These vintage Vivienne Westwood cropped pitrate pants are a fabulous relic from the 1990's! These pants are slightly relaxed through the leg and feature jagged, cropped front hemlines. The waist rises high to the mid-line of the body and the pinstripes switch directions on the back of the garment adding a bit more Westwood flair!
pants bottom width: 8 in.
crotch to bottom: 25 in.


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Carlos Nobre to Receive Science Diplomacy Award for Amazon Climate Efforts
by: Andrea Korte
Carlos Nobre chairs the Science Panel for the Amazon, a group of scientists and experts that is carrying out the first full scientific assessment of the region. | Neil Orman/AAAS
Carlos Nobre, a Brazilian climate scientist specializing in the effects of climate change in the Amazon and a leader in science policy for a sustainable Amazon, will receive the 2021 AAAS Award for Science Diplomacy.
The award, established in 2013 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, recognizes an individual or small group working together in the science, engineering or foreign affairs communities to make an outstanding contribution to the field of science diplomacy.
Nobre is honored for "his career-spanning work to understand and protect the biodiversity and Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon," according to the award committee.
Most recently, Nobre is serving as the chair of the Science Panel for the Amazon, an effort convened by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UN SDSN) as the first-ever comprehensive scientific assessment of the Amazon Basin. Nobre is leading more than 160 scientists from Amazonian countries and beyond – including indigenous experts – to develop a scientific assessment of the region and present data-informed solutions to guide the protection, conservation and sustainable development of the rainforest. The panel's report is expected to be released in early 2021.
Nobre's "life-long scientific career in understanding the biological complexity of the Amazon coupled with decades of involvement in science policy" equips him to lead such an effort, said Emma Torres in her letter nominating Nobre for the award. Torres, who nominated Nobre for the award, is the UN SDSN secretariat vice president of the Americas and head of the New York office.
Nobre, who currently serves as senior scientist at the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of São Paulo, is best-known for his work on the "savannization" of the Amazon due to climate change and deforestation. He also leads the Amazonia 4.0 initiative, which seeks to develop a sustainable "bio-economy" for the region.
"Dr. Nobre has contributed to the scientific understanding of the Amazon rainforest as a globally important ecosystem and as part of the irreplaceable ecological and cultural heritage for all of humanity," said Torres.
He has applied this work in the science policy realm in a number of roles. He served as a member of the International Panel on Climate Change, which was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. In 2013, he was named a member of the UN Secretary-General's Scientific Advisory Board for Global Sustainability.
Nobre has also brought his leadership to building scientific capacity in Brazil and forging international scientific cooperation, having served as the national secretary for research and development policies at the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation; president of Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education; and first program scientist for the Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia.
"Carlos's leadership inspires action and encourages multilateralism, providing a framework to allow us to move towards a more sustainable and equitable future, together," said Torres.
Nobre will be honored at an awards ceremony at the virtual AAAS Annual Meeting on Feb. 10 at 4 p.m. EST. He will also moderate a session at the meeting, "Amazon Development Pathways: Fostering Conservation and Prosperity," to be held Feb. 8 at 1 p.m. To attend the Annual Meeting, register today.
If you know someone that should be recognized for the Award for Science Diplomacy, please consider nominating them in our next upcoming cycle – which opens April 15, 2021. More information on eligibility requirements and the awards ahead of April 15 can be found here.
2021 AAAS Annual Meeting Newsroom
Center for Science Diplomacy
AAAS Annual Meeting
Andrea Korte
Related Focus Areas
Related Scientific Disciplines
Environmental sciences/Climatology/Climate change

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1. Always prepared. Need a pen? Need a band-aid? Desperate for a safety pin? You can bet your bottom dollar that if anyone will have those things, it'll be a teacher. And they will magically produce them all from even the tiniest of bags, à la Mary Poppins. Because they too are practically perfect in every way.
2. Always organized. In order to maintain some semblance of a work-life balance, teachers need to be reasonably well organized at home. Whether it's color-coded plastic wallets for their life admin or an alphabetized DVD collection, every teacher has their organizational tell. Some more curious than others.
4. Always a hoarder. The back of a teacher's car is always weighed down with boxes of marking – alphabetized, naturally – and lovingly made resources that they used in an observed lesson one time and vowed to reuse but never did. Still, you never known when you might need moustaches on sticks again.


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Let's get personal: Radio Milwaukee DJs explain why they got vaccinated
By Salam Fatayer
Published November 2, 2021 at 12:22 PM CDT
We hear about COVID-19 and vaccines all the time -- what they are, how they work and why we need them. That information is critical at a time like this, when according to Johns Hopkins University there have been more than 5 million COVID-related deaths across the globe. In fact, we compiled a resource pagewith important information about the vaccine and how to get one in Milwaukee.
But it's equally as important to hear from people and understand why they got vaccinated, which is why our DJs have shared their own stories about what persuaded them to get the vaccine. You can hear their stories below.
Dori Zori and Marcus Doucette
"We didn't see our family except for sidewalk visits," said Zori. "We missed a lot of events but it was the one thing we could do. The one thing we could control."
Justin Barney and Element Everest-Blanks
"I think a lot of people especially people in the African American community given the history with science and medicine in our community are so hesitant to get vaccinated because they don't understand there's a lot of research and history that has gone into this vaccine," said Element.
Nate Imig and Anthony Foster
"I was kind of leery about it because it was so new and rolled out so quickly," said Foster. "At the end of the day, I wanted to see my family and see my grandma and my aunts."
Salam Fatayer
Audio Storyteller | Radio Milwaukee
See stories by Salam Fatayer


Home :: Gerson Therapy :: Castor Oil - Organic. 500ml.
Another name for Castor oil is Palma Christi, or palm of Christ. It seems appropriate that a plant with such a name should historically be used in healing, although the readings did not customarily endorse using it in the same manner – as a powerful cathartic – as some may have experienced during childhood. CASTOR OIL can be used in warm Castor oil Packs, or taken orally, and in enemas as suggested to those following the Gerson Therapy.


Sri Amitasana Dasa is a full-time missionary with ISKCON Bangalore since 1992. He heads the extension centre of ISKCON Bangalore at Whitefield, which has created a vibrant community of devotees.
He is highly experienced in delivering youth oriented spiritual lectures. His week-end seminars and workshops on personality development based on the Vedic wisdom have immensely benefited hundreds of students and young professionals from all over the city.
By attending his sessions, they have been inspired to lead a life of happiness, health and peace of mind, guided by spiritual principles. Under the 'Life Sublime' program, he has also provided counselling for several people through one-on-one sessions in order to help them grow spiritually.
His lectures are unique; they are a blend of theoretical knowledge and its practical application in life. He teaches you to implement the philosophy with a humble approach. You can download and listen to his discourses on the Bhagavad-gita. They are available on SoundCloud.


text:
International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction The Official Journal of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
CiteScore 2019 : 1.2
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Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness Scale
Ensiyeh Norozi 1 , Mohammad Reza Miri 2 , Raheleh Soltani 3 , Ahmad Ali Eslami 4 , * , Ali Reza Harivandi 5 , Reza Dastjerdi 6
1 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Birjand Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
2 Faculty of Public Health, Birjand Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
3 Tabriz Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
4 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
5 Southern Khorasan Welfare Organization, Birjand, IR Iran
6 Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, IR Iran
* Corresponding author: Ahmad Ali Eslami, Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3117922710, Fax: +98-3136682509, E-mail: [email protected]
How to Cite: Norozi E, Miri M R, Soltani R, Eslami A A, Harivandi A R, et al. Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness Scale, Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2016 ; 5(2):e23242. doi: 10.5812/ijhrba.23242.
International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction: 5 (2); e23242
Published Online: February 28, 2016
Received: September 9, 2014
Accepted: April 26, 2015
DOI : 10.5812/ijhrba.23242
Background: Treatment motivation has always been an important issue in substance abuse treatment. In recent decades, several instruments have been developed to measure this concept.
Objectives: In this study, cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the circumstances, motivation and readiness scale (CMR) are illustrated in a sample of Iranian addicts.
Materials and Methods: The translation process followed Beaton et al.'s (2000) guideline for the cross-cultural adaptation of self-administered questionnaires, including the steps of translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing. The final version of the Persian CMR was assessed for internal consistency and construct validity (n = 203).
Results: There was one eliminated item in the cross-cultural adaptation process. Also, four items that had low correlation with the total score were excluded from the questionnaire during the initial analysis. Using the remaining items, Principle axis factoring with Promax rotation was performed and three factors, circumstance, motivation, and readiness, were identified. The secondary order three factor model provided a good statistical and conceptual fit for the data. Internal consistency met the criterion for a reliable measure (Cronbach's alpha = 0.840). The α range for these identified factors was 0.597 to 0.837.
Conclusions: Although the CMR was originally designed for use in TC treatment, this study suggests that it is also applicable, with some modifications, in short-term residential camps. Also, it is concluded that the Persian translation of the CMR can be applied for studies among Persian addicts.
Cultural Adaptation Psychometrics Circumstances CMR
Nowadays, the issue of substance related disorders has become a major social problem. Based on statistics released by the United Nations office on drugs and crime (UNODC), about 230 million people, or 5 percent of the world's adult population (persons age 15 - 64 years old), are estimated to have used an illegal drug at least once in 2010. According to this report, about one percent of deaths among adults are attributed to illegal drug use (1). In Iran, after disasters, addiction has the highest burden of diseases among men, and the number of addicts is about 1.2 million (2).
Important advances in the treatment of addiction have been made in recent decades (3), but, despite these advances, a major problem in the treatment of addicts, even with prolonged abstinence period, is their high rate of relapse (4). For example, the six-month relapse rates following various classes of substance use cessation attempts generally range from 45% - 65% (5-7).
Numerous studies have investigated factors influencing relapse among different groups of substance users. Based on the results of some studies, low motivation to quit is one of the most important predictors of relapse among addicts (6, 8-10). Indeed, treatment motivation is considered to be one of the most important predictors of treatment engagement and the ability to benefit from treatment (11, 12).
In line with the growing acceptance of motivation as an essential factor for effective treatment, several instruments have been developed to measure motivation in the field of substance abuse, including: the stages of change readiness and treatment eagerness scale (SOCRATES), which was developed with alcohol abusers (13); the Circumstances, motivation, readiness, and suitability scales (CMRS), which was developed with drug abusers in therapeutic community treatment centers and subsequently used with both adult and adolescent drug abusers (14); and the Texas Christian University motivational assessment instrument, which has been used with a variety of drug-abusing patients and measures problem recognition, desire for help, and treatment readiness (15). Only limited efforts have been undertaken in Iran to translate these instruments and to determine their reliability and validity among Iranian addicts.
The CMR scale is an 18-item, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess motivation among abusers of illegal substances. This instrument is based on the CMRS, in which the suitability (S) scale was eliminated and the other scales were shortened (16). The instrument features Likert-type responses rated on a 5-point scale reflecting the extent of agreement with the respective items (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The items in the C scale refer to external conditions that influence decisions to enter or remain in treatment (circumstances 1) or to leave treatment (circumstances 2). The M scale refers to a client's inner reasons for change, while the R scale measures the individual's perceived need for treatment, as opposed to self-treatment or other self-change choices (17). The CMR scores have been found to be directly and positively related to treatment retention, and have been found to be indirectly related to treatment outcomes (17). Meanwhile, this instrument has good predictive validity (18).
2. Objectives
Considering the importance of motivation in treatment outcomes, the utility of reliable and valid measures is essential for applying this concept in studies among Iranian addicts. For this reason, this study is focused on translating the CMR scale into the Persian language and to adapting it to Iranian culture, so that we may assess its reliability and validity among Iranian addicts.
This study was performed in two stages. In the first stage, the questionnaire was translated into the Persian language and culturally adapted to Iranian culture. In the second stage, it was tested among addicted referred to addiction treatment short-term residential camps (length of residence: 21 - 30 days) to assess internal consistency and construct the validity of the scale.
3.1. Stage 1: Cross-Cultural Adaptation
The cross-cultural adaptation was performed based on Beaton et al.'s (2000) guide for the cross-cultural adaptation of self-administered questionnaires. It recommends a five-step process for cross-cultural adaptation: translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing (19).
3.1.1. Step 1: Initial Translation
The initial translation into Persian was performed by two bilingual Iranian translators, one of whom was a psychologist and other a health education and promotion specialist. As Beaton's guide noted, one of the translators should be aware of the concepts being examined in the questionnaire being translated, and the other should neither be aware nor informed of the concepts being quantified (19). In this study, the psychologist was familiar with the scale's concepts.
3.1.2. Step 2: Synthesis of the Translations
In the next step, the two translators and the researchers synthesized the results of the two translations into one common translation based on the original scale and resolved any discrepancies with the translators' reports.
3.1.3. Step 3: Back Translation
Next, this common adapted version was back-translated into English by two bilingual native-speaking English translators who worked independently. They also were neither aware of nor informed of the concepts being explored.
3.1.4. Step 4: Expert Committee
In step 4, an expert committee consisting of five experts, two health educators, one psychometrist, and two translators (forward and back translators), reviewed and compared the common translation, the two back translations, and the original scale to reach consensus on discrepancies and produce a pre-final Iranian version of the CMR.
Then, a panel of experts consisting of ten experts, four health educators, four clinical psychologists, and two addiction treatment physicians, was convened. The content validity of the questionnaire, via the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI), was determined.
3.1.4.1. Calculating the Content Validity Ratio
To calculate the CVR, the experts rated each item of the questionnaire on a Likert-type ordinal scale (1 = it is essential, 2 = it is useful but not essential, 3 = it is not essential). The calculated ratios for each item were compared with the numbers provided by Lawsche (20). If the calculated value was greater than the number given in Lawsche's table (for this study, CVR values higher than 0.62), the item was considered as an appropriate and necessary one and was retained for subsequent analysis.
3.1.4.2. Calculating the Content Validity Index
CVI amounts can be calculated for each item (Item-CVI) based on Lynn's pattern (21), or they can be determined as a total amount for each instrument (scale-CVI), based on Polit et al. work (22). In this study, Lynn's descriptive method was used, and the experts rated simplicity (1 = not simple to 4 = very simple), relevance (1 = not relevant to 4 = very relevant), and clarity (1 = not clear to 4 = very clear) for each item on a Likert-type ordinal scale. Based on Lynn's guidelines, if the number from the expert panel was 5 or less than 5, the content validity index for each item should be 1, and if the number from the experts was 6 or more than 6, the index should not be less than 0.78 (21).
3.1.5. Step 5: Test of the Pre-final Version
The final stage of adaptation process was the pretest. Beaton's recommendation of a minimum sample of 30 subjects was followed (19), and pre-testing was conducted among 30 addicted men who had been referred to an addiction treatment short-term residential camp. Pre-testing was performed in order to ensure whether the target group could understand the adapted version properly.
Following the pretest, a final version of questionnaire was prepared for field testing in a cross-sectional study. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the questionnaire.
3.2. Stage 2: Determining the Psychometric Properties of the Instrument
In this stage, the final questionnaire that was developed in the previous stage was examined in terms of its features, such as construct validity and internal consistency in a cross-sectional study.
3.2.1. Participants
The study population was comprised of addicts referred to the Southern Khorasan province's addiction treatment short-term residential camp. Southern Khorasan is one of the 31 provinces of Iran and it borders Afghanistan (a country with the greatest rate of poppy cultivation and natural drugs in the world). Inclusion criteria were the main and primary diagnosis of substance dependency disorders, according to diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV-TR and completion of a detoxification stage. Regular use of anti-psychotic drugs and an inability to answer questions due to physical and/or psychological problems were exclusion criteria. Meanwhile, all participants were informed about the study procedures and signed an informed consent form.
3.2.2. Procedures
The study sample size was estimated, as proposed by Bentler and Chou, a minimum of five subjects and maximum of ten subjects for each parameter (23). To test the psychometric properties of the Persian final version of the CMR, a convenience sample of 203 addicts was selected from all addicts referred to the treatment camps from May 2013 through November 2013. The CMR is a self-administered scale, and each addict completed it individually with no assistance from the researchers. Instructions for completing the questionnaire were available in its front page.
3.2.3. Data Analysis
All analyses were performed using SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 18.0. Principal axis factoring was used to estimate the number of principal components and the factorability of the correlation matrices. Before conducting any exploratory factor analyses, internal consistency of the instrument was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Our criterion for verifying the reliability of the instrument was Cronbach's α greater than 0.70. Meanwhile, the corrected item total correlation was also examined, and items whose correlation with the total score was less than 0.3 were excluded from questionnaire. To ensure the adequacy of the sample size, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was performed. If the KMO value is equal to or greater than 0.6, the sample size is adequate. Bartlett's test of sphericity was also examined. Then, principal axis factoring using non-orthogonal promax rotation procedure (K = 4) was conducted. The factor structure was assessed using several criteria, including (a) analysis of the Eigen values greater than 1 in the Scree plot, (b) item cut-off loading greater than or equal to 0.40, and (c) parallel analysis by Mont Carlo PCA (24).
In addition, confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess the factorial validity of the CMR. The following indices were used to evaluate model fit, as recommend by Hu et al (1999) (25): comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), the normed χ2 (χ2/ df), and Parsimonious Normed Fit Index (PNFI). The following cut-offs were used for acceptable fit: CFI ≥ 0.90, TLI ≥ 0.90, RMSEA ≤ 0.08, normed χ2 < 5, and PNFI ≥ 0.50 (25).
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to summarize study the participants' demographic information and other psychosocial variables. The mean age of participants was 29.09 ± 6.86 (15-55 years) years. The majority of them (97%) were male, and the average number of relapses was 2.84 ± 3.93. Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n = 203)
No. (%)
Age, y
< 20 18 (8.9)
20 - 25 57 (28.1)
35 > 39 (19.2)
Single 108 (53.2)
Married 87 (42.9)
Divorced or separated 8 (3.9)
< High school 113 (55.6)
High school or more 90 (44.4)
Occupation status
Unemployed 103 (50.7)
Employed part-time 72 (35.5)
Employed full- time 28 (13.8)
Opiate 57 (28.1)
Stimulants 80 (39.4)
Hallucinogens 9 (4.4)
Multiple drugs 57 (28.1)
4.2. Cultural Adaptation
In the translation, synthesis and back translation steps there were no discrepancies between translations. So all items were retained for expert review and calculating content validity. By the expert review committee, question 3 "I believe that my family/relationship will try to make me leave treatment after a few months" changed to "I believe that my family/relationship will try to make me leave treatment after a few days". To determine CVR, necessity of each item was reviewed by expert panel and since CVR values for all items was higher than 0.62, so all items were retained for subsequent analysis. Then for determining CVI, relevant, clarity and simplicity criteria of each item was reviewed and higher values of 0.79 was accepted. According to the index, all 18 items were retained for the next stage.
In the pre-testing, respondents had difficulties to answer question 18: "I'm willing to enter treatment as soon as possible". So this item was removed.
4.3. Cross-Sectional Study
4.3.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
Before conducting an exploratory factor analysis, the internal consistency of the questionnaire was examined using the Cronbach's Alpha test (α = 0.797). Meanwhile, the Corrected Item Total Correlation values for four items (4, 5, 6, and 12) were less than 0.3, so these items, all of which had a low correlation with the total score, were excluded from the questionnaire.
Using the remaining items, principle axis factoring with Promax rotation was performed. The correlation matrix was considered to be factorable (KMO = 0.864, Bartlett's test of sphericity = 784.882, P < 0.000). An exploratory factor analysis produced three factors with Eigen values greater than 1. The Scree plot also indicated the three factors solution (Figure 1). In total, these three factors explained 55.39% of the extracted variances. This result was not obtained by the parallel analysis that was performed by Mont Carlo software. Indeed, PA retained two factors, accounting for 47.24% of the total item variances, but since the three factors structure was more consistent with the theoretical foundations of the research, this structure was maintained. Item loadings from PCA of the culturally adapted CMR are shown in Table 2. The pattern matrix indicated that factor 1 contained all the circumstances (1) items from the original scale; factor 2 contained all the motivation items, in addition to items 14 and 15 from the original readiness scale. Factor 3 consisted of all readiness items from the original scale, excluding items 12, 14, 15, and 18. As is noted, all of the circumstances (2) items from the original scale were excluded from the Persian version of the CMR.
Figure 1. Scree Plot for Principal Axis Factoring of the Culturally Adapted Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness Scale (CMR; n = 203)
Table 2. Item Loadings From Principal Axis Factoring of the Culturally Adapted Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness Scale (CMR; n = 203)a
Motivation (M)
Readiness (R)
Circumstances (C)
8 0.832 - -
11 0.770 - -
16 - 0.898 -
3 - - 0.909
% Variance 36.85 10.39 8.14
Cronbach's α 0.837 0.660 0.597
Mean ± SD 30.18 ± 4.43 11.91 ± 2.38 11.40 ± 2.82
aItem loadings lower than 0.30 are not shown for clarity of exposition. Extraction Method: Principal axis factoring. Rotation method: Promax with Kaiser normalization.
In general, the circumstances factor is comprised of three items, the motivation (M) factor is comprised of seven items, and the readiness (R) factor is comprised of three items. All factors were unidimensional.
4.3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis, the hypothesized measurement model included circumstances as latent variable with three items as indicators, motivation as a latent variable with seven items as indicators, and readiness as a latent variable with three items as indicators. The three latent variables were hypothesized to serve as indicators of a higher-order CMR latent factor (Figure 2). CFA results indicated that the data had good fit with the secondary order three factor model, and fit indices were acceptable (Table 3, report indices).
Figure 2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the Culturally Adapted Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness scale (CMR; n = 203)
Table 3. Fit Indices for Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Culturally Adapted Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness scale (CMR; n = 203)
NPAR
RMSEA
PNFI
χ2/df
CMR (3 factors) 41 63 0.063 0.92 0.93 0.7 1.790
Abbreviations: CFI, Comparative Fit Index; df, degrees of freedom; PNFI, Parsimony Normed Fit Index; RMSEA, root mean-square error of approximation; TLI, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI); χ2/df, normed χ2.
4.3.3. Reliability
Regarding reliability, Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was good (α = 0.840). A similarly high alpha coefficient was obtained for the M scale (α = 0.837), but lower alphas were obtained for the R scale (α = 0.660) and the C scale (α = 0.597).
4.3.4. Correlation Analysis
Interclass Pearson correlation was used to calculate correlations between subscales and Total CMR. As shown in Table 4, factors were found to be significantly correlated with each other and with the total score (P < 0.01).
Table 4. Correlations Between the 13-Item Culturally Adapted Circumstances, Motivation, and Readiness Scale (CMR) and Total Scoresa
Circumstance 0.406 0.367 0.708
Motivation 0.556 0.890
Readiness 0.759
aFor all values P < 0.01.
This study examined the cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Persian translation of the CMR.
There was one eliminated item in the pre-testing process. This item "I'm willing to enter treatment as soon as possible" was originally related to the readiness scale. This item was not applicable for the target group of this study, because at the time of completing the questionnaire, treatment had already begun for this group.
As noted, four items (4, 5, 6, and 12) were excluded from the questionnaire in the early stage of analysis, due to low correlation with the total score. These items, excluding item 12, originally were related to circumstances, which measures individuals' concerns about financial, family, and other problems that could potentially be an obstacle to continued treatment (item 4: "I believe that my family/relationship will try to make me leave treatment after a few days," item 5: "I am worried that I will have serious money problems if I stay in treatment," and item 6: "I feel I have too many outside problems that will prevent me from completing treatment"). The omission of these items may be explained by the heterogeneity inherent in these items for the target group of this study. Indeed, these items were originally developed for use in TC treatment and have little in common with short-term residential camps, because addicts referred to the camps, due to their short stays, do not typically have concerns about financial, family, and other problems.
In this study, exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors, all of which were unidimensional. These findings are not in line with the results of other studies (16, 18). Indeed, the findings from American and Dutch studies identified one bidimensional (circumstances) and two unidimensional (motivation and readiness) scales (16, 18). This finding may probably be explained by omission of circumstances scale in the early stage of analysis. On account of these omissions, the bidimensional structure of the C scale has been converted to a unidimensional structure.
The confirmatory factor analysis results confirmed that the data had good fit with the three component scale. This model's fit was better than that reported in the Soyez et al. study (18). In fact, the results of the psychometric evaluation of the Dutch translation of the CMR indicated that model's fit was modest (18).
The alpha coefficient for the motivation scale was the highest (0.83). Other coefficients ranged from 0.59 (circumstance) to 0.82 (overall scale). The internal consistency of the C scale was limited, because this scale consisted of items measuring different external conditions, such as legal and family conditions, that did not necessarily change together. This finding is in line with results of other studies. These studies also identified the lowest coefficient for the C-scale (0.41 - 0.44 in an American population, and 0.54 in a Flemish sample) (16, 18).
Some limitations of this study must be acknowledged. The process of cultural adaptation and psychometric analysis of the CMR resulted in some omissions in the scale. These omissions may limit comparisons between the results of this version of the CMR with those of other studies that used the complete scale. Another weakness of the study is that the current analyses do not provide comprehensive coverage of both sexes, and the results are largely limited to males. Thus, a cross-validation of the CMR in females is necessary before making any claims regarding the generalizability of the instrument to both sexes.
In conclusion, the CMR appears to be a valid instrument for use in Iranian samples. Although the CMR was originally designed for use in TC treatment, this study suggests that it also is applicable, with some modifications, in short-term residential camps. Additional research should be conducted among different groups of addicts receiving different treatment modalities to define the broader applicability of the instrument.
The deputy of research and technology of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences supported this study. The authors wish to thank the Southern Khorasan province's welfare organization for its cooperation with the project, and especially the patients for their participation.
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You'll look forward to leftovers when you use them to make this easy and delicious Cobb salad loaded with turkey, bacon, carrots, egg, avocado, and tomato. The best part about a Cobb is that it's so customizable; just about anything goes, so feel free to mix and match your favorite ingredients of whatever you happen to have available.
Use leftover chicken instead of turkey for a lovely chicken cobb salad!
Per Serving: 765 calories; 39g fat; 71.5g carbohydrates; 38g protein; 209mg cholesterol; 661mg sodium.
such a great salad, all the best toppings, YUM!
I love Cobb salads, and this version using turkey was really good. I skipped the cranberry dressing and went with a different style vinaigrette. Overall I loved it!
I made this Cobb salad using turkey and chicken! The best of both worlds. I also skipped the dressing and used my own. I think I'll always want to make this salad with turkey now, it was so good.
Best turkey cobb salad ever! I added extra bacon and egg! You can never really have too much of either. I had so much leftover turkey, this was such a great way to re-use the meat and not be wasteful. Oh, and I used spinach instead of bibb lettuce.
This is the best salad, even for people that claim they "don't like salad". My husband is not much of a salad guy, but he ate the entire plate, and had room for seconds. Of course he hogged most of the turkey, but that's ok, I was just glad I finally got him to eat something healthy. We didn't do the cranberry sauce dressing, we used ranch. Other than that, made no changes and loved every bite.


In our increasingly connected society, there are more and more security issues to watch out for, and those issues also evolve over time. To get an understanding about the basics of some of the most prevalent security threats, take a look at the articles below.
Find out how you can prevent your identity from falling into the wrong hands.
What's the easiest way for a hacker to get your password? Asking you for it.
Learn about the sneaky methods spyware uses to infiltrate and snoop on your devices.
A little Facebook profile can be a big target.
See how you can keep you and your family safe online.
See how SMU is protecting against viruses and how you can help.


I love modeling and am very serious about the future of my career. People say I'm entertaining and easy to be around while maintaining a professional attitude.
I am mainly looking for paid shoots at this time. The location/distance of travel for a paid shoot will decide whether travel expenses are necessary or not.
I am accepting very limited TFP/TFCD at this time and do require travel expenses to be paid (i.e. lodging, gasoline).
PLEASE MAKE ALL POSTS PUBLIC SO I CAN REPLY.
Now Booking for May - Dec shoots/events, contact me soon before things book up. I'm very interested in calendar/print work, swimsuit, artistic, and promo work.
PLEASE MAKE ALL ACKNOWLEGEMENTS PUBLIC SO THAT I CAN RESPOND.


NEW YORK -- They are both 86 but still as feisty as ever with the energy of men half their age, invigorated even more when they compete with each other.
Bob Arum and Don King, larger-than-life figures and the most prominent promoters in boxing history, have butted heads for decades as they battled for fighters, television network money and dates, attention for their events and sometimes when their fighters would go head to head.
They've cursed each other out, sued each other, bickered like children and even gotten physical. Though they've each made nine-figure fortunes, they come from polar opposite backgrounds, have divergent political views -- Arum is a staunch Democrat; King is one of Donald Trump's biggest supporters -- and they could bring out the best and worst in each other.
But their battles have waned in recent years as King, who calls himself semi-retired, has stepped back from the business, only occasionally putting on a fight, while Arum's Top Rank remains one of the most active and significant promotional companies in the sport.
These giants of the sport are back together again, perhaps for the last time, as they promote the vacant junior welterweight world title fight between Top Rank fighter Jose Ramirez (21-0, 16 KOs) and Amir Imam (21-1, 18 KOs), who is with King, in the main event of a tripleheader on Saturday night (ESPN, 8 p.m. ET) at the Hulu Theater at Madison Square Garden.
Ramirez-Imam is the first fight that the International Boxing Hall of Famers have worked on together in seven years to the month, since the Miguel Cotto-Ricardo Mayorga junior middleweight world title fight in March 2011.
Arum and King are more friendly rivals these days than the bitter enemies they were for so long, having earned each other's respect over the years. It's clear they've enjoyed talking over old times and telling their war stories this week.
"We're like old warriors, old fighters who are reliving our old battles," Arum said. "My feelings for him are like two fighters who have been through wars against each other and now that the wars are over, they have shared memories of the wars. It doesn't necessarily make us friends or enemies, but it makes us people who have had shared experiences."
But they give it up to each other now.
"Don was a great promoter. People said he promoted himself more than he did the fighters and that to some extent is correct, because that is the way he promoted, but you can't say it wasn't effective," Arum said. "He did great gates, brought great attention to his events. You got to give him props. I can't endorse what is alleged against him, that he shorted fighters [of money], which is true, but as a promoter, as someone whose job is to bring attention to his events he is presenting, he was terrific."
King, who still likes to get in a few digs at Arum, including calling him "lonesome Bob," nonetheless had kind words for his rival.
"You wouldn't know how good I am if I didn't have Bob Arum to compare myself to. Bob Arum made me work triple hard to stay ahead of him," King said. "It's a respect for a guy who has great talent, who has great ingenuity. He made me try to outwork him. I have nothing but admiration and respect for Bob. I love Bob."
Arum also believes that King made him a better promoter by giving him somebody to which to compare himself.
"If you're an athlete and you roll over an inferior opponent, it doesn't enhance you. Don was a worthy opponent," Arum said. "There's never been a better salesman in boxing than Don King. He was my measuring stick. He was a guy who made me work so hard. I think he made me a better promoter just like I made him a better one."
Arum, a Harvard graduate who worked for Robert Kennedy's Department of Justice, began promoting fights in 1966 when he put on Muhammad Ali's heavyweight title defense against George Chuvalo in Toronto. Arum had been introduced to Ali by Pro Football Hall of Famer Jim Brown.
King came on the scene a few years later. After going to prison on a manslaughter charge in 1967 (for which he was pardoned in 1983), he was released in 1971. He put on some small shows in his hometown of Cleveland in the early 1970s but was eventually introduced to Ali and promoted him in exhibition bouts before promoting his first big fight in 1974, the famed "Rumble in the Jungle," when Ali knocked out George Foreman in the eighth round of a huge upset to regain the heavyweight title in Zaire. That fight launched King into the big time, where Arum already was.
"Arum's a white Harvard graduate, a New Yorker, a top prosecutor," King said. "Don King is black, a numbers runner from Cleveland, an ex-convict. But we both became promoters and we were both the best."
They did their first co-promotion in 1975, the legendary "Thrilla in Manila," when Ali stopped Joe Frazier in the 14th round of their third fight to retain the title in perhaps the most savage heavyweight title fight ever.
While they didn't often get together for co-promotions, when they did they were usually huge events, including the first Sugar Ray Leonard-Roberto Duran fight, Oscar De La Hoya-Felix Trinidad, Floyd Mayweather-Zab Judah and a 1990 card that featured Mike Tyson and George Foreman in separate fights that was supposed to lead to a Tyson-Foreman fight that ultimately never happened.
Arum and King have reminisced this week about some of their memorable moments together, rancor-ridden at the time but now stories that make them smile.
"We talked about me pulling him down when he was trying to get in the ring after Leonard-(Marvin) Hagler. We're recounting our war stories," Arum said. "Sometimes we see things a little differently on how and the way things happened, but we went through it and had a lot of shared experiences.
"All the fights we did together were memorable. Don always made them memorable. De La Hoya-Trinidad was memorable. Leonard-Duran. Even this fight, Ramirez-Imam, he's making it memorable."
Arum recalled when he promoted the Ali-Leon Spinks rematch in New Orleans in 1978, a fight Ali won by 15-round decision to become the three-time heavyweight champion.
"Ali wins the fight and I'm sitting there at ringside and I look up and there's King in the ring with Ali holding his arm up like he's the promoter," Arum said. "The picture went all over the world and King had nothing to do with the f---ing fight."
Arum wasn't going to let that happen again years later. He was promoting the Hagler-Leonard middleweight championship fight in 1987 at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and Leonard pulled off the massive upset to win the title. King was on hand as a spectator.
"Leonard wins the decision and Rich Rose, who worked for Caesars Palace, comes running over to me and says King's getting in the ring," Arum said. "I like ran over there -- and King's a big guy and I'm nowhere near his size -- and I said, 'Get the hell down' and I pulled him down, ripped his jacket. But I pulled him down from the ring. He went after me. That was very, very memorable. I wasn't going to let him in the ring to hold up Ray's hand like he did with Ali because he had nothing to do with the f---ing fight."
A security guard had to separate them and Arum later said that King pointed to his pocket that contained a gun.
"The man tore my jacket," King said, feigning that he was still angry. "He tried to rip my coat off! You didn't have to worry about me doing anything to him."
One of the most heated moments between King and Arum came after Trinidad upset De La Hoya in a controversial decision in Las Vegas in 1999 to unify welterweight world titles.
The post-fight news conference was an ugly scene with King gloating endlessly about Trinidad's victory, which caused Arum to lose his cool.
"King is bellowing, 'The lights are out in Arumville,' and I'm yelling, 'Will someone shut him up?' And [publicist] Debbie Caplan pulled the plug on his microphone," Arum said, laughing at the memory. "I was really pissed. And he was really pissed that I did that and he stormed out. Thinking back, I get a kick out of it."
Said King. "When Trinidad wins the fight, I go to speak my peace and he pulls the plug! That's censorship! It tickles me. It just makes me bigger. People saw him ranting and raving. I had to laugh. Bob is my best promoter."
"He got under my skin a lot of times, all the time, while we were competing," Arum said. "But when I think back on those events I have a smile. I'm not angry. It was fun -- but not while I was doing it. Now, I have no animosity toward him. None. Those battles are over. We're like fighters who have bitter rivalries and then they embrace each other. Today, Don and I share those moments. He made it fun." King perhaps hasn't quite given up the need to fight with Arum.
"I'm so happy I have the opportunity to work him with again this Saturday," King said. "It's going to be just fabulous. When Amir Imam wins, we want to come right back and take on Manny Pacquiao on pay-per-view and knock off another one of Bob's fighters. I'm ready to rumble, man."


A spacious vessel, Whitsunday Blue has four private cabins all with en-suites. The interior saloon seats all passengers for evening meals or you can dine under the stars on our aft-deck seating area. The spacious foredeck is ideal for sunbathing and there's plenty of shaded area to escape the heat and relax in the shade.
The Whitsunday Islands is one of the worlds premier holiday destinations and you'll find out why! A sailing and boating paradise, you'll be marvelled by the beauty of this majestic island chain, with its snug anchorages and endless bays and coves, each more picturesque than the last.
Day 1 (D) - Check in at our office, Shop 1, 4 Airlie Esplanade Airlie Beach by latest 12:30pm. After check-in, guests are welcome to leave there luggage in our office. Guests may then explore Airlie Beach, grab a bite to each, enjoy a walk along the beach. Guests meet at Abel Point Marina at 2:40pm. Depart the marina at 3pm and sail to overnight anchorage. Enjoy sunset nibblies and a drink before dinner is served around 7:30pm.
Day 2 (B,L,D) - After Breakfast, Tongue Bay for a guided bush walk to the Hill Inlet Lookout. A spectacular lookout over looking Whitehaven Beach. Back on board enjoy morning tea before heading heading north along the eastern side of Hook Island. Time for a snorkel or swim this afternoon. Overnight anchor in one of the many bays on Hook Island.
Day 3 (B) - After Breakfast, enjoy a swim or snorkel before morning tea/brunch. Then set sails and make way back to Abell Point Marina, arriving at 12:00pm. Services end.
Whitsunday Blue is designed to operate to the wishes of our guests, so you enjoy the holiday experience in the Whitsunday Islands. No two trips are the same as we take you from one idyllic island location to the next. Please note, for guest comfort, on some departures the Captain may need to alter the tour locations visited due to the winds or the sea condition.
Please note menu will changed based on availability of produce. We do our very best to prepare meals fresh on-board and we do use local produce, however, some of the products and meal items do come prepackaged from the Food Providors. Please advise special diets at time of booking.
Services of Captain and Host, meals, linen, snorkelling equipment and instruction, wet suit hire, marine and national park fees.
Guests travelling on Whitsunday Blue should check-in at Explore Whitsundays, 4 Airlie Esplanade Airlie Beach 4802. The office hours are 7:30am to 6:30pm. Check-in should be done between 10am and 1pm the day of travel. At check-in you will be provided with a boarding pass. To speed up the check-in process, a web check-in can be done to collect predeparture information. To do the web check-in guests will require their booking reference number.
Large bags cannot be taken on-board. Bag storage is available at our office in Airlie Beach for a fee of $10.
Whitsunday Blue has a generator on-board, so guests are able to charge phones and tablets etc.
Whitsunday Blue has 4 Double Cabins. 3 of the cabins have private ensuite, and 1 of the cabins is a share ensuite.
Saloon and cabins of Whitsunday Blue are air conditioned which is appreciated during our summer months.
Jen & I took the 3 day & 3 night Whitsunday magic cruise around the Whitsunday Islands. As this was part of our honeymoon we were looking for some pampering. We got more than we bargained for. There was never a dull moment from the time we set foot on the boat til the day we left for shore. Amazing crew, unbelievable sights, breath taking swimming & snorkeling and to top it off, we were fed like royalty. We will never forget the time we had our Magic Honeymoon on the Whitsunday Magic in the Whitsundays. All the Best and hope to see you again Paul & Jen PS Are you looking for any ship mates?
We're thinking about how cold it's getting here, then we think about the time we had on the Solway Lass (Nov 5th-8th 2002, cruise 364 I think) We already miss the company of our crew, the other guests, the ship, and the warm winds with the beautiful blue waters! We want to thank Marc, Dave, Shawn, Teagan, Davina, and Michelle for a wonderful time and hope our paths cross again sometime! Brian, Cathy, an Robyn.
Whitsunday Magic - We visited Australia in November for the first time and took a 3 day/night sailing trip on the Whitsunday Magic Sailing the Whitsundays. The whole experience from start to finish was awesome! The crew were brilliant and the fabulous places they took us to were absolutely amazing. We met some lovely people on board and had such a great time that at the end of it we didn't want to leave. Will definately do it again.
Whitsunday Magic - We have just visited Australia for the first time in November and whilst we were there we booked a 3 day/night sailing trip on the Whitsunday Magic around the Whitsunday Islands. The whole experience from start to finish was brilliant. Big thanks to all the crew for looking after us so well and for taking us to the most amazing places. We met some lovely people on board and we had such a fabulous time that at the end we didn't want to leave. We all agreed that the Whitsunday Magic was absolutely AWESOME!
Whitsunday Magic : The food was fantastic the crew were friendly and helpfull snorkelling was great. Visited Stonehaven Bait Reef Hook Island and Whitehaven Beach.Would do it again without hesitation.
Solway Lass Review - Whitsunday Islands - We sailed on the Solway Lass 9th/12th Feb 2008. The weather could have been kinder, we had rain rain and even a cyclone didn't spoil it for us. The crew were all fantastic great fun and totally professional. Mikey, Tess, Chris and Shelley, while Marcus the skipper deserves a special mention for reading the weather so well and seeking shelter in Nara Inlet from the cyclone we were definately in safe hands. We will be back but not in the rainy season. For Andrew it was a welcome return to Tall Ship sailing, for me it was a first but as I was born beside the Solway Firth it was like being a part of local history for Jamie at 20 it was fun and adventure all the way. We recommend this Tall Ship experience to all.
Trip Review Whitsunday Sailing - We did a 3 night trip on the Whitsunday magic. We had the best time and would highly recommend it. It covered so many fantastic things all that you would want for a relaxing yet fun holiday. Our crew Mark(skipper) Thierry( dive instructor) Clint( 1st mate) Ben( purser) Jo(bar) Amanda and Sophie( cooks) were very professional and did a magnificent job at entertaining us and being down to earth . The food was magnificent. Couldnt find one fault in our time. Loved every minute. Thankyou everybody. Will definetly be spreading the news. Marcia and Derek Clements.
Whitsunday Magic Review - Whitsunday Magic - Did the 3 night sailing in October as part of our Honeymoon. Had a fantastic time. Met lovely people. The snorkelling was excellent. The food was delicious. The crew were very friendly.


Here is a brand new sealed pack of ten I Love Lucy Trading cards by Pacific. Collect all and show them off!! Thanks and please enjoy your shopping at I Love Lucy Memorabilia where preservation is our goal!!!


I've lived in Central Minnesota my whole life. Growing up in Long Prairie, St. Cloud is the big town we would visit to go shopping or attend or celebrate special events. I remember asking these questions, and after living here for a few years, I now have the answers.
1. How is Lake George considered a lake? It's so small. - It used to be bigger. 7 city blocks bigger. But that doesn't stop 10,000 people from hanging out at it every summer Wednesday.
2. Why do the stoplights take so long? - A watched pot never boils? No one has a good answer for that, we just live with it.
3. Why do you have a million splash pads but no city pool? - A. No lifeguards are needed for splash pads, B. they are more sanitary. At some splash parks, the water goes through more cleaning steps than the water at a public pool. And C. they are free.
4. Why are St. Cloud drivers so bad? - Drivers are bad everywhere. Just do your part to not be one yourself.
5. So what do you do in St. Cloud? - What do you do where you are from? I mean we have a vibrant downtown scene with theaters, restaurants, locally owned shops, a huge mall, numerous city parks, walking and biking trails, but I don't want to bore you with the details.
A new #ExploreCentralMN is out now!


text:
Xiayuan (下元站) is a railway station in Xiayuan, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is a station on the Guangshen Railway and managed by the Guangshen Railway Company. It was built in 1975 and is a class 3 station on the national railway station scale.

References

Railway stations in China opened in 1975
Railway stations in Guangdong
Stations on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen Railway

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
WikiFox
National Provincial Championship (2006–present)
(Redirected from Mitre_10_Cup)
For the history of New Zealand provincial competition before 2006, see National Provincial Championship (1976–2005).
The National Provincial Championship (NPC), known for sponsorship reasons as the Bunnings NPC, is a professional rugby union competition for New Zealand provincial unions consisting of 14 teams, divided equally between the Premiership Division and the Championship Division. The NPC remains the second highest level of professional rugby union in New Zealand, after Super Rugby. The NPC's 11-week regular and finals season runs from two weeks after Super Rugby ends to the third week after Labour Day, with each team playing 10 games and having one week playing twice. Following the conclusion of the regular season, four teams from each division advance to their respective play-offs, a single-elimination tournament of semi-finals and final.
Bunnings NPC
Current season, competition or edition:
2021 Bunnings NPC
The logo may be obtained from Bunnings NPC.
, Fair use
Air New Zealand Cup (2006–09)
ITM Cup (2010–15)
Mitre 10 Cup (2016–20)
2006; 15 years ago
Inaugural season
Steve Tew
No. of teams
champion(s)
(2nd title)
Most titles
(9 titles)
TV partner(s)
Sponsor(s)
Bunnings Warehouse
Farah Palmer Cup
Heartland Championship
https://www.provincial.rugby/
The current NPC competition was formed in 2006 as the Air New Zealand Cup, as the replacement of the original National Provincial Championship for the 2006 season. The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) introduced the beginning of a professional era, announcing New Zealand's first ever professional rugby competition following the 2005 season, following the creation of the 14 new professional unions. The team with the most NPC championships is Auckland Rugby Union with fifteen (with two titles after the National Provincial Championship era); the team with the most modern day-NPC championships is Canterbury Rugby Union with nine. The current champions are Tasman Rugby Union, who defeated Auckland 13–12 in the 2020 final.
1.1 Original National Provincial Championship
1.2 Air New Zealand Cup: 2006–09
1.3 ITM Cup: 2010–15
1.4 Mitre 10 Cup: 2016–20
1.5 Bunnings NPC: 2021–
2 Current teams
3 Format and sponsorship
3.1 Format
3.2 Naming rights
4 List of champions
4.1 Finals appearances by union
5 Other provincial honours
5.1 Ranfurly Shield
5.2 Inter-union trophies
5.3 Player of the year
6 Salary cap
7 Club competitions
The 2006 reorganisation of New Zealand provincial rugby replaced the NPC's former three-division setup with two competitions. This differs from the original two-division setup used in the NPC from its creation in 1976 to 1984 in two key ways. The two current competitions are nationwide, while the original NPC Division Two was split on a North Island/South Island basis, and the NZRU ruled that there would initially be no promotion or relegation between the Air New Zealand Cup and Heartland Championship, a feature that had always been present in the former NPC. The number of teams was reduced to 26, as the Marlborough and Nelson Bays unions merged to form the new Tasman union.
The 2006 expansion of the Super 12 and Tri Nations Series had a major effect on the Air New Zealand Cup. This expansion created the Super 14, adding two extra fixtures to that competition, and also added two more Tri-Nations matches for the All Blacks in non-World Cup years. Because of these changes, it was intended for players in the All Blacks selection pool to make only limited appearances in the Air New Zealand Cup.
Original National Provincial Championship
Further information: National Provincial Championship (1976–2005)
Before 2006, a number of competitions involving regional and provincial rugby union teams had taken shape in New Zealand. The earliest of these was the National Provincial Championship, which was launched in 1976 and continued until 2006.
The competition was launched as the National Provincial Championship in 1976. The competition, was the major domestic rugby competition in New Zealand. The National Provincial Championship saw many alterations to its format and brand. It was first contested in 1976, and although the basic format of Division One was much the same from then until the 2006 reorganisation, there were a number of changes to the lower divisions. The only change before 2006 was in 1998, when the number of teams in each division was changed to ten in Division One, nine in Division Two, and eight in Division Three. Having an even number of teams in Division One removed the necessity for byes. Starting that year, automatic promotion/relegation between the top two divisions was ended. In its place, the winner of Division Two played a promotion-relegation match against the bottom club in Division One to determine whether the clubs would switch places. Through 2002, this match was hosted by the bottom team in Division One, but the site was changed in 2003 to the home field of the Division Two champion. Auckland were the most successful team in the championship, having won 15 of the 30 series.
Air New Zealand Cup: 2006–09
The inaugural 2006 season was played by 14 teams over 13 weeks from 28 July until the grand final on 21 October. The inaugural format saw the season split into two rounds. In round one teams split into two pools and played everybody in their pool as well as a bye week. In round two the top three teams from each pool went into the top six, which faced every team they did not play in round one Every other team was split into either Repêchage A and Repêchage B, and the winners of each repêchage filled the two remaining spots for the quarter-finals with the top six. The quarter-finals were followed by semifinals and a grand final. The new competition saw the introduction of four teams elevated from Division two of the 2005 NPC; Counties Manukau, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu and Tasman (the amalgamation of the Nelson Bays and Marlborough unions). The competition was won by Waikato 37–31, after they beat Wellington in the Grand final in front of a capacity crowd of 25,000 fans at Waikato Stadium. The leading try-scorer was emerging star Richard Kahui from Waikato with eight tries, and the leading point-scorer was Jimmy Gopperth from Wellington with 121 points.
The 2007 season saw the NZRU dumping the pool system. The new format opened with a 10-week round-robin where each team missed out on playing three of the other teams. The finals format was not changed from 2006, with the quarter-finals, semi-finals and a grand final. The champion was Auckland, defeating Wellington in Wellington's second successive grand final. Auckland finished the season at the top of the points table with a record 48 competition points, winning all ten matches. Jimmy Gopperth again finished as leading points scorer with a record 155, while Brent Ward from Auckland was the top try scorer with eight tries.
The 2008 champion was Canterbury, handing Wellington its third consecutive grand final defeat in a low-scoring 7-6 game. Blair Stewart from Southland was the leading points-scorer, with 105 points, while Wellington's Hosea Gear was top try scorer with a record 14 tries. In August, the New Zealand Rugby Union announced that the Tasman and Northland teams would be relegated to lower competition after the completion of the season for failure to meet criteria which included financial stability, population, training, development, playing history, and administration. This decision was reversed in September, with Tasman and Northland remaining in the competition for two more years [1]
2009 saw more changes in the format. The season, which ran from 30 July to 25 October, was changed to a straight round-robin tournament where every team faced the others once over 13 weeks. Quarter-finals were dropped, with the top four regular season teams advancing directly to the semi-finals and the winners from each semi moving to the grand final. Regular season points were earned as per the Rugby Union Bonus Points System; 4 points for a win, 2 points for a draw and 1 point for scoring 4 tries or for losing by 7 points or less. Semi-finals were played between four teams, the teams are seeded first to fourth and the two highest seeded teams play at home against the two lowest seeded teams meaning first plays fourth and second plays third. The highest seed still remaining in the grand final played at home.
ITM Cup: 2010–15
© Ricky wilson from Blenheim, New Zealand, CC BY 2.0
The 2010 ITM Cup was the 34th provincial rugby union competition, the fifth since the competition reconstruction in 2006 and the first under the new sponsor of ITM. It ran for 15 weeks, with 13 used for a round robin and 2 for the finals, from 29 July to 5 November.
Changes in 2011 see the 14 teams split into two divisions, with the top seven playing in the Premiership, the rest in the Championship. The two divisions play each other, though their ten-game round-robin season sees each team playing only four games per year against teams in the 'other' division. Other key principles introduced was that the competitions must include Super Rugby players, have a stand-alone window, feature a full round-robin and play-offs, have promotion/relegation, guarantee four and five home games per team, be completed within a 10- to 12-week window and conclude by the end of October.
Mitre 10 Cup: 2016–20
In December 2015, Mitre 10 was announced as the new sponsor of all of New Zealand's major domestic rugby union competitions effective with the 2016 season. This included the top-level men's competition, formerly known as the ITM Cup; the second-level men's Heartland Championship, most recently sponsored by Pink Batts; the Women's Provincial Championship; and the Jock Hobbs Memorial National U19 tournament. This deal ran through to the 2020 season and was not renewed.[2]
Bunnings NPC: 2021–
In 2021 Bunnings Warehouse replaced Mitre 10 as the competition's main naming sponsor in a 3-year deal. The competition format of the Bunnings NPC is the same as that of the Mitre 10 Cup for the 2021 season.
Locations of the 2021 Bunnings NPC teams
Premiership Division
Championship Division
The NPC consists of 14 rugby teams divided into two divisions of 7 teams in each. Each NPC union is granted a professional side. Each team is under the governance of their union, they are the top male representative team that the union has to offer. Unions are based in regions across New Zealand, while the teams have not changed since the launch of the competition in 2006.
Throughout the championship, only two unions weren't among the other 12 that first competed in 1976. North Harbour established in 1985, being one of New Zealand's youngest provincial rugby unions. They joined the provincial rugby league by winning the third division in its first season, following promotion to the first division in 1987.[3] Tasman is New Zealand's youngest provincial union. Established in 2006, it brought together the Nelson Bays and Marlborough unions. Nelson Bays amalgamated with Marlborough following the restructuring of New Zealand's provincial championship in 2006.[4]
Whilst having new additions to the competition, another two unions were renamed throughout the NPC era. North Auckland Rugby Union established in 1920, changed its name to the Northland Rugby Football Union in 1994.[5] In 1955 South Auckland Counties was formed with full union status. The name was shortened to Counties the following year and in 1996 it became the Counties Manukau Rugby Football Union.[6]
In 2008, Northland and Tasman were chosen by the New Zealand Rugby Union as teams to drop out of the Cup as the union restructures its domestic competition. Tasman had expected to be cut, especially after Marlborough had said it wanted to split from Nelson Bays and go it alone in the Heartland Championship.[7]
Stadium(s)
Head coach(es)
Auckland ARU Auckland 1883; 138 years ago Eden Park 50,000 Alama Ieremia
(fourth season)
Bay of Plenty Steamers BOPRU Tauranga 1911; 110 years ago Rotorua International Stadium 26,000 Daryl Gibson
(first season)
Tauranga Domain 5,000
Canterbury CRFU Christchurch 1879; 142 years ago Orangetheory Stadium 18,000 Mark Brown and Reuben
Thorne (second season)
Counties Manukau Steelers CMRFU Pukekohe 1955; 66 years ago Navigation Homes Stadium 12,000 Tai Lavea
(second season)
Hawke's Bay Magpies HBRU Napier 1884; 137 years ago McLean Park 19,700 Mark Ozich
Manawatū Turbos MRU Palmerston North 1886; 135 years ago Central Energy Trust Arena 15,000 Peter Russell
(third season)
North Harbour NHRU Auckland 1985; 36 years ago QBE Stadium 25,000 Ben Afeaki, Daniel
Halangahu and Steve
Jackson (first season)
Northland Taniwha NRU Whangārei 1920; 101 years ago Semenoff Stadium 30,000 George Konia
Otago ORFU Dunedin 1881; 140 years ago Forsyth Barr Stadium 30,748 Tom Donnelly
Southland Stags RS Invercargill 1887; 134 years ago Rugby Park Stadium 20,000 Dale MacLeod
Tasman Mako TRU Nelson 2006; 15 years ago Lansdowne Park 15,000 Andrew Goodman
Trafalgar Park 18,000
Taranaki Bulls TRFU New Plymouth 1885; 136 years ago Pukekura Park 4,000 Neil Barnes
TET Stadium & Events Centre 3,000
Waikato Mooloos WRU Hamilton 1921; 100 years ago FMG Stadium Waikato 25,800 Ross Filipo
Wellington Lions WRFU Wellington 1879; 142 years ago Sky Stadium 34,500 Leo Crowley
Format and sponsorship
The NPC competition has changed a number of times. There have been up to three Divisions, with promotion/relegation between the two bottom divisions. Since 2006 there have been semi-finals and a final in each Division. Winners receive four competition points; if the game was a draw two points are awarded to each team. The Rugby union bonus points system is also used, where any team scoring four or more tries or losing by less than seven points receives an extra competition point. The top four teams at the end of the round-robin phase then played semifinals – the first placed team hosting the fourth team, and the second team hosting the third team. The two winners played the final at the home ground of the top surviving seed.
From 2013 onwards, the NPC has two Divisions, the Premiership and the Championship, each with seven teams. All teams play all other teams in their own Division and four teams from the other Division. This keeps up some of the traditional provincial rivalries.
From 2006 to 2010, airline and flag carrier of New Zealand Air New Zealand had naming rights and the competition was referred to as the Air New Zealand Cup.
In November 2015, provincial rugby sponsor ITM has been red-carded for the 2016 series. The building supplies company began its involvement in 2006, backing the national provincial series and the Heartland Championship. That sponsorship rose to competition-naming rights in 2010 when the company stepped up as major sponsor after the previous group withdrew. The ITM Cup, as it became known, started its six-season schedule. That deal ended for the 2016 season but the company wanted to renew its sponsorship. ITM put in a bid but had been told by the New Zealand Rugby Union that it had not been successful. ITM did not get a chance to match the investment from the new sponsor and had not been given any reason why it was overlooked for the twin provincial series for the next year.[8]
New Zealand-owned home improvement and garden retailer, Mitre 10 took over sponsorship in 2016 after they were announced the new title sponsor for the national domestic championship. With the inclusion of the Women's Provincial Championship and support of the Jock Hobbs Memorial National Under 19 tournament, Mitre 10 became the first sponsor of all major fifteens domestic rugby competitions in New Zealand.[9]
Ahead of the 2021 season, Bunnings Warehouse took over the sponsorship of the competition on a three-year deal, reverting the competition name back to the National Provincial Championship. The competition will be known as the Bunnings NPC. Bunnings will also sponsor the Farah Palmer Cup, Heartland Championship and the newly formed Super Rugby Aotearoa U20 competition.[10]
List of champions
© Ricky wilson, CC BY 2.0
Tasman gaining promotion in 2013.
The NPC final is an annual New Zealand Rugby game that determines the champion of the Rugby Cup. The contest is held in a New Zealand city, chosen after the semi-finals, whom the highest seed semi-final winner is declared home advantage. Waikato defeated Wellington in the first revamped NPC Championship Game.
Before the 2006 revamp of the league, the National Provincial Championship was contested between three divisions, division one would be crowned and named the winner. Since 2011, the Premiership and Championship divisions were introduced. The winner of the Premiership Division are named the competition champion, whereas the Championship Division winner wins promotion to the Premiership to have a chance of holding the Rugby Cup and be crowned champions. So far five unions have gained promotion. Hawke's Bay twice, while Counties Manukau, Manawatu, North Harbour, Tasman, Waikato and Wellington all have been honoured once.
Canterbury have won the most finals with nine championships, while Auckland and Tasman have two and Taranaki and Waikato have one win. Canterbury has the most final appearances with ten, they also have the most consecutive appearances with six wins in a row from 2008 to 2013. Wellington are the only other team to have at least four consecutive appearances: 2006–09. Wellington have also lost a record of six finals, while Tasman and Auckland have lost three, Waikato have lost two and Canterbury losing once in 2018, the first time they've lost a final in their ten appearances. Taranaki are the only union to have a perfect record winning their only finals appearance in 2014.
Losing team
1. 21 October 2006 Waikato
(1, 1–0) 37–31 Wellington
(1, 0–1) Waikato Stadium Hamilton [11]
2. 24 October 2007 Auckland
(2, 0–2) Eden Park Auckland [12]
3. 24 October 2008 Canterbury
(1, 1–0) 7–6 Wellington
(3, 0–3) Westpac Stadium Wellington [13]
4. 7 November 2009 Canterbury
(4, 0–4) AMI Stadium Christchurch [14]
(3, 3–0) 33–13 Waikato
(4, 4–0) 12–3 Waikato
(5, 5–0) 31–18 Auckland
(2, 1–1) AMI Stadium (Addington) Christchurch [17]
9. 25 October 2014 Taranaki
(1, 1–0) 36–32 Tasman
(1, 0–1) Yarrow Stadium New Plymouth [19]
10. 24 October 2015 Canterbury
13. 27 October 2018 Auckland
(4, 2–2) 40–33 Canterbury
(10, 9–1) Eden Park Auckland [23]
14. 26 October 2019 Tasman
(6, 0–6) Trafalgar Park Nelson [24]
15. 28 November 2020 Tasman
Finals appearances by union
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by season of first appearance. In the "Season(s)" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.
Appearances
Season(s)
10 Canterbury 9 1 .900 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
6 Wellington 0 6 .000 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2019
5 Tasman 2 3 .400 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
5 Auckland 2 3 .400 2007, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2020
3 Waikato 1 2 .333 2006, 2010, 2011
1 Taranaki 1 0 1.000 2014
Other provincial honours
The Air New Zealand Cup was unveiled by New Zealand Rugby Union Deputy Chief Executive Steve Tew and Air New Zealand Chief Executive Rob Fyfe at the official launch of the Air New Zealand Cup competition in Auckland. The trophy stands 45 cm tall and weighs 3.9 kilograms. It was hand forged from 2.7 kilograms of sterling silver by master silversmith Thorkild Hansen. The inside of the cup is gilded with gold. Waihi stone carver Jeff Beckwith handcrafted the polished stone base from black basalt quarried from the Bombay Hills.[26]
Ranfurly Shield
Main article: Ranfurly Shield
The Ranfurly Shield, colloquially known as the Log o' Wood, is perhaps the most prestigious trophy in New Zealand's domestic rugby union competition. First presented to Auckland in 1902, the Shield is based on a challenge system, rather than a league or knockout competition as with most football trophies. The holding union must defend the Shield in challenge matches, and a successful challenger becomes the new holder of the Shield. The Shield holder at the end of each season is required to accept at least seven challenges for the following year. All home games during league play, but not during knockout playoffs, in the NPC or Heartland Championship are automatic challenges. The remaining Shield defences must be made up of challenges from unions in the other domestic competition. For example, since North Harbour, an Air New Zealand Cup team, held the Shield at the end of the 2006 season despite losing their home quarter-final to Otago, they were forced to defend the Shield against Heartland Championship teams during the 2007 pre-season. Having successfully done so, all their home fixtures in the round-robin phase were Shield defences until they lost the shield to Waikato. The Shield is currently held by Hawke's Bay.
Inter-union trophies
13 August 2021 North Harbour 14–6
(details) Counties Manukau Lion Red Challenge Cup
(Inaugurated unknown) [27]
8 August 2021 Auckland 35–24
(details) Canterbury Supporters' Club Cup
7 August 2021 Otago 26–19
(details) Southland Donald Stuart Memorial Shield
14 November 2020 Wellington 31–5
(details) Manawatu Coronation Cup
(Inaugurated 1953; 68 years ago) [30]
1 November 2020 Bay of Plenty 22–17
(details) Hawke's Bay MacRae-Shelford Bay Cup
(Inaugurated 2017; 4 years ago) [31]
31 October 2020 Auckland 31–10
(details) Waikato Stan Thomas Memorial Trophy
30 October 2020 Otago 23–16
(details) Canterbury Payne Trophy
25 October 2020 Wellington 53–20
(details) Counties Manukau Jonah Tali Lomu Memorial Trophy
25 October 2020 Waikato 27–20
(details) Taranaki Ryan Wheeler Memorial Trophy
24 October 2020 North Harbour 23–22
(details) Auckland Brian Purdy Battle of the Bridge Memorial Trophy
Newstalk ZB Trans Harbour Trophy
(Inaugurated 1986; 35 years ago)
24 October 2020 Hawke's Bay 47–12
(details) Manawatu Kel Tremain Memorial Trophy
3 October 2020 Canterbury 31–26
(details) Wellington Harry Saundercock Memorial Trophy
2 October 2020 Auckland 20–16
(details) Bay of Plenty John Drake Boot Memorial Trophy
20 September 2020 Wellington 39–21
(details) Auckland Fred Lucas Memorial Trophy
13 September 2020 Taranaki 36–29
(details) Bay of Plenty Peter Burke Trophy
12 September 2020 Auckland 38–6
(details) Otago Lindsay Colling Memorial Trophy
11 September 2020 Canterbury 43–29
(details) North Harbour Kevin Gimblett Memorial Trophy
(details) Taranaki John F. Henning Trophy
In 2017, New Zealand Rugby announced that the player of the year in the NPC will receive the Duane Monkley medal named in honour of the Waikato great, playing 135 matches for the province between 1987 and 1996. The Player of the Year awards will be determined by a season-points system, with match officials picking their players of the match awarding three points, two points and one point for the game's top three performers.
Prior to 2017 it was simply awarded to the outstanding Player of the Year chosen by a panel of committee members, former players and media representatives.[45]
2006 Richard Kahui Centre Waikato [46]
2007 Isa Nacewa Centre Auckland [47]
2008 Jamie Mackintosh Prop Southland [48]
2009 Mike Delany First five-eighth Bay of Plenty [49]
2010 Robbie Fruean Centre Canterbury [50]
2011 Aaron Cruden First five-eighth Manawatu [51]
2013 Andrew Ellis Half-back Canterbury [53]
2014 Seta Tamanivalu Centre Taranaki [54]
2015 George Moala Centre Auckland [55]
2016 Jordie Barrett Fullback Canterbury [56]
2017 Jack Goodhue Centre Northland [57]
2018 Luke Romano Lock Canterbury [58]
2019 Chase Tiatia Fullback Bay of Plenty [59]
2020 Folau Fakatava Half-back Hawke's Bay [60]
In 2015 the minimum value of any contract is $18,000, paid regardless of whether the individual plays a single game or not, with that payment counting towards the salary cap. No union can spend more than $1.025 million on salaries. The maximum value of any individual contract cannot exceed $55,000 a season. Provincial unions are reimbursed by the NZRU $50,000 for every contracted All Black on their books who goes to the 2015 World Cup. If that All Black becomes available for any reason, the union has to pay back a pro-rata fee to the NZRU to gain access to the player. All Blacks unavailable due to test commitments do not count towards the salary cap.[61]
Club competitions
Each respective province competing in the NPC has a number of their own club leagues, which feed into NPC teams. In New Zealand, the NPC is the most prominent domestic competition below the Super Rugby, in which all the respective Unions are also aligned with Super Rugby sides.
National Provincial Championship (1976–2005)
List of New Zealand rugby union teams
Lion Foundation Cup, women's equivalent competition
^ "Northland and Tasman saved from axe" . Stuff.co.nz. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
^ "Mitre 10 unveiled as new sponsor of national provincial rugby competitions" (Press release). New Zealand Rugby. 13 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
^ "North Harbour rugby" . New Zealand History. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
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^ "Counties Manukau rugby" . New Zealand History. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Rugby: Axed provinces eye legal fight" . Otago Daily News. 12 August 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "No more ITM Cup as sponsor red-carded" (Press release). New Zealand Herald. 26 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "Mitre 10 Named Competition Sponsor" (Press release). Manawatu Turbos. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "New Zealand's provincial championship reverts to NPC moniker as new sponsor unveiled and competition formats confirmed" . Rugby Pass. 1 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
^ "Waikato claim Air NZ Cup" . ESPN. 22 October 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Glory for all-conquering Auckland" . ESPN. 20 October 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury claim Cup glory" . ESPN. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury edge out Wellington for Cup glory" . ESPN. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury celebrate stunning hat-trick" . ESPN. 5 November 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury clinch ITM Cup crown" . ESPN. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury down Auckland for provincial glory" . ESPN. 27 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury claim sixth successive title" . ESPN. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Taranaki crowned champions of New Zealand" . ESPN. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury hold nerve to pip Auckland in dramatic NPC premiership final" . Stuff. 24 October 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury win eighth NPC title since 2008 after beating Tasman in Christchurch" . Stuff. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Canterbury too strong for brave Tasman side in Mitre 10 Cup showdown" . Stuff. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Auckland champions after dramatic grand final comeback victory over Canterbury" . Stuff. 27 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Tasman Mako overpower Wellington to bag maiden national title" . Stuff. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Tasman Mako win tense Mitre 10 Cup final against Auckland" . Stuff. 28 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Stunning New Air New Zealand Cup Unveiled" . 14 July 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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^ "AJ Lam puts Canterbury to the slaughter, with three tries in win for Auckland" . Stuff. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "NPC: Otago beat Southland in dramatic finish but lose star player Jona Nareki" . Stuff. 7 August 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Wellington beat Manawatū to avoid relegation and retain semifinal hope" . Stuff. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Kaleb Trask brilliance inspires Bay of Plenty to victory over Hawke's Bay" . Stuff. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Salesi Rayasi hat-trick fires Auckland to top spot in Premiership" . Stuff. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Otago snap 15-year drought to put Canterbury's season on life-support" . Stuff. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Wellington storm past Counties-Manukau to retain beloved trophy" . Stuff. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Waikato overcome Taranaki and go top of Premiership standings" . Stuff. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Akira Ioane excels, but North Harbour hold out to beat Auckland" . Stuff. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Hawke's Bay blitz fading Manawatū team to retain Ranfurly Shield" . Stuff. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
^ "Mitre 10 Cup: Canterbury pip Wellington in first golden point match" . Stuff. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
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Official website of the ITM Cup
Air New Zealand Cup News from Prime Rugby
ANZ Rugby News
NPC Rugby News
Summary of the 2006 Air New Zealand Cup format at allblacks.com (PDF)
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text:
Q: Whats's the name of this theorem about polynomials?
Given a polynomial f with only real coefficients, the zeros of f are conjugates of zeros of f.

(Sorry my English left me, when trying to formulate this theorem.)
So I would like to know how to refer to this theorem in a scientific text.

A: Complex Conjugate Root Theorem:
In mathematics, the complex conjugate root theorem states that if $P$ is a polynomial in one variable with real coefficients, and $a + bi$ is a root of $P$ with $a$ and $b$ real numbers, then its complex conjugate $a − bi$ is also a root of $P$.
See here.

A: You can call it the complex conjugate root theorem.
Depending on the text you might want to just say "recall that ..." or "note that ..." due to triviality.

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