihren ersten Titel, auf den bis 2017 insgesamt 13 weitere, allesamt der kleinsten Kategorie, folgten. Erst in der Saison 2019 gelang Párrizas Díaz mit zwei Titeln bei ITF-Turnieren der $25.000-Kategorie, sowie zwei weiteren Finalteilnahmen der allmähliche Aufstieg in der Weltrangliste.

Bei den Australian Open 2020 war sie daraufhin erstmals in der Qualifikation zu einem Grand-Slam-Turnier startberechtigt, verlor jedoch ihre zweite Partie. In Lyon gab Párrizas Díaz anschließend ihren Einstand auf der WTA Tour, doch auch dort scheiterte sie bereits in der ersten Runde der Qualifikation. Zurück auf der ITF Tour, konnte sie zum Beginn des Jahres 2021 drei weitere Turniere der $25.000-Kategorie in Folge gewinnen, bevor ihr im Anschluss in Bogotá erstmals der Sprung in das Hauptfeld eines WTA-Turniers gelang und dort als Qualifikantin auf Anhieb der Einzug ins Viertelfinale. Nach dem Gewinn ihres vierten Saisontitels auf der ITF Tour, feierte sie mit dem Sieg beim WTA Challenger in Båstad, wo sie im Finale Wolha Hawarzowa schlug, ihren bis dahin größten Karriereerfolg, dem ein weiterer ITF-Titel der $100.000-Kategorie in Landisville folgte. Im Finale dort setzte sich Párrizas Díaz gegen Greet Minnen durch und rückte damit erstmals unter die besten 100 der Tennisweltrangliste vor. Bei den darauffolgenden US Open konnte sie sich erstmals erfolgreich für die Hauptrunde eines Grand-Slam-Turniers qualifizieren, scheiterte aber in ihrem Auftaktmatch. Párrizas Díaz beendete das Jahr mit dem Gewinn ihres zweiten Challenger-Titels in Columbus, nachdem sie im Finale Wang Xinyu besiegen konnte.

Zum Beginn der Saison 2022 überstand Párrizas Díaz bei den Australian Open durch einen Erfolg über die Lucky Loserin Irina Maria Bara erstmals die Auftaktpartie bei einem Major. Weil ihre nächste Gegnerin verletzungsbedingt nicht zu ihrer Partie antreten konnte, rückte sie in die dritte Runde vor. Im Anschluss an ihre erste WTA-Halbfinalteilnahme in Monterrey, erzielte Párrizas Díaz mit Platz 45 ihre bislang beste Weltranglistenposition.

2021 hatte Párrizas Díaz bei der 1:2-Niederlage gegen die Vereinigten Staaten im Einzel ihren ersten Einsatz für die spanische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft, verlor jedoch ihre Partie gegen Sloane Stephens.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

Einzel

Weltranglistenpositionen am Saisonende

Weblinks

Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Spielerin (Spanien)
Spanier
Geboren 1991
Frau


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History of Our Planet
Why Planet Wings?
Experience & Background
Steps to Consideration
Grand Opening Support
For 25 years, Planet Wings has prided themselves on serving food of the highest quality. At Planet Wings, you will never be served food that is pre-frozen or pre-made. Every item of food we sell is made to order, from our juicy burgers to our award winning wings.
In a commitment to serving our customers food that is not only delicious, but good for them as well, Planet Wings proudly uses Bell and Evans Chicken. Located on a small farm in Pennsylvania, all of Bell and Evans' chickens are raised on an all vegetarian diet, in a humane environment. They are raised with no antibiotics, no hormones, and no GMO's. Bell and Evans' 100% air-chilled chicken is sent directly to Planet Wings locations weekly. At Planet Wings, we believe that customers deserve nothing but the best quality available.
A word from one our Franchisees
Planet Wings was founded in 1994 by husband-and-wife team Franco and Paula Fidanza. Seeing an untapped opportunity in the market, the duo set out to create a fast-food restaurant that offers everything from salads to burgers and, of course, chicken wings. Since starting their own business more than 20 years ago, Planet Wings has grown to a chain with more than 20 locations, and it continues to maintain the qualities of a family-owned business that got it where it is today. The owners are still committed to providing a quality experience to all their customers, and that commitment is reflected in their decision to update the brand with a look that is more modern and refined than before. The brand makes a promise to customers and Planet Wings delivers on that promise by providing delicious, high-quality, made to order food everyone can enjoy.
Planet Wings was conceived in 1994 by founders Franco and Paula Fidanza, They realized that there was an amazing untapped opportunity in the retail food establishment and delivery market. The first Planet Wings® concept store opened in January 1995 and Franco and Paula haven't looked back. They are committed to using only the highest quality chicken available and to give their customers an incredible value for their money. Coupled with super convenient delivery service, Franco and Paula had discovered the recipe for success.
This offering is not an offering of a franchise. In New York (USA), an offering of a franchise can only be made by a prospectus that has been previously filed and registered with the Department of Law of the State of New York. The application for registration of an offering prospectus or the acceptance and filing
thereof by the Department of Law as required by the New York law does not constitute approval of the offering or the sale of such franchise by the Department of Law or the attorney general of New York.
Franchisee Support
Just Wingin It : Blogs
Learn more about Planet Wings and see if you qualify!
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Welcome To Our Flock!
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Moorepark – Speedway Track
Speedway in Moore Park
Paddon builds electric rally car
December 5, 2019 in Racing, Sports
Paddon builds electric rally car being ready for testing in the spring of 2020
New Zealander Hayden Paddon has had hectic days, launching his campaign to finance a WRC comeback, book on his career and so today Paddon Rallysport released the news that he is developing an electric rally car!
Hyundai Kona EV is being built for the rally forest, it is Hyundai's electric car that the team has taken into the workshop for development, the idea is that when the first prototype is launched it will be able to run a whole competition on just electricity!
The car is in the design stage, explains the team, but believes that the first tests can be done as early as April 2020. Behind the development stands AEMD which is part of the Paddon Rallysport Group formed – the abbreviation stands for Alternative Energy Motorsport Development!
Electric cars on the rise, also in rally
Together with Hyundai New Zealand, YES Power and technical partners such as Manfred Stohl's Austrian companies STARD technologies, Canterbury University and Callaghan Innovation, the focus is now on the new electric car.
– Even today, the technology with performance is enough for the rally forest, there are two things above all. Refine the technology to fit rallying on all surfaces and, above all, the range to handle a very long rally day.
One of the biggest resistances to electric cars is the sound, but Paddon claims to have found a solution, There we have a solution, the sound is a safety issue for spectators to hear the cars so it is a solution we obviously looked at early. You should hear the car when it's time for testing," Paddon explains.
The first real tests will be held in the spring of 2020 where a car will later be driven in some competition of the New Zealand Championship to test, collect data and be shown to the public. For 2021 a full season awaits and then the car will be able to handle a rally distance without any problems!
Hayden also thinks that once the car can handle a full rally distance, then it can be quite exciting to enter the sprint rally and back races, then you can use the effect for a significantly short time and then reach a cruel performance.
Motor sport part of the Olympics once more?
With the production of competitive electric cars, many in the WRC and the rest of the motorsport world hopes that motorsport once again can become Olympic sport. After the removal of motorboat racing in the 1908 Summer Olympics, where three motorboat races where part of the Olympics, motorsport has not been part of the Olympic family.
International Motor Sports Association FIA was approved by the International Olympic Committee in 2012 and are now recognized as a global sports federation by the IOC. And even if there is still some time before we can expect motor sport in the Olympics, the use of electric cars might be a step in the right direction. Until then, we will have to enjoy the Olympics in other ways, such as watching the new sports in the Olympics 2020.
Hayden comeback in the WRC?
While working on electrifying a rally car, Hayden is working for a rally comeback in the WRC series, a dialogue is underway with M-Sport about more starts after the cancelled Finnish World Cup adventure – a deal is about to be finalized with the team for at least one start. It would be nice to, once again play Paddon on motorsport PC, mobile and console games or in console in 2020.
Back in the rally car, however, Hayden is already at the weekend, Australian Eureka Rush Rally he teams up with Samantha Gray in a rented Hyundai i20 R5. It is a competition in the FIA Pacific series – a final qualifying competition for the big Asia Pacific finals!
Benefits of playing mobile motorsport games
September 11, 2019 in Speedway
The motorsport gaming market has exploded with the advent of mobile devices. Online motorsport games for mobile devices are very popular. And they are no-way near the zenith of their popularity. Why is this the case? Well, read the rest of this article and find out.
They are simple and convenient. You will see that the majority of car games for mobile devices are simplistic. Now, this may not be to the liking of some people. However, you will see that these motor games are devilishly addictive. You can learn how to play them in a few short minutes. But you can spend hours and hours on end while playing them and you will still have fun.
They aren't very costly. Sure, there are mobile car games that cost more than average. But, when compared to the regular platform games – you will see that they are a lot cheaper. So, you won't be spending lots of money on mobile games. This is always a nice thing to have in mind.
You can meet new people while playing them. Many of the mobile online games are multiplayer games. This means that they involve the actions of many people. And typically, these will be people from all around the world. You can improve your social skills and circles at the same time while playing.
You can play them anytime, anywhere. True, the mobile online motorcycle games will require you to have access to the internet. But given the fact that there's broadband internet available to almost everyone – this shouldn't be a problem. So, you can play them at home, outside, on the bus, in a car – anywhere. You can't conveniently do this if you use the regular platforms like PC or PS4, for example.
There are many online mobile motorcross games to choose from. And there are many different categories of these games. You will definitely be able to find something that you wish to play. There is something for everyone. And this is one of the biggest benefits of playing online mobile games.
Playing motorsport games for money could be made for free using online casino free bonus no deposit required. You can win real money for free and get to keep the win.
So, there you have it. You now know of some of the biggest benefits to be had by playing online mobile games. Now, the choice is yours. We hope that you will come to enjoy playing some of these games. There are many to choose from – and you're all but guaranteed to have fun playing them.
Learning to love NASCAR
August 18, 2019 in Racing
NASCAR has always had somewhat of a bad reputation. And its bad reputation is mainly based on the fact that many people believe it's boring. It's easy to see why this seems to be the case to the outside eye. There is a regular track and several cars compete with one-another for claiming the first place. And many people show their lowly origins by saying that Earnhardt's crash and death on the NASCAR racetrack is the single most exciting event in an otherwise boring racing sport. This is not true.
Developing the eye for the intricacies
If you want to enjoy NASCAR for what it is – then you will need to sharpen your focus. There are many details in any given race that aren't noticed by the untrained eye. As we've mentioned previously, it all looks pretty simple to the outsiders.
But once you invest some time and focus, you will begin to see the details. Small maneuvers that can mean a lot will begin to stand out for you. How a race is raced out is also important – there are strategies and tactics that the racers apply. There is also ample room for improvisation. And the small maneuvers that we have mentioned can change the outcome of the race. Not to mention the fact that all the racers need to be wary of ramming their cars in the wall or off the track or in another car. This makes things a lot more interesting to the trained eye.
Learning the intricacies
But how can you go about developing your eye for these things? Well, there are several ways. The firs thing that you should do is watch more NASCAR events. And we mean really watch them, with your full and undivided attention. In time, you will begin to pick apart the details that make things more exciting.
You could also find a true connoisseur of the NASCAR sport. They will be able to tell you all about what interests you. At all times – there is someone that knows a certain subject better than you. And this is pretty much the case with NASCAR, too, as is with other things.
Developing your love for NASCAR may take some time. You could "get struck with lightning" from the very first moment you see a NASCAR event. Most people would say that it takes some time and patience to really get to love NASCAR. We hope that you too will get to this level.
Drag racing's allure
June 18, 2019 in Speedway
Humans have been driving cars of a hundred years or so. Most people do it because they have a need to get somewhere quickly. But there are some people that are aficionados of driving. And there are special sports and events when it comes to driving cars. It's not all about circuit racing and driving multiple laps. In fact, one of the most exciting racing sports is that of drag racing. Read why below.
The 10 seconds of pure excitement
When it comes to drag racing, the most frequent complaint is that it lasts very short. And we can see why this is the case. Most events end in 10-15 seconds, or so. However, the quality of the experience is practically unmatched. It's easy to compare regular racing and drag racing to marathons and sprints. Most people would agree that it's much more satisfying and exciting to watch sprints than marathons – albeit the events are shorter.
So, drag racing is not for those that are weak of heart. Minutes before the event starts – you will start to feel heart palpitations. The excitement is incomparable to anything else. And when the cars start driving – all hell breaks loose. It's a pleasure to witness these events.
The skill of the driver
It's not just about the power of the car – though this is one of the most important elements. It's also about how skilled the driver is. Believe it or not, there is a lot of skill involved in drag racing. The time being so short – the driver needs to make every little move count. If there is a lapse of attention for 0.1 seconds – then it's a critical mistake that may cost the race. If there is a single wrong move, then the event is done for, for the driver.
So, it takes many years to master the art and science of drag racing. But the experience can be rewarding. Both the drivers and the people watching the event will have a blast. It's for a reason that this is one of the most popular and most exciting of driving events.
By now you have learned about what exactly makes drag racing so fun. If you're interested, then you can see a few events on YouTube. But there is nothing as exhilarating as watching a live drag racing event. Except for, of course, joining such an event as a driver, yourself.
The Most Famous Race Car Drivers
February 1, 2019 in Racing
As such a popular sport, the motor speed industry has many top drivers. Each brings something different to the industry and each has a passion for what they do. It is probably the huge interest and the passionate drivers that make motorsports a popular sport to bet at. Check out casino-bonus.com to get yourself one of the best welcome offers in 2019. Over the years certain race car drivers have stood out as the best of the best. Find a list below of some of the drivers that we think are the best throughout the history.
As Formula 1 drivers are among the most popular among spectators, certain names are always worth knowing more about. For example, French racecar driver Alain Prost has won the Formula One Driver's Champion award on four different occasions. Between 1987 and 2001 no other racecar driver ever won more Grand Prix events than Prost did. The World Sports Award of the Century was given to him in 1999. This is in part due to the rivalries he created with Nigel Mansell, Nelson Piquet and Ayrton Senna. He beat two of the three men in a 1986 race. Some say the secret to Prost's numerous wins was that he was easy on his tires and breaks at the beginning of races so he could use them more effectively to win.
In his own right, Nigel Mansell was equally as popular. In 1992 and 1993 respectively he won the Formula One World Championship as well as the Cart Indy World Series. During his first season with the Cart Indy he made headlines by winning right away. He has been the only driver in motorsports history to concurrently hold the Formula One and Cart Indy championships. Nigel spent 15 seasons competing in Formula One Racing. In terms of the success of British motorspeed drivers he held the record for the second most wins. He finished his career in 2005 by winning the Grand Prix Masters Series and being included in that year's class of the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.
A.J. Foyt
Among Americans, A.J. Foyt was a successful racecar driver who has since retired. He is well known in motorsports for racing in multiple genres. He has more wins under his belt than any other driver in the United States Automobile Club. He also made history for winning 67 American racecar championships. A.J. is best known for having won the Daytona and Indianapolis 500 as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans and Daytona races.
In 1976 as well as 1977 he won the all-star racing series for the International Race of Champions.
Without a doubt, one of the most well-known racecar drivers in the entire world is Dale Earnhardt. His career started in 1975 and continued until his tragic death during a race. Among NASCAR drivers he is considered the best of all time, with 76 Winston Cup wins. After his death in 2001, when he was killed competing in the Daytona 500, his son went on to follow in his father's footsteps and is now a successful racecar driver in his own right.
These are just some of the men who have shaped the industry. They each hold a special place in the hearts of longtime motorsports fans and spectators.
All About Speedway Motorsports
December 1, 2018 in Racing, Speedway
In the United States, motorsports are a major source of entertainment. One company, Speedway Motorsports, INC, has been promoting, sponsoring and heavily marketing various racing events. Thank to subsidiaries, Speedway is responsible for facilities in:
The Charlotte Motor Speedway stretches 1,410 acres and holds 89,000 seats. Its main track measures in at 1 ½ miles long. It has other smaller tracks, many of which were lit to allow for nighttime races.
The Kentucky Speedway covers 990 acres and can seat 107,000 spectators, while the Bristol Speedway covers 670 acres but has 146,000 seats. Sprint Cup fans have made Bristol the most popular speedway in the industry.
The Atlanta Motor Speedway covers 887 acres and has seats for 71,000 spectators. Among NASCAR fans, it is the best competition of any speedway. The New Hampshire Motor Speedway covers 1,180 acres and boasts 88,000 seats. It is New England's largest facility for hosting sporting events.
The Las Vegas Motor Speedway is 1,030 acres and holds 102,000 spectators, while the Texas Motor Speedway covers 1,490 acres and has 137,000 seats. It is among the country's largest sports facilities.
The Performance Racing Network
Some of the products that Speedway Motorsports offer include modified car parts and race cars. Launched in 1981, it also has a Performance Racing Network subsidiary of syndicated motorsports radio broadcasts that reach audiences all over the United States.
Events that the company sponsors include the Coca Cola 600, Quaker State 400, New Hampshire 301, Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race and more. Held over Memorial Day weekend, the Coca Cola 600 is a Nascar Cup series race. Its Quaker State 400 is considered by many to be the best race in motorsports. However, the most popular Nascar Race is the Bass Pro Shops NRA.
The story behind Speedway Motors dates back to 1959. At that time, its Executive Chairman took on the project of having the Charlotte Motor Speedway built. He partnered up with the first famous racecar driver, Curtis Turner. The very next year marked the first year of the 600 NASCAR Grand National Series event. At that time, NASCAR had never before done a 600 mile race.
In 1988 improvements were made to the Charlotte Motor Speedway with the opening of the Speedway Club. It served as an entertainment and dining facility for eager racecar fans. In 1992, the Charlotte Motor Speedway would also get street lights in order to facilitate the first race night event in NASCAR history. It has since gone on to become a significant night in the history of NASCAR.
Later, in 1997, the company expanded by opening the Texas Motor Speedway. When this occurred, it was able to host a sporting event larger than had ever been noted in the history of Texas.
Since then Speedway Motorsports has continued to support race car drivers and entertain a worldwide audience of fans. It is one success story that not many industries can ever meet.
An Overview of Motorsports
October 23, 2018 in Speedway, Sports
Nothing new to sports fans, motorsports have been in existence for more than a century. It includes two wheel and four wheel vehicle racing, as well as dirtbiking. Motorsport races run the gamut from those that last mere minutes to those that last as long as one whole day.
Of all the motorsports in the world, no one is watched more than Formula 1 Racing. With a history spanning more than 50 years, Formula 1 is a staple in the industry and the event every racing fan eagerly anticipates. It features high-end cars such as Ferarri, making it popular among the jet-setting crowd. Other high-end cars featured in Formula 1 racing included Mercedes. The drivers of these cars are those that come from all over the world to compete in an event most can only dream of being included in.
Cars in Formula 1
There are vast differences between cars used in Formula 1 racing and those are not. The biggest one is that those used in this event have nothing more than its wheels, steering wheel and engine. All the other typical car parts are removed to allow for proper racing to take place. Engineers adhere to the strictest guidelines when building these cars. As a result, Formula 1 racing cars can reach speeds of 200 miles per hour.
Certain tracks are the most coveted by Formula 1 racers. This includes Spa, a famous track located in Belgium. Though it initially included public roads, the track is now limited to the confines of the designated racing area. Except for a brief period during the 1980s when Spa was closed to make it safer for drivers, the track has been used for close to every Formula 1 racing event. One reason that this track is still used to this day is because its length of 4.4 miles means it can simultaneously experience different weather on each end. It is part of the reason why racecar drivers find this course so challenging.
Top Teams in Formula 1
The top three teams in Formula 1 racing are Ferrari, McLaren and Mercedes AMG. Ferrari essentially made Formula 1 racing what it is today. In fact, the man the company is named for only built cars in an attempt to afford to race in this event every year. Ferrari has won the race 16 times, but hasn't maintained such a winning record since 2015.
McLaren and Ferrari have always been fierce competitors within the auto industry. Since 1963, McLaren has participated in Formula 1 racing. During the 1988 season they won the overwhelming majority of the races they competed in. At that time Honda was the force behind McLaren vehicles. Like Ferrari, McLaren's success at the classic racing event has been less than stellar for the previous several years.
Mercedes has had a limited run in Formula 1 racing, due to taking a long break from it after a catastrophic accident took place with one of their drivers. Since its comeback, Mercedes has dominated Formula 1 racing.
Our sport site in Latvia
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I just came across a project with a "pre-established" budget. It sounds ideal since you want to have control over your expenses. How much is the "pre-established" budget holding you back from moving your best idea forward, however? You don't want to seem out of touch by proposing that crazy idea that's out of the budget, but at the same time you don't want your client to miss out on the opportunity of seeing your great idea. That doesn't seem fair for anybody: the client, the audience, or yourself. And you know that that great idea will resonate better than what was previously done! You believe that it's your role and even more so your ethical responsibility as a professional marketer or designer to present that great idea.
So, my advise to you is don't shy away. In my own experience I've heard clients saying "this is all [money] we've got" but once they see the great idea presented, they search for funds to do the extra investment from wherever they could possibly find it. An immense opportunity has been unveiled! Your selling skills and your determination that that great idea meets the ultimate goal is what will open the doors to bigger budgets!
1. Don't shy away from budgets but understand them. Budgets are established, but they have cushions. Those cushions can be invested in a good way!
2. Don't shy away from "that's how it's been done before". You know better and you have higher expectations because you know your material. So phrases like that should not stop a marketer or designer from proposing new ideas.
3. Know the organization's culture so that you can navigate through it. Learn who the decision maker is, learn about how s/he thinks and start conversations.
4. Know your audience. You know that your audience will response to that new brochure fold you came up with for the next event invitation so put that on the table as an option.
5. Understand current economic trends. If there's been big layoffs in the industry in which your organization is in think about that next marketing piece, don't just update last year's postcard. You don't want to send a message (even visually) that makes you look out of touch. And you do want to make the right investment to let your audience know you understand their pain points and concerns.
I do find amazing how a great idea can really move a client and get him/her on board! You just have to try and take the risk.


At Swale Heating we install only the best boilers from some of the UK's most highly regarded heating manufacturers. One of the most popular brands of boiler we install across Kent and Sussex are Worcester's comprehensive Boiler range. Worcester are market leaders and produce an extensive range of Combi Boilers, regular boilers and system boilers that run on a variety of fuel sources, including natural gas, LPG and oil.
As a recognised and approved Worcester installer, we have over 40 years experience of working with Worcester and are able to offer residents of Kent and Sussex a top quality Worcester boiler installation service.
Why do we install Worcester boilers across Kent and Sussex?
There are many great reasons that people choose to have a Worcester boiler installed in their home.
All new Worcester Boilers are SEDBUK A-rated, so you will get the optimum levels of heating efficiency. This will ensure your heating bills are as low as possible and will also see you doing your bit for the environment.
With their compact size and lightweight frame, Worcester boilers are not only easy to install but they also look great in any property.
With a fantastic manufacturer warranty and recognised high levels of customer service, you can have massive peace of mind in knowing that any problems will be dealt with in the most appropriate, professional manner.
With boilers of various heating outputs and flow rates available, there's bound to be a Worcester boiler that will provide warmth to your home. These are just some of the reasons so many people choose Worcester.
Worcester Combi Boilers are simple all-in-one packages which supply heating and hot water to your property. Combi boilers are the perfect choice for those that want an instant source of hot water instead of having to rely on stored water in hot water cylinders.
For this reason Worcester's combi boiler range is incredibly popular for homes where space is at a premium, as there is no requirement for space consuming items like tanks or cylinders.
All of Worcester's combi boilers are A-rated, offering the highest possible levels of heating and hot water performance.
If you have a high demand for hot water then you may require either a System or Regular boiler. The boiler provides the heat for your central heating system, but relies on working alongside a hot water cylinder to provide hot water within the property.
Regular boilers (often called heat only) are popular choices for large or traditionally built houses which feature a cold water feed in the loft. Worcester's Regular Boiler range is for use with Open Vented systems and some Unvented Systems.
A System Boiler is very similar to a regular boiler, but differs in the fact that a lot of the components are built into the boiler (for example, theres no requirement for a water feed and expansion cistern with a System Boiler). System boilers are therefore great for larger properties but require less space for installation compared to a regular boiler.


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Image: Manuel Esquivel Urbina
Farmers in Nicaragua battling floods and drought
Lise Josefsen Hermann
06/12/2019 June 12, 2019
Across the Central American Dry Corridor, communities are facing increasingly extreme weather. In Nicaragua, the region's poorest country, subsistence farmers like Blanca Landero Betarco face a daily battle.
https://p.dw.com/p/3Jgi7
The air is dry and the heat intense in the village of La Grecia in north-western Nicaragua. The temperature is a little more forgiving inside the modest red brick house where Blanca Landero Betarco shows off her small harvest of red beans.
Like her parents, and their parents before them, 60-year-old Betarco lives from subsistence farming — growing beans, rice, corn and wheat. However in recent years, the land hasn't yielded enough to subsist on.
"I don't know how many more years I'll be able to stay living here on this land, in these conditions — whether I'm going to starve to death," Betarco told DW. "Because that's what this land might have in store for us: death."
Read more: The women left to face climate change and overfishing alone
La Grecia is in the Chinandega area in a region known as the Dry Corridor that extends along the Pacific coast of Central America, through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.
When El Nino hit from 2014 to 2016, drought laid waste to food production in the Dry Corridor. Betarco and her family made it through on the little money two of her four children earned working at local factories, but hunger became an everyday reality.
"We lost everything in those years, our whole harvests of beans, plus rice and corn," she says. "Sometimes we would skip one or two meals to make the food last longer. I don't know how we managed to survive."
For some, life in Betarco's village became unsustainable. "Some people starved to death, others got skinny," she says. "Those years were very hard around here. A lot of people left for Costa Rica, Panama and Spain."
Increasingly frequent droughts and floods have made growing beans, rice, corn and wheat more preciarious Image: Manuel Esquivel Urbina
Nicaraguans on the move
According to local NGO, the Humboldt Center, 90% of maize and 60% of bean crops in Nicaragua were lost in 2016. Another NGO, Germanwatch, meanwhile, ranks Nicaragua — the poorest state in Central America — among the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world. Rainfall there has becomeincreasingly irregular.
"Because of climate change, the conditions for agricultural production in the Dry Corridor don't exist anymore," Victor Campos, director of the Humboldt Center, told DW. "That creates a food crisis, and if there isn't another kind of income available for families, it leads to famine."
Read more: Building walls to keep climate refugees out
Read more: Nicaragua deserves peace,' says exiled student protest leader
Accordingto the UNHCR, more than 55,500 people have left Nicaragua for neighboring Costa Rica in the last year. Political upheaval may be the most immediate cause, but climate change is increasingly recognized by organizations like the United Nations as a factor driving Central American migration.
Tania Guillen, a Nicaraguan researcher at the Climate Service Center Germany, told DW that with small farmers losing crops, food insecurity in Nicaragua "could be a decisive factor to migrate to other countries in the region."
It now rains on only half the number of days each year than it did a decade ago Image: Manuel Esquivel Urbina
Support from remittances
Betarco's 25 year-old son, Norlan Alberto Martinez Silvia, fled because he couldn't see a future in Nicaragua, partly because of the strong and lasting drought.
"I came to Costa Rica to look for better economic conditions," he told DW, as he clocked off at 6am from his job as a security guard at a private school in Cartago near the Costa Rican capital of San Jose.
"I worked with my mother before, but it didn't generate any money, just more or less enough food to feed oneself."
Read more: Women custodians of biodiversity hold key to food security
Now he can send more money back to his family than he could if he had stayed at home, where his monthly salary at a food processing plant was equivalent to $200 (€177) a month. In Costa Rica, he earns the equivalent of $600 (€532), and sends half to his mother. It was difficult for Betarco to see her son leave, but the money he sends is essential. "He sends me money so that I'm able to survive here," says Betarco.
Struggling to adapt
El Nino marked a low point for the Dry Corridor, but communities have continued to struggle. The Humboldt Center's latest research indicates that temperatures are rising, and are likely to hit extreme highs with increasing frequency.
Betarco's last two harvests have seen little improvement on 2016 and she feels the environmental changes seem to be permanent.
"In Chinandega, we had a great river; today there is no river, it's more like a puddle."
The shortage of drinking water has also made it increasingly difficult to look after her livestock.
Water shortages have made it difficult for Blanca Landero Betarco to keep her livestock and crops healthyImage: Manuel Esquivel Urbina
Read more: Could hi-tech Netherlands-style farming feed the world?
It now rains on only half the number of days each year that it did a decade ago, yet too much rain in too short a period is also a problem and the Dry Corridor is seeing more frequent floods.
In May this year, a month's worth of rain fell in just five days, which means the first harvest of the year will likely fail, according to the Humboldt Center.
This uncertainty is one of the greatest challenges for farmers like Betarco. They can't plan when to sow as the plants can't thrive in soil that is too arid or too wet.
"Climate change has affected our production a lot," Betarco says. "It means that today it rains, tomorrow it doesn't. And then there is such heat."
Read more: Germany's farmers feel the heat of climate change
Since 2016, Betarco has been measuring rainfall levels each day using a plastic tube called a pluviometer. She pays close attention to the beginning of the rainy season and measures the soil to determine when it's best to sow her seeds. It gives her a small sense of preparedness against the uncertainty. However with the prognosis for the conditions in the year ahead not looking good, she can only hope the harvest will exceed expectations: "We still have to wait and see about this year."
Tackling climate change on the field
Farmers across Germany and many other parts of northern Europe are reeling from the impacts of the past few months of hot, dry weather. Some have accepted that change is here to stay and are considering how to adapt. (11.09.2018)
Nature and Environment 09/11/2018 September 11, 20188 images
www.fao.org
www.unhcr.org
EnvironmentCOP27: Everything you need to knowNicaraguaClimate changeAgriculture


Last week, FinCEN (Financial Crimes Enforcement Network) issued a formal Advisory to Financial Institutions and published FAQs outlining specific cybersecurity events that should be reported through Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs). This Advisory follows former FinCEN Director Jennifer Shasky Calvery's recent statements reminding "financial institutions to include cyber-derived information (such as IP addresses or bitcoin wallet addresses) in suspicious activity reports." It also follows the launch of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (CAT). Although the Advisory does not change existing Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) requirements or other regulatory obligations, the Advisory highlights a series of cybersecurity events–such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks and ransomware incidents–that should be reported on SARs filed with FinCEN, even though they often (but not always) fall outside the traditional notion of a data breach or a compromise of personal information.
On 29 February 2016 the European Commission issued the legal texts of the EU-U.S Privacy Shield which aims to replace the defunct EU-U.S Safe Harbor Framework as a legitimate mechanism for transferring personal data from the EU to the U.S.
In contrast to its predecessor, the Privacy Shield contains commitments from US government in relation to controls on access to personal data by public authorities. This is an aspect of the new scheme which aims to address the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and criticisms of the previous Safe Harbor Framework.


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Lisa Spellman
303 Gallery was first established by owner and director Lisa Spellman in 1984 at 303 Park Avenue South. In addition to its address, the gallery name also references Alfred Stieglitz's "Intimate Gallery" artists-collaborative located in Room 303 of the Anderson Galleries building. Spellman's 303 Gallery moved to the East Village in 1986 where she invited such artists as Christopher Wool and Robert Gober to curate special artist projects and collaborations. 1989 marked 303 Gallery's move to 89 Greene Street in Soho where Vito Acconci, Andreas Gursky, Larry Johnson, and Rirkrit Tiravanija had solo exhibitions. It was on Greene Street that Spellman initially exhibited Doug Aitken, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Rodney Graham, Karen Kilimnik, and Collier Schorr. In 1996, 303 Gallery was among the first galleries to move to Chelsea, opening at 525 West 22nd Street and subsequently moving to 547.


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3rd defendant pleads guilty to his role in GoFundMe scam
December 06, 2019 - 12:10 pm
Tim Tai/The Philadelphia Inquirer via AP
MOUNT HOLLY, N.J. (KYW Newsradio) — The third and final defendant in the phony feel-good scam has admitted to his role in the GoFundMe hoax in Burlington County court on Friday.
Mark D'Amico has pleaded guilty to what his defense counsel, Mark Davis, says is his limited role in the affair, which ripped off $400,000 from thousands of generous people who thought he and his then-girlfriend were helping homeless veteran Johnny Bobbitt.
Mark D'Amico and Kate McClure made up a phony story in 2017 about Bobbitt giving McClure $20 to help after her car ran out of gas in Philadelphia. The group solicited donations through GoFundMe, purportedly to help Bobbitt.
After the fundraiser went viral, Bobbitt sued the couple for allegedly not giving him the money. Authorities investigated and revealed it to be a scam.
"We pled guilty to misapplying funds that Mark was holding for Bobbitt," Davis said. "That's what he did."
GoFundMe said the money has been returned to donors.
Bobbitt and McClure have already pleaded guilty to federal and state charges for their roles in the scheme. D'Amico could get up to five years in prison but may only serve a five to seven months if accepted into an aggressive probation program.
All that will wait, though, since D'Amico still faces federal charges of wire fraud and money laundering in the case.
Davis expects there will be a trial on that front, but not before next summer, at the earliest.
Burlington County prosecutor Scott Coffina added in a statement: "We are pleased that this defendant accepted responsibility for his role in this scam. ... Today's proceeding presents an opportunity to remind the public during the holidays to be cautious when considering making a charitable contribution. Do your research, and make sure you are donating to a worthwhile cause."
Mark D'Amico
Johnny Bobbitt
Kate McClure
GoFundMe scam
homeless veteran


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Guide to Naturalization Records in the United States
Christina K. Schaefer
Print Price: $36.00
Imprint: GPC
Pub Date: 1997
Print Pages: 439 pp.
Comparable in many ways to census records, naturalization records are a mine of priceless information and include such items as place and date of birth, foreign and current places of residence, marital status, names, ages and places of birth of other family members, occupation, port and date of entry into the U.S., and more. Since any court of record can process naturalization papers, records relating to naturalization can be found in a bewildering variety of courts; until the appearance of this guide, however, there was no practical means of locating these widely scattered records, nor any reference tool that even made an attempt at centralizing information.
State by state, county by county, city by city, the Guide to Naturalization Records identifies all repositories of naturalization records, systematically indicating the types of records held, their dates of coverage, and the location of original and microfilm records. The Guide also pinpoints the whereabouts of federal court records in all National Archives facilities. But perhaps the most unique feature of the Guide to Naturalization Records is that it identifies every single piece of information on naturalizations that is available on microfilm through the National Archives or the Family History Library System, including the call numbers used by each institution. Records that are available on microfilm through other facilities have also been included.
Other special features of this work include an overview of the history of naturalization and citizenship, a special appendix on Native American tribal citizenship records, hard-to-find information on the records of Japanese and Chinese Americans, and records of internment of American citizens by the U.S. Government.


Baltimore RNLI was called out this morning (Tuesday 11 September) to a swimmer who was reported missing on a swim from Skibbereen to Baltimore, West Cork.
The volunteer lifeboat crew launched their inshore lifeboat following a request from the Irish Coast Guard at 9.42am to search the Ilen River, running between Skibbereen and Baltimore, for a swimmer that was reported missing. A safety boat accompanying the swimmer lost visual contact with him during a squall on the river, north of Inishbeg, and when he was unable to locate him he called the coast guard for assistance.
The inshore lifeboat with three volunteer crew onboard, helm Jerry Smith and crew members David Ryan and Colin Rochford, proceeded to the last known location of the swimmer, searching up the river from Baltimore towards that point. Assisting in the search were Toe Head Coast Guard, Coast Guard rescue helicopter 115 and An Garda Siochana. At 10.31am the Baltimore all-weather lifeboat with coxswain Kieran Cotter, mechanic Cathal Cottrell and crew members Sean McCarthy, Emma Lupton, Aidan Bushe, Ronnie Carthy and Simon Duggan, were also requested to join the search. Shortly after launching, the all-weather lifeboat deployed their smaller y-boat with crew members Aidan Bushe and Sean McCarthy in order to search the narrower channels of the river.
At 11.10am Mizen Head Coast Guard informed all rescue agencies that the swimmer had made his way safely to shore, and all were to stand down.
Conditions at the time were calm with a westerly force 3 wind and good visibility.


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Steve Kemper
A Labyrinth . . .
Code Name Ginger
AT CARGADERO we lost a horse to a jaguar. At Mojos we lost another to a venomous snake. By that point one of our mules had a botfly maggot wriggling in its chest, and another's neck was caked with dried blood from the bite of a vampire bat.
We humans had been much luckier—a bit of altitude sickness in the Andes, minor gashes and bruises from slips on rocky trails, bites from throngs of ticks, flies, and mosquitoes. But compensations were all around us: breathtaking landscapes, abundant birdlife, utter wildness as far as the eye could travel.
With Rosamaria Ruiz, a Bolivian environmental activist, and Charles Munn, an American conservation biologist, I spent a month exploring a new Bolivian park called Madidi. Covering 4.7 million acres—a bit smaller than New Jersey—Madidi encompasses 19,000-foot glaciers in the west, rain forest in the east, pampas in the north, and huge expanses of cloud forest and temperate forest in between.
These varied habitats and their intersections nurture distinct flora and fauna, making the park one of the richest in the diversity of plant and animal life in South America. The continental United States and Canada hold about 700 species of birds; Madidi, with one-tenth of one percent as much area, contains an estimated 1,000 species.
A series of forest valleys in the park's midsection is so rugged that no one lives there or even ventures into it. "What undescribed species of fauna and flora live in this lost world is anyone's guess," said Munn, who works out of Lima, Peru, for the Wildlife Conservation Society. Munn has been involved with Madidi since the Bolivian government hired him as a consultant in 1992 to help define the park. "Manu National Park in Peru is widely thought to be the best ecotourism destination in the Amazon," he said, "but Madidi beats Manu hands down."
Or will, once there are accommodations for tourists. Madidi has no roads. Its 1,600 or so inhabitants live in scattered villages accessible only by rough trails or rivers. Though the Bolivian government established the park in November 1995, it isn't yet well-known even to scientists. Conservationists, tour operators, and Bolivian officials expect that to change soon as lodges go up and word gets out.
THE WESTERN GATEWAY to Madidi is Pelechuco, a small Andean town hemmed in by intimidating peaks wreathed with cloud. It was a dismal place whose mayor screamed commands at his constituents through loudspeakers on the square. Still, it intermittently offered electricity, plumbing, and a phone—the last such amenities we would see for a month.
Ruiz led Munn and me out of town in a chilly drizzle, bound for the village of Puina, two days east. Ruiz's braided pigtail hung below her waist, and her cheek bulged with a wad of coca leaves. She has spent much of her life in the eastern part of Madidi. She now directs a small grassroots group called Eco-Bolivia and is Madidi's fiercest protector. Though slight and soft-spoken, she once grabbed the barrel of a shotgun held by a logger illegally cutting trees in the park and told him to clear out.
At dusk we camped on a high, grassy plateau near several stone huts and a corral of llamas and alpacas. Our muleteers bought dried dung from the herders to make a fire. Ahead, a glacier caught the last daylight. At daybreak frost glazed our tents and shagged the llamas' coats.
The trail climbed toward the glacier. Chests heaving, we stopped often to gulp the thinning oxygen. I filled my cheek with some of Ruiz's coca leaves, but the mild alkaloid didn't stop my legs from complaining. In late morning we reached the first of the day's two high passes, the Cumbre de Sanches, just under 16,000 feet. (The area still hasn't been accurately charted. Maps misplace some villages, include others that don't exist, and reroute rivers.)
The second pass, Yanacocha, was higher and gloomier than Sanches, its slabs of black rock slippery with cloud mist. My head pounded from the altitude. We descended on wobbly legs into the wide valley of Utañani, stopping occasionally to watch viscachas scamper in the scree. With the ears of a rabbit, tail of a squirrel, and body of a groundhog, the viscacha looks like a rodent designed by a committee.
Puina was a Quechua community scattered for miles along a serpentine river. Ruiz hadn't visited there since the park had been established, and she wanted to tell the villagers about their new rights and obligations. In 1992, financed by the Wildlife Conservation Society, Ruiz had traveled for months by foot, mule, and balsa raft to ask the indigenous communities in the Madidi area to support a park. It was the first time anyone from outside had asked their opinion, so they considered her an ally and looked forward to her rare visits.
At the stone homestead of Evin Cusi Fernández we ate our first hot meal since Pelechuco. A puma had recently killed three of Cusi's llamas, and Cusi had saved what he could from the kill, including a fetus that was drying on a stone wall. The fetus would bring a good price in Pelechuco as a charm to be buried in the corner of a new house.
The puma was another story. Under the park declaration Madidi's inhabitants can continue to cut trees and hunt for their own use, but they can't sell wood or meat from the park or shoot animals indiscriminately. Cusi won't be compensated by the government for the loss of his llama, but if he gets the chance, he'll shoot the llama-killing puma. Ruiz and Munn hope that someday, when tourism comes to Puina, the puma will be worth more to Cusi as a live attraction than as a dead pest.
Word of Ruiz's arrival rolled down the valley with the news that there would be a community meeting in downtown Puina—two small cement-block buildings and a rocky soccer field with crooked tree trunks as goalposts.
In the unheated school 19 kids, aged 6 to 12, sat at long desks. Strangers rarely appeared here, so the teacher was delighted to see us. He was the sixth teacher posted to Puina this year. Each of his predecessors had quit after a few weeks, defeated by frustration and isolation. None of the teachers, including this one, knew Quechua, the Indian language spoken by the children. The teacher didn't even know that Puina sat in a national park named Madidi.
"You're lucky to live among condors, viscachas, and spectacled bears," Ruiz told the children. "If you take care of them, tourists will come, and you'll have jobs when you grow up."
Meanwhile, about 30 villagers had gathered in the dirt plaza nearby. Ruiz stood on a stone bench as the evening fog drifted in, explaining how the communities in Madidi were supposed to benefit from any enterprise associated with the park, including tourism and mining. "Whatever riches are here should be for the people here," she said. Tourism could pay for clean water, medical care, and better education.
We waited in the dark schoolhouse while the villagers discussed their future. After 45 minutes, we were summoned. The village's head man formally announced that they wanted to organize with other communities, learn tourism, and work with Eco-Bolivia. Then he read aloud what had transpired at the meeting, as written down in the official community record. Everyone signed or marked the page, with hand-shaking all around.
And so Puina took the first step toward the remote dream of eco-tourism. Even if Ruiz can find funding for training, Puina isn't likely to see any money for several years, until Madidi becomes better known and the village can accommodate tourists.
Ruiz believed that if the villagers understood that foreigners would pay to see wildlife and unspoiled landscapes, they would kill fewer animals, burn fewer trees to clear fields, and damage fewer rivers and mountains by mining. If they also learned how to provide guides, lodging, and transportation, they could control the flow of tourists through their homelands as well as profit from it.
To Ruiz and Munn, this community-based tourism represented the best way to balance protection and progress. Munn said that this idea had begun to work in a few places, including Manu. But the concept is hard to implement in remote areas such as Madidi, where the people need training in everything from speaking English to cooking for foreign tastes to changing a way of life their families have followed for many generations.
AFTER PUINA the terrain grew more lush as we descended into high cloud forest, one of the rarest habitats in the world; much of it has been destroyed by slash-and-burn agriculture. Here in Madidi, cloud forest covered layer upon layer of mountains to the northern horizon, with no sign of humans. "You can see more high cloud forest from here than is left in all of Central America," said Munn. But to the east the green was scarred by huge black patches of burned forest.
It was raining as we headed down a burned-over mountainside, stripped to our skivvies to cross the Río Mojos, and climbed steep switchbacks. Even the mules scrambled to keep their footing, urged upward by shouts from the muleteers. After five hours we reached the ragged village of Mojos. The Spanish had founded it in the 17th century as a reducción, a mission where Indians were forcibly settled, proselytized, and put to work. The settlement had once thrived on trade in corn and cattle, but almost no one used the arduous route to Mojos anymore. The church's walls had long since crumbled, leaving only a stone tower with a crooked crucifix and two chipped bells without clappers. About 15 Quechua families lived here in huts of mud and bamboo.
I was awakened several times that night by the cries of an inconsolable child. In the morning Ruiz and I found two-year-old Juan Carlos Fernández in the arms of his weeping mother. He was limp and semiconscious from three days of vomiting and diarrhea. The brown skin around his mouth and nose was frosted with a ghastly pallor. The village healer had told the boy's parents he would die that day.
Ruiz crushed an anti-diarrheal pill, mixed it with chlorinated water, and forced it into the child's mouth. Then she made a rehydration solution with sugar, salt, and treated water, and pushed it into him spoonful by spoonful. After a long time Juan Carlos spluttered and protested weakly. Ruiz instructed his parents to spoon-feed him the solution all day and left several pills. When we checked him five hours later, his color had returned and the diarrhea had stopped. There would be a ceremony that night so the village healer could save face, but Juan Carlos would live because visitors with a dollar's worth of pills happened to pass through Mojos.
"The indigenous people were basically slaves until 1952," said Ruiz. That year the old order was partially displaced by a socialist party that nationalized mines, broke up the large estates, and gave all Bolivians the vote. Subsequent reforms strengthened Indian rights, but centuries of oppression had shaped a subservient mind-set that still cripples people in remote areas. They are easily skinned by outsiders. Ruiz was encouraging them to develop skills that could lead to economic independence and allow them to do things for themselves rather than wait for government help.
THE VILLAGERS of Asuriamas had recently done something for themselves—allowed loggers to take out a big haul of mahogany illegally for a cut of the profit.
About 30 families lived in Asuriamas, which lies on the Río Tuichi in the eastern lowlands of Madidi. Two dozen people came to Ruiz's meeting and asked worried questions about the land rights of colonizers moving into their territory. (To prevent migration into the park, Madidi is reserved for the current inhabitants and their descendants.) I asked if any villagers knew about loggers illegally cutting mahogany in the nearby forests.
Finally Ubaldina Morales, a talkative, pugnacious woman in a billed cap, said, "All right, I'll tell you everything." The village's fretful secretary-general spoke to her sharply in Quechua, but she told the story anyway.
Two 30-man mahogany crews were discovered downriver in May 1996. They had brought boats into the park from Rurrenabaque, a town downstream. The villagers agreed to accept about $1,100 for 55,000 board feet. The loggers stayed until November, then disappeared without making the final payment.
The people of Asuriamas knew that logging was illegal in Madidi, but the temptation of a fast buck was irresistible since they have so few other financial offers or possibilities. "Basically we just shrugged and said, 'Go ahead,' " Morales told me. The secretary-general spoke earnestly to her in Quechua. She looked scornful. The room was humming. The schoolteacher spoke angrily to several people and abruptly left. Outside, he said the loggers had cut more like 300,000 board feet.
The mahogany logging worried Ruiz and Munn, but they pointed out that the direct damage was not too severe. Since mature trees grew widely separated, not in stands, cutting them didn't raze a forest. Far more destructive was the loggers' practice of killing forest animals for food. I asked Morales if the crews had done that. "Oh, yes, monkeys, deer, parrots, tapir—the works." Commercial hunters also sold meat from Madidi in the bordering towns. Spider monkeys have been especially hard-hit.
DOWNRIVER FROM ASURIAMAS the Tuichi entered lush lowland forest. We were traveling by raft now, and late one afternoon we glided onto a long sand beach full of tapir tracks. Three red howler monkeys studied us and retreated, but a group of saddleback tamarins, their white eyebrows and goatees framing black faces, couldn't resist the beach's fig trees and fed there for another hour.
We were on the Tuichi to check its potential for white-water adventure. The ride had been fun but not risky until we reached a Class IV rapid that required investigation—and skillful paddling. It began with a drop, turned sharply left into a crowd of rocks, then gathered into another big rapid that smashed against a massive boulder in the middle of the river. Miss the turn, and you would hit the rocks on the shore. Miscalculate the turn, and you would hit the rocks in the river. Fail to straighten out after the turn, and you would hit the boulder broadside. Munn took one look and said, "I'm walking around it." After 15 minutes of study Stephan Zumsteg, one of our river guides, announced, "It's a good Class IV, but it's runnable." Our raft went first.
With Zumsteg shouting commands we shot over the drop and cranked around the turn. Digging furiously with our paddles, we skimmed past the rocks, then back-paddled until the raft swung downstream again. Zumsteg yelled, "Forward paddle!" and we zipped past the boulder into the clear, 15 seconds from when we started.
When the rapids petered out, we boarded two motorized longboats for the flat-water run to Rurrenabaque, a day and a half away. Along a shallow tributary we came upon a logging camp. Most of the loggers faded into the forest as we approached, but Eduardo Cortéz Bomber stayed to talk. A bearded young man in a Raiders cap, he and a crew of 25 had been cutting trees for four months and planned to stay for one more. He stood in front of a six-foot-high block of mahogany logs cut into slabs ten feet long by one foot square. When the rains raised the river, the crew would rope as many as 80 of these massive blocks together into a callapo and float them downriver to sell in Rurrenabaque. Cortéz expected to take out 100,000 board feet of mahogany worth about $50,000.
Sure, he knew logging was illegal here. "But the problem is that Bolivia is a very poor country." No one tried to stop them. In fact, he said, the park guards occasionally visited the camp. And no, he wasn't afraid that his mahogany would be confiscated in Rurrenabaque. "In Bolivia one can pay someone to make illegal things possible." He said his crew had paid off the head of the park guards 45 days ago. He shrugged mournfully, as if he regretted a state of affairs that tolerated rogues like him. "I'm an ecologist," he added. "I'm just taking out one load of mahogany, and then I'm finished forever."
THE TOWNSPEOPLE of San José de Chupiamonas had longer-term plans. With financial and administrative help from Conservation International, a group that promotes biological diversity and environmentally sound enterprises in native communities, they were building a rustic lodge called Chalalan. The villagers had done all the construction, and gradually would assume full ownership as they learned the business of tourism. Profits from the lodge, which opened in June 1998, would go to community projects.
Conservation International had drawn attention to the Madidi area in 1991, starting the process that led to the park's creation. A team of Conservation International scientists visited Madidi and reported a "diversity of flora and fauna that rivals the richest known sites on the globe." They urged immediate protection. At first the Bolivian government planned a small park of 125,000 acres, but Munn, Ruiz, and others pushed for more land. The government eventually enlarged the park to 4.7 million acres, making it the central piece of a huge protected area that connects Ulla Ulla reserve on the southwest, indigenous territories on the east, and Peru's Tambopata-Candamo reserve on the west—more than 19,000 square miles.
Ruiz had a happy homecoming at Caquiahuara, where Eco-Bolivia maintains a rustic research and security station. About a dozen Tacana Indians lived in thatch-roofed houses here. They had almost finished a small lodge for tourists on the other side of the river. Ruiz would train them how to run it.
From the top of a bluff overlooking the forest we marveled at swarms of big red-and-green macaws, chestnut-fronted macaws, and white-eyed parakeets gliding to their nests in the cliff just below. "This is the best place to see macaws in South America," said Munn, a conservation biologist who knows about such things.
Because Ruiz is a hermit at heart, ten years ago she built a hut far from any trail on a marshy pond fed by the Río Hondo. She took me to this hidden water—hushed, lovely, and seething with biting flies and mosquitoes. "That's one reason I think local people are best to protect these areas," said Ruiz, "because it takes someone as crazy as I am to like being in them."
As we drifted along, we saw hoatzins, macaws, anhingas, greater anis, purple gallinules, and a handsome black-collared hawk fishing for breakfast. Floréncio "Choco" Mano, a Tacana renowned for his forest skills, was fishing too. He perched barefoot on the front of our log boat, his bow nocked with an arrow, and scanned the shallows for the slow swirl of a feeding sábalo (shad). There! Mano's arrow sang. We would have sábalo for supper.
Morning light revealed jaguar tracks on the river's edge. A Tacana named Marcelo Quemevo led Munn, Ruiz, and me into the forest to a salt lick. We climbed to a platform, and Quemevo began calling in white-lipped peccaries, making a loud thock against the roof of his mouth with his tongue in imitation of the pigs' habit of cracking their jaws. The answering thocks got closer, and then bristly black shapes materialized from the undergrowth, big males in the lead. There must have been 50 of them. One moment they were snuffling in the mud or lifting their rubbery noses to investigate us; the next, spooked, they had vanished in a tumult of crackling brush and frantic grunts.
Where the Río Hondo meets the Beni, we turned upriver toward Charque, a beautiful new lodge built entirely by local people that Munn predicted would become one of the top destinations in South America for birders and other tourists. The lodge embodies a partnership between Eco-Bolivia (51 percent) and an indigenous association (49 percent) made of Tacana, Moseten, and Chimane Indians. Ruiz expected that the families in the association would eventually earn their living from tourism—quite a switch from their traditional lives as nomads.
IN SAN BUENAVENTURA, a quiet town of rutted streets across the Río Beni from Rurrenabaque, Munn and I met with Ciro Oliver, director of Madidi National Park. Oliver explained that his first duty was to protect the park's resources, but his annual budget was small—$198,000. He had only two patrol boats and 15 park guards, all in the eastern third of the park, but hoped to hire ten more.
When his office opened in January 1997, he said, "No one was in favor of the park because 90 percent of the people lived from wood exploitation." By August the guards had found 48 lumber camps. To avoid violence, Oliver told the loggers that when the rivers rose, they could take out whatever they had already cut, "but not a single tree more." Now the guards checked these camps every week. All logging had ceased except for the activities of two or three renegade groups. Oliver said that illegal lumber was confiscated when it reached Rurre. He scoffed at Eduardo Cortéz Bomber's claims about bribery and complacent guards.
Oliver's budget and resources certainly were dismal for such an immense and important park. Perhaps logging and hunting had slowed, but we had seen active lumber camps and callapos heading to Rurrenabaque and had watched mahogany being loaded onto trucks.
Ruiz had told me that Oliver, like most officials, resented her work in Madidi. When I asked about Eco-Bolivia, Oliver reacted strongly. "Rosamaria Ruiz promised a lot and lied a lot, and when she got financing, she forgot about the people she had promised. We have interviewed all the communities where she has worked, and none said anything positive."
This contradicted everything I had seen. The villagers within Madidi invariably welcomed Rosamaria as a friend and champion. I suspected that most of Ruiz's accusers lived outside the park and were motivated by frustrated greed or anxiety about educated Indians.
Gabriel Baracatt, the new director of Bolivia's department of biodiversity, had been on the job for just over a month when we spoke by phone. He intended to strengthen protection in Madidi by hiring 40 more guards if he could find the financing. He also planned to inform the communities of their rights and potential benefits and wanted to train them to manage Madidi and develop tourism. These admirable goals were contradicted by his budget for the park—$240,000 a year.
In August 1998 the park's future received a blow when the Bolivian National Congress passed a law authorizing a gigantic dam just upstream of Rurrenabaque. Hydroelectric power from the dam would be sold to Brazil. The dam would flood almost 750 square miles, displace native people, drown irreplaceable flora and fauna, and wipe out the new lodges at Chalalan, Caquiahuara, and Charque. Ruiz and others will fight to stop the project.
Next to Guyana, Bolivia is the poorest country in South America. Most of its people worry more about survival than about the environment, and so its politicians face strong pressure to support policies that will provide immediate jobs and thus preserve votes, not wildlife.
The best hope for Madidi's future may be in places such as Chalalan, Caquiahuara, and Charque, where the inhabitants are learning to be partners in the park's future. If most of the park's people protect the wildlife and forests and learn to manage tourism, Madidi will remain incomparable.
©Steve Kemper. All rights reserved. Cannot be reproduced without consent of the author.
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