text:
\section{Introduction}
Blue stragglers (BSs) are stars lying above the main sequence (MS) turnoff
region in colour-magnitude diagrams, a region where, if the BSs had
been normal single stars, they should already have evolved away from
the main sequence \citep{stry}. Several mechanisms have been proposed to
explain the formation of BSs in different environments.
\begin{itemize}
\item BSs may be stars formed later than the rest of the cluster or
  association. Though this may well happen in some regions with
  sequential star formation, in many clusters there are no stellar
  sequences connecting the BSs with the turn-off, arguing against a
  second epoch of star formation.
\item BSs might be evolved stars back in the blue region of the HR diagram
  after a red supergiant phase. However, abundances of Nitrogen in
  blue stragglers are much lower than those predicted by models for
  stars in blue loops \citep{smartt}.
\item BSs may be stars that, for some reason, have evolved
  bluewards. In particular {\it homogeneous evolution} has been
  proposed as a mechanism that can result in blueward evolution for
  very high (near-critical) initial rotational velocity
  \citep{maeder}. However there
  is no strong {\it a priori} reason to believe that many such extreme
  rotators will be formed.
\item BSs may be formed by coalescence of two stars. This mechanism
  requires a high stellar density environment. Though it is probably the
  major channel for the formation of BSs in globular cluster, it
  is unlikely to be able to explain BSs in OB associations.
\item BSs result from mass exchange in close binaries. Examples of this
  process abound amongst massive binaries (see review by Negueruela in
  these proceedings). Therefore this channel must contribute some BSs in
  young clusters and associations.
\end{itemize}

While the properties of BSs in globular clusters have been the object
of many studies, the mechanisms for forming BSs in young open clusters
have deserved little attention. The most relevant works are those of
\citet{mermi} and \citet{mathys}

\section{Observations}

As part of our programme to fully characterise a sample of young open
clusters, we have obtained spectroscopy of large numbers of stars in
the young open clusters NGC~663, NGC~869 and NGC~3766, and the
moderately older clusters NGC~6649 and IC~4725.

We obtained spectra for 38 bright stars in $h$ Persei and the
immediately surrounding area on 2003 November 15th, using the 4.2-m
WHT at the La Palma Observatory, equipped with the ISIS spectrograph
and the R600B grating (0.4 \AA/pixel). In addition, 17 members were
observed with the 2.5-m INT, also at the La Palma Observatory, with the
IDS spectrograph and the R900V grating (0.6 \AA/pixel), in July 2003.

Spectra for 140 members of NGC 663 were obtained in two runs during
October/November 2002, one with the INT+IDS and the R400V grating (1.2
\AA/pixel) and the other one with the 1.93-m telescope at Observatoire
de Haute-Provence and the Car\'elec spectrograph and the 300 ln/mm
grating (1.8 \AA/pixel).

Spectra of the brightest members of NGC 6649 were obtained with the WHT+ISIS
and the R300B grating (0.9 \AA/pixel) on 2004 May 20th.

Finally observations of NGC 3766 and IC 4725 were obtained in May 2004 with
the New Technology Telescope (NTT) at La Silla, equipped with EMMI in
the longslit spectrograph mode.

\section{Results}

\subsection{HR diagrams}
In order to detect BSs in our sample of open clusters, we use two
types of HR diagram. When Str\"omgren photometry of a sufficient large
sample exists, we use the observational $M_{V}/c_{0}$ diagram for the
determination of cluster ages. If we have spectroscopy of a large
number of members, we can also construct a ``theoretical'' HR diagram
using the following procedure: from our spectra, we determine accurate
spectral types and then take the corresponding $T_{{\rm eff}}$  from
the tabulation of \citet{hme84}. We then calculate the individual
reddening for each star, using precision $UBV$ (and $RI$ where
available) photometry from the literature and $JHK$ from 2MASS. The
photometry and the Kurucz model corresponding to the spectral type are
used as input for the $\chi^{2}$
code for parameterised modelling and characterisation of photometry and
spectroscopy implemented by \citet{maiz04}, which estimates the
reddening . After dereddening, we
correct for the adopted distance modulus and transform to $M_{{\rm
    bol}}$ using the calibration of BC for a given spectral type
given by \citet{hme84}. All the isochrones shown are from
\citet{schaller}.

\subsection{NGC 3766}
\label{sec:3766}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\label{fig:phot3766}
\plotone{amarco_fig1.eps}
\caption{$M_{V}-c_{0}$ diagram for NGC 3766, based on the photometric
  data from \citet{shob85} and \citet{shob87}, with the spectral types
  derived from our spectra.}
\end{figure}

We have Str\"{o}mgren photometry for 55 stars in this cluster from
\citet{shob85} and \citet{shob87}. The cluster HR digram
(Fig.~1) clearly demonstrates the age of the cluster,
$\sim25\:$Myr. This age is fully consistent with the spectral types of
the stars around the MS turn-off (B2\,V). However, there is an object
with $M_{{\rm V}} = -3.9$ lying clearly to the left of the
isochrone. This star (S5) is located
at the very centre of the cluster. Its spectral type B0.7\,III
confirms that it is earlier than any other member, but also that its
parameters (distance and reddening) are those of a cluster member. We
thus conclude that this object is a blue straggler in NGC~3766.

The other object marked with an open square
(S326, BF~Cen) also is a very interesting case. Its spectrum
clearly shows that it is a
double-line spectroscopic binary. \citet{helt} found that it is an
eclipsing binary with a 3.7-d orbital period. The primary component is
a B1.5\,V star with 8.7$M_{\sun}$ and 5$R_{\sun}$, while the
secondary component is a B6\,III star with 3.8$M_{\sun}$ and
7$R_{\sun}$. The latter rotates
synchronously, while the primary rotates much faster, implying that it
is a post-mass transfer system. Taking into account that the secondary
contributes a substantial amount of light, the B1.5\,V star alone
would be located to the
left of the turn-off and be a mild blue straggler. This is a good
example of a blue straggler created by mass transfer.

\subsection{NGC 869}

 In the observational photometric diagram of NGC~869,
 there are many stars to the left of the MS turn-off
 \citep{marco}. This is also evident in the theoretical HR
 diagram (Fig.~2) built from our spectral types and the photometry
 from \citet{kel01}.  The spectral types of the stars leaving the main
 sequence (B1.5\,V) are compatible with an age of
 $\sim15-20\:$Myr. However, a large number of evolved stars lying to
 the left of the turn-off have spectral types indicating higher
 masses.

\begin{figure}[t]
\label{fig:phot869}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig2a.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-370}{-320}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig2b.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-120}{-223}
\caption{{\bf Left panel} Theoretical HR diagram for h Persei built
from the observations following the procedure indicated in the
text.\newline
{\bf Right panel} $M_{V}-c_{0}$ diagram for NGC 663. The stars marked
with filled squares were observed spectroscopically. Spectral types
for some members are shown. The objects marked with stars are spectroscopic and photometric blue stragglers.}
\end{figure}

We can distinguish two kinds of BSs.  Most of them concentrate around
the $\log t=7.1$ isochrone. Though
\citet{strom} show that many of these objects are not very fast
rotators {\it now}, the fact that all of them are evolved from the MS
leads us to speculate that their position to the
left of the turn-off may be related to initial fast rotation.
A few other BSs occupy positions indicating much higher masses. The
B2\,Ia and B3\,Ia supergiants are amongst the most massive B-type
supergiants in the sample of \citet{mcerlean}, with evolutionary
masses of the order of $\sim30M_{\sun}$. Both types of BSs are present
at the cluster core and most of them are certainly cluster members.

\begin{figure}[t]
\label{fig:two}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig3a.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-370}{-320}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig3b.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-120}{-223}
\caption{{\bf Left panel} $M_{V}-c_{0}$ diagram for NGC 3293, based on
  the photometric data from \citet{balona94}, with spectral types from
  \citet{evans2005}
\newline
{\bf Right panel} $M_{V}-c_{0}$ diagram for NGC 4755, based on the
photometric data from \citet{koen94}, with spectral types from
\citet{evans2005}.}
\end{figure}

A similar effect, well-defined MS turn-off and most of the evolved
stars lying to the left, can also be seen in two other relatively massive
clusters, perhaps slightly younger than NGC~869, for which abundant
data exist in the literature: NGC 3293 and NGC 4755 (see
Fig.~3).
In these three open clusters and many others of similar age, there are
B-type supergiants lying well above the corresponding isochrones for
the cluster. Their progenitors are stars more massive than
$\sim20M_{\sun}$ and therefore they are necessarily BSs in clusters
older than $10\:$Myr.

\subsection{NGC 663}

From the observational photometric diagram, the cluster has an age
$\sim25\:$Myr, again in good agreement with the spectral types of
stars close to the turn-off (B2\,V). We find two obvious photometric
BSs located near the cluster core (S4 and S30). Their spectral
types (B1\,III in both cases) support their BS nature and their
cluster membership. Our spectra reveal at least three other
spectroscopic BSs which were saturated in our
photometry. They include the O9.5\,V star S162 and, of particular interest,
LS I +61$^{\circ}$ 235 (S194), a B0.5\,IVe star in the Be/X-ray binary
RX~J0146.9+6121.

\subsection{NGC 6649}

The age of this cluster is $\sim50\;$Myr \citep{wl87}, confirmed by the
study of the characteristics of the double mode Cepheid member V367
Sct. We build the theoretical HR diagram from our spectra and the
photometry of \citet{wl87}. The spectral types of the brightest blue members
show good agreement with this age, presenting a MS turn-off around B4\,V
(Fig.~4). There are two obvious BSs, the brightest of which is
a B1\,IIIe star (S9), unambiguously associated with an {\it XMM-Newton}
X-ray source. This
object appears to be a low luminosity Be/X-ray binary or a member of
the class of $\gamma$-Cas-like X-ray sources (see contribution by
Motch et al. in these proceedings).

\subsection{IC 4725}
The age of this cluster has been set at $90-100\:$Myr by several
different studies and is also constrained by the presence of a classical
Cepheid, U Sgr. From the spectral types, we find the MS turn-off
around B6\,V, in  good agreement with this age, but leaving at least
four evolved BSs, three of which are Be stars (see Fig.~4).

\begin{figure}[t!]
\label{fig:dia6649}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig4a.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-370}{-320}
\plotfiddle {amarco_fig4b.eps}{3cm}{0}{80}{80}{-120}{-223}
\caption{{\bf Left panel} Theoretical HR diagram for NGC 6649 built
from the observations following the procedure indicated in the
text.\newline
{\bf Right panel} Theoretical HR diagram for IC 4725 built
from our spectra and photometry by \citet{joh60}. Be stars appear as
filled squares.}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and conclusions}
Though the sample of open clusters for which a detailed analysis has
been made is still quite small, we observe the following interesting trends:

\begin{itemize}
\item Blue stragglers are found in all open clusters surveyed
\item In clusters $\sim15\:$Myr old, most evolved stars appear too
  massive for these ages.
In particular, many of these clusters  contain Ia and Iab supergiants,
  which must be descended from stars with $\ga20M_{\sun}$ according to all
  theoretical evolutionary paths. Such massive stars have lifetimes
  $<10\:$Myr \citep{mm03}, rendering all these supergiants BSs.
\item Among clusters younger than $\sim25\:$Myr, very few BSs are Be stars.
\item From the data on IC~4725 and NGC~6649, incomplete samples in
  NGC~2516 and IC~2488 and data in the literature \citep{mermi}, it
  would seem that most BSs in clusters in the $50-150$~Myr range are
  Be stars.
\item Our data suggest that a non-negligible fraction of BSs in moderately
young open clusters are formed by mass transfer in a close binary
(X-ray sources in NGC~663 and NGC~6649, eclipsing binary in NGC~3766),
but not all BSs are binaries, making it unlikely that this might be the only
channel.
\item Likely different mechanisms are dominant at different ages.
\end{itemize}

\acknowledgements
This research is partially supported by the Spanish
  MCyT under grant AYA2002-00814 and the Generalitat Valenciana under
  grant GV04B/729. IN is a researcher of the
programme {\em Ram\'on y Cajal}, funded by the Spanish Ministerio de
Ciencia y Tecnolog\'{\i}a and the University of Alicante.

The INT and WHT are operated on the island of La
Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque
de Los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrof\'{\i}sica de Canarias. Some
observations presented here were obtained as part of the ING service
programme. Partially based on
    observations collected at the European Southern Observatory,
    Chile (ESO 73.D-0032). Partially based on
observations made at
Observatoire de Haute Provence (CNRS), France.
This research has made use of the Simbad data base, operated at CDS,
Strasbourg (France) and the WEBDA open cluster database.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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    return required_fields

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# Exceptions as defined in PEP-249, the module treats errors using thoses
# classes following as closely as possible the original definitions.

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try:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
gatehouse greetings from 1932
Turns out that writing on windows was something they did at the Gatehouse, too. Thanks to Lindsey for waiting for just the right light to capture this shot from their dining room window.
In the west parlor window, Charles E. Rudd (the seller's grandfather) carved the date into glass on Feb. 22 1896, exactly 93 years before our younger daughter was born. Happy birthday, Katherine!
more writing on windows
Glancing through the west parlor window at Donald on the side porch, his dark shirt makes visible writing I hadn't noticed before: the signature of Charles E. Rudd (the seller's grandfather) dated Feb. 22 '96, exactly 93 years to the day before our younger daughter was born.
Today, the painter who is stripping wallpaper discovers a signature dated exactly 96 years ago. Unlike other signatures which are small and in pencil, this one is grand and loops ostentatiously across a wall. It's in red crayon which has faded, so the name is barely legible. Quite legibly above it, however, is a comment by a subsequent paperer: "crook."
In the living room, a closet next to the fireplace will be opened to provide access to the kitchen.
We arrive this weekend to discover that much progress has already been made. Walls denuded of wallpaper reveal many ghosts, such as holes for stovepipes (see white patch near ceiling), shadows of former doors and signatures of painters and wallpaperers, including that of the seller's father who did much work on the house (including carpentry and upholstery) himself.
Upstairs, the ghost of a former door to a bedroom.
According to writing on the wall, papering was done in May, 1915 and again (by John K Rudd himself) in August, 1972.
Stripping wallpaper reveals 100+ year old paint in the hallways: a rich, moss green which we may try to match.
In the den, we'll repair a chimney so that the cemented-up fireplace on left is usable again.
Mold in the tower necessitated removing plaster from walls and ceiling. The contractor checks for location of old chimney.
The only plaster in the tower that won't be removed is a strip bearing signatures of painters and wallpaperers since 1923.
Stripping wallpaper in center hallway revealed signatures by former inhabitants of Holleywood. Even Ben the Dog.
We're updating this bathroom but will re-use the tub, a vintage porcelain the architect says weighs close to 1000 lbs.
Two of three generous closets built by the seller's father in a bedroom will be transformed into an en-suite bathroom.
The wallpaper in the master bedroom dates from before I was born. We know because Floyd the Wallpaperer signed his name beneath a patch of it. Upstairs, on a wall of the tower, is a long list of painters' signatures in pencil, dating from 1923. Harkening back to an era when painters were artisans eager to assume accountability for their work.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Red wine Barrel Respectful agriculture. 6 months in barrels and cement tanks. Volume: 75 cl. Winery: Josep Grau Viticultor. Production area: D.O. Montsant. Grapes used in this wine: Syrah and Samsó and Garnacha Tinta.
Red wine Barrel Respectful agriculture. 8 months in French oak barrels. Volume: 75 cl. Winery: Josep Grau Viticultor. Production area: D.O. Montsant. Grapes used in this wine: Garnacha Tinta and Samsó.
Red wine Barrel Respectful agriculture. 8 months in French oak barrels. Volume: Magnum Winery: Josep Grau Viticultor. Production area: D.O. Montsant. Grapes used in this wine: Garnacha Tinta and Samsó.


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The blinds came quickly and packaged well. The installation was easy. But several of the slats were dented and we really didn't notice until they were up. They are in a guest bedroom so we won't return them. But I wouldn't order these particular mini blinds again. On the plus side the mechanism works well and is easy to open and close.
We will make arrangements to get a photo so we can get a new blind.
This could not have been any easier to accomplish. And blinds delivered as promised. Would definitely recommend!


text:
What Are Some 5 Syllable Words?
What are some 5 syllable words? words 5 syllable
amanuensis.
belletristical.
penetralia.
superangelic.
supercelestial.
subterranean.
tonsillectomy.
appendectomy.
Also, How do you stress a 4 syllable word?
The stress in four syllable words is either on the second or third syllable. The second syllable is generally stressed if the word ends in "-cy", "-ty", "-phy", "-gy" or "-al".
In addition to, What is a 3 syllable example?
Secondly, What's a 7 syllable word?
What are stressed syllables examples?
So, for example in the word 'ahead', 'HEAD' is the stressed syllable and the 'a' at the beginning is un-stressed - 'a. HEAD'. In 'amended', 'MEN' is the stressed syllable the 'a' and the 'ded' at the end are unstressed - 'a. MEN.
Related Question for What Are Some 5 Syllable Words?
What is second syllable?
In two-syllable words, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are usually stressed on the first syllable. Two-syllable verbs are usually stressed on the second syllable. Some words, called heteronyms, change part of speech when the stressed syllable moves.
How do you know if a syllable is stressed?
The pitch of a stressed syllable is usually higher. It is said more clearly -The vowel sound is purer. Compare the first and last vowel sounds with the stressed sound. It uses larger facial movements - Look in the mirror when you say the word.
What are some multisyllabic words?
2-syllable words
mascot.
tennis.
napkin.
publish.
goblin.
cactus.
What is the longest word in English language?
The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles, specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as silicosis.
What word has the most syllables?
According to Syllable Count, the English word with the most syllables is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, with 19 syllables. It is defined as pneumoconiosis, caused by inhalation of very fine silicate or quartz dust.
What syllable type is apples?
Closed Syllables in Multisyllable Words
Since the "a" is closed in or trapped, it makes the short sound of /a/ like apple. We pronounce this syllable as /f/ /a/ /n/.
What are the 7 syllable types?
Defines the seven syllable types: closed, open, r control, final magic e, [ -cle ], diphthong, and vowel team.
What are the four types of syllables?
Types of Syllables
A closed syllable ends in a consonant.
An open syllable ends in a vowel.
A vowel-consonant-e syllable is typically found at the end of a word.
A vowel team syllable has two vowels next to each other that together say a new sound, as in the word south.
What is a syllable example?
A syllable is an uninterrupted segment of sound which is formed by the opening and closing the mouth to form vowels. So for example, the words cat and boat have 1 syllable because we hear one vowel sound in each word. The words cupcake and dinner have 2 syllables because we hear 2 vowel sounds in these words.
Which syllable should you stress when you say outrun?
They are usually content words such as nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs. secondary stress on the grammatical word. E.g., outrun [饞Ut"r鷢], outwit [饞Ut"wIt]. c) If the verb consists of prefix plus a bound root, place the primary stress on the root, which is usually the second syllable.
How do you teach syllables to stress?
What is stressed syllable?
Syllable Stress A stressed syllable has a longer, louder, and higher sound than the other syllables in the word. Syllables with. Page 1. Syllable Stress. A stressed syllable has a longer, louder, and higher sound than the other syllables in the word.
What is first syllable stress?
If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.
How do you know if a word has two syllables?
To use it, say the word and clap your hands together each time you hear a vowel sound. For example, take the word "autumn": au-tumn. That's two vowel sounds, so it's two syllables even though autumn has three vowel letters: a, u and u.
What is a poetic foot?
Poetic Feet
A poetic foot is a basic repeated sequence of meter composed of two or more accented or unaccented syllables. In the case of an iambic foot, the sequence is "unaccented, accented". There are other types of poetic feet commonly found in English language poetry.
Is Love stressed or unstressed?
Is Love stressed or unstressed? You would mark a / over "love" and a u over "ly." There are five stressed syllables in the line. That makes the poem's meter iambic pentameter (penta=five, so iambic pentameter means there are five stressed syllables per line, following an unstressed-stressed rhythm).
Is your favorite two syllables?
'Favorite' can be three syllables, but most Americans will pronounce it as two syllables.
How do you teach syllables in 4th grade?
Look at the word. Circle the vowel sounds with red.
Underline the consonants BETWEEN the vowels (don't worry about the other consonants).
Determine which syllable division rule (VC/CV, V/CV, VC/V, or V/V) applies.
Cut or mark the word accordingly.
Read the word.
How do you decrypt words in 4th grade?
Try the other word that the sound makes.
Look for known parts and/or groups of letters.
Break the word into parts (using affixes or syllables to guide you).
Use context clues from the story and visual clues from the word.
How do I teach my child multisyllabic words?
Repeat the word and give it in a sentence.
Make a line for each spoken syllable.
Pronounce each syllable one by one.
Segment the sounds in each syllable and write each one.
Check for sounds and rules.
Reread.
Is school a one syllable word?
School Has One Syllable — People In Education.
What is a one syllable word?
an uninterrupted segment of speech consisting of a vowel sound, a diphthong, or a syllabic consonant, with or without preceding or following consonant sounds: "Eye," "sty," "act," and "should" are English words of one syllable. "Eyelet," "stifle," "enact," and "shouldn't" are two-syllable words.
How many syllables does smile have?
Wondering why smile is 1 syllable? Contact Us! We'll explain.
How many syllables are in flower?
er? two Yes, there are two syllables in flower.
How many syllables are in the word elephant?
Household is two syllables — which you'll hear when you say the word — even though it's got four vowels. Elephant is three syllables, and hippopotamus is five.
What is a 15 syllable word?
Recent additions to the category. hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia. dimethylamidophenyldimethylpyrazolon. supercalifragilisticexpialidociousness. supercalifragilisticexpialidociously.
Is there a 17 syllable word?
haiku, unrhymed poetic form consisting of 17 syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively.
What Is Multi Syllable Words?
How Do You Teach Syllable Awareness?
What Is A 17 Syllable Poem Called?
How Do You Say Nothing In 500 Words Colorless Words?


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Back to Artist AlbumsL.A. Boppers
L.A. Boppers – Make Mine Bop
01. Where do the Bop go (4:22)
02. Perfect love (5:51)
03. If you go (3:39)
04. Wrap you up (5:05)
05. Christy (5:05)
06. Heartaches (3:56)
07. Well deserved rest (2:50)
08. How strong love can be (4:24)
09. Dog house (4:18)
SKU: PTG 34100 Categories: Artist Albums, L.A. Boppers
In the mid 70's Augie Johnson formed the Boppers in Los Angeles, CA, to back his stylish, knickers-wearing group who had signed a deal with with Fantasy Records. The Boppers, consisting of Robert Griffin, Kenny Davis, Ed Riddick, Ed Luna, and Vance Tenort cut their own Fantasy album entitled The Boppers in 1978. The single releases were "Everybody Wants to be a Star" and "Something Missing" did unfortunately not hit the charts.
They switched to Mercury Records in 1980 and became the L. A. Boppers. The line-up also changed and now consisted of Tenort (lead), Gerry Davis, Riddick, Kenny Styles, Michael Stanton, Stan Martin, with Augie Johnson (on loan from Side Effect) also contributing to their sound. The L. A. Boppers (with input from Mikki Howard) dropped on Mercury in 1980; the first single "Is This the Beat (Bop-Doo-Wah)" made the R&B Top 30 and became their most popular single ever. Subsequent releases, the jazzy "Watching Life" and "Be-Bop Dancer," failed to capture the same audience. A final Mercury album Bop Time (1981) featured an update of the Delfonic's "La, La Means I Love You."
Their final album on MCA Records titled "Make Mine Bop" was released in 1982 and featured the singles: "Where Do the Bops Go"/"Well Deserved Rest," and "How Strong Love Can Be"/"Dog House.". This album, now re-issued by PTG Records, is still highly in demand by soul/funk/jazz fans worldwide.
Steven and Sterling – One Magic Night
01. One Magic Night 0'22
02. Don't Stop 3'40
03. Just One Step 3'25
04. I'm In Love With You 3'55
05. Fragile 4'04
06. Who Is This Jody 4'24
07. Tomorrow 3'38
08. Can I Be With You Tonight 3'35
09. Just Want To Satisfy You 3'45
10. Dead Giveaway 3'35
€ 16.90 € 14.90 Add to cart
Starpoint – Keep On It
01. I just want to be your lover (5:39)
02. For you (5:25)
03. Interlude (0:28)
04. Keep on it (6:35)
05. I want you closer (5:26)
06. Baby let me do it (5:11)
07. We're into love (4:33)
08. Starpoint's here tonight (6:12)
Atlantic Starr – Brilliance
01. Love me Down (4:44)
02. Sexy Dancer (4:50)
03. Love Moves (4:59)
04. Your Love Finally Ran Out (4:39)
05. Circles (4:48)
06. Lets get Closer (5:03)
08. You're The One (4:01)
Starpoint – All Night Long
01. Bring your sweet lovin' back(5:03)
02. Get your body up (5:37)
03. All night long (6:07)
04. Show me (4:39)
05. I like it (5:35)
06. I can give you love (5:44)
07. Miracle love (4:37)
08. It's you (5:43)
Merge – Merge
01. Take It To The Top 5:00
02. Changin' 5:05
03. Volcanic Voodoo 4:35
04. What Makes You Wanna Lie To Me	5:25
05. Worry	5:14
06. Show Him The Way To Go 4:38
07. Heavenly 4:30
08. You're My Everything 5:24
Rick Smith – We should be lovers
01. We should be lovers (5:19)
02. I've got to be with you (4:33)
03. Just like in the movies (3:03)
04. I've got to love you again (4:39)
05. I never give up on love (4:39)
06. Love came today (3:13)
07. We belong in love (4:03)
08. Last night made my day (4:23)
Klique – Let's Wear It Out!
01. Dance Like Crazy (4:58)
02. I Can't Shake This Feeling (5:53)
03. Pump Your Rump (4:31)
04. Baby You Can Be The One (4:21)
05. Best Of Love (5:11)
06. Feel So Good (5:06)
07. I Can't Get Enough (5:35)
08. Let Me Do (4:49)
Starpoint – Wanting you
01. Wanting you (4:48)
02. Do what you wanna do (5:17)
03. Angel (4:33)
04. Last night (4:52)
05. Try me (5:17)
06. Shake it out (5:06)
07. Break up to make up (4:05)
08. Starnite you nite (4:58)
Spunk – Tighten It Up
01. Get what you want (5:04)
02. Hot Flashes (4:50)
03. Love look good on you (4:05)
04. Crazy me (4:00)
05. Tighten it up (4:04)
06. A friend ain't a friend (3:50)
07. Expose yourself (5:05)
08. La Bimini (5:02)
Magic Lady – Hot N Sassy
01. Freaky (4:16)
02. Sexy Body (3:45)
03. Give It Up (3:20)
04. Hold Tight (3:03)
05. Stand Up (3:28)
06. Shake (3:34)
07. Get Off (3:10)
08. Red Hot Stuff (3:37)
09. When we Love (2:46)
Tavares – Future Bound
01. The Ghost Of Love 6:01
02. Timber 5:17
03. We're Both Ready For Love 3:38
04. All I See Is You 3:19
05. Slow Train To Paradise 4:56
06. Honey Can I 3:35
07. More Than a Woman 3:25
08. Feel So Good 4:17
Starpoint – Starpoint
01. Gonna Lift You Up
02. Let Me Love You
03. Never Find a Better Love
04. Don't Leave Me
05. I Just Wanna Dance with You
06. You're My Sunny Day
07. Get Ready, Get Down
08. Girl I'm up for your lovin'
PTG Records powered by Vinyl-Masterpiece.com & Webcontent4you.com


Eine schallende Ohrfeige für den Roulette Trick, der in dieser Sekunde an die Grenzen gehen wird, denn beim Roulette ist Grün alles, nur nicht die Hoffnung. Die Trickkiste wackelt, und ihr Deckel fällt zu.
Trick 3: The way a dealer adds the payouts is another trick worth noting. Roulette dealers look for patterns in the placement of chips which make it easier to calculate the payout for each player. These patterns which they refer to as picture bets are taught when they are being trained.
You just have to feel roulette the dealer and pushes person. I offer some tactics on what to think about when you are tipping and I am certain that there are several more.


text:
Nokia draws first blood in Daimler validity battle
RistoH / Shutterstock.com
Chinese mobile firms fail in bid to stay FRAND proceedings with Nokia
Nokia's auto licensing plan pays off as revenues jump 20%
WIPR survey: Readers back reduced health warnings for cigarette packets
Another string to your bow
EU law doesn't prevent punitive damages in IP suits, says CJEU
Nokia is claiming victory in one leg of its long-running patent battle with German automaker Daimler, after the European Patent Office (EPO) affirmed the validity of a key Nokia patent.
The Finnish telecommunications company is suing Daimler for patent infringement in several German courts. According to Nokia, Daimler has refused to license its standard-essential patents (SEPs) covering cellular telecommunications methods increasingly used in automobiles.
Daimler responded by challenging the validity of the Nokia patents at the EPO and at the German Federal Patent Court. Earlier this week, the EPO heard the first case in the validity challenges and upheld one of the Nokia patents at issue.
The patent (EP2087626), one of 10 asserted by Nokia, is part of the company's SEP portfolio covering the 3G Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard. The patent is also included in an infringement case which will be heard by a court in Munich in July.
"We are pleased with the EPO decision, which upheld the validity of our patent. This once again demonstrates the strength of Nokia's portfolio and provides further evidence in support of our case against Daimler," a Nokia spokesperson said.
"It's time for Daimler to do the right thing and agree a licence on the same fair terms as many other car companies. Our door remains open for constructive dialogue," the spokesperson added.
One of the major issues in the dispute is who should have to secure a licence to telecoms SEPs such as those owned by Nokia. Patent owners argue that end-level manufacturers, such as Daimler, should have to pay royalties, while automakers have said patent should be licensed further down the supply chain.
This will be one of the key issues at play when the dispute is heard by the EU's highest court. The Düsseldorf Regional Court, one of the German courts involved in the dispute, referred the case to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) last November. Nokia has appealed the referral.
Daimler is seeking greater clarity from the CJEU on what rules should govern the licensing of SEPs under EU law. Germany's competition authority has also expressed an interest, taking the unusual step last year of asking a court in Mannheim to refer the case to the CJEU.
With the impasse between patent owners and automakers spilling over into extensive litigation, the European Commission has pledged to try and "reduce frictions" and see disputes settled out of court.
An earlier, leaked version of the Commission's IP Action Plan had indicated that policymakers were particularly concerned about litigation in the auto sector.
Graffiti artist says North Face copied his design
How the Synlait case increases the evidentiary value of letters of consent in China
US jurisdiction report: The lawful seizure of patent rights
Nokia, Daimler, SEPs, telecommunications, EPO, CJEU, licensing, 3G, automaker, cars
Nokia v Daimler SEP dispute referred to CJEU
Germany's Cartel Office weighs in on Nokia/Daimler SEP dispute


text:
Der Mise of Amiens (franz.: Dit d'Amiens, deut: Spruch von Amiens) aus dem Jahr 1264 war ein Versuch, den Verfassungskonflikt zwischen König Heinrich III. von England und der Opposition englischer Barone um Simon de Montfort, 6. Earl of Leicester friedlich beizulegen.

Hintergrund
Im Sommer 1258 erzwangen die englischen Barone, angeführt von Simon de Montfort, von König Heinrich III. die eidliche Anerkennung der Provisions of Oxford, in denen der König den Baronen weitreichende politische Zugeständnisse einräumen musste. Die Beschlüsse von Oxford wurden 1259 mit den Provisions of Westminster erweitert. Mit der Unterstützung Papst Alexanders IV. versuchte der König diese ihm abgerungenen Reformbestimmungen zu revidieren. 1261 entband ihn der Papst von seinem Eid und 1263 erklärte Papst Urban IV. die Provisions of Oxford für ungültig. Dies führte den König in einen Verfassungskonflikt mit den Baronen, der sich allmählich zu einem Bürgerkrieg, dem Zweiten Krieg der Barone, zuspitzte.

Um eine bewaffnete Konfrontation abzuwenden, einigten sich die Streitparteien darauf, den als Friedensstifter anerkannten französischen König Ludwig IX. (Saint Louis) um einen Schiedsspruch in dieser Angelegenheit zu ersuchen. Im September 1262 hatte dieser noch überraschend der im Juli getroffenen Einigung zwischen Heinrich III. und den Rebellen unter Montfort sowie der  erneuten Anerkennung der Provisions of Oxford zugestimmt. Die Unterstützung Montforts durch die Barone ließ jedoch in den nächsten Monaten stark nach, während der König wieder an Macht gewann. Montfort war dadurch gezwungen, am 1. November einen mit Richard von Cornwall, dem Bruder des Königs, ausgehandelten Waffenstillstand zu schließen, nachdem der König die Provisions anerkennen würde, wenn der französische König ihnen erneut zustimmen würde.

Der Urteilsspruch
Am 28. Dezember reiste Heinrich III. wieder nach Frankreich, wo für den 23. Januar 1264 in Amiens das Treffen zwischen ihm und der Delegation der Barone vor dem französischen König anberaumt war. Montfort selbst musste seine Teilnahme absagen, da er auf dem Weg zu seinem Schiff bei Catesby vom Pferd fiel und sich einen Oberschenkelknochen brach. Die Partei der Barone wurde stattdessen von seinem Sohn Henry und von Humphrey V. de Bohun vertreten. Beide Seiten brachten ausgearbeitete Darstellungen ihrer Ansprüche vor. In seinem Schiedsspruch lehnte der französische König dieses Mal die Provisions entschieden ab und sprach Heinrich III. das Recht zu, seine Minister nach seinem Willen zu ernennen. Er erklärte auch alle nach 1258 dem englischen König abgenötigten Verträge für null und nichtig. Sie hätten der englischen Krone an Macht und Ehre beraubt und dem Land Unfriede gebracht. Er verbot die weitere auf den Provisions basierende Gesetzgebung und forderte die englischen Barone dazu auf, ihrem König alle gehaltenen festen Plätze zu übergeben. Damit war der Urteilsspruch eine klare Bestätigung der Position des englischen Königs. Allerdings erklärte Ludwig IX. dazu auch, dass alle Chartas und Freibriefe, die vor 1258 ausgestellt wurden, also auch die Magna Carta, von diesem Urteil nicht betroffen seien. Dazu sollte eine allgemeine Amnestie für alles bisher Geschehene ausgesprochen werden, womit die Barone für die Vergehen begnadigt wurden, die zur Verteidigung der Provisions of Oxford begangen hatten. Montforts unfallbedingte Abwesenheit konnte den Ausgang nicht beeinflusst haben, so dass Heinrich III. scheinbar einen klaren Sieg errungen hatte. Das Urteil wurde im März 1264 auch von Papst Urban IV. anerkannt.

Folgen
Das Urteil stieß bei den Anhängern Montforts sofort auf Ablehnung. Noch bevor Heinrich III. nach England zurückgekehrt war, hatte Montfort seine Anhänger zum Kampf gegen ihn aufgerufen, ihnen blieb nur die Wahl zwischen bewaffneter Rebellion oder die völlige Unterwerfung durch den König. In England kam es zu Unruhen, Gesetzlosigkeit und zahlreichen lokalen Fehden, in denen sich die seit 1258 angestauten Aggressionen entluden. Im offenen Kampf gegen den König errangen die von Monfort geführten Barone am 14. Mai 1264 in der Schlacht von Lewes einen vollständigen Sieg über den König. Im Dezember 1264 rief daraufhin Montfort das nach ihm benannte De Montfort's Parliament aus, welches am 20. Januar 1265 erstmals zusammentraf. Somit war das erste allumfassende Parlament der europäischen Geschichte gebildet. Doch bereits im Mai kam es zu neuen Kämpfen, und im August 1265 fiel Montfort gegen die Königlichen unter dem Kronprinzen Eduard Plantagenet in der Schlacht von Evesham.

Bewertung
Die Beweggründe der Parteien, besonders für Montfort, den Urteilsspruch des französischen Königs zu ersuchen werden in der Geschichtsforschung kontrovers diskutiert. Schon den Zeitgenossen war durchaus bewusst, dass König Ludwig IX. in dieser Angelegenheit alles andere als ein neutraler Schiedsrichter sein konnte. Zum einen waren er und Heinrich III. über ihre Frauen miteinander verschwägert. Vor dem Schiedsspruch wurde er durch die Diplomatie von Königin Eleonore, die seit September 1262 in Frankreich war, und durch die Unterstützung des Papstes für Heinrich III. beeinflusst. Die Gewissheit, dass die Mehrheit der englischen Magnaten Heinrich III. unterstützte sowie die Empörung Ludwigs IX. über die Angriffe der Anhänger Montforts auf Angehörige des Klerus haben sicher zu seiner Entscheidung beigetragen. Dazu war Ludwig IX. als Mehrer des Königtums bekannt, der in seiner Herrschaftszeit die regierende und gesetzgebende Gewalt der französischen Krone gegenüber den eigenen Vasallen deutlich zur Geltung gebracht hatte – eine Haltung, die den Motiven der englischen Opposition entgegenstand, die von ihrem König eine Teilung der Macht erreichen wollte. Etwas anderes als ein Urteil zugunsten seines englischen Amtskollegen wäre von Ludwig IX. nicht zu erwarten gewesen. Vermutlich aber hatte Montfort darauf spekuliert, um dadurch König Heinrichs III. Ansehen unter dem mit ihm noch sympathisierenden Baronen Englands zu schaden, indem der König seine Schwäche gegenüber seinen Gegnern offenbarte und gegen sie bei einem ausländischen Monarchen um Hilfe ersuchen musste. Zugleich aber könnte Montfort sich und seine Partei als einziger Wahrer einer unabhängigen Politik Englands gegenüber dem Papst und dem König von Frankreich positionieren.

Literatur
 Reinhold Pauli: Simon von Montfort, Graf von Leicester, der Schöpfer des Hauses der Gemeinen (Tübingen, Laupp, 1867)
 J. R. Maddicott: Simon de Montfort (Cambridge University Press, 1996)

Anmerkungen

Geschichte Englands im Mittelalter
1264
Heinrich III. (England)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


^ Storer, Frank Humphreys (1864). First outlines of a dictionary of solubilities of chemical substances. Cambridge. pp. 278–280.
^ J. D. Clark, Ignition!: An informal history of liquid rocket propellants, Rutgers University Press, 1972.
^ F. J. Krieger, "The Russian Literature on Rocket Propellant", The Rand Corporation, 1960.
^ G. P. Sutton and "O. Biblarz, Rocket Propulsion Elements 8th Ed.", Wiley, 2011.


These royals are best close friends but they get genuinely competitive when it comes to buying. Can you support them try to preserve their cool although they search for mouse click the next page the most recent and greatest designs in their favored retailers? They're participating in a buying competition so items could undoubtedly get a little tense in this on the internet dress-up game. Developers of The Redistricting Game and supporters of redistricting reform showed off the interactive tool Wednesday on Capitol Hill. The game, which was developed by a team from the University of Southern California, makes it possible for players to try their hand at drawing political district lines in 3 fictional states.Withdraw your earnings as they come. If you commence off betting $one hundred and end up with $150, then you need to withdraw your profit ($50) and preserve it separate. Continue playing with the very same $one hundred, and that way, the maximum loss you can have is $50. 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In the final stage, they will attend Unilever offices and collaborate virtually, providing them a day in the life encounter at the company.Historically, Computer games had been sold on floppy disk or CD-ROM and packaged in boxes much bigger than required. Start escalating your rank. You can start raising your RP (Reputation Points) and cash by joining online matches and accepting missions. Your RP determines your on the internet ranking in GTA V, so if you want to rank-up rapidly, you better achieve lots of RP. You can verify out your map to see where to go to join in on the internet matches or get missions.Historically, Computer games were sold on floppy disk or CD-ROM and packaged in boxes significantly larger than needed. The benefit of this strategy is intuitive. In fundamental roulette, you're playing a coin-flip game. You bet on a color, and your colour either wins out or it does not. If you only bet on a single color, and you keep doubling your bet until you win. Supplied you preserve doubling losing bets, as quickly as you win, you have recovered all your losses.It's one of the most beautiful Halo maps ever produced, but never let that pearlescent sheen blind you to the truth that it really is an absolute meat-grinder, with a single central killzone stacked atop another. Heading for the upper level is a very good rule of thumb - you can descend swiftly (or alternatively, toss down a grenade) by way of gaps in the radial routes. When fighting about the ramps at the finish of every single "spoke" of the wheel, attempt jumping the barrier to catch ascending players from the rear. If you're holding the centre by your self, keep circling round so you do not have your back to any one particular access point.Select a machine with a fixed or a progressive jackpot. There are two main categories for progressive slots machines: best payout" and progressive". 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They give a far more natural appear to your tank than fake ones, and betta fish love lounging on the leaves and hiding in them to sleep. Reside plants also assist to oxygenate the water and hold the water cleaner for longer periods of time by absorbing nitrates, which can be dangerous to your fish.Compare the required and advised specifications of the game to these of your machine. Your gear could not be up to par for the intended encounter, even if the game will nonetheless run on your computer. Look up the games specs to make certain you can play the game after it downloads.


text:
Decade-Long Study Of Pacific Predators Shows Importance Of Biological 'Hotspots'
by Underwatertimes.com News Service - June 22, 2011 16:43 EST
Decade-Long Study Reveals Recurring Patterns Of Viruses In The Open Ocean
Study: Deep Oceans Can Mask Global Warming For Decade-Long Periods; 'The Heat Has Not Disappeared'
Study: Shark Virgin Birth Shows Offspring Can Survive Long Term; Parthenogenesis No 'Dead-end'
Study: Modelling Shows Some Oceans Left Behind By Sea-Level Rise; Pacific Up, Poles Regions Down
NOAA: Study Shows Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean Dolphin Populations Improving
Researchers on the Pacific Storm, tagged blue whales near the Channel Islands of California in 2006. credit Craig Hayslip
NEWPORT, Oregon -- An unprecedented decade-long study of apex predators in the Pacific Ocean found a wider range of distribution among some species than previously thought, unknown relationships between other species, and the importance of biological "hotspots" to the survival of most of these sea creatures.
The field program, dubbed Tagging of Pacific Predators – or TOPP – looked at 23 species from 2000-09 and included researchers from multiple institutions.
Results of the study are being published this week in the journal Nature.
"One thing that quickly became apparent is that there are many similarities among top predators in the California Current System," said Bruce Mate, director of the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University and co-author on the study. "There is a strong overlap in territory, for example, between blue whales and tuna. Blue whales eat krill; the tuna eat fish that eat the krill.
"But the krill, and the ocean conditions that promote its abundance, are key to both species," added Mate, who directed the cetacean portion of the TOPP study. "When there are hotspots of krill or other food, the apex predators need to find them."
Most of these hotspots result from upwelling, or the fertilization of surface waters with nutrient-rich deeper water as a result of wind-driven mixing. One such biological hotspot occurs just west of Santa Barbara, Calif., where the wind comes around Point Conception and triggers strong upwelling.
"When the winds there died, we watched whales eat literally all of the available food in three days, and then they just took off," Mate said. "Most of them moved to the Farallon Islands near San Francisco, which is another productive feeding area. Blue whales likely know these hotspots from experience. Instead of waiting for upwelling to renew the krill population, they'll travel 400 miles in three days to find a new food source."
The study also found, however, that some species have more difficulty with poor ocean productivity, as often happens during El Niño events. Coastal birds also depend on krill, and during an El Niño in 2006-07, most of their hatchlings failed, the researchers noted.
Pinnipeds – including seals and seal lions – normally experience a successful birth rate of 80 percent, but in El Nino years, that drops to 20 percent. "Most of the offspring die," Mate said, "because the mothers cannot produce enough milk."
The TOPP study was the first ocean basin-scale study of marine predator distribution and movement ever conducted, and the massive amount of data collected will help resource managers develop effective ocean protection strategies, the researchers say.
The study underscores the importance of apex predators in different ecosystems, noting how the loss of bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks in the Atlantic Ocean contributed to the near-extinction of cod and similar species.
Mate, a pioneer in the use of satellites to track endangered whales and other species, has been studying blue whales for decades and has been featured in the National Geographic Magazine and the National Geographic Channel film, "Kingdom of the Blue Whale." Most of that documentary was shot aboard OSU's research vessel Pacific Storm, which tracked blue whales tagged off California in the fall to their first-ever discovered winter breeding and calving area 500 miles off Costa Rica in an upwelling area.
Blue whales may be unique among large whales in using areas for reproduction where they can continue to feed. Interestingly, the whales do not have just one route for this migration but instead use a variety of offshore routes and variable timing.
Adult blue whales can grow to the length of a basketball court and weigh as much as 25 large elephants combined. A blue whale's mouth could hold 100 people, Mate said, though its diet is primarily one-and-a half-inch long krill. The heart of a blue whale is the size of a small automobile. Scientists say the blue whale is the largest creature to ever inhabit the Earth – and it is one of the loudest animals in the sea, capable of making sounds equivalent to those of a jet engine, though at frequencies below human hearing.
Mate and his colleagues also tracked a fin whale for more than a year as part of the TOPP research.
"It did nothing that we expected," he said with a laugh. "Usually, we think large whale species go south for the winter and north in the summer, but this whale spent its winter in the Gulf of Alaska and didn't go south until spring when it went as far south as the tip of Baja, but returned back to the Gulf of Alaska without stopping anywhere. In total, the whale made four trips through a 30-kilometer wide area off Vancouver Island, suggesting a preference for a very precise corridor.
"It's hard to generalize about whale behavior with a small sample size," Mate said. "But that's the value of tracking animals over the years through efforts like the TOPP program. We learn about patterns and variability – and inevitably, we learn something we never knew before and often times it is really fundamentally different that what we thought we would find."
Among the Pacific Ocean predators tracked by researchers in addition to whales and tuna were several species of sharks, leatherback sea turtles, two species of albatross, sooty shearwaters, Northern elephant seals and California sea lions.


Seed Forum Lviv presented 7 companies from Ukraine to Lviv based investors. The forum was kinldy opened by the Ambassdor of Norway, HE Ole T. Horrpestad and the Mayor of Lviv, Andri Sadovij. A key-note was given by the manager of iHUB Lviv, Maksim Lysak. The evening reception to Seed Forum Lviv was hosted by the Ambassador of Norway in Hotel George.


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Composting Company Finds The Right Mix
Evolving from shredded bark chips to vertical in-vessel composting for household and commercial food waste, Keenan Recycling Ltd. has helped define the organics recycling industry in Scotland. Part I
David Riggle
BioCycle April 2012, Vol. 53, No. 4, p. 21
Keenan Recycling, Ltd. in New Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Photo by Gregor Keenan
Twenty years ago in New Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Grant Keenan set up a solid fuel business on a 70-acre farm owned by his parents. Business wasn't bad in the winter, but summers were a bit slow, so he started looking for ways to supplement the sale of logs, peat and paraffin that were his stock in trade. A forestry operation nearby had piles of waste bark that Keenan was interested in processing. He purchased a used hammermill, put the bark through it and discovered people would pay for shredded bark mulch for their gardens.
That part of the business took off surprisingly well and eventually he bought a second-hand Doppstadt trommel in order to market more than one size of mulch. Shredders and trommels are expensive machines to sit idle, and Keenan was always looking for extra work to keep them busy. That eventually led him to an opportunity that would shape his operation for a wider benefit than just his own business.
Households in Aberdeenshire would bring their garden waste to Household Recycling Centres (then generally called 'Civic Amenity Sites'). Much of the material was landfilled but Keenan thought he might be able to run the material through the hammermill, compost it in windrows and make something useful. He did just that and has since grown the company, Keenan Recycling, Ltd., to eventually include commercial food waste collection and installation of an in-vessel composting system.
Landfill Directive Sets The Stage
All European Union Member States — including the United Kingdom — were required to implement the European Commission's 1999 Landfill Directive by July 16, 2001.The main aim of the Landfill Directive is to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste going to landfill. Legally binding compliance deadlines were established for gradually increased percentages of organics diverted. In the UK, using a 1995 baseline, biodegradable municipal wastes going to landfill were to be cut to 75 percent of 1995 levels by 2010, 50 percent by 2013 and 35 percent by 2020.
The effect of that implementation process across Scotland, England, Northern Ireland and Wales was profound. In the UK, elected Local Authorities governing rural counties, cities and the like, are responsible for household waste collection, whether they run the service themselves or contract it out. Prior to 2001, typically less than 10 percent of the entire household waste stream was either recycled or composted with only 2 to 3 percent of that being composted. Consequently, as 2001's implementation deadline came into view, Local Authorities suddenly began looking for disposal alternatives for garden waste. At the same time, Keenan's Recycling Ltd. had been established and Keenan was set up to do windrow composting with a small tractor-pulled turner. He soon realized the company could start charging a gate fee to take the green waste from the Local Authorities and help boost their overall recycling rates. This worked well enough that he was able to sell the solid fuel part of the business and focus on composting full time.
In 2010, Keenan Recycling rolled out food waste collection service to commercial businesses. It uses a toploading truck, shown above tipping in the reception hall.
Another boost, also related to the Landfill Directive, was development of the National Waste Plan for Scotland between 1999 and 2003. It set specific targets for the amount of biodegradable waste that must be diverted from landfill and required regions of the country to detail options for how that could be achieved. In practical terms, this meant that the long standing Local Authority landfill culture had to change — quickly — and a great deal more attention was focused on sustainable waste management practices. In the Northeast of Scotland, Keenan's 400 metric tons/year (tpy) green waste operation began to grow. Aberdeenshire set up more collection points for household green waste and, in 2003, Aberdeen City Council decided to roll out household collection to around 60,000 homes. SITA UK, the city's long-term waste contractor, subcontracted the composting work out to Keenan's and the tonnages being windrowed increased more dramatically to several thousand metric tons annually.
To comply with the UK's regulations for composting animal by-products, a vertical in-vessel system was installed. After blending ground yard trimmings and food waste, material is conveyed to the top of the vessel.
Growing Realizations
Around the same time, Gregor Keenan, joined the company as Finance and Technical Director at his brother's invitation. "Grant called to say he thought this composting thing was really going to take off and asked if I would I like to join him," says Gregor. "I'd been working in London and wondering how I could get back up to Aberdeenshire. It was a perfect opportunity. The plan was for Grant to get in a suit and go out and drive the business forward while I would stay on site and keep an eye on the technical and financial side of the operation." Simply put, the plan worked.
Aberdeenshire Council planners also noticed the growth of the company that was now composting 3,000 to 4,000 tpy of garden waste from two Local Authorities. They decided to require full planning approval and a waste management license from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, both of which Keenan Recycling Ltd. obtained in 2004. The company also applied for funding to help grow their business. It received grants from Aberdeenshire Council in 2004-2005, as well as $95,000 (at today's rates) from the national Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP) in 2005. "Government drivers were pushing in our direction," says Gregor. "With the WRAP funding we were able to install a concrete pad, and an office and workshop, and procured a big loading shovel that handles 3 to 4 metric tons in one scoop. That made a big difference to the efficiency of the operations." In 2005, Moray Council, another Local Authority of around 35,000 households bordering Aberdeenshire on the west, also decided to initiate curbside collection of garden waste and put a tender out for composting it. Keenan Recycling bid and won a 5-year contract.
Shaped By Foot-And-Mouth
In February 2001 — while the Landfill Directive was being implemented and the National Waste Plan discussed — a UK farmer discovered the first case of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease seen in the country in 34 years. This highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals spread rapidly and required 10 million sheep and cattle to be killed before it was brought under control 10 months later. According to government sources, the epidemic was probably caused by pigs that had been fed infected meat in restaurant food waste that had not been properly heat-sterilized. It is estimated to have cost the UK over $12.7 billion in losses in the agriculture and support industries and the tourist sector.
This outbreak was — and still is — of great importance to composters and organics recyclers due to the regulatory changes and process requirements it brought to the industry. Given that the cause was determined to be infected meat, steps were taken to improve handling of all animal by-products. These materials were classified by their risk as Category 1, 2 or 3. Category 3, low risk materials, mainly consisted of food waste from households and restaurants (called catering waste in the regulations), material "that had once been food," and some abattoir wastes like blood and feathers.
The 2005 Animal By-Products Regulations (ABPR) clearly stipulated that Category 1 animal by-products (e.g., diseased animals) could not be composted at all. However, if one chose to compost Category 2 (after pretreatment such as heat sterilization) or Category 3 by-products, it could not be legally done in open windrows. Only an in-vessel system or enclosed windrows could be used, and there were very strict treatment standards to follow. In a closed reactor unit, these are: Maximum particle size of 5.7 inches, minimum temperature of 60°C, and minimum time at that temperature of 2 days; or Maximum particle size of 2.3 inches, minimum temperature of 70°C, and minimum time at that temperature of 1 hour.
In a housed windrow — turned windrows in a building, ideally with a concrete floor — the maximum particle size is 15.7 inches, and a minimum temperature of 60°C must be achieved for 8 days "during which the windrow shall be turned at least 3 times at not less than 2 day intervals" and must have achieved 60°C for at least 2 days prior to each turn, and also following the third turn."
Small motors (in blue) operate the units.
Another significant feature of composting food waste under the ABPR is the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Plan required for every composting site. This closely examines each phase of the process with a view to minimizing contact between incoming/untreated and outgoing/composted material. Physical barriers between the 'dirty' and 'clean' areas and clear operating procedures help to minimize risk at all levels.
A negatively aerated maturation shed has 8 bays and a biofilter.
The implications of these developments were not lost on the Keenan family. "Foot-and-Mouth was certainly a driver for in-vessel composting facilities like ours," says Gregor. "The regulations definitely required a more technical approach." As they'd become more proficient with windrow composting, Grant had been looking at other systems that would allow the company to do more. He investigated drums, covered aerated bays and other types of in-vessel systems before deciding on a vertical composter — specifically a 12-chamber VCU™ system, originally developed in Australia and New Zealand in the 1990s. "It was robust, had the capacity to handle 30,000 tpy in a small footprint, and the 'dirty' (input)'' and 'clean' (output) areas were clearly demarked, as the regulations require," Gregor notes.
The Keenans looked for funding to get this system in place and, again, support from government bodies helped bring this project more quickly to fruition. First, Aberdeen City Council and SITA, its waste contractor, decided to add household food waste in compostable "biobags" to the garden waste bins already being collected, rather than do a separate collection of food waste. Discussions about how best to handle this new commingled, ABPR-regulated waste stream helped inform Keenan's choice of the VCU Technology, as did the knowledge that they would have a guaranteed feedstock for the foreseeable future as a subcontractor to SITA. Additionally, an application to WRAP for a facility that could handle Category 3 food waste — a practice that WRAP wanted to encourage — paid off again with a grant of $683,000.
Because they would be handling catering waste, a Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) permit was required from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), as was approval from the State Veterinary Service under the APBR regulations. All this took time, but finally, with additional investment from their father, Mel Keenan, construction of the $2 million VCU system and a negatively aerated maturation shed with 8 bays and a biofilter began in 2007 and was commissioned in November 2008. A compost operator, Graham Duguid, was hired to optimize performance of the new composter. The facility was ready for the Aberdeen City commingled food/garden waste collection, which rolled out over 2009.
After curing, compost is screened in a Doppstadt trommel.
Zero Waste Future
As the company became proficient in dealing with food waste from local authority household collections in the in-vessel system, along with some food processing wastes, interest from other commercial enterprises began to grow. Early in 2010, Keenan Recycling purchased a Tuberg 8-metric ton toploader collection vehicle and promoted its services to businesses in and around Aberdeen — the first service of its kind in northeast Scotland. For a fee, customers are supplied with both internal and external bins along with the first 3 months supply of compostable liners. "Not only do our customers see an increase in recycling rates," notes Gregor, "but also a reduction in the frequency of residual waste lifts — which will bear the cost of the landfill tax which is increasing to $101/metric ton on April 1, 2012. That is just the tax, and doesn't include the cost of disposal, which can take the total over $160/metric ton."
In June 2010, the Scottish Government launched Scotland's Zero Waste Plan. It indicates that by 2013 separate food waste collections will be mandatory and food waste could be banned from the landfill in Scotland by 2015.This plan goes beyond the Landfill Directive requirements (only 35% of 1995 levels of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill by 2020). Scotland was landfilling around 1.76 million metric tons/year in 1995, which means it can only landfill 620,000 tons in 2020. But the Scottish Government's Zero Waste Plan has set its own, more aggressive targets, e.g., only 5 percent to landfill (of all wastes) in 2025.
No wonder then that, on July 29, 2010, Alex Salmond, Scotland's First Minister, publicly launched Keenan's commercial recycling collection service at the Shell Upstream Europe offices in Aberdeen. Shell was one of the first 50 companies to sign up for the collection. "Keenan Recycling's exciting new service is a significant move in the right direction," said Salmond. "It produces a valuable resource from food waste, reduces the amount of waste being sent to landfill and cuts down greenhouse gas emissions."
To provide additional capacity for this rapidly growing service (over 150 customers as of March 2012), Zero Waste Scotland (WRAP's Scottish identity) provided another $221,436 to help fund Keenan's expansion. The funds were used to purchase a second Tuberg 8-metric ton food waste collection vehicle and two lifters, and another trommel. The $2 million expansion added 6 more in-vessel units in May 2011 to the 12 units already operating, raising in-vessel processing capacity by 15,000 tpy to 45,000 tpy. Adding another 45,000 tpy of garden waste, the site's current capacity sits at around 90,000 tpy.
Although these developments have moved the company a good distance from the days of a second-hand shredder and trommel processing a few hundred tons of garden waste, it still feels like the Keenan Recycling Ltd has not yet reached its limits. In 2010, the company was awarded both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 accreditations (for quality management and sustainable environmental management standards, respectively). "As a small company, our ambition is to grow," says Gregor, noting that they are looking to expand into other geographic areas, including Inverness and Dundee in 2012 and 2013. "Since launching the business we have continually strived towards approaching the waste issue through innovative ideas to ensure that we are industry leaders in organics recycling," concludes Grant Keenan. "The recent expansion places us in a key position for additional growth in the future."
David Riggle is a former Managing Editor/International Editor of BioCycle and has been living and working in Scotland for the past 14 years. He has been employed by the Waste Services department at Stirling Council since 2001, and before that coordinated development of a Local Agenda 21 Plan with community and environmental organizations in Fife.
Part II of this article, to appear in May 2012 BioCycle, discusses the compost markets side of Keenan's Recycling, including compliance with the UK's PAS 100 standards. Insights into operating the facility's in-vessel composting system are provided as well.
DEFRA animal by-products rule: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/byproducts/documents/compost_guidance.pdf.
National Waste Plan for Scotland between 1999 and 2003. [see http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/47133/0009763.pdf.


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Je l'ai été trois fois est un film français réalisé par Sacha Guitry, sorti en 1952.

Synopsis
Jean Renneval, acteur vieillissant mais toujours séducteur, gagne les faveurs de Thérèse Verdier, une spectatrice. Elle lui fixe rendez-vous chez elle, après le dîner, son époux Henri devant partir en voyage. Au dîner, ce dernier raconte à sa femme et à son amie Henriette comment ses deux précédentes épouses l'ont cocufié. Luce avec son sosie Hector et Juliette avec le sultan de Hammanlif. Ayant raté son train, il revient chez lui et trouve l'acteur dans son lit. Renneval, vêtu du costume de cardinal qu'il portait sur scène, convainc l'époux trompé d'accepter ce troisième cocufiage.

Fiche technique
 Réalisation : Sacha Guitry
 Scénario, adaptation, dialogues : Sacha Guitry (Il reprend le texte de deux de ses comédies Les Desseins de la providence et Mon double et ma moitié)
 Assistant réalisateur : François Gir
 Photographie : Jean Bachelet
 Cadreur : Pierre Bachelet, assisté de Pierre Ribault
 Musique : Louiguy
 Montage : Raymond Lamy
 Son : Fernand Janisse
 Maquillage : Roger Chanteau, assisté de Louis Louc
 Photographe de plateau : Robert Tomatis, Jean Klissak
 Scripte : Odette Lemarchand
 Production : François Chavane, Alain Poiré, Paul Wagner
 Sociétés de production : Gaumont, Cinéphonic
 Directeur de production : André Deroual
 Régisseur général : Jacques Pignier
 Distribution : Gaumont
 Tournage : du  au
 Pays :
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,37:1 - 35 mm - Son mono
 Durée : 81 minutes
 Genre : Comédie
 Dates de sortie en France :
 , casino de Deauville
 , Paris

Distribution
 Sacha Guitry : Jean Renneval, l'acteur vieillissant
 Bernard Blier : Henri Verdier, bijoutier - Hector Van Broken, sosie d'Henri
 Lana Marconi : Thérèse Verdier, la troisième femme d'Henri
 Simone Paris : Lucie Verdier, la première épouse d'Henri
 Meg Lemonnier : Henriette Le Havray, l'amie de Thérèse
 Solange Varenne : Juliette Verdier, la seconde épouse d'Henri
 Pauline Carton :  Dutiquesnois, l'habilleuse de Jean Renneval
 Ginette Taffin : Julie, une bonne
 Primerose Perret : Andrée, une jeune fille
 Janine Camp : Suzette, une autre jeune fille
 Jacques Eyser : Le sultan de Hammanlif
 Henri Arius : Le docteur Marinier
 Jacques Anquetil : Le liftier
 Sophie Mallet : Zoé, la bonne
 Christine Darbel : L'actrice
 Louis de Funès : L'interprète-secrétaire du sultan de Hammanlif
 Jean Chevrier : Un figurant devant l'hôtel
 Lucien Callamand : un monsieur
 Roger Poirier : Le régisseur et un garde du corps
 Jacques-Henri Stil

Liens externes

 Je l'ai été trois fois sur le site « Guitry, un Maître de l'ironie »

Film français sorti en 1952
Comédie française
Film réalisé par Sacha Guitry
Film tourné à Monaco
Film tourné aux studios de Neuilly
Film français en noir et blanc
Film de Gaumont


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Kayo Dot / Coffinworm - Pre-sale
We are now taking orders for the "Coffins On Io," the new album by Kayo Dot as well as the vinyl edition of Coffinworm's most recent album "IV.I.VIII". Led by founding member Toby Driver (also of Secret Chiefs 3), Kayo Dot emerged in Boston, MA in 2002 from the ashes of metal group Maudlin of the Well. Since then, Driver has led Kayo Dot through several lineup changes and dramatic stylistic shifts: from traditional metal, to atmospheric, avant-garde metal; and now with their new album Coffins on Io, the bats-in-your-belfry hard rock of Sisters of Mercy meets Peter Gabriel-era Genesis, Scritti Politti and early Roxy Music. Stream the first track of "Coffins On Io entitled Library Subterranean now. The vinyl edition of "Coffins On Io" will be pressed on both black and limited clear vinyl with a pinkish-red marble. Colored vinyl is strictly limited to 300 copies and can only be purchased in The Flenser store. This release is intended for an October 16th release date, however we've been told by our press that many vinyl projects are behind schedule so delays might apply to vinyl order. CD's will ship on or before October 16th. Coffinworm - IV.I.VIII LP is the vinyl edition of the bands most recent full-length originally released on CD/digital format by Profound Lore record. 500 copies total 200 of which will be pressed on silver vinyl. Deluxe gatefold jacket, black and spot silver center-labels and poly-lined black inner sleeves with layout by Scott Shellhamer. Shipping October 2014.
Agriculture Signs to the Flenser, Announces Oblivion Access Appearance
Oblivion Access Festival 2023
Chat Pile "Tenkiller" vinyl and CD edition.


Little Ladies by Honey Bee Stamps is a 4×8" clear stamp set with 29 stamps. There are six ladybug bodies along with extra heads, and a separate body for you to make your own bug. With so many choices of faces to add – smiling, sad, winking or silly – you have so many options! (Add the eyelashes to make them more girly).
The coordinating dies (available separately) contain 10 steel dies for all the bodies and heads.
The clear stamps are designed and made in the USA from the Highest Quality Photopolymer.
Honey Cuts steel dies are custom made to coordinate with the stamp set. They are made from a high-quality finished steel and are compatible with most die cutting machines.


In a message on its Twitter handle, PNB clarified that it had transferred a total of 1,415 employees since February 19.
PNB earlier said that it has enough assets and capital to handle the situation arising out of the scam.
New Delhi: Defrauded Rs 11,300 crore ($1.8 billion) allegedly by diamantaire Nirav Modi, state-run Punjab National Bank on Thursday denied media reports that it has transferred close to 18,000 employees on account of the ongoing probe into the scam.
"The Bank has transferred 257 Sub Staff, 437 Clerks and 721 Officers (Total 1,415 employees) since 19th February 2018, as per prevailing Rotational Transfer Policy of the Bank."


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Are Fintech & i.t. Gurus Cybercriminals Under The Ambit of The Law?
The perception of the Nigerian cyber infrastructure and the legal apparatus for the sustenance and governance of the cyber space, is one which has been largely left in the dark, as such enough misconceptions abound as to trending legal and socio-economic issues arising in respect of cyber security.
One of such misconceptions, presently rocking the Nigerian social corridors is whether or not the average IT enthusiasts and IT professionals walking our streets, who concern themselves with digital technologies, coding, web development, software development, ethical hacking, graphic designs, and a host of others are cyber criminals within the context of the Nigerian laws?
It is kindly observed, that although a host of handlers of the cyber space in Nigeria employ their level of technological expertise to indulge the cyber environment in furtherance of their malicious intent and purposes, to commit frauds and other unlawful acts, this should not make the entirety of our IT professionals criminals under the intentions of our laws.
O. M. Atoyebi, SAN
Mr. Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi, SAN is one of the most notable professional Nigerian lawyer, who has distinguished himself in his professional sphere within the country and internationally. He is the youngest in the history of Nigeria to be elevated to the rank of a Senior Advocate of Nigeria. At age 34, he was conferred with the prestigious rank in September, 2019. Mr. O.M. Atoyebi, SAN can be characterized as a diligent, persistent, resourceful, reliable and humble individual who presents a charismatic and structured approach to solving problems and also an unwavering commitment to achieving client's goals. His hard work and dedication to his client's objectives sets him apart from his peers.
As the Managing Partner of O.M. Atoyebi, SAN & Partners, also known as OMAPLEX Law Firm, he is the team leader of the Emerging Areas of Practice of the Firm and one of the leading Senior Advocates of Nigeria in Local Content Law, where he has worked with various key industry stakeholders and successfully facilitated transactions in the Oil & Gas and Energy Sector. He has a track record of being diligent and he ensures that the same drive and zeal is put into all matters handled by the Firm.
Isaac Adeyanju
Caleb Echoga
CYBERSECURITY: Are Fintech & I. T. Gurus Cyber-Criminals Under the Ambit of the Law? was last modified: November 23rd, 2020 by judge
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In a time when we are faced with circumstances that threaten our national security and economic stability we are proud to stand with the Nation on this special day to acknowledge and celebrate the brave and fallen heroes of the Nigerian Armed Forces who have selflessly defended
A non-resident person that makes a taxable supply to Nigeria is required to register for tax and obtain TIN, include VAT on its invoice, and may appoint a representative in Nigeria for the purpose of its tax obligations. The FIRS may issue guidelines on this.
How to kick-start the new year:
1.Have a review of the previous year.
2.Decide what you want for the new year
3. Develop a plan and strategic steps on how to get what you want.
4. Develop a positive mindset and attitude
5. Consistently take action
6.Stay Focused
Begin this wondrous new year by taking a leap of faith and believe in yourself, believe everything is possible and your dreams are valid. It's also another chance for us to get things right!!
Stay Positive with a high spirit because you deserve more!
Special moment from our end of the year party: 🎉
Our Managing Partner @OM_AtoyebiSAN giving his vote of thanks to the entire team members for making 2020 a wonderful year and also inspiring the various teams to takeover their space 🚀 and become world-class. 🌎
From Cutlass To Drones
https://youtu.be/lB-5SjU4i18
Cutlasses to Drones: How Nigeria's Restriction On Drone Usage Is Delaying the Birth of a Tech -Driven Agro Economy
Is Africa's Data Protection In Crisis? The Nigerian Experience.
DISSECTING THE EXISTING LAWS THAT GUIDE THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN NIGERIA
MARGINAL FIELD BID AWARD 2020: POINTERS TO STAKEHOLDERS
THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN NIGERIA: FROM CUTLASSES TO DRONES
The Future of Agriculture in Africa: From Cutlasses to Drones Webinar
CYBERSECURITY: Are Fintech & I. T. Gurus Cyber-Criminals Under the Ambit of the Law?
VISAS AND PERMITS UNDER THE NIGERIAN IMMIGRATION LAW
DIGITAL ECONOMY AND THE BANKING SECTOR
Circumstances When The Provisions Of Section 7 Of The Environmental Impact Assessment Act Would Not Be Applicable: An Exposition Of The Decision Of The Court Of Appeal In Baytide (Nig.) Ltd. V. Aderinokun
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Dies & Die MaterialsForging Quality Control
Making "Cents" Out of Welding Die Blocks
By David Lee
The die repair process begins by scarfing (above), during which the existing die is ground or torched, readied for the deposit of replacement material by flood welding and eventually machined into a new die.
The die repair process begins by scarfing, during which the existing die is ground or torched, readied for the deposit of replacement material by flood welding (above) and eventually machined into a new die.
The die repair process begins by scarfing, during which the existing die is ground or torched, readied for the deposit of replacement material by flood welding and eventually machined into a new die (above).
The global economy isn't coming; it's already here! The competition is fierce, and every dime shaved from the cost of production can provide a competitive edge. Die welding is one way to cut costs from your production process.
Every company has a goal to make money, and forges are no different. Profitability keeps us all in business and, as a manufacturer, Weld Mold Company understands there are fixed costs that must be met – from labor and energy to raw materials and facilities. There are, however, costs in forging that can be controlled and from which profitability can be found. Among these costs are tooling inventory, parts per re-sink, re-sinks per block and reliability of cavity performance, which can determine whether a forged part is just a place-keeper in the production schedule or a real moneymaker.
The forging industry worldwide can be broken down into two groups: those that believe in die welding and those that don't. It is a common practice among forges that don't have a die welding program to think of the tooling they use as expendable. That means at the end of a predetermined period of usefulness it must be replaced. This thought process also means that there must be replacement blocks available.
"We're not in the die manufacturing business."
With few exceptions, a forging company will tell the casual observer that they are not in the die production business even though they have a fully equipped and staffed die room that is usually in full operation (even when the forge is not running). In a high-production shop that doesn't have a welding program, the casual observer will note that there are always new die blocks being roughed to receive the final configuration for production. The casual observer would conclude that, indeed, the forge is in the die production business. In a high-production forge, a die block rarely lasts 12 months (and typically much less in some shops) before a new one is needed to replace it.
Over a period of time, these forges spend money to purchase new die steel, to machine the block to fit the forging process and to create and machine the impression and any features (like locks) that may be necessary. As the impression is reworked, the productivity may drop with every re-sink. An impression that produced 5,000 pieces on its initial sink may yield 4,500 on its second sink. By the time the die has reached the last re-sink, it may be down by one-third of what it produced when new. The irony is that each re-sink costs the same. In the end, each forging sold bears a higher tooling cost. The last forging produced costs more to make in dies that will be scrapped than the first forging produced in new die blocks.
This Cycle Repeats for Each Die Block Used
Another issue more significant than cost fluctuation, the non-welding forge faces in die steel, is the lead time. This is particularly important when a new program is being discussed that would require additional die steel. Because there can be a prohibitively long lead time (at one time, six months), most non-welding forge shops maintain a stock of die steel. In 2014, a busy, mid-size hammer shop reported that they spent $100,000 annually on die steel to maintain production. This is just for the material and doesn't account for the cost and time to put that die steel into a condition to make forgings.
Many forges and forge operators today acknowledge the fact that, in most cases, a welded die will outperform an unwelded die in many critical aspects, most notably in cavity performance and die-block life.
What can I expect from a welding program?
Weld Mold has many longtime customers in the forging industry, all of which consider the tooling they use as a long-term investment rather than a replaceable commodity. Except for catastrophic tooling failure, new die steel is rarely even a budgetary consideration for them.
For those forges, the savings are many, including:
Reduced spending for die-steel inventory. Because welded dies have an almost indefinite life span, the purchase of new die steel is not a regular budget consideration.
Increased cavity performance means more parts between repair cycles. The right selection of welding materials can increase output in a given cavity by 50%, 100% or even 300%.
Improved reliability that each re-sink will produce the same number of parts. The consistency of the welding alloy and the ability to place specific wear-resistant materials at critical wear points can increase the amount of time a die spends in production.
Fewer production variables because only the cavity is welded and machined. The die height and mass remain the same. Reliance on shims is sharply reduced.
Flexibility to respond to a customer's need to implement changes in a part design (for model-year changes or new engineering considerations).
The savings not only apply to the dies themselves, but they extend to the support equipment. Sow blocks that crack in the die pocket, rams that wobble in the guides, broken or bellied die sets and loose guide-pin pockets can all be corrected and improved with the right selection of products and the appropriate welding process.
Data from our customers can more clearly illustrate savings that are experienced by successful welding programs.
One shop making Inconel forgings reported that an unwelded die cavity could produce less than 50 pieces before the cavity was destroyed. Welding an FX-type die block with Weld Mold 9580, using the proper procedure from start to finish, the same cavity now reliably produces 700-800 pieces before rework is necessary. That is an astounding 1,500% increase in productivity!
How long can die steel reasonably remain in service before the accumulated stresses from forging and welding take their toll, cause failure and necessitate its replacement? Let's look at one forge that no longer budgets for die-steel replacement.
The savings are dramatic, and they are not exclusive to closed-die impressions, as the breakdown in Table 3 shows. It is important to note that while closed-die cost/production data is often based on the number of parts per re-sink, open-die cost/production data is almost exclusively determined by time in service, creating an analysis that results in cost per hour instead of cost per part.
The author's personal experience has seen the number of parts per re-sink increase from 4,800 to over 11,000 on a consistent basis, with most dies in service up to 12,000 parts. The age of the die blocks was measured in years. Because the welding program was so well integrated into the overall flow of forge production, if a set of dies made "only" 10,500 parts, somebody had some explaining to do!
Die-Block Reassignment
Let's say we have a production program that has ended and that the associated tooling has become surplus, though mostly in good condition. Traditionally, some of this tooling would be turned into components that will serve other purposes. For the most part, the dies may be viewed as non-usable and scrapped.
A huge benefit of a welding program, beside an increase in block life and cavity production, is the ability to reassign tooling once a program has ended. Since the tooling already fits your forging process, be it press or hammer, the need to buy new die steel can be greatly reduced or eliminated. The ability to blank out obsolete cavities with the appropriate welding material in anticipation of a new production program will save money and time, as well as provide flexibility when responding to a customer's RFQ.
With new production-program lead times shrinking, what used to be months in development has been shortened to weeks. This is due to the advent of global competition, the use of CNC machining, predictive-flow tools and other time-saving techniques. Waiting a week to receive the required die steel isn't an option. An in-house welding program can provide an immediate response to problems that may arise based on a customer requirement that a program use specific tooling materials like H-13.
Most forges use a Finkl FX®-type die steel. This provides the machinability, toughness and overall economy that many forge operators find favorable. When production requirements arise for tool steel other than FX types, Weld Mold can provide the material that will allow a common die steel to meet those needs. From our industry-standard 500 series (525, 535, 540, 545 and 5550) to our selection of standard and proprietary tool steels (e.g., 954, 9650, 9652 and 9580, H series and high-speed steel), Weld Mold products have been proven to increase cavity production and wear resistance of standard die steels like FX or even 4340. This allows the use of the less crack-sensitive base block to perform to the much higher production standards of H-13 or even M-2, which saves you money.
What are the requirements for a welding program?
Whether you want to establish a welding program in your facility or prefer to send it out, a successful welding program requires:
A top-down commitment to success
The correct material and equipment
Skilled personnel and supervision
The correct primary and support equipment
A documented welding procedure
These requirements apply not only to the forge that has or wants to incorporate die welding into their tooling management program but to those outside sources chosen to provide this service. Traceability of the process must be available for the benefit of all involved should problems arise.
The decision to establish a welding program must take many things into consideration. This is where die-repair professionals can help. A common mistake is thinking that the equipment on hand, used primarily for maintenance and fabrication purposes, is suitable to the task of die and forging component repair and rebuilding.
Since 1945, our welding professionals have served the forging industry, developing welding filler materials, technology and equipment that can ensure the success of your welding program. We can provide an analysis of the requirements of a welding program that serves your forge's needs.
KEYWORDS: forging die forging industry forging steel repair welding
David Lee is technical director at Weld Mold Company, Brighton, Mich. He may be reached at 810-229-9521, or dlee@weldmold.com.


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«In the past few days, the foreign policy situation has escalated to the point that it seems a matter of urgent necessity to entrust the security of our boarders and the protection of our neutrality to the army». This statement was pronounced during the Federal Council's 1st September 1939 morning session, as part of its decision on mobilisation.
«Storie della diplomazia svizzera» ist eine Serie, welche die Forschungsstelle der DDS zusammen mit Radiotelevisione Svizzera RSI realisiert hat. Die zehn Radiosendungen greifen zeitgeschichtliche Themen der nationalen und internationalen Politik auf und illustrieren diese mit Dokumenten aus der Online-Datenbank Dodis.
«Alas! Do you think, that the Great Powers will fight each other because of this local question?» This was the reply the Undersecretary of State of the German Foreign ministry, Arthur Zimmermann, gave the Swiss envoy Alfred de Claparède on July 20, 1914 to the question of an eventual outbreak of the war.
Mit «Die Geschichte der Schweiz» erschien im April 2014 nach über dreissig Jahren ein neues Standardwerk zur Schweizergeschichte. Sacha Zala, Direktor der Forschungsgruppe der DDS, hat als Mitglied des Autor/innenkollektivs an der Entstehhung des Sammelbandes mitgewirkt.
The Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland cordially invite you to the vernissage of volume 25 (1970-1972). The event will take place on Tuesday, June 3, 2014 at the Federal Archives in Berne.
Thank you for your registration until May 27.
Swiss Foreign Policy, 1970–1972: New Volume Out Now!
Read more about Swiss Foreign Policy, 1970–1972: New Volume Out Now!


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