text:
\section{Introduction}\label{Sec1}
Topological quantum pumping, a transport phenomenon utilizing topological properties of a modulated system, has attracted intensive attention in recent years.
There are two typical kinds of topological pumping, adiabatic pumping via topological edge modes~\cite{YEKrausPRL2012,MVerbinPRB2015,JKAsboth2016,NLang2017,FMeiPRA2018,JLTambascoSciAdv2018,PBorossPRB2019,SLonghiPRB2019} and Thouless pumping via topological bulk bands~\cite{DJThoulessPRB1983}.
In the adiabatic pumping, the edge state at one side will be adiabatically coupled to bulk states and then transferred to edge state at the other side~\cite{YEKrausPRL2012, MVerbinPRB2015, JKAsboth2016, NLang2017, FMeiPRA2018, JLTambascoSciAdv2018}.
Unlike non-quantized adiabatic pumping via edge channel, the Thouless pumping is a quantized transport directly connected to the topological invariants of bulk bands, Chern numbers, which guarantee robust protection against perturbations~\cite{QNiuJPA1984}.
To date, the Thouless pumping has been experimentally demonstrated via cold atoms in modulated optical lattices~\cite{MLohseNP2016,SNakajimaNP2016}, and can be employed to explore topological phases~\cite{DJThoulessPRB1983,LWangPRL2013,FMeiPRA2014,YKeLPR2016,YKePRA2017,SHuPRB2019,LLin2019}.
It is interesting to apply topological pumping in quantum information.

Quantum entanglement plays a pivotal role in quantum information process, quantum communication and quantum metrology~\cite{RHorodeckiRMP2009,JWPanRMP2012,LPezzeRMP2018}.
Topological protected entangled NOON state and its transport via edge states have been reported~\cite{MCRechtsmanOptica2016,ABRedondoScience2018,MWangNanophotonics2019}.
By using the adiabatic pumping via edge channels, the well-known Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference~\cite{CKHongPRL1987} of photon pair has been observed, and spatial entangled states have been generated~\cite{JLTambascoSciAdv2018}.
However, the adiabatic pumping needs to be extremely slow for long-distance transport where the gap between edge channel and the bulk band are extremely small.
Furthermore, the adiabatic pumping is only robust to the disorder preserving some specific symmetries~\cite{NLang2017,FMeiPRA2018,PBorossPRB2019}.
Recently, entanglement generation and robust transport are proposed via Thouless pumping of interacting bosons in a complex ring-lead system~\cite{THaugCP2019}, which is difficult to realize in the state-of-art experiments.
However, the conventional Thouless pumping of noninteracting particles always has wave-packet dispersion due to the high-order tunneling, which hinders the transport of Fock states~\cite{YKeLPR2016,SHuPRB2019,JTangpanitanonPRL2016}.
It is desirable to achieve robust quantum transport, entanglement generation, and distribution via Thouless pumping in a simple and realistic system.

In this paper, we propose how to achieve unidirectional transport, entanglement generation and entanglement distribution via the Thouless pumping in one dimensional modulated lattices with deliberately introduced on-site disorders.
On one hand, the Thouless pumping is robust against modest on-site disorders less than the energy gap, that is, the quantization of centre-of-mass (COM) shift during one pumping cycle is preserved.
On the other hand, the on-site disorders supress the high-order resonant tunneling and support dispersionless transport.
Both the uniformly distributed and normally distributed on-site disorders work well in the topological transport.
We not only propose how to realize topological transport of Fock states via the Thouless pumping of noninteracting particles, but also demonstrate the generation of spatial NOON state and entanglement distribution by combining the Thouless pumping and Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference.
Two distant and disentangled particles in different bands are first shifted to a unit cell via Thouless pumping, and turn into a spatial NOON state by a sudden quench following adiabatic pumping.
At last the NOON state are distributed in long distance via Thouless pumping again.
Compared with Ref.~\cite{JLTambascoSciAdv2018}, the modest on-site disorders benefit the realization of entangled state and its distribution instead of a obstacle.
Moreover, the long-distance transport is more accessible since the adiabatic condition is easier to be satisfied.

This paper is organized as follows.
In Sec.~\ref{Sec2}, we introduce our model, a noninteracting tight-binding Rice-Mele model.
In Sec.~\ref{Sec3}, we study how to transport Fock state via disordered bulk channel.
In Sec.~\ref{Sec4}, we illustrate the HOM interference and topological spatial entanglement distribution.
We also investigate their robustness against on-site disorders.
In Sec.~\ref{Sec5}, we give a summary and discussion of our results.

\section{Rice-Mele Model}\label{Sec2}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{RMSchematic.eps}%
\includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth]{EnergyBand.eps}%
\caption{\label{RMSchematic}(color online).
(a) Schematic of the Rice-Mele model.
Here, $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$ denote the tunnel couplings, $2\Delta$ is the energy offset between neighbouring sites, and \emph{d} is the length of unit cell.
(b) Energy bands structure in the $k-t$ Brillouin zone.
}
\end{figure}
As in the previous Thouless pumping experiments~\cite{MLohseNP2016,SNakajimaNP2016}, we consider the noninteracting tight-binding Rice-Mele model~\cite{MJRicePRL1982}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Eq.Ham}
\hat{H}(t)&=&-\sum_{l=1}^{L}\Big[J_{1}(t)\hat{c}_{2l-1}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{2l}
+J_{2}(t)\hat{c}_{2l}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{2l+1}+{\rm H.c.}\Big]\cr\cr
&&+\sum_{l=1}^{L}\Delta(t)
\Big(\hat{c}_{2l-1}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{2l-1}-\hat{c}_{2l}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{2l}\Big),
\end{eqnarray}
with \emph{L} cells (the total sites is $2L$).
Here, $\hat{c}_{j}^{\dag}(\hat{c}_{j})$ is bosonic creation (annihilation) operator for the \emph{j}th site.
$J_{1}=J+\delta_{0}\sin\phi$ ($J_{2}=J-\delta_{0}\sin\phi$) denotes the intra (inter)-cell tunnelling amplitude, and $\Delta=\Delta_{0}\cos\phi$ is a staggered on-site energy offset, as shown in Fig.~\ref{RMSchematic} (a).
The time-dependent phase $\phi(t)$ is
adiabatically swept according to $\phi(t)=\omega t+\phi_{0}$ with ramping speed $\omega$ and initial modulated phase $\phi_{0}$.
The pumping period is $T_{P}=2\pi/\omega$.
In the following, we set $J=1$ and the other parameters $\Delta_{0}$, $\delta_{0}$, and $\omega$ are given in units of $J$.
We can derive the Hamiltonian $H(k,t)$ in the quasi-momentum space by a Fourier transformation.
Solving the eigenproblem $H(k,t)|\psi_{n}(k,t)\rangle=E_{k,n}(t)|\psi_{n}(k,t)\rangle$, we can obtain the energy band structure in the ($k-t$) space, as shown in Fig.~\ref{RMSchematic} (b).
The band gap is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Eq.Gap}
G(t)=\mathop{\min}\limits_{k}\big\{E_{2,k}(t)-E_{1,k}(t)\big\},
\end{eqnarray}
where $E_{1}$ ($E_{2}$ ) is the energy of the lower (upper) band.
The gap never closes during the whole pumping process, provided that $\delta_0$ and $\Delta_0$ are nonzero.

The topological features of Thouless pumping can be characterized by the Chern number,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Eq.Chern number}
\nu_{n}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int^{\pi/d}_{-\pi/d}dk
\int^{T_{P}}_{0}dt F_{n}(k,t),
\end{eqnarray}
which is defined within the $k-t$ Brillouin zone ($-\pi/d<k\leq\pi/d$, $0<t\leq T_{p}$)~\cite{DJThoulessPRB1983}.
Here,
$F_{n}(k,t)
=i(\langle\partial_{t}u_{n}|\partial_{k}u_{n}\rangle
-\langle\partial_{k}u_{n}|\partial_{t}u_{n}\rangle)$ is the Berry curvature and \emph{d} is the length of unit cell.
$|u_{n}(k,t)\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{L}}
\sum_{j}u_{n,j}(k,t)c_{j}^{\dagger}|0\rangle$ is the periodic part of the Bloch state $|\psi_{n}(k,t)\rangle$.
Based on the single-particle polarization theory~\cite{RDKingPRB1993,DXiaoRMP2010}, the Chern number is connected to the shift of a single-particle Wannier state~\cite{GHWannierPR1937}, which is given as
\begin{eqnarray}
|W_{n}(R)\rangle_{1}
&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{L}}\sum_{k}e^{-ikdR}|\psi_{n}(k)\rangle_{1}\cr\cr
&=&\frac{1}{L}\sum_{k,j}e^{-ikdR}e^{ikj}u_{m,j}(k)
c_{j}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{1}.
\end{eqnarray}
where $R$ is the cell index, $n$ denotes the band index, and the ket subscript is a particle label.
The generalization for non-interacting particles is straightforward.
Without loss of generality, we consider two noninteracting bosons and the Wannier state is written as
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Eq.WannierState}
&&|W_{n,n'}(R,R')\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2(1+\delta_{n,n'}\delta_{R,R'})}}\cr\cr
&&\times\Big[|W_{n}(R)\rangle_{1}|W_{n'}(R')\rangle_{2}
+|W_{n'}(R')\rangle_{1}|W_{n}(R)\rangle_{2}\Big].
\end{eqnarray}
It is convenient to take the unique maximally localized Wannier states (MLWSs)~\cite{NMarzariPRB1997,NMarzariRMP2012}.
For a given Wannier state $|W_{n,n'}(R,R')\rangle$, the COM shift of the wave-packet in one pumping cycle is~\cite{RDKingPRB1993,DXiaoRMP2010}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{Eq.Shift}
\Delta P=\langle \hat{X}(T_{p})\rangle
-\langle \hat{X}(0)\rangle=d(\nu_{n}+\nu_{n'})/2,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\langle \hat{X}(t)\rangle=\langle W_{n,n'}(R,R',t)|\hat{X}|W_{n,n'}(R,R',t)\rangle$ is the COM position at the time \emph{t} and $|W_{n,n'}(R,R',t)\rangle$ is the instantaneous Wannier state.
The position operator is defined as $\hat{X}=N^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^{2L}j\hat{n}_{j}$ with $\hat{n}_{j}=\hat{c}_{j}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{j}$ and \emph{N} is the total particle number.
With this definition, we have $d=2$.

\section{Topological Quantum Transport}\label{Sec3}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{FockTransport.eps}
\caption{\label{FockState}(color online).
Fock state transport with zero disorder (left), uniformly distributed disorder (middle), and normally distributed disorder (right), respectively.
The uniformly disorder amplitude $\eta=4J$ and the normally distributed disorder with mean parameter $\mu=0$ and standard variance $\sigma=4J$.
(a), (b), (c) The density distribution $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$, (d), (e), (f) the COM shift $\Delta P/d$, and (g), (h), (k) the maximum of diagonal two-particle correlation $\Gamma^{{\rm max}}$.
The two-particle Fock state is initialized at the site $2l-1=7$ and
the parameters are set as $2L=18$, $\Delta_{0}=20J$, $\delta_{0}=J$, $\omega=0.08J$, and $\phi_{0}=0$.
The results are averaged over 100 samples of on-site disorder.
}
\end{figure}
First, we discuss the topological transport of two-particle Fock state via disordered bulk channel.
At $t=0$ ($\Delta=\Delta_{0}, J_{1}=J_{2}=J, \phi_{0}=0$), the on-site energy offset is the largest and the MLWS of the lower (upper) band localized in \emph{l}th cell is residing only on the right (left) site.
For simplicity, we take the following denotation
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{c_{j}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{1}\otimes c_{j'}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{2}+c_{j'}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{1}\otimes c_{j}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{2}}{\sqrt{2(1+\delta_{j,j'})}}= |j,j'\rangle.
\end{eqnarray}
We begin with a two-particle Wannier state
$c_{2l-1}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{1}\otimes c_{2l-1}^{\dagger}|0\rangle_{2}=|2l-1,2l-1\rangle$, a Fock state with two particles in a site, and it fills the upper band.

We now evolve the system under the time-dependent Hamiltonian.
The transport is governed by the Chern number of the upper band ($\nu_{2}=+1$).
In Fig.~\ref{FockState}(a), we plot the density $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$ as a function of evolution time \emph{t}.
The two-particle Fock state is initially at the site $2l-1=7$
of an array with total size $2L=18$.
The parameters of the Hamiltonian are $\Delta_{0}=20J$, $\delta_{0}=J$, $\omega=0.08J$, and $\phi_{0}=0$.
The topological feature of the pumping is robust against the dispersion and the COM shift $\Delta P/d$ shows a clear step motion with $\nu_{2}=+1$ [Fig.~\ref{FockState} (d)].
However, due to the high-order resonant tunneling, each individual particle will be transported to several sites with the same potential during the pumping process.
The final state is dispersed and no longer a Fock state localized at certain sites [Fig.~\ref{FockState} (a)].
To explore the correlation feature, we calculate the two-particle correlation
\begin{eqnarray}
\Gamma_{q,r}=\langle\psi|\hat{c}_{q}^{\dag}\hat{c}_{r}^{\dag}
\hat{c}_{r}\hat{c}_{q}|\psi\rangle,
\end{eqnarray}
and the maximal value of diagonal correlation
\begin{equation}
\Gamma^{{\rm max}}=\mathop{\max}\limits_{q}\{\Gamma_{q,q}\}.
\end{equation}
For the initial two-particle Fock state $|2l-1,2l-1 \rangle$, the maximum of diagonal correlation is $\Gamma^{{\rm max}}=2$.
It decreases dramatically during the Thouless pumping and tends to 0 at the end of a pumping cycle [Fig.~\ref{FockState} (g)].

To suppress the dispersion caused by the high-order resonant tunneling, we separately consider two different kinds of on-site disorder, i.e., the uniformly distributed disorder and normally distributed disorder.
The uniformly distributed disorder is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{H}_{\eta}=\eta\sum_{j}r_{j}\hat{n}_{j},
\end{eqnarray}
where $r_{j}\in[-1,1]$ is a uniformly distributed random number for each site and $\eta$ is the disorder amplitude.
While the normally distributed disorder is defined as
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{H}_{\mu,\sigma}=\sum_{j}r_{j}^{\mu,\sigma}\hat{n}_{j},
\end{eqnarray}
where $r_{j}^{\mu,\sigma}$ is a random number from the normally distribution with mean parameter $\mu$ and standard variance $\sigma$.
In Fig.~\ref{FockState}(b), we plot the density $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$ with uniformly distributed disorder and the amplitude $\eta=4J$.
The disordered strength is large enough that the effective high-order tunneling becomes off-resonant and can be neglected, and it is small enough that the energy band gap maintains open in the whole pumping process.
In contrast to the ordered case, there is a step-like motion in the evolution of density distribution.
The final density is localized in the 9th site, corresponding to a transport of a unit cell length ($\nu_{2}=+1$).
The quantized COM shift $\Delta P/d$ still have a clear step-like motion under on-site disorder, see Fig.~\ref{FockState} (e).
After a pumping cycle, the correlation $\Gamma^{{\rm max}}$ is still close to 2 and it means that the final state is almost a Fock state $|\psi_{{\rm FOCK}}\rangle=|9,9\rangle$ [Fig.~\ref{FockState} (h)].
The results with normally distributed disorder are similar and we plot the density $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$, COM shift $\Delta P/d$, and two-particle correlation $\Gamma^{{\rm max}}$ in Fig.~\ref{FockState} (c), (f), and (k) respectively.
The parameters of the disorder are $\mu=0$ and $\sigma=4J$.

\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{FockDisorder.eps}%
\caption{\label{FockDisorder}(color online).
(a),(b) Fidelity $F$ with uniformly and normally distributed disorder respectively.
(c),(d) COM shift $\Delta P/d$ with uniformly and normally distributed disorder respectively.
We set $\mu=0$ for the normally distributed disorder.
The parameters and the initial state are the same as the corresponding ones in Fig.~\ref{FockState}.
Each point is the average of 100 data sets and the
error bar shows the standard deviation.
}
\end{figure}

To explore how the uniformly and normally distributed disorder affect the topological transport, we numerically calculate the fidelity $F=|\langle\psi_{{\rm FOCK}}|\psi(T_{p})\rangle|$ as a function of the disorder amplitude $\eta$ and standard variance $\sigma$ by averaging a disordered ensemble of 100 samples, see Fig.~\ref{FockDisorder} (a) and (b),  respectively.
Here, $|\psi(T_{p})\rangle$ is the state after a pumping cycle.
The fidelity increases from $F=0$ to $F\approx1$ with $\eta$ and $\sigma$.
A wide plateau at $F\approx1$ appears for $(\eta,\sigma)\geq2J$, where
the disorder amplitude is large enough to suppress the high-order resonant tunneling.
Moreover, the standard variance of the fidelity decreases with $\eta$ and $\sigma$.
It tends to be stable for uniformly distributed disorder when $\eta\geq 2J$ and reaches a minimum around $\sigma=3J$ for normally distributed disorder.
The quantized COM shift $\Delta P/d$ is robust against disorder amplitude up to $(\eta,\sigma)=4J$ as shown in Fig.~\ref{FockDisorder} (c) and (d).
The variation of standard variance for the COM shift is similar to that of the fidelity.
The interplay between on-site disorder and the adiabatic pumping enables robust transport of Fock states with few particles in a site.
\section{Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference and Topological Spatial Entanglement Distribution}\label{Sec4}
\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{HOMSchematic.eps}%
\caption{\label{HOMSchematic}(color online).
Schematic representation of the entire time evolution
of the system.
We separate the time evolution of the system into three
stages, i.e., (a) Fock state pumping, (b) HOM interference, and (c) entanglement distribution.
}
\end{figure}
In this section, we focus on the two-particle HOM interference and the spatial entanglement distribution via topological Thouless pumping.
We separate the time evolution of the system into three stages, i.e., Fock state pumping ($0 \le t\le nT_p$), HOM interference ($nT_p<t\leq nT_p+\tau$), and spatial entanglement distribution ($nT_p+\tau\le t\le 2nT_p + \tau$).
For simplicity, Fig.~\ref{HOMSchematic} shows schematic diagram of the pumping and interference processes for $n=1$.
As illustrated in Sec.~\ref{Sec3}, we introduce on-site disorder to suppress the wave-packet dispersion during the pumping.
To perform fast and efficient state pumping, HOM interference, and entanglement distribution, we change the phase $\phi(t)$ with evolution time according to the instantaneous energy gap, i.e., $\phi(t)=\epsilon\int_{0}^{t}G(t)dt+\phi_{0}$.
Here, since there is no interaction, $G(t)$ is the energy gap in the single-particle case.
The corresponding pumping period $T_{P}$ satisfies $\epsilon\int_{0}^{T_{P}}G(t)dt=2\pi$.

Without loss of generality, we begin the evolution at $t=0$ with $\phi_{0}=0$.
The two identical bosonic particles respectively localize in $(2l-3)$th and $(2l+2)$th sites, i.e., the initial state is $|2l-3,2l+2\rangle$.
At time $t=0$ the particle localized in $(2l-3)$th site uniformly fills the upper band ($\nu_{2}=+1$) and the other one uniformly fills the lower band ($\nu_{1}=-1$).
Then, we adiabatically tune the phase $\phi(t)$ in a nonlinear way and the two particles will move towards each other.
After a pumping cycle at $t=T_p$, the two particles are in the nearest neighboring sites, $(2l-1)$th and $2l$th sites, i.e. $|2l-1,2l \rangle$.
The on-site energy offset becomes the largest again [Fig.~\ref{HOMSchematic} (a)].

At $t=T_p$, we suddenly quench the system by changing the phase $\phi_{0}$ from 0 to $\pi/2$  and the on-site energy offset is vanished [Fig.~\ref{HOMSchematic} (b)].
Then, we adiabatically tune the phase $\phi(t)$ according to the instantaneous energy gap again.
After a duration time $t=\tau$ which satisfies $\epsilon\int_{0}^{\tau}G(t)dt=\pi/2$, the state evolves into a two-particle NOON state $(|2l-1,2l-1\rangle-|2l,2l\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$, see Fig.~\ref{HOMSchematic} (b).
The spatial NOON state is a maximally entangled state between the neighbor sites in a cell, due to the well-known HOM interference of two bosonic particle.
The quantum quench is critical to generate the NOON state and we will discuss in detail latter.
Then we adiabatical sweeping the phase $\phi(t)$ again according to the instantaneous energy gap.
We can distribute the entanglement between spatially separated sites via topological Thouless pumping.
After another pumping cycle, the final state at $t=\tau+2 T_{p}$ is given as $\big(|2l-3,2l-3\rangle-|2l+2,2l+2\rangle\big)/\sqrt{2}$, and the two-particle entanglement is separated by two unit cell [Fig.~\ref{HOMSchematic} (c)].

We now turn to discussion the HOM interference in detail.
To understand the process better we begin with a single particle at $(2l-1)$th site.
After the quantum quench ($\Delta=0, \phi_{0}=\pi/2$), the state $|2l-1\rangle$ can be decomposed as the superposition of a symmetric and antisymmetric single-particle state, $|2l-1\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\psi\rangle_{S}+|\psi\rangle_{A})$, where $|\psi\rangle_{S}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|2l-1\rangle+|2l\rangle)$ and $|\psi\rangle_{A}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|2l-1\rangle-|2l\rangle)$.
Similarly, $|2l\rangle=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|\psi\rangle_{S}-|\psi\rangle_{A})$.
The symmetric (antisymmetric) single-particle state fills the lower (upper) band~\cite{MLohseNP2016}.
After a duration time $t=\tau$, the symmetric and antisymmetric states are respectively transferred to $|2l-1\rangle$ and $|2l\rangle$.
The pumping realizes a balanced beam splitter according to the transformation
$|2l-1\rangle\rightarrow
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e^{i\varphi_-}|2l-1\rangle+e^{i\varphi_+}|2l\rangle)$,
and $|2l\rangle\rightarrow
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(e^{i\varphi_-}|2l-1\rangle-e^{i\varphi_+}|2l\rangle)$.
Here, $\varphi_{\pm}$ are the dynamical phases for the upper and lower bands respectively.
As a result, the two identical particles in the state $|2l-1,2l\rangle$ will evolves to
$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|2l-1,2l-1\rangle-e^{i2(\varphi_+-\varphi_-)}|2l,2l\rangle)$.
The dynamical phases accumulated in the process do not affect the performance of the HOM interference.
The HOM interference results from both the sudden quench and the topological pumping.
The sudden quench splits the initial statse as the equal superposition of symmetric and antisymmetric states which play the role of two interference pathes.
Without quantum quench, the two particles will always fill the lower and upper band respectively.
The final state is still $|2l-1,2l\rangle$ after sweeping the phase $\phi(t)$ from $\pi/2$ to $\pi$ adiabatically.
While the topological pumping due to the band topology plays the role of dynamical beamsplitter.
In contrast to the conventional beamsplitter where the Hamiltonian is static, we do not need to precisely control the duration time to realize HOM interference.
It is worth noting that there is a topological resonant tunneling for interacting bosons with suitable interaction strength and the HOM will disappear~\cite{YKeLPR2016}.

To characterize the path entanglement of the generated NOON state, we calculate the `NOONity'  ($Nity$)~\cite{MCRechtsmanOptica2016}
\begin{eqnarray}
Nity=\sum_{q,r}\Gamma_{q,q}\Gamma_{r,r}-\Gamma_{q,r}^{2}.
\end{eqnarray}
This quantity will be larger if the state is more similar to the NOON state.
$Nity=2$ for an ideal NOON state and $Nity=-2$ for $|2l-1,2l\rangle$.
At the end of HOM interference, we respectively calculate the $Nity$ as a function of the disorder amplitude $\eta$ [Fig.~\ref{HOMDisorder} (a)] and standard variance $\sigma$ with $\mu=0$ [Fig.~\ref{HOMDisorder} (b)].
Here we only consider the HOM interference process and begin at $t=T_p$ with the input state $|9,10\rangle$.
For each point, the values are averaged over an ensemble of 100 samples.
Although an ideal HOM interference requires quenching to the lattices with vanished on-site energy offset, the on-site disorder has a tiny effect on the formation of NOON state.
The $Nity$ decreases slowly with disorder amplitude $\eta$ and the final $Nity\approx1.8$ when $\eta=J$.
The state is still a highly spatially entangled state with uniformly distributed disorder.
In contrast, the $Nity$ decreases more rapidly and it decrease to $Nity\approx1.4$ when $\sigma=1$ in the present of normally distributed disorder.
Moreover, the standard deviation of the $Nity$ also increases more rapidly than that with uniformly distributed disorder.

The HOM interference is not only robust against disorder, but also less sensitive to the duration time of the interference.
In Fig.~\ref{HOMDisorder} (c),(d), we also calculate $Nity$ as a function of evolution time $t$ during HOM interference with disorder amplitude $\eta=0.5J$ and $\mu=0$, $\sigma=4J$ respectively.
The $Nity=-2$ for the input state $|9,10\rangle$ and then it increases close to 2 at $t=\tau+T_p$.
Indeed we generate a NOON state by the HOM interference.
There is oscillation of $Nity$ in the first half duration and it is negligible at the end of the interference.
As illustrated in Fig.~\ref{HOMDisorder} (c),(d), there is no need to precisely control the interference time and a wide plateau at $Nity\approx2$ appear for $t-T_p\geq\tau/2$.

\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{HOMDisorder.eps}%
\caption{\label{HOMDisorder}(color online).
(a), (b) `NOONity' ($Nity$) at the end of HOM interference with uniformly and normally distributed disorder respectively.
Each point is the average of 100 data sets and the
error bar shows the standard variance.
(c),(d) $Nity$ as a function of evolution time during HOM interference with disorder amplitude $\eta=0.5J$ and $\mu=0$, $\sigma=4J$ respectively.
The results are averaged over 100 samples.
The two-particle initial state is $|9,10\rangle$ and
the parameters are set as $2L=18$, $\Delta_{0}=20J$, $\delta_{0}=J$, $\epsilon=0.03J$.
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!htp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{HOMEffect.eps}%
\hspace{0.05\columnwidth}%
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{HOMCorrelation.eps}%
\caption{\label{HOMEffect}(color online).
Topological Thouless pumping with on-site disorder.
(a) Fock state pumping (left), HOM interference (middle), and spatial entanglement distribution (right).
We plot the density distribution $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$ (top), the COM shift $\Delta P/d$ (middle), and the two-particle $Nity$ (bottom) as function of evolution time.
(b) Two-particle correlation $\Gamma_{q,r}$ at certain evolution times.
The disorder amplitude $\eta=0.5J$.
The two-particle initial state is $|7,12\rangle$ and
the parameters are the same as those in Fig.~\ref{HOMDisorder}
The results are averaged over 100 samples of uniformly distributed on-site disorder.
}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{HOMEffect} (a), we plot the density distribution $\langle\hat{n}_{j}\rangle$ (top), the COM shift $\Delta P/d$ (middle), and the two-particle $Nity$ (bottom) as functions of evolution time $t$ during the entire process.
We only consider the uniformly distributed disorder and set the disordered amplitude $\eta=0.5J$ during the whole evolution.
The input state is an unentangled state, $|7,12\rangle$, which uniformly fills both of the two bands.
The parameters are set as $2L=18$, $\Delta_{0}=20J$, $\delta_{0}=J$, $\epsilon=0.03J$.
The density distribution of the input state and the final state are almost the same despite their huge difference in entanglement feature.
At initial time $t=0$, the two identical particles fill lower ($\nu_{1}=-1$) and upper ($\nu_{2}=+1$) bands, respectively.
Since the topological invariants for the upper and lower bands are opposite,  there is no COM shift during the pumping process in the first stage.
After the second stage, the state becomes entangled NOON state, which has the equal probability filling both lower and upper bands.
In conclusion there is no COM transport during the whole pumping process [middle row of Fig.~\ref{HOMEffect} (a)].
For the input state $|7,12\rangle$ the $Nity=-2$ and it always close to $-2$ in the stage of Fock state pumping.
Then it increase dramatically to $Nity\approx2$ in the stage of HOM interference.
At last, we realize the spatial entanglement distribution between the 7th and 12th sites via Thouless pumping.
The entanglement is well preserved and the final $Nity$ is still close to 2.
The peaks and dips of $Nity$ in the evolution appear around the time when the particles tunnel from one site to the other [bottom row of Fig.~\ref{HOMEffect} (a)].
We also plot the two-particle correlation $\Gamma_{q,r}$ at several typical evolution time at $0$, $T_p$, $T_p+\tau$, and $2T_p+\tau$, see Fig.~\ref{HOMEffect} (b).
The correlation function changes from uncorrelated anti-bunching to correlated bunching patterns, consistent with the \emph{Nity} evolution in Fig.~\ref{HOMEffect} (a).

\section{Summary and Discussion}\label{Sec5}

In summary, we have demonstrated that unidirectional quantum transport, spatial entanglement generation, and spatial entanglement distribution via topological Thouless pumping in disordered bulk channels.
The on-site disorders suppress the high-order resonant tunneling which causes wave-packet dispersion, and support dispersionless Thouless pumping.
As an adiabatic proposal, our spatial entanglement generation is not sensitive to the time duration of the interference.
The quantized, unidirectional, and dispersionless quantum transport and topological spatial entanglement distribution have wide potential applications in quantum information process and quantum metrology.
We also note that there has been great interests in exploring the interplay of disorder, topology, and quantum transport, such as the topological Anderson insulator~\cite{FEversRMP2008,EJMeierScience2018,SStutzerNature2018}.
Hence, it would be interesting to study topological quantum pumping in the topological Anderson insulator.
Moreover, our protocols are applicable for other topological models such as the Aubry-Andr\'{e}-Harper (AAH) model~\cite{PGHarperPPSA1955,SAubryAIPS1980}.

Lastly, we briefly discuss the experimental feasibility.
The Thouless pumping of noninteracting ultracold atoms in an optical superlattice has recently been demonstrated in experiments~\cite{MLohseNP2016,SNakajimaNP2016}.
The controllable on-site disorder can be easily introduced by an additional incommensurate lattice~\cite{GRoatiNature2008,MSchreiberScience2015,ALukinScience2019} or optical speckle~\cite{JBillyNature2008}.
Photonic lattices is another potential platform for testing our protocols.
It has been proposed that photonic waveguide could mimic AAH model and achieve adiabatic pumping~\cite{YEKrausPRL2012}.
In those photonic waveguides, disorder can be readily introduced by the state-of-art laser-written technique~\cite{SStutzerNature2018}.
Generation of NOON state in photonic waveguide systems may find wide applications in quantum communication and quantum information process.

\acknowledgements{This work is supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of GuangDong Province under Grant No.2019B030330001, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) under Grants No. 11874434 and No. 11574405, and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (China) under Grant No. 201904020024. Y.K. was partially supported by the Office of China Postdoctoral Council under Grant No. 20180052 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) under Grant No. 11904419.}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


For years our grandmothers have wowed us with warm homemade apple pie, Krista and I are not grandmothers, but we decided we had to start some time, and now was just fine. Krista wanted to make an apple pie for a friend's birthday and found a great recipe for apple-pear pie. She came over to the house and we began. First came the filling, peeling apples and pears, slicing them ever so thin, and mixing them with wonderful ingredients cinnamon, brown sugar, and butter.
Finally you cannot have pie without the crust. For this endeavor we opted for a simple approach using a purchased pre-made pie dough. We laid it out in a clay dish and then added the filling, covered that with the top shell and crinkled the edges. The result was a delicate, sweet, flakey pie that had all the spirit and flavor of the classic apple pie. The pears I noticed added a lightness to the filling which was a delight and made each bite incredibly succulent. This recipe will definitely be repeated in our future pie baking. I believe our grandmothers would have been proud.
The picture below is that same delicious pie made for Thanksgiving '09, with the addition of blackberries and a little fun with dough cutters.
My husband and I have been married 7 years. Somehow, in all this time, I have yet to cook a meal for my in-laws. Now, I dearly love my in-laws. They are without doubt a charming, warm and wonderful couple and I feel quite lucky to be included in their lovely family. So when my husband announced they would be coming to dinner on my day off, Monday, I was quite eager to make as tasty a dinner as I could muster that wasn't hell to pull off.
So I chose to roast a pork tenderloin, something I also had yet to do. To accompany this lean cut of meat I added an aromatic mixture of fresh herbs and an outer layer of rich pancetta. This helped to keep the roast extremely moist, as pork is very easy to dry out, and added a ton of flavor. My little house smelled bacony-good all evening!


Another titan of our craft has fallen. Today we mourn the passing of Ricky Jay. Though I never managed to get him to agree to an interview on the podcast, Ricky was hugely influential on me and my love of close up magic.
Born in 1948 as Richard Jay Potash, "Ricky Jay" is considered to be one of the most significant figures in close up magic. Mark Singer, writing for "The New Yorker" called Jay "perhaps the most gifted sleight of hand artist alive".
Thank you Ricky. You will be sorely missed.
It is with a heavy heart that I share the news of the passing of Harry Anderson. I was very fortunate to have an opportunity to hang out with Harry on several occasions as well as to see him perform live numerous times. The first time was before his days on the hit SitCom "Night Court" at the Punchline in Atlanta. He performed the comedy and Magic act for which he is now so well known. A few years ago, I again met up with him at the Punchline after a rare public performance which included his unique ventriliquism act. I was also very lucky to have Harry join me on the Magic Newswire podcast on several occasion and you can listen to them below.
Rest in peace Harry the Hat! You will be sorely missed.
Eugene was also amongt those interviewed to discuss their contributions to the Genii 75th Anniversary Special Edition of the Jinx. Other guests included Mac King, Max Maven, Mike Caveney & Jonathan Levit. We talk to each of these performers about their contributions to the Jinx special edition and about how Anneman and the Jinx impacted their growth as practitioners in the art of magic and mentalism.
Paul Daniels, arguably the best known magician in the UK was our guest on this episode of the "Spirit of Magic" podcast. Paul began performing magic when he was eleven years old. He starred in his own television series "Its Magic" for more than sixteen years and was awarded Golden Rose of Montreux Award at the International TV Festival in Switzerland in 1985. In 1983, Paul became the first magician from outside the US to be named "Magician of the Year" by the Academy of Magical Arts. Sadly, we learned that Paul was ill with an incurable brain tumor which rapidly progressed and has since resulted in his passing. At the time of this interview from 2010, Paul was still touring with his magic show, and had recently presented a intimate show focused on the 'Magic of Max Malini'. Lets all remember Paul via this chat. You are already missed.
It has been a truly rough week for the magic community.
This afternoon I learned that we had lost yet another member of magic's royality, "Princess" Irene Larsen.
It is with the greatest sorrow imaginable, that we announce the passing of my beautiful, beloved mother, Irene Larsen. She left us suddenly, but not before touching many, many lives deeply and permanently. She was grace personified. Her love is all around us. She will be missed forever. The family is grieving, and we appreciate your kind words and we know you are hurting too. We will never stop celebrating Princess Irene.
I was incredibly lucky to have a few moments with Irene very early on in the production of this podcast. Enjoy remembering her with me. She will be truly missed by us all!


text:
LA Weekly July 8, 1998
These are the kinds of relationships the subway was built on.
Neil Papiano, the sort of downtown attorney people describe as "well-connected," counts among his longtime clients both the Nederlander Organization, operator of the Pantages and Greek theaters and one of the largest landowners in Hollywood, and Richard Alatorre, city councilman and former MTA board chairman. Apart from having counsel in common, Nederlander and Alatorre have enjoyed mutually beneficial financial ties.
For instance, in 1993, as the MTA was cranking up to build the Red Line Hollywood extension, Nederlander hired Alatorre's wife for a $30,000-a-year contract to do "community outreach," according to the councilman's annual financial-disclosure statements. And around the same time, the MTA decided to site its Hollywood-and-Vine station across the boulevard from the Pantages on a 2.25 acre parcel owned by . . . the Nederlanders. The firm was handsomely compensated for the deal and has since quietly bought up more land around the station. (Papiano says he was unaware of Alatorre's wife's contract.)
Papiano, in the meantime, also represented a consortium of contractors under investigation for buying Alatorre's influence to win a multimillion-dollar deal to build the subway's Eastside extension. And Papiano is currently working as Alatorre's attorney in a bitter and politically charged custody battle over the councilman's niece, a case in which much of Alatorre's alleged dirty laundry is getting aired.
This tangled skein of relationships has drawn the attention of the FBI. Apparently, field agents investigating Alatorre for alleged tax violations and corruption have been inquiring into the particulars of the Hollywood-Vine–station site purchase, according to one source who was recently interviewed.
The Nederlander Organization, for its part, is said to be exploring development of a new theater on land near the subway stop, which is scheduled to open in summer 1999.
—Sam Gideon Anson
Beach Front Bully
The National Labor Relations Board in West Los Angeles sent a not-so-subtle message to the Miramar Sheraton Hotel last week: Play fair.
It seems the board felt the Santa Monica hotel wasn't behaving nicely last October when employees were asked to vote on whether the Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees, Local 814, should be allowed to keep their stronghold. The hotel won that election by just a few votes. Union officials immediately filed objections against the hotel, alleging misconduct on the part of the hotel's management.
In a 36-page report, NLRB officials recommended a new vote be held after investigators concluded the hotel had waged an illegal anti-union campaign. The board cited the hotel's decision to hire professional consultants to run the campaign, and the meetings it held to sway workers away from the union, as proof the Miramar's managers had made it clear that supporting the union was "not considered to be the proper thing to be doing," the report said.
An NLRB official also found that the Miramar had intimidated workers on election day by stationing supervisors and security guards near the polls.
Intimidation came in subtler forms, too: Workers in the housekeeping department were told to pick up their checks at the security office on election day, instead of from their supervisor's office.
But don't expect new elections just yet. An attorney for the hotel said it plans to appeal the board's recommendation. And both sides must still wait for the NLRB to consider unfair-labor-practice charges filed by the union against the Miramar.
School Dazed
LAUSD students got a lesson in new math last month after school officials quietly admitted something wasn't adding up. It seems that in between handing out diplomas, bidding long goodbyes and collecting books, administrators at Jordan High School in Watts noticed a small scheduling error: The school year wasn't long enough to meet state law. Evidently, students were let out last month after attending only 179 days of school — a day short of the mandated 180 days. The shortfall even confused principal Etta Seamster McMahan, who at first refused to acknowledge that something was wrong. "There is no school on Thursday," said McMahan, denying the need for a make-up day. Apparently, she spoke before she realized a group of parent and teacher volunteers were on campus busily calling high schoolers to tell them about the "educational (with incentives) fair," which was hastily scheduled for a Thursday three days after students were dismissed for the summer. Among the door prizes given out to those who attended the extra day were free pizza, tickets to Magic Mountain, and even sweatshirts donated by Shaquille O'Neal. And of course students could also pick up report cards, get help on the proficiency exams they need to pass, or enroll in summer school. That did little, however, to draw students back for one more day of learning — less than a quarter of the 2,030 enrolled at Jordan attended.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A Boon to Second Life Language Schools
New technology will allow high-quality audio in a virtual world.
Michael Erard archive page
Immersive language learning in a realistic environment with native-speaking teachers will soon be available online, in the popular virtual world Second Life. Starting in September, a language school called Languagelab.com will offer English and Spanish classes. The cost of the classes will be comparable to those in the real world, which can cost several hundred U.S. dollars for a semester-long course. "You won't be taking classes in LanguageLab because it's a lot cheaper," says LanguageLab founder David Kaskel, an entrepreneur and PhD candidate at the Center for Computing in the Humanities at King's College, London. "We think it's a lot better than in a physical space because there's more you can offer than in a classroom."
Second language: Student avatars in LanguageLab's simulated office environment work on a lesson in business English.
Kaskel is a veteran user of Second Life, a virtual world where users can own private property, build realistic places and communities, operate businesses, and navigate the world with physical figures called avatars. He had the idea for a Second Life school a year and a half ago while in a traffic jam in Naples, during which he was forced to speak Italian to his driver and made progress with his language skills. LanguageLab, which is based in London, acquired financing a year ago and now has six full-time employees.
Students of LanguageLab will send their avatars to the school's 120-acre island, where a full city has been created. Student avatars might meet their teachers for role-playing activities in one of the lavish, realistically detailed hotels, bars, nightclubs, office parks, or stores. Scheduled classes meet for 50 minutes several times a week. Students might meet classmates to play a game, such as the football-field-sized Scrabble game, or socialize out on the virtual town. They can also sign up for special events, such as a murder mystery staged in the hotel or a class on the language of wine at the wine bar.
Students and teachers will talk to and hear each other using VoIP capabilities that are currently in beta and are scheduled to debut in Second Life in June. Until now, Second Life users who wanted to talk to each other have relied on Skype, TeamSpeak, or other VoIP providers. Now, voice capabilities will be bundled with the Second Life software that users download to their PCs. The system picks up a wider range of acoustic frequencies (50 to 14,000 hertz) than normal telephony, and this will benefit language learning because salient acoustic information in some consonants occurs at frequencies higher than what telephony usually picks up.
Voice in Second Life will also be 3-D, meaning that the voices from avatars who are near will sound louder than avatars who are farther away. The system does this by modifying a particular user's sound stream according to his or her avatar's position in the world. As a result, each of the thousands of Second Life users in the world at any moment using voice will have a unique audio stream.
Land owners in Second Life can enable voice on their property, where they can talk either in a group chat or in one-to-one mode. There is also a one-to-many mode that will be useful for lectures, conferences, and classes.
Seventy-four colleges currently have Second Life operations. "They're dying to get their hands on voice," says Joe Miller, vice president of Platform and Technology Development for Linden Lab, the manufacturer of Second Life. In addition to serious uses, new forms of entertainment, such as karaoke bars and comedy clubs, have already cropped up.
When voice capabilities were announced in February, many Second Life users expressed dismay in blogs. They complained that listening to voices and having to talk would break the hermetic virtuality of the world, bringing with it unwanted aspects of the real world, such as users' real genders, identities, and nationalities. "Being forced to use a voice in a virtual world, something not of my choice, against my will–because people in business will all be forced to do this–feels like the ultimate blow," wrote Prokofy Neva, a Second Life user, in the Second Life Herald.
LanguageLab is not the first such school in Second Life: a variety of educators have offered English, Japanese, and Esperanto, among other languages, and in May the British Council is scheduled to open three English learning islands in the teen version of Second Life. But LanguageLab is the largest private language school venture and the first to be built around the integrated voice capabilities. It also worked with Second Life's VoIP provider, Massachusetts-based Vivox, before Second Life tapped Vivox to provide voice for the entire virtual world.
LanguageLab founder Kaskel says he hopes to offer classes in other languages, for which he will duplicate his basic island. Most of the current students in the beta have grasped Second Life quickly (students must pass a basic orientation before class begins), although only about 20 percent of them have operating systems and video cards that meet Second Life requirements.
Constructing virtual environments for language learning that either augment or replace classroom work has been a holy grail of foreign-language educators since the first digital "microworld" was developed 15 years ago. "The basic idea of getting individuals to interact in a microworld or simulation is extremely interesting, but it's hard to do," says Robert Fischer, a professor of French and linguistics at Texas State University and the executive director of the Computer-Assisted Language Instruction Consortium. These digital environments are complex and expensive to build, particularly if the pedagogical model pairs students with a chatterbot or some other artificial conversation partner. Another barrier to student acceptance has been the fidelity of the virtual world. "Students are so used to playing, their expectations are extremely high, and when they don't see good graphics in the language learning environment, that could be a problem," Fischer says.
The world of Second Life is rendered with such detail that this won't likely be a problem. Teaching language in Second Life has an advantage over the other Internet-based methods, from blogs to podcasts to text chat, that have overwhelmed foreign-language teachers with teaching opportunities. It has what Graham Stanley, the project manager for the British Council's island in Second Life, calls "a sense of place." "This sense of place makes learning, and indeed socializing in a virtual world, a more 'human' experience than many other online environments," he says.


The summer-collegiate Expedition League has announced several awards for its inaugural 2018 season, including Executive of the Year and Organization of the Year.
Executive of the Year has been given to Souris Valley Sabre Dogs General Manager Darrell Handelsman, while the Western Nebraska Pioneers have won Organization of the Year. Both winners were revealed as part of an announcement on Tuesday.
Handelsman's leadership was vital, especially since he wasn't brought on until January. "It's been a fun first year with lots of great accomplishments", said Handelsman. "I want to thank all of our staff, interns and my Assistant GM for helping to make our inaugural season a big hit." The Sabre Dogs averaged 721 fans per game this year, good for 4th best among all first-year summer collegiate teams. "The Sabre Dogs are well-poised for continued growth and success and this is largely owed to Darrell", noted Wagner.
Opening Day for the 2019 Expedition League season is Friday May 24, 2019.


text:
Katerina Stefanidi wins gold in 2017 European Championships
By Markos Papadatos Mar 5, 2017 in Sports
On March 4, Olympian Katerina Stefanidi won the gold medal at the 2017 European Athletics Indoor Championships in the women's pole vault event.
The European Athletics Indoor Championships were held in Belgrade, Serbia.
Stefanidi cleared 4.85 meters on her first attempt, which was enough to secure her the win, which was a world leading mark in the sport. She also attempted three times at 4.91 meters, for a new personal best, but was unsuccessful.
The video of Stefanidi's pole vault performance may be seen in this YouTube video clip.
German pole vault Lisa Ryzih came in second, with a personal best of 4.75 meters, and the bronze medal went to both Swedish pole vaulter Angelica Bengtsson and Maryna Kylypko from the Ukraine (which resulted in a tie of 4.55 meters).
Last month, Stefanidi took first place in the NYRR Millrose Games in New York City, where she bested American athlete Sandi Morris.
At the 2016 Olympic Games that were held in Rio de Janeiro last summer, Stefanidi won the gold medal in women's pole vault for Greece.
More about Katerina Stefanidi, European, pole vault, Gold
Katerina Stefanidi European pole vault Gold
Sports Video


To enhance the immersion in Second Life I propose the rendering of real mirror reflections on flat prim surfaces. I created a patch that does this, however it's in a very early stage, currently only able to render mirrors in forward rendering mode, not in deferred rendering. I am not nearly as good with 3d graphics as I would like to be, and I only know very little about the render pipeline, so this patch is probably not the best quality. But I am sure it can be enhanced with the right knowledge behind it.
These need to be addressed, maybe by someone who has more knowledge than I have, or I maybe I can fix them myself. I will keep on trying to improve this patch and I would be glad if I could get some help to make this a reality for all Second Life users.
Since I can't change the server end, I had to "hack" a little to make mirrors appear on chosen surfaces only. The final implementation probably should include a "mirror" percentage spinner that is saved server side, and the viewer renders the mirror with the selected reflectiveness on top of that face.
The patch applies cleanly to viewer-release.
Nalates Urriah blog - Second Life Mirrors (real mirrors) – Possible?


Software development is a vast field with many areas of specialisation. Nobody working in software development can know everything. Typically a developer will learn one language, for one project or one focus area (such as web development). Over time they build on this. Like learning human languages, the more languages you learn the easier it is to pick up another until as an accomplished developer, you become well versed in several languages and focus areas, with a bit of system administration, database administration, networking and project management thrown in.
Because it is such a large field, and because it has a reputation for being complicated, difficult and mathematical, the prospect of writing code can be daunting. This should not be the case. Other abilities, such as creativity, analysis, problem solving, research, lateral thinking, languages, provide just as much an advantage as mathematics. Unless your program specifically involves difficult maths, like astrophysics, you probably won't need maths any harder than what you learned in primary school.
While a computer science or IT degree will make you an expert, you don't need to be an expert to write and use of code. You can learn enough to solve a particular problem and build on that as new problems arise. It is easy to get started and even a simple program can be immensely useful. Even if you don't end up writing much software, a little bit of knowledge can be useful to understand why and how software isn't working, and how to fix it, or how to make the most of a conversation with someone writing software for you.
In tertiary education coding and software development is becoming increasingly important, not to replace traditional research, but as a tool to assist and expedite it and to make new research questions possible. The speed of access to and the ability to process information has transformed most academic fields.
Code is everywhere and transforms every field. Coding gives you more power to discover, innovate, create and critique.
When learning programming, don't worry if you don't remember all the details. What is important is to remember the principle and what it is used for. You can search for or look up the details when you need to. For example, at the end of this lesson, you should remember what an array is and why you would loop through one. You can easily look up the specific commands for looping through an array if you forget, or in any different language you need to use. With a bit of practice, you will eventually remember what you need most.


text:
Q: IBM Director cimserver hangs up the server using 100% CPU On a couple of occassions jobs on my Redhat Linux server hang up due to IBM Director's  "cimserver" processing using 100% of the CPU.
Seen on,
Redhat 2.6.18-8.el5PAE #1 SMP
Redhat 2.6.9-67.ELsmp #1 SMP
This Technote (in Japanese!!) seems to deal with a similar problem:
www-06.ibm.com/jp/domino04/pc/support/Sylphd07.nsf/jtechinfo/SYJ0-0186A56
Does anyone know what triggers this?

A: Assuming this is a binary only program, the best way to work out what it's doing is using strace. The first thing to do is to find out what it's doing now:
strace -f -o /tmp/cimserver.log -p $process_id
You can then look in /tmp/cimserver.log to see what system calls it's doing. You may find that the problem happened before now, in which case you'll need to run the process under strace from the start.
strace -f -o /tmp/cimserver.log /usr/sbin/cimserver $args
Beware this will slow the process down a reasonable amount. You can reduce the logging to particular system calls by using the -e option. Check the man page for more info.
Hopefully this will give you some pointer to the problem. Of course it could just be a bug in the software :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I have been planning my family reunion for a year now and I am very excited that it is only 16 days away. I have so many things planned and I hope that maybe it could help someone else in their planning.
For adult games we are playing the family feud game, against the different family lines. The newly wed game and not so newly wed, the toilet paper game where people have to tell about themselves depending on how many pieces of toilet paper squares you take. Talent show, karaoke, a music jam session, dizzy bat relay, potato sack race and awards ceremony with gag gifts and door prizes.
For the children we have a spacewalk with a large slide that is attached to it. A Easter egg hunt, I bought a lot of bouncy balls that the kids can jump around on. A giant giga ball that is 51" tall they can play with and climb on and through. I have surprise grab bags with toys and candy in them for each of the children. I have a large art wall for them to draw pictures of their families on to be displayed at the reunion and they too will be included in the talent show and karaoke.
I made lots of flower arrangements for the tables. They have pictures on both sides so no matter which side of the table you set at, you will see family pics. I am also putting solid pastel tablecloths on each table and then 4x6 pictures of all the family all over the tables and then covering them with vinyl table covers so you can eat on top of the them without the photos getting damaged.
I made the glass gems and decoupaged my family members' old pictures on them. They will be all over the tables where the desserts will be and the picture display table.
I made water bottles with pictures of my grandparents. I am also making the family coat of arms, too. On the opposite side it'll say Easley Family Reunion, April 16, 2011.
I took old black and white family pictures and place them in mason jars. I plan to put dry beans, flour, sugar, etc. in the jars. I am going to display them on the tables where the food will be.
What did you use to make the water bottles with a picture on them?
My next project was making favors. I made labels for Certs with Print Shop program on my computer. I also made M&M candy favors.
I made my water bottle labels. One is our family coat of arms with the reunion date on the opposite side. The other two water bottle labels are my grandparents both young and old. I took the extra step of wrapping each one in postage tape to seal the labels off to keep them from damaging when the ice melts to water.
I also made small grab bags for the children with candy and toys in them.
I like personalizing things for any party affair that I have. I have a family reunion coming up and I have been put in charge over it. I have had such fun creating stuff for our reunion. I hope some of my ideas may help somebody out, that is looking to add that personal touch.
I took a 4x8 sheet of plywood and cut out two large holes to fit the frames that I put over them. I then wallpapered the plywood and made a stand to hold the plywood wall up. I added lots of old family pictures. The family can stand behind the wall and look out through the two frames and have their picture done, for fun.
Next I made a family directory it includes addresses, email addresses home and cell phone numbers of all the family members. I binded and made them completely myself.
Next for a family picture display I took a shower curtain and drew a large tree on it with markers. I then added pictures of my family on the tree.
Can you please tell me how you made these? I have been put in charge of making our family directories and really like yours. Ours we have now are just an excel page with columns. I would like to change it up some.
Can you post how you made the directory? I love the idea.
I'm interested in making. Can you give directions?
Do you have a template for your family directory? Would like to see an inside page of your directory and how you organized it. Alpha? By family?
Hi Debra. Tammy mentioned in her original post that she drew the family tree onto a shower curtain. Since I personally don't have enough artistic skills to draw a tree free hand, I would probably find a clip art image that I like and project it onto a wall where I could hang the curtain and trace the image. There are a few pieces of free clip art available to subscribers of my newsletter, Kindred Connections. Check it out here.
I've said it once but I'll say it again - I LOVE these!! The wallpapered frame wall is a genius original idea. Thanks for sharing!


text:
Hongshan culture
Map of the middle Neolithic cultures in China. Hongshan culture is #1 on the map
The C-shaped jade dragon of Hongshan Culture
The Hongshan culture (simplified Chinese: 红山文化; traditional Chinese: 紅山文化; pinyin: Hóngshān wénhuà) was a Neolithic culture in the Liao river basin. Hongshan sites have been found in an area stretching from Inner Mongolia to Liaoning, and dated from about 4700 to 2900 BC.[1]
The culture is named after Hongshanhou (simplified Chinese: 红山後; traditional Chinese: 紅山後; pinyin: Hóngshānhòu), a site in Hongshan District, Chifeng. The Hongshanhou site was discovered by the Japanese archaeologist Torii Ryūzō in 1908 and extensively excavated in 1935 by Kōsaku Hamada and Mizuno Seiichi.[2]
Historical contextEdit
In northeast China, Hongshan culture was preceded by Xinglongwa culture (6200–5400 BC), Xinle culture (5300–4800 BC), and Zhaobaogou culture, which may be contemporary with Xinle and a little later.
Yangshao culture was in the larger area and contemporary with Hongshan culture (see map). These two cultures interacted with each other.
ArtifactsEdit
Painted Cylindrical Pottery Vessel, Hongshan Culture (c. 4700–2900 BC), Liaoning, 1988. National Museum of China, Beijing
Hongshan burial artifacts include some of the earliest known examples of jade working. The Hongshan culture is known for its jade pig dragons and embryo dragons. Clay figurines, including figurines of pregnant women, are also found throughout Hongshan sites. Small copper rings were also excavated.[citation needed][3]
ReligionEdit
The archaeological site at Niuheliang is a unique ritual complex associated with the Hongshan culture.
Excavators have discovered an underground temple complex—which included an altar—and also cairns in Niuheliang. The temple was constructed of stone platforms, with painted walls. Archaeologists have given it the name Goddess Temple due to the discovery of a clay female head with jade inlaid eyes.[4] It was an underground structure, 1m deep.[5] Included on its walls are mural paintings.
Housed inside the Goddess Temple are clay figurines as large as three times the size of real-life humans.[4] The exceedingly large figurines are possibly deities, but for a religion not reflective in any other Chinese culture.[6]
The existence of complex trading networks and monumental architecture (such as pyramids[example needed][citation needed] and the Goddess Temple) point to the existence of a "chiefdom"[7] in these prehistoric communities.
Painted pottery was also discovered within the temple.[5] Over 60 nearby tombs have been unearthed, all constructed of stone and covered by stone mounds, frequently including jade artifacts.[8]
Cairns were discovered atop two nearby two hills, with either round or square stepped tombs, made of piled limestone. Entombed inside were sculptures of dragons and tortoises.[5]
It has been suggested that religious sacrifice might have been performed within the Hongshan culture.[5]
Feng shuiEdit
Just as suggested by evidence found at early Yangshao culture sites, Hongshan culture sites also provide the earliest evidence for feng shui. The presence of both round and square shapes at Hongshan culture ceremonial centers suggests an early presence of the gaitian cosmography ("round heaven, square earth").[9]
Early feng shui relied on astronomy to find correlations between humans and the universe.[10]
Development of Chinese civilizationEdit
Some Chinese archaeologists such as Guo Da-shun see the Hongshan culture as an important stage of early Chinese civilization.[11][12] Whatever the linguistic affinity of the ancient denizens, Hongshan culture is believed to have exerted an influence on the development of early Chinese civilization.[13] The culture also have contributed to the development of settlements in ancient Korea.[14]
GeneticsEdit
The representatives of the Hongshan Culture location Niuheliang (6500–5000 BP) identified 3 different Y-chromosome subclades haplotypes: N1 (xN1a, N1c), C and O3a (O3a3).[15][16]
List of Neolithic cultures of China
Xinglonggou
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-02-01. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Timeline posted by National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
^ Hamada, Kosaku and Mizuno Seiichi. "Chifeng Hongshanhou," Archaeologia Orientalis, ser. A, No. 6. Far-Eastern Archaeology Society of Japan, (1938).
^ "Iindustries include ... copper." Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 3: East Asia and Oceania, Ed.: Peter N. Peregrine, Melvin Ember, Springer Science & Business Media, 2001, p. 79
^ a b Please refer to Niuheliang.
^ a b c d Sites of Hongshan Culture: The Niuheliang Archaeological Site, the Hongshanhou Archaeological Site, and Weijiawopu Archaeological Site unesco.org
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-05. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Article by National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
^ [1] University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Regional Lifeways and Cultural Remains in the Northern Corridor: Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project. Cited references: Drennan 1995; and Earle 1987, 1997.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 2007-12-14. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) Exhibition Brochure, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.
^ [2] Sarah M. Nelson, Rachel A. Matson, Rachel M. Roberts, Chris Rock and Robert E. Stencel: Archaeoastronomical Evidence for Wuism at the Hongshan Site of Niuheliang, 2006.
^ Sun, X. (2000) Crossing the Boundaries between Heaven and Man: Astronomy in Ancient China. In H. Selin (ed.), Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. 423–454. Kluwer Academic.
^ Guo, Da-Shun 1995. Hongshan and related cultures. In: The archaeology of Northeast China: beyond the Great Wall. Nelson, Sarah M. ed. 21–64. London and New York: Routledge.
^ [3] Roger Blench(2004), Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? p.9
^ Kwang-chih Chang and Sarah Allan, The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, p. 65
^ [4] Keith Pratt(2006), Everlasting Flower, p.30.
^ Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China
^ Geographic locations and the Y-chromosome haplogroup distribution of prehistoric populations in this study
Allan, Sarah (ed), The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, ISBN 0-300-09382-9
Chang, Kwang-chih. The Archaeology of Ancient China, ISBN 0-300-03784-8
Nelson, Sarah Milledge (ed), The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall, ISBN 0-415-11755-0
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hongshan culture.
Hongshan culture china.org.cn
Discussion of Hongshan culture
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hongshan_culture&oldid=903015630"


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CMS Issues Guidance Reinstating Enforcement Timeline for COVID Vaccine Rule in States Not Covered by Preliminary Injunctions
Home » Newsroom » News » CMS Issues Guidance Reinstating Enforcement Timeline for COVID Vaccine Rule in States Not Covered by Preliminary Injunctions
Elise Aguilar
Capitol Correspondence
On December 29, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced it would modify the implementation and enforcement timeline for the Omnibus COVID-19 Health Care Staff Vaccination Interim Final Rule (CMS IFR) in the states where there is not currently a preliminary injunction. CMS is currently enjoined from implementation or enforcement of the CMS IFR in 25 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
This guidance supersedes previous statements from CMS that it would not take action to enforce the rule while it is subject to any court-ordered injunction.
The deadline for Phase 1 implementation is now January 27, 2022, and the deadline for Phase 2 implementation is February 28, 2022. The guidance provides additional details for Phase 1 and Phase 2 deadlines.
Phase 1 Enforcement:
On or before January 27, 2022, a facility must demonstrate that it has policies and procedures in place for ensuring all covered facility staff are vaccinated for COVID-19 and that 100% of staff have received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine (unless they have received or requested an exemption).
The facility is non-compliant if less than 100% of all staff have received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (unless that staff member has a pending request for or has been granted a qualifying exemption).
A facility that has achieved at least an 80% staff vaccination rate and has a plan to achieve a 100% staff vaccination rate within 60 days would not be subject to additional enforcement action.
On or before February 28, 2022, a facility must demonstrate that it has policies and procedures in place for ensuring all covered facility staff are vaccinated for COVID-19 and that 100% of staff have received the necessary doses to complete the COVID-19 vaccine series (unless they have received or requested an exemption).
The facility is non-compliant if less than 100% of all staff have received at least one dose of a single-dose vaccine or all doses of a multiple-dose vaccine series (unless that staff member has a pending request for or has been granted a qualifying exemption).
A facility that is above a 90% staff vaccination rate and has a plan to achieve a 100% staff vaccination rate within 30 days would not be subject to additional enforcement action.
By March 28, 2022, facilities that have not met the 100% standard may be subject to enforcement actions.
As for the ongoing litigation, the U.S. Supreme Court is set to hear oral arguments on January 7 for challenges to both the preliminary injunction of the CMS IFR and enforcement of the OSHA Vaccination and Testing Emergency Temporary Standard.
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Q: Using a loop to create and assign multiple variables (Python) I'm looking to use a for loop to create multiple variables, named on the iteration (i), and assign each one a unique int.
Xpoly = int(input("How many terms are in the equation?"))

terms={}
for i in range(0, Xpoly):
    terms["Term{0}".format(i)]="PH"

VarsN = int(len(terms))
for i in range(VarsN):
    v = str(i)
    Temp = "T" + v
    Var = int(input("Enter the coefficient for variable"))
    Temp = int(Var)

As you see at the end I got lost. Ideally I'm looking for an output where
T0 = #
T1 = #
T... = #
T(Xpoly) = #

Any Suggestions?

A: You can do everything in one loop
how_many = int(input("How many terms are in the equation?"))

terms = {}

for i in range(how_many):
    var = int(input("Enter the coefficient for variable"))
    terms["T{}".format(i)] = var

And later you can use
 print( terms['T0'] )

But it is probably better to a use list rather than a dictionary
how_many = int(input("How many terms are in the equation?"))

terms = [] # empty list

for i in range(how_many):
    var = int(input("Enter the coefficient for variable"))
    terms.append(var)

And later you can use
 print( terms[0] )

or even (to get first three terms)
 print( terms[0:3] )


You read that correct my friends. Disney's Pixar has just released the news: the Finding Nemo sequel, Finding Dory, is to DIVE into theaters November of 2015!
Out of all the Pixar films, I have no problem going out on a limb and saying Finding Nemo has to have been one of the more beloved animated movies, loved by both children and adults alike. That being said, this makes me super excited to see how they follow up the wonderful, family friendly movie.
Disclaimer: I was provided the above information from Disney and Pixar strictly for the benefit and enjoyment of my friends, fans, and readers. All opinions expressed above are 100% mine and mine alone unless otherwise stated.
I can hardly wait to see this. I knew they just had to do this being as she was so great in the last movie! Great Post and thanks for sharing!
Love it! this is on my "to buy" list for sure!


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Team Lotus their flirt with Honda in the 60's
Colin Chapman impressed the Formula one in many ways. With Team Lotus he debuted in 1958 with the Lotus 12 and the Lotus 16. During the 1960s, Lotus was one of the most innovating teams in the Formula One, compared to Scuderia Ferrari it was astronomic. And with star driver Jim Clark the team won several titles. What many don't know is the several flirts Team Lotus had with the Honda Company.
Yes, Team Lotus drove with Honda V6 engines in 1987 and 1988 with good and bad results. Though since Colin Chapman died in December 1982 the team seemed hopeless, desperately to find its identity back. However, it was not the first time Colin Chapman was in contact with Honda. As early in 1963 Colin Chapman was in contact with Honda to provide them with engines.
Honda was interested in Grand Prix racing for a while, and it was looking to provide a team with their engines. In 1963, Team Lotus won most of the races powered by the Coventry Climax V8 engine. Colin Chapman asked Climax to design a brand new engine for the next season. In first instance, Climax denied the request and kept on with their current engine the FWMV Mk.III 1496cc V-8.
As reaction, Colin Chapman made a deal with Honda, who was seeking a team for their engines. For 1964, the Honda V12 engine would power the Lotus 25. A good deal, but it was only a trick to put pressure on Coventry Climax to develop a new V8 engine. Eventually Climax caved in under the pressure of the Honda deal and started to develop, improve, the Coventry Climax engine. With the result the FWMV Mk.4 1499cc V-8 and the FWMV Mk.5 1499cc V-8.
It has said that Chapman cancelled the deal with Honda by phone. Probably this was the reason Honda gave one of their own in-house engineers the task to design their first Formula One car.
A year later in 1964, better said just months later, Colin Chapman was again in contact with Honda. 1964 was not the best season so far for the team as the Lotus 25 fitted with the new Climax V8 engine was not that dominant as previous year. It was arranged that a Honda RA271E V12 engine would be fitted in a Lotus 25 or the new Lotus 33, it is not sure which car would have been used.
As expected the deal did not continue. Before the engine could be fit in the car, Colin Chapman called off the deal with Honda. In 1965, Team Lotus would race once again with the Coventry Climax V8 engine, and win the title with star driver Jim Clark. In 1966, Team Lotus would appear once more with the Climax V8 engine on the grid. However, the Lotus 33 and the old Climax V8 engine didn't brought the success and for 1967 team Lotus would use several engines (BRM V8, BRM H16, Climax V8, Cosworth DFV and the FVA) before it appeared with the Ford Cosworth DFV on the grid in 1968.
Tagged 1964, Colin Chapman, Coventry Climax, Honda V12, Lotus, Lotus 25, Lotus 33, Lotus F1, Lotus-Honda, Team Lotus
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