text:
require 'minitest'
require 'minitest/autorun'
require 'redis'
require_relative '../lib/redis_lock'

# Use local redis db 15 for tests
REDIS = Redis.new(db: 15)
unless REDIS.keys.empty?
  puts '[ERROR]: Redis database 15 will be used for tests but is not empty! If you are sure, run "rake flushdb" beforehand.'
  exit!
end

describe RedisLock do
  before do
    REDIS.flushdb # cleanup redis
    RedisLock.configure do |conf|
      conf.redis = REDIS # use test Redis instance
      conf.retry = false # do not retry by default, is more convenient for fast tests
    end
  end

  after do
    RedisLock.configure_restore_defaults # restore defaults
  end

  Minitest.after_run do
    REDIS.flushdb # cleanup redis
  end

  describe ".configure" do
    it "changes the defaults" do
      RedisLock.configure do |conf|
        conf.key = "mykey"
        conf.autorelease = 11
        conf.retry = true
        conf.retry_timeout = 11
        conf.retry_sleep = 11
      end
      lock = RedisLock.new
      lock.key.must_equal "mykey"
      lock.autorelease.must_equal 11
      lock.retry.must_equal true
      lock.retry_timeout.must_equal 11
      lock.retry_sleep.must_equal 11
    end
    it "raises an error if setting an invalid option" do
      proc do
        RedisLock.configure do |conf|
          conf.nonexistingattr = "blabla"
        end
      end.must_raise NoMethodError
    end
  end

  describe ".acquire" do
    describe "with bad redis connection" do
      it "raises a Redis::CannotConnectError" do
        proc {
          RedisLock.acquire(redis: {url: "redis://localhost:1111/15"}){|lock| }
        }.must_raise Redis::CannotConnectError
      end
    end

    it "holds the lock" do
      RedisLock.acquire do |lock|
        lock.acquired?.must_equal true
        RedisLock.acquire do |lock|
          lock.acquired?.must_equal false
        end
      end
    end
    it "releases the lock at the end of the block" do
      RedisLock.acquire do |lock|
        lock.acquired?.must_equal true
      end
      RedisLock.acquire do |lock|
        lock.acquired?.must_equal true
      end
    end
    it "overrides the default config with passed options" do
      RedisLock.acquire(key: 'override', autorelease: 5555) do |lock|
        lock.key.must_equal 'override'
        lock.autorelease.must_equal 5555
      end
    end
    it "does not allow to pass a block with no |lock|" do
      proc {
        RedisLock.acquire(){ puts "I should not have been printed" }
      }.must_raise ArgumentError, "You should use lock"
    end
  end

  describe "initialize" do
    it "uses conf as default values" do
      RedisLock.configure do |conf|
        conf.key = "mykey"
        conf.autorelease = 111
      end
      lock = RedisLock.new
      lock.key.must_equal "mykey"
      lock.autorelease.must_equal 111
    end
    it "uses options to set values different than the defaults" do
      RedisLock.configure do |conf|
        conf.key = "mykey"
        conf.autorelease = 111
      end
      lock = RedisLock.new(key: 'override', autorelease: 5555)
      lock.key.must_equal 'override'
      lock.autorelease.must_equal 5555
    end
    it "initializes a lock that is not acquired" do
      lock = RedisLock.new
      lock.acquired?.must_equal false
    end
    it "raises an ArgumentError if using invalid options" do
      proc do
        RedisLock.new(nonexistingattr: "blabla")
      end.must_raise ArgumentError
    end
  end

  describe "#acquire" do
    describe "with bad redis connection" do
      it "raises a Redis::CannotConnectError" do
        proc do
          lock = RedisLock.new(redis: {url: "redis://localhost:1111/15"})
          lock.acquire
        end.must_raise Redis::CannotConnectError
      end
    end

    it "holds the lock and returs true if acquired" do
      lock1 = RedisLock.new
      lock1.acquire.must_equal true
      lock1.acquired?.must_equal true

      lock2 = RedisLock.new
      lock2.acquire.must_equal false # already acquired by lock1
      lock2.acquired?.must_equal false
    end

    it "holds the lock in the specified key" do
      RedisLock.new(key: 'key1').acquire.must_equal true
      RedisLock.new(key: 'key1').acquire.must_equal false # same key1, already in use
      RedisLock.new(key: 'key2').acquire.must_equal true # key2 is free
      RedisLock.new(key: 'key2').acquire.must_equal false # but not anymore
    end

    it "sets autorelease expiration time" do
      RedisLock.configure do |conf|
        conf.autorelease = 0.005
      end

      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal true
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal false # already acquired
      sleep 0.010
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal true # autoreleased
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal false # already acquired
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal false # already acquired
      sleep 0.010
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal true # autoreleased again
    end

    it "retries with retry, retry_timeout and retry_sleep" do
      RedisLock.new.acquire # locked to make next acquisitions fail, to force them use the retries

      # No retries if retry: false
      lock = RedisLock.new(retry: false)
      lock.acquire.must_equal false
      lock.last_acquire_retries.must_equal 0

      # Number of retries depends on retry_sleep
      lock = RedisLock.new(retry: true, retry_timeout: 0.03, retry_sleep: 0.01)
      lock.acquire.must_equal false
      lock.last_acquire_retries.must_be_within_delta 2, 1 # it should around 1..3 retries

      # Number with less retry_sleep time, there should be more retries
      lock = RedisLock.new(retry: true, retry_timeout: 0.03, retry_sleep: 0.001)
      lock.acquire.must_equal false
      lock.last_acquire_retries.must_be_within_delta 20, 10 # it should around 10..30 retries

      # retry_timeout stops execution
      time = Time.now
      lock = RedisLock.new(retry: true, retry_timeout: 0.03, retry_sleep: 0.01) # small retry_sleep should allow for many more retries
      lock.acquire.must_equal false
      (Time.now - time).must_be_within_delta 0.03, 0.01

      # If the lock becomes available, it stops retrying
      time = Time.now
      lock = RedisLock.new(key: 'key2', autorelease: 0.03)
      lock.acquire.must_equal true
      lock2 = RedisLock.new(key: 'key2', retry: true, retry_timeout: 1, retry_sleep: 0.01)
      lock2.acquire.must_equal true # it was able to get it after it was autoreleased
      lock2.last_acquire_retries.must_be_within_delta 2, 1 # only a few retries because it was available righ after expired
      (Time.now - time).must_be_within_delta 0.03, 0.01
    end
  end

  describe "#release" do
    it 'releases the lock and returns :success' do
      lock  = RedisLock.new
      lock2 = RedisLock.new

      lock.acquire.must_equal true
      lock2.acquire.must_equal false

      lock.release.must_equal :success
      lock2.acquire.must_equal true
      lock.acquire.must_equal false

      lock2.release.must_equal :success
      lock.acquire.must_equal true
    end

    it 'returns :not_acquired if the lock is not acquired first' do
      lock  = RedisLock.new
      lock.acquired?.must_equal false
      lock.release.must_equal :not_acquired
      lock.acquire.must_equal true
      lock.acquired?.must_equal true
      lock.release.must_equal :success
      lock.acquired?.must_equal false
      lock.release.must_equal :not_acquired # we don't hold the lock anymore
    end

    it 'returns :already_released if the lock expired before releasing it' do
      lock = RedisLock.new(autorelease: 0.001)
      lock.acquire.must_equal true
      sleep 0.002
      lock.release.must_equal :already_released
      lock.acquired?.must_equal false
    end

    it 'returns :already_released if the lock expired, and does not remove it from any process that might be using the lock' do
      lock = RedisLock.new(autorelease: 0.001)
      lock.acquire.must_equal true
      sleep 0.002
      lock2 = RedisLock.new
      lock2.acquire.must_equal true # now the lock is owned by lock2

      lock.release.must_equal :already_released # lock releases
      lock.acquired?.must_equal false

      lock2.acquired?.must_equal true # but lock2 still holds the lock
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal false
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal false # that is why the lock can not be acquired by others

      lock2.release.must_equal :success # once lock2 releases
      RedisLock.new.acquire.must_equal true # others can finally get the lock
    end
  end
end


International Relations Office (IRO) UMY is pleased to announce the result of the SIAS International University exchange program administration selection . We would like to take this opportunity to call you to attend the interview section that will be held on Friday, November 04 2016 at 09.00 WIB, IRO office, Ar Fakhrudin B Lt. 1.
Thank you for your attention and wish you all the best, we'll see you soon.


text:
UNITED STATES v. GARDNER
UNITED STATES v. GARDNER (2020)
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Kenneth GARDNER, Defendant-Appellant.
Decided: June 24, 2020
Before: BATCHELDER, STRANCH, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges. Shane N. Cralle, United States Attorney's Office, Detroit, MI, for Plaintiff-Appellee Christopher W. Quinn, II, The Law Offices of Quinn & Associates, Detroit, MI, for Defendant-Appellant
A jury convicted Kenneth Gardner of carjacking, attempted carjacking, conspiracy to commit carjacking, and related firearm offenses. Gardner appeals his conviction, claiming that (1) there was insufficient evidence to support a verdict of guilty; (2) carjacking does not qualify as a "crime of violence" under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and (3) Congress lacked the constitutional authority to enact § 924(c). We find no merit in any of these claims and therefore AFFIRM.
The conspiracy began at a Detroit strip club in August 2017. Gardner and Damon Washington were supposed to be working as doormen at the club and decided instead to rob its patrons. They hatched a simple plan: Gardner would rob the strip club patrons at gunpoint while Washington waited in a nearby getaway car. Washington purchased a gun—a pistol with a green laser sight—and the two began their venture, robbing at least ten people leaving various Detroit strip clubs.
In September 2017, the scheme evolved. Washington and Gardner joined forces with Veronica Sharp, a frequent patron of the MGM Grand Casino's high-limit room, and the three decided to focus on Detroit's casino clientele. They devised the "car-bumping" plan, which went like this: Washington and Sharp would identify a target and call Gardner when the target left the casino; Gardner, waiting outside in a stolen car, would follow the target and "bump" the target's car, causing a fake traffic accident; Gardner would then rob their target at gunpoint; and Washington and Sharp would arrive in time for the trio to escape with their spoils. The team proceeded to execute some version of this plan on at least nine different occasions.
Their first attempt failed. Washington and Sharp identified a man leaving a casino and Gardner followed him onto the highway. When Gardner bumped the man's car, he did not pull over as anticipated, and Gardner abandoned the chase.
Undeterred, the trio planned their next strike. On September 22, Washington and Sharp identified Xianhui Wu and his wife as the evening's victims. When the Wus left the casino in their Toyota Sienna van, Gardner followed the couple onto the highway in a stolen Jeep Cherokee. Washington and Sharp trailed behind in Washington's Dodge Charger. Washington called Gardner as they left the casino so the group could communicate during the robbery.
The Wus drove to their home, which was situated above a restaurant, and a security camera recorded Gardner as he approached the couple. Gardner pointed the gun with the green laser sight at the Wus and demanded their money, cell phones, and car keys. The Wus acquiesced, and Gardner drove away in their Toyota Sienna van. Washington, still on the phone, yelled that Gardner had "just caught a carjacking case" and directed him to abandon the stolen van. R. 94, Tr. Jury Trial Volume 7, PageID#: 1775. Washington picked Gardner up, and the trio split the proceeds from the robbery.
Two days after the Wu robbery, the team targeted Desean McCullough. This time, Washington, who was displeased that Gardner had carjacked the Wus, took the lead to show Gardner "how it was supposed to be done." R. 93, Tr. Jury Trial Volume 4, PageID#: 1674. When McCullough and a woman left the nightclub, Washington, who was driving, and Gardner followed in a stolen vehicle. Sharp trailed behind in Washington's Dodge Charger. Washington bumped McCullough's car and, brandishing his gun, ordered McCullough and the woman to hand over their belongings. Gardner grabbed the items off the ground; Sharp picked up her coconspirators, and the trio escaped.
The next robbery occurred a few days later. Gardner, driving a stolen Dodge Stratus, bumped a couple's car and robbed them at gunpoint. The proceeds from this robbery included only a few dollars and some stolen credit cards. The team used the credit cards to buy gas and drove to Toledo, Ohio, searching unsuccessfully for another victim. When they returned to Detroit the next morning, Gardner bumped and robbed Amy Thompson.
On September 26, the group targeted Lulu Rodriguez.1 Still driving the stolen Dodge Stratus, Gardner bumped Rodriguez's Nissan Sentra; she pulled over and Gardner ordered her at gunpoint to leave her belongings in her car. Gardner drove away in the Nissan Sentra, abandoning the Dodge Stratus. Washington tried to convince Gardner that carjacking was unnecessary, but Gardner insisted that he could sell the carjacked vehicles, and Washington relented.
Although Sharp abandoned the scheme, Washington and Gardner carried on. On September 29, Washington and Gardner spotted John Falendysz and Vince Gerlando leaving a casino. Using the Nissan Sentra stolen from Rodriguez, Gardner bumped Falendysz's Chrysler 300. When Falendysz and Gerlando pulled over, they noticed Gardner's gun's laser beam pointing in their direction and handed over their belongings. Gardner jumped in Falendysz's Chrysler and drove away.2
Later, in the early hours of September 30, Washington and Gardner returned to the casino and targeted Mark Beltarri. As Beltarri left the casino in his Chevrolet Malibu, Gardner followed in a stolen sedan, and Washington trailed in his Dodge Charger. Gardner bumped Beltarri's Chevrolet, and upon exiting his car to inspect the damage, Beltarri saw Gardner's gun, panicked, and ran for the driver's seat. Gardner grabbed the car's front door, Beltarri resisted, and Gardner shot at his head, missing by eighteen inches. Beltarri immediately surrendered his valuables and watched as Gardner drove away in the stolen Chevrolet.
The surge of carjackings prompted Michigan police to investigate. The security footage from one of the casinos allowed officers to link the Dodge Charger to Washington and, after obtaining a warrant, to place a tracking device on Washington's car. On October 1, officers established surveillance. They observed Washington and Gardner follow Ann Wiseley as she left a casino and watched Gardner bump and approach her car. The officers rushed in to stop the imminent carjacking and Gardner threw his gun under Wiseley's car and tried to run away. Police arrested Gardner and recovered the gun, which was loaded with two bullets and equipped with a green laser sight.
The grand jury indicted Gardner on one count of conspiracy to commit carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371; four counts of carjacking and one count of attempted carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119; five counts of using, carrying, and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to the carjacking, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and multiple counts of illegally possessing a firearm by a previously convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
A jury convicted Gardner on all counts. The district court denied Gardner's Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29 motion for judgment of acquittal and sentenced him to thirty-seven years in prison. Gardner timely appealed.
Gardner makes several sufficiency-of-the-evidence claims, arguing that the evidence did not show that he was part of a conspiracy, that he used or carried a firearm, or that he met the carjacking statute's specific-intent requirement of intent to cause death or harm. In reviewing these claims, we examine "the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution," asking whether "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Vichitvongsa, 819 F.3d 260, 270 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)).
Gardner claims that the government failed to introduce sufficient evidence to sustain his conspiracy conviction. The federal conspiracy statute, 18 U.S.C. § 371, requires the government to show: "(1) that the conspiracy was willfully formed and was existing at or about the time alleged; (2) that the defendant willfully became a member of the conspiracy; (3) that one of the conspirators knowingly committed an overt act; and (4) that the overt act was knowingly done in furtherance of the conspiracy." United States v. McGahee, 257 F.3d 520, 530 (6th Cir. 2001).
The government established that the conspirators planned an armed robbery scheme that evolved into a carjacking conspiracy. Gardner no doubt upped the ante when he carjacked the Wus without his coconspirators' assent. But the conspiracy continued, even though Washington and Sharp knew that Gardner would continue to carjack their victims. Indeed, after the Wu carjacking, Gardner carjacked four more victims. A rational juror could infer that such conduct established that each conspirator, even if tacitly, agreed to the evolution of the scheme.
Gardner complains that there is no evidence proving the willful formation of a conspiracy because his coconspirators testified that they never planned to carjack their victims. But "[p]roof of a formal agreement is not necessary; a tacit or material understanding among the parties will suffice." United States v. Calvetti, 836 F.3d 654, 668 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Martinez, 430 F.3d 317, 330 (6th Cir. 2005)). The government established proof of such an understanding among the coconspirators and, accordingly, Gardner's first claim fails.
Gardner also contends that the evidence does not show that he used or carried a firearm during and in relation to the carjacking offenses.3 See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). Four of the firearm convictions corresponded to the completed carjacking offenses and all of the carjacking victims—the Wus, Rodriguez, Falendysz, Gerlando, and Beltarri—testified that Gardner threatened them with a gun when he demanded their vehicles. The government therefore established that Gardner "used" a firearm for purposes of § 924(c). See Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 143, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995), superseded by statute, Bailey Fix Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105-386, 112 Stat. 3469, as recognized in Welch v. United States, ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1267, 194 L.Ed.2d 387 (2016) (explaining that a conviction for "use" of a firearm requires evidence that the firearm was an "operative factor in relation to the predicate offense").4
The government also showed that Gardner "carried" a firearm during the attempted carjacking. See Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125, 136–37, 118 S.Ct. 1911, 141 L.Ed.2d 111 (1998) (broadly interpreting § 924(c)'s carry provision). Police officers recovered Gardner's loaded gun after he threw it under Wiseley's car. That is enough to sustain the conviction. Gardner's arguments to the contrary simply ignore the overwhelming evidence against him.
Gardner's final sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge is premised on the federal carjacking statute's specific-intent requirement, see 18 U.S.C. § 2119, which requires proof that the defendant, when taking a vehicle, had the "intent to cause death or serious bodily harm." See United States v. Mack, 729 F.3d 594, 603–04 (6th Cir. 2013). The government establishes intent if it shows that the defendant possessed "conditional intent" to kill or seriously harm a resisting carjacking victim, "even if the victim did not in fact resist and no attempts to inflict such harm were made." United States v. Adams, 265 F.3d 420, 424 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 10–11, 119 S.Ct. 966, 143 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999)).
This court applies a "brandishing-plus" test where the government has not shown that the defendant physically touched the victim or provided direct proof that the firearm was loaded. United States v. Fekete, 535 F.3d 471, 480–81 (6th Cir. 2008). In that case, circumstantial evidence showing that the gun was loaded or evidence indicating the defendant's conditional intent may satisfy § 2119's specific-intent requirement. United States v. Washington, 714 F.3d 962, 968–69 (6th Cir. 2013).
The government presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that Gardner would have killed or seriously harmed resisting victims. Washington testified that he supplied Gardner with a loaded gun, which Gardner used to commit the carjackings. When police apprehended Gardner on October 2, they found that the gun he had thrown under Wisely's car was loaded. This evidence would allow a rational juror to infer that the firearm was loaded during each carjacking. See id. at 969; Fekete, 535 F.3d at 481–82. Moreover, Beltarri testified that Gardner had actually shot at him as Gardner robbed him and took his car—devastating proof not only that the gun was loaded during that carjacking but also of Gardner's conditional intent to kill or seriously harm any victim refusing to acquiesce to his commands. This insufficient-evidence claim therefore fails.5
Gardner claims that carjacking does not qualify as a "crime of violence" under § 924(c). Gardner failed to raise this claim in the district court, and we accordingly review for plain error, reversing only if there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. Mack, 729 F.3d at 607.
Section 924(c)(3)'s "elements" clause 6 defines "crime of violence" as a felony that "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another." And the federal carjacking statute, 18 U.S.C. § 2119, provides that a person is guilty of carjacking when, "with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm," a person "takes a motor vehicle ․ from the person or presence of another by force and violence or by intimidation."
Gardner argues that carjacking may be accomplished by nonphysical "intimidation." The carjacker might, for example, intimidate through verbal demands or a threatening note. But we have rejected this argument. United States v. Jackson, 918 F.3d 467, 486 (6th Cir. 2019) ("[W]e have held that bank robbery by intimidation necessarily involves the use, attempted use, or threatened use of violent physical force. Because the federal bank robbery and carjacking statutes use identical language, our precedent requires us to conclude—as have the Fourth, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits—that the commission of carjacking by 'intimidation' necessarily involves the threatened use of violent physical force and, therefore, that carjacking constitutes a crime of violence under § 924(c)'s elements clause."). Our published holding in Jackson forecloses Gardner's claim. See 6 Cir. R. 32.1(b); see also Harper v. United States, 792 F. App'x 385, 389 (6th Cir. 2019); Ovalles v. United States, 905 F.3d 1300, 1304 (11th Cir. 2018) (per curiam), abrogated on other grounds by Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069, 1072 (11th Cir. 2019) (per curiam); United States v. Cruz-Rivera, 904 F.3d 63, 66 (1st Cir. 2018); United States v. Evans, 848 F.3d 242, 247–48 (4th Cir. 2017); United States v. Gutierrez, 876 F.3d 1254, 1257 (9th Cir. 2017); United States v. Jones, 854 F.3d 737, 740 (5th Cir. 2017), abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Smith, 957 F.3d 590, 592 n.2 (5th Cir. 2020).
As a last resort, Gardner asserts a constitutional claim in his reply brief. He argues that Congress exceeded its powers under the Commerce Clause in enacting § 924(c) because the statute criminalizes conduct that lacks a jurisdictional nexus to interstate commerce. Cf. United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 562, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995).
There are two procedural problems with this claim. First, Gardner asserts that it is subject to de novo review because a "jurisdictional challenge may be raised for the first time on appeal[.]" Reply Br. at 3. True. But he confuses Congress's authority to legislate for a court's subject-matter jurisdiction. See United States v. Al-Maliki, 787 F.3d 784, 791 (6th Cir. 2015). Second, we do not entertain arguments raised for the first time in an appellant's reply brief. Sanborn v. Parker, 629 F.3d 554, 579 (6th Cir. 2010). We therefore do not review the merits of the constitutional claim.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Gardner's convictions.
1. Sharp and Washington gave conflicting testimony as to whether Sharp quit the scheme before or after the Rodriguez robbery.
2. When Gardner carjacked the Chrysler, Falendysz still had the car's key fob in his pocket. So, while Gardner could drive the Chrysler temporarily, he would not be able to start the car again once he turned it off. Police found Falendysz's abandoned car the next day.
3. The government contends that Gardner waived this argument by failing to assert it in his motion for a judgment of acquittal. But Gardner generally challenged the sufficiency of the evidence as to all of the charged offenses, albeit highlighting specific aspects of his claim. He therefore preserved the argument. See United States v. Love, 553 F. App'x 548, 553 (6th Cir. 2014).
4. The jury separately found that Gardner brandished the gun during the four carjackings and discharged the firearm during the Beltarri carjacking.
5. Gardner also suggests that the district court improperly instructed the jury on § 2119's specific-intent requirement. He points us to the government's first proposed jury instruction, which failed to properly state § 2119's specific-intent requirement. Gardner raised this objection below, and the government agreed, suggesting a new jury instruction that properly stated Fekete's "brandishing-plus" test. See R. 95, PageID#: 1899–1903. The district court relied on the government's suggestion and correctly instructed the jury as to § 2119's intent element. R. 97, PageID#: 2022–23. Hence, the jury instruction that Gardner challenges on appeal was never given to the jury. This argument is simply frivolous.
6. United States v. Davis, ––– U.S. ––––, 139 S. Ct. 2319, 2323–24, 204 L.Ed.2d 757 (2019), invalidated § 924(c)(3)'s "residual" clause. Because carjacking is a crime of violence under § 924(c)'s "elements" clause, we need not analyze Gardner's residual-clause argument. See United States v. Jackson, 918 F.3d 467, 485 (6th Cir. 2019).
ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Large-scale, long-term cocoa flavanol study looking at heart, cognitive health enters recruitment phase
By Hank Schultz
Cocoa flavanols are an ingredient that has been poised at the edge of the runway for a few years now. A new large-scale, long-term study into their cardiovascular and cognitive function benefits that is entering its recruitment phase may help provide the research backing to bring that takeoff roll closer to reality.
The public-private partnership study, first announced last year, was highlighted in a presentation given by principal researcher Dr JoAnn Manson MD at the Future of Food Summit on Wednesday held in Washington, DC. Manson spoke with NutraIngredients-USA after the presentation to give a picture of the study design and what the researchers hope to accomplish.
18,000-strong cohort
The study is a collaboration of Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Harvard Medical School and Mars Inc., which is providing infrastructure help including the test material. The study, which also includes the National Institutes of Health and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, will recruit 12,000 women ages 60 and up and 6,000 men 65 and up. It will follow this cohort for four years of treatment and five years overall said Manson, who is the chief of the division of Preventive Medicine at BWH. The promising results of earlier trials provided a basis for concluding a bigger trial was called for, she said.
"There have been some previous randomized trials that have been smaller and mechanistic in nature," Manson said. "They looked at things like cholesterol levels, lipid levels, blood glucose and insulin resistance. Those are some of the key pathways that have been implicated in heart disease and stroke."
"They have been favorable. Now we are going to looking at clinical events and whether cocoa flavanols lessen the risk of cardiovascular events," she said. "We hope we can translate those earlier favorable results to a reduced risk in heart disease and stroke but you never know. Sometimes mechanistic studies don't translate that way."
Manson said there have also been smaller, mechanistic studies looking at cocoa flavanols' relation to cognitive function. An earlier Mars study found that high cocoa flavanol consumption may help improve cognitive function, possibly though changes in insulin sensitivity. The upcoming large-scale study will look at these effects, too, including memory, decision-making skills, mood, and cognitive performance, Manson said, but won't include the full cohort.
Supplement, not a health food
The new study will use a 600 mg daily dose, divided between two capsules. As to how this might translate into marketplace recommendations in the future, Manson said she believes the future of cocoa flavanols is squarely in the supplement realm, whether as a powdered add on for yogurt or other foods or in a straight pill form. Chocolate is a confection, and not all processing schemes preserve the flavanol content, she said. (Both Mars and Barry Callebaut tout processing methods that do.) Even with raw material that still contains the native flavanol content, a consumer would have to eat 5,000 calories or more worth of chocolate a day to get an effective dose, she said.
The study is designed also to test multivitamins which will be provided by Pfizer, Manson said, so it will be organized in a 2x2 fashion with one group receiving both the flavanols and the vitamins, others receiving one agent and a placebo and the fourth group getting a double placebo.
Manson said the organization work is almost complete and large-scale mailings will be sent out by the end of May. Results from the trial are expected some time after 2020.
Related topics: Health & Wellness, Health and nutritional ingredients, R&D, Bakery, Confectionery
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The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career at The Gleaner: No. 26-30
Kevin Patton
Henderson Gleaner
HENDERSON, Ky. – As my list of most memorable games stretches into the top 30, the Colonel football program bookends this installment with a high and a low.
Memorable games don't always have to be victories. Often it's the losses that stand out.
I'm reminded of long-time Mayfield football coach Jack Morris, who had a 254-50-2 record during his career that included four state championship. When I wrote about his retirement in 1994, I asked if there were any of those wins that stood out other than the state championships. "Not really," he said, "but I can tell you about every one of those losses," he said.
The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career: No. 6-10 The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career: No. 11-15 The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career: No. 16-20 The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career: No. 21-25 The most memorable HCHS games of Kevin Patton's career at The Gleaner: No. 26-30
30. Cols avenge playoff loss to reach state semifinals (Nov. 19, 2004)
After the 4-A regional championship game was tied at 14 in the first quarter, Henderson County scored four straight touchdowns for a 41-21 win over Warren Central to reach the state semifinals and avenge a loss to the Dragons in the regional final from one year before.
Henderson County showed off its array of offensive weapons as five different players scored touchdowns, while the defense limited the Dragons' ground game to 37 yards.
With one of three region titles in a five-year stretch, the third-ranked Colonels took on top-ranked and eventual state champion St. Xavier at Papa John's Cardinal Stadium 32-7 the following week.
The original story:Cols march into state semifinals with 12th straight win
29. Lady Cols charge back to force OT, reach Final Four (March 24, 2006)
Trailing by nine points with under 6:00 to play, Henderson County charged back to send the state quarterfinal game with Elizabethtown into overtime and pulled out a 54-49 victory to reach the Final Four.
The Lady Colonels, who entered the state tournament with a 17-10 record, used a 13-1 run to catch up with the Lady Panthers. A pair of 3-pointers by Whitney Bingemer sparked the comeback.
E-town sent the game into overtime as Alisa Dickerson drove the baseline and was fouled with 0:11.7 left in regulation. Her free throw tied the game at 44.
The Lady Colonels fell to eventual state champion Lexington Catholic 52-39 in the semifinals the next day.
The original story:Lady Cols charge back to force OT, reach Final Four with win over E-town
28. Blocked shot swats away region title hopes (March 11, 2006)
Christian County's C.J. Trotter came from nowhere to swat away Josh Terry's game-tying shot attempt that would have sent the Second Region championship game into overtime.
Instead, Christian County walked away with a 53-51 victory.
"High school sports at its best," Christian County coach Kerry Stovall said of the dramatic finish to the intense contest. "Unbelievable drama. It doesn't get much better. Two teams going head-to-head. Both teams' fans are passionate about it. And then it comes down to a blocked shot at the end to decide who goes to the state tournament."
Christian County's victory started a run of five region titles in six years for Stovall's Colonels.
The original story:Blocked shot by Christian's Trotter foils Henderson's title hopes
27. Lady Cols capture program's first region title (Oct. 23, 2008)
In its seventh season of existence, Henderson County's volleyball program captured its first Second Region champions with a 2-1 victory over regional rival Caldwell County on its home floor.
The key point in the deciding third game came with the Lady Colonels leading 20-17. Jenna Hess played a shot off the basketball goal high in the Caldwell County gym's rafters. Kelsey Shelton's third shot caught the tape and creeped along the top of the net before falling into Caldwell County territory.
Until that point, the deciding game had gone back and forth with nine ties. After Shelton's key point, Henderson County sealed the game with an ace from Elizabeth Hammond and kills from Ashley Crooke and Shelton. The Lady Colonels claimed a 25-20, 22-25, 25-21 victory and advanced to the state tournament for the first time in school history where they lost to Sacred Heart in the first round.
Since 2008, Henderson County has made seven more appearances in the state tournament.
The original story:Young volleyball program captures first regional championship
26. Playoff upset foils Cols' perfect season (Nov. 7, 1997)
Unbeaten and ranked third in the state, Henderson County was upset by Central Hardin, which had a 4-6 record and was the fourth seed in Class 4-A Second District.
All of the scoring came in the first half as both teams scored on two of their first three possessions. The Colonels didn't convert either of their PAT attempts as Central Hardin took the 14-12 win.
Penalties and a pair of second-half interceptions stymied Henderson County's offense.
The following year, the Colonels avenged the loss to Central Hardin 35-0 in the first round of the playoffs.
The original story:Central Hardin upsets unbeaten Colonels in first round of playoffs
Up next: Two regular-season games – one in girls basketball and the other in football – are the only two non-postseason games to make the top 25, so you know they have be great.
Kevin Patton can be reached at kevin.patton@thegleaner.com. Follow him on Twitter @kjpatton67.
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Possibly The Best Airline Magazine In The World
I'm currently consulting with Ink Global Media, the world's largest publisher of airline magazines. My own projects for them are still in the mixer, but we'll do well to get half way close to N, the magazine Ink produces for the smart, increasingly global carrier Norwegian Airlines.
N was narrowly robbed of the UK's top publishing award this year, coming to second to Slimming World at the PPA Award for Customer Magazine of the Year although it did win Launch of the Year in the BSMEs in 2013. But such is the consistency of quality; I can't see it being overlooked in 2015.
Art director Rickard Westin has built a modern, easy-to-read but visually distinctive template that carries some pretty powerful journalism. Together with editor Toby Skinner and deputy editor Mandy Keighran they've published a ton of world-class covers, along with a bunch of smart, clever ideas.
They cover the ground, trying lots of different solutions, with an almost Bloomberg devotion to selling the story as well as possible.
This is their fourth cover in, demonstrating a real attention to detail, along with world-class art theft skills.
Here are a few handy tips on how to beat the cold, courtesy of a regular Norwegian Airlines passenger. Well, maybe not…
Like all airline magazines, N's budgets are small. Which means the team has to be incredibly inventive when it comes to selling abstract ideas. Expect to see this brilliant idea rock up on a few other covers as the weather draws in.
Taking the entire editorial team out of the office to make the magazine elsewhere is not a new idea, but I don't think it's been done with this level of logistical drama.
To produce the Svalbard issue, the editor and art director, along with the deputy editor, a photographer and three members of the sales team relocated to the island in the Arctic north of Norway for a week to interview, roam and shoot.
The magazine presented this tiny Norwegian island in a way that glamourized the locals, flattered the airline, and made me want to go there. It was also, incidentally, a financial success, attracting a wealth of local advertising.
Airline magazines are a unique medium. The audience may be captive, but they're often tired, cranky and looking forward to nothing more than several hours of physical unpleasantness. A good airline magazine has to flatter them, sooth them and inspire them, all the while making sure the airline remains onside and delivering real value to the advertisers, whose dollars fund the whole operation.
As you might imagine, Ink are justifiably proud of this title, so there's a lot more detail about N on the madewithink blog, smartly curated by Ink's Global Editorial Director Andrew Humphreys.
(This post was first made as part of my guest editorship of the SPD blog)
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Last updated: 02:30 PM ET, Thu July 02 2015
Throwback Thursday: Knott's Berry Farm's Kingdom of the Dinosaurs
Entertainment	Gabe Zaldivar July 02, 2015
Image via YouTube
For a short time, Knott's Berry Farm was as much about dinosaurs as it was about Peanuts characters, fried chicken dinners and berry jam.
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It's time once again to revel in the days gone by with an attraction many who visited Southern California from 1987 to 2004 might remember, Kingdom of the Dinosaurs.
I for one can still remember with fondness the wacky, high-pitched warnings of a professor exclaiming, "You're going back in time!" as you meander slowly into the abyss of the famed dark ride.
For those who don't recall the ride, we hope to remedy that here with a piece of warm nostalgia pie.
First, let's take a look at a couple of commercials, the first of which boasts a ride that would scare the pajamas off of you.
Then there was this commercial, which promised kids in the area would get free dinosaur calendar with admission. But stick around for a bumper to one of the best cartoons ever created: "The Real Ghostbusters."
Now if you can't quite remember the exact plot of the ride, the Internet has been a treasure trove in kick starting the memories.
A Bear-ytales blog entry is one of the more complete, offering images along with descriptions of each point of the unforgettable ride.
The LA Times put it simply, when reporting on the theme park's latest ride: "Kingdom of the Dinosaurs took riders on a time-traveling journey from 1920s Los Angeles to the prehistoric era. Filled with animatronic figures, the realistic and majestic dark ride included a Tyrannosaurus rex, brontosaurus, triceratops, stegosaurus and a 32-foot-long apatosaurus."
Then again, you could always just hop in the way-back machine that is YouTube:
If you enjoy your rides with some shtick, enjoy this video with Gary Owens and Eric Boardman.
And, of course, before dinosaurs ruled the theme park, a Bear-y Tales ride resided at that specific park location:
As the LA Times reports, the former dark rides have been washed away by a more immersive experience with a new 4D ride.
Voyage to the Iron Reef offers far more engagement for visitors, but there is something endearing about slowly moving animatronic dinosaurs.
We can't help but keep a space open in our heart for a slow, sensible ride back in time to the age of now extinct monsters and beasts.
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August 1 – Thor's Reptile Family!
Take a safari around the world to learn about the lives of arthropods, amphibians and reptiles of all sizes. An educational and entertaing show featuring herbivores, carnivores, insectivores and omnivores, Oh my!


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The Greatest Showman: New Trailer, Poster and Pics
"The impossible comes true"
20th Century Fox is starting to roll out the red carpet for its big Christmas box office push The Greatest Showman, starring Oscar nominees Hugh Jackman and Michelle Williams.
Inspired by the imagination of P.T. Barnum, The Greatest Showman is an original musical that celebrates the birth of show business & tells of a visionary who rose from nothing to create a spectacle that became a worldwide sensation.
With original music and lyrics from the Oscar and Tony-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (La La Land and Dear Evan Hansen, respectively) and a script by Oscar-winner Bill Condon, The Greatest Showman opens December 20th and also stars Zac Efron, Zendaya, Rebecca Ferguson and Kaela Settle.
Tags: benj pasek dear evan hansen hugh jackman justin paul kaela settle la la land michelle williams rebecca ferguson the greatest showman zac efron zendaya
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Traditionally Kalispel territory encompassed Lake Pend Oreille along the Pend Oreille River into eastern Washington, and east along the Clark Fork River into Montana. They established year-round settlements near present-day Laclede, on both sides of the river, and at the mouth of the Clark Fork River, where 300-400 Kalispel lived. There were additional permanent villages in eastern Washington, as well as numerous seasonal camps, including one near present-day Sandpoint.
Long before white explorers came to the Pend d'Oreille country, an old Indian trail from Spokane River ran through Rathdrum prairie and crossed the Pend d'Oreille at Sineacateen (a name which comes from the Kalispell or Pend d'Oreille word for crossing-of-the-waters), located close to the present site of Laclede. Then the trail continued northward across the Kootenai at Bonner's Ferry.
Idaho was the last state to be explored by European and American explorers. Lewis and Clark crossed into Idaho in August 1805 on their journey of exploration for the United States government. Their route took them far south of present-day Bonner County, over Lolo Pass and down the Clearwater River.
While many explorers gained great fame, including Lewis and Clark, our area was first exploited by David Thompson: the determined and intrepid Canadian trading expedition leader who led the first white men to the shores of Lake Pend Oreille in the fall of 1809. His contemporary, the great explorer Alexander Mackenzie, remarked that Thompson did more in ten months than he would have thought possible in two years.
Painting by David Manchess. Retracing the steps of Canadian explorer and mapmaker David Thompson, Manchess traveled into remote Saskatchewan to see the wilderness firsthand. "It's inspiring to stand in the same spot where an explorer stood 200 years before and discover that nothing has changed," Manchess says. ©1996 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.
Thompson served as explorer, map maker, and trader for the Canadian North West Company, a rival in the fur trade with Hudson's Bay Company. Although he was in Idaho for a total of only sixty-eight days over several years, Thompson's impact was tremendous. He not only expanded the fur trade into the Inland Northwest and established the first trading post on Lake Pend Oreille, Kullyspell House, but he also located all the practical routes of travel. Kullyspell House still stands on the Hope Peninsula, and longevity of the building is a testament to the fortitude of the man. Soon after Thompson set up Salish House in Montana later in 1810, a year after David Thompson established a North West Company fur trade post on Lake Pend d'Oreille, and some of his trappers came down this trail to found Spokane House west of Spokane Falls where the later city of Spokane was built. Thompson's Pend d'Oreille post (Kullyspell, or Kalispell House) proved to be an unfortunate location: on November 14, 1811, Thompson decided to abandon it because the Kalispell (or Pend d'Oreille) Indians did "not hunt, but only gamble & keep the men starving. . . ." So he sent his trappers back to Spokane House. But Finnan MacDonald (who had a Pend d'Oreille wife) continued to work with the Pend d'Oreille band, which often camped at Sineacateen. By the spring of 1813, rival Astorian fur traders were on hand at MacDonald's Pend d'Oreille camp at Sineacateen. In an effort to rush in a stock of tobacco for more effective competition for furs in the Pend d'Oreille camp, the Astorian gained a temporary advantage. But MacDonald, who regularly helped his Pend d'Oreille associates fight the Blackfeet, came out ahead in the long run. The North West Company emerged in control of the Spokane-Pend d'Oreille country, and MacDonald spent many years enjoying "the fascinating pleasures of the far-famed Spokane House." Whenever he took his wife to see their Pend d'Oreille relatives, he still traveled over the old Indian trail past Sineacateen.
Trappers and traders continued to sporadically make their way to the region throughout the first half of the century, along with many missionaries, mainly Jesuits, called "Kaniksu" (Black Robes in Indian). In the years after the fur trade, the Indians continued to camp on their travels at Sineacateen. The North West Company was not alone in trying to harvest furs in the Pacific Northwest. Hudson's Bay Company maintained a chain of posts throughout the region and absorbed its opponent in 1821. The fur trade continued into the 1840s, but its importance declined as the years went on.
As more Europeans and Americans arrived, they displaced the Indian tribes that originally lived in the region.
However, efforts to establish a reservation for the Kalispel failed, and tensions between the two cultures increased. Michael, leader of the upper Kalispel, signed a treaty with the government in Sandpoint in 1887, but Masselow, leader of the Lower Kalispel, refused to agree to its terms. As a result, Congress never ratified the treaty.
In 1914, the Kalispel finally received more than 4,500 acres of land for a reservation in eastern Washington. Members of the tribe continued to travel in and out of Bonner County into the 1930s, following some of their traditional seasonal activities.
Father DeSmet arrived in 1846. He marked a lake in the Selkirk Mountain range as "Roothan" honoring his superior in Italy. Captain John Mullan, builder of the Army's Mullan road, likewise saw the mountain gem and named it "Lake Kaniksu" on his map in 1865. This mountain-ringed body of water later became known as Priest Lake.
Two major survey projects introduced more newcomers to northern Idaho. Isaac Stevens directed a transcontinental railroad survey in the early 1850s, exploring several possible routes across Idaho. One along the northern shore of Lake Pend Oreille later became the route chosen by the Northern Pacific Railroad.
British and American surveyors camped in what is now Bonner County in 1860-1861 as they worked their way north to mark the international boundary. Survey crews established a supply depot at Sineacateen in 1860, and another one farther north at Chelemta, near present-day Bonners Ferry. From there crews moved north to the border, which they marked with a wide swath cut through the forest. Artist James Alden accompanied the American team, recording their activities much as a photographer would today.
The decade of the 1860s brought a flurry of activity to northern Idaho. Gold was discovered in 1863 on Wild Horse Creek in British Columbia and the next year near Helena, Montana. Thousands of miners swarmed through Idaho on their way to the new diggings. While those heading for Wild Horse followed the old Indian trail that David Thompson had used, miners going to Montana had the option of taking the recently completed Mullan military road (the route of Interstate 90) or the trail around Lake Pend Oreille. A steady stream of pack trains passed over both routes, taking supplies to the new camps.
The naming of Bonner County is a memorial to an outstanding pioneer of the north area – Edwin L. Bonner, who came here in 1863 and purchased the right to build and operate a ferry on the Kootenai river from old Chief Abraham of the Kootenai tribe at the ferry site less than 30 miles from Canada.
John and Ken EXCLUSIVEEmbattled Dan Richards on attempts to oust him.


The following quote is the beginning of The Law by Frederic Bastiat, a 19th Century French philosopher and economist. Bastiat understood the concepts which originate in Natural and Divine Law and that had been echoed by Samuel Rutherford, John Locke, and Thomas Jefferson. He understood the issues and wrote a thorough, though short, analysis of the issues and distortions of the eternal truths being presented in his day. I hope that we can learn from what he and others left for us so that we do not follow the all to familiar path of freedom to complacency to tyranny.
I have been teaching a course on the Foundations of Freedom to a group of homeschool students. One of their assignments was to write a speech. The context was this: You are having dinner with the president of the United States and he says to you "The U.S. is the most free country in the world." How do you respond? Do you agree or disagree? Write a speech using arguements and evidence to back up your position.
I chose to write a speech that met my requirements to present to the students after they had given their speeches. The text of that speech is below.
I haven't traveled around the world, so I have no ability to compare America to other nations other than by reading news articles. Because of my lack of experience in this area, I cannot agree with or deny the idea that America is free compared to other nations. However, I think that I can evaluate the America I see against the ideal of freedom as I have studied it. Great and wise people through history have written about freedom, liberty, law, politics and economics. They left in their writings the history of their experiences and the conclusions to which they came based on those experiences. Drawing on their writings and my own experience, I can propose an ideal of freedom, liberty and law and we can compare America to that ideal.
Liberty under law. That was the cry of the liberal thinkers of the 18th and 19th centuries: thinkers such as Adam Smith, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Jefferson, Frederic Bastiat and others. They, and I, believe that man should be free to act as he wills as long as he does not harm others, either by encroachment or by breaking his word. This, then, shows us what law is to do. Law must prevent encroachment and uphold promises which today we call contracts.
Should law tell us what we should do? Never! Law should always be stated in the negative. Law should tell us clearly and concisely what we are prohibited from doing. And what are the realms where man should be protected from encroachment? First, and most important, is life. The law should uphold man's life, the life that man was given by God. God, in giving life to man, expected that man would sustain his life. This thought leads us to the second realm into which the law should prevent encroachment: liberty. If man has life, but is prevented from applying his mind and muscle to the world in order to provide himself with food, clothes and shelter, how can he sustain his life? The law must uphold and prevent encroachment into man's liberty - the application of his faculties to the natural world. And what of the products of a man's ideas and action? Does not the chair formed by the carpenter out of wood the carpenter cut in the forest belong to the carpenter? Does not the produce of the tilled and planted field belong to the one who tilled and planted it? Thus we find that third, the law should protect a man's property - that property being the product of his liberty and the natural resources of the world. In these three realms, and in these three only, should the law prevent certain actions.
Let us consider for a moment the ideas of politics - politics being the art of governance. Government consists of three parts: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative part examines these three realms of law and the situations of the day and proposes ways of wording documents which embody the three realms of law in applicable ways such to prevent encroachment and uphold contracts. The executive provides for ways that these documents of legislation be enforced. The judicial is the part which examines situations and determines whether encroachment occurred or contracts were broken and proposes a solution which attempts to alleviate the harm of the situation.
How can we be sure that the politicians and people do not pervert the law for their own selfish gain or the gain of others? After all, Lord Acton upon examining the governments and political systems of the world penned that "Power corrupts." How can we keep the governing bodies from becoming corrupted and thus corrupting the law? Two immediate answers come to mind. First, the power of any political group, whether legislative, executive, or judicial, must be limited. In addition, the power of the people themselves must be checked. But what can check the power of the people? John Adams wrote of America, "We have no government armed with power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. Avarice, ambition, revenge, or gallantry would break the strongest cords of our Constitution as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other." Thus we see that second, a foundational morality, a religious virtue, is necessary to prevent the degradation of the law. Unless the people hold to a moral code, they will pervert the law in any way they feel it will benefit them. After all, it is this moral code under the law which makes the law right and without moral backing the law loses any real meaning.
What kind of government, then, can prevent such decay? Plato proposed that the polis or state should be ruled by a philosopher. He felt that the wise could be trusted to hold power, absolute power, and not abuse it. Yet anywhere that we look in history where a single ruler held absolute power, corruption, oppression and tyranny ensued. Think back to the ancient kings of Egypt, Israel and Babylon, the Caesars of Rome, and the modern tyrants such as Hitler in Germany, Franco in Spain, Stalin in the U.S.S.R. and Hussein in Iraq. No, we cannot trust a single ruler nor even an oligarchy or an aristocracy. A single individual or a small group of individuals will be corrupted if they hold power over the people. What form of government, then, can we choose? A democracy? A rule of the people, by the people?
To evaluate the ability of democracy to uphold and prevent the corruption of the law and limit political power, let us think back to the city of Athens in ancient Greece. In the setting of Athens was one Socrates. Here he was born, lived, and died. He spent much of his life asking questions, ever seeking wisdom and truth. As Socrates questioned people, the ignorance of many who were considered wise was made plain, to the embarrassment of the same. Socrates even questioned the religious customs of himself and his people. He gathered about himself a group of men who, like him, wished to see the truth and Socrates began to influence these young people. But by asking such questions, Socrates had made many enemies - enemies who began to seek his destruction. In time Socrates was brought to trial on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth. He was tried before a jury of Athenians, found guilty and sentenced to death. And yet, Socrates was guilty of neither charge. Justice, the rule of law, in Athens was set aside to silence an undesirable citizen. So we see that democracy, the rule by the people, can easily pervert the law. But what of limiting power? Does democracy prevent the consolidation of power into the hands of a group or single person? Let us consider the Greek statesman Pericles. Pericles was contemporary with Socrates and was powerful politician. So powerful, in fact, that the Greek historian Thucydides wrote that government under Pericles was as rule by a single great man. Pericles held such power that the people simply followed him. They followed him into the Peloponnesian war - a war against Sparta which they lost, a war which was started only for the purpose of building an Athenian empire. The danger of democracy is just as troubling today. When the general mass of people rules, they will soon learn that they can band together to pervert the law to their own benefit. No check on the power of the people exists and the people, through legislation, will pervert justice and cease to uphold proper law. What a democracy gives is, in the words of John Stuart Mill, a tyranny of the majority.
To what system of governance can we then turn? Does any system of governance place law at the foundation and limit the power of all? There is, perhaps, one type of government which can provide these needs - a republic. But, what is a republic? Isn't it just another name for a democracy? Some may use republic and democracy interchangeably, but their ideas of governance are worlds apart. The foundational idea of a republican form of government is the rule of law - law which prevents encroachment and upholds contracts. The main idea of a republic is that no one, not even the government, may disobey the law. The workings of a republic can vary but they generally divide power into three sectors: legislative, executive and judicial. Of these, judicial is most important, since, under a republic, law is the foundation. Certainly the people have a part to play in a republic, but the power of the people is checked by the law, because the law is based on morality and cannot be changed by the will of the majority. Thus we see that a republican form of government can uphold the law and prevent the consolidation of power into the hands of a few. This form of government protects all under it, for the legal rights of the minority cannot be trampled by the majority.
Let us return to our main question of freedom of America. How does America stand up to these ideals of law and governance? Do we Americans have liberty under law? Are the rights of the minority upheld against a majority? Is power limited so that people can remain free?
Today it is quite popular to refer to America as a democracy. More and more people forget that the background of law, law based on morality, was the foundation of America. President Bush, in his State of the Union address in 2005, spoke of "the role of courts in our democracy" thus denying our republican heritage. In contrast, Benjamin Franklin, when asked after the Constitutional Convention about the form of government which had been decided upon, replied "A republic, madam, if you can keep it." One may wonder what brought about the change in our understanding of the fundamentals of our government. Did we desire a democracy more than a republic and change the effective governance ourselves? Perhaps a change in the religious and moral background of the people of America is the cause. The Christian tradition upholds the ideals of liberty under law and limited government as manifested in a republic while the Humanist tradition, as it states in the Humanist Manifesto II, is "committed to an open and democratic society."
How does this democracy affect the freedom and security of Americans today? Because of the change in the conception of government and law, our Congress has ceased to operate as a legislature and now operates as a supreme law giver. This democratic system has flooded our nation with laws, laws of human invention not rooted in natural law or morality. The law no longer tells us what is prohibited in the name of protecting life, liberty, property and contracts; rather it tells us how we should live and act and forces upon us obligations which remove property, liberty and even life. The law of America has been perverted; it allows the seizing of property from it rightful owners and the giving of it to others, it restricts the liberty of the people to freely conduct business and govern their own affairs, and it allows the arbitrary taking of human life.
No, America is not free. We have given up the limits of government which would protect us from arbitrary power. We have cast aside the foundation of law as supreme which would safeguard from the whimsical will of the people our natural rights of life, liberty, property and contracts. We have discarded natural law and morality for our share in the spoils of the plundering political law. America has indeed abandoned liberty and law.


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Home > September 2017 - Volume 6 - Issue 3 > Metabolic clinic for individuals with HIV/AIDS: a commitmen...
Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw at Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Metabolic clinic for individuals with HIV/AIDS: a commitment and vision to the future of HIV services
Ahmed, Mohamed H.a; Woodward, Clareb; Mital, Dushyantb
Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism: September 2017 - Volume 6 - Issue 3 - p 109–112
doi: 10.1097/XCE.0000000000000128
One of the biggest current challenges in managing an ageing cohort living with the HIV is handling dyslipidaemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Combination antiretroviral therapy decrease mortality and morbidity in HIV patients, but lead to increase in insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, abnormalities of fat distribution and high risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a metabolic clinic was established for individuals living with HIV in the Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The clinic meets considerable demands by service users and hence has the potential to be popular. This review focuses on the importance of the development of a metabolic clinic for the purpose of audit, research, teaching and exchange of knowledge between HIV specialists and the metabolic team in the management of complex cases. Therefore, the metabolic clinic should be an integral part of HIV services especially as the cohort of the 'older' HIV population increases.
Departments of aMedicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic
bHIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Milton Keynes University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, UK
Correspondence to Mohamed H. Ahmed, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK6 5LD, UK Tel/fax +44 1908 86363; e-mail: elziber@yahoo.com
Received December 14, 2016
Accepted May 30, 2017
Diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and HIV
Dyslipidaemia in HIV patients
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and HIV
Cardiovascular risk and HIV disease
Why is it important to establish metabolic clinics for HIV ...
HIV per se can lead to diabetes, dyslipidaemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); therefore, it is not surprising that HIV showed an independent effect on cardiovascular risk 1–3. Each of these metabolic factors was also reported with the administration of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) 2,4,5. For instance, dyslipidaemia is reported in around 82.3% of HIV patients receiving antiretroviral medication 6. Furthermore, in addition to dyslipidaemia, the cART medication in HIV patients is associated with an increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes 6–8. The increase in the ageing population of HIV patients may also lead to an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The prevalence of CVD was found to be around 23% in elderly individuals with HIV 5. It is well recognized that HIV is a multisystem disorder and this may significantly lead to an increase in mortality. One study showed an increased percentage of death attributable to cardiac, renal and hepatic disease among HIV patients treated with cART 5. The aim of this article is to review the challenges of obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and NAFLD in HIV patients and the potential benefits of metabolic clinic as an integral part of HIV services.
Several studies from Africa, the Far East and South America showed an increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes in particular with cART 9–13. In one study, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 2.1% 14. The prevalence of diabetes in Western HIV populations ranges from 2.6 to 14% in those with treated HIV in various cohort studies 15. Importantly, pre-existing hypertension, obesity and diabetes increased the risk of dyslipidaemia or the changes in body configuration associated with cART such as central obesity, truncal obesity and lipoatrophy, and these may all increase the risk of diabetes mellitus 16. This is likely because of the fact that HIV represents a chronic inflammatory condition and this may lead to both dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance 17. HIV and cART medication may impair lipid metabolism and increase triglycerides and the risk of insulin resistance. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress, impaired function of adipokines and transcript factors (adiponectin, leptin, sterol regulatory-binding proteins and peroxisomal proliferatory activator receptors α and γ lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy) may also lead to insulin resistance and diabetes 7,18–20. Importantly, protease inhibitors (PIs) are not only associated with dyslipidaemia because of mitochondrial toxicity but also hyperglycaemia because of inhibition of glucose transporter type 4, and this leads to inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and an increase in triglyceride levels and insulin resistance 21. Furthermore, treatment with PI and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-containing regimens was associated with the risk of development of type 2 diabetes mellitus 22.
High cholesterol and triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are common features of HIV dyslipidaemia 18. Common medications used in the treatment of HIV are PIs, NRTIs and non-NRTIs 23, and these can also precipitate dyslipidaemia. For instance, administration of cART is associated with decreased HDL-c, increased very low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased total cholesterol. PI-based regimes are associated with incidences of dyslipidaemia in 70 and 80% of patients in the form of high triglycerides, LDL and decreased HDL-c and accumulation of Apo-E and Apo-C III 24. PIs are also associated with central obesity, lipoatrophy and insulin resistance 25. The PIs mediate this effect through inhibition of lipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation and decrease in the hepatocyte clearance of hepatic chyliomicron and very LDL and stimulation of hepatic synthesis of triglycerides 24. Other medications such as NRTIs are also associated with high triglycerides and lipoatrophy, apart from tenofovir, which appears to be a good choice when dyslipidaemia is an issue with the administration of NRTIs 25. Furthermore, NRTIs such as abacavir and didanosine are associated with an independent risk of myocardial infarction in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drug (DAD) study 4, whereas nevirapine protected against low HDL-c level and efavirenz is associated with an increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides 26. Pravastatin, atorvastatin and rousvastatin are good choices in the treatment of HIV dyslipidaemia.
The presence of insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and lipoatrophy are all precursor factors that lead to the development of NAFLD, which refers to a wide spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis 27. The estimated prevalence of NAFLD in a population without HIV is believed to be around 25–35% worldwide 28. The prevalence of NAFLD in Asian patients with HIV is estimated to be around 31% and was associated with high BMI, dyslipidaemia and a high alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio 29. In a population-based study, the prevalence of NAFLD was found to be around 26% and associated with an increase in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and insulin resistance 30. Importantly, HIV patients with hepatitis C can also have NAFLD 31,32. Furthermore, NAFLD gained significant scientific attention because of the fact that it is considered a common and fast-growing liver disease worldwide, with an increase in both mortality and morbidity 28. The association between NAFLD and HIV and antiretroviral treatment has been reported in several studies 33–35. This is likely because of the association of NAFLD with insulin resistance and the high risk of CVD and dyslipidaemia 26,27. NAFLD is common in HIV patients and is associated with greater visceral adiposity and insulin resistance 36. The only effective therapy for NAFLD is weight loss and the use of statin with NAFLD appears to be safe and effective.
The increase in the risk of CVD in HIV patients was shown in several studies. In the DAD study 4 that investigated the impact of diabetes and pre-existing coronary heart disease (CHD) on the development of a new CHD episode among 33 347 HIV-infected individuals, it was shown that the rate of a CHD episode was 7.52 times higher in those with pre-existing CHD than in those without pre-existing CHD, but it was only 2.41 times higher in those with pre-existing diabetes mellitus compared with those without diabetes mellitus 37. The DAD study also showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased from 19.4 to 41.6% within 6 years 38. Triant et al.39 showed that HIV is associated with an increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction in HIV patients in comparison with non-HIV patients, and this is likely because of the higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia in the HIV cohort. Importantly, PIs are also associated with a higher risk of incidence of myocardial infarction and this in part because of dyslipidaemia 40. Because of the fact that individuals with HIV live longer, an increase in comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidaemia, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and CVD was noted 14. It is plausible to suggest that this will lead to a significant burden on health resources in the near future unless correct strategies are planned carefully. Therefore, we have established the metabolic clinic as part of the integral HIV services in Milton Keynes University Hospital and it is one of the leading metabolic clinics for HIV patients in UK.
Why is it important to establish metabolic clinics for HIV patients?
The metabolic clinic in Milton Keynes University Hospital is a weekly clinic that runs within the HIV clinic. Patients see a specialist in metabolic medicine and a dietician. A thirty minute meeting before the beginning of the clinic is allocated for discussion of cases between the metabolic team and HIV consultants. At present, this is not a referral clinic, but is part of the future expansion of the services. It is funded by the National Health Service and the system is currently sustainable. The 'inclusion criteria' for entry into the metabolic clinic are as follows:
over weight and obesity,
underweight,
dyslipidaemia,
diabetes,
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,
hypogonadism and low testosterone,
other endocrine disorders such as (high calcium, thyroid dysfunction).
Recently, a cardiology clinic was established for HIV patients in London 41. It is possible to suggest that a more specialist input (nephrology, neurology and oncology) will be a part of the HIV services. Several factors can be counted for why it is important to establish a metabolic clinic:
Running a metabolic clinic within the same HIV department makes patients feel more comfortable with the same staff who care for their HIV management in a seamless way.
A metabolic clinic reviews HIV patients with dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity, NAFLD, hypogonadism and impotence, and we also recommend treatment for HIV patients with definitive cardiovascular risk factors (Fig. 1). As the clinic is relatively new (2 years old), we are in the process of establishing a guideline for patients with multimorbidity.
A metabolic database is available for the purpose of auditing, research and teaching.
The clinic provides a platform for exchange of ideas and knowledge between HIV specialists and the metabolic team, especially for the management of complex dyslipidaemia and CVD. The infectious disease physician is also a part of the multidisciplinary team meeting team in managing HIV and medications as part of the metabolic disease.
HIV patients live longer and encounter a series of challenging metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, NAFLD, vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of CVD. The dyslipidaemia can be because of HIV infection or may be induced by HIV medication. The metabolic clinic will not only meet the clinical demand for clinical services but also provide a useful opportunity to collect data for future clinical research and auditing. In view of the fact that we will soon face the challenge of an ageing population of HIV patients, the metabolic clinic could also be used to train future HIV physicians/metabolic medicine physicians/endocrinologists and elderly care physicians in the management of these complex metabolic disorders (Fig. 1).
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2. Mallewa JE, Higgins SP, Garbett S, Saxena N, Vilar FJ. Cardiovascular disease risk management in HIV patients, experiences from Greater Manchester. Int J STD AIDS 2009; 20:425–426.
3. Calza L, Colangeli V, Manfredi R, Bon I, Re MC, Viale P. Clinical management of dyslipidaemia associated with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1451–1465.
4. Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, Dabis F, et al. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet 2008; 371:1417–1426.
5. Penzak SR, Chuck SK, Stajich GV. Safety and efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for treatment of hyperlipidemia in patients with HIV infection. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20:1066–1071.
6. Hejazi N, Rajikan R, Choong CL, Sahar S. Metabolic abnormalities in adult HIV infected population on antiretroviral medication in Malaysia: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:758.
7. Grinspoon SK, Grunfeld C, Kotler DP, Currier JS, Lundgren JD, Dube MP, et al. State of the science conference: initiative to decrease cardiovascular risk and increase quality of care for patients living with HIV/AIDS: executive summary. Circulation 2008; 118:198–210.
8. Chu C, Umanski G, Blank A, Meissner P, Grossberg R, Selwyn PA. Comorbidity-related treatment outcomes among HIV-infected adults in the Bronx, NY. J Urban Health 2011; 88:507–516.
9. Kagaruki GB, Mayige MT, Ngadaya ES, Kimaro GD, Kalinga AK, Kilale AM, et al. Magnitude and risk factors of non-communicable diseases among people living with HIV in Tanzania: a cross sectional study from Mbeya and Dar es Salaam regions. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:904.
10. Ngala RA, Fianko K. Dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia in HIV-infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy in Kumasi Metropolis. Afr Health Sci 2013; 13:1107–1116.
11. Jantarapakde J, Phanuphak N, Chaturawit C, Pengnonyang S, Mathajittiphan P, Takamtha P, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1 infected Thai adults. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2014; 28:331–340.
12. Tesfaye DY, Kinde S, Medhin G, Megerssa YC, Tadewos A, Tadesse E, et al. Burden of metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients in Southern Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8:102–107.
13. Paula AA, Schechter M, Tuboi SH, Faulhaber JC, Luz PM, Veloso VG, et al. Continuous increase of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and non-HIV related cancers as causes of death in HIV-infected individuals in Brazil: an analysis of nationwide data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94636.
14. Menezes de Padua CA, Moura CS. Availability of data on adverse reactions to antiretroviral drugs in medical charts according to the naranjo algorithm: an example of a Brazilian historical cohort. Clin Drug Investig 2014; 34:395–402.
15. Mascolini M. Making sense of diverse diabetes rate reports in HIV cohorts by page. A Publication of the Center for AIDS information and Advocacy. Available at: http://www.thebodypro.com/content/75944/making-sense-of-diverse-diabetes-rate-reports-in-h.html?; 2015. pp. 5–8.
16. Tripathi A, Jerrell JM, Liese AD, Zhang J, Rizvi AA, Albrecht H, et al. Association of clinical and therapeutic factors with incident dyslipidemia in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and non-infected adults: 1994–2011. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2013; 11:417–426.
17. Dube MP, Stein JH, Aberg JA, Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG, Tashima KT, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy: recommendations of the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Disease Society of America and the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:613–627.
18. Grinspoon S, Carr A. Cardiovascular risk and body-fat abnormalities in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:48–62.
19. Lo J, Grinspoon S. Cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: does HIV infection in and of itself increase cardiovascular risk? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2008; 3:207–213.
20. Echeverria P, Domingo P, Llibre JM, Gutierrez M, Mateo G, Puig J, et al. Prevalence of ischemic heart disease and management of coronary risk in daily clinical practice: results from a Mediterranean cohort of HIV-infected patients. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:823058.
21. Hruz PW, Murata H, Mueckler M. Adverse metabolic consequences of HIV protease inhibitor therapy: the search for a central mechanism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E549–E553.
22. Ledergerber B, Furrer H, Rickenbach M, Lehmann R, Elzi L, Hirschel B, et al. Factors associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:111–119.
23. Bittar R, Giral P, Aslangul E, Assoumou L, Valantin MA, Kalmykova O, et al. Determinants of low-density lipoprotein particle diameter during antiretroviral therapy including protease inhibitors in HIV-1-infected patients. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:855–860.
24. Fauvel J, Bonnet E, Ruidavets JB, Ferrieres J, Toffoletti A, Massip P, et al. An interaction between apo C-III variants and protease inhibitors contributes to high triglyceride/low HDL levels in treated HIV patients. AIDS 2001; 15:2397–2406.
25. Vigano A, Aldrovandi GM, Giacomet V, Merlo M, Martelli L, Beretta S, et al. Improvement in dyslipidaemia after switching stavudine to tenofovir and replacing protease inhibitors with efavirenz in HIV-infected children. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:917–924.
26. Bernal E, Masia M, Padilla S, Gutierrez F. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients: evidence for an association with HIV-1 viral load, antiretroviral therapy status, and regimen composition. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2008; 22:569–575.
27. Ahmed MH, Husain NE, Almobarak AO. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease and risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: what is important for primary care physicians? J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4:45–52.
28. Ahmed MH, Barakat S, Almobarak AO. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease: has the time come for cardiologists to be hepatologists? J Obes 2012; 2012:483135.
29. Nishijima T, Gatanaga H, Shimbo T, Komatsu H, Nozaki Y, Nagata N, et al. Traditional but not HIV-related factors are associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian patients with HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87596.
30. Sterling RK, Smith PG, Brunt EM. Hepatic steatosis in human immunodeficiency virus: a prospective study in patients without viral hepatitis, diabetes, or alcohol abuse. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47:182–187.
31. Machado MV, Oliveira AG, Cortez-Pinto H. Hepatic steatosis in patients co infected with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus: a meta-analysis of the risk factors. Hepatology 2010; 52:71–78.
32. Bani-Sadr F, Barange K, Daoud F, Jacomet C, Bicart-See A, Rosenthal E, et al. Persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients: the role of steatosis. HIV Med 2009; 10:417–421.
33. Lemoine M, Serfaty L, Capeau J. From nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:10–16.
34. Arendt BM, Mohammed SS, Ma DW, Aghdassi E, Salit IE, Wong DK, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV infection associated with altered hepatic fatty acid composition. Curr HIV Res 2011; 9:128–135.
35. Crum-Cianflone N, Krause D, Wessman D, Medina S, Stepenosky J, Brandt C, et al. Fatty liver disease is associated with underlying cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected persons(*). HIV Med 2011; 12:463–471.
36. Price JC, Seaberg EC, Latanich R, Budoff MJ, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ Jr, et al. Risk factors for fatty liver in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:695–704.
37. Worm SW, De WS, Weber R, Sabin CA, Reiss P, El-Sadr W, et al. Diabetes mellitus, preexisting coronary heart disease, and the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease events in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D Study). Circulation 2009; 119:805–811.
38. Worm SW, Friis-Moller N, Bruyand M, D'Arminio MA, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, et al. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients: impact of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome. AIDS 2010; 24:427–435.
39. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2506–2512.
40. Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, Weber R, Monforte A, El-Sadr W, et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1723–1735.
41. Koganti S, Kinloch-de Loes S, Hutchinson S, Johnson M, Rakhit RD. Management of cardiovascular conditions in a cohort of patients with HIV: experience from a joint HIV/cardiology clinic. Clin Med (Lond) 2015; 15:442–446.
dyslipidaemia; human immunodeficiency virus; insulin resistance; metabolic clinic
Why is it important to establish metabolic clinic...
Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism6(3):109-112, September 2017.
Articles in PubMed by Mohamed H. Ahmed
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dyslipidaemia
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Sinlung / Arunachal Pradesh
By November, Rajdhani Express to Reach Arunachal Pradesh
By Avishek G Dastidar
Indian Railways is set to kick off the Rajdhani Express between Arunachal Pradesh and New Delhi by November.
New Delhi, Sep 23 : Arunachal Pradesh agrees to relax the rigid norm of inner-line permit for passengers with reserved tickets.
The Indian Railways is set to kick off the Rajdhani Express between Arunachal Pradesh and New Delhi by November. To make travel more passenger-friendly, Arunachal has agreed to relax the rigid norm of inner-line permit, which is otherwise mandatory for "outsiders" entering the state.
After a series of meetings at the Prime Minister's Office between Railways and state officials, as well as correspondence between the state's Chief Secretary and the Railway Board recently, it was decided that passengers who have made a reservation will not require the permit.
The Railways had reasoned that details of the identity of a passenger with a reserved ticket are entered into the railway system at the time of booking, and are verified when they board.
"The state has agreed that as long as a passenger holds a reserved ticket, inner-line permit is not required," Devi Prasad Pande, Member-Traffic, Railway Board, told The Indian Express.
The Rajdhani Express to Naharlagun, 15 km from the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh, will run twice a week to and from Delhi. Another AC-only express train linking Guwahati to the Capital is also on the cards. In both categories of trains, unreserved tickets are not issued.
The problem of running trains with general class coaches, in which passengers can travel with unreserved tickets, is still being discussed.
The two sides have discussed the possibility of creating a 'holding area', where credentials of passengers with unreserved tickets can be verified and state officials can issue inner-line permits to them .
Ever since the 33-km railway line between Harmuti in Assam and Naharlagun — the last stage in the Rajdhani project which will connect Arunachal with the rest of the country — neared completion earlier this year, local groups have stepped up protests against the prospect of outsiders inundating the state.
"How does a reserved ticket meet the requirements of the inner-line permit? The permit system was introduced as per a law which still exists to protect locals from exploitation. What is the problem in procuring a permit before boarding the train? I don't think the new arrangement will be acceptable," said Ninong Ering, Congress MP from Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency.
Ering was referring to The Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873 and the Chin Hill Regulations, 1896, which are meant to provide special protection and safeguard the "peaceful existence of the indigenous tribal people" in Arunachal.
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This firm provides comprehensive pet insurance to more than 80,000 customers in the UK, using analysis of search data to get the best value for its customers. Founded in 2012 by chief executive Steven Mendel, 52, and chief technology officer Guy Farley, 49, the company now offers its own policies after initially acting as an introducer to other insurers. In March, the London-based business acquired digital agency Cotidia to bolster its team of developers, which now means the firm has a third office, in Birmingham. Sales — which represent gross premiums — hit £35m in 2019.
Company Bought By Many
Activity Specialist insurance platform
Location Central London
Average 3 year sales growth 93.91%
Latest sales £000s *35,000
Website www.boughtbymany.com


The Red Seal Program sets common standards to assess the skills of tradespersons across Canada. Tradespersons who meet the Red Seal standards by successfully passing the Red Seal examination for their trade receive a Red Seal endorsement on their provincial/territorial trade certificates. We can therefore confirm that the "Red Seal" is an endorsement (a complement to existing certification) that individuals receive on their provincial/territorial trade certificates.
Some jurisdictions have begun to use the Red Seal exam as their provincial/territorial journeyperson exam (for some trades) in order to issue a Red Seal endorsement at the same time as journeyperson certificates, meaning that successful examination candidates receive both their provincial/territorial certification and their Red Seal endorsement upon successful completion of their trade exams.
The Red Seal examinations are administered by the provincial apprenticeship and certification offices; therefore, please contact your provincial office for clarification should you have any additional questions that are more trade-specific since some certification requirements may differ from one jurisdiction to another.