The aim of the MPM-DREDGE project is to develop, validate and demonstrate a numerical tool for the modelling and simulation of dredging applications. It is aimed to solve the numerical issues associated with large deformations and fluid pressures that occur in the interaction between soils and fluids. This effort will result in a joint computer code that combines earlier pioneering work of the two participants (University of Cambridge and Deltares) in the field of soil-fluid interaction. During the MPM-DREDGE project new methodologies will be developed, the advanced code is going to be intensively validated using benchmark problems and will be demonstrated for dredging applications. A major impact of the new software and of the joint effort of the participants through a collaboration in the MPM-DREDGE project is expected as expressed by the dredging industry.
Economic activities, population growth, falling land levels and climate change are generating increasing pressure on available resources of (renewable) energy and habitable space in deltas, river basins and coastal areas throughout the world. Advanced technologies and developments in engineering fields enable to shift boundaries for exploration and exploitation of oil, gas and wind energy further off coast, and to develop ports and reclaim new land. The latter requires bigger and better defensive structures like breakwaters, revetments and scour protections. In order to be able to protect economically vital and at the same time vulnerable areas against flooding and erosion, today and tomorrow, the dredging industry is forced to persist in pushing back frontiers. From an engineering point of view, realising structures in this type of hostile environments is much more challenging than building on land. During their construction and use, these structures are not only affected by wind and gravity. They are also constantly exposed to waves, currents and changing seabed characteristics caused by important processes like erosion and deposition. Moreover, the conditions are very site-specific, meaning that standard solutions are often not applicable. Dedicated materials and construction techniques are to be used and a dedicated numerical tool is needed to determine an optimal unique solution.
Dredging is the maritime recovery, transportation and deposition of natural geomaterials (soil and rock) by special dredging vessels. In this way dredging supports aforementioned issues through e.g. port development, land reclamation, oil and gas exploration and exploitation, offshore wind farms, etc. The impact of the European dredging industry is visible worldwide, e.g. the construction and extension of the Suez canal and the Panama canal and for instance land reclamation for airports in Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney, Macao and Qatar. This list may be extended with coastal protection projects, wind farms, etc. With a 66% share of dredging in worldwide open markets, the European dredging industry is an economic engine for Europe. Its annual turnover is more than € 7 billion and despite the downturn in the global economy it is still growing. The direct employment within the four largest European dredging companies alone exceeds 25,000 people and the indirect employment is estimated to be twice as large. About 70% of all operations of these companies take place outside Europe, yet almost 90% of return flows back to Europe. The above facts illustrate the importance of dredging for the European community. To maintain its competitive edge, the European dredging industry is re-investing in research and developments. Indeed, significant technological improvements stem from sound engineering judgement and in-depth research in both specialised vessel construction and soil-fluid interaction.
One approach in investigating soil-fluid interaction is the performance of physical experiments. However, considering the extreme costs of these often large scale experiments, the dredging industry cannot perform those on a regular basis. With the advent of computers and computational mechanics it has become feasible to develop numerical tools for the simulation of dredging operations. In particular the pioneering work of the University of Cambridge (academic project participant) and Deltares (commercial international centre for applied research) constitutes a sound basis for the numerical simulation of soil-fluid interaction. Both institutes have recognised the high potential of the so-called material point method (MPM) for solving soil-fluid interaction problems, as reflected by the work of e.g. Bandara (2013) and Vermeer (2008).
In Figure 1 an example of the result of such a MPM simulation is shown in which the large soil deformations of a river levee are illustrated.
Figure 1: Simulation of slope failure (deviatoric shear strain) using the material point method (MPM).
Originally, the material point method was developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) by Harlow (1964), who studied fluid flow by material points moving through a fixed grid. Subsequently, this method has been applied in particular to solids and contact problems between solids (Sulsky, 1994, 1995, 2007; Bardenhagen, 2000, 2002; Ionescu, 2006). The extension into geomechanical applications originated from Wieckowski (1998, 2004) and Coetzee (2004, 2005). At this moment, numerical simulations allow to consider stiff structures dropped into open water. In contrast, numerical models that allow for the simulation of large soil deformations, while correctly capturing both the behaviour of soil and water as well as their interaction are hardly available. Recently, attempts have been made by both institutions. Within Deltares Van Esch (2011), Jassim (2012) and Wieckowski (2012) have done pioneering work. Independently such work was also carried out at the University of Cambridge by Abe (2012) and Bandara (2013).
The dredging industry recognises that the above work is very promising. They realise that existing computer codes cannot handle most practical problems and, moreover, that such numerical methods have not been validated yet for their field of interest. At the same time, also considering the complexity of such simulations, the University of Cambridge and Deltares recognise that further development of their computer codes is very demanding. For this reason, it is decided to combine forces and work together on a joint computer code that will be tailored for the simulation of dredging related problems, and to demonstrate that the code can be applied to dredging practice. The MPM-DREDGE project facilitates this collaboration by linking the fundamental scientific research at the University of Cambridge to the applied scientific work and experimental research at Deltares. On the other hand, the validation and practical application of the material point method is of high interest for the future users of the numerical tools, which are the four largest European dredging companies: Boskalis, Dredging International, Jan de Nul and Van Oord.
the modelling of erosion processes including scouring around offshore structures.
This, and the availability of results from large scale experiments on geocontainers and liquefaction for validation and verification of numerical simulations, motivate the focus on these applications in the MPM-DREDGE project. Without a proper validation and verification, the dredging industry cannot be expected to apply such a new numerical method in the dredging practice.
The aim of the MPM-DREDGE project is to develop, validate and demonstrate a joint three-dimensional computer code for modelling large deformation problems for soil-fluid interaction, including generation and dissipation of (excess) pore pressures, with special dedication to dredging applications. From the scientific point of view, the MPM-DREDGE project involves major development and extension of the material point method (MPM) which will result in a joint computer code. However, the MPM-DREDGE project is not restricted to code development only, but is also aimed to validation and demonstration of its practical applicability which involves, amongst others, the use of available scale model tests. Real field applications will be considered through intensive collaboration between (dredging) industry and academia. The approach is problem driven, i.e. the numerical tools are developed in order to solve challenging problems of practical importance for the supporting partners in the dredging business.
Geocontainers are large bags of highly permeable geomembranes containing up to several hundred cubic meters of water-saturated soil, see Figure 2. They are dumped by a split barge onto the riveror seafloor and thereby experience very large deformations. The application of these geotechnical structures in the core of a breakwater or a river dam is a cost-effective alternative for the dumping of gravel or stone. Experiments have been carried out by Deltares on small geocontainers to study their impact on the river- or seafloor as well as the stability of geocontainers under wave loading (Bezuijen, 2000, 2004, 2009). Subsequently, publications by Wieckowski (1998, 2004) have triggered Deltares to model geocontainers by the MPM. So far, the free fall of an impermeable geocontainer in open water has been successfully modelled. Considering an impermeable geocontainer, the major challenge of modelling the interaction between pore water and open water remains to be done within the proposed project. Here it should be emphasised that real geocontainers are permeable, requiring full modelling of interaction of pore water and open water. Another remaining challenge is the use of an advanced constitutive model for the soil. Here it should be realised that a geocontainer is subjected to both large cyclic deformations and large local changes of density. As a consequence, the stiffness, the friction angle and the permeability of the soil will change significantly during the installation process.
Figure 2: Dumping of a geocontainer from a barge (left), dike constructed from geocontainers (right).
Considering large (dynamic) changes of soil permeability, it is also important to reconsider Darcy's law which describes the flow in porous media. Darcy's law, which is an expression of conservation of momentum, was initially determined experimentally, but has since been derived from the Navier- Stokes equations via homogenization. Darcy's law is also used to describe oil, water, and gas flows through petroleum reservoirs. It should be realised that Darcy's law is only valid for slow, viscous flow. Fortunately, most groundwater flow cases fall in this category. Typically, any flow with a Reynolds number less than one is clearly laminar, and it would be valid to apply Darcy's law. Experimental tests have shown that flow regimes with Reynolds numbers up to 10 may still be Darcian, as in the case of groundwater flow. However, for very short time scales, a time derivative of flux may be added to Darcy's law, which results in valid solutions at very small times. The main reason for doing this is that the regular groundwater flow equation (diffusion equation) leads to singularities at constant head boundaries at very small times. This form is more mathematically rigorous, but leads to a hyperbolic groundwater flow equation. Such equation is more difficult to solve and is only useful at very small times, typically out of the realm of practical use; however it may be significant for the proposed research. Moreover, for very high velocities in porous media, inertial effects can also become significant. Sometimes an inertial term is added to the Darcy's equation, known as Forchheimer term. This term is able to account for the non-linear behaviour of the pressure difference versus velocity data (Bejan, 1984), where an additional term is introduced which is known as inertial permeability. Darcy's law is valid only for flow in continuum region. For a flow in transition region, where both viscous and Knudsen friction are present, a new formulation is used, which is known as binary friction model (Pant, 2012), where the Knudsen diffusivity of the fluid in porous media is introduced.
Flow slides of slopes may be natural or human-induced geo-hazards. Natural flow slides of submerged slopes with surfacing loose sand layers often severely damage flood defences, as e.g. occurred along the coast of the Dutch province of Zeeland during the last few centuries (Silvis, 1995). These natural flow slides were induced mainly by the steepening of the submerged loose sandy slopes by scour due to tidal flow. In geological times natural flow slides of loose fine sediments, composing the slopes of the continental margins, occurred repeatedly. Such flow slides are caused by the steepening of the slope gradient by both tectonic movements and on-going sedimentation processes and naturally triggered by vibrations by earthquakes and nowadays possibly also by offshore activities. The slides can then eventually involve large volumes of seafloor material and flow along large distances towards the deeper ocean floor, destroying anything along their paths, as sub-sea cables, pipelines and bottom-based installations for exploration of oil and gas, and due to their large volume they can even induce tsunamis. Human-induced flow slides can occur due to e.g. deepening of waterways and harbours, strengthening of flood defences, hydraulic mining of sand and gravel and offshore construction. Also heavy construction, like tanks for storing fluids, and severe vibrations near the crests of sensitive submerged slopes may induce flow slides. Dredging activities of submerged loose sandy slopes easily trigger flow slides as well. For the dredging industry the predictability of liquefaction is important to avoid damage to both the designed slope and the dredging equipment, although controlled liquefaction is also a wanted event during the mining of sand.
Flow slides can be initiated by both liquefaction of loosely packed sand layers in the underwater slopes and by retrogressive erosion of more densely packed sand layers (breaching). The damage caused by the liquefied slope failures is often considered more important than the subsequent flow. However, flow slides occurring along the slopes of the continental margins can initiate turbidity currents (Mastbergen, 2003), destroying sub-sea cables, pipelines and bottom-based offshore installations and even inducing tsunamis. Immediately following the occurrence of undrained instability, the unstable volume of loose sediments starts to move down the slope, building up kinetic energy by transferring the conserved mechanical part of its lost potential energy, while heating the soil through friction by the lost mechanical part. As the flow rate of the liquefied soil increases along its path down the slope, the liquefied soil may start to mix with the surrounding water (known as fluid entrainment), further increasing its apparent fluidity. When reaching the bottom of the slope the liquefied soil decelerates as the horizontal bed forces it to flow horizontally, causing an increasing shear resistance, a loss of pore water and an increase of soil density, until finally the flow slide stops. The alternating stress and deformation, induced in saturated loose soils by severe earthquake loading, can cause additional pore pressure generation, accelerating the occurrence of undrained instability and the initiation of a flow slide, even if the initial mobilized friction level is still significantly below that of the undrained instability limit.
The current project will contribute to the modelling of liquefaction and water entrainment by improving both the design and construction of submerged loose sandy slopes by the dredging industry; and establishing the suitability of such slopes along deep open water for heavy industrial activities near their crests. The capabilities and limitations of the MPM will be assessed in terms of physical clarity of formulation, quality of simulation, computational robustness and ease of parameter determination for the description of the phenomena.
To validate the MPM approach, results of large scale model laboratory tests which were performed in a liquefaction tank on submerged model slopes will be used. The slopes in these experiments were loaded to failure by liquefaction by: 1) steadily increasing the steepness of the slope by tilting the liquefaction tank, 2) dredging at the toe of the slope at a range of dredging rates. Advanced constitutive models for the mechanical behaviour of loose saturated sands will be implemented in MPM. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed knowledge and software tools is demonstrated by comparing predictions of dredging projects with appropriate field observations, which will be obtained in collaboration with the dredging industry.
The third application of the proposed project is the modelling of scour and erosion in open channel flows by the MPM. It forms an extremely important issue in many areas of river and environmental engineering and related areas (see Figure 3). For example, riverbed erosion can lead to instabilities of embankment slopes and undermining of bridge foundations, thereby favouring structural failure. Consequently, the assessment of erosion is highly relevant for the breaches of river embankments during floods. In fact, erosion is one of the main causes of environmental damage in floods.
Figure 3: Coastal erosion in The Netherlands (left) and dune erosion test in water flume at Deltares (right).
Scour and erosion occur in the contact zone between soil and open water, where the conventional concepts of soil mechanics, such as the existence of a soil skeleton, do no longer apply. Instead there is a mixture zone between the open water and the soil skeleton. The transition from a firm skeleton to a flowing mixture is the crux in modelling scour and erosion. Up to now research on this topic has been highly experimental and resulting empirical laws will have to be embedded in the numerical approach. Pioneering numerical solutions for these types of problems have been reported using mainly finite difference and finite volume schemes in Eulerian and Arbitrary Lagrangian- Eulerian (ALE) grids for solving both the fluid flow and the sediment equations. An alternative approach, which simplifies many of the difficulties of the above methods is the MPM.
Within Deltares, this MPM approach has been tested in a simple 2D code. Within the current project this preliminary study will be extended to a 3D code, which is obviously essential for analysing scour around 3D offshore structures. It is also essential for the study of progressive dike breaches. It is acknowledged that full modelling of scour and erosion with validation of the model and demonstration of possibilities and limitations cannot be entirely accomplished within the time frame of the proposed project. But considerable advancements will be made.


#New — Vine Is Dead. Long Live Hype.
In August, we were telling you that Vine was dying: yesterday, Twitter officially announced that they were discontinuing the Vine mobile app.
In other words, when Vine is dying, Hy.pe is launching.
Hype is a mobile app that lets you broadcast live interactive video.
From a brand and business perspective, it will be interesting to see how Hype compares with the various alternative video platforms — and their respective formats — available on the market: Periscope, Facebook Live, YouTube, Instagram and of course Snapchat.
In the meantime, let's hope for the best.
Last week, we gave you a tip to make professional videos from your iPhone: today, we tell you how to create awesome animated videos in a matter of seconds.
This week, we are devoting our Long Reads section to social media controversy.
If you manage social media professionally — or even semi-professionally — chances are you curate content.
Let's start this week with a bit of controversy: young adults prefer reading news than watching them.
Twitter Audience Insights is a powerful analytics tool that provides tons of data about Twitter users.
What's even better, is that you can select an audience based one (or more) filter / criteria — all Twitter, users, Millenials, people earning $150K+ a year, consumer who purchase Mexican food — and get a complete set of data about this target.
Twitter Audience Insights is much more than a simple advertising, targeting tool: it is an endless source of data for those of us who love crunching numbers, defining profiles or even… make infographics!
Loomly is a simple social media planner: start your 15-day free trial now.
Yesterday, Facebook announced some very interesting new utility features, allowing users and Pages to get more value of their respective communities.
Our brain processes visuals 60,000 times faster than text. An average internet consumer watches 206 videos a month.
As Social Media Managers, don't we try to win friends and influence people on a daily basis?


text:
Pacers lose their cool, Domantas Sabonis in testy loss to Pistons
J. Michael
DETROIT -- With every bit of contact -- some significant, most of it not -- Blake Griffin sells agony. He's slow to rise and winces heavily when he finally does.
At least, that's what the Indiana Pacers believe as they unraveled after overcoming a forgettable start. Griffin produced a triple-double for the Detroit Pistons. The Pacers (40-21) allowed a 36-point first quarter, trailed by 17 in the first half and even tied it before falling 113-109 at Little Caesars Arena on Monday.
"The officiating can't become a distraction," coach Nate McMillan said. "You have to play through that."
Griffin (20 points, 10 rebounds, 10 assists) got tangled with Bojan Bogdanovic and both were given technical fouls with 3:43 left in the fourth quarter with the Pistons ahead 105-91.
More:Domantas Sabonis leaves Indiana Pacers game after turning ankle
Box score: Pistons 113, Pacers 109
Shortly after, Young was assessed a Flagrant 1 on Andre Drummond (26 points, 16 rebounds). With 61 seconds left, Domantas Sabonis crashed to the floor and limped off with a sprained left ankle. What could go wrong for the Pacers did as their two-game winning streak after the All-Star break ended.
"It's a lot at stake right now in terms of seeding moving forward," said Darren Collison, who had 21 points and five assists for the Pacers. "The sense of urgency has already picked up. It seemed like we could never get over that hump every time we got it close. A 3 by Wayne (Ellington) or Luke Kennard. We were right there and can't get the 50-50 balls. That was the biggest difference other than the start."
The Pacers had beaten Detroit by 37 points on Dec. 28, which had to sting. The Pistons came out making 7-of-10 3s in the first quarter to change the tone.
"We knew tonight they were going to come out strong because of what happened last time at our house," said Sabonis, whose ankle was heavily taped postgame, though he walked under his own power.
Sabonis (23 points, seven rebounds) kept the Pacers viable as they used an 11-3 run to cut the deficit to 55-51 at halftime before tying it at 75 in the third quarter.
Bogdanovic (25 points), Wesley Matthews (14 points) and Young (10 points, 12 rebounds, three steals) helped close the gap. The bench outside of Sabonis, however, only contributed nine points as Tyreke Evans was held scoreless.
Myles Turner, who'd missed the previous two games with a sore right hip, played 30 minutes (seven points, five rebounds, three blocks). He asked to sit early because he was winded in his first action since the All-Star break.
"I felt good. Second half I pretty much caught up," Turner said. "It was physical. I wouldn't call it playoff physical, but it got pretty physical down the stretch."
The Pistons have won eight of 10. They were aggressive from the outset and kept the Pacers on their heels throughout, making 18-of-41 3s, or 44 percent, and forcing turnovers on the way to a double-digit lead in the first 8 minutes.
"This type of basketball started the game before the break. It's playoff basketball," said McMillan, alluding to the 106-97 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks when the Pacers squandered a 10-point fourth quarter lead against the conference's top seed. "You're going to see this type of game. You've got to expect that. I thought we lost our composure during this game. We've got to be able to play through it."
Young wasn't pleased with Griffin's antics. Turner empathized with his teammate.
"It's more annoying than anything," he said. "He flops all game and then Bogey gets T'd up. That sucks."
Each technical foul comes with a $2,000 fine. They're reviewed, as well as flagrants, and can be upgraded by the league office.
They'll have another shot at the Pistons here on April 3 to break the season series tie.
Behind the scenes: Why the Colts drafted Darius Leonard, Marlon Mack Pacers to kick in $63M as part of deal to keep team in Indianapolis Indy Eleven $150M stadium funding proposal passes Senate Davey Hamilton Jr. arrested on false imprisonment count Greencastle track coach accepts settlement

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Reboot – Phil Collins: In The Air Tonight & Our Sorrows: Save Me (10.09.) /ENG/
Why is the original track so special? Being 40 years old this year, 'In The Air Tonight' has developed a substantial history throughout the decades and became one if not the most defining song of Phil Collins. The 1981 single was a curious piece of work because it was the first in line making Phil's solo project memorable. The thumbnail of the videoclip itself has nostalgic vibes: with some modifications the cover of 'Face Value' is invoked.
A legitimate question can surface: why is In The Air Tonight so popular? There are numerous singles, EPs and albums that can be connected to the 80s. It isn't surprising that many radio channels still broadcast the titans of the past, also there are countless sites who dedicate themselves to these classics. Because all of this it means something if they highlight and praise a single from this era. In The Air Tonight was a massive success in multiple countires. In the United Kingdoms it took the second place on the UK Singles Chart. The only song that beat it to the first place was 'Woman' after the death of John Lennon. In the United States it was placed 19th on the Billboard Hot 100. It achieved the first place in Austria, Netherlands, West Germany, Switzerland and Sweden. The song that made Phil Collins' fame was loved by the musical audience because of two unforgettable components. One is the chorus which can easily stuck in our head and if we hear it, we instantly recognise the song itself. The other is something we all experience in life, some tracks are hard to find by their lyrics. I'm sure that we all know what it's like to search for song because we remember some lines from it but we still end up finding nothing. Maybe after years by total coincidence. That's why it was a good move to connect the refrain with the title. Also we have to include the drums too. Phil Collins isn't just a singer and song-writer, he is a drummer too. It was a habit on their concerts, that Collins sang the lyrics only and then when the spotlight went to the drums he sat down and the thrill began. It may sound like an exaggeration but many think that the change at 3:16 had a huge impact on the younger generations and was a musical standard for the drummers. Beside the chorus and the drums we have to talk about the lyrics too because it's a common theme they talk about in the US and sometimes in Europe too.
Phil Collins: In The Air Tonight
The lyrics' backstory
Gossips about In The Air Tonight's hidden meaning: In America it is a widely spread belief that In The Air Tonight is about a tragic event lived through by Phil Collins. It is about a drowned man's demise and about another man who watched him drown and maybe he could help. Phil Collins was this man who saw someone drowning from afar so he couldn't really save him. Naturally there are many alternatives, in some it isn't a stranger but a friend to Collins, and he is in the water too crying for someone to help. Some individuals even claim that the person who failed to help gets shamed in the song. These ever creative theories gave a good background so that it became a widely spread activity to disect the lyrics. Even Family Guy has given a gig to In The Air Tonight.
Family Guy: Joe and Bonnie's conversation about "In The Air Tonight" (english)
The urban legends that come to life inspired others apart from the creators of Family Guy, like the famous rapper Eminem. The lyrics of Stan refers to many things, including this myth too. Below you can read a segment which represents how In The Air Tonight stuck inside people's mind:
"You know the song by Phil Collins, "In the Air of the Night"
About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin'
But didn't, then Phil saw it all, then at a show he found him?"
What is the truth? It may be surprising that after the several guesses and gossips In The Air Tonight is a much simpler track then what we might first think. Reacting to the gossips Phil Collins said that he wrote this song spontaneously, and he himself doesn't really know the exact message. He simply wrote off his feelings about his divorce. The anger, despair and frustration are the primal feeling we can experience through the vocal and lyrics. From this we can declare that the drowing man's story is nothing more than a fantasy. Although we can't refuse the fact that these unique interpretations added a lot to making this track a cult classic.
Our Sorrows – Save Me
Our Sorrows released 'Save Me' in 2020 which opened new heights regarding their work. This isn't surprising! The videoclip, the adaptation of the chorus and the molding of it to their style worked out. It isn't just a tribute to Phil Collins' hit song but a track that encourages us to keep going.
The mutual point – the chorus: Our Sorrows didn't adapt the full lyrics of In The Air Tonight, they rather built on the track's iconic chorus. Keeping the melodic vocal and refrain they managed to create a fantastic adaptation which has many differences from its predecessor. We've already talked about that in Phil Collins' song there are two crucial elements. One is the chorus we are currently writing about, the other is the pioneer drumming, both can be considered the heart of the song. In 'Save Me' the drum is enjoyable but it isn't cardinal, but they kept the importance of the vocal and the chorus supported by the instrumentals. We only get a slice of In The Air Tonight but it can be said that this is the tastiest one.
Note: Because of the volume difference in In The Air Tonight and Save Me we recommend to keep a low volume in the video that shows chorus difference.
The essential differences – style, instrumentals and the narrative: In the case of 'Save Me' it is unneccesary to compare. It's undoubted that In The Air Tonight had a great influence on Our Sorrows single, but it holds its ground on its own. We don't have to look to hard to notice the differences. In The Air Tonight is closer to pop rock style while Save Me has metalcore qualities. The guitar and the bass guitar are both fundamental parts of the music and the drums don't have large role like in In The Air Tonight. The verses don't follow Phil Collins' song, the clean vocal is changed by dirty vocal thanks to the different genres. These changes aren't bad at all because they can pass over the original track's feelings completely. Although as we can see in Save Me's videoclip they didn't work with the same theme. In The Air Tonight is about the effects of divorce while Save Me is about the fight for long cherished dreams and to not give them up. Our Sorrows did manage to rise the stakes and doubled them! The clip itself contributes greatly to the enjoyment of the song, making it more than a simple single with ear-catching refrains.
What should you know about Our Sorrows? Our Sorrows is a metalcore band coming from Florida. They have only one album so far 'Anima//Animus' which was released in 2019. The characteristic of their music and their goals are the same as with the other popular and underground metalcore bands, breaking the taboos. It's a priority for them to represent themes like anxiety, depression, the everyday hardships, addictions, loneliness caused by isolation and the complicated situation of crime victims.
The actual members: Chris Tims (vocal), Kyle Kendall (guitar & vocal), Austin Delancey (bass) and Cameron Tims (drums)
by: Wolfy & Shadow
Reboot /ENG./
/ENG/, English, In The Air Tonight, Metalcore, Music, Our Sorrows, Phil Collins, Reboot, Rock, S., Save Me, W., WayoHUN
Ezt hallgasd meg! – KONGOS: Repeat After Me (10.05.)
One to Listen – KONGOS: Repeat After Me (10.13.) /ENG/
"Reboot – Phil Collins: In The Air Tonight & Our Sorrows: Save Me (10.09.) /ENG/" bejegyzéshez egy hozzászólás
Új írása
Visszajelzés: One to Listen – Young Medicine: Shinjū (01.26.) – W a y o


text:
\section{Introduction}

The Crab pulsar is one of the most widely studied celestial objects.
It was born in 1054, has a spin period of 33\,ms, and is bright over
the full electromagnetic spectrum from radio to high energy $\gamma$-rays.
At all wavelengths this pulsar shows a double-pulse structure, with the
main pulse (P1) and the inter pulse (P2) separated by a phase of $\sim 144\,\textordmasculine$,
and the exact pulse morphology varies as a function of photon energy
\citep{Eikenberry and Fazio(1997),Kuiper et al.(2001),Rots et al.(1998),
Molkov et al.(2010),Ge et al.(2012)}. Compared to the radio profile,
the X-ray profile has broader pulses and bridge emission that is missing
in the radio band\citep{Eikenberry and Fazio(1997), Massaro et al.(2006)}.
In order to compare the X-ray and radio pulses, the two X-ray peaks
are called P1 and P2\citep{Kuiper et al.(2001)}, which correspond to the radio
main peak (MP) and the inter peak (IP) in \citep{Lyne et al.(2013)}.
The X-ray P1 and the radio MP are not exactly aligned, and the X-ray phase
lag also varies versus energy with the maximum of $-3.6\,\textordmasculine$ at
5$-$9\,keV \citep{Rots et al.(2004),Molkov et al.(2010),Ge et al.(2012)}

In comparison with the phase-resolved spectrum, the long term change of the
pulse profile of the Crab pulsar is relatively less studied.
Nevertheless, it is equally important. The pulse profile is related to
the shape of the emission beams that are determined by the magnetic field structure
\citep{Gold(1968)}. Given the fact that the rotation powered pulsars are very
stable, data with high statistics, frequent and long time span coverage are
needed in order to reveal the very small profile evolution. The Crab pulsar is the best
source for this kind of study, because it is bright at multi-wavelengths, and,
as a calibration source, it is observed very frequently. Previous
studies suggested that the separation of the X-ray P2
and P1 increases with a rate $0.71\pm0.24\,\textordmasculine$\,per century
\citep{Ge et al.(2012)}. Significant radio profile evolution was
discovered by \cite{Lyne et al.(2013)} with the high precision daily observations at
Jodrell Banks Observatory. The separation of the two radio pulses shows
steady increase with $0.62\pm0.03\,\textordmasculine$\,
per century in the past 22 years \citep{Lyne et al.(2013)},
while the relative integrated flux densities
of the two pulses decreased with $-0.172\pm0.008$ per century.
Since the evolution of the pulse separation in the X-ray band and radio
band are similar to each other, although the former is only marginally
detected, the possible X-ray profile evolution may be due to the same
mechanism. Progressive change of the magnetic inclination was used to
explain the radio results \citep{Lyne et al.(2013),Arzamasskiy et al.(2015),
Zanazzi et al.(2015)}, which could also explain the X-ray properties.

Study of the X-ray profile evolution can add more constraints on
pulsar physics. In pulsar emission models, the radio
emission region of a pulsar is thought to be located over the two
magnetic poles, while the high energy emission comes from two
high-altitude gaps that are close to the light cylinder in the
magnetosphere \citep{Cheng et al.(1986a), Cheng et al.(1986b),
Sturner and Dermer(1994),Daugherty and Harding(1996)}. If the
magnetic inclination changes, the X-ray profile should exhibit
simultaneous variation with the radio profile. However, the
changing rates at the two wavelengths might be not the same, because
of the different projection effects along the line of sight. The
evolution of the X-ray and radio profiles of the Crab pulsar
hence presents the three-dimensional information of the magnetosphere
structure with different view angles.

Time related evolution of the pulsar X-ray profile has not been firmly
detected yet, though several studies have been carried out.
\cite{Patt et al.(1999)} reported that the flux densities of the pulses
of the Crab pulsar are steady at the level of 7\% with one hour data
from {\sl RXTE}. \cite{Rots et al.(2004)} and \cite{Chetana et al.(2011)}
also studied the X-ray profile evolution by fitting the profiles and
comparing the fitted parameters, and no evolution was found. As mentioned
previously, \cite{Ge et al.(2012)} found that the separation of the X-ray
P1 and P2 increased at 3\,$\sigma$ level, which is the only
evidence for X-ray profile evolution so far. In this paper, we study the
X-ray profile evolution of the Crab pulsar in details,
by analyzing pulse shape and shape parameters such as pulse
separation, pulse flux ratio and pulse widths, using all the
available archival data from {\sl RXTE}. In order to
make sure that the obtained profile evolution is intrinsic, we also
investigate the variation of the observed profile induced by the
instrumental aging effect.

\section{Observations and Data Reduction}

The {\sl RXTE} data analyzed in this study were obtained by both
the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) and the High Energy X-ray
Timing Experiment (HEXTE). The total exposure time of these
observations is about 230\,ks for PCA and 232\,ks for HEXTE, as
listed in Table \ref{table:ListObsID}. The data reduction was done using
{\sl ftools} from the High Energy Astrophysics Software (HEASoft,
version v6.15).

\subsection{PCA data reduction}

PCA is composed of five Proportional Counter Units (PCUs, named PCU0, PCU1, PCU2, PCU3, PCU4),
which has an effective energy coverage of 2 to 60\,keV, a total
collection area of 6500\,cm$^2$, and the best ever time resolution
of up to 1\,$\mu$s (in Good Xenon mode)\citep{Jahoda et al.(2006)}.
However, data of PCU1 have not been used in this study,
because of its propane loss around 2006-12-25 \footnote{http://heasarc.
gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xte/pca\_history.html} \citep{Garcia et al.(2014)},
which resulted in a big change of the effective area response and
such a change could distort the evolution of the pulse profile that
varies with energy. Observations with the data mode
E\_250us\_128M\_0\_1s (E\_250us)(Table \ref{table:ListObsID}, MJD
51956--55927) were selected for the final analysis, {\sl because
most of the observations were done in this data mode}. The time
resolution of E\_250us data is about 250\,$\mu$s with all absolute
channels, which were merged to 128 relative channels. Compared to the
dataset used in \cite{Ge et al.(2012)}, about 3 more years of data
were added in the analysis, including ObsIDs P95802, P96382 and P96802, as
listed in Table \ref{table:ListObsID}.

To get the profile of the Crab pulsar from an observation,
we first select the good events and then fold them by using the
{\sl ftools} command FASEBIN and FBSSUM.  The procedure for event
selection is described as follows: (1) create the filter file for
this observation with XTEFILT; (2) generate the Good Time Interval
(GTI) file by MAKETIME using the filter file; (3) using the GTI
file to create the ``good'' events file with GROSSTIMEFILT;
(4) remove the clock events and select the events of PCU0234 from
the event mode data by SEFITER and FSELECT. This procedure is
the same as in Ge et al. (2012). From the data prepared,
phase-resolved spectrum was first created by FASEBIN of {\sl ftools}
with 1000 bins and the JPL ephemeris DE-200 \citep{Standish(1990)}.
This spectrum contains the information of photon count numbers
in each energy channel within the corresponding phase bin.
As there are precise radio ephemerides (including periods and
phases) for the Crab pulsar from Jodrell Bank\footnote{http://www.jb.
man.ac.uk/pulsar/crab.html} \citep{Lyne et al.(1993)}, they were used
in the process to produce the phase-resolved spectrum.
The pulse profile of each observation was obtained from the
phase-resolved spectrum by FBSSUM, which sums up the photon count
numbers in all the energy channels.

The integrated profile in a period was obtained by adding all the
individual profiles from the observations included. Phase 0 of a profile
was obtained by a cross-correlation analysis between this profile and the
reference one. When we produce the total profile from all the observations
in the 11 years, the reference profile is the one generated from the
first observation. But when we produce the integrated profile in a
time period, the reference profile is actually the total profile.

\subsection{HEXTE data reduction}

The HEXTE instrument consists of two independent detector
clusters A and B, each containing four Na(Tl)/CsI(Na) scintillation
detectors \citep{Rothschild et al.(1998)}. The HEXTE detectors
are mechanically collimated to a $1^{\,\textordmasculine}$ field of
view and cover the 15-250\,keV energy range with an collecting
area of 1400\,cm$^{2}$. In its default operation mode, when one cluster
points to the target, the other one is off from the source to provide
instantaneous background measurements. Because of the co-alignment of the HEXTE
and the PCA, the two instruments observe the same target simultaneously.
In this analysis, data from both Cluster A and B were used before 2009-12-14,
and after that date only Cluster A data are available because cluster B ceased
modulation and stared off-source position thereafter\footnote{http://heasarc.gsfc.
nasa.gov/docs/xte/whatsnew/newsarchive\_2010.html\#hexteB\_locked}.

The data mode selected for the pulse profile was E\_8us\_256\_DX0F that with
a time resolution of 8\,$\mu$s. The standard data reduction was performed
and the data were extracted from clusters A and B separately. Pulse profiles
were obtained using FASEBIN and FBSSUM of {\sl ftools}, with the same
timing parameters and procedure as did for the PCA profiles.

\section{Evolution of the X-ray profile}

In this section, the evolution of the X-ray profile will be studied
in two ways, using the profile ratio curve and the profile parameters respectively.
The profile ratio is the ratio between two normalized profiles in
different epochs, which can exhibit the profile variation directly
if the profile changes with time. On the other hand, in order to
present the profile evolution in a more quantitative way, we have
used four parameters to characterize the X-ray profiles in different
epochs and to study the changes of these parameters versus time.

\subsection{Profile ratio from PCA}

If the X-ray profile of the Crab pulsar showed detectable secular
changes, the ratio curve between the normalized profiles in
different epochs should deviate from a uniform distribution.
The total profiles obtained from the 11-year observations
of PCU0234 and HEXTE are shown in Figure \ref{fig}, in which the
PCA profile shows a much higher statistics than the HEXTE one.
Therefore, two groups of profiles obtained from PCA data that
obtained in time range of MJD 51955(2001-02-15)--52500(2002-08-14) and
MJD 55254(2010-02-27)--55927(2012-01-01), were created, and then
merged into two integrated profiles named Profile1 and Profile2, respectively.
These two integrated profiles are used to produce the ratio curve.
In order to eliminate the effect of the different background
levels in these two periods, the two integrated profiles were
reformed as follows: (1) subtract the background level that is
determined by the mean flux per bin in phase 226.8
to $298.8\,\textordmasculine$ as \cite{Ge et al.(2012)};
(2) normalize the pulse profile to make the integrated flux, which is
the sum of the flux per bin times the phase bin size, equal to 1;
(3) add 9.0 to the value in each bin, because the total background
count rate is about 9 times as high as the count rate of the pulses; and
(4) normalize the pulse profile again. After these steps, the Profile2
to Profile1 ratio was obtained as shown in Figure \ref{fig0}b.

As can be seen clearly in Figure \ref{fig0}b, the distribution
of the ratio is not uniform, with the $\chi^{2}$ of 63.2
for 17 points. The ratio at P1 (phase: -7.2 to $7.2\,\textordmasculine)$
is higher than 1.0 with the mean of 1.0016, and lower than 1.0 with
mean of 0.9994 at the bridge(50.4--$90\,\textordmasculine$,
as defined in \cite{Kuiper et al.(2001)}). Compared to P1, P2
shows different behaviors that the ratio is around 1.0 at the
leading edge (phase: 126--$144\,\textordmasculine$) and is higher
than 1.0 at the trailing edge (phase: 144--$158\,\textordmasculine$).
The deviation of the profile ratio curve from a uniform distribution
implies that the X-ray profile evolved with time: after a few years,
P1 became sharper and the distance between P1 and P2 increased a
little bit.

\subsection{Parameterization of the X-ray profile}

Since the X-ray profile of the Crab pulsar has a typical double-peak structure,
we used four parameters, including separation ($\Phi$), flux ratio ($R_{f}$),
and widths ($W_{1}$ $\&$ $W_{2}$) of P1 and P2, to quantify the X-ray profile. $\Phi$ is the
relative phase distance between the two maxima of the pulses. $W_{1}$ and $W_{2}$ are
defined as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of P1 and P2 after subtracting
the pulse background (phase 226.8--$298.8\,\textordmasculine$). $R_{f}$
is the ratio between the integrated fluxes of P1 (-12.24 to
$2.52\,\textordmasculine$) and P2 (123.84--$153.36\,\textordmasculine$),
i.e., the integrated flux within the FWHM of the two pulses.

The fluxes of P1 and P2 (as well as their errors) could be obtained directly,
but more calculations are needed for $\Phi$, $W_{1}$ and $W_{2}$ to have accuracy finer than
the bin size. To obtain the accurate peak position and width of a pulse, we fitted
it using the empirical formula proposed by \cite{Nelson et al.(1970)},
\begin{equation}
L(\phi-\phi_{0})=N\frac{1+a(\phi-\phi_{0})+b(\phi-\phi_{0})^{2}}
{1+c(\phi-\phi_{0})+d(\phi-\phi_{0})^{2}}e^{-f*(\phi-\phi_{0})^{2}}+l
\label{eq:1}
\end{equation}
where $L$ is the intensity at phase $\phi$, $l$ the baseline
of the pulse profile, $\phi_0$ the phase shift, $N$ the pulse
height of the profile, and $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$ and $f$
the shape coefficients. The pulse phase is measured in degrees.
In the fitting, P1 was chosen in the phase range -27 to
$12.78\,\textordmasculine$ and P2 in 109.8 to $167.4\,\textordmasculine$.

The peak separation $\Phi$ is calculated with the
following steps(similar with \cite{Ge et al.(2012)}):
(1) Fit the two pulses of the total profile with Nelson's formula
and obtain their shape coefficients $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, $f$, as
well as $N$, $l$, and $\phi_{0}$, which are listed in
Table. \ref{table:nelsonpar};
(2) For an integrated profile in a time period and from which
we want to get $\Phi$, fit its two pulses using the Nelson
formula with $N$, $\phi_{0}$, and $l$ free and the
other shape coefficients fixed to the values in
Table. \ref{table:nelsonpar};
(3) From the positions of the two maxima of the fitted profiles get their
separation.

$W_{1}$ and $W_{2}$ were obtained in a similar way. We fitted the
observed profile with the Nelson's formula with all the coefficients
free, and then the FWHMs of the fitted profiles were taken as the
widths of P1 and P2.

We estimated the errors of $\Phi$, $W_{1}$ and $W_{2}$ with a
Monte Carlo method. 100 simulated profiles were created by sampling
from the original profile under the assumption that the photon counts
in every phase bin follow the Poisson distribution. Then these simulated
profiles were fitted with Nelson's formula and 100 groups of $\Phi$,
$W_{1}$, and $W_{2}$ values were obtained. The distribution widths
of these values can represent their statistical errors, and the
1$\sigma$ width of the Gaussian function fit to the distribution
of a parameter was taken as its 1$\sigma$ error.

\subsection{Profile evolution with time}

To study the evolution of $\Phi$, $R_f$, $W_1$ and $W_2$,
we divide the PCA observations into 6 groups with roughly equal
time span of about 660 days. In one group an integrated profile
was produced and a set of $\Phi$, $R_f$, $W_1$ and $W_2$ were
derived, so we have 6 data points for every parameter from the
PCA observations. Because the source photons collected by
HEXTE are much less than that by PCA, two profiles and thus two
set of data points from HEXTE data were obtained in time
ranges MJD 51302(1999-03-08)--54789(2008-11-19) and
MJD 52570(2002-10-23)--55927(2012-01-01), respectively.

Figure \ref{fig1} displays  $\Phi$, $R_{f}$, $W_{1}$, and
$W_{2}$ of the Crab pulsar measured from PCA and HEXTE. The
parameters of the PCA profiles show large differences from the
HEXTE ones, because the X-ray profile varies with energy
\citep{Mineo et al.(1997),Massaro et al.(2006)}.
However, the variation trends of the parameters
from these two instruments are similar. The peak
separation $\Phi$ increased with time and the other
parameters decreased with time.

\subsubsection{Profile evolution results from the PCA data}

The PCA data were first chosen to study the profile evolution
using the four parameters defined above, which were fitted
with linear functions to derive their changing rates.
As listed in Table \ref{table:para_slope}, the evolutions of
$R_f$ and $W_{1}$ were detected with a high significance:
the changing rate of $R_{f}$ is $-(3.52\pm0.64)\times10^{-2}$\,per
century, and that of $W_{1}$ is $1.45\pm0.19\,\textordmasculine$\,per
century. The evolutions of $\Phi$ and $W_{2}$ are less significant,
with $0.89\pm0.26\,\textordmasculine$\,  and
$-1.09\pm0.95\,\textordmasculine$\,per century, respectively.
The changing rate of the peak separation is consistent
with the result from \citep{Ge et al.(2012)} within 1$\sigma$
error, and the new result has a little bit higher significance.
These quantitative results for the peak separation and flux
ratio are consistent with the qualitative results deduced
from the profile ratio curve.

The flux ratio of the two pulses should be different if
the fluxes were integrated in different phase ranges. In order to
get more information of the profile evolution, two more flux
ratios were calculated with different phase ranges as shown
in Figure \ref{fig}. $R_{f_2}$ represents the integrated flux ratio of
{\sl P1} (-21.6 to $14.4\,\textordmasculine$) and {\sl P2}
(115.2--$154.8\,\textordmasculine$) (as defined in
\cite{Kuiper et al.(2001)}). The mean value of $R_{f_2}$
is 0.936(5), which is consistent with the result of
\cite{Kuiper et al.(2001)}. $R_{f_3}$ is the peak flux ratio
of P1 and P2, which has a mean value 0.619(1). As shown in
Figure \ref{fig2_2}, the changing rates of $R_{f_2}$ and
$R_{f_3}$ are $(-0.1\pm0.8)\times10^{-2}$\,per century
and $(-2.8\pm1.5)\times10^{-2}$\,per century,
respectively. Apparently, no evolution has been detected for
$R_{f_2}$, while the changing rate of $R_{f_3}$ is close
to $R_{f}$ but with a much lower significance.
In any case, the changing rates of these two flux
ratios are also significantly smaller than the radio
results.

\subsubsection{Joint study of the profile evolution with PCA and HEXTE}

Figure \ref{fig1} shows that the parameters infered from the HEXTE data show
evolution similar to the PCA results, even though the parameters from two kinds
of instruments have different mean values. With the assumption that the
secular changes of the profile measured from PCA and HEXTE follow the same
trends, the PCA and HEXTE parameters were shifted to around zero so that
the $\chi^2$ of the linear fitting, which is defined by equation \ref{eq:2},
reaches the minimum.
\begin{equation}
\chi^2 = \frac{1}{N-3}\sum_{ij}(\frac{k(t_{ij}-t_{0})+b_{i}-\Phi_{ij}}{\sigma_{ij}})^{2}
\label{eq:2}
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the number of points, $k$ is the changing rate, $i$ is 0 or 1 to represent
the data from PCA or HEXTE, $j$ denotes the data points from each instrument,
$\Phi_{ij}$ is the peak separation, and $\sigma_{ij}$ the error of
the peak separation obtained with the Monte-Carlo method described in section 3.1.
The intercept $b_{i}$ correspond to the values at $t_0=54000$ in MJD format.
The best estimation for $b_{i}$ was obtained when $\chi^{2}$
reached the minimum. Then, the corrected peak separation $\Phi'$
was obtained with $b_{0}=144.10\,\textordmasculine$ and
$b_{1}=143.98\,\textordmasculine$ subtracted. As presented in
Figure \ref{fig2}, $\Phi'$  increased linearly with time.
$R_f$, $W_1$ and $W_2$ were processed with the same method, and the
shifted intercepts for all these parameters are listed in Table
\ref{table:para_shift}.

$\Phi$, $R_f$, and $W_{1}$ inferred from the joint PCA and HEXTE data show secular
changes similar to that from PCA data alone (Figure \ref{fig2}). The evolution
of $W_{2}$ has not been significantly detected either, even with the HEXTE data added.
The changing rate of the peak separation is $0.88\pm0.20\,\textordmasculine$\,per
century, which is similar to the radio result, $0.62\pm0.03\,\textordmasculine$\,per
century \citep{Lyne et al.(2013)}. Ratio of the integrated fluxes within the
FWHM of the two pulses descended with a rate $(3.64\pm0.86)\times10^{-2}$\,per century,
about 1/5 of the radio result, $(17.2\pm0.8)\times10^{-2}$\,per
century \citep{Lyne et al.(2013)}. $W_1$ and $W_2$ descend with
slopes of $1.44\pm0.15\,\textordmasculine$\,per century and
$1.09\pm0.73\,\textordmasculine$\,per century, respectively.

\section{Discussion}
In this section, we will first study whether the observed profile evolution is
due to the aging of the instruments, and then discuss the possible constraints
of our results on the geometry of pulsar's magnetosphere.

\subsection{Profile changes induced by the aging of PCA}

Previous studies have shown that the X-ray profile of the Crab pulsar varies with
photon energy \citep{Eikenberry and Fazio(1997),Rots et al.(1998),
Massaro et al.(2000), Willingale et al.(2001),
Molkov et al.(2010),Ge et al.(2012)}, which can be also described
quantitatively by the phase-resolved spectrum, and this has been studied in details by
\citep{Ge et al.(2012)} using the PCA observations (from 2001-02-15 to 2009-11-07).
Because the X-ray profiles we studied in this paper were integrated over the entire
energy bands of the instruments, if the effective area of the instrument at different
energies had gradual changes in the about 11 years of operation \citep{Garcia et al.(2014)},
it could also result in pseudo changes of the X-ray profiles. In order to study
the influence of the instrument aging on the observed profile evolution, we use
the phase-resolved spectrum $F(\phi,E)$ measured from PCA \citep{Ge et al.(2012)}
as input, convolve it with the effective area curves of PCU0234 in different
epochs to fake the profiles, and from these profiles further derive the shape
parameters in those epochs. Comparison of the shape parameters of the faked
profiles and those of the observed ones will verify whether the profile evolution
we found is intrinsic or not. The detailed process and results are given below.

The input profile $F(\phi,E)$ can be expressed as
\begin{equation}
F(\phi,E)=\beta(\phi)(E/E_{0})^{-\alpha(\phi)}\exp[{-N_{H}\sigma(E)}]
\label{eq:3}
\end{equation}
where the normalized flux $\beta(\phi)$ and photon index $\alpha(\phi)$
were inferred from \cite{Ge et al.(2012)}, $E$ is the photon energy
in units of keV and $E_{0}=1$\,keV, the absorption column density
$N_{H}$ is $0.36\times10^{22}$\,cm$^{-2}$ \citep{Ge et al.(2012)},
$\sigma(E)$ is the photo-electric cross-section
\citep{Morrison and McCammon(1983)}. The number of input data from Table 5
of Ge et al. (2012) are not fine enough to get a smooth pulsed profile,
so the normalized fluxes were fitted with two combined Nelson
formula \citep{Nelson et al.(1970) and four Gaussian functions, which
were mainly used to fit flux in the bridge region,
and the flux in each phase bin was obtained from the interpolation of the fitted
functions}. The photon indices of the pulsed emission in \citep{Ge et al.(2012)}
were first smoothed with a Gauss function that has an 1-sigma width of 3.6 degrees,
and the smoothed photon indices were further fitted with an 18 order polynomial
to get the photon index for a phase bin in this paper. Since there were only
observed photon indices in the phase range greater than -48.6 and smaller
than 196.2 \citep{Ge et al.(2012)} the polynomial function can not be
constrained outside of this phase range. Therefore, the photon indices
(of the pulsed emission) for bins with phases smaller than -48.6 degrees
were fixed as 1.72, the value at -48.6 degrees, and for bins with phases
greater than 192.2 degrees the photon indices were fixed as 2.17.
The pulse profile $F_{P}(\phi)$, which is
the phase resolved spectra (of the pulsar plus nebula) convolved with
the response matrix, was obtained as follows
\begin{equation}
F_{P}(\phi)={\sum_{Ei}{F(\phi,E)RSP(E,i)}}\Delta{E}
\label{eq:4}
\end{equation}
where $RSP(E,i)$ is the average response matrix of PCU0234, and $\Delta{E}$
the input energy width at energy $E$.

The dead time of the instrument could also change the pulse
profile, because the photon fluxes at different phases are
not the same. We therefore calculated the dead time correction
$DCOR$ using the formula:
\begin{equation}
DCOR=\frac{T}{T-DTF}
\label{eq:5}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
DTF=C\times{T}\times{dt}
\label{eq:5}
\end{equation}
where $T$ is the length for one phase bin, $C$ the photon
counts from both the pulsar \citep{Ge et al.(2012)} and
nebula \citep{Garcia et al.(2014)} in $T$, $dt$ the time
for {\sl RXTE}/PCA to process the information of one event
\citep{Jahoda et al.(2006)}, which is also called the dead time.
$T$ was 33.6\,$\mu$s because the profile was divided into 1000
phase bins in the calculation. The background events were also
considered when we calculated $DTF$\footnote{http://heasarc.gsfc
.nasa.gov/docs/xte/recipes/pca\_deadtime.html}. The response
profile has been divided by $DCOR$ when we produce the ``final''
faked profiles.

Similar to what we did previously, using the faked profiles,
we can obtain the ratio curve and parameter changes that induced
by the instrument aging. The dashed line in the lower panel
of Figure \ref{fig0}b represents the ratio of the faked profiles
in MJD 51956--52500 (Profile3) and MJD 55254--55927 (Profile4).
It is very different from the observed one and with a much smaller
amplitude. The variations of $\Phi$, $R_{f}$, $W_{1}$, and $W_{2}$
induced by the aging of PCA are presented in Figure \ref{fig3},
and the linear fitting results are listed in Table
\ref{table:para_slope}. The changing rates are about 1 to
2 orders of magnitudes lower than the observed ones, and particularly
for $\Phi$ and $R_{f}$, the instrument aging had secular changes
opposite to the observed ones. Similarly, the changing
rates $R_{f2}$ and $R_{f3}$ are $(0.29\pm0.01)\times10^{-2}$\,per century
and $(0.45\pm0.01)\times10^{-2}$\,per century, which also had the
secular changes opposite to the observed ones. Therefore, the
contribution of the instrument aging to the observed pulse profile
evolution is negligible.

\subsection{Constrains on the geometry of the magnetosphere}

The X-ray profile of the Crab pulsar shows secular
changes that the peak separation of the profiles increases
while the flux ratio and widths of the two pulses decrease
with time. The evolutionary trends of the X-ray profile are
similar to the radio results, which means that the
magnetosphere evolution has a similar effect
on emission regions of the X-ray and radio pulses.

For a simple magnetic dipole, the evolution of the magnetosphere
axis is expected
towards alignment rather than orthogonality \citep{Lyne et al.(2013),
Philippov et al.(2014),Arzamasskiy et al.(2015)}. However, the secular
increases of the peak separations in the radio and X-ray bands are inconsistent
with this expectation. \cite{Lyne et al.(2013)} explained the evolution
with geometrical model that inclination of the magnetic axis increases
with time as the torque developed by the return current in the neutron
star surface \citep{Beskin et al.(2007)}. Based on the magnetohydrodynamic
simulations \citep{Philippov et al.(2014)} and \cite{Arzamasskiy et al.(2015)}
pointed out that it is the magnetic dipole precession behavior with
a characteristic time of 100\,yr. The similar evolutionary rates of the X-ray
and radio peak separations imply that the
two kinds of emission locates at similar latitudes.

The evolution in the relative flux densities of the radio components are
explained as highly coherent. Narrow beam and small structural
magnetosphere changes might cause large effects on the component
flux densities \citep{Lyne et al.(2013)}. However, the changing
rate of $R_f$, $(3.64\pm0.86)\times10^{-2}$\,per century, is significantly
lower than the radio result, $(17.2\pm0.8)\times10^{-2}$\,per century. The
difference even became bigger if wider phase intervals were chosen in
calculating the integrated fluxes. This means that the X-ray emitting
region is much larger than the radio emitting region, consistent with
those represented by the widths of the radio and X-ray pulses.
Therefore, a more complicated model is needed to explain the overall
evolutionary behaviors of the radio and X-ray profiles, combined
with the effects of the propagation time and the relativity \citep{Morini(1983)}.

\section{Summary}
In this paper,  we found that the X-ray profile of
the Crab pulsar had secular changes with time. The
ratio curve of the two profiles in different epochs
showed that, after a few years, P1 became sharper
and the distance between P1 and the P2 increased a
little bit. Quantitatively, the peak separation of
the two pulses increased with $0.88\pm0.20\,\textordmasculine$\,per
century, ratio of the integrated flux of P1 to that of P2
decreased with $(3.64\pm0.86)\times10^{-2}$\,per
century, and the widths of the P1 and P2 changed with $-1.44\pm0.15
\,\textordmasculine$\,per century and $-1.09\pm0.73\,
\textordmasculine$\,per century, respectively. These
evolutionary trends are similar to the radio trends,
although the values are different. A more complicated
model of pulsar emission geometry is needed to explain
the radio and X-ray results simultaneously.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

Drs. Michael Smith, Lorenzo Natalucci, Craig Markwardt, Yuanyue Pan,
Lingming Song and Jinlu Qu, are appreciated for their useful
suggestions. We thank the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive
Research Center (HEASARC) at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center for
maintaining its online archive service that provided the data used
in this research. This work is supported by National Science
Foundation of China (11233001 and 11503027) and the Strategic
Priority Research Program on Space Science, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDA04010300.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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"We are honored to be a gold winner in Company of the Year," said Ken Gabriel, CEO of ERP Maestro. "The team has been foundational in achieving our exceptional growth and accomplishments. We are propelled by our mission to keep companies secure on the inside and this award is a reflection of that."
For a full list of winners in Best in Biz Awards 2019, visit: http://www.bestinbizawards.com/2019-winners.
About Best in Biz Awards
Since 2011, Best in Biz Awards has maintained its premier status as the only independent business awards program judged by a who's who of prominent reporters and editors from top-tier publications from North America and around the world. Over the years, Best in Biz Awards judges have ranged from Associated Press to the Wall Street Journal and winners have spanned the spectrum. Each year, Best in Biz Awards honors are conferred in two separate programs: North America and International, and in 80 categories. For more information, visit: http://www.bestinbizawards.com.
About ERP Maestro
ERP Maestro makes managing access risk, compliance, and security in SAP® environments incredibly easy. Its award-winning cloud platform automates the monitoring, detection, and prevention of internal access and cybersecurity risks in SAP and SAP cloud applications, thereby providing multi-application access controls and minimizing potential breaches and fraud, accelerating remediation and keeping companies secure on the inside. Its industry-leading segregation of duties (SoD) analysis is used by seven of the world's top 10 audit firms and empowers organizations to establish effective governance, risk, and compliance (GRC) processes. Known for its flagship Access Analyzer product, ERP Maestro's suite of offerings also includes Access Reviewer, Emergency Access Management and Automated Provisioning. Learn more at www.erpmaestro.com..
ERP Maestro
View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/erp-maestro-honored-as-gold-winner-in-9th-annual-best-in-biz-awards-300985025.html
SOURCE ERP Maestro


text:
<?php

declare (strict_types=1);
namespace Rector\CodingStyle\Rector\FuncCall;

use PhpParser\Node;
use PhpParser\Node\Expr\FuncCall;
use PhpParser\Node\Name\FullyQualified;
use Rector\Core\Rector\AbstractRector;
use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\CodeSample\CodeSample;
use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition;
/**
 * @changelog https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55419673/php7-adding-a-slash-to-all-standard-php-functions-php-cs-fixer-rule
 *
 * @see \Rector\Tests\CodingStyle\Rector\FuncCall\PreslashSimpleFunctionRector\PreslashSimpleFunctionRectorTest
 */
final class PreslashSimpleFunctionRector extends \Rector\Core\Rector\AbstractRector
{
    public function getRuleDefinition() : \Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition
    {
        return new \Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition('Add pre-slash to short named functions to improve performance', [new \Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\CodeSample\CodeSample(<<<'CODE_SAMPLE'
class SomeClass
{
    public function shorten($value)
    {
        return trim($value);
    }
}
CODE_SAMPLE
, <<<'CODE_SAMPLE'
class SomeClass
{
    public function shorten($value)
    {
        return \trim($value);
    }
}
CODE_SAMPLE
)]);
    }
    /**
     * @return array<class-string<Node>>
     */
    public function getNodeTypes() : array
    {
        return [\PhpParser\Node\Expr\FuncCall::class];
    }
    /**
     * @param FuncCall $node
     */
    public function refactor(\PhpParser\Node $node) : ?\PhpParser\Node
    {
        if ($node->name instanceof \PhpParser\Node\Name\FullyQualified) {
            return null;
        }
        $functionName = $this->getName($node);
        if ($functionName === null) {
            return null;
        }
        if (\strpos($functionName, '\\') !== \false) {
            return null;
        }
        $node->name = new \PhpParser\Node\Name\FullyQualified($functionName);
        return $node;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
app.controller('HomeController', ['$rootScope', '$scope', '$filter', '$log', 'blockUI',
	function($rootScope, $scope, $filter, $log, blockUI) {
		'use strict';

		load();
		/**
		 * load data via inventory service
		 *
		 */
		function load() {
			blockUI.start();
			// User agent displayed in home page
			$scope.userAgent = navigator.userAgent;
			blockUI.stop();
		}

		// public methods
		$scope.load = load;
	}
]);


text:
Boleslav II. († 7. Februar 999), auch Boleslav der Fromme (tsch. Boleslav II. Pobožný), war ein böhmischer Fürst aus dem Geschlecht der Přemysliden. Er herrschte als Herzog von Böhmen von 972 (traditionell 967) bis 999 über die zentrale Region um Prag, das dominierende Territorium Böhmens.

Leben

Boleslav II. war ein Sohn Boleslavs I. des Grausamen. Sein Geburtsdatum ist unbekannt; Schätzungen verlegen es meist in die 930er bis 940er Jahre. In den Quellen wird er erstmals aus Anlass seines Regierungsantritts nach dem Tod seines Vaters 972 (traditionell am 15. Juli  967) genannt. Widukind von Corvey erwähnt zwar einen Sohn Boleslavs I., der 950 seinen Vater im Kampf gegen Otto I. unterstützte; dieser namenlose Sohn war aber nach Meinung der meisten Historiker nicht mit Boleslav II. identisch und im Jahr 972 möglicherweise bereits verstorben. Auch die anderen Nachkommen Boleslavs I. kamen für die Thronfolge nicht in Frage: Doubravka war mit dem polnischen Herzog verheiratet, die jüngeren Kinder Strachkvas und Mlada für den geistlichen Stand bestimmt.

Böhmische Innenpolitik

Boleslav II. trat nach dem Tod seines Vaters ein schweres Erbe an. Böhmen stand unter Druck von außen, aber auch durch Machtansprüche seitens der böhmischen Fürsten aus dem Geschlecht der Slavnikiden, durch deren Territorium in Nordostböhmen der wichtige Handelsweg von Spanien über Prag und Kiew bis nach China führte. Nach dem Tod von Slavník, des Anführers des Hauses, 981, begann dessen Sohn Soběslav die Unabhängigkeit seines Territoriums anzustreben und lehnte sich an Polen und Sachsen an. Wegen schwerer Auseinandersetzungen mit Boleslav musste Soběslav in den folgenden Jahren das Land zweimal verlassen. Als 983 der erste Prager Bischof Thietmar starb, wurde Adalbert von Prag, ein Bruder Soběslavs, sein Nachfolger. Damit wurde die Macht der Slavnikiden weiter gestärkt. 995, während eines Feldzugs Ottos III. gegen die Lutizen, an dem Boleslav teilnahm, überfielen von Boleslav dem Frommen gesendete Truppen die Burg Soběslavs und ermordeten einen Großteil seiner Familienmitglieder, wodurch die Opposition zusammenbrach und die Slavnikiden nach dem Tod des nach Polen geflüchteten Soběslav ausstarben. Diese Ausrottung wird in der tschechischen Geschichtsschreibung als entscheidendes Ereignis bei der endgültigen Einigung Böhmens gewertet. Sie führte aber auch zur weiteren Destabilisierung des Landes, die bei Boleslavs II. Tod 999 ihren Höhepunkt erreichte und rund 30 Jahre andauerte.

Bündnispolitik

Zusammen mit dem polnischen Fürsten Mieszko I. und dessen Sohn Bolesław Chrobry gehörte Boleslav zu den wichtigsten Bundesgenossen des aufrührerischen Herzogs von Bayern, Heinrichs des Zänkers. Anfangs errangen die böhmischen Kämpfer, die auch nördlich des Erzgebirges agierten, einige Erfolge, letztlich behielt Kaiser Otto II. die Oberhand. 976 floh der Zänker zu Boleslav. Militärisch konnte Otto den böhmischen Herzog trotz zweier Feldzüge nach Prag nicht bezwingen. Dennoch unterwarf sich Boleslav 977 Otto und wurde 978 anlässlich des Osterfestes in Quedlinburg von diesem feierlich in seine Gnade aufgenommen.

Diese Annäherung an Otto ging mit einem grundlegenden Politikwechsel Boleslavs einher: Er wandte sich gegen den einstigen Verbündeten Polen. Die dauerhafte Konkurrenz zwischen den beiden Reichen sollte über Jahrhunderte die Entwicklung Ostmitteleuropas bestimmen. Auch der kurzzeitige erneute Bedeutungsgewinn Heinrichs des Zänkers nach dem Tod Ottos II. konnte diese Neuausrichtung nicht mehr umkehren, obwohl Mieszko und Boleslav 984 Heinrich gemeinsam als König anerkannten. Während Mieszkos Sohn Bolesław eine Tochter des Markgrafen von Meißen heiratete, nahm Boleslav II. mit dem Einverständnis des Zänkers die Burg Meißen selbst in Besitz und ließ den Meißener Bischof Volkold vertreiben. Bolesław von Polen löste daraufhin die für ihn wertlos gewordene Ehe mit der Markgrafentochter auf und heiratete eine ungarische Fürstentochter aus dem Geschlecht der Arpaden. Damit entstand für Böhmen die Gefahr einer Umschließung durch Polen und Ungarn.

In der Folgezeit band sich Boleslav stärker an Heinrich, während Mieszko frühzeitig erkannt hatte, dass die Partei um den noch unmündigen Otto III. sich durchsetzen würde, und sich auf deren Seite schlug. Auch nachdem Heinrich seinerseits Otto III. anerkannt und sich mit der Herzogswürde in Bayern begnügt hatte, hielt Boleslav an der direkten Gefolgschaft zu Heinrich fest. Am Ende dieses Prozesses standen Polen und Ungarn, beide in der Gunst der Reichsregierung befindlich, gegen das bayerisch-böhmische Bündnis. Boleslav besaß in diesem Konfliktfeld eine vergleichsweise schwache Stellung: Er musste 987 die Burg Meißen wieder räumen, 990 brach ein Krieg um Schlesien und Kleinpolen offen aus. In dieser Phase erwies sich zudem Boleslavs Bündnis mit dem heidnischen Lutizenbund als politisch nachteilig, weil die Lutizen drohten, Vermittlungsversuche des Magdeburger Erzbischofs zwischen Böhmen und Polen zu vereiteln. 992 ließ er darum diese Allianz fallen und beteiligte sich an einem Feldzug gegen die Lutizen. Auf diesem Feldzug bekam er einen Schlaganfall und war eine Zeit lang regierungsunfähig. Mit der Zeit besserte sich sein Gesundheitszustand, völlig gesund wurde er jedoch nicht mehr.

Auch in seinen letzten Lebensjahren versuchte er die ungünstige politische Lage zu ändern. Damit er jedoch kein Land verlor, musste er sein Heer vergrößern. Dazu benötigte er Geld, das er sich durch die Prägung weiterer Münzen und Sklavenhandel besorgte. Im Gegensatz zu seinem Vater, der nur mit sogenannten Heiden handelte, sah sich sein Sohn gezwungen, auch Bewohner von Böhmen und Mähren, auch diejenigen, die sich zum Christentum bekannten, zu verkaufen.

Kirchenpolitik

Auf kirchlicher Ebene versuchte Boleslav eine eigenständige, von der Reichskirche weitgehend unabhängige Landeskirche ins Leben zu rufen. Auch hier geriet er in Konflikt mit Otto II., der 973 durch die Gründung des Bistums Prag unter dem Erzbistum Mainz und die Besetzung des Bischofsstuhls mit dem Sachsen Thietmar Boleslavs Bemühungen erfolgreich entgegenwirkte. 999 stiftete er das Benediktinerkloster Ostrov.

Nachkommen
Boleslav II. war mit Emma verheiratet, hatte aber möglicherweise zuvor oder auch zugleich weitere Ehefrauen. Vier von seinen Söhnen sind namentlich bekannt: Boleslav III., Václav, Jaromír und Oldřich.

Rezeptionsgeschichte
Beide Namenszusätze, "der Fromme" für Boleslav und "der Grausame" für seinen Vater, stammen von dem Chronisten Cosmas von Prag, der im Vater den Brudermörder und blutigen Krieger sah, während er seinen Sohn als den edlen, christlichen Herrscher betrachtete. ("...der christlichste Mann, der an die allgemeine Kirche glaubt, Vater der Waisen, Beschützer der Witwen, Tröster der Betrübten...").

Literatur
 Petr Charvát: Boleslav II. Sjednotitel českého státu. Vyšehrad 2004, ISBN 80-7021-657-3

Siehe auch
Bolesław VI. der Fromme von Großpolen-Kalisch (poln.: Bolesław Pobożny, 1224/27–1279)

Einzelnachweise

Herzog (Böhmen)
Přemyslide
Geboren im 10. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 999
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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How Is Technology Changing The Face Of Education?


Freshly updated, with all of the Vamporama Films releases now shown.
Among the projects Chrissie Harper and I are currently working on is an online series, In Conversation With, which kicked off by interviewing actor Demelza O'Sullivan (who starred in our short film All Bad Things…) and now features actor / television presenter Jenny Hanley (recorded when we met up in Manchester). Both are available via our YouTube channel.


text:
Robert G. Brown Jr. (1857 - aft. 1940) was an American engineer who invented the first telephone handset, in 1878. The Gold and Stock Exchange in New York used a few of the handsets. They were not accepted by the Bell Company until nearly fifty years later, when they began being used in the United States. Robert G. Brown graduated from Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute (which became what's today known as NYU Tandon School of Engineering) in 1868.

Europe connection
Brown went to France with the hope that there would be more receptivity to his idea. In 1879, the Société Générale des Téléphones produced a telephone using Brown's handset design, which became popular in Europe.

Notes

1920 deaths
Telephony
19th-century American inventors
Year of birth uncertain
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni


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text:
By glabwrites	Abington School District v. Schempp, American Atheists, An Appetite for Wonder, Engel v. Vitale, Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Richard Dawkins, The Beach Boys, The God Delusion, US Supreme Court
Hot Air Today
When I was a kid back in the mid-1960s, a woman named Madalyn Murray O'Hair was often in the news.
See, she didn't believe in god and, rather than do the right thing and keep her mouth shut about it, she traipsed all over the country telling people she was an atheist. In fact, she even founded a group called American Atheists, a moniker about as contradictory as, say, Obese Marathoners.
Madalyn Murray O'Hair
How she ever found more than one or two other like-minded spawn of Satan in the year 1963 in this holy land is beyond me.
At the time I was a second grader at St. Giles, a Catholic school, under the tutelage of a pack of the sternest nuns this side of the cast of a John Waters movie. The principal was Sister James Mary. When she'd taken her Holy Orders, she assumed the name of a male saint known as a "perpetual virgin" and that of the Virgin Mother of Christ, a double-whammy of the Catholic church's bizarre sexual value system. Sister James Mary — or, as we referred to her, JM — was the toughest, scariest, most brutish, deep-voiced, flinty-eyed bully I ever knew until I was introduced to a gang tough named Little Willie in 1973. Little Willie once beat a guy in the side aisle of the Mercury Theater simply for liking the same girl he did. The poor guy was hospitalized for several weeks, having suffered a concussion, a broken jaw, broken ribs, and a broken arm. Yeah, Little Willie was tough, although I'd hedge my bet on him were he to be matched against JM.
Anyway, Sister James Mary visited our classroom one day in the winter of 1964 wearing her meanest look. We knew she was deadly serious. Even the class clowns, Albert DiPrima and I, refrained from making goofy faces at each other while JM visited that day. She had a message of great import for us. She looked around the room when she spoke and I swear that when her eyes landed on me, the radiant energy emanating from them raised my body temperature a degree and a half.
She told us that a horde of people in this dangerous, dangerous world were trying to rob from us the right to worship our Holy Father. We were to resist them at all costs.
A little background. A couple of years earlier, the US Supreme Court had ruled against school prayer. And then the next year, that same Court had outlawed the reading of the Bible in classrooms. (Never mind that these decisions affected public schools only.) The Court, clearly, was under the thumb of the pagans. At the forefront of this assault on all things godly and good, JM warned, was Madalyn Murray O'Hair. Sister James Mary grimaced when she mentioned O'Hair's name, as if she was about to retch.
At the time I was still trying to be a good sport about all this Catholicism and god business. It would be another five or so years before I finally quit the Church. As an obedient Soldier of Christ at the time, I immediately counted Madalyn Murray O'Hair among the most vile humans on Earth. She, Castro, Kruschev, Lee Harvey Oswald, and the Boston Strangler constituted my personal Axis of Evil in 1964.
I was not alone. Madalyn Murray O'Hair was, according to Life magazine that year, "the most hated woman in America."
That was then.
In the year 2013, it would be an oddity to find a nun who is the principal of a Catholic school. If you do find one, it's a sure bet she's wearing a pantsuit as opposed to a habit and a wimple. And she sure as hell hasn't named herself after a fellow whose claim to fame was his steadfast refusal to have sex.
And, although the world's most famous atheist is still reviled among backwoods fundamentalists and politico-Christianists, he is not ranked among the likes of Bashar al-Assad, whoever the boss of al Qaeda is today, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, and — oh, I don't know, Miley Cyrus? — among the general populace.
As a matter of fact, Richard Dawkins, the world's most famous atheist today, is one of the most respected thinkers on this crazy, mixed-up planet.
Hey, the place has changed a lot in 50 years.
I bring this all up because I just learned that Dawkins' memoir is due to hit the streets in a couple of weeks. The book is An Appetite for Wonder. One of the things I like best about Dawkins is his obvious impatience with theists. He's about as tolerant of believers as he is of the object of their adoration. From his book, The God Delusion:
The God of the Old Testament is arguably the most unpleasant character in all fiction: jealous and proud of it; a petty, unjust, unforgiving control-freak; a vindictive, bloodthirsty ethnic cleanser; a misogynistic, homophobic, racist, infantificidal, genocidal, filicidal, pestilential, megalomaniacal, sadomasochistic, capriciously malevolent bully.
Dear god, I can't wait to read his new book.
One thought on "Hot Air Today"
Carol F. says:
It didn't help Ms. O'Hair she was (gasp) a Woman! No wonder everyone hated her! How dare she speak out — speak the truth (any truth for that matter) — but now, finally a Man is speaking to and for us — thank Gawd (I mean thank not gawd…)