text:
Taking The Charge Podcast
Frazier, Würzburg fire shots at one another after departure scandal
college basketball, German BBL 1 comment
Chester Frazier and s.Oliver Baskets at a war of words following Frazier's departure - Frazier photo by Stefan Puchner, dpa
As if Chester Frazier's departure right in the middle of the playoffs didn't cause enough of a distraction for s.Oliver Baskets in their fight against ratiopharm ulm, now a media war of words has broken out between the two sides in the aftermath.
Frazier was blasted in the media in Germany for abandoning his team one day before Game Two of the German semifinal playoffs. Many questioned why he left now for his new job as assistant coach at Kansas State University. And Frazier spoke his mind on his Twitter feed – @bmorepg – on Thursday.
Here is the chain of his tweets – including answering questions from others on Twitter
"I won't respond to criticism of leaving!! My teammates gave me their blessing and everyone doesn't know what and how my dec to leave occured"
"I want to thank the fans for everything!! And my teammates!!"
"Not really surprised by the accounts of the story of me "abandoning" my team!! As the guy telling the story has built a career on lies"
"Remember there are many sides to every story- and the motives of all involved! Could you work for someone you can't look in the eyes?"
"I know man but they are slandering me for pursuing my dream and when they are wrong!! I had my teammates blessings!"
"not saying what I did was right but I did not abandon anyone!! If anyone asks my teammates the story it would be diff!!"
"it's crazy man I'm not that guy!! The coach and management are covering their behinds!! I didn't even get paid last month"
"it's so much to this story man it's unbelievable!! Ask @gbrown5 (Gilbert Brown) and @Tizzy54 (Mike Tisdale) about those guys in wurzburg!!" – Brown and Tisdale were both released by Würzburg during the season, Tisdale before the season even started.
"I left the job to better myself for my future and my family!! If anyone doesn't understand coaching is my passion"
"No where's the story on when they get rid of players and don't pay them?? I asked to be released!! There's a diff"
"… Where's the loyalty for sending @Tizzy54 and @gbrown5 home?"
Gilbert Brown responded by tweeting: "man you made the best decision for you and forwarding your career as coach don't worry about any of that.." and "you have to take care of your self first because that's all e was ever going to do…"
And Tisdale answered with "haha yep lol. Hope your doing well …"
Frazier tweeted publicly his former teammates and wished them and thanked them for the support and Ivan Elliott responded with "Got ur back like a car seat" and "like is said I got u shorty!!"
Würzburg forward Jason Boone retweeted Frazier's thank you to fans and teammates and said: "you're welcome…best of luck with all…see you this summer"
The response from Würzburg club leaders, on the other hand, was quite different.
After Würzburg lost Game Two to go down 2-0 in the series against Ulm and he was told of Frazier's comments, s.Oliver head coach John Patrick told the Würzburg Main Post: "I always meant well with Chester. He was one of my best players. He left, now he has to take responsibility for that alone and cannot blame others."
"(The coaching position with KSU) was his dream, and we did not want to ruin this dream. Neither me nor our general managers Jochen Bähr and Steffen Liebler," added Patrick.
Patrick said Frazier was trying to protect himself with his comments, adding: "He realizes that his departure was not clean and that he's close to losing his good reputation – especially in the U.S. He's trying to divert his wrongdoing with such things."
Patrick also said he expects Frazier to apologize soon, saying: "In two weeks I will get an email in which he apologizes to us all for his mistakes."
And regarding the comments about payment, the Main Post said it was in possession of bank documentation that Frazier had been paid until April in full and also received his playoffs premium.
"That leaves the impression that we are bankrupt," Bähr told the Main Post.
"We have fulfilled our commitments to every single player. Every last cent has been paid. Despite the cost-intensive playoffs, we will even finish the season with a plus. We may have concerns with Chester's departure, but what we definitely do not have is financial problems."
The report also said that Frazier breached his contract by leaving before the end of the semifinals series, until which the deal had been reportedly signed. Still Bähr said Frazier would receive his salary for the first game of the semis against Ulm.
"We are fair, that's our way. Chester will also receive his portion at the end of the month, when we allocate our salaries as always," said Bähr.
Berlin roll to another win, reach Finals undefeated
Pure drama as Ulm, Ludwigsburg play to historic tie…
German Final Tournament 2020: All you need to know Part 1
Frankfurt take big step towards playoffs with win…
Oldenburg down Bayern for second place in Group A
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text:
'use strict';

const sinon = require('sinon');
const rewiremock = require('rewiremock/node');
const {ONE_AND_DONE_ARGS} = require('../../../lib/cli/one-and-dones');

const modulePath = require.resolve('../../../lib/cli/options');
const mocharcPath = require.resolve('../../../lib/mocharc.json');
const configPath = require.resolve('../../../lib/cli/config');

const proxyLoadOptions = ({
  readFileSync = {},
  findupSync = null,
  findConfig = {},
  loadConfig = {}
} = {}) =>
  rewiremock.proxy(modulePath, r => ({
    fs: r.with({readFileSync}).directChildOnly(),
    [mocharcPath]: defaults,
    'find-up': r
      .by(() => (findupSync ? {sync: findupSync} : {}))
      .directChildOnly(),
    [configPath]: r.with({findConfig, loadConfig}).directChildOnly()
  })).loadOptions;

const defaults = {
  timeout: 1000,
  timeouts: 1000,
  t: 1000,
  extension: ['js']
};

describe('options', function() {
  let readFileSync;
  let findupSync;
  let loadOptions;
  let findConfig;
  let loadConfig;

  afterEach(function() {
    sinon.restore();
  });

  /**
   * Order of priority:
   * 1. Command-line args
   * 2. RC file (`.mocharc.js`, `.mocharc.ya?ml`, `mocharc.json`)
   * 3. `mocha` prop of `package.json`
   * 4. default rc
   */
  describe('loadOptions()', function() {
    describe('when no parameter provided', function() {
      beforeEach(function() {
        this.timeout(1000);
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{}');
        findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
        loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
        findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });
      });

      it('should return an object containing positional args, defaults, and anti-reloading flags', function() {
        expect(
          loadOptions(),
          'to equal',
          Object.assign({}, defaults, {
            _: [],
            config: false,
            package: false
          })
        );
      });
    });

    describe('when parameter provided', function() {
      describe('package.json', function() {
        describe('when path to package.json (`--package <path>`) is valid', function() {
          let result;

          beforeEach(function() {
            const filepath = '/some/package.json';
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            // package.json
            readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{"mocha": {"retries": 3}}');
            findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
            loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
            findupSync = sinon.stub();
            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });
            result = loadOptions(['--package', filepath]);
          });

          it('should return merged options incl. package.json opts', function() {
            expect(
              result,
              'to equal',
              Object.assign(
                {
                  _: []
                },
                defaults,
                {
                  config: false,
                  package: false,
                  retries: 3
                }
              )
            );
          });

          it('should not try to find a package.json', function() {
            expect(findupSync, 'was not called');
          });

          it('should set package = false', function() {
            expect(result, 'to have property', 'package', false);
          });
        });

        describe('when path to package.json (`--package <path>`) is invalid', function() {
          beforeEach(function() {
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            // package.json
            readFileSync.onFirstCall().throws('yikes');
            findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
            loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
            findupSync = sinon.stub();
            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });
          });

          it('should throw', function() {
            expect(
              () => {
                loadOptions('--package /something/wherever --require butts');
              },
              'to throw',
              /unable to read\/parse/i
            );
          });
        });

        describe('when path to package.json unspecified', function() {
          let result;

          beforeEach(function() {
            const filepath = '/some/package.json';
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            // package.json
            readFileSync
              .onFirstCall()
              .returns('{"mocha": {"retries": 3, "_": ["foobar.spec.js"]}}');
            findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
            loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
            findupSync = sinon.stub().returns(filepath);
            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });
            result = loadOptions();
          });

          it('should return merged options incl. found package.json', function() {
            expect(
              result,
              'to equal',
              Object.assign(
                {
                  _: ['foobar.spec.js']
                },
                defaults,
                {
                  config: false,
                  package: false,
                  retries: 3
                }
              )
            );
          });

          it('should set package = false', function() {
            expect(result, 'to have property', 'package', false);
          });
        });

        describe('when called with package = false (`--no-package`)', function() {
          let result;
          beforeEach(function() {
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{}');
            findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/path/to/.mocharc.json');
            loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({'check-leaks': true});
            findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });

            result = loadOptions('--no-diff --no-package');
          });

          it('should return parsed args and default config', function() {
            expect(
              result,
              'to equal',
              Object.assign({_: []}, defaults, {
                diff: false,
                'check-leaks': true,
                config: false,
                package: false
              })
            );
          });

          it('should not look for package.json', function() {
            expect(findupSync, 'was not called');
          });

          it('should set package = false', function() {
            expect(result, 'to have property', 'package', false);
          });
        });
      });

      describe('rc file', function() {
        describe('when called with config = false (`--no-config`)', function() {
          let result;
          beforeEach(function() {
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            readFileSync
              .onFirstCall()
              .returns(
                '{"mocha": {"check-leaks": true, "_": ["foobar.spec.js"]}}'
              );
            findConfig = sinon.stub();
            loadConfig = sinon.stub();
            findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });

            result = loadOptions('--no-diff --no-config');
          });

          it('should return parsed args, default config and package.json', function() {
            expect(
              result,
              'to equal',
              Object.assign({_: ['foobar.spec.js']}, defaults, {
                diff: false,
                'check-leaks': true,
                config: false,
                package: false
              })
            );
          });

          it('should not attempt to load a config file', function() {
            expect(loadConfig, 'was not called');
          });

          it('should not attempt to find a config file', function() {
            expect(findConfig, 'was not called');
          });

          it('should set config = false', function() {
            expect(loadOptions(), 'to have property', 'config', false);
          });
        });

        describe('when path to config (`--config <path>`) is invalid', function() {
          let config;

          beforeEach(function() {
            readFileSync = sinon.stub();
            config = '/some/.mocharc.json';
            readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{}');
            findConfig = sinon.stub();
            loadConfig = sinon.stub().throws('Error', 'failed to parse');
            findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

            loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
              readFileSync,
              findConfig,
              loadConfig,
              findupSync
            });
          });

          it('should not look for a config', function() {
            try {
              loadOptions(`--config ${config}`);
            } catch (ignored) {}
            expect(findConfig, 'was not called');
          });

          it('should attempt to load file at path', function() {
            try {
              loadOptions(`--config ${config}`);
            } catch (ignored) {}
            expect(loadConfig, 'to have a call satisfying', [config]);
          });

          it('should throw to warn the user', function() {
            expect(
              () => {
                loadOptions(`--config ${config}`);
              },
              'to throw',
              'failed to parse'
            );
          });
        });

        describe('when called with unspecified config', function() {
          describe('when an rc file would be found', function() {
            let result;

            beforeEach(function() {
              readFileSync = sinon.stub();
              readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{}');
              readFileSync.onSecondCall().throws();
              findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
              loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
              findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

              loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
                readFileSync,
                findConfig,
                loadConfig,
                findupSync
              });

              result = loadOptions();
            });

            it('should look for a config', function() {
              expect(findConfig, 'was called');
            });

            it('should attempt to load file at found path', function() {
              expect(loadConfig, 'to have a call satisfying', [
                '/some/.mocharc.json'
              ]);
            });

            it('should set config = false', function() {
              expect(result, 'to have property', 'config', false);
            });
          });

          describe('when an rc file would not be found', function() {
            let result;

            beforeEach(function() {
              readFileSync = sinon.stub();
              readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{}');
              readFileSync.onSecondCall().throws();
              findConfig = sinon.stub().returns(null);
              loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
              findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

              loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
                readFileSync,
                findConfig,
                loadConfig,
                findupSync
              });

              result = loadOptions();
            });

            it('should look for a config', function() {
              expect(findConfig, 'was called');
            });

            it('should not attempt to load a config file', function() {
              expect(loadConfig, 'was not called');
            });

            it('should set config = false', function() {
              expect(result, 'to have property', 'config', false);
            });
          });
        });
      });
    });

    describe('config priority', function() {
      it('should prioritize package.json over defaults', function() {
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        readFileSync
          .onFirstCall()
          .returns(
            '{"mocha": {"timeout": 700, "require": "bar", "extension": "ts"}}'
          );
        findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
        loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
        findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });

        expect(loadOptions(), 'to satisfy', {
          timeout: 700,
          require: ['bar'],
          extension: ['ts']
        });
      });

      it('should prioritize rc file over package.json', function() {
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{"mocha": {"timeout": 700}}');
        readFileSync.onSecondCall().returns('--timeout 800');
        findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
        loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({timeout: 600});
        findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });

        expect(loadOptions(), 'to have property', 'timeout', 600);
      });

      it('should prioritize args over rc file', function() {
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        readFileSync.onFirstCall().returns('{"mocha": {"timeout": 700}}');
        readFileSync.onSecondCall().returns('--timeout 800');
        findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
        loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({timeout: 600});
        findupSync = sinon.stub().returns('/some/package.json');

        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });

        expect(
          loadOptions('--timeout 500'),
          'to have property',
          'timeout',
          '500'
        );
      });
    });

    describe('when called with a one-and-done arg', function() {
      beforeEach(function() {
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        findConfig = sinon.stub();
        loadConfig = sinon.stub();
        findupSync = sinon.stub();
        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });
      });

      ONE_AND_DONE_ARGS.forEach(arg => {
        describe(`"${arg}"`, function() {
          it(`should return basic parsed arguments and flag`, function() {
            expect(loadOptions(`--${arg}`), 'to equal', {_: [], [arg]: true});
          });
        });
      });
    });

    describe('"extension" handling', function() {
      describe('when user supplies "extension" option', function() {
        let result;

        beforeEach(function() {
          readFileSync = sinon.stub();
          readFileSync.onFirstCall().throws();
          findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
          loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({extension: ['tsx']});
          findupSync = sinon.stub();
          loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
            readFileSync,
            findConfig,
            loadConfig,
            findupSync
          });
          result = loadOptions(['--extension', 'ts']);
        });

        it('should not concatenate the default value', function() {
          expect(result, 'to have property', 'extension', ['ts', 'tsx']);
        });
      });

      describe('when user does not supply "extension" option', function() {
        let result;

        beforeEach(function() {
          readFileSync = sinon.stub();
          readFileSync.onFirstCall().throws();
          findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
          loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({});
          findupSync = sinon.stub();
          loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
            readFileSync,
            findConfig,
            loadConfig,
            findupSync
          });
          result = loadOptions();
        });

        it('should retain the default', function() {
          expect(result, 'to have property', 'extension', ['js']);
        });
      });
    });

    describe('"spec" handling', function() {
      describe('when user supplies "spec" in config and positional arguments', function() {
        let result;

        beforeEach(function() {
          readFileSync = sinon.stub();
          readFileSync.onFirstCall().throws();
          findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
          loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({spec: '{dirA,dirB}/**/*.spec.js'});
          findupSync = sinon.stub();
          loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
            readFileSync,
            findConfig,
            loadConfig,
            findupSync
          });
          result = loadOptions(['*.test.js']);
        });

        it('should place both - unsplitted - into the positional arguments array', function() {
          expect(result, 'to have property', '_', [
            '*.test.js',
            '{dirA,dirB}/**/*.spec.js'
          ]);
        });
      });
    });

    describe('"ignore" handling', function() {
      let result;

      beforeEach(function() {
        readFileSync = sinon.stub();
        readFileSync.onFirstCall().throws();
        findConfig = sinon.stub().returns('/some/.mocharc.json');
        loadConfig = sinon.stub().returns({ignore: '{dirA,dirB}/**/*.spec.js'});
        findupSync = sinon.stub();
        loadOptions = proxyLoadOptions({
          readFileSync,
          findConfig,
          loadConfig,
          findupSync
        });
        result = loadOptions(['--ignore', '*.test.js']);
      });

      it('should not split option values by comma', function() {
        expect(result, 'to have property', 'ignore', [
          '*.test.js',
          '{dirA,dirB}/**/*.spec.js'
        ]);
      });
    });
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Carlo Bergonzi I
Violin, Carlo Bergonzi I, Cremona, 1733, the 'Tschudi, Martzy, Salabue, Tarisio'
Carlo Bergonzi I, Cremona, 1733, the 'Tschudi, Martzy, Salabue, Tarisio'
Violin: 40685
FIT TO SCREEN FULL SIZE
Labeled, "Anno 1733 Carlo Bergonzi fece in Cremona."
Read Jason Price's Carteggio feature on this violin.
Back: in one piece of quarter cut maple with broad-width flame ascending from the treble side.
Top: in two pieces of spruce with narrow-width grain broadening toward the egdes.
Scroll: of plainer maple.
Ribs: of similar wood.
Varnish: of a red orange-brown color.
Length of back: 35.3 cm
Upper bouts: 16.7 cm
Middle bouts: 10.7 cm
Lower bouts: 20.5 cm
There are 11 additional images in the archive which are not available publicly. Please contact us for more information.
"In the illustrated booklet he lovingly published on the Bergonzi in 1942 (150 numbered copies), Daniel states that it was 'acknowledged as the finest example known'. Indeed it was one of the famed Luigi Tarisio's six favorite violins, bought by Vuillaume in 1854."
Cubic Circle home page
Count Cozio's notes, June 1801: "Description: one-piece back, wide and even grain. The sides are also made of the same wood. Reinforced button that is two-thirds of a circle. The neck is of good work. The scroll is well carved on the front and fluted in the back, but it is pushed backwards too much so that it seems deformed. It is worth noting that both this and the other instruments have a longer neck than compared to Stradivari's. The sides are also higher near the neck and in back. This differs from the style of Stradivari and Amati. The neck is too raised and a little difficult to play. The scroll shape is defective. [. . .] transparent oil red varnish, like Stradivari's. [. . .] . Neck and pegs are still in the old style, and the neck is longer than in Stradivari's. Large model with well made F-holes in Stradivari's style, but not fluted in the lower part. Good craftsmanship, except for the four corners which are too sharp and have edges. Low arching. The sides have little curve near the neck and back. This is one of the best instruments by this maker. It is worth at least 36 zecchini. On June 1801,1 asked Mantegazza to raise the neck, to take out some linings that have worm holes and put in a new veneered fingerboard. I have also asked to take away some of the deformities of the risvolto at the bottom." (p. 216)
Memoirs of a Violin Collector: Count Ignazio Alessandro Cozio di Salabue, Memoirs of a Violin Collector: Count Ignazio Alessandro Cozio di Salabue, Baltimore
Cozio's Notes, May 30, 1816: "Measurements of my largest and best violin made by Carlo Bergonzi in 1733, to which I made the four long curves smoother. Measurements taken by the compass including the outline, as above. Purfling is quite thin. One-piece back. Beautiful grain. The strongest that I have owned and that I have ever heard. The black line of purfling should be in paper. . . ." (p. 240)
CARLO BERGONZI I: BIOGRAPHY AND PRICE HISTORY
FEATURED ARTICLES ABOUT
until 1776 Giovanni Battista Cabrinetti
1776 - 1840 Count Ignazio Alessandro Cozio di Salabue
1840 - 1841 Countess Matilde Cozio di Salabue
1841 - 1854 Luigi Tarisio
from 1855 Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume
from c. 1860 Hugo Wehrle
until c. 1904 Julius Schloming
in 1904 Carl Hermann Voigt
in 1920 Baron Alfred von Liebieg
in c. 1935 Sold by Albert Caressa
until 1936 Hug & Co.
in 1949 Daniel Tschudi
until 1979 Johanna Martzy
in c. 1979 Sabina Tschudi
in c. 1979 Sold by Pierre Gerber
c. 1979 - c. 1992 Swiss Foundation
in 1992 Sold by John & Arthur Beare
1992 - 2011 Anonymous
in 2022 Sold by Tarisio Private Sales
from 2022 Current owner
Known players
Johanna Martzy, Julius Schloming
Certificates & Documents
Certificate: Tarisio, New York, NY (2022)
Dendrochronology report: Peter Ratcliff, London (2022) Dates the latest ring of the bass and treble side as 1721 and 1720, respectively. Printed report available for purchase upon request.
Certificate: John & Arthur Beare, London (2011)
Certificate: Hug & Co., Zurich (1936)
Cozio holds copies of many certificates and other documents, some of which are available to view on request. Please contact us if you wish to view a particular document. (Note that we do not always have permission to share documents.)
Antonius Stradivarius (Balfoort), Dirk J. Balfoort, The Continental Book Company, Stockholm (illustrated)
Carlo Bergonzi of Cremona - Part VI
Carlo Bergonzi Violin 1733, Eric Blot, Eric Blot Edizioni, Cremona (illustrated)
Carlo Bergonzi: A Cremonese Master Unveiled (supplement to The Strad, June, 2010), Christopher Reuning, editor, Consorzio Liutai Antonio Stradivari, Cremona (illustrated)
Meister Italienischer Geigenbaukunst (8th Edition), Walter Hamma & Co., Florian Noetzel Verlag, Wilhelmshaven (illustrated)
Memoirs of a Violin Collector: Count Ignazio Alessandro Cozio di Salabue, Brandon Frazier, Baltimore
Violins & Violinists (1969), Franz Farga, Frederick A Prager, New York (illustrated)
W. E. Hill & Sons Photographic Archive (illustrated)
MORE BY Carlo Bergonzi I
MORE FROM Cremona
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: NHibernate asks hibernate.cfg.xml even if web.config configured this is ASP.NET MVC 5 Sample App.
trying to learn MVC's module NHibernate.
if I understand right. hibernate.cfg.xml file is not neccessary if settings coded in web.config as a configsection.
is xmlns version is wrong ? or do you see something misspelled ?
so why NHibernate asks hibernate.cfg.xml even if web.config configured?
(thanks)
<configSections>
<section name="hibernate-configuration" type="NHibernate.Cfg.ConfigurationSectionHandler,NHibernate" />
...

<hibernate-configuration xmlns="urn:nhibernate-configuration-version-2.2">
    <session-factory>
  <property name="dialect">NHibernate.Dialect.MySQLDialect</property>
  <property name="connection.driver_class">NHibernate.Driver.MySqlDataDriver</property>
  <property name="connection.connection_string_name">LocalMySqlServer</property>
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>

getting this error:
Could not find file '...\Visual Studio 2013\Projects\bin\Debug\hibernate.cfg.xml'.

and DB Class static member (which used once in global.asax.cs Application_Start method) is:
public static void Configure()
    {

        var config = new Configuration();
        config.Configure();

        var mapper1 = new ModelMapper();
        mapper.AddMapping<UserMap>();
        config.AddMapping(mapper.CompileMappingForAllExplicitlyAddedEntities());
        _sessionFactory = config.BuildSessionFactory();

// _session factory is a class member defined as
// private static ISessionFactory _sessionFactory;
    }

NHibernate 4.0.3.4000 installed [using nuget]

A: found the answer. it seems scheme key is changed in new nhibernate version
changed
<hibernate-configuration xmlns="urn:nhibernate-configuration-version-2.2">

to
<hibernate-configuration xmlns="urn:nhibernate-configuration-2.2">

fixes the problem. Im sure because I retested back the first scheme. and boM! same error throw. so xmlns string is updated.
how I found it.
opened web.config>xml in menu>Schemes [added nhibernate xsd files which you can find in your project\packages]
than autocompletion did worked in web.config and shown to me the correct schema string.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
High school winter sports hopeful to start seasons
Unless extended, the state's emergency order will be lifted this Friday, Jan. 15. and practices can begin.
By Natalie Kerwin
EAST LANSING, Mich. (WILX) - The latest COVID-19 emergency orders from the Michigan Department of Health are set to expire this Friday, Jan. 15. If it is lifted, the Michigan High School Athletic Association plans to allow winter sports practices to begin.
The fall sports season has felt never-ending, but it's finally winding down, and winter sports are ready to start but they have to do so quickly.
"Somehow between Saturday the 16th, we'll have to get tryouts in, practice for about four days, and then be ready to play East Lansing on Friday the 22nd," said Haslett men's basketball coach Chris Smith. "So, you'll have six days to get ready for your first game."
Teams are waiting for the go-ahead from the state and the department of health to start practices. During the fall, they were working out in small groups until the pause began on Nov. 18.
"For us, that's when it really changed," said Smith. "We have not been able to be in the building at all since then."
"I haven't seen them personally in two months because we haven't been able to do anything," said Lansing Everett men's basketball coach Trey Adams. "I'm not allowed to have contact with them as far as me personally working out with them or practicing or anything."
If Governor Whitmer pushes things back, the MHSAA will have to come up with another plan. If all goes well Friday, teams can get together starting Saturday.
"I'm expecting it to be a lot different," said Smith. "We're gonna have to gauge ourselves on how hard you get kids running right away because not only are they not in the same physical shape they are in a normal year, they're also wearing a mask so that's gonna make it tough."
Teams will be going through some adversity, but they're ready to have a sense of normalcy.
"Everybody's going through it, it's not just us. We can't cry about it," said Adams. "People are lacking conditioning. People are lacking team chemistry. I'm just seeing how they respond to it."
"I do get a lot of texts from kids asking 'when are we gonna be able to go?' and you can tell it bothers them," said Smith. "Hopefully we get the chance and we get some good news this week."
As of now, no announcement has been made about whether Whitmer will extend the emergency orders.


Students are already planning to develop more sophisticated tutorials from their original maths video in more subject areas, learning as they go and helping the younger classes do the same.
We share our best tips and tricks from performing arts schools and theatre suppliers around the country!
School News spoke to some of the country's biggest movers and shakers in the growing sector to find out what these spaces require to qualify as 'nature play'.
Research highlights a range of positive outcomes for children learning how to play an instrument via the Suzuki method but it also shows Suzuki is not the only method that works.
School lockers, what's the right combination?
Private schools in Australia generally have lockers for high school students to store their heavy bags inside, but many state schools report not being able to justify funding for the project.


A member of the Ekiti State House of Assembly, Gboyega Aribisogan, has advised his colleagues to resist attempts by Governor Ayo Fayose to use them in attacking the Senate Deputy Minority Whip, Senator Biodun Olujimi.
There is a serious war of words going on between Governor Fayose and Senator Olujimi.
Aribisogan, who is the Minority Leader of the assembly, recently defected from the PDP to the APC.
The lawmaker, who dissociated himself from alleged plan to attack the senator over her refusal to drop her 2018 governorship ambition, warned that such plan could consume the Fayose-led administration.
According to Aribisogan, who represents Ikole Constituency 1 in the state assembly, it was Senator Olujimi who saved the assembly members from "financial embarrassment in the past," adding that she did not deserve the "bashing of the house" at the time she needed them most.
"I would not be part of those who would attack Olujimi to satisfy Governor Ayo Fayose and his retinue of serial betrayers," he said.
The APC legislator also warned the speaker against mortgaging the assembly to be turned to an extension of Fayose's office.


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ThisFunktional Junior
Entertainment Mayhem
LETTERS TO NO ONE: A Creative Writing Blog Series
Podcast: LETS TALK...With ThisFunktional
Thisfunktional
Universal Studios' Halloween Horror Nights unmasks Haddonfield's infamous slasher in all-new terrifying mazes based on HALLOWEEN 4: THE RETURN OF MICHAEL MYERS, beginning September 14
Jesus Figueroa
Beginning on September 14, "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers," from Trancas International Films, takes a stab at Universal Studios' Halloween Horror Nights, bringing the notorious slasher to Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort in all-new mazes inspired by the iconic horror film.
Based on the fourth installment in the classic slasher series created by John Carpenter, the mazes will transport guests to the suburban town of Haddonfield, Illinois on Halloween night where Myers has escaped Smith's Grove Sanitarium and is hungry for revenge.
This time, he relentlessly stalks his niece Jamie as his next victim, stopping at nothing to kill her.
Guests will follow Myers as he escapes the mental hospital, encounters his first victims at Penney's Gas Station and Diner, and wreaks terror on Haddonfield, all set to Alan Howarth's ominous score.
The maze will include horrifying scares by Myers in his classic featureless white mask and navy jumpsuit, with guests dodging his bloody knife at every turn.
Halloween fanatics can expect a cameo by Myer's psychiatrist Dr. Loomis and other famous characters from the film as they try to escape the bloodbath.
Universal Studios' Halloween Horror Nights is the ultimate Halloween event.
For more than 25 years, guests from around the world have visited Halloween Horror Nights in Hollywood and Orlando to become victims inside their own horror film.
Multiple movie-quality mazes based on iconic horror television shows, films and original stories come to life season after season.
And, the streets of each coast's event are transformed into highly-themed scare zones where menacing scare-actors lunge from every darkened corner.
Additional details about Universal Studios' Halloween Horror Nights will be revealed soon.
For more information about Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort, visit HalloweenHorrorNights.com. All tickets and vacation packages are on sale now.
About Universal Studios Hollywood
Universal Studios Hollywood is The Entertainment Capital of L.A. and includes a full-day, movie-based theme park and Studio Tour. As a leading global entertainment destination, Universal Studios Hollywood delivers highly themed immersive lands that translate to real-life interpretations of iconic movie and television shows. Recent additions include "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter™" which features a bustling Hogsmeade village and such critically-acclaimed rides as "Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey" and "Flight of the Hippogriff™". Other immersive lands include "Despicable Me Minion Mayhem" and "Super Silly Fun Land" as well as "Springfield," hometown of America's favorite TV family, located adjacent to the award-winning "The Simpsons Ride™" and the "The Walking Dead" daytime attraction and the all-new DreamWorks Theatre featuring "Kung Fu Panda: The Emperor's Quest." The world-renowned Studio Tour is Universal Studios Hollywood's signature attraction, inviting guests behind-the-scenes of the world's biggest and busiest movie and television production studio where they can also experience such authentic thrill rides as "Fast & Furious—Supercharged." The adjacent Universal CityWalk entertainment, shopping and dining complex also includes the all-new multi-million dollar, redesigned Universal CityWalk Cinema, featuring deluxe recliner seating in screening room quality theatres, and the "5 Towers" state-of-the-art outdoor concert stage.
Updates on "Halloween Horror Nights" at Universal Studios Hollywood are available online at Hollywood.HalloweenHorrorNights.com and on Facebook at: "Halloween Horror Nights – Hollywood," on Instagram at @HorrorNights and Twitter at @HorrorNights as Creative Director John Murdy reveals a running chronicle of exclusive information. Watch videos on Halloween Horror Nights YouTube and join the conversation using #UniversalHHN.
About Universal Orlando Resort
Universal Orlando Resort is a unique vacation destination that is part of the NBCUniversal Comcast family. For more than 25 years, Universal Orlando has been creating epic vacations for the entire family – incredible experiences that place guests in the heart of powerful stories and adventures.
Universal Orlando's three theme parks, Universal Studios Florida, Universal's Islands of Adventure and Universal's Volcano Bay, are home to some of the world's most exciting and innovative theme park experiences – including The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Hogsmeade and The Wizarding World of Harry Potter – Diagon Alley. Universal Orlando's on-site hotels are destinations unto themselves and include Loews Portofino Bay Hotel, the Hard Rock Hotel, Loews Royal Pacific Resort, Loews Sapphire Falls Resort, Universal's Cabana Bay Beach Resort, and coming this August, Universal's Aventura Hotel. Its entertainment complex, Universal CityWalk, offers immersive dining and entertainment for every member of the family.
Universal Orlando Resort continues to unveil all-new guest experiences, including powerful attractions, incredible dining opportunities and dramatically-themed hotels. Now open is Fast & Furious – Supercharged, where guests can join the Fast family and step into the blockbuster Fast & Furious films at Universal Studios Florida. And at Universal CityWalk, Voodoo Doughnut is now serving more than 50 types of delightfully weird and sinfully delicious doughnuts.
Follow us on our blog, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube.
About Trancas International Films
Trancas International Films, Inc., along with its subsidiary Compass International Pictures, Inc., is a film production and distribution company based in Los Angeles and operating worldwide with a library of classic and revered films, such as John Carpenter's Halloween, The Message and Lion of the Desert. Trancas has been involved in the production of every film in the Halloween franchise, including the upcoming Universal release directed by David Gordon Green and starring Jamie Lee Curtis. In addition to partnerships with Universal, Trancas has deals with Miramax, Blumhouse, Lionsgate, Anchor Bay and Dimension Films, among others.
About Jesus Figueroa
Author Description Jesus Figueroa hs been a journalist for more than 7 years and has covered entertainment related subject matter for more than 5 years. As a trained journalist, having gone to school and majored in jounalist, Figueroa has also learned videography and photography.
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New Options for Style at Home in Highlands
Posted on 13 May 2018 13 Jul 2018
Deciding how to decorate one's home can be tricky, there are plenty of directions one can take. One solution may be to swing by J. Elliott Style at 215 N. 4th Street in Highlands. Owner Jamie Elliott McPherson recently opened his new establishment.
The new storefront offers home design services, in-home consultations, custom-ordered furniture, antiques, and vintage options. The store's officially opened April 18 but held a grand opening on May 4.
"We wanted to do a store that offers whole home design," said McPherson. "It's a representation of our personal style. It's a mountain feel with a masculine aesthetic. It's not contemporary, but has a cleaner mountain feel."
He added that he loves the year-round aspect of the town and decided it would be a great fit.
"It's exciting and we're ready for the season to get started," he said. "But we do need to get some of the kinks figured out before the season gets rolling."
McPherson moved from Newnan, Ga. and said setting up a new store such as this can have its hiccups.
"The challenge was editing the store and making it a good representation of my taste," he said.
McPherson has been traveling to Highlands for years and knew he wanted to retire in Highlands, but decided to move up early.
"We just knew we loved it here," he said. "We've always loved the community. Everyone is very supportive and no one creates a sense of competition."
He added that Highlands has its own special charm.
"I like that Highlands will stay small and quaint," said McPherson. "It's very sophisticated in terms of people that live here and visitors."
By Brian O'Shea
This entry was posted in News and tagged 2018, Design, J. Elliott Style, May, McPherson. Bookmark the permalink.
Where to Find Never-ending Books for Kids this Summer


Shoukai Vanke in Beijing's Daxing district has little historic resonance but uses a park and circulation routes as the core of 154,000 of development around and within it. Daxing is being planned as the gateway to the city from a proposed airport, and has a masterplan which proposes a 1.5km long green belt.
CLOU turns one end of this landscape strip into a garden programmed with amenities and activities using both natural and artificial features, pierced by routes between the retail and hotel tower on the south, and more retail and offices to the north. Circulation routes as well as programmed or informal activities help to animate the park.
To the South of the park the mixed use development is composed of a 20,000 sqm large shopping mall, a 124 meter tall office tower as well as a 63 meter tall serviced apartment tower.
Lift cores, staircases, vestibules and back of house corridors are the life- and supply lines of a well-functioning shopping mall. In a deliberate strategy CLOU has partly exposed these supply lines to the exterior which excludes them from the overall GFA count resulting in an area gain of 1300 sqm. The additional 1300 sqm were deployed as terraces around the atrium to serve as typical gathering spaces (square, market place, balcony and promenade). Escalators and walkways weave them into a three dimensional urban pedestrian network creating an extension of the public domain within the shopping mall.
The mixed use ensemble embedded in a landscape designed by BAM (Ballistic Architecture Machine) encourages voluntary discovery and a dynamic experience.


← Kyle Mooney in the Padres clubhouse in his underwear?
Nice to see that getting drafted by the Padres hasn't changed Johhny Football.
This entry was posted in Baseball, Football and tagged i can't hear you there's too much money in my hand, Johnny Football, Johnny Manziel, Padres. Bookmark the permalink.


Hello Friday! Yay! Today I'm so excited to share a beautiful home with you that I hope will draw you in to the spirit of the Swedish holidays (if you're not there already!). It's an oh so stunning summer cottage on the island of Gotland belonging to photographer and stylist Amelia Widell of A Beautiful Living blog . It perfectly reflects the essence of the pared-back, relaxed Scandinavian holiday home but with a touch of mediterrenean spirit. I absolutely love the stone walls and simple, pretty way Amelia has decorated it. Summer holiday on Gotland anyone?
Photograohy / styling: Amelia Widell A Beautiful Living with kind permission - Featured in Residence magazine.
*sigh* so beautiful. I particularly love the last picture of Amelia and her lovely little girl, so sweet!
Gotland is fast becoming one of Europe's hip place to visit. I'm not surprised as it's beautiful and there is just so much to see and do. For more inspirational home-tours from this little island on Sweden's east coast check out this, this and this home. Oh and you can rent this place through Air BnB - ja!!!!
My family and I are also busy packing for a trip to my mother-in-laws cottage on Skåne's west coast for a few days - I can't wait!! But it's all go, go, go so I'd better hurry!
Do you have any great plans for the weekend?
Have a lovely, relaxing couple of days and see you Monday!
thank you! So much love in this house!!! Wonderful!
Wow! The space its amazing, the stone wall mixed with wood on the first picture works perfect.
What a lovely house :) I love everything about it especially the walls and ceilings. I love how the house give people the impression of an 'unfinished construction' feeling. Very original.


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RESEARCH ARTICLE| 01 October 2013
Physiological and behavioural effects of fruit toxins on seed-predating versus seed-dispersing congeneric rodents
Michal Samuni-Blank,
Michal Samuni-Blank *
Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
32000 Haifa
*Author for correspondence (michal.samuni@gmail.com)
Ido Izhaki,
Ido Izhaki
Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa
M. Denise Dearing,
M. Denise Dearing
Biology Department, University of Utah
William H. Karasov,
William H. Karasov
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin
Yoram Gerchman,
Yoram Gerchman
Department of Biology and Environment, Haifa University in Oranim
Kiryat Tivon 36006
Kevin D. Kohl,
Kevin D. Kohl
Petros Lymberakis,
Petros Lymberakis
Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete
Herakleio 71409
Patrice Kurnath,
Patrice Kurnath
Zeev Arad
M.S.-B., I.I., M.D.D., W.H.K. and Z.A. conceived the study; M.S.-B., I.I. and M.D.D. designed the study; M.S.-B., M.D.D., K.D.K., W.H.K., P.K. and Z.A. carried out the experiments; M.S.-B., I.I. and W.H.K. analysed the data; M.S.-B., Y.G. and P.L. interpreted the findings. M.S.-B. wrote the paper and all authors contributed substantially to article revision.
No competing interests declared.
Received: 30 Apr 2013
Accepted: 10 Jun 2013
© 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd
Article Versions Icon Versions
Version of Record 01 October 2013
Accepted Manuscript 01 January 2013
Michal Samuni-Blank, Ido Izhaki, M. Denise Dearing, William H. Karasov, Yoram Gerchman, Kevin D. Kohl, Petros Lymberakis, Patrice Kurnath, Zeev Arad; Physiological and behavioural effects of fruit toxins on seed-predating versus seed-dispersing congeneric rodents. J Exp Biol 1 October 2013; 216 (19): 3667–3673. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089664
Fleshy, ripe fruits attract seed dispersers but also seed predators. Although many fruit consumers (legitimate seed dispersers as well as seed predators) are clearly exposed to plant secondary compounds (PSCs), their impact on the consumers' physiology and foraging behaviour has been largely overlooked. Here, we document the divergent behavioural and physiological responses to fruit consumption of three congeneric rodent species in the Middle East, representing both seed dispersers and seed predators. The fruit pulp of the desert plant Ochradenus baccatus contains high concentrations of glucosinolates (GLSs). These GLSs are hydrolyzed into active toxic compounds upon contact with the myrosinase enzyme released from seeds crushed during fruit consumption. Acomys russatus and A. cahirinus share a desert habitat. Acomys russatus acts as an O. baccatus seed predator, and A. cahirinus circumvents the activation of the GLSs by orally expelling vital seeds. We found that between the three species examined, A. russatus was physiologically most tolerant to whole fruit consumption and even A. minous, which is evolutionarily naïve to O. baccatus, exhibits greater tolerance to whole fruit consumption than A. cahirinus. However, like A. cahirinus, A. minous may also behaviourally avoid the activation of the GLSs by making a hole in the pulp and consuming only the seeds. Our findings demonstrate that seed predators have a higher physiological tolerance than seed dispersers when consuming fruits containing toxic PSCs. The findings also demonstrate the extreme ecological/evolutionary lability of this plant–animal symbiosis to shift from predation to mutualism and vice versa.
Acomys, alanine aminotransferase, bitter taste, body mass, fruits, glucosinolates, liver, pulp, secondary compounds, seeds
Fleshy, ripe fruit pulp is a nutritious and easily digestible reward that facilitates seed dispersal by animals (Herrera, 1982; Corlett and Lucas, 1990; Jordano, 2000; Izhaki, 2002a). However, fruits are likely to attract not only seed dispersers but also seed predators because seeds are also a valuable food source (Corlett and Lucas, 1990; Kelt et al., 2004). Ultimately, the nature of the plant–animal interaction is determined by the consumers' fruit eating strategy (Corlett and Lucas, 1990; Jordano, 2000; Dominy and Duncan, 2005).
Variability in fruit eating can be a function of multiple parameters, such as age, satiation/hunger, feeding location, seasonality, or availability of other food or water (Levey, 1987; Corlett and Lucas, 1990; Gautier-Hion et al., 1993; Kaplin and Moermond, 1998; Lambert, 1999; Samuni-Blank et al., 2012). In addition, fruits may contain plant secondary compounds (PSCs) to deter seed predators or alter the behaviour of the consumer (Cipollini and Levey, 1997; Samuni-Blank et al., 2012). In folivorous herbivores, evolutionary pressure has resulted in various behavioural and physiological adaptations for coping with PSCs, thus altering plant–herbivore interactions (McArthur et al., 1991; Dearing et al., 2005; Torregrossa et al., 2011). Similar adaptations to fruit PSCs may also influence fruit eating strategies and thus affect plant–animal interactions.
Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a common class of fruit PSCs. Intact GLSs are generally nontoxic and have a limited effect in defending the plant against herbivores and pathogens. The defensive properties of GLSs are enhanced upon their hydrolysis by the myrosinase enzyme, causing the release of a toxic aglycone (Hopkins et al., 2009). These unstable molecules rearrange into several toxic biological compounds (Kjaer, 1976; Das et al., 2000; Wittstock and Halkier, 2002). Generally, GLSs and myrosinases are compartmentalized to prevent toxicity to the plant, and only mix upon damage to tissue (Rask et al., 2000; Hopkins et al., 2009). The myrosinase–GLS system, also known as the mustard oil bomb, provides plants with an effective defense against generalist herbivores (Wittstock and Halkier, 2002).
The myrosinase–GLS defense system is employed in the fleshy fruit of Ochradenus baccatus Delile (Resedaceae), a common inhabitant of wadis and depressions in Israeli desert regions (Bronstein et al., 2007). The fleshy fruits of O. baccatus attract a number of consumers because of their high water and sugar content (Bronstein et al., 2007; Spiegel and Nathan, 2007; Spiegel and Nathan, 2011). However, the seeds of O. baccatus also represent a valuable nutrient source, as they are rich in protein (~25% of dry mass). To prevent seed predation, the fruits of O. baccatus defend themselves with a unique arrangement of the mustard oil bomb, where GLSs are found in the pulp and the myrosinase enzyme is found in the seeds (Samuni-Blank et al., 2012). Thus, activation of the mustard oil bomb only occurs if consumers crush both seeds and pulp together.
Ochradenus baccatus naturally co-occurs with two congeneric rodent species [Acomys russatus (Wagner 1840) and A. cahirinus (Geoffrey 1803)] that differ in their interactions with the plant. Acomys russatus usually consumes the O. baccatus fruit as a whole, acting as a seed predator, while A. cahirinus consumes only the pulp and spits the seeds, thus acting as a seed disperser (Samuni-Blank et al., 2012; Samuni-Blank et al., 2013). These interactions result in differential exposure to activated GLSs between species: A. russatus consumes activated GLSs by masticating the seeds, while A. cahirinus consumes unactivated GLSs by expelling the seeds. We hypothesize that the variation in physiological adaptations to fruit PSCs drive these plant–animal interactions or vice versa. We also predict that toxin avoiders will show low physiological tolerance to whole fruit consumption and that the frequency of toxin avoiders within a species will be indicative of its tolerance.
The aim of the present study was to test the effects of fruits PSCs (pulp and seeds) on fruit consumers by preventing behavioural circumvention, while testing the physiological impacts of fruit PSCs on seed dispersers versus seed predators. For comparative purposes, we also documented the fruit-eating behaviour and physiological responses to fruit PSCs of the Crete spiny mouse [A. minous (Bate 1906)], which is endemic to the Mediterranean island of Crete and evolutionarily naïve to O. baccatus fruits. We presented each species with diets containing intact or activated GLSs, and monitored various physiological parameters such as body mass, food intake, dry matter digestibility and serum markers of liver damage. We predicted that the seed predator, A. russatus, would be physiologically more adapted to consume activated toxins, as it regularly does so in the wild. We also predicted that consumption of food containing activated GLSs would result in liver damage.
Fruits were collected from the Almog junction site (31°48′N, 35°27′E) located near the Dead Sea and kept at −20°C. For experiments in which separation of pulp and seeds was needed, fruits were kept at 4°C and pulp was manually separated from the seeds within 2 days of collection and then kept separately at −20°C. Stored fruits maintained active myrosinase and GLS content (Samuni-Blank et al., 2012). Ochradenus baccatus fruiting occurred year-round, with high peaks in May and November 2008–2012. Whole fruits and fruit pulp were thawed before use.
Animals and maintenance
The experimental protocols were approved by the University of Haifa Committee of Animal Experimentation (permit number 096/08). Acomys cahirinus [but see Barome et al. and Volobouev et al. (Barome et al., 2001; Volobouev et al., 2007) for a discussion on the A. cahirinus–dimidiatus complex) and A. russatus were from captive breeding colonies (at least three generations in captivity) originally established from individuals trapped in the vicinity of the Dead Sea (31°28′N, 35°23′E). Animals were maintained at the Department of Biology and Environment at the University of Haifa, Oranim. Adult individuals of A. minous were live-trapped in the vicinity of Heraklion, Crete, a few days prior to the experiment using Sherman folding traps placed under rocks. All captured A. minous individuals were maintained at the Natural History Museum of Crete (Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, permit number 117272/586).
Prior to experiments, animals were fed rodent chow (Koffolk serial no. 19510, Tel Aviv, Israel) and fresh carrots as a source of free water, ad libitum. During the experiments, animals were housed individually in standard mouse cages (21×31×13 cm) in a temperature-controlled room (25±2°C) under a 12 h:12 h light:dark cycle. All animals were naïve to O. baccatus prior to the experiment.
Fruit-eating behaviour of A. minous
To determine the fruit-eating behaviour of A. minous, we placed each single animal (N=16) in a cage with five fruits overnight. The cage floor was examined the next morning for intact fruit parts (pulp or seeds) and the fruit-eating behaviour was classified as one of three types: (1) 'whole fruit' – eating pulp and seeds simultaneously and leaving no remains; (2) 'pulp' – eating the pulp and leaving the seeds; and (3) 'seed' – eating the seeds and leaving the pulp. Individuals that exhibited more than one fruit-eating behaviour were classified according to their dominant strategy. For example, if one individual ate two whole fruits and only the seeds of the remaining three fruits, then the behaviour was classified as 'seed'. We define avoiders as individuals that consume either pulp or seeds, but not both. We define confronters as individuals that consume the whole fruit, pulp and seeds simultaneously. We recorded the number of intact seeds dropped to the cage floor as well as the number of intact defecated seeds (in the feces). Similar experiments were previously performed on the two other Acomys species (Samuni-Blank et al., 2013).
Physiological effects of fruit toxins
To examine the physiological effects of different fruit eating strategies on the three rodent species, we performed controlled feeding trials. Diets included rodent chow (Koffolk serial no. 19510) mixed with homogenized pulp (pulp) or pulp and crushed seeds (mash; Table 1). The fruit pulp was free of myrosinase and contained only intact GLSs. The mash diet combined the GLSs from the pulp and the myrosinase enzyme from the seeds and therefore contained activated GLSs. To allow the animals to acclimate to the fruit diet, they were fed a 25% fruit diet (pulp or mash; wet weight) for 1 day combined with 75% chow, followed by 50% fruit mixed with 50% chow for three additional days. Wet food pellets (~50% water content) were prepared from the mashed food and given to the rodents within an hour of preparation (N=6–8 individual rodents per treatment).
Each experiment lasted 4 days. During the experiment, body mass and food intake were measured daily. Excreta and food leftovers were collected every day from the plastic cage floor, dried (50°C for 24 h) and weighed. Dry matter (DM) digestibility of food consumed by an animal was calculated from its DM food intake and fecal DM output as: DM digestibility=(DM food intake–fecal DM output)/DM food intake.
The effect of activated GLSs on the liver was studied through measurements of liver enzymes and liver function test. On the last day of the experiment, animals were euthanized with CO2 and immediately dissected. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture and centrifuged (15 min at 600 g). Blood serum was collected and stored at −20°C. Samples were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). ALT is an intracellular enzyme of hepatocytes and its appearance in blood is indicative of possible liver damage. Acomys cahirinus and A. russatus samples were also analyzed for albumin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. Serum levels of all these enzymes and proteins are known to increase when hepatobiliary damage occurs (Ozer et al., 2008). All samples were analyzed at the Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry in Rambam Medical Center, Haifa.
Diet components (%)
Summary of the fruit-eating behaviour of the three congeneric species of Acomys
To test for differences between the fruit-eating behaviour of A. minous, we used a one proportion Z-test. Physiological responses on the last day of the diets (body mass, DM digestibility, liver enzymes, etc.) were compared using two-way ANOVA (with species and diet as main effects) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) and linear regression. We also used t-tests to compare the slopes of two regression lines. The data were tested for normality prior to statistical comparisons. To evaluate the dispersion of individuals' values from the mean values within each of the species, we calculated the coefficient of variation (CV=100×s.d./mean; %) of the three Acomys species under the two diet treatments. Sample size (N=5–6 per species) was kept constant for each of the parameters within each of the diets. For all CV calculations, we used the same sample size; in cases of unequal sample sizes, values from larger groups were removed at random.
In all cases, significance level was set at P<0.05. All data were reported as means ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Fruit-eating behaviours
Acomys russatus exhibited the 'whole fruit' behaviour (confronter, consumed pulp and seeds mashed together; movie available at: http://y2u.be/RcLDPst87vs) whereas A. cahirinus exhibited the 'pulp' behaviour (avoider, consumed the pulp and spat the seeds; movie available at: http://y2u.be/25XI_mtglPU) (Samuni-Blank et al., 2013). Five individuals of A. minous left the fruit untouched, and were not included in the analysis. Interestingly, the most common fruit-eating behaviour of A. minous differed from that of the other two Acomys species (Table 2). Eight out of 11 individuals employed, at least once, the 'seed' behaviour, by making a hole in the pulp, eating the seeds and leaving the pulp on the cage floor (movie available at: http://y2u.be/yvHL7oA0HbM). The 'seed' behaviour was the dominant behaviour for six of these eight individuals. From these six individuals, four individuals exclusively exhibited the 'seed' (avoider) behaviour and the remaining two individuals alternated between the 'seed' and 'whole fruit' behaviours.
A smaller proportion of A. minous (36.6%) preferred the 'whole fruit' (confronter) behaviour (movie available at: http://y2u.be/ghVA7Ibhu8c). Half used the 'seed' strategy exclusively and the others alternated between 'seed' and 'whole fruit' behaviour. Only a single individual used only the 'pulp' (avoider) behaviour (movie available at: http://y2u.be/rb1vC3EbnP8). There was no significant difference between these feeding behaviours (avoider versus confronter; Z=0.89, N=11, n.s.). For all individuals, no intact seeds were found in the feces. Overall, we characterized A. minous as avoider because more than 50% of the individuals avoided the consumption of the whole fruit and its activated PSCs.
Physiological effects of fruits
Final body mass (% of initial) differed significantly among species (F2,39=29.5, P<0.001) and between diets (F1,39=32.5, P<0.001). In addition, there was a marginally significant diet×species interaction (F2,39=3.1, P=0.05). Post hoc Tukey's HSD tests showed that on pulp diet, A. cahirinus and A. russatus maintained the lowest and highest body mass, respectively (P<0.05). Similarly, when fed mash diet, A. cahirinus lost significantly more (~20%) of its initial body mass (P<0.05), compared with A. minous and A. russatus, which lost ~15% and ~10%, respectively (Table 3).
DM food intake (% body mass day−1) differed significantly among species (F2,39=26.4, P<0.001) and between diets (F1,39=23.9, P<0.001). There was a significant interaction between species and diet (F2,39=4.1, P<0.05). Post hoc Tukey's HSD tests showed that A. minous maintained DM intake on the mash diet, while the other two species exhibited a significant decrease (P<0.05) in DM intake on the mash diet compared with the pulp diet. In addition, A. cahirinus DM intake on the mash diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other two rodents (Table 3).
Summary of the feeding trials: body mass (% of initial), dry matter intake (% body mass day−1) and dry matter digestibility (%) of A. cahirinus, A. minous and A. russatus on day 4 of the trial
Change in body mass as a function of total dry matter (DM) intake over all 4 days of the experiment. (A) Acomys cahirinus (N=16), A. minous (N=13) and A. russatus (N=16) feeding on pulp or mash of Ochradenus baccatus. (B) Change in body mass as a function of DM intake on the pulp versus the mash diet, for all three species combined.
Digestibility
There were no significant differences in DM digestibility (Table 3) among species (F2, 37=0.09, n.s.) or between diets (F1, 37=1.03, n.s.), nor was there a significant diet×species interaction (F2, 37=0.49, n.s.).
There was a positive correlation between body mass at the end of the trial (% of initial) and total DM food intake for A. cahirinus and A. russatus, and a marginally positive correlation for A. minous, while on the pulp diet (Fig. 1A). There were no significant correlations between intake and final body mass for any species while on the mash diet. The slopes of regression lines differed significantly for pulp and mash diets in all three Acomys species combined (t43=3.02, P<0.01; Fig. 1B).
Serum biochemical assay
To our knowledge, we were the first to document serum markers of liver damage of any Acomys species. Serum ALT activity differed significantly by diet (F1,38=7.9, P<0.01), but not by species (F2,38=0.1, n.s.), and there was a significant diet×species interaction (F2,38=3.6, P<0.05; Fig. 2A). Inspecting the figure, it was apparent that serum ALT was approximately twice as high in A. cahirinus and A. minous when eating mash as compared with pulp, whereas A. russatus showed no change on the two diets. Despite the significant effects overall in the ANOVA, none of the post hoc pair-wise comparisons (Tukey's HSD tests) were significant.
There was a significant difference in serum ALP activity (Fig. 2B) among species (F2,36=8.9, P=0.001) but not between diets (F1,36=1.8, n.s.), nor was there a diet×species interaction (F2,36=1.6, n.s.). Post hoc Tukey's HSD tests showed that A. russatus had significantly lower ALP levels than the other two species (P<0.05). All other comparisons were not significant.
For A. cahirinus and A. russatus, GGT activity was significantly different among species (F1,28=11.7, P=0.002) but not between diet treatments (F1,28=0.8, n.s.), and the diet×species interaction was not significant (F1,28=0.4, n.s.). For albumin, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between diet treatments or among species, nor was there a significant diet×species interaction (Table 4).
The CV of all parameters measured for each of the three species and the two diets revealed that for eight out of 10 different CV values, A. russatus had the lowest scores (Table 5).
The mustard oil bomb products are known to have numerous physiological effects on animals, such as reduction in growth and in food intake, as well as damage to the liver (Duncan and Milne, 1992; Duncan and Milne, 1993; Kim et al., 1997; Sørensen et al., 2001). In the present study, we demonstrated that the activated GLSs of O. baccatus differentially affected the performance of seed dispersers and predators.
Two of the three studied species, A. cahirinus and A. russatus, were previously reported to exhibit very different feeding behaviours: A. cahirinus separate the pulp from the seeds to avoid GLS activation while A. russatus consume the whole fruit, pulp and seeds. Here, we report that a third species, A. minous, evolutionary naïve to O. baccatus and closely related to A. cahirinus, showed a different dominant behaviour: puncturing a hole in the pulp and consuming only the seeds or consuming the whole fruit. This species tended to avoid the consumption of hydrolyzed GLSs (like A. cahirinus), but at the same time acted as a seed predator (like A. russatus).
Serum biochemical assay of A. cahirinus (N=8 for each diet), A. minous (N=5–6 for each diet) and A. russatus (N=8 for each diet) on pulp (white bars) and mash (grey bars) O. baccatus fruits for (A) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and (B) alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Data are presented as means ± s.e.m.
Markers of liver damage of A. cahirinus (N=8 for each diet) A. russatus (N=8 for each diet) on different diets
In line with its behaviour, A. minous also incurred greater physiological effects than A. russatus. The physiological results were consistent with each of the species' fruit-eating strategies: species with a high percentage of PSC avoiders, i.e. individuals spitting seeds or eating only the seeds (Table 2), exhibited a more negative effect of the mash diet on body mass maintenance. After 4 days on the mash diet, A. russatus (the confronter) maintained ~90% of its initial body mass, while avoiders A. minous and A. cahirinus (the seed disperser) maintained only ~85% and ~80% of their initial body mass, respectively. Change in body mass was correlated with food consumption (Fig. 1B) and all species consumed more DM on pulp diet than on mash diet (Table 3).
Although A. minous maintained DM intake when feeding on the mash diet, individuals eating that diet lost significantly more body mass than those eating only pulp. This mass loss may stem from the higher energetic costs of detoxifying the hydrolyzed products of the GLSs. Detoxification costs are relatively high, and can be as high as 45% of the basal metabolic costs in specialist herbivores (Sorensen et al., 2005). Accordingly, positive correlations between body mass and food intake for each species were found only on the pulp diet (Fig. 2A). Detoxification costs may also explain the different slopes of the regression lines for the pulp and the mash diets across all Acomys species (Fig. 2B).
The very low DM intake of A. cahirinus, resulting in significant loss of body mass when feeding on the mash diet, could be explained by the bitter taste of the mustard oil bomb, which serves as a deterrent (Fenwick et al., 1983a; Fenwick et al., 1983b; Garcia-Bailo et al., 2009). Indeed, taste is a valuable tool for estimating food quality, and bitter taste perception prevents animals from ingesting toxic compounds (Chandrashekar et al., 2000; Nelson et al., 2001; Mueller et al., 2005; Chandrashekar et al., 2006). Previous studies have demonstrated that rodents are deterred by bitter taste and also that bitter taste inhibits food intake (Glendinning et al., 1990; Scalera, 1992). However, different mice species may have different taste sensitivities (Glendinning et al., 1990). This could partly explain the higher DM intake values and thus the maintenance of higher body mass of A. russatus and A. minous when feeding on a mash diet. Also, as individuals of A. minous in this study were captured in the wild and thus were exposed to a wider range of diets and environmental changes, it is reasonable that they will show a greater tolerance compared with captive-bred A. cahirinus.
Coefficient of variation (%) of the three Acomys species in the two diet treatments of the different parameters: body mass, dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Fleshy ripe pulp is used by plants as a nutritious and easily digestible reward for seed-dispersing animals (Herrera, 1982; Corlett and Lucas, 1990; Jordano, 2000; Izhaki, 2002b). We propose that digestibility did not differ between the pulp and mash diets because of the low percentage of seeds (~8%; wet weight) compared with pulp (~92%) in O. baccatus fruits.
As an index of the toxicity of the diets, we tested for serum levels of a set of enzymes and proteins known to increase when hepatobiliary damage occurs [ALT, ALP, GGT, albumin and bilirubin (Ozer et al., 2008)]. Toxins can cause acute liver cell necrosis; upon damage to liver cells, aminotransferases enzymes are released into the bloodstream and their activity is elevated in the serum (Ozer et al., 2008; Hyder et al., 2013). Indeed, for A. cahirinus and A. minous, ALT levels were almost twofold higher on the mash diet than on the pulp diet. For A. cahirinus there was also an increase in ALP levels on the mash diet. However, on mash diet, A. cahirinus refused to eat (total consumption over 4 days of the experiment was less than 1.5 g) and lost almost 20% of its initial body mass. Severe weight loss is known to be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (Salt, 2004). Mice with NAFLD have been shown to possess significantly higher levels of ALT and ALP, but not albumin (Wang et al., 2011). Thus, the severe weight loss on mash diet can also be the reason for the elevated levels in A. cahirinus and A. minous (who lost more than 15% of its initial body mass), in which the majority of individuals would typically avoid the consumption of the whole fruit and its activated PSCs.
The seed predator A. russatus displayed the least variability (i.e. lowest CVs) out of all the study species while on different diets and within the various parameters. In addition, A. russatus appeared more tolerant to O. baccatus diets in terms of defending body mass when feeding on the mash diet, which contained the toxic components of the mustard oil bomb. This result is consistent with other studies showing the ability of A. russatus to maintain body mass under various conditions (Shkolnik and Borut, 1969; Kam and Degen, 1993; Gutman et al., 2006). Physiologically, the unique adaptive mechanisms of the diurnal A. russatus for desert survival (Haim and Borut, 1981; Haim et al., 1994; Haim et al., 2005; Ehrhardt et al., 2005; Levy et al., 2011) may also explain their low variability under the different treatments across various examined parameters.
Despite more than three generations of O. baccatus naïvety, the seed predator, A. russatus, was the least affected by fruit PSCs, suggesting its higher physiological tolerance to the activated GLSs, while A. cahirinus, the seed disperser, was most negatively affected. The ability of the wild-caught, naïve A. minous and the captive-bred A. cahirinus to behaviourally circumvent the activation of the GLSs, and the physiological ability of A. russatus to tolerate the mustard oil bomb, demonstrate the wide ecological/evolutionary lability of this plant–animal symbiosis to shift from predation to mutualism and vice versa.
We are grateful to the members of the Oranim College animal house staff, particularly to Nina Dainov, Nir Keshales, Raya Magharbeh and Manolis Papadimitrakis for their help with the animal capture and animal maintenance. We are also grateful to the Greek Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change.
Support for this study was available through grants from the US–Israel Bi-National Science Foundation Grant [2006043], Israel Science Foundation [189/08], Middle East Regional Cooperation [TA-MOU-08-M28-013], National Science Foundation IOS [0817527] and Aharon Katzir Student Travel Fellowship. Material support of the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Oranim College and the Greek Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change.
alkaline phosphatase
alanine aminotransferase
dry matter
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
glucosinolate
NAFLD
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
plant secondary compound
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