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Amazing Winters Visiting place in Pakistan's Northern Areas
Pakistan is one of the few countries in the world having four distinct seasons. Winter, summer, spring, and fall are all beautiful seasons to visit in Pakistan. Every season has its own distinct flavor and set of advantages. The northern parts of Pakistan enjoy four beautiful seasons at once, as well as spectacular vistas and locations. These zones are carried out using different astronomical regions of the earth's sky. Because of their beauty, tourists from all over the world, including Pakistanis, have been lured to these destinations.
Summer and winter vacations are popular in Pakistan's northern regions, which are also noted for their breathtaking beauty. You've come to the right location if you're thinking of taking a winter holiday to the north. On this page, we've come up with a list of the finest tourist sites in the country.
The below places are famous not for their stunning scenery, but also for two of the greatest tourist amenities, like road and communication infrastructure, hotel rooms for short stays, and vacation homes.
Swat is an adventure tourism place
Those who visit Swat regularly might also make the once commitment by buying an apartment. Check out Cedar Valley in Kalam for the studio, one, and 2 bedrooms apartments that may be rented out for extra money.
Shogran in winters
On the road to Naran and Babusar Top, Shogran is off the usual path. The tourist destination is well-connected to the region's stunning natural features, such as Siri Paye and Makra Peak, and is also suitable for trekking and camping. In the winter, Shogran is covered in snow, then you'll have to hire a 4X4 to get somewhere; but, in the summer, you may drive your own car.
For just an overnight stay in Shogran, there are many hotels to choose from. If you arrive in Shogran in the middle of the day, it is better to schedule your trip to Siri Paye for the next morning. Another reason for this is that most of the roads are covered with snow, and traveling after the evening is far too risky.
Snacks, lunch, or supper are all available in a commercial setting. It's not difficult to find a hotel room, and rates in different resorts start at PKR 6,000 per night.
Kalash valley and its winter festival
Kalash's three valleys are Rumbur, Bumburet, and Birir. All year, Kalash Valley residents may participate in a number of events. Chilam Joshi, a summer event, is certainly familiar to you. A four-day festival attracts hundreds of locals and guests.
Every year from December 7 to December 22, they celebrate Chaw Mos, their most important festival. The Kalash winter celebration celebrates the start of the new year or the conclusion of the harvest season. Tourists and locals alike will be able to learn more about the valley's interesting history. The natural beauty of Kalash Valley will surprise you, in contrast to such fascinating and colorful displays of local culture.
To remain warm during the Kalash Valley's severely cold winters, take large jackets, sweaters, and other warm clothing. In the Kalash area, private hotels and guest houses are available, with nightly rates ranging from PKR 2,000 to PKR 3,000 depending on the season.
Also, if you want to read more informative content about construction and real estate, keep following Feeta Blog, the best property blog in Pakistan.
Monday, 07 February 2022 by feeta_admin
Pakistan is one of the few countries in the world having four distinct seasons. Winter, summer, spring, and fall are all beautiful seasons to visit in Pakistan. Every season has its own distinct flavor and set of advantages. The northern parts of Pakistan enjoy four beautiful seasons at once, as well as spectacular vistas and
Published in tour, Tourism, travel, travel destinations, travel destinations in asia
Guide for Obtaining a Domicile
The domicile certificate was introduced in 1951 to register Pakistani citizens, according to the Daily Express, a Karachi-based daily (26 Apr. 2012). A domicile certification is issued for admission to state colleges (Academic 5 Dec. 2012; The Express Tribune 26 Apr. 2012), school systems universities (Academic 5 Dec. 2012), and government jobs, according to authorities (The Express Tribune 26 Apr. 2012). A residence certificate also is necessary for admittance to higher education institutions, according to other sources BBC 7 June 2012; University of Engineering and Technology 2012.
Federal Government could grant a certificate of domicile to every authority in connection with whom it is satisfied that he may have ordinarily resided in Pakistan for a period of just not less than one year leading up to the making of the application but has acquired a domicile within it onto an application being made to it in the specified format and containing the read the instructions. (Section 17 of Pakistan's 1951 Constitution).
Obtaining a Certificate of Domicile (Certificate of Residence)
A certificate of residence can indeed be granted by the federal or provincial government, or any district magistrate authorized by the provincial government, as per the Pakistan Citizenship Rules, 1952. Pakistan 1952, Sec. 23. So according to Pakistan's Citizenship Rules.
An application for a certificate of domicile should be made in duplicate in Form P, and must be preceded by an affidavit affirming the truth of the statements made in it, and that the applicant still hadn't migrated to India after March 1, 1947, or even that, having done as such, had brought back to Pakistan under a permit for relocation or permanent return issuance via an officer auth.
Any authority with whom an application is viewed has the right to require whatever evidence it deems essential to fulfill itself that the facts presented in the application are accurate and also that the applicant has also been continuously citizen in Pakistan for at least yet another year and intends to live there permanently in Pakistan.
According to sources, when applying for a job
According to sources, an applicant needs to provide the following information when applying for a certificate of domicile, his or her name; parent's name; place of residence in Pakistan; previous address from outside Pakistan; date of arrival at the place of domicile; marital status; the name of spouse; names of children and one's ages; barter or occupation; and identifying marks. The above information is included in a certificate of domicile obtained from the police website in the town of Jhelum in Punjab Province, and also the individual's portrait in the lower right-hand corner of the certificate.
What is a Domicile Certificate?
In general, a state government issues a domicile certificate or a residence certificate to verify that now the individual who possesses the certificate is a resident of the state or union territory stated on the document. A woman who was not born in a Union territory but is married to a man who is a legal citizen of that State or Union Territory or is qualified for a State's or Union Territory's Domicile Certificate also is able to qualify for one.
A domicile certificate is a certificate that allows people to obtain numerous benefits such as education, employment, as well as other benefits. Resident Quotas inside the Public Service and educational institutions, and also jobs where area residents are preferred.
How to apply for a domicile in Islamabad?
Per the official government website of the Islamabad Capital Territory, anybody who has lived in Islamabad for a year or longer is able to qualify for an Islamabad domicile. Unless they already hold a domicile from some other city, they must have the existing document annulled while applying for just a fresh one. The following is a list of documents needed to obtain a Certificate of Domicile in Islamabad.
Applicants above the age of 21 should submit the following information
Proof of profession or trade
two pictures (passport size)
A photocopy of the applicant's CNIC is required.
A copy of a father's or husband's CNIC is necessary.
one rental agreement from the beginning (electricity, gas, or telephone)
A copy of proof of address in Islamabad, such as a lease agreement or an allotment letter
If you do have children, a copy of Form-B is needed.
In the case of government workers, a letter of permission from the department is required.
a photocopy of your SSC or matriculation certificates
A copy of a Marriage Registration Certificate in the case of married people.
A NOC from the native district is required if you have a dual address on your CNIC.
Applicants under the age of 21 must complete the following steps
2 photos of passport size
A photocopy of the applicant's CNIC or Along card is required.
A copy of the mother's or father's CNIC is necessary.
1 copy of a parent(s)' Domicile Certificate, upon which the applicant's name appears
A photocopy of your SSC or Matric certificate, as well as evidence of your trade or occupation
The Application Process For Domicile In Islamabad
The following is a step-by-step guide to applying for Domicile in the capital city.
Send a PKR 200 challan to the National Bank of Pakistan's F-8 Markaz branch or the State Bank of Pakistan's C-03806 District Magistrate Islamabad account.
Bring your challan receipt, application form for domicile document, as well as other necessary documents to a Citizen Facilitation Centre in Islamabad.
Wait for your round by taking a token from the counter.
Pay the processing fee of PKR 500 at the desk whenever you come in for data entry.
Your e-receipt will be emailed to you.
Pick up your Domicile Certificate at the Citizen Facilitation Centre mostly on an e-receipt date.
It is important to mention that when applying for a Domicile in Islamabad, the applicant must appear in person with his or her authentic documentation.
The following are the contact details for the Citizen Facilitation Centre in Islamabad
Address: G-11/4, Islamabad, ICT Administration Complex
Submission Timings: 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday | 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Friday
Delivery Timings: 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Monday through Thursday | 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Friday
Total Fee: (Challan + Processing Fee) PKR 700
How To Apply For Domicile In Lahore?
Those interested in obtaining a Domicile in Lahore should go to the provincial government's e-Khidmat Markaz.
Documents Required In Lahore For A Domicile Certificate
Let's have a look just at the documents required to achieve a Lahore Domicile.
Forms P and P1, duly completed and signed by the applicant
The affidavit submitted by the applicant and certified by Oath Commissioner on PKR 50 stamp paper (Optional)
Two passport-size photos with such a white backdrop are needed.
CNIC or B-form documentation of the applicant
Bank receipt with such a copy of the father's or husband's CNIC AC Verification Form, that might or might not be certified.
At least one of the Entitlement Documents listed below will be required.
Documents proving ownership of property Fard, ownership paperwork, or a housing registry, for instance.
Electricity, gas, and phone bills
Certification of residency (rental agreement)
Documents Academic Disciplines (Matriculation or above certificate)
The applicant's vote is registered on the voter list of the UC.
The Domicile Application Process In Lahore
Have a challan form from the e-Khidmat Markaz or the nearest National Bank of Pakistan branch.
Pay the PKR 200 challan
Collect the required Domicile request form from e-Khidmat Markaz. You can also obtain it ahead of schedule from the e-Khidmat Markaz official government site.
Fill out all the Domicile Application Forms and link them with your other documents.
Once you've appropriately diagnosed your documents and applicant, you'll send an automated.
Enter your tracking ID on the e-Khidmat Markaz website to track your application. You could also use their SMS Gateway by sending your application ID to 9100, calling their toll-free line, or installing their mobile app.
Get your Certificate of Domicile (Certificate of Residence).
To apply for just a Domicile in Lahore, the applicant has to go to the center in person.
The following is the list of the e-Khidmat Markaz in Lahore.
Lower Mall, Anarkali, Lahore; Jinnah Hall (Town Hall), Jinnah Hall (Town Hall), Jinnah Hall (Town Hall), Jinnah Hall (Town Hall), Jinnah Hall (T
042-99214572 is the phone number to call.
0800-09100 is a toll-free number.
Monday through Saturday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Lunch Break: 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. on all days except Friday | 12:30 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. on Friday
PKR 200 (total fee)
16-day processing time
In Karachi, the procedure for obtaining a domicile and a PRC is as follows:
But if you're a Karachi resident who requires a domicile and PRC (Permanent Residential Certificate) for educational or employment purposes, deliver the following documents to the Deputy Director's Office in your district.
Karachi's Domicile and PRC Requirements
Unattested five (5x) pictures (passport size)
CNIC (original and copy) – Attested (for those under the age of 18 years, submit a copy of Form -B).
Verified copies of all academic transcripts back to the modern year
Applicants under the age of 21 must provide copies of their CNIC and their father's address.
In the case of the government employee, a copy of their employment certificate which has been attested is required.
Attested proof of residence (electric or gas bill, if on rent copy of rent agreement)
For married males or females, a copy of their spouse's CNIC, copies of their children's identity documents, or Form B – Attested
In Karachi, how to go with Domicile and PRC
At National Bank, D.C. Office Branch, pay a charge challan of Rs. 200/-.
Place just one stamp on every copy.
Before submitting applications for domicile, have it attested by an Oath Commissioner.
If necessary, the head of the department can demand anyone else document as proof.
Domicile and PRC Instructions in Karachi
You must bring your original documents and a set of photocopies with you.
Domicile business hours are 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.
In the case of applying for domicile and PRC, the applicant's CNIC must have an address in the same Karachi district.
Stay tuned to Feeta Blog to learn more about architecture, Lifestyle and Interior Design.
Wednesday, 23 June 2021 by feeta_admin
Overview The domicile certificate was introduced in 1951 to register Pakistani citizens, according to the Daily Express, a Karachi-based daily (26 Apr. 2012). A domicile certification is issued for admission to state colleges (Academic 5 Dec. 2012; The Express Tribune 26 Apr. 2012), school systems universities (Academic 5 Dec. 2012), and government jobs, according to
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Graphic Designers Show What 6 Asian Castles Looked Like Before Falling Into Ruins
You definitely want to travel before this point, so the best we can do is offer you a way to discover something new and exciting without leaving your home. This time it is the largest and most populous continent, Asia, with its 45 million square kilometers of deserts, mountains, plateaus, plains and jungles that carry the history of ancient civilizations. Budget Direct has decided to digitally rebuild 6 castles that have become ruins over the years across five countries in Asia. The architectural wonders of Asia restore their former glory right before our eyes.
This is the newest project in the series of reconstructions by Budget Direct: the team has previously revived European castles, Ancient Wonders and UNESCO-protected heritage sites.
"In 2020, millions of people around the world will be stuck at home, and even in 2021, there are many travel restrictions still in place. To support those looking for inspiration on a travel chair, Budget Direct has decided to bring back some of the most awesome castles from all over Asia. The team started by making a long list of castles in Asia and then limited these to those that had resources available for us to digitally readjust.
They then chose the castles with the most architectural marvel from across the continent to rebuild. The team has been working with researchers, architects and digital designers to bring these ancient castles into the 21st century. "
So sit back, relax, and start the virtual journey! And hopefully, you'll find out something new along the way today.
Alamut Castle, Alamut Valley, Iran
In 1090, Imam Hassan-i Sabbāh allegedly conquered the castle without shedding a drop of blood. The new state secured its power through targeted attacks on enemy leaders. Those who carried out these attacks were contemptuously called "Hashashin" ("tumultuous grass"), thus giving birth to the word "Assassin". Ironically, Alamut's fame caused its demise; its various conquerors demolished the castle while searching for a legendary assassin.
Alamut Rock is a popular day trek that offers a lookup view of the surrounding country. However, not much remains of Alamut Castle itself; its few surviving stone clouds are covered in scaffolding while the Iranian government tries to partially restore it for tourists.
The Old Summer Palace, Beijing, China
Yuanming Yuan – known in the Western World as the Old Summer Palace – was not a single building but a 3.5 square kilometer complex of palaces, lakes, gardens, towers and sculptures. The pride of the Qing dynasty, Yuanming Yuan, was largely destroyed by British and French troops in retaliation for the death of a British envoy during the Second Opium War. Further destruction occurred during the Boxer Rebellion and the Cultural Revolution.
We chose here to rebuild Haiyantang from the Yuanming Yuan (The Palace of Calm Seas). In front of a two-story Western-style palace, a water clock surrounded the 12 animals of the Chinese Zodiac. Today, the Martian ornament of the fountain sits within the contour of its former depression, backed by a spaced view of fallen palace columns.
Hagi Castle, Hagi, Japan
The Mōri Samurai clan lost to Tokugawa in the Battle of Sekigahara, and as a result, had to rebuild their capital in the small seaside town of Hagi. The Mōri got their revenge, however. The castle became the capital of the Chōshū Domain, which was instrumental in the final overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Ironically, the castle was dismantled by the new government in 1874 as part of a policy of centralization and modernization.
Hagi was very awesome at the time. Multiple galleries and walls protect the surrounding land, many of which are still visible. The main wooden fort has been dismantled, but its stone base and part of its moat stand. Higher up the mountain, the remains of a reserve fort can be found.
Ghazni Citadel, Ghazni, Afghanistan
The former slave Sebüktigin received the governorship of Ghazni in 977, but he promptly rebelled against his ruling Iranian rulers to found the Ghazni Empire. Ghazni became the war point of Afghanistan, sought after by the VIP conquerors from the history of Timur (Tamerlane) to the Mongols. When the citadel was famously conquered by the British in 1839, Afghan leadership had to flee Kabul. It was also used as a U.S. military base after 2001.
The remains of the citadel rest on a central hill above the walled city. However, neglect, war and weather severely damaged Ghazni. 14 of its original 32 towers have collapsed, one recently as 2019. Today, Ghazni's walls, towers and citadel are in danger of being lost permanently to the weather winds.
Although parts of the structure date from 1030 AD, the already imposing fortifications of Raigad were expanded by Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji was crowned Chhatrapati ("Umbrella Lord") here in 1674, establishing the Marathan Confederacy as opposed to the Mughal Empire. The Confederacy ruled Raigad until its destruction by the British East India Company in 1818.
The main entrance to the castle is 820 meters above sea level – a climb of 1737 steps. (Luckily now there is an aerial tramway.) Visitors can still look at the remains of two of the three watchtowers, several reservoirs, stone trading booths and a famous wall called Hirakani Buruj.
Takeda Castle, Asago, Hyogo, Japan
Takeda was built in the 15th century by "the Red Monaco" – a man partly responsible for plunging Japan into the century of chaos known as the Sengoku period. The fort was later conquered by Toyotomi Hideyoshi during a reunion. After Hideyoshi's death, the new shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu accused the final lord of the castle of arson during a pivotal battle. From here Takeda decayed.
Today the ruins of the castle sit 353 meters above sea level. Although no buildings remain standing on the mountain itself, a row of temples has survived at the base. The stone foundations of the castle are well preserved, having undergone minor restorations in the late twentieth century. Due to a seasonal fog that fills the valley, some mornings Takeda seems to float above the clouds.
Watch this space for more information on that. Stay tuned to Feeta Blog for the latest updates about Architrcture, Lifestyle and Interior Design.
Friday, 21 May 2021 by feeta_admin
You definitely want to travel before this point, so the best we can do is offer you a way to discover something new and exciting without leaving your home. This time it is the largest and most populous continent, Asia, with its 45 million square kilometers of deserts, mountains, plateaus, plains and jungles that carry
Published in Architectural Heritage, architectural wonders, Architecture, Asia, asian castles, asian history, Budget Direct, castles in asia, castles reconstructed, culture, digital art, full-page, Graphic Design, heritage, History, Homepage featured, ruined castles rebuilt, ruined castles restored, ruined catles, travel, travel destinations, travel destinations in asia
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This topic contains 16 replies, has 14 voices, and was last updated by ella 1 year, 3 months ago.
I was given a pair of crutches a wee while ago when I sprained my both ankles. They weren't brand new, but in more than decent nick. Needless to say, they were super handy since I didn't leave home for a week and was getting a cabin fever.
I was asked to return them as they cost a fair bit. It all makes sense – I am not going to use them anyway (hopefully!). I got to a different A&E and they refused to take them due to Health and Safety reasons?! This just sounds like a waste of money… It's just a nonsense!
Luckily, I saw a woman who broke/sprained her leg, so I just offered them to her, which she accepted. At least she won't take another pair of crutches which she won't be able to return.
@kelly Nah, they seemed pretty standard. I was asked to return them regardless as it made sense to me. I really don't have a use for them. Well, apart from the fact that the scan last month revealed that I have broken my ankle before (fully healed up by now, but there's a chip floating around) and I am still not sure how that happened.
> The Isle of Wight NHS Trust is spending thousands of pounds every year on replacement crutches. For every 50 pairs of crutches that are issued to patients only 10 pairs are returned.
> The trust lends more than 5,000 pairs of crutches out each year and the vast majority of them are not returned.
> Each pair of crutches costs around £13, meaning over the course of the year more than £80,000 is spent – money which could be used improving patient care.
I was given 2 crutches after badly tearing an ankle ligament, and had one of them taken off me by the hospital when I went back to have how I was doing checked up on, and later on the other one requested back as my ankle improved further.
Possibly it's when a hospital can't 'track' the crutches it handles that it can cost them money in paperwork?
I guess if somebody give in a crutch from another hospital, and they lent it to a patient and it broke and they hurt themselves, questions could be asked?
People say elf and safety when they are lazy and don't want to take on a task.
My partner had her second hip replacement 4 weeks ago. Given walking sticks by discharge nurse. When asked about returning them she was told that they don't want them back, they are single use items.
I got to a different A&E and they refused to take them due to Health and Safety reasons?!
@soccergal Did you not try taking them back to the place you got them from (and which you say asked for them back)?
If you're now miles away from the place you were treated for some reason then fair enough, giving them to someone else who needs them seems like a good solution. The initial cause of the problem that you're complaining about seems to be you going to the wrong place though. The NHS doesn't really operate as a single national organisation.
Returning to the same hospital should be okay but a different one won't know their history.
If it's right that they cost £13 each and that adds up to £80k a year I don't blame them not taking the chance.
It would cost far more if a pair broke and granny ends up breaking a hip.
The ambulance chasers would be salivating at the thought.
Did you not try taking them back to the place you got them from (and which you say asked for them back)?
@sista When I got injured, I took a cab to a Minor Injuries Unit, which was closed temporarily. The driver took me to the hospital with A&E instead. I drove today to a hospital nearby just to find ruins – it was demolished, apparently! So I drove to the closest other hospital, thinking that's the one we agreed it should be fine to drop them off. I believe nurse mentioned that any hospital should have been fine regardless. Or so I thought.
I probably should have taken them back where I got them from, thinking in retrospect.
Very surprised that they wouldn't take them back off you. My hospital has a big bin next to reception in Fracture Clinic, and another in the physio department, so you can just drop them off. I think they get inspected and cleaned up before re-used.
Wooden walking sticks are cut to size for each patient, and get shorter and shorter until they're no longer useful.
Crutches cost around £10 to purchase. The charge to collect and decontaminate crutches to the required infecting control standards cost in the region of £20.
@nicola That's ridiculous. I'm a microbiologist so know and a little about killing bugs and we could effectively decontaminate stuff like crutches for pennies. They are designed to be easily cleaned and would need little more than a good wipe down with something like distel, trigene, or Virkon. And if you were feeling really keen you. Could probably just chuck them in the autoclave. And anyway, we're not talking about surgical instruments and the hands of the person handing the crutches to the patient are far more likely to be the contamination source than the crutches themselves.
@mel It might sound ridiculous, but I work in community equipment services, so I am just saying how it is.
At my local LA recycling centre there is a container for the depositing of what is labelled as medical aids. I've looked in on the passing and crutches, sticks and wheelchairs were within. No idea what actually happens to them but at least there is option for reuse somehow and not just dumped into landfill.
I remember a few years ago, I was trying to return various medical aids after my partner died, and despite some of the stuff was unused I was told it was all single use. They did accept it when I took it back though.
Think yourself lucky – when I crushed my foot in a motorbike accident (to the extent I couldn't put any weight on it whatsoever for over a week afterwards), the kind folk at Huddersfield HRI A&E told me they hadn't got any crutches, and simply shrugged. Very helpful at 1am, and 25 miles away from home.
I've had crutches from three separate hospitals (two different trusts) now and each time I've given them back when I finished with them. I think I even gave back my post-surgical aircast, though I vaguely remember them offering to let me keep that. The only thing I didn't return was the brace I had after dislocating my elbow.


In spite of all the natural health articles, discussions and general attention to the dangers of prescription drugs, there has nevertheless been a huge increase in the use of long term prescription drugs by our children.
The frightening fact is that more than 25% of children now take at least one prescription drug for a chronic condition. This means an ongoing long term ingestion of a pharmaceutical medication for at least 1 out of every 4 children. While you can understand that some children obviously suffer from asthma and other childhood diseases, the even more worrying aspect is that most of these children are being treated for adult diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. These diseases should not even be appearing in children – they are lifestyle conditions brought on for the most part by poor nutrition choices, lack of exercise and more.
Apparently, the use of type 2 diabetes drugs in children in 2009 increased by 5.3%. But the total increase since 2001 was 150% – that is just in 9 years with the added concern that in girls between the ages of 10 to 19, the increase was a staggering 200% plus. Over the same period, the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs increased 50% and the use of blood pressure drugs increased by 24%.
It is a huge concern is that even when these children have become sick with adult type conditions, they are just given the drugs with no apparent effort to change their lifestyle habits and to educate both themselves and their parents to live more healthily. In many cases, that is all that is needed to bring these problems such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol back to normal levels.
In a recent article in the New York Times, Stephanie Saul wrote that in July 2010, the American Academy of Pediatrics said that more children, as young as 8, should be given cholesterol-lowering drugs. The recommendation was quickly attacked by some experts as a license to put children on grown-up drugs. While the drugs do help treat the conditions, some doctors fear they are simply a short cut for a problem better addressed by exercise and diet.
Well of course they would. They are not going to miss out on an opportunity to increase their profits.
If children are going to have these conditions, there will undoubtedly be other problems too such as lack of self confidence or self esteem and depression without going into the possible side effects of the chemical based drugs themselves.
It opens up a whole big can of worms and a very worrying scenario for the future.
You may already know this but if not let me first explain that keeping to a plan that fights against bad habits that might be on the verge of seriously tearing down your body is sometimes pretty tough – but being fit and strong versus being overweight and/or sickly is all about (1) how many calories you eat versus how many you burn and (2) IF your calories are primarily the BEST QUALITY PROTEINS or primarily junk sugar-carbs.
I have been a reader for a long while, but this is my first time as a commenter. I just wanted to say that this has been / is my favorite entry of yours! Keep up the great work and I'll keep on coming back.


text:
Panoramic human structure maintenance based on invariant features of video frames
Shih-Ming Chang1,
Hon-Hang Chang2,
Shwu-Huey Yen1 &
Timothy K Shih2
Panoramic photography is becoming a very popular and commonly available feature in the mobile handheld devices nowadays. In traditional panoramic photography, the human structure often becomes messy if the human changes position in the scene or during the combination step of the human structure and natural background. In this paper, we present an effective method in panorama creation to maintain the main structure of human in the panorama. In the proposed method, we use an automatic method of feature matching, and the energy map of seam carving is used to avoid the overlapping of human with the natural background. The contributions of this proposal include automated panoramic creation method and it solves the human ghost generation problem in panorama by maintaining the structure of human by energy map. Experimental results prove that the proposed system can be effectively used to compose panoramic photographs and maintain human structure in panorama.
Generation of panorama from a set of individual photos has been a useful and attractive research topic within the researches in the domain for several years so far. Even though the researchers focused more into personal computer based solutions at the beginning nowadays much focus is being diverted to mobile platform based solutions making it a very convenient and attractive application for the users. As an example many recent smart mobiles are equipped with applications that are capable of generating even a 360° panorama in a scene. The panorama generation solution presented in Yingen Xiong's method [1] consumes less processing time as the processing is done in memory. Wang Meng [2] presented an approach to create a single view point full view panorama photograph from a set of image sequence. Individually ordered frames which are extracted from a panning video sequence have been used as the input making it simple for both shooting and stitching. Going forward another step of panorama generation Wagner Daniel et al. [3] presented a method for the real-time creation and tracking of panoramic maps on mobile phones. Specially, the maps generated are accurate and allow drift-free rotation tracking. But, most of the current technologies used for panorama generation are targeted for natural landscape capturing. Hence, in the situations where human objects appear in the background, the result of panorama may contain blurred human objects, as the structure of human object cannot be detected very precisely via feature extraction, which in turn results in low quality panorama. In regular feature extraction method, defining feature points in human object is very difficult unless there are obvious feature points available on the clothes. Therefore in this paper, we present our efforts in generating a panorama which show the landscape and human objects in the background without any blurred effects.
On the other hand more information of the natural scenery and buildings that we want to capture can be obtained via panoramic photography. Hence, ppanoramic photography can be considered best suited where the user needs more natural scenery in one picture. Even though panoramic photos can be created using commercially available image processing tools in several steps by appropriately segmenting available human objects and combining relevant background features together from the source frame sets, it is very time consuming manual work and the results are not satisfactory. There, in the combining step, most of the images cannot be combined via simple manual methods even in the same scene, b due to the problem of always existing cylindrical distortion exists in camera lenses which is difficult to recognize by the user in the source images. Therefore, we also propose an automated calibration mechanism in the proposed method which in turn reduces steps and time consuming in manual methods.
In summary the main goal of our work is to develop a system to take panoramic photographs, eliminating blurred effects created due to the human objects in frames with the background. Presented solution also reduce the steps comparing to the manual methods, allowing the user to obtain a panoramic photograph via our panning shooting method in video.
The schematic steps of proposed method is shown in Figure 1. User first captures a short video focusing main human character following a designed circle path like in the left part of Figure 1. Then the frames are extracted from the short video via proposed system and selects 6 source image out of that frame set and produce panorama after proposed method. Composition of the paper is organized as follows. Section III and IV discusses the human structure maintenance and panorama creation phases consecutively. Experimental results and analysis are presented in Section V. We conclude our contributions and future works in Section VI.
The schematic steps of the proposed approach.
Feature extraction can be done by matching the similar objects between difference images. We can regulate and track objects via the information obtained from feature extraction. Even though human eye can detect the features in different images it is not an easy task to be done in computers. One famous method which is used to detect features is the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm by Matthew Brown [4] and Saeid Fazli [5]. SIFT algorithm is a very robust method that can detect and describe local features in the image and it can find some features in different images as well. It uses Difference of Gaussian (DOG) function and image pyramid technology to find extreme values in different scale-space. Then a linear least square solution and threshold value is used to decide height-contrast feature points or to excise low-contrast feature points and use each feature points' gradient direction and feature points, strength to allocate the feature points. Therefore, the information of feature is very credible and can be used in calibration images using calibration matrix.
Though SIFT algorithm can describe local features very robustly, the cost of process time is very large, and some features are not very import and apparent in image. In order to solve the problem of cost, Yingen Xiong [1] and Zhengyou Zhang [6] presented the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) algorithm that can be used which is faster than SIFT algorithm. But the number of features that can be extracted is less than SIFT algorithm.
Panorama creation
In recent years, panorama creation has been attracted by many researchers in the world developing very robust solutions. Matthew Brown et al. [4] used SIFT algorithm for feature matching in source images where their source images were not in order as per their research. Hemant B. Kekre et al. [7] presented a panorama generation approach to nullify effect of rotation of partial images on process of vista creation. Their method is capable of resolving the missing region in the vista caused due to the rotation of partial image parts used during the vista creation. Helmut Dersch [8] presented the open source of panorama creation that can be create panorama via parameters of open source functions. Image inpainting has been used during the process to fill the missing region. That missing view regeneration method was also able to overcome the problem of missing view in vista due to cropping, irregular boundaries of partial image parts and errors in digitization. Wang Meng [2] presented an approach to create a single view point full view panorama photograph. Song Baosen et al. [9] then presented another panorama generation based research to enlarge the horizontal and vertical angles of view for an image.
To fulfill the fast developing mobile devices market panorama creation solutions for mobile devices has been presented in recent years. Yingen Xiong et al. [1] proposed a fast method of panorama creation for mobile devices. In order to reduce the process time they used the default direction of photography instead of the method of calibration. A smoothly varying affine stitching field which is flexible enough to handle parallax while retaining the good extrapolation and occlusion handling properties of parametric transforms was presented by Wen-Yan Lin et al. in [10]. Their algorithm which jointly estimates both the stitching field and correspondence permits the stitching of general motion source images, provided the scenes do not contain abrupt protrusions.
Human structure maintenance
The panoramic photograph creation process of the proposed method have two main phases as human structure maintenance and panorama creation, respectively as shown in the flow chart of Figure 2. The proposed system is semi-automatic allowing users to adjust the output based on their preferences. We discuss the human structure maintenance in Section III and the panorama creation method in Section IV.
The flowchart of proposed approach.
Preserving the full human
Most of the technologies for panoramic creation nowadays often used for natural landscapes or interior landscapes and the panorama can be constructed in a very good quality. That is because such landscape backgrounds are static during the small time of capturing. But when the panorama is being captured with human objects in the foreground, the result of panorama may be resulted a poor quality human object as shown in the example in Figure 3. The reason for such bad quality human object is the deformation of the feature structure of human due to the calibration of the structure of images. It is required to retain the main human and more scenery in the resultant panorama. The background structure can be maintained using feature matching and camera calibration but the structure of main human may look distorted after camera calibration. In order to solve this problem, some of panoramic creation technologies also use the image editing method. Using editing method is a good idea to solve the problem of deformed human object in image, but editing method have to spend most time to adjustment the object and landscapes with artificial.
The poor result of human in panoramic creation.
In order to solve the problem of human panoramic creation, we use the inpainting technology. Because general panoramic creation may produce a panorama with blurred human object or human object with a wrong structure details. Therefore, we obtain the position of human from source images, then find the largest region position of human and recover it into panorama. The panoramic image often maintain the largest dimensions (the height and width of image) and information. The complete human object will be available in the panorama after merging the relevant parts from the source images. Finally, since we have the information of human, we can use panoramic creation to produce the natural landscapes without the human object, and then recover the largest human object into the empty region in the panoramic image.
In normal circumstances, in the pictures or videos taken for the generation of the panorama, human objects do not move in a short time, and background information also have similar regions in difference source images. But, we cannot obtain the background information that is shielded due to human. Therefore, we use the surrounding region patch to fill structure of human. This concept is very easy and fast. But, this concept does not guarantee the structure in the repaired regions. In this way, the structure cannot be retained and the resultant panorama becomes unnatural. In maintenance of structure in repair regions, we use image inpainting method [11]. Image inpainting method can retain the structure in specified area via user definition. The repair patch consider the similarity of structure in background and filter incorrect structure via inpainting method.
An important problem of inpainting that is used in the proposed method is the structure of background cannot be repaired very accurately in the regions to be repaired. Because image inpainting method has to select the sequence of repair regions depending on the similarity of structure. Therefore, the structure of boundary has a distinguishing feature that captures the complete human from source images and recover into panoramic image.
In order to solve the problem of the structure in repaired region, we have to add the original background information around the boundary of human object. The sequence selection of repair region of image inpainting finds the structure that can be obtained from background information and human boundary. Two of the methods in image processing, dilation and expansion, can control the size of the object boundary, effectively. We use dilation method to obtain the large area of object region than original object boundary and the expansion region has the background information. An example of dilation method is shown in Figure 4. Note that, to avoid the wrong structure to be found in image inpainting method, the expansion region of human boundary is not allowed to expand too much in the proposed method. If the expansion region of human boundary in source images are too large, the image inpainting method may find different structure and introduces bad quality into panoramic.
The example of dilation method, (A) is the original image and (B) is the result of dilation method.
After this step, the repair structure of human boundary becomes similar and prevent the clutter of structure in repaired regions. The panoramic image becomes a disarray and unnatural in repaired regions via image inpainting method as shown in the example in Figure 5. Steps of the proposed method are presented in the following algorithm and a sample result is shown in Figure 6.
Algorithm: Human panoramic creation- Preserving the Full Human
Data: Human source images
Result: Human inpainting image
Select source image and find the largest human region in each source image.
Using panoramic creation method produce the panorama with a hole region of human.
Using dilation and expansion method for largest human region obtain human boundary correspondence information.
Differentiate the foreground and background region of human boundary.
Using image inpainting method repair human boundary.
Recover human region into panoramic image.
The disarray structure of human.
The integrity structure of human.
Preserving the incomplete human
In most cases, user cannot control the distance between camera and human. When the human is close to camera and it is required to obtain more background in panorama, the human structure becomes incomplete in some frames. We cannot use the method described in part A, because the incomplete human may be in the same height as in frames. In order to solve the problem in incomplete human, we use energy map and find the seam in proposed method.
Some of panoramic creation methods often use the average value of RGB (or other color space value) on the overlapping region in the combination of source images. The average value is a fair-minded method, but, use of average value method may produce the ghost effect in panoramic image. The average value needs to rely on robust panoramic position method and accurate camera parameters, and there should not any moving or apparent object in source images. Therefore the average value method is not very reliable for our method of this step. Hence we use image stitching method in the proposed method as steps given below.
The concept in proposed method of image stitching is to find the optimal seam in the overlapping region between two images and to remove the ghost problem in the matching structure in panoramic image. Main steps of image stitching can be divided into three parts as registration, calibration and blending [4, 12], and using dynamic programming method to find optimal seam. We can find the best seam (the shortest path) via dynamic programming method, this problem can be common in graphs. For each pixel in the source image can be converted into nodes and the relationship of neighboring pixels can be regarded as path between two nodes. Therefore the source image can be converted into a multi-stage graph. We use the concept of seam craving to find optimal seam in overlap region between two images and the schematic diagram is shown in Figure 7. The red line is the optimal seam between image A and image B.
The schematic diagram of optimal seam.
The concept of seam craving [13] is used energy map to find the optimal seam and avoid the important area in image. The important area in the current part is definition area of human. We hope to avoid the human area in combination step of panoramic creation. And the energy map with seam carving can avoid the important area reducing the ghost effect problem as well. The energy map M E can be generated by summing all values with smaller energy coefficients of the following direction up to down or left to right. All energy coefficients will increase downward or rightward. Figure 8 is the example of energy map constructed and the energy map M E that can be defined as in Equation (1) where (x, y) represent the current position, the M S is the image after sobel processing. The value with black font represents the value from gradient map M s ; the value with red font is generated from energy value summed by smaller energy value in last row. Afterwards, energy value is generated; the optimal seam can be found and removed in the direction from the bottom to up.
M E x , y = M S x , y + min M E x − 1 , y − 1 , M E x − 1 , y , M E x − 1 , y + 1
The example of Energy map generating phase and energy map.
After the step of optimal seam two images can be combined into panorama as shown in Figure 9. Red lines on top of Figure 9 are found seams on the overlapping region via energy map value. We found 30 seams on the overlapping region, respectively. After matching the most similar patch on the overlapping region and define the current seam as the optimal seam. Note that, because human area often presents in the center of panoramic image. Therefore, the overlapping region and to find optimal seam will be used on the surrounding of source images. The optimal seam for the overlapping region after combination step is showing in the down of Figure 9, and green area is the overlapping region of current source images.
Seam in overlapped region of images (top: original images of seams, bottom: combined photo with overlapped region is marked in red).
Panoramic creation
Matching position of images
In order to establish a complete panorama, one important factor is to find the correct structure in source images. Most of the current methods use artificially marking of the structure points in the images. This is very time-consuming when there are large number of images. One shortcoming of artificially marking is the accuracy of the matching construction. Because the position of marks in images becomes different when we have visual differences or when there are artificial errors of marking the structure points. But, identification correct structure or graphics is also difficult target in automatic processing of computer. Therefore, many useful methods have been proposed based on feature matching and structure identification.
As described in Section 2, SIFT algorithm [5, 12], can be used to detect and describe the local features on source images which even captured in difference view angles. A sample of SIFT algorithm is shown in Figure 10A. As previously mentioned, SIFT algorithm very time consuming during the processing and not effective for the images which captured in large shooting angles. Another worth noting drawback is the inefficiency in detecting features if the structure is too smooth or if there are many same feature. In order to improve above shortcomings, Morel proposed Affine-SIFT (ASIFT) [14] that can be used to find more features even in the images captured in large shooting angles between images. A sample result is shown in Figure 10B. ASIFT algorithm use six parameters to compute and record the zoom, rotation and translation of images. Morel proposed two important concepts that are against any prognosis and simulating all views depending that can be find more feature in large angle of shooting images. Because ASIFT algorithm increase some concepts that will become robust than the SIFT algorithm. But in processing time, ASIFT algorithm will spend more processing time than SIFT algorithm. According to our experiment the difference is very small.
The human result of SIFT and ASIFT algorithm, (A) is the result of SIFT algorithm and (B) is the result of ASIFT algorithm.
In some cases, where there are many similar many similar features in one image, ASIFT algorithm may still have the wrong feature matching. Hence, we use a simple concept to filter the wrong feature matching via slope. For example, assume that we find the A frame and B frame have the same feature in Y axis and distance is 10 pixels. In subsequent frames, we find the C frame also have the same feature with A frame and B frame, but the feature point is in Y axis, distance is 5 pixels and 5 pixels in X axis. In this way, the concept of fixed displacement cannot use to filter wrong feature matching. Therefore, we use the slope S in all coordinates of feature matching, because we obtained video in same scene and same moving direction of photography, so most of the same feature matching will be same corresponding between two frames and have most same slope in feature matching. Through the slope concept, we can filter wrong feature matching between two frames, and to reserve the true feature matching information. At the same time, we can reduce the processing time in compute calibration parameters matrix. Steps of slope concept are in the following algorithm.
Algorithm: Matching Position of Images
Data: Source frames
Result: Feature Coordinate information
Use ASIFT algorithm to find matching information with two images. Definitions (X A , Y A ) and (X B , Y B ) present the matching coordinates of source A and B and compute the slope S:
S = Y B − Y A X B − X A = ΔY ΔX
If S ≠ 0, using SAD method in a small range bounded by a 3×3 pixels block compute the number of matching information.
Using coordinates of matching information compute calibration matrix via the maximum number of S, then repeat for all source frames.
Image calibration
Image calibration is very important in image processing, image combination and stereo vision. The combined image becomes poor in quality on the boundary of source images even though source images were taken in same time and same scene during a short time. The reason is the cylindrical distortion available on camera lenses which cannot be avoided during the time of capturing of videos and images with camera. Figure 11 shows an example of a simple merging of a source image set without using any calibration methods.
The result of easy combination.
In order to guarantee the structure and to avoid distortion in panorama, we have to determine the photography of panorama. In the proposed method we set the direction of capturing the scene as a circular path to obtain a source video of a small time. Then a set of frames are separated from the short video to be used as the source frame set. After that ASIFT algorithm is used to obtain the coordinate information of matching features based on the source images. After this step, we need to compute the camera parameter matrix [6, 15] and transformation matrix in order to compensate the distortions in adjacent frames, although we obtained the source videos as smooth as possible.
We use the homography matrix [15] to ensure that all source images can be projected into the same plane maintaining the correct structure and information in panoramic image and defined as in Equation (1). Therefore it is required to calculate the homography matrix via matching information that can be extracted by ASIFT algorithm.
sm ' = Hm
where, s is the scale matrix, H is the homography matrix, m = (x, y, 1) and m'=(x', y', 1) is a pair of corresponding points matrix in the original image and in panorama plane. The m and m' are the corresponding feature point in difference frame. The scale martix s will not affect the result of homography matrix, so we set the smallest constant into s. Then the homography matrix H, corresponding feature point m and m' can be expanded by,
S x ' y ' 1 = H 11 H 12 H 13 H 21 H 22 H 23 H 31 H 32 H 33 x y 1
where, H ij represents each element of the homography matrix. Equation 4 can be further simplified as follows,
x ' H 31 x + H 32 y + H 33 = H 11 x + H 12 y + H 13 y ' H 31 x + H 32 y + H 33 = H 21 x + H 22 y + H 23
Since Equation 4 have eight parameters (i.e., the scale of H is variable and h 33 is usually normalized to 1 [15]) at least four pairs of corresponding points are required to solve eight parameters and the expanded equation is given below.
0 x 1 y 1 1 0 0 0 − x 1 ' x 1 − x 1 ' y 1 0 0 0 x 1 y 1 1 − y 1 ' x 1 − y 1 ' y 1 x 2 y 2 1 0 0 0 − x 2 ' x 2 − x 2 ' y 2 0 0 0 x 2 y 2 1 − y 2 ' x 2 − y 2 ' y 2 x 3 y 3 1 0 0 0 − x 3 ' x 3 − x 3 ' y 3 0 0 0 x 3 y 3 1 − y 3 ' x 3 − y 3 ' y 3 x 4 y 4 1 0 0 0 − x 4 ' x 4 − x 4 ' y 4 0 0 0 x 4 y 4 1 − y 4 ' x 4 − y 4 ' y 4 H 11 H 12 H 13 H 21 H 22 H 23 H 31 H 32 = x 1 ' y 1 ' x 2 ' y 2 ' x 3 ' y 3 ' x 4 ' y 4 '
Moreover according to the characteristic of homography matrix these points in the three-dimensional space must be on the same plane. Thus the following algorithm clusters all feature points and calculate the best homography matrix.
Algorithm : Finding Optimal Homography Matrix
Data: Coordinates of matching information
Result: Homography matrix
Cluster feature points according to color features via mean-shift algorithm.
Transform the color space into CIELuv.
Create a 2D array arrayLU and give the L and U dimension parameters of CIELuv.
According to the arrayLU perform the clustering process and eliminate small regions by merging with neighbor regions.
For each group calculate the homography matrix by using the feature points within the group. Solve at least four pair of corresponding points. If there is no sufficient number of points the group is neglected.
The homography matrix of each group is fed into Equation (3) to calculate the value of H*m and compare the deviation dev between the actual m' and the calculated H*m, where num is the number of matching feature pairs.
dev = ∑ i = 0 num m i ' − H m i / num
Define the optimal homography matrix is the one with the minimum deviation that is the one with the smallest dev.
After above steps, we can obtain the calibration parameters matrix. In the proposed method, we use calibration parameters matrix to transform source images into panoramic images as a example result shown in Figure 12. Note that we also have used the color adjustment method of poisson [16, 17] during the combination of the source images. This color adjustment was not applied in Figure 11. Therefore, we can clearly detect that even the source images are taken in same time same scene, the light is different when we take images or video. Hence, we have to add color adjustment method when images are combined that can be obtained the conformity panoramic images.
The result of image combination.
Experiment results
In this section, the results of the experiment are discussed. Without using any supporting device for the camera (like tripod) input videos were captured to simulate a regular user who uses a regular camera. The main human did not move in a short time as previously mentioned. For each video, we take the time about 12~16 second that we have been try to keep for one cycle of circle in our photography. We only take video in outdoor, because user often want to retain the natural landscape and human in one image. Although the proposed method also can be used in interior scenes.
The specification of PC with 1.8 GHz CPU and 2 GB RAM is used for our experiment. All of source video, 6 frames were obtained automatically to compose the panorama. Time taken in each phase of the process for the eight videos was measured and displayed in Figures 13 and 14. However time taken in the generation of panorama phase for eight source videos is largely different. The reason for this probably is the color complexity and structural complexity of the input frame set like S04 and S06 in Figure 14. The Panorama Creation ensures that main human subject appears clearly in panorama as discussed in Section 3 and 4.
Time taken to generate the panorama in each phase for the experimental results given in Figure 14 .
Experimental results (left: one frame from source video, right: resultant panorama). (A) S1: original video. (B) S1: panorama result. (C) S2: original video. (D) S2: panorama result. (E) S3: original video. (F) S3: panorama result. (G) S4: original video. (H) S4: panorama result. (I) S5: original video. (J) S5: panorama result. (K) S6: original video. (L) S6: panorama result. (M) S7: original video. (N) S7: panorama result. (O) S8: original video. (P) S8: panorama result.
In the photography environment, we do not restrict much in distance and brightness. Because we transform video to panorama assuming the rate of the camera moving is not fast. When the rate of the camera moving is too fast, we obtain largely blurred frames. In this way, we obtain low quality results of panorama. Several selected experimental results are shown in Figure 14.(A) to 14.(P). S1~S4 videos were captured in outdoor and the resultant panorama clearly shows that the main person in the panorama. S5 and S7 were captured in outdoor and the resultant panorama clearly shows that main of two persons in the panorama. S6 and S8 videos were captured again in outdoor and the resultant panorama clearly shows that main of three persons in the panorama,
This paper proposes a novel method for generation of panorama image from a video captured from a simple digital camera by a novice user. It further provides details of composing a human panoramic image which provides more scenery information in one image. Main concepts of the proposed method are use of inpainting method and energy map method in human maintenance for panoramic creation. User does not need to tag or give a label of source images. We also combined the advantage of traditional panoramic creation and image stitching in proposed method and proved that proposed method is effective in use as per the shown results in experiment results section.
In panoramic creation, the processing is required to pay more attention to reduce the time taken for the processing. And often it is required to concentrate in feature matching step, because of the feature information are important in image position matching and in computing the homography matrix. Therefore, all source images need to be coordinated in same step of feature matching which results an increase in time complexity when the amount of source images is large in input processing. Authors are working on a proper solution to remove the empty black color regions around the boundary of the panorama and to develop that proposed solution for the mobile devices as well.
Shih-Ming Chang is a PhD student at Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering of Tamkang University, Taiwan. He acquired the Master degree in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering of Tamkang University of Taiwan in 2009. His research interests are in the area of Computer Vision, Interactive Multimedia and multimedia processing.
Hon-Hang Chang is a PhD and student and currently reading at the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Taiwan (R.O.C.). He acquired his Master's degree in Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering of Asia University of Taiwan in 2011. His research fields are image processing, information hiding and water marking.
Shwu-Huey Yen is currently an associate professor in Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE) department of Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan. She is also an author of over 50 journal papers and conference papers. Her academic interests are signal processing, multimedia processing and medical imaging.
Timothy K. Shih is a Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan. He was a Department Chair of the CSIE Department at Tamkang University, Taiwan. Dr. Shih is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). In addition, he is a senior member of ACM and a senior member of IEEE. Dr. Shih also joined the Educational Activities Board of the Computer Society. His current research interests include Multimedia Computing and Distance Learning. Dr. Shih has edited many books and published over 440 papers and book chapters, as well as participated in many international academic activities, including the organization of more than 60 international conferences. He was the founder and co-editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, published by the Idea Group Publishing, USA. Dr. Shih is an associate editor of the ACM Transactions on Internet Technology and an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. He was also an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. Dr. Shih has received many research awards, including research awards from National Science Council of Taiwan, IIAS research award from Germany, HSSS award from Greece, Brandon Hall award from USA, and several best paper awards from international conferences. Dr. Shih has been invited to give more than 30 keynote speeches and plenary talks in international conferences, as well as tutorials in IEEE ICME 2001 and 2006, and ACM Multimedia 2002 and 2007.
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Department of CSIE, Tamkang University, Taipei, Taiwan
Shih-Ming Chang
& Shwu-Huey Yen
Department of CSIE, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Hon-Hang Chang
& Timothy K Shih
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Correspondence to Shih-Ming Chang.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
All authors contributed to the content of all sections, read and approved the final manuscript.
ASIFT algorithm
Human structure maintenanc

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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This article originally appeared on May 11, 2018 in ReWire.News. In 2015, the University of Arizona interviewed LGBT students across three states asking them about their experiences with over-discipline and school pushout. In response, one student said, "The teachers … they thought we were selling weed in school, they thought that me and her were both selling weed 'cause like, the way we were dressing, 'cause we were the only girls at that middle school that dressed like boys
We Know Biphobia Is Harmful. But Do We Know What's Behind It?
This article originally appeared on April 25, 2018 in ReWire.News. In early April, the LGBTQ publication Queerty ran a piece called "Why does bisexuality still make us so uncomfortable?" in which the author, Jeremy Helligar, describes the moment that a date told him he was bisexual. "I told him it didn't matter to me, but I lied," Helligar writes, explaining that the stereotype of bisexuals having "more options" made him nervous. Although Helligar says he's not the type to "s
The Truth About Bisexual College Students And Hunger
This article originally appeared on the Huffington Post on April 13, 2018. In a USA Today opinion column published Thursday, contributor James Bovard takes issue with a new study finding 36 percent of students at colleges and universities experienced food insecurity in the last month. The study looked at data from 43,000 students at two- and four-year schools from 20 states and Washington, D.C. Researchers also found that 36 percent of students experienced housing insecurity
The Trump-Pence Administration Is Trying to Leave LGTBQ Kids Out of Its Survey on Crime
This article originally appeared on ReWire.news on April 17, 2018. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is a federally administered survey that provides some of the most crucial data in the United States on the demographics of crime victims, including their sexual orientation and gender identity. The NCVS is administered to youth and adults in households across the country, but last week the Bureau of Justice Statistics issued a public comment proposing to raise the
New Report: LGBTQ Elders Show Resilience Despite Barriers To Successful Aging
This article originally appeared on Huffington Post on May 25, 2017. The two women's stories shared in this video demonstrate the challenges that LGBT elders face as they age. Tina and Jackie were born in the same Virginia town in 1947. Despite their similar beginnings, the women's lives take very different turns and a lifetime of discrimination, lost wages, lack of family recognition, and more add up to create substantial difficulties for Jackie. Jackie's story is all too co


Annotation: STATISTICAL PROPERTIES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COEFFICIENTS DETERMINED BY USUAL REGRESSION PROCEDURES WHEN THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS A DICHOTOMY ARE EXPLORED AND COMPARED WITH A MORE REFINED APPROACH.
Abstract: DURING THE LAST 10 YEARS, A NUMBER OF NEW TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NONMETRIC DATA HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED THAT ARE EQUIVALENT TO CLASSIC METRIC APPROACHES IN STATISTICAL RIGOR BUT ARE BASED ON ASSUMPTIONS THAT WILL GENERALLY BE MET BY MOST DATA THAT ARISE IN SURVEYS. LITTLE DISAGREEMENT EXISTS AMONG METHODOLOGISTS THAT ORDINARY REGRESSION SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH DUMMY DEPENDENT VARIABLES. WHEN THE ASSUMPTIONS OF HOMOSCEDASTICITY AND NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE ARE NOT MET, INVALID INFERENCES OFTEN RESULT; NEVERTHELESS, THIS APPROACH IS STILL VERY POPULAR WITH RESEARCHERS MORE INTERESTED IN THE SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES THAN THE METHODOLOGY. EXAMINING DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN DUMMY DEPENDENT VARIABLE REGRESSION AND THE NEW TECHNIQUES IS AN URGENT TASK AIMED AT IMPROVING THE DATA ANALYSES DONE BY THE SUBSTANTIVELY ORIENTED RESEARCHER. IN THIS ARTICLE, ANOTHER TECHNIQUE IS DISCUSSED: A SIMPLE VERSION OF THE WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARES APPROACH DEVELOPED BY GRIZZLE, STARMER, AND KOCH (GSK). THIS SIMPLE VERSION OF THE GSK APPROACH USES A SATURATED MODEL WHERE ALL INTERACTIONS, AS WELL AS DIRECT EFFECTS, ARE POSTED. THE NEW TECHNIQUE IS COMPARED TO THE USUAL DUMMY REGRESSION APPROACH. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS AND AN ILLUSTRATIVE APPLICATION OF THE TECHNIQUE ARE PROVIDED, ALONG WITH NOTES.


Q)-what is ndtl limit for MSF.How much can a bank borrow of its NDTL through MSF ??
Is it 0.75 % or it is increased??
Q2)-Is overnight repos and MSF same thing ??
Q3)-What is the meaning of Nabard and RBI logo??
NATIONAL BANK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. RBI emblem and logo there no special meaning.
Q4)-difference between pre and post 2005 currency notes ??
Identifying Pre 2005 Currency Notes: Currently the Reserve Bank of India prints currency notes in the denomination of Rs. 5, Rs. 10, Rs. 20, Rs. 50, Rs. 100, Rs. 500 and Rs. 1,000. All the notes printed before the year 2005 do not have the year of printing marked on it. All currency notes printed post 2005 have is year of printing clearly printed in the middle of the bottom row on the backside of the note. If your bank note has no year of printing on the back, it means the note is printed before 2005 and needs to be exchanged with the bank as per the RBI deadline. All notes with the year of printing indicated on the currency note would stay in operation as all of them are posted after 2005.
Q5)- the BOI branch in which i got posting is a LEAD branch and has Currency chest .What type of questions can i expect on this ??
Ans. functions of currency chest? How many branches are served? What is the average cash holding? Etc. disucss with people working there.
Q6)- what is the difference between rs 500 and rs 1000 note ??
The Bank note of Rs 500, Rs 1,000 will have a special feature which includes ascending size of numerals in the number panels, bleed lines and enlarged identification mark.
Q8)-. What is FATCA form.....? Why it is necessary?
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act under this forms have to be submitted by Foreigners/non residents. Not applicable for resident Indians.
Q9)-If it is late in the evening and an old man arrives at your branch with Rs 5 lakhs cash. You are alone in the branch and cash transaction have been closed. What will you do?
I will inform him politely that the cash vault has been closed for the day and hence cash cannot be received. I will request him to come on the next working day.
Q9)-if an old man wants to open an account but he does not have a valid id proof .What should be your next suggestion to him ??
Ans. Now Banks can open deposit account even though address proof is not there. A declaration of his current address for future correspondence will be taken.
In major relief to migrant workers who faces roadblocks while opening a bank account due to lack of proof of local address, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) today simplified the know your customer norms (KYC) for opening accounts.
In a communication to banks, the regulator said only oneaddress proof – either permanent or current – will be required to open a bank account. In case the address mentioned as per 'proof of address' undergoes a change, fresh proof of address has to be submitted to the branch within six months.
"RBI has been receiving representations/references from various quarters' especially migrant workers, transferred employees, etc. regarding problems faced in submitting a proof of current/permanent address while opening a bank account," a statement from the regulator said explaining the rationale for the move.
The central bank said that if address proof furnished by the customer is not the local address or address where the customer is currently residing, the bank will a declaration of the local address on which all correspondence will be made by the bank with the customer.
"No proof is required to be submitted for such address for correspondence/local address," RBI clarified.
The banking regulator has suggested that banks verify the local address through 'positive confirmation' such as acknowledgment of receipt of letter, cheque books, ATM cards, telephonic conversation; visits; etc.
"In the event of change in this address due to relocation or any other reason, customers may intimate the new address for correspondence to the bank within two weeks of such a change," RBI said. Banks have been asked by the regulator to revise its own KYC norms accordingly.
The move is a departure from the earlier RBI mandate which said if the address indicated on the document submitted for identity proof differs from the current address mentioned in the account opening form, a separate proof of address should be obtained.
Q10)- What type of responsibilities you got after you become po after clerk ??
Q11)-if you want to open 100 current account at once ,then what should you do ??
If more current accounts have to be opened then we should visit business localities—shop owners, factories etc. and canvass. Also request our existing customers to introduce new current account parties.
Q12)-documents required by a company to open a current account ??
5. Bank's opening form with signature of authorised persons.
if you are made PO and given all you need for increasing the profitability of bank in your area??
Ans. Increase the advance portfolio. Increase non-interest income like commission on guarantees. Reduce avoidable expenses, if any.
Q14)- you can become PO from clerk through internal promotion ,then why should we hire you instead of a jobless person ??
Ans. I have knowledge relating to bank functioning . Internal promotion in Bank may take a long time.
Q15)-A software engineer has developed a 'Software for a bank' and he needs a loan, what will he keep as security with the bank.??
Ans. Bank can ask for security of immovable property, if any. Also rely on his past performance and work orders.
Q16)- what is current account deficit ?? what items/based on what items we decide current account deficit ??
Q17)- rbi's clean note policy ??
Shri Vepa Kamesam, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India, exhorted the banks to implement the Reserve Bank's instructions issued from November 2001 to do away with stapling of note packets and to introduce banding the packets with paper/polythene bands so that the life of the currency notes is increased. The Deputy Governor took a meeting of Chief Executives of public sector banks and other banks having currency chests in Delhi today to discuss matters connected with implementing the Reserve Bank of India's Clean Note Policy. The objective of the Reserve Bank's Clean Note Policy is to give the citizens good quality currency notes and coins while the soiled notes are withdrawn out of circulation. The Reserve Bank has also instructed the banks to issue only good quality clean notes to the public and refrain from recycling the soiled notes received by them over their counters.
Q18)- if there is a lady clerk with you and there are lot of customers at her counter and they are yelling at her for working slow .Then what should you do ??
Ans. Find out from her whether you can extend any help and if so carry out the same willingly.
Q19)- sir i have seen that a lady clerk at my branch daily goes to clearing house for cheque clearing ?? not only my bank branch ,other banks too in that locality follow the same procedure. Then what about cheque truncation system ??Why they still following old procedure ?? why they are not following RBI guidelines ??
Ans. Check from her what is she doing in the clearing house. May be the presence of a staff in clearing house is required for facilitating clearing completion. Check up from her.


For too long it has been assumed that diet and exercise were the only two components you needed to concern yourself with in regards to losing weight and staying fit. However, we are starting to realize that there is another component to the game, which is stress.
Stress could be that other piece of the puzzle, because stress can interfere with the production of your growth hormones and testosterone. Not only that, but stress could be taking you out of your "fat-burning" zone and triggering your metabolism to burn lean muscle instead of stored body fats. More specifically, it can keep you in that "catabolic" breakdown stage, instead of that "anabolic" re-build, growth phase. So take a moment and see if stress is part of your problem.
Take the Stress Test below and see if stress is slowing down your fitness results, as well as affecting your overall health.
Do You Struggle With These Things?
If you answered YES to more than a couple of the above question, there is a good chance your body (adrenal glands), may be working over-time due to all the stress going on in your life. This could be affecting your ability to produce adequate levels of testosterone and growth hormones, which will hinder your ability to add lean muscle to your body.
The reason stress could be the cause to all of these problems is that cortisol and adrenaline, your primary stress hormones produced by your adrenal glands, are constantly signaling your body that it is in the "fight or flight" mode. It is in that "catabolic" breakdown phase and not the "anabolic" growth, rebuild phase we need if we are trying to add lean muscle.
These stress hormones, cortisol and adrenaline, are your basic survival hormones. You can't live without them, which should tell you how important they are, because they will channel all necessary energy and resources to make sure you can run and fight as opposed to concerning itself with digesting a meal, relaxing, falling asleep or having a baby.
And the list goes on. Don't forget that exercise causes a huge spike in your stress hormones. The more intense the workout, the larger the spike! Also, you can eventually reach a point to where your adrenal glands can't produce enough cortisol and adrenaline. Don't get confused into thinking everyone's cortisol is too high as many infomercials have tried to make you believe.
Your body can only handle so much stress in a day. Stress is cumulative! The more stress you pack on your body without adequate rest and nourishment, the quicker you deplete and exhaust your adrenal glands. This is commonly known as adrenal fatigue, which is an underlying problem to many of the health issues facing our society, one of which is overtraining or the lack of results from all the hard work you put in the gym.
Your lifestyle, all the stress in your everyday life, along with the stress from your workout regimen may reach a point to where your adrenal glands are constantly having to produce additional cortisol and adrenaline. This keeps your body in a state of "breakdown" not the repair and re-building phase you want after a workout.
Intense exercise spikes your stress hormones. The faster you get those stress hormones to drop back to normal levels after a good workout, the faster your body begins to start re-building itself. The workout is what tears down the muscle. It is during the rest and recovery phase that your growth hormones and testosterone do all their work, which is why it is important to get out of that "fight or flight" catabolic mode.
Those stress hormones don't simply drop back to normal when you finish working out. It takes some time, maybe a good half-hour and that's if you relax and give yourself some time. However, if you finish your workout and rush through a shower and quickly eat your meal in your car or while on the run as you hustle to your next activity, then those stress hormones aren't going to drop back to normal anytime soon! They will stay elevated and keep your body in a state of breakdown instead of repair.
FYI – Cortisol and adrenaline trigger your metabolism to burn carbohydrates and lean muscle (proteins) instead of stored body fat. This is why Testing Your Metabolism can be helpful to see if you are burning fats or storing fats.
When it comes to adding lean muscle to the body, the name of the game is to make sure your body is releasing its growth hormones and testosterone so it can rebuild and repair itself. Simply swallowing more protein, glutamine or creatine isn't going to address the problem. You need to examine the stress in your life. If you think your diet is correct and you are at a plateau, then maybe you need to investigate to see if stress and adrenal exhaustion is the culprit.
If you suspect adrenal fatigue is the problem and you didn't do so well on the Stress Test above, you should look into having your cortisol levels tested through a 24-Hour Saliva Test. It is the most accurate way to determine if stress is depleting your body and having an impact to your overall level of health and fitness.
Dr. Len Lopez is a nutrition and fitness expert. An athlete and fitness enthusiasts all his life, his background in sports medicine, nutrition and fitness training gives him insight to help those who are struggling with both their health and fitness levels. See my profile page for more information!
Is Walking Once or Twice a Day Good for Fat Loss?


text:
namespace Cosmos.Assembler.x86.SSE
{
	[Cosmos.Assembler.OpCode("CVTTSD2SI")]
	public class ConvertSD2SIAndTruncate : InstructionWithDestinationAndSource
	{
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It seems that kelp can do just about anything. From stabilizing and thickening foods to fertilizing plants, this giant algae has a million different applications. But who could have thought it would make an attractive addition to your home? Artist Julia Lohmann has used the sensational seaweed to create beautiful laser-cut lampshades. The kelp's dried green skin produces a soft glow while the pierced geometric patterns reminiscent of Japanese textiles give the lampshade a lacy, delicate look. More fragile in appearance than her previous series of lamps, Kelp Constructs, we can certainly imagine this seaweed gracing our homes.
After first stretching and drying the algae over rattan frames, pieces of the thin green kelp are carefully cut with a laser and stitched together. Lit from within, the lamps seem to float and shine like an underwater kelp forest. By literally and figuratively highlighting kelp, Lohmann hopes to promote the humble seaweed as a viable material for art and manufacturing. "I want to develop tools to make something from the material that is very valuable, and then I would love to share them with the communities, who then can combine them with their local craft techniques," says Lohmann.
Next year, Lohmann will introduce the Department of Seaweed at the V&A Museum in London during her tenure as artist in residence. Her project will be a comic interpretation of the institution's established schools of concentration such as the Department of Ceramics or Metalwork. We can't wait for her to dive in!
It seems that kelp can do just about anything. From stabilizing and thickening foods to fertilizing plants, this giant algae has a million different applications. But who could have thought it would make an attractive addition to your home? Artist Julia Lohmann has used the sensational seaweed to create beautiful laser-cut lampshades. The kelp's dried green skin produces a soft glow while the pierced geometric patterns reminiscent of Japanese textiles give the lampshade a lacy, delicate look. More fragile in appearance than her previous series of lamps, Kelp Constructs, we can certainly imagine this seaweed gracing our homes.


text:
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British intelligence fears Gulf crisis could lead to attacks on UK by Iranian terror cells
Hezbollah Flag. (upyernoz/Flickr)
July 23, 2019 Tribune News Service - Arab News
The UK could come under attack from Iranian-backed terror cells if the ongoing Gulf crisis worsens and relations between London and Tehran continue to deteriorate, intelligence sources have said.
Senior intelligence officers in the UK now rank the Islamic Republic only behind Russia and China as the severest threat to the national security of the UK, a Daily Telegraph report on Monday said.
Tensions between Britain and Iran have heightened following the seizure of UK-flagged tanker Stena Impero in the Strait of Hormuz last week, raising concerns of top intelligence bodies in Britain.
According to MI5 and MI6, Iran is funding a network of terror cells across the European continent — including in the UK — and, depending on how the Gulf crisis plays out, could give the green light for attacks to be carried out.
A counter-terror operation in 2015 against a Hezbollah-linked cell found the group had been stockpiling tons of explosives on the outskirts of London, something first disclosed by the Telegraph in June, and described as "proper organized terrorism."
A source told the newspaper: "Iran has Hezbollah operatives in position to carry out a terrorist attack in the event of a conflict. That is the nature of the domestic threat Iran poses to the UK."
MI5 and Metropolitan Police said they were confident that the 2015 raids had "severely disrupted" Iranian terror activity in the UK, but that cells still existed on the European mainland.
The report also disclosed that Iran had been blamed for a series of cyberattacks on the UK, including hacking of politician's and peers personal information, on the Post Office as well as local government bodies and private sector companies in 2018.
The UK government has sent a letter of protest to the UN Security Council over the seizure of the tankers in "Omani waters when it was interrupted by Iranian forces," which it says is an "illegal interference by Iran."
The UK government has consistently said it does not seek confrontation with Iran, but the letter added: "It is unacceptable and highly escalatory to threaten shipping going about its legitimate business through internationally recognized transit corridors."
© 2019 the Arab News (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
VIDEO: Trump says US could 'wipe Afghanistan off face of the earth' if desired
Mark Esper confirmed as Secretary of Defense
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text:
Q: ASp.NEt MVC :Push new Resources updates of website in web browser i have developed my website using ASP.MVC3 platform, please provide exact solution for below concerns.
If User visit my website After new resource  updates[style changes,script] in our site, they can view  only old resources in website .
For getting new resource updates in site they need to manually refresh the page several times for get it to render properly with new changes. This doesn't happen on any  several sites.
SO anyone suggest How to avoid refresh the page again and again for getting new updates site in programmatical way. and also suggest any possibility to do this in my site global.axjax file MVC application while website loading?
Please don't tell like this  "clear your browser cache "

A: One of the most common technique people use is to update the reference to the source files by adding random query string in the end of link,  like this
<link href="/Content/all.min.css?d=20090107" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

you can do the same for Javascript files. For more details on why this helps, check the following link
What does '?' do in a Css link?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Ok, ok, ok. So, I've settled on the subject of my percussion concerto, Sakanouye No Tamuramaro : Concerto for Percussion and Blown Instruments. Hmnnn………this guy was Japan's 2nd shogun, and a highly revered general; not to mention that he's supposedly the founder of the Kiyomizu-dera temple in Kyoto. There's a lot of lore and legend surrounding this guy, which is another reason why I chose him as my subject; the first reason is that I love history. There are several open-ended accounts of his life, background, etc…, that drew my attention.
Although the subject matter deals with Japanese history, the music, for double wind quintet and solo percussion, is of a different character. However, I do intend to include moments that suggest his ethnic identity; I just don't want to keep it in that zone.
I've got all of my motivic ideas laid out, and I made some changes. Originally, I included a steel pan in the set-up; convinced that it would work. And, it could………BUT, I'd like to have several performances of this with the same instrumentation each time. So, I made the necessary amendments. Plus, this is a great challenge for me! I enjoy writing for orchestra so much, that having to condense my ideas down is what I need for composing a work such as this.
My workload now consists of me inputting the first notes from my hand-written sketches into Sibelius. I'm also writing a piano reduction of my bass concerto, Inescapable. I haven't had any time to organize my drafts of Symphony No. 2, and I'm still in the middle of Symphony No. 3. Hopefully a residency with an orchestra or a handsome commission will come along to further those efforts. But for now, my earthly air-sharers, I'm back to the lab. More updates coming……..
April 19th, 2013, my birthday; the day after Public Enemy was inducted into the hallowed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Ron Maskell interviewed me at the JW Marriott (L.A. Live) Hotel. Get up close with my life as a producer/composer, and overall kool dude from the hood. Hear some of my many stories.
The Midwest Chamber Ensemble and Greg Haynes (percussion) will be premiering my Percussion Concerto in November. I'm in the process of working out my thematic material; planning, etc…. I'll post more about this as the work progresses.
Also in the works is a piano reduction of my recent bass concerto.
1. I'm seeking major orchestras to program my Symphony No. 1 (Empire of Kasuf), which is for children's choir and orchestra.
2. I'm looking for a choir to perform my short, but sweet chorale work, "If Not the Sun", with original text written by yours truly.
3. I can sure use an agent, and some exposure as an orchestrator or composer on a major motion picture.
For what's it's worth, I think I deserve it. More to come……….you can bet on that!!!
On April 8, 2013 the Kansas City Symphony performed compositions written by students from UMKC's Conservatory of Music and Dance. This is a wonderful opportunity for both the students as well as the musicians to play new works!
From left: Kerwin Young, Tyler Capp, Nicholas Omiccioli and Jiang Yu.
From left: Kerwin Young and Jiang Yu from UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance.
From left: Kerwin Young, Jiang Yu and Nicholas Omiccioli.
UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Tyler Capp chatting with Principal Trombonist Roger Oyster.
From left: Tyler Capp, Nicholas Omiccioli, Kerwin Young and Jiang Yu.
UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Kerwin Young listening to his piece, Symphony No. 3 "Captain Paul Cuffe and the Traveller" with Jiang Yu and Tyler Capp.
Kerwin Young and Jiang Yu.
Assistant Conductor Aram Demirjian with composition student Kerwin Young.
UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Kerwin Young.
UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Nicholas Omiccioli with Assistant Conductor Aram Demirjian and the Kansas City Symphony performing Omiccioli's "Flourishes" for Chamber Orchestra.
UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Nicholas Omiccioli listening to the Kansas City Symphony under the direction of Assistant Conductor Aram Demirjian.
Principal Bassist Jeffrey Kail and UMKC Conservatory of Music and Dance composition student Kerwin Young.


It's always a lot of fun to work on images of pure fantasy. Please click on the images below to see details. Thanks!
I was honored to illustrate the Call for Entries poster for Spectrum Fantastic Art 25.
Here is "The Gargoyle Keeper," NOW a Gustafson Studio Print (without type). Please click HERE for details!


Following a disappointing tumble in January, US Industrial Production spiked 1.1% MoM in February (well above all analyst expectations). This is the 2nd biggest MoM spike in production in 8 years.
The biggest drivers of the surge were oil and gas drilling which spiked 11.6% MoM and Mining which jumped 4.3%. Utilities fell 4.7% MoM.


Over 20 years of Exceptional Customer Service by a local, family owned & operated business.
Zero Waste and Bow Recycling Center remains a family run hauler of solid waste and construction debris and is a fully licensed Transfer Station and Solid waste station located at 330 River Rd. in Bow NH.
Zero Waste was started in 1996 by the Emanuel family and after 20 years is still owned and operated by Stanley and Peter Emanuel. In 2000, Bow Recycling Services was established by Stanley and Peter to enhance the operation of Zero Waste and afford the local truck industry a licensed Transfer Station & Solid Waste handling facility. Over the years, the company has been able to develop and maintain a strong reputationwith its' customers for exceptional customer service.