text:
How Is 'Heavy' Water Different From Regular Water?
Updated on: 14 Jan 2020 by Siddhanth Shah
Heavy water or deuterium oxide is a liquid with similar chemical properties to regular water but has different uses due to its greater mass and density.
Everyone has heard of water or H2O, but far less people are aware of naturally occurring heavy water—D2O.
What is heavy water?
In order to decipher the mystery of heavy water, one must first understand the concept of isotopes. When atoms of an element differ by the number of neutrons in their nucleus, they are known as isotopes. Hydrogen has the following isotopes.
Picturing Protium, Deuterium and Tritium (Photo Credit: Designua/ Shutterstock)
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that contains one neutron more than a standard hydrogen atom. Due to this additional neutron in each deuterium atom, it essentially weighs twice that of a normal hydrogen atom.
Similar to the chemical structure of water (H2O), heavy water or deuterium oxide (D2O) also has two atoms attached to one atom of water. Instead of normal protium atoms, heavy water consists of two deuterium atoms.
Molecular structure of D2O (Photo Credit : Shmitt Maria/ Shutterstock)
Like normal water, heavy water is an odorless liquid at room temperature. Moreover, deuterium, tantamount to protium, is also a stable isotope. This ensures that heavy water is not radioactive. The molecular weight of each deuterium atom is 20, whereas an H2O atom weighs has a molecular weight of just 18. Due to its higher weight, deuterium is more dense than water. In a solid state, a block of D2O will sink in water, rather than float.
Dense heavy water cubes will sink in water (Photo Credit : Andrey Armyagov/ Shutterstock)
This is different to the how a block of ice (H2O) would behave. An easy way to differentiate between D2O and H2O is the weight and density of the two compounds. Heavy water does occur naturally, but is not anywhere close to as common as water. The ratio of naturally occurring heavy water to regular water is somewhere around 1:20,000,000 molecules. (url – https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Heavy_water)
What is heavy water used for?
Heavy water can be used in the preparation of certain compounds, such as deuterium and tritium. Heavy water is also utilized in nuclear reactors. A fission reaction with Uranium-235 must occur in these reactors. A fission reaction is when a neutron is fired at a large nuclei, which subsequently splits apart. A large amount of energy is released as a result of this splitting.
Fission in action (Photo Credit : general-fmv/ Shutterstock)
In these reactors, neutrons move at an incredibly fast pace and must be slowed down. Slower neutron movement in the reactor ensures that the fission reaction materializes efficiently. Heavy water acts as a neutron moderator in this reaction, as it is able to slow down the neutron. This allows the fission chain reaction to work with Uranium-235.
Heavy water can also be used as a tracer compound. An isotopic tracer is any atom that can identified when added to another mixture. Such an atom allows scientists to 'trace' the progress of a mixture. An isotopic tracer must be compatible with a mixture, but it can also be differentiated in the mixture; heavy water provides this unique combination.
Can you drink heavy water?
In limited quantities, yes.
In small quantities, drinking heavy water won't affect you in any way. Consuming D2O won't harm you because deuterium isn't radioactive, so you don't need to worry about radiation poisoning. Deuterium atoms occur naturally in small proportions. There is one deuterium atom for every seven thousand hydrogen atoms, making it quite a rare occurrence. In these proportions, consuming D2O won't cause any bodily harm to humans. In terms of taste, heavy water has a somewhat sweeter taste than regular water.
Glass of heavy water? (Photo Credit : Busra Ispir/ Shutterstock)
If you consume a significant amount of heavy water, you may feel some uneasiness due to the change in the density of the liquid. You might feel a slight change in the pressure in the fluids present in your ears. However, this amount should still not cause any major damage to your body, and it's rare that one would be able to consume enough heavy water to cause any major distress. However, if one does consume heavy water in large proportions, it will be very injurious to your health.
Consumption of excess D2O can prove fatal (Photo Credit : Korosi Francois-Zoltan/ Shutterstock)
The greater mass of the deuterium atoms, as compared to the hydrogen atoms, will affect chemical reactions that occur in the body. The heavier D2O molecules will slow down naturally occurring chemical reactions that regularly happen in the human body. If the amount of heavy water reaches a point of 20% of the total water present in your body, it could prove fatal. Certain types of heavy water include tritium atoms, instead of deuterium atoms. This variety is even more harmful, since tritium is heavier and, more importantly, radioactive. Any intake of such liquids will cause bodily harm and can affect the DNA integrity of humans.
Thankfully, we rarely hear of people overdosing on any type of heavy water, mainly because obtaining D2O is very difficult and expensive. By using electrolysis, one can obtain pure heavy water, but most people don't have access to these resources. Purchasing D2O is also very expensive, with prices upwards of $100 for 100 grams of the liquid. (fact – https://shop.isotope.com/productdetails.aspx?itemno=DLM-4-PK)
National Institutes Of Health (NIH) (Link 1)
United States Geological Survey
The short URL of the present article is: http://sciabc.us/IxeT1
Siddhanth is an undergraduate student from King's College London, pursuing a Bachelor of Arts (International Development) degree. Having completed the international baccalaureate program with subjects such as chemistry, economics and business management at the higher level, he has a keen interest in both natural and social sciences. Apart from an academic inclination, he loves to follow several sports such as F1, cricket, tennis and football, and has been a lifelong Arsenal fan. He currently plays football for his university team and is a part of the KCL dance society as well.
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By default, Cloudera Data Science Workbench engines are preloaded with a few common packages and libraries for R, Python, and Scala. In addition to these, Cloudera Data Science Workbench also allows you to install any other packages or libraries that are required by your projects. However, directly installing a package to a project as described above might not always be feasible. For example, packages that require root access to be installed, or that must be installed to a path outside /home/cdsw (outside the project mount), cannot be installed directly from the workbench.
For such circumstances, Cloudera Data Science Workbench allows you to extend the base Docker image and create a new Docker image with all the libraries and packages you require. Site administrators can then whitelist this new image for use in projects, and project administrators set the new white-listed image to be used as the default engine image for their projects. For an end-to-end example of this process, see End-to-End Example: MeCab.
Note that this approach can also be used to accelerate project setup across the deployment. For example, if you want multiple projects on your deployment to have access to some common dependencies (package or software or driver) out of the box, or even if a package just has a complicated setup, it might be easier to simply provide users with an engine that has already been customized for their project(s).
This section walks you through the steps required to create your own custom engine based on the Cloudera Data Science Workbench base image. For a complete example, see End-to-End Example: MeCab.
The first step when building a customized image is to create a Dockerfile that specifies which packages you would like to install in addition to the base image.
For example, the following Dockerfile installs the beautifulsoup4 package on top of the base Ubuntu image that ships with Cloudera Data Science Workbench.
For instructions, refer the Docker documentation: Push Images to Docker Cloud.
The MeCab example at the end of this topic uses this method.
Distribute the image to all the Cloudera Data Science Workbench gateway hosts.
Load the image on all the Cloudera Data Science Workbench gateway hosts.
White-listing a customized image in Cloudera Data Science Workbench is a two-step process.
First, a site administrator will need to clear the new image for use on the deployment.
Log in as a site administrator.
Add <company-registry>/<user-name>/<image-name>:<tag> to the list of whitelisted engine images.
If you want to start using the image in a project, the project administrator will need to set this image as the default image for the project.
Go to the project Settings page.
Select the new customized engine from the dropdown list of available Docker images. Sessions and jobs you run in your project will now have access to this engine.
This section demonstrates how to customize the Cloudera Data Science Workbench base engine image to include the MeCab (a Japanese text tokenizer) library.
This is a sample Dockerfile that adds MeCab to the Cloudera Data Science Workbench base image.
To use this image on your Cloudera Data Science Workbench project, perform the following steps.
Build a new image with the Dockerfile.
Push the image to your company's Docker registry.
Whitelist the image, <your-company-registry>/user/cdsw-mecab:latest. Only a site administrator can do this.
Go to Admin > Engines and add <company-registry>/user/cdsw-mecab:latest to the list of whitelisted engine images.
Ask a project administrator to set the new image as the default for your project. Go to the project Settings, click Engines, and select company-registry/user/cdsw-mecab:latest from the dropdown.
You should now be able to run this project on the customized MeCab engine.
Cloudera Data Science Workbench only supports customized engines that are based on the Cloudera Data Science Workbench base image.
Cloudera Data Science Workbench does not support creation of custom engines larger than 10 GB.
Cloudera Data Science Workbench does not support pulling images from registries that require Docker credentials.
The contents of certain pre-existing standard directories such as /home/cdsw, /tmp, /opt/cloudera, and so on, cannot be modified while creating customized engines. This means any files saved in these directories will not be accessible from sessions that are running on customized engines.
Workaround: Create a new custom directory in the Dockerfile used to create the customized engine, and save your files to that directory. Or, create a new custom directory on all the Cloudera Data Science Workbench gateway hosts and save your files to those directories. Then, mount this directory to the custom engine.
This Cloudera Engineering Blog post on Customizing Docker Images in Cloudera Data Science Workbench describes an end-to-end example on how to build and publish a customized Docker image and use it as an engine in Cloudera Data Science Workbench.
For an example of how to extend the base engine image to include Conda, see Creating an Extensible Engine With Conda.


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The College of Engineering & Science offers a combined Bachelor of Electrical Engineering/Master of Electrical and Computer Engineering program.
In order to complete both the BEE and MECE degrees in five years, the student must a) be very well prepared as an incoming freshman, ready to take our core engineering courses, b) satisfy all the admission criteria (see below), and c) maintain a 3.25 GPA, in order to take graduate level courses while still an undergraduate.
Please see separate catalog pages for Bachelor of Electrical Engineering and Master of Electrical & Computer Engineering Program Learning Outcomes.
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The course requirements for the 5-Year Bachelor of Electrical Engineering to Master of Electrical & Computer Engineering include 139/141 credits of undergraduate course work and 30 credits of graduate coursework. Six credits taken at the graduate level will be double-counted towards the undergraduate degree, so that the total credits completed will be 163/165 credits. The course requirements are based on the current existing requirements for each program separately. Please review separate catalog pages for Bachelor of Electrical Engineering and Master of Electrical & Computer Engineering for degree requirements.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The public are growing in confidence that we can and do talk about immigration, writes Sunder Katwala.
British Future's Matthew Rhodes gave a speech in Dudley on International Migrants Day, at a Migrants Alive event run by the 5 Estates Plus Project. Read what he said.


text:
Q: How to determine if user is reinstalling the app on Android I am working on adding a release notes webView when our app is installed either for the very first time or when the app is being reinstalled.  My question is on the second part where the user is installing the app on top of an existing one.  I thought about deleting the release notes after it is installed but it's not possible to delete a file from assets at run time. Is there a way to determine this case?

A: How about saving the time when the release note was last shown in SharedPreferences, and checking it against the app install time? On fresh install there will be nothing in SharedPreferences, so you know you need to show the release note.
You can get the app install time this way:
How to get app install time from android

A: You can use SharedPreferences, regular File IO, or an SQLite DB in your app to store persistent information, e.g. a flag indicating if the current release notes have already been displayed or not. This data will "survive" an update of your App.
These data will, however, be deleted when the App is uninstalled from the phone, but I guess that's not a problem in your case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Concordia Community Garden of Hope is located on grounds of the Sisters of St. Joseph Convent. Thirty-three plots are available with one plot is reserved solely for use by students from the Concordia School District. Rental fees are used for the upkeep of the garden area. The Sisters of St. Joseph provide staff to assist with mowing and disposal of waste materials. Other funds have been secured through grants, in-kind donations and fundraisers.
Funds were requested from the Kansas Community Garden Grant for a tiller, composter, materials to build raised beds for handicapped/elderly participants, soil preparation and gardening equipment.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Correctly reconstructing the energy of a neutrino interaction is an important
part of both neutrino oscillation and neutrino scattering physics.
Using nuclear targets, as opposed to free nucleon targets,
obfuscates the neutrino interaction and imparts significant uncertainties and
model dependencies onto the reconstructed neutrino energy.
Current neutrino beams are wide-band and the spread in event-by-event neutrino
energy is significant, thereby making the impact of nuclear effects difficult
to isolate.
Understanding the hadronic system is key for investigations of nuclear
effects; it holds all available information about the type of interaction that
occurred.

This talk presents a Monte Carlo truth study into the use of variables defined
in the plane transverse to the incoming neutrino.
In the absence of nuclear effects, the transverse momentum in the final state
should be identically balanced.
Therefore, nuclear effects that affect the kinematics of final state particles
can be seen as deviations from finely balanced systems.
For more details the reader is directed to \cite{tttpaper}.

This study mainly examines predictions from the NuWro generator \cite{NuWro}.
However, NEUT \cite{NEUT}, GENIE \cite{GENIE}, and GiBUU \cite{GiBUU} have also
been investigated and the procedures used are fully generator-independent.

\section{Energy Transfer and Hadronic System Energy in QE and RES Interactions}

For quasi-elastic (QE \cite{LlewellynSmith}) and resonant
pion production (RES \cite{ReinSehgal})
neutrino interactions the phase space for four momentum transfer, \tqsq, is
bounded.
At larger four momentum transfer, the mediating particle scatters off quarks
and results in so called deep inelastic scatters.
\figtxt\ref{fig:Q2SatQE} shows the NuWro predicted event
rate for QE and RES interactions, as a function of \tqsq for a number of
different neutrino fluxes.
For neutrino energies $\lesssim2$ GeV, the \tqsq shape changes
significantly with increasing neutrino energy.
However, the shape change between $3$ GeV and $6$ GeV is minimal.
For QE and RES interactions at these energies, the models predict that almost
all of the possible \tqsq phase space for that interaction type is kinematically
accessible.
Predicted event rates for interactions in a real beam with a wide spectral
shape and peaked at sufficiently high energy, such as the NuMI on-axis beam
\cite{NUMIFLUX}, also exhibit the same \tqsq shape.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{RealBeams_Q2Saturation_QE_numi.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{RealBeams_Q2Saturation_RES_numi.eps}
\caption{Four momentum transfer for QE (Llewellyn Smith
\cite{LlewellynSmith}) and RES (Rein Sehgal \cite{ReinSehgal})
interactions as predicted by NuWro.
The \tqsq shape is asymptotically independent of the neutrino energy above some
threshold, leading to decoupling of the neutrino energy and the energy of the
final state hadronic system.
The NuMI on-axis beam is sufficiently high energy to cause this decoupling in
both the QE and RES channels.}
\label{fig:Q2SatQE}
\end{figure}

In a neutrino interaction where a single hadronic particle, with
invariant hadronic mass \thadrmass, is excited from an initial state nucleon,
$N$, the energy transfer, \tetrans, can be written as

\begin{align*}
  \etrans = \frac{\qsq + \hadrmass^2 - m^2_N}{2\sqrt{m^2_N+p^2_N}},
\end{align*}
where $m_N$ and $p_N$ are the mass and three momentum of the initial state
nucleon.
For QE interactions, $\nu_\mu + n \rightarrow \mu + p$, \thadrmass is the proton
mass.
For RES interactions, hadronic mass cuts that isolate single pion production via
a delta resonance are frequently used, \textit{e.g.} in MINERvA charged
current single pion production \cite{minervacc1pi}.
This results in a hadronic mass distributed about $1.2$ GeV.
The initial state nucleon momentum distribution is separate from the neutrino
interaction.
The only remaining unknown is \tqsq.
As discussed, above some threshold energy, \tqsq is largely independent of the
neutrino energy.
Therefore, in an appropriate neutrino beam, the event-by-event energy transfer
to the hadronic system should be largely decoupled from the neutrino energy.
The on-axis position in the NuMI beam has a peak energy high enough to cause
such decoupling for QE and for RES events.
The following discussions focus on NuWro predicted event rate shapes for a
carbon target exposed to the NuMI on-axis muon neutrino flux.

\section{Transverse Variables in QE Interactions}
\subsection{Definition}

Fig.~\ref{fig:stvdef} shows the schematic definitions of three variables defined
in the plane transverse to the incoming neutrino, \tdpt, \tdat, and \tdphit.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{singleTransverseImbalanceDiagram_tikz.eps}
\caption{A schematic definition of three transverse variables, \tdpt,
\tdat, and \tdphit, in a QE muon neutrino interaction.}
\label{fig:stvdef}
\end{figure}

These three variables are defined as:

\begin{align*}
  \delta\vec{p}_\mathrm{T} &= \vec{p}^{\ell}_\mathrm{T} + \vec{p}^{p}_\mathrm{T},\\
  \dphit &= \arccos\frac{-\vec{p}^{\ell}_T \cdot \vec{p}^{N}_\mathrm{T} } { p^{\ell}_\mathrm{T}p^{N}_\mathrm{T}},\ \textrm{and}\\
  \dat &= \arccos\frac{-\vec{p}^{\ell}_T \cdot \delta\vec{p}_\mathrm{T}}{p^{\ell}_\mathrm{T}\dpt}.
\end{align*}

\tdpt is the overall three momentum imbalance in the transverse plane.
In the absence of nuclear effects---and detector effects---\tdpt should be
described by a Dirac delta function at $\dpt = 0$.
The transverse momentum imbalance has been investigated in neutrino scattering
previously.
The Big European Bubble Chamber examined transverse momentum
imbalance in deuterium exposed to wide band neutrino beams at the CERN SPS
\cite{bebbal}.
Their data set is significantly dominated by deep inelastic scattering events
due to the beam energy.
NOMAD used transverse kinematic imbalance as a selection variable
for QE events, also in a higher energy beam than used by current neutrino
experiments (which require $\mathcal{O}\left(\textrm{GeV}\right)$ beams for use
in neutrino oscillation physics) \cite{nomadqe}.

\tdphit describes the angular difference between the observed
final state and the case where the final state particles are back-to-back in
the transverse plane.
A highly balanced system is characterised by $\dphit=0$.
\tdphit has been used in QE event classifiers at NOMAD and INGRID
\cite{nomadqe,ingridqe}.
The MINERvA collaboration measured the \textit{coplanarity angle},
$\varphi = \pi - \dphit$, in their `CC with no pions in the final state' event
selection and find their data to largely agree with a GENIE simulation \cite{minervadphit}.

\tdat can be used to classify a process as having an `accelerating' or
`decelerating' effect on the hadronic system.
For $\dat<90^\circ$ the proton transverse momentum appears larger than expected
from the observed muon transverse momentum---an apparently accelerating
effect--and it appears less than expected for $\dat>90^\circ$.
\tdat was proposed and investigated for the first time in a recent truth study
\cite{tttpaper}.

Monte Carlo predictions for these three variables are presented in the following
sections along with discussions of features predicted by individual nuclear
effects.

\subsection{Energy dependence of the transverse variables}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{deltapT_QE_EDEP.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{deltaalphaT_QE_EDEP.eps}

\caption{Both \tdpt, (\textit{left}), and \tdat, (\textit{right}), exhibit
less neutrino energy dependence than final state lepton kinematics.}
\label{fig:dptdatscale}
\end{figure}

\tdpt is directly generated by nuclear effects. The direction of this transverse
momentum imbalance with respect to an axis defined by the charged lepton defines
\tdat. Fig.~\ref{fig:dptdatscale} shows how, over an order of magnitude of
beam energies, the change in the shape of \tdpt and \tdat is minimal.
This is not the case for charged lepton final state kinematics alone.
Such energy independence is desirable when attempting to isolate the effects of
using a nuclear target from the effects of a wide-band neutrino beam.

However, the shape of \tdphit is more strongly influenced by the neutrino
energy.
This is because of the trigonometric dependence on the magnitude of the muon
transverse momentum.
Fig.~\ref{fig:dphitscale} shows how for a given \tdpt and \tdat, the resulting
\tdphit depends more strongly on the kinematics of the neutrino interaction
rather than just on the largely decoupled hadronic system.
When naively examining \tdphit, flux uncertainties are still more
conflated with FSI uncertainties.
One way to account for this dependence is to perform a double differential
measurement of $\frac{d^2\sigma}{d\dpt{}dp^{\ell}_T}$.

\begin{figure}
\centering

\begin{minipage}[]{0.4\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{dPhiT_scale_illust_tikz.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[]{0.45\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{muonpt_EDEP.eps}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{deltaPhiT_QE_EDEP.eps}
\end{minipage}

\caption{(\textit{left}): For a given \tdpt and \tdat, which are generated by
distinct nuclear effects independent of the charged lepton kinematics,
the observed \tdphit depends on the magnitude of \tmupt.
(\textit{top right}): The \tmupt distribution varies strongly as a function of
neutrino energy. (\textit{below left}): For more energetic neutrinos, \tdphit
has a tighter peak due to the distribution of \tmupt, however, FSIs
result in a broader peak.}
\label{fig:dphitscale}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Transverse Variables as Probes of Nuclear Effects}

\subsubsection{Fermi motion}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{FM_QE_IS.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dpt_QE_nofsi.eps}
\caption{(\textit{left}) The magnitude of the nucleon momentum distribution for
three widely used nuclear models (global relativistic Fermi gas (RFG), local Fermi gas (LFG), and Benhar spectral function (SF) \cite{BenharSF}).
(\textit{right}) The apparent transverse momentum resulting from the nucleon
Fermi motion, for QE interactions.}
\label{fig:initstate}
\end{figure}

When neutrinos scatter from free nucleons at rest, it is expected that the
transverse momentum of the final state particles identically balance:
$\dpt=0,\dphit=0,\dat \textrm{is undefined}$.
In a nuclear environment the nucleons are undergoing random Fermi motion which
imparts an unknowable event-by-event boost to the interacting system.
This boost introduces a characteristic shape to each of the three distributions.

In the absence of any Final State Interactions (FSIs) the apparent momentum
imbalance in the lab frame is generated purely by the Fermi motion of the
struck nucleon.
\tdpt is therefore distributed according to the transverse component of the
Fermi motion.
\figtxt\ref{fig:initstate} shows how differences in the nuclear model are
reflected in lab-frame \tdpt distributions.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dphit_QE_nofsi.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{dat_QE_nofsi.eps}
\caption{The \tdphit (\textit{left}), and \tdat (\textit{right}),
predictions for three nuclear models in the absence of FSIs.}
\label{fig:initstate_datphit}
\end{figure}

\figtxt\ref{fig:initstate_datphit} shows the `FSI-off' predictions for \tdphit
and \tdat.
\tdphit gains some width as a result of the unknown boost; the
distribution is strongly peaked around $\dphit=0$.
\tdat can be defined for any transverse momentum imbalance $\dpt \neq 0$.
However, we expect the Fermi motion to be isotropic resulting a flat
distribution for the apparent acceleration or deceleration of the proton.

\subsubsection{Final State Interactions}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{dpt_QE.eps}
\caption{The fully simulated transverse momentum imbalance for three
nuclear models.
Low \tdpt is dominated by the transverse projection of the nucleon momentum
distribution, as in \figtxt\ref{fig:initstate}.
At larger transverse momemtum imbalances, the \tdpt distribution becomes
largely independent of the initial state because of FSI smearing.}
\label{fig:initstateFSI}
\end{figure}

FSIs can refer to any re-scattering of the final hadronic system as it leaves the
nucleus.
This includes: elastic and inelastic re-scatters, absorption, charge exchange,
or spectator nucleon knock-out.
These processes all act to obscure the hadronic system `memory' of the
interaction.

\figtxt\ref{fig:initstateFSI} shows the \tdpt distributions for the three nuclear
models.
For $\dpt$ less than the Fermi momentum, $\textrm{k}_\textrm{f}$, the
distribution is almost entirely governed by the Fermi motion and for
$\dpt \gtrsim 2\textrm{k}_\textrm{f}$
are independent of the initial state and instead indicative of the FSI model.
The \tdphit distribution continues to broaden when FSI effects are enabled in
the simulation.

Herein the global relativistic Fermi gas (RFG) model will be used as the
nuclear model for the sake of simplicity.
The other nuclear models have been investigated and the results are
qualitatively similar.
The RFG model is very simple, and not the most realistic model.
When analyzing measured data, the most appropriate nuclear model should be used.

It might be naively expected that FSI processes generally transfer energy from
the vertex-exiting hadronic system to the nuclear environment.
The simulated distributions agree with these expectations, showing that FSIs
cause a pile-up of events at $\dat \sim 180^\circ$---characteristic of an
apparently decelerated hadronic system.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.51\textwidth]{NuMI_muonpt_EDEP.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{NuMI_QE_datvsmupt_nofsi.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{NuMI_QE_datvsmupt.eps}
\caption{(\textit{top}) The NuWro predicted \tmupt event rate for QE events on
carbon in the NuMi On-Axis beam.
\tmupt slice-normalised \tdat v.s \tmupt distributions, without (\textit{bottom left}), and with (\textit{bottom right}), FSIs enabled.
FSIs cause the final state hadronic system to lose momentum as it leaves the
nucleus, resulting in more events with large \tdat.}
\label{fig:datmupt}
\end{figure}

\figtxt\ref{fig:datmupt} shows how \tdat varies with \tmupt with and without FSIs
enabled in the simulation.
The transverse momentum of the charged lepton is correlated with the pre-FSI
transverse momentum of the final state hadron, up to $\textrm{k}_\textrm{f}$.
Measuring transverse kinematic imbalance as a function of the lepton momentum
may allow new insight into FSI processes.
Such a measurement would be complementary to the thin target hadron scattering
data typically used to tune FSI simulations, e.g. \cite[\S 2.5]{genieuserman}.
It may be the case that intra- and extra-nuclear forces are considerably
different, making an in-channel FSI constraint invaluable.

\subsubsection{Pauli Blocking}

Pauli blocking reduces the interaction cross section by limiting the phase
space for final state nucleon production.
Values of \tqsq which would result in a final state nucleon in a quantum
mechanical state that is already `filled', are disallowed.
For the global RFG nuclear model this corresponds to
$p^p \leq \textrm{k}_\textrm{f}$.
Comparison between \figtxt\ref{fig:datmupt} (\textit{left}) and
\figtxt\ref{fig:pauliblocking} (\textit{below left}) shows that Pauli blocking
causes a suppression at $\dat \sim 180^\circ$ for
$p^\mu_T \lesssim \textrm{k}_\textrm{f}$.
This region corresponds to events where a small three momentum transfer acts
against the initial state nucleon's Fermi motion, resulting in a final state
hadron with momentum below the Fermi surface---causing Pauli blocking.
Pauli blocking is also implemented in other nuclear models and the predicted
effect is qualitatively similar.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{minipage}[]{0.3\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{LowMupt_PB_tikz.eps}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[]{0.55\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=0.92\textwidth]{dat_NuWro_QE_NuMI_nopb_lowmupt.eps}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{NuMI_QE_datvsmupt_nofsi_nopb.eps}
\end{minipage}

\caption{(\textit{left}): Pauli blocking (PB) suppresses events at low \tmupt and
high \tdat because in this region a low three momentum transfer would act
against the nucleon Fermi motion leaving it in a disallowed final state.
(\textit{top right}): The high \tdat event suppression is due to Pauli blocking
and acts against the effects of FSIs at low \tmupt.
(\textit{below right}): \tmupt slice-normalised event rate in \tdat and \tmupt.
With Pauli blocking effects and FSIs removed from the simulation \tdat is very
flat in \tmupt.}
\label{fig:pauliblocking}
\end{figure}

\section{Transverse Variables in Resonant Charged Pion Production}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{CCResSTImbalanceDiagram_tikz.eps}
\caption{A schematic definition of three transverse variables in a
resonant single pion production interaction.}
\label{fig:RES_stvdef}
\end{figure}

So far all discussions have been framed in the context of QE events.
However, the resonance production system is expected to be similarly balanced
for free nucleon targets.
\figtxt\ref{fig:RES_stvdef} shows the definitions of the transverse
imbalances for a $1\mu + 1p + 1\pi$ final states.
The impact of nuclear effects on transverse imbalance in RES interactions may
differ from QE.
FSIs of both protons and charged pions will be evident in these distributions.
Pauli blocking will reduce the phase space for the resonance decay, but not
limit the four momentum transfer phase space of the delta resonance production.

For the QE case it is not simple to examine transverse imbalance in an
anti-neutrino beam: the final state hadron is neutral, so accurate detection
becomes problematic.
However, possible resonance production interactions, such as
$\bar{\nu}_\ell + p \rightarrow \ell^+ + \Delta^0 \rightarrow \ell^+ p + \pi^-$,
produces only charged final state hadrons.
It is therefore possible to compare transverse imbalance across three
channels: QE, $\Delta^{++}$, and $\Delta^0$, with three distinct final states.
\figtxt\ref{fig:RESdistribs} shows the fully simulated transverse imbalance distributions for these three interaction channels.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{deltapT_RESDeltaPP.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{deltaPhiT_RESDeltaPP.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{deltaAlphaT_RESDeltaPP.eps}
\caption{The predicted transverse imbalance for QE, $\Delta^{++}$, and
$\Delta^{0}$ resonances.
The effect of charge pion FSI can be seen most apparently as an increased
number of events in the FSI-dominated region of \tdpt.
Measurements of these distributions will act as direct probes of proton and
proton + charged pion FSIs.}
\label{fig:RESdistribs}
\end{figure}

\section{Challenges}
The transverse observable approach outlined aboves requires specific final
states, whichy may differ from the original neutrino interaction.
However, it provides a number of unique benefits.
As discussed, it is possible to make these measurements with a minimal degree of
neutrino energy dependence.
The distributions are not model dependent in their reconstruction, unlike
\tqsq and \tetrans that require assumptions on the neutrino-nucleus interaction
vertex.
Measuring transverse imbalance in neutrino scattering highlights the effects of
FSIs on neutrino interactions, rather than inferring from the results of
thin-target hadron scattering data.
The distributions are constructed from leptonic and hadronic information, so
will be naturally exclusive measurements.
This means they will be a powerful test of the full predictions of interaction
and FSI models.

Comparisons between nuclear effect-induced transverse imbalance in the three
neutrino interaction channels will give insight into intra-nuclear proton and
charged pion interactions.
This is one of a number of complementary approaches we think is important for
tackling this highly convoluted problem.

\section{Summary}

The hadronic portion of the final state is vital for identifying and
understanding neutrino interactions.
As discussed, nuclear effects obscure the primary neutrino interaction by
modifying the observed final states.
A number of the effects of using nuclear targets have been discussed in this
talk and the impact on a set of transverse variables have been shown.
Measurements of the distributions presented will provide a powerful way to gain
insight into nuclear effects, with a reduced dependence on neutrino energy.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

The author would like to thank X-G. Lu, and S. Dolan for their continued
collaboration throughout this work, K. McFarland, C. Wilkinson, C. V. C. Wret,
and Y. Hayato for various insightful discussions, and the NuWro, GENIE, and
GiBUU collaborations for their wonderful code and quickly offered assistance in
correctly using it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Many natural events and processes are cyclical. Examples surround us. As one example, aerial photographs reveal that all rivers in the world meander, and those meanderings are cyclical. Rivers meander because they seek the path of least resistance, not because of differences in the structure of the soil. Just like water can only flow downstream in the river, time cannot reverse in trading. In addition, prices can only be higher or lower, just like the river can only bend to the right or left. These constraints form a special kind of random walk that mathematicians call "drunkard's walk", In its simplest form the "drunk" steps only into a square to the right or into a square to the left as he steps forward. He must make a new decision with each step. To make the decision random, he flips a coin to determine the direction he will take. Repeated many times, the overlay of paths that he follows will look like a smoke plume. The problem can be solved through a rather famous partial differential equation called The Diffusion Equation. The density of the smoke particles in the plume is analogous to the probability of the drunkard's location. A multiple exposure photograph of the drunkard's walk repeated over and over would show the randomness. This photograph would show the composite paths to have a uniform density, widening from the initial position. The uniform density would make the sum of his paths look like a smoke plume. The smoke plume is analogous to a trend in the market.
Random walk does not necessarily mean chaos. A minor variation of the drunkard's walk problem is to allow the random coin flip decision to control the change of direction rather than the direction itself. That is, the random variable becomes momentum instead of direction. The partial differential equation describing this condition is called The Telegrapher's Equation. Among other things, the equation obviously describes electric waves along telegraph wires. You can picture the result as the drunk reeling back and forth. He overcorrects around a general direction trying to reach an objective. This formulation of the problem, expressed in terms of physics, accurately portrays the river and explains why the river meanders. In a multiple exposure photograph the paths are still randomly distributed. Nevertheless, the cycles are apparent in the shorter case of a single path. This is why rapid identification of a cycle using a short data base is important - the cycle is identified before it disappears. Long term measurements are not satisfactory because the cycle characteristics are not stationary over the longer period.
If enough traders ask themselves "Will the market go up today?", the random variable is direction. Thus, conditions are established for the solution of The Diffusion Equation. On the other hand if enough traders ask themselves 'Will the trend continue?', the random variable is now momentum. You could then expect the conditions to be established for the solution of The Telegrapher's Equation. That is, the market is ripe for short term cycle activity.
For more information go to "ASMC trading system"


Dwyane Wade has been playing very well recently and it is fitting for him as Jordan Brand unveiled two new colorways of his playoff shoe, the Jordan Fly Wade 2 EV.
The Jordan Fly Wade 2 EV, which was a hit when it was released in three colorways last month, will be available in Metallic Gold Coin/Black – White and Club Purple/White – Black – Spark colorways, which are expected to be worn by Wade in his upcoming games and probably in the 2012 London Games.
Watch out for these new kicks. This will drop in the market anytime soon!
Two New Jordan Fly Wade 2 Out Now!


text:
Coastline Community College is a public community college with three mini-campuses in Westminster, Garden Grove, and Newport Beach and an administration building in Fountain Valley, California. The college offers Associate in Arts degrees, Associate in Science degrees, courses to prepare students to transfer to a four-year college or university, and career and technical courses that can lead to career advancement and/or an occupational certificate. The college was founded in 1976 and is part of the Coast Community College District and the California Community Colleges.

History
The school was originally started by the Coast Community College District as the distance learning college; it served the DL needs of Coast District residents, while Orange Coast College and Golden West College served many of the on-campus needs, with Coastline also using community facilities for site classes. Coastline has now evolved to include a distance learning program as well as on-campus classes available at its three mini-campus sites and other physical locations throughout the district.

Campus locations
Coastline Community College's administration offices are located in a 40,000 sq.ft., administration facility located at 11460 Warner Avenue, Fountain Valley California, 92708.

Unlike most colleges, Coastline does not have a traditional campus. Instead, instruction is offered at sites throughout the Coast Community College District. The college has three main mini-campuses based in Newport Beach, Garden Grove and Westminster, with an administration building (offering enrollment services, counseling, a bookstore, and more) in Fountain Valley. The Westminster Center is formally called the "Le-Jao Center" in honor of the Le family (owners of Lee's Sandwiches) and the Jao family (owners of the Asian Garden Mall and Bridgecreek Development), who contributed substantially to the Coastline Foundation's endowment.

In fall 2012, the college opened a new campus at 1515 Monrovia in Newport Beach. This is home to several general education courses and programs, including the college's Paralegal Program, Acquired Brain Injury, Intellectual Disabilities and COAST Vocational Programs,  Special Programs Department, Art Department, and Digital Art. It is also home to a Veterans Resource Center and the Coastline Art Gallery, a community art gallery that is open to the public.

Academics
Students can take courses to fulfill their general education transfer requirements, or explore vocational programs like biotechnology and informatics. Coastline also offers an English as a Second Language (ESL) program and a unique Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) program.

College offerings include:
 General education programs for preparation/transfer to a four-year university
 Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degrees in a variety of majors
 Career and technical education courses and certificates
 Hundreds of online classes and complete online degree programs
 Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) program (for those with brain injury due to traumatic or non-traumatic accident or event)
 Educational programs for members of the U.S. military
 Educational programs for inmates at FCI Terminal Island

References

External links

California Community Colleges
Universities and colleges in Orange County, California
Distance education institutions based in the United States
Two-year colleges in the United States
Fountain Valley, California
Education in Garden Grove, California
Newport Beach, California
Westminster, California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Educational institutions established in 1976
1976 establishments in California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Nikolas Marquez
2019-2020 Public Policy Fellows
CHCI- BP Public Policy Fellow
Hometown: Sahuarita, Arizona
School: San Diego State University
Degree: B.S. in Mechanical Engineering
Placement: House Committee on Science, Space & Technology
Nikolas Marquez was born and raised in Tucson, Arizona. Nikolas's grandparents migrated from Mexico in the 1960's. He learned the importance of hard work from his grandfather, who worked in California fields as a teenager. As a result of growing up with strong family support, family became very important to him and he desired to give back. Therefore, his family history guided his area of study. Nikolas graduated from San Diego State University (SDSU) with a degree in mechanical engineering with an emphasis in bioengineering.
While at SDSU, Nikolas explored an interest in cardiovascular health due to how it has affected his mother and godfather. He was an Undergraduate Researcher in the SDSU Cardiovascular Bioengineering Lab, publishing an article in the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs. He also found a passion for serving others. He was a Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) Program advisor, which educated students from underprivileged communities in San Diego, California about Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers. As President of the College of Engineering, Nikolas supported and led projects that aimed to provide a diverse college experience for engineering students.
As a CHCI Public Policy Fellow, Nikolas wants to gain an understanding of the intersection between STEM, policy, and law, specifically how ethical innovation of technology can benefit everyone. In addition, he is interested in advancing diversity in STEM and advocating for renewable/clean energy sources. After the fellowship, Nikolas hopes to pursue a career in public service focusing on leveraging STEM to improve the lives of underprivileged communities.


Over the last 2 years I have become more of a supporter of layout then design. Yes, layout is an element of design, but in the web design process they have their own areas and purposes. This post takes a peak at the use of wireframes to help determine a websites layout and also the factors we consider in a web design layout. It's a great step for the web designer, production team and the client.
1. The user. What do they need to see, read and do. Usability is a big factor in good layout for me.
2. The target market as a whole. There are certain expectations a user might have of a small business website compared to a social media website. These differences determine the navigation, placement and number of "areas" or aspects in the layout.
3. The website owner/company. In building CMS integrated websites for 8 years, we consider the types of information, the amount of information and the placement of that information. The areas of the layout will offer up some static areas of content or functions and others will be dynamic or manageable with the CMS. You must give your client the right tools to offer up their message, communication or features.
Instead of just jumping to a full blown web design, taking the time to create a wireframe to plan the sites layout, usability and features is a great starting point to your visual design process. It also allows you to worth with your client on these aspects and start understanding the users possible experience. Q & A about CMS features, user needs and structure all can be determined with a wireframe.
The wireframe serves as a great plan, where the design elements are the polish and can include colors, graphics, gradients, photos, buttons, icons and more. As a designer, it also provides a great in between step for getting your design approved and embraced. You have outlined and provide some foundation to the client, so the first design concept is less of a surprise and of a continuation and enhancement of the wireframe.
Here is a project we are starting work on and shows our wireframe concept and then the first design mock version of the website. Many web designers will just start adding their design elements right over the exact grid and wireframe once that has been approved. Some prefer to start on paper sketching as well. There is no right or wrong way.
As you can see we also provided some notation on the areas. This is up to you to provide this detail or just keep it to content blocks and usability features.
Next is the web design concept. Keep in mind that this is a rough version one, the finished product will take on more polish and elements. But it serves the purpose for a visual example.
I hope this helps you understand the web design process a bit better and the value of wireframes in the layout and design steps. Feel free to either comment as a client or web designer on how a wireframe has helped your process or maybe you realize it's time to start using one.


text:
Q: Difference in tornado.gen.engine v/s tornado.gen.coroutine Going by the tornado.gen documentation can someone help me understand the exact difference between tornado.gen.coroutine and tornado.gen.engine

A: As the tornado documentation for gen.engine says:

This decorator is similar to coroutine, except it does not return a
  Future and the callback argument is not treated specially.

And as the gen.coroutine documentation says

From the caller's perspective, @gen.coroutine is similar to the
  combination of @return_future and @gen.engine.

gen.engine is basically an older, less streamlined version of what coroutine does. If you're writing new code, you should follow the documentation's advice and always use tornado.gen.coroutine.
It's pretty evident if you look at the code for both functions (with documentation stripped out).
engine:
def engine(func):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        runner = None

        def handle_exception(typ, value, tb):
            if runner is not None:
                return runner.handle_exception(typ, value, tb)
            return False
        with ExceptionStackContext(handle_exception) as deactivate:
            try:
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            except (Return, StopIteration) as e:
                result = getattr(e, 'value', None)
            else:
                if isinstance(result, types.GeneratorType):
                    def final_callback(value):
                        if value is not None:
                            raise ReturnValueIgnoredError(
                                "@gen.engine functions cannot return values: "
                                "%r" % (value,))
                        assert value is None
                        deactivate()
                    runner = Runner(result, final_callback)
                    runner.run()
                    return
            if result is not None:
                raise ReturnValueIgnoredError(
                    "@gen.engine functions cannot return values: %r" %
                    (result,))
            deactivate()
            # no yield, so we're done
    return wrapper

coroutine:
def coroutine(func):
    @functools.wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        runner = None
        future = TracebackFuture()

        if 'callback' in kwargs:
            callback = kwargs.pop('callback')
            IOLoop.current().add_future(
                future, lambda future: callback(future.result()))

        def handle_exception(typ, value, tb):
            try:
                if runner is not None and runner.handle_exception(typ, value, tb):
                    return True
            except Exception:
                typ, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
            future.set_exc_info((typ, value, tb))
            return True
        with ExceptionStackContext(handle_exception) as deactivate:
            try:
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            except (Return, StopIteration) as e:
                result = getattr(e, 'value', None)
            except Exception:
                deactivate()
                future.set_exc_info(sys.exc_info())
                return future
            else:
                if isinstance(result, types.GeneratorType):
                    def final_callback(value):
                        deactivate()
                        future.set_result(value)
                    runner = Runner(result, final_callback)
                    runner.run()
                    return future
            deactivate()
            future.set_result(result)
        return future
    return wrapper

Both of these are probably pretty hard to understand at first glance. But still, it's obvious that the code is very similar, except that @gen.coroutine has some special handling of the callback kwarg, and it builds/returns a Future. @gen.engine has some code that specifically throws an error if you try to return something from it, rather than putting it in the Future.


text:
Susan Schulman
Theatre Press Agent, Author of Backstage Pass
American Legends • Arts/Culture/Music • Author • Entertainment
Susan L. Schulman has been a theatrical press agent for over 40 years, handling Broadway, off-Broadway, dance, film, special events, TV, books, dance and individual personalities.
Born and bred in New York City, she attended Hunter Elementary and Hunter High School, NYU and holds a Master's degree in Theatre Arts from Columbia University.
Upon graduation from college she landed several low-paying but interesting jobs including Assistant to the Press Director at Lincoln Center which utilized her writing skills and love of the theatre. After a year and a half at L.C. she worked for virtually every top theatrical press agent in New York, honing her skills with the legendary Bill Doll, Mary Bryant, Arthur Cantor, Frank Goodman and Merle Debuskey. She also worked at WNET/Channel 13 (handling The Forsyte Saga, An American Family, etc.) and at United Artists as a Senior Publicist (Lady Caroline Lamb, Last Tango in Paris and Tom Sawyer, The Musical.)
Susan has heralded such worthy projects as Lauren Bacall in APPLAUSE, Jim Dale in SCAPINO, George C. Scott in DEATH OF A SALESMAN and SLY FOX, Bob Fosse' DANCIN', DEATH AND THE MAIDEN with Glenn Close, Richard Dryefuss and Gene Hackman, A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE with Alec Baldwin and Jessica Lange, a cross-country publicity tour with Susan Hampshire for THE FORSYTE SAGA, THE DANCE THEATRE OF HARLEM, FELD BALLET, JOFFREY BALLET, CIRCLE IN THE SQUARE, PHOENIX THEATRE, MANHATTAN THEATRE CLUB, etc. She has also been associated with such less memorable productions as "The Candy Apple," "Brighttower," "Father's Day," "All God's Chillun' Got Wings," "An American Millionaire," "Nash at Nine," "Cleavage," "All Night Strut," "Waltz of the Stork," "How To Build a Better Tulip" and "The Merchant" (the production that killed Zero Mostel.)
In 1978 Susan opened her own press office in the legendary Paramount Building handling theatre, dance, books, special events and individual personalities. Clients included Karen Akers, Carlin Glynn and Peter Masterson, Jack Gilford, Gene Klavan, The Feld Ballet, MTC, Phoenix Theatre, Joffrey Ballet, The Cleveland Play House, Garrison Keillor and "A Prairie Home Companion," plus the Broadway production of REQUIEM FOR A HEAVYWEIGHT with John Lithgow and George Segal.
In 1984, CBS made Susan the offer she couldn't refuse, so she closed her office and moved to CBS-TV ENTERTAINMENT in the newly-created position of Director, Press Information, handling the publicity for all the CBS Mini- Series including SPACE, ROBERT KENNEDY AND HIS TIMES, ALICE IN WONDERLAND and Joan Collins in SINS.
After CBS, Susan headed the Public Relations/Corporate Communications department at USA NETWORK for 4 years where she supervised the growth of the popular basic cable network from 4 hours of original programming per week to a full 24-hour schedule of new and/or exclusive programming. She then moved to the ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT Network (A&E) in a similar capacity and was subsequently named Vice President at Brown & Powers Public Relations, an international firm where she headed the Entertainment Division handling clients such as the BBC and Andrew Lloyd Webber.
In 1992 Susan returned to her first love, the theatre, handling the Broadway production of CITY OF ANGELS as well as the movie star-laden productions of DEATH AND THE MAIDEN and A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE. Surviving that, Susan decided to re-open her own theatrical press office, back home in the Paramount Building. In addition to such Broadway productions as the 'new Rodgers & Hammerstein musical' STATE FAIR and the Johnny Mercer musical DREAM, Susan has represented many extraordinary Broadway, TV and film actors including BRIAN STOKES MITCHELL, KAREN ZIEMBA, KATHLEEN CHALFANT, KAREN MASON, PENNY FULLER, HARRY GROENER and JASON GRAAE. She handled the national tours of STATE FAIR, PORGY AND BESS and MAN OF LA MANCHA as well as such not-for-profit arts institutions as Repertorio Espanol, The York Theatre, The Colleagues Theatre Company, CAP21, The All for One Festival, the Theatre World Awards, and Pulse Ensemble Theatre.
She is honored to be featured in three recent theatre books: IT HAPPENED ON BROADWAY by Myrna and Harvey Frommer; THE BIRTH OF SHYLOCK AND THE DEATH OF ZERO MOSTEL by Arnold Wesker, and Peter Filichia's BROADWAY MUSICALS: The Biggest Hits and the Biggest Flops 1959-2009. Susan has been an Adjunct Professor at Columbia University's Graduate School of the Arts, creating and teaching a course in theatrical publicity and audience development, and often lectures about the theatre and public relations. She has been a member of ATPAM (Assn. of Theatrical Press Agents and Managers) since 1973 and served on the Board of Advisors of Inside Broadway. She is included in numerous Who's Who lists and is a graduate of the AWED program for women business owners. She has served as a NYSCA (New York State Council on the Arts) Theatre Program Panelist.
Her memoir BACKSTAGE PASS TO BROADWAY was published in 2013 and is Amazon's list of top 100 books on theatre.


Which Jurassic Island can only 40 people explore at any one time? Although the biggest island on the Great Barrier Reef, Hinchinbrook Island is completely uninhabited. To protect the Island's biodiversity and prevent damage to the environment just 40 people are permitted to stay at any one time. If you have a desire for adventure, Hinchinbrook Island is your ultimate playground. It offers spectacular hiking and camping along the famous 32 kilometre Thorsborne Trail, internationally rated one of the top 10 walks on the planet. You will discover rainforests of Milky Pine, Palm Figs, and vines, with more than 66 species of birds, 22 species of butterflies, 29 different mangroves and many varieties of fish and crustaceans. To start your hiking expeditions on Hinchinbrook Island take a short ferry ride or private charter from Lucinda or Caldwell. Another way to explore Hinchinbrook Island is by paddling along the outside coast in a kayak. Voted as one of the top 10 places to see by Kayak in Australia, the views are nothing short of spectacular and the long sandy beaches and extensive mangrove areas make Hinchinbrook Island an environmental haven for turtles, dugongs and many other marine creatures. Hinchinbrook Island is the perfect place to restore body, mind and spirit. This is the Island to choose if you want peace, beauty, tranquillity and a hint of adventure.
Where can you discover a taste of Italian life in Townsville North Queensland? With more than half Ingham's population being of Italian descent it isn't surprising that the township is often referred to as "Little Italy". Settled in 1864, Ingham is the heart of the local sugar cane industry, where many Italian migrants came to work, and has one of the largest sugar mills in Australia. The annual Australian-Italian Festival in August brings thousands of visitors to the town to enjoy Italian wine, cuisine, music and culture. Today, the town is just over an hour's drive from Townsville and offers a unique collection of culture, fresh produce and vast green landscapes. Upon arrival in Ingham be sure to visit the TYTO Wetlands and Information Centre. This location is a bird lover's paradise with the wetlands walk providing easy viewing of more than 230 different bird species including the Eastern Grass Owl. Enjoy an early morning or late afternoon walk when hundreds of agile wallabies come out to graze. Just a short drive southwest of Ingham provides an opportunity to discover the awe-inspiring Wallaman Falls, Australia's highest permanent single drop waterfall. Forming part of the Wet Tropics World Heritage area, Wallaman Falls sits amongst the beauty of the lush green rainforest. Take in the views from above at the look out, or venture a little closer by taking the walking track to the base. Either way, Wallaman Falls is a great location to enjoy a picnic lunch and to discover the local wildlife. A little further north of the town is the pristine Hinchinbrook Island, a nature lover's paradise. The region includes many recreational National Parks and State Forests with some of the oldest rainforests on earth and many endangered plants and animals. Keep an eye out for the brilliant blue Ulysses butterfly and the rare and ancient cassowary bird. Enjoy exploring in the cooler months from April to September.
Directly opposite the southern tip of World Heritage listed Hinchinbrook Island is the sleepy seaside hamlet of Lucinda. The eye-popping pride of Lucinda is a six kilometre jetty stretching far out into the Coral Sea. The jetty is the world's largest bulk sugar loading facility and is so long it actually curves with the earth. When conditions are right, you can sometimes see the dugongs and sea turtles at play. With the fertile Hinchinbrook Channel to the north and Coral Sea to the east, Lucinda is Shangri-La for keen anglers. Mangrove jack, coral trout, big juicy mud crabs and the fighting barramundi are all in plentiful supply. Hire a boat and head out to sea or try your luck in the estuary, mangroves, off the beach, or over the side of the jetty. Looming large off the coast, breath-taking Hinchinbrook Island is a pristine natural wilderness, home to the famous Thorsborne Trail, internationally rated one of the top 10 walks on the planet. From Lucinda you can embark on a Hinchinbrook safari and explore the Island's mist-shrouded mountains, waterfalls and freshwater pools. Lucinda is a two hour drive north of Townsville, and a three hour drive south of Cairns. Accommodation in the area includes motels, hotels, caravans and self-contained cabins.
Uncover a secluded Great Barrier Reef Island that offers immaculate coastlines and a tranquil tropical escape at Orpheus Island. Located just off the coast of Ingham in North Queensland, Orpheus Island is renowned for its exclusivity, beauty and spectacular fringing reefs. The majority of the Island is comprised of pristine National Park set amongst the turquoise waters of the World Heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. With limited accommodation options and access via helicopter or private charter, Orpheus Island provides a true escapism for visitors. Stay at Orpheus Island Resort for pure luxury. Arrive by helicopter and be transported to a tropical indulgence complete with gourmet dining in some of the most spectacular settings imaginable. Relax in comfort or let the staff arrange a full day of activities for you to explore the Island further. For a more low-key accommodation option, the National Park has three camping spots. Ideally located on the Great Barrier Reef, Orpheus Island is a magical location for fishing, snorkelling and diving with the dive sites showcasing 1100 of the 1500 species of fish on the reef.


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text:
January 25, 2010 at 6:02 pm EST | by Chris Johnson
Obama to address "Don't Ask" in State of the Union?
Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Carl Levin (D-Mich.) (DC Agenda photo by Michael Key)
A Democratic lawmaker has postponed a Senate hearing on "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" until February after the State of the Union address at the request of administration officials who said President Obama may address the issue during his speech.
Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Carl Levin (D-Mich.) said Monday during a press conference the Senate hearing would take place in February after DC Agenda asked him whether he could give any details about when lawmakers would hear testimony.
"What I said earlier is that it will either be January or early in February," Levin said. "I was hoping to be able to announce a date. I cannot announce a date, but it is our intent to begin those hearings in early February."
According to a transcript of his remarks, Levin told reporters after the press conference he postponed the hearing because top Defense Department officials asked him to wait until after Obama's State of the Union address on Wednesday.
Levin said he doesn't know what Obama will say on "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" during his speech, but he expects the president will address the administration's intent on the issue.
Asked by DC Agenda during the press conference whether he would support the inclusion of repeal as part of President Obama's defense budget request, Levin replied, "I've never favored "Don't Ask, Don't Tell.'"
But Levin said if the path to repeal isn't pursued in a "thoughtful" way, the result could be "exactly the opposite effect of what I hope it takes the change the policy."
"We got to try to get both the military leaders but also the junior officers, the enlisted personnel … to be able to speak up on this issue because I think a generational shift has taken place," he said. "We've also got to show a sensitivity to the importance of our military moving in the direction, which hopefully they will move, but without just being told that by Congress."
"Now if the commander-in-chief tells them that that's his decision, presumably they're going to say, 'Yes, sir,'" Levin continued.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Michael Mullen had been set to testify at the hearing originally set for January, but Levin said he wants to hear from junior officers and enlisted personnel and not just top military leaders.
The senator said he suggested to Gates that he conduct a poll within the U.S. military to see if a generational shift on gays in the military has taken place.
Barack ObamaCarl LevinDon't Ask Don't TellSenate Armed Services CommitteeState of the Union
Chris Johnson is Chief Political & White House Reporter for the Washington Blade. Johnson is a member of the White House Correspondents' Association. Follow Chris
January 26, 2010 at 2:40 pm EST at 2:40 pm
Where are these comments when it states that they exist? Do you want to build an online community or not?
Somehow I don't think Pres. Obama will adress it fully (if at all. Seems to me that the Democrats have been scared by the recent turn of events in Mass. as well as other political happenings espcially when it comes to LGBT issues. We can only wait and see. Its patience game of waiting for the tide to shift again. Still we have to keep moving our issues forward.
Harvard, Stanford, Yale: Denounce sedition of your graduates by Peter Rosenstein | posted on January 14, 2021
Biden's LGBTQ promises complicated by coronavirus, impeachment crises by Chris Johnson | posted on January 13, 2021
Top rides for 2021 by Joe Phillips | posted on January 15, 2021
Report: Biden to tap Rufus Gifford as State Department chief of protocol by Michael K. Lavers | posted on January 13, 2021
Biden, Harris inauguration events mostly virtual by Lou Chibbaro Jr. | posted on January 13, 2021


Umpire shin guards should be called umpire leg guards as they provide protection to shins plus knees, ankles and even the thighs on some models.
Whether a fast-pitch softball or baseball umpire, from youth to the MLB level, you will find the right umpire shin guards for you with the largest selection and most information and photos available - including the most comprehensive umpire shin guard buying guide ever written.
Great for Majors-Juniors, but gotta have tights. These are light but the straps can definitely dig in on the thighs if you don't have some tights under them.
Lightweight, comfortable, fit well if wearing combo pants plus I prefer the old time hook attachments vs the snap-ins that most shin guards now have.


Tzatziki Seasoning | Altius Spices & Seasonings Inc.
Tzatziki made easy! Our authentic Tzatziki Seasoning is great with souvlaki, gyros, vegetables and more.
Dehydrated Garlic, Salt, Herbs, Citric Acid, Olive Oil, Natural Flavour (Soybean Oil).
Combine 3 1/2 tsp. of Tzatziki Seasoning, 4 tbsp. of grated cucumber, 1 tsp. of olive oil and 2 cups of Greek yogurt (500g). Mix well, using a whisk. Add 1 tsp olive oil on top of the mixture. Chill for a maximum of 1 hour before serving or use right away.
Altius tzatziki has amazing flavor. I use it on almost everything! I keep it stocked in the spice cabinet so I never run out!
SOOOO GOOD. Literally the reason I buy from Altius!
Geese I haven't ordered for a long time. But I do love this spice.


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Magocsi, Paul R.
Univ of Toronto Pr
Rather than limiting his study to an examination of the country's numerically largest population - ethnic Ukrainians - acclaimed scholar Paul Robert Magocsi emphasizes the multicultural nature of Ukraine throughout its history.
Ukraine is Europe's second state and this lavishly illustrated volume provides a concise and easy to read historical survey of the country from earliest times to the present. Each of the book's forty-six chapters is framed by a historical map, which graphically depicts the key elements of the chronological period or theme addressed within. In addition, the entire text is accompanied by over 300 historic photographs, line drawings, portraits, and reproductions of books and art works, which bring the rich past of Ukraine to life.
Rather than limiting his study to an examination of the country's numerically largest population - ethnic Ukrainians - acclaimed scholar Paul Robert Magocsi emphasizes the multicultural nature of Ukraine throughout its history. While ethnic Ukrainians figure prominently, Magocsi also deals with all the other peoples who live or who have lived within the borders of present-day Ukraine: Russians, Poles, Jews, Crimean Tatars, Germans (including Mennonites), and Greeks, among others. This book is not only an indispensable resource for European area and Slavic studies specialists; it is sure to appeal to people interested in having easy access to information about political, economic, and cultural development in Ukraine.
Publisher: Toronto : University of Toronto Press, c2007
Description: x, 336 p. : ill., maps ; 26 cm
Branch Call Number: 947.7 Mag
Read more reviews of Ukraine at iDreamBooks.com
Ukraine — History
Ukraine — Historical Geography — Maps


Winners of the 2015 SYTYCN Contest!
I am thrilled to announce the winners of the 2015 So You Think You Can Niche contest!
Backstory: for four weeks between July and August I invited people to submit their niche summed up into 140 characters (that's the length of a tweet!), and then that they rate at least five other people's niches from 1-10 and offer feedback to one another.
The results were fantastic. We had 74 niche meme entries, over 350 Facebook "likes" on those entries and 950 thoughtful, constructive comments.
I am deeply happy and encouraged by the quality of content and interaction. In addition to being fun, the So You Think You Can Niche contest for 2015 has been a wonderful platform for learning and a genuine success.
Fatima received an overall rating of 10, and of the six overall 10's in this contest, she had the most ratings in comments – thus making her our winner and proving that the amount of genuine, thoughtful, rated feedback really did matter! My sincere congratulations to Fatima – she entered a super clear niche for her work coaching Muslim women.
Fatima will take home the first place prize of a 90-minute coaching session with me ($450 value) + she'll be featured on my blog in the future + a $100 gift certificate at her favourite locally owned restaurant + a free hard copy of my book The Niching Nest.
I held this SYTYCN contest last year, and all the niches/memes from 2014 and their incredible collection of feedback has been made into a powerful resource on my NichingSpiral.com site.
You can search this database of Niching Case Studies based on rating so that you can see strong, evolving or weaker examples of niches with clear feedback on what is making them work or not work. You can also search the tag cloud for specific categories of niches.
The memes and niches from this 2015 contest will be added to the Niching Case Studies database this fall, so stand by for that resource to expand generously.
Dana da Ponte and Katya Sarmiento. Each of these women received a 10 rating overall and had the 2nd and 3rd most comment ratings of all the 10's. They will each receive a 30-minute coaching session with me + an electronic copy of The Niching Nest.
The lovely SYTYCN contestants who placed 4th through 10th each wins $100 off my next Niching Spiral Homestudy Course (a discount the winner can use or pass onto others). The tie-breaker for niches with the same rating was number of comments offered on that niche.
4th place: Deborah Morgan ; 5th place: Karen Shue ; 6th place: Landon Kennedy ; 7th place: Brooke Thorndycraft [9.75]; 8th place: Nancy Juetten [9.5]; 9th place: Stacey Murphy [9.5] and 10th place: Jocelyn Michel [9.5].
Shulamit Ber Levtov, Dana da Pont, Rachel Davidson-Foster, Lucas Forstmeyer, David Gardner, Val Geisler, Tim Gray, Brianna Hall, Stephanie Medford, and Elissa Turnbull.
THE BEST COMMENTS PRIZES go to the people who gave the best, most useful and insightful feedback to many others in the SYTYCN contest.
They each get $300 off my Niching Spiral Homestudy Course – because they're the kind of people I want in it.
Candice Crellman, Tim Gray, Michael Guzman, David Jurasek, Pearl Klein, Lucy Lambriex, and Lailah Shima.
Lastly, you'll find the list of the final ratings for everyone who entered the contest below.
Please note that the calculation was made by finding the average score of a niche/meme's ratings and averaging that total with my (Tad Hargrave's) rating. Congrats and thanks to all the lovely contestants!


The VIOLET Apartment is the largest of our apartments at the ApartmentHouse Szczepanska. It can accommodate maximum 6 people.
This spacious apartment (over 100 square meters) consists of a lobby, two bedrooms (each with double bed which can be separated into twin beds) and fully equiped kitchen (a fridge, an electric cooker, a kettle, dishes and cutlery). There is also a bathroom with shower. This apartment is situated from the street side with stunning view of the Main Market Square. It allows you to feel the charm of a historic building combined with modern décor and warm atmosphere of the old town in one place.
The apartment is situated on the first floor in our ApartmentHouse at 3 Szczepanska street, 20 seconds on foot from the Main Market Square and 15 minutes from the main railway station. The city bus and tram stops are nearby (3 minutes on foot) and offer a wide range of lines in all directions. Taxi rank is also 3 minutes away.
Unfortunately, it is prohibited to park cars next to the tenement house. The old town- house is located in the part of the city closed for the car traffic (A zone). It is possible to park cars at secured parking located out of the closed area, about 10 minutes on foot.


Mamma Mia, ten times, just to get him off my mind.
if she could do it over, she wouldn't.
said we can still stay friends.
the girl the reading glasses the tiled floor.
beauty, and I'm trying. You don't know your place, he said.
and the bedroom. I wanted room to grow and to roam.
herbal essences, or swap recipes and gossip.
wedding ring is worn on her right hand.
fingers on a manual typewriter.
I don't have time for green bananas.
which means that some artists draft on phonebooks.
husband's house but makes a different bargain.
to be better than none.
as if we were well enough acquainted.
We had no reason to withhold.
the same cards kept coming back.
It was making a kind of poetry.
and I'd never belong to myself again.
Brian Jerrold Koester is a Pushcart Prize nominee and a Best of the Net Anthology nominee. He lives in Lexington, Massachusetts and has been a freelance cellist.
The sound of footsteps in the sound of footsteps.
Start, they start; stop, they stop.
for what just ducked around the corner.
And whispered doom into his ear.


Trends by Cosmolinx. Is Cosmolinx's networking mixer that celebrates and promote local designers, businesses and boutiques. For this Trends event we partnered with Dressed Charlotte and The Daily Details.
For Trends, we had some of Charlotte's top bloggers model their favorite pieces from Dressed Charlotte. Thanks to The Daily Details, all of our models were set with perfection with hair and makeup!


Gautama or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu. His father was Suddodhana of the Sakya clan and mother Mayadevi. As his mother died at child birth, he was brought up by his aunt Prajapati Gautami. At the age of sixteen he married Yasodhara and gave birth to a son, Rahula.
Gautama or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu. His father was Suddodhana of the Sakya clan and mother Mayadevi. As his mother died at child birth, he was brought up by his aunt Prajapati Gautami. At the age of sixteen he married Yasodhara and gave birth to a son, Rahula. The sight of an old man, a diseased man, a corpse and an ascetic turned him away from worldly life. He left home at the age of twenty nine in search of Truth. He wandered for seven years and met several teachers but could not get enlightenment. At last, he sat under a bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya and did intense penance, after which he got Enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of thirty five. Since then he became known as the Buddha or 'the Enlightened One'. He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Benares and for the next forty five years he led the life of a preacher. He died at the age of eighty at Kusinagara.
The most important disciples of Buddha were Sariputta, Moggallanna, Ananda, Kassapa and Upali. Kings like Prasenajit of Kosala and Bimbisara and Ajatasatru of Magadha accepted his doctrines and became his disciples. Buddha in his lifetime spread his message far and wide in north India and visited places like Benares, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Vaisali, Nalanda and Pataligrama. It should be noted that he did not involve himself in fruitless controversies regarding metaphysical questions like god, soul, karma, rebirth, etc., and concerned himself with the practical problems confronting man.
The world is full of suffering.
If desires are get rid off, suffering can be removed.
This can be done by following the Eightfold Path.
The Eightfold Path consists of right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration. Buddha neither accepts god nor rejects the existence of god. He laid great emphasis on the law of karma. He argued that the condition of man in this life depends upon his own deeds. He taught that the soul does not exist. However, he emphasized Ahimsa. By his love for human beings and all living creatures, he endeared himself to all. Even under the gravest provocation he did not show the least anger or hatred and instead conquered everyone by his love and compassion. His religion was identical with morality and it emphasized purity of thought, word and deed. He was a rationalist who tried to explain things in the light of reason and not on the basis of blind faith. Though he did not make a direct attack on the caste system, he was against any social distinctions and threw open his order to all. Therefore, Buddhism was more a social than religious revolution. It taught the code of practical ethics and laid down the principle of social equality.
Buddha had two kinds of disciples - monks (bhikshus) and lay worshippers (upasikas). The monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings. The membership was open to all persons, male or female and without any caste restrictions. There was a special code for nuns restricting their residence and movement. Sariputta, Moggallana and Ananda were some of the famous monks. The Sangha was governed on democratic lines and was empowered to enforce discipline among its members. Owing to the organised efforts made by the Sangha, Buddhism made rapid progress in North India even during Buddha's life time. Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi and several republican states of North India embraced this religion. About two hundred years after the death of Buddha, the famous Mauryan Emperor Asoka embraced Buddhism. Through his missionary effort Asoka spread Buddhism into West Asia and Ceylon. Thus a local religious sect was transformed into a world religion.
The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha. The second Buddhist Council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C. The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it. The final version of Tripitakas was completed in this council. The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this council. The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council. The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as Hinayana.
The Buddhist texts were collected and compiled some five hundred years after the death of the Buddha. They are known as the Tripitakas, namely the Sutta, the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitakas. They are written in the Pali language.
The revival of Brahmanism and the rise of Bhagavatism led to the fall of popularity of Buddhism. The use of Pali, the language of the masses as the language of Buddhism was given up from the 1st century A.D. The Buddhists began to adopt Sanskrit, the language of the elite. After the birth of Mahayana Buddhism, the practice of idol worship and making offerings led to the deterioration of moral standards. Moreover, the attack of the Huns in 5th and 6th centuries and the Turkish invaders in 12th century destroyed the monasteries. All these factors contributed to the decline of Buddhism in India.
Buddhism has made a remarkable contribution to the development of Indian culture.
The concept of ahimsa was its chief contribution. Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.
Its contribution to the art and architecture of India was notable. The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut and Gaya are wonderful pieces of architecture. Buddhism takes the credit for the chaityas and viharas in different parts of India.
It promoted education through residential universities like those at Taxila, Nalanda and Vikramasila.
The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of Buddhism.
It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.


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Home / News & Reviews / News / HARMAN's Mark Levinson today introduced a remarkable new preamplifier and amplifier and showcased two now-shipping source players in a substantial expansion of the 5000 Series range. {5000 Series}
HARMAN's Mark Levinson today introduced a remarkable new preamplifier and amplifier and showcased two now-shipping source players in a substantial expansion of the 5000 Series range. {5000 Series}
HARMAN's Mark Levinson today introduced a remarkable new preamplifier and amplifier and showcased two now-shipping source players in a substantial expansion of the 5000 Series range. The new №5302 amplifier and №5206 pre-amplifier and recently-introduced №5105 turntable and №5101 streaming player come as HARMAN launches a bold new brand initiative that emphasizes the intimate detail achievable in listening to music with Mark Levinson.
Stereonet UK: We were told that the №5302, as well as the rest of the range, have to survive Mark Levinson's own, in-house durability tests known as HALT testing (Highly-Accelerated Life Testing). {5000 Series}


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2004: Benjamín Altamirano lynched	1939: Eugen Weidmann, the last public beheading in France
1979: Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, former dictator of Ghana
June 16th, 2010 Headsman
On this date in 1979, former Ghanaian military strongman Ignatius Kutu Acheampong was shot in the aftermath of Jerry Rawlings' successful coup d'etat.
Acheampong had executed a coup of his own in 1972 and run the unsteady West African state for most of the 1970s — a period of economic and political crisis — until he himself was toppled by another General, Fred Akuffo.
Acheampong was retired to his home village by the new regime, but he would not enjoy such satisfactory treatment when a national revolution ended Akuffo's reign and brought junior officer Jerry Rawlings to power.
Less than two weeks after Rawlings was installed as Ghana's new head of state, Acheampong was executed on a charge of corruption. This would not sate the considerable popular anger at the outgoing military clique, which went on to gorge itself on Akuffo and five others later that same month.
Former NFL defensive back Charlie Peprah is Acheampong's grandson.
1492: Jan van Coppenolle - 2019
1866: Barthelemy Cellier, true sangfroid - 2018
1939: Robert Nixon, Richard Wright inspiration - 2017
1741: Five "inferior Agents" of the plot to burn New York - 2016
2014: Thirteen Xinjiang terrorists - 2015
1578: Ivan Pidkova, Cossack hetman - 2014
1923: Daniel Cooper, baby farmer - 2013
1944: George Stinney, Jr., age 14 - 2012
1826: Janissaries during the Auspicious Incident - 2011
1944: Marc Bloch, French historian - 2009
1958: Imre Nagy, former Prime Minister of Hungary - 2008
1979: Two former dictators of Ghana with four of their aides
1948: Amir Sjarifuddin
1990: Samuel K. Doe
1974: Black Saturday in Ethiopia
1979: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
Entry Filed under: 20th Century,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Execution,Ghana,Heads of State,History,Political Expedience,Politicians,Power,Shot,Soldiers
Tags: 1970s, 1979, charlie peprah, corruption, coup d'etat, football, fred akuffo, ignatius kutu acheampong, jerry rawlings, june 16
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text:
News> Business> Content
Saturday, June 08, 2019, 17:53
G20 agrees to push ahead with digital tax
Saturday, June 08, 2019, 17:53 By Reuters
Participants attend the G20 finance ministers and central bank governors meeting in Fukuoka on June 8, 2019. (EUGENE HOSHIKO / POOL / AFP)
FUKUOKA, Japan - Group of 20 finance ministers agreed to push ahead on compiling common rules that will close loopholes that global technology giants like Facebook use to reduce their corporate tax burden.
Facebook, Google, Amazon, and other large tech companies have come under criticism for cutting their tax bills by booking profits in low-tax countries regardless of the location of the end customer, practices seen by many as unfair.
Facebook, Google, Amazon, and other large tech companies have come under criticism for cutting their tax bills by booking profits in low-tax countries regardless of the location of the end customer, practices seen by many as unfair
The new rules mean higher tax burdens for large multi-national firms, but will also make it more difficult for countries like Ireland to attract foreign direct investment with the promise of ultra-low corporate tax rates.
"It sounds like we have a strong consensus," US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said on Saturday at a two-day meeting of G20 finance ministers in the southern Japan city of Fukuoka.
"So now we need to just take the consensus across here and deal with technicalities of how we turn this into an agreement."
READ MORE: NZ govt proposes 'Facebook Tax' options for digital giants
Mnuchin spoke at a panel on global taxation at G20 after the French and British finance ministers expressed sympathy with Mnuchin's concerns that new tax rules do not discriminate against particular firms.
Big internet companies say they follow tax rules but have paid little tax in Europe, typically by channelling sales via countries such as Ireland and Luxembourg, which have light-touch tax regimes.
The G20's debate on changes to the tax code focus on two pillars that could be a double whammy for some companies.
The first pillar is dividing up the rights to tax a company where its goods or services are sold even if it does not have a physical presence in that country.
If companies are still able to find a way to book profits in low tax or offshore havens, countries could then apply a global minimum tax rate to be agreed under the second pillar.
"We cannot explain to a population that they should pay their taxes when certain companies do not because they shift their profits to low-tax jurisdictions," French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said at the panel.
Britain and France have been the most vocal about the need for a so-called "digital tax," arguing that corporate tax codes are no longer fair in the age of the large-scale provision of services and the sale of consumer data over the Internet.
ALSO READ: France to create a 3% tax on internet giants' revenue
The US government has expressed concern in the past that the European push for a "digital tax" unfairly targets US tech giants.
However, Mnuchin said on Saturday G20 countries should issue "marching orders" to their respective finance ministries to negotiate the technical aspects of an agreement after listening to presentations by Le Maire and British finance minister Philip Hammond.
Officials from major countries are expected to meet again twice this year to hammer out the finer details with the aim of finalising an agreement next year.
Earlier this year, countries and territories agreed a roadmap aimed at overhauling international tax rules, which have been overtaken by development of digital commerce.


text:
Joy Musa
FASHION, NEWS, SPORT, GOSSIP AND ENTERTAINMENT BLOG
Michael Phelps: NCAA's Lia Thomas issue shows need for level playing field
Family of subway-shove victim Michelle Go, 40, breaks silence
Two senior Met Police officers dismissed after 'appalling' behaviour to junior staff
Woman says sexual violence is 'rife' on campus after being raped on her first night of uni
Britain's 'most dangerous place' nicknamed 'UK's Chernobyl' sees new items unearthed
Moment Frank Lampard filmed 'holding phone & coffee' at wheel of Mercedes
Prisoner stabbed his ex-support worker lover to death just weeks after he was released from jail
two teenagers arrested in Manchester over Texas synagogue siege
Terrified Afghan says country 'on brink of collapse and people are starving'
London woman was fined £12,000 for throwing 27th birthday bash a day after 2 Downing street parties
NEW YORK HOSPITAL SHOOTING: SACKED DOCTOR OPENS FIRE IN BRONX
A gunman has opened fire inside a hospital in the Bronx borough of New York, injuring several people, police say.
The man, is said to have worked as a doctor at the hospital, is now dead, they said.
The shooting began at about 14:45 local time (18:45 GMT) at the 1,000-bed Bronx-Lebanon Hospital.
Police identified the gunman as Henry Bello, a former doctor at the hospital. Reports say he killed himself.
Messages on social media spoke of doctors and nurses barricading themselves inside the building in the Mount Hope district.
The victims were reportedly shot on the 16th and 17th floors.
Associated Press news agency quoted one law enforcement official as saying one person had been killed by the gunman and six injured but this has not been officially confirmed.
The New York Police Department posted a tweet urging members of the public to avoid the area around the hospital at 1650 Grand Concourse.
The New York Times quoted a fire department official as saying that three doctors were among those shot
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The fire official told the Times one injured doctor was being treated by people inside the hospital using a fire hose as a tourniquet.
One patient in the radiology department, Felix Puno, tweeted: "Building is in complete shut down, I was in the middle of getting an X-ray when security alerted us to the active shooter situation."
Bronx-Lebanon is a private, not-for-profit hospital that has been operating for 120 years.