James Zong is a classical pianist studying a Bachelor of Music / Bachelor of Laws double degree which allows him to combine the expertise, skills and knowledge of a law degree with training in the entertainment and music industries. He recently performed at Carnegie Hall after winning the East Coast International Competition in America.
You started playing piano when you were four, did your parents encourage that?
Of course they did! I didn't know what music was back then! In retrospect, I was very fortunate because mum and dad weren't exactly the wealthiest parents, but they wanted to give me an opportunity to at least give it a try. They never got to learn music themselves because of the Cultural Revolution in China. The piano in itself was a massive investment. I think it cost them over $5000. That was big money considering their income at the time. Add lessons on top of that and it sure does gets quite expensive. So I was very lucky to get started. It was only natural that they would push me a little bit and encourage me to keep going. I probably began to enjoy playing the piano around the time I started high school. My passion for the instrument had truly taken over by then; my parents were no longer the ones pushing me. Quite ironically, they ended up asking me to practise less and do more homework instead! But I wasn't going to give up on the piano – not that easily!
You recently performed at Carnegie Hall. What was that like?
I ended up winning a performance opportunity at Carnegie Hall in the Weill Recital Hall. My girlfriend, who also studies Music at Monash, told me about the East Coast International Competition – she had done it the previous year. She said it was a great competition to get some overseas exposure and she encouraged me to give it a shot. And what a remarkable result! I was very surprised at the time. I didn't think I'd score that well. When I went to New York, I loved it, the whole experience. I just thought, "Wow! How could this be happening? It's so surreal." Amazing things can sometimes happen when you least expect it to.
But you've put in so much hard work over the years!
I wouldn't say it's always hard work. I'd say that sometimes your love for it just takes over. It's no longer work when you love what you do. Although sometimes you do have to persist and grit it out. From time to time, you'll get "feedback" from people – the critical ones – but they might just be the ones to push you to places where you didn't think you could go.
There have been times when I could have done better, and the lecturers and professors at Monash will tell you that – they are very honest. They won't ever put you down, but they will always be straightforward with you and keep pushing you so that you get to where you should be. You always get to put your best foot forward. And that's why I love Monash.
When you were in high school, did you know that you were going to pursue Music at Monash?
When I was applying to all the music institutions, I treated it as though it was a two-way street. Of course the university is always looking for the students they want to take in, but I was also looking for the institution that would suit me best. I was sure that I wanted to study Music at Monash after that ten minute interview during the audition. The potential double degree opportunity with Law was a massive bonus too. I had never been to the Clayton campus before the audition, but I made my decision that day to enrol at Monash. Even though it's more than a forty minute drive away from home, this is where I wanted to be. I didn't even have my driver licence when I started, so it was an hour and a half bus ride each way. Not exactly an easy commitment in my first year, but it's worth it when you love the place.
What have been your most significant achievements in your time at Monash?
The most meaningful achievement so far is being awarded the Jascha Spivakovsky Prize. It's a $1000 prize generously donated every year by Michael Spivakovsky, the son of Jascha.
It's something big within piano at Monash. It's so much more than the prize money – it's the connections you make, it's the advice that you receive. After winning that prize, I was lucky enough to meet Michael Spivakovsky himself. He's an incredible gentleman. He's an architect and a reputable piano teacher on the side. I see him as a role model in that respect because I've got that music and law degree – it's in that fine balance between the two. He's incredibly wise.
The Cengage Western Music Theory prize was fun. Theory was surprisingly one of my favourite and strongest subjects at Monash. I really enjoyed the theory units taught by Associate Professor Thomas Reiner. Incredibly nice and funny guy. He teaches theory very well too by the way. Again, it's about the recognition – that's more important than the monetary value of the prizes. To be awarded the prize in the first place and to go on stage at the Monash Arts Awards and shake the Dean's hand. That to me is the most special part of winning the award.
Where would you like your music to take you?
My dream is to go one step further [than my recent performance]. I got to perform in the Weill Recital Hall which is a smaller venue compared to the Isaac Stern Auditorium at Carnegie Hall. While I was there, I managed to book tickets to a Daniil Trifonov concert in the main auditorium. Trifonov was premiering his own piano concerto with the Mariinsky Orchestra. To see the Maestro live at Carnegie Hall – where the concerts are sold out and people are lining up outside, desperate to get a ticket – now that's something special. That concert showed me that classical music is still well and truly alive. And I want to be a part of that generation that is going to keep fighting to keep the music alive. It's only special if musicians keep performing and people go to watch concerts. That's my dream: to perform on that stage one day to a sold out audience.
I'd like to do postgraduate study as well – try to get out there and get a name for myself. Maybe try out some bigger competitions. We'll see how we go. It's all about building a brand at this point in time and becoming an artist.
What advice do you have for students looking to study music?
Monash is the place to be if you want to study music – if you're just coming out of high school and you want to take that next step in your musical journey. This place has the right balance with the encouragement: the teachers keep pushing you, but judiciously. They're very good at making you improve by giving lots of constructive feedback. You are driven to work hard, not because there is pressure from above, but because you want to get better yourself. There is a great support base there for you to become the best musician you can be, to be that artist you've always dreamed of being. Enjoy it! You've got to love everything you do when you are doing music. It's one of those things where the more you give yourself to it, the more you'll get back. That's just how it works.
You can listen to James' winning performance here.
Authorised by: Chief Marketing Officer, Strategic Marketing and Communications. Maintained by: The Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music Webmaster Team. Last updated: Jan 2019.


Congratulations to Mineola High School tenth-grader Yesenia Hanif who was named the grand prizewinner in the Univision/ACT Contest, Sweet 15: A Dream Achieved Contest. Hosted by Univision's Despierta America morning show, the purpose of the contest was to inspire girls to showcase their academic skills and to provide financial assistance to help students realize their postsecondary dreams. As the grand prizewinner, she earned her a $50,000 scholarship.
Yesenia learned of the contest from her mom after watching Despierta America at home one morning, and urged Yesenia to apply.


text:
City… Auckland Hamilton Taranaki Wellington Gisborne Christchurch Dunedin
Screening Room / 2015 / Auckland
Back to the fuhrer
by Gavelkind 879 views
2015 · Auckland · Other Dimension
Very conflicted on this one. I have to give it points for being so funny and pretty well structured/acted (I dare say it would have been amazing if you guys had a bigger budget) , but at times I felt like its' main goal was to offend as many people as possible.
RickySplitz
Best movie on the night, by far gave the most laughs and had the most original content. Was at time perhaps mildly offensive however overall this movie was strong.
Bunnrey
Probably the audience's favorite of the night, Jewish caricatures aside, I wont be surprised (or annoyed) if it wins audience favorite. The cheap production values served only to enhance the humor. It's a shame it ends of a bit of a bung note, you should have really tried to add some punchiness to that end so it could go out with a bang. I can see what you were trying to do with the audio during Hitler's speech, but it only served to sound like he was talking inside a tiny room, taking me right out of the movie.
Great film, just a hilarious, ridiculous title and concept. The raid scene was so well done and timed. However the film really lacked consistency and the film had real highs and lows in quality, particularly fizzling out at the end. Film Quality/cinematography dropped a bit as well, try to be objective and not afraid to completely cut shots that don't work (like some of the speech bits). Landed loads of laughs though which is what its all about!
Bayne
Great film from the Calvin Sang gang minus the sang. Start really was the highlight of the night with some amazing jokes even though for some they could of seemed offensive. Perhaps the best title for a film ever. Ending was hollow and didn't bring the punch that the start brought but still my favourite of the night. Keen to see more from this group as they develop their comedy style.
CrimsonCharles
Non-stop laughs, period; definitely highlight of the night. This may be one of those films you need to watch more than once to get all the hidden jokes. However, some of the material borders on offensive, and begs the question of whether or not that was their intention? Still though, great effort. Looking forward to future films from this group.
laj13
This film had a brilliantly funny start, with some inspired comedy timing, although somewhat near the knuckle with regard to its subject matter! Definitely the funniest of its group on the night, but its selection for the next stage will depend on whether its caricatures are seen in their correct context.
Sign in to post your review

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thad bought Matt a puppy.
We've all seen the way Cristina looks at Guillermo.
Case didn't want an expensive camera.
I can't picture Wolf in a dress.
I'm dying to meet Theodore.
Del wasn't surprised that Courtney didn't like John.
Harold likes to watch Manavendra dance.
Dylan slapped Allen on the back.
Tell you what, Barbra, you can have it.
Malcolm is stuck in his sleeping bag. Should we abandon him?
Carlo doesn't really enjoy translating.
Mitchell is a man of considerable influence.
Debbie's name was at the top of the list.
Shel has been looking after Stu for three years.
Lila reluctantly agreed to the proposal.
Why is Leigh acting like this?
Piercarlo said he wasn't happy here.
Sigurd thought Vilhelm knew John.
Blayne really doesn't like dogs.
Lum was beaten black and blue.
I'm waiting for Manjeri to tell me what to do.
Hey, Rodney, do you still have that sofa-bed in your office?
Gary flicked off the TV.
Maurice can't go to the movies tonight.
Jayant was singled out for praise.
When did Beverly graduate from high school?
Laurie didn't tell Matthias the entire truth.
Why did Spock give you that?
Martha knew there were risks.
Sanjay helped us paint the fence.
Lucius was glad he didn't have to live in Boston for more than a year.
Ramanan seldom speaks to Hui.
Mats pretended to be my friend.
Lance is a college student.
Gary said he needed a favor.
Bart left Eugene a message.
I was told you were the one who helped Jelske build his house.


text:
Le Prealpi di Digne (dette anche Prealpi Centrali di Provenza) sono un gruppo montuoso delle Prealpi di Provenza che si trovano nel dipartimento delle Alpi dell'Alta Provenza.

Prendono il nome dalla città di Digne-les-Bains.

Classificazione
Secondo la Partizione delle Alpi del 1926 questo gruppo alpino apparteneva alla sezione alpina delle Alpi di Provenza.

La letteratura specialistica francese le considera come un massiccio montuoso autonomo.

La SOIUSA le vede come sottosezione alpina ed attribuisce loro la seguente classificazione:
 Grande parte = Alpi Occidentali
 Grande settore = Alpi Sud-occidentali
 Sezione = Alpi e Prealpi di Provenza
 Sottosezione = Prealpi di Digne
 Codice = I/A-3.II

Delimitazioni
Ruotando in senso orario i limiti geografici sono: Col de Maure, torrente Bès, fiume Bléone, Col de Chalufy, torrente Issole, fiume Verdon, Lago di Sainte-Croix, altipiano di Valensole, fiume Durance, torrente Blanche, Col de Maure.

Suddivisione
Si suddividono in due supergruppi, otto gruppi e 19 sottogruppi:
 Prealpi Meridionali di Digne (A)
 Catena Cheval Blanc-Allier (A.1)
  Gruppo Boules-Carton-Côte Longue (A.1.a)
 Catena Boules-Carton (A.1.a/a)
 Catena Lachen-Côte Longue (A.1.a/b)
   Gruppo Cheval Blanc-Pompe-Meunier (A.1.b)
 Catena Cheval Blanc-Tournon (A.1.b/a)
 Catena Pompe-Blanche (A.1.b/b)
 Catena Séoune-Meumier (A.1.b/c)
 Gruppo Sapée-Allier (A.1.c)
 Gruppo Castellard-Aup (A.1.d)
 Catena Couard-Cousson (A.2)
 Cresta Couard-Coupe (A.2.a)
 Cresta del Cousson (A.2.b)
 Catena Mourre de Chanier-Sapée (A.3)
 Gruppo del Mourre de Chanier (A.3.a)
 Gruppo Sapée-Vibres (A.3.b)
 Catena Montdenier-Barbin (A.4)
 Gruppo di Montdenier (A.4.a)
 Gruppo Barbin-Collet Barris (A.4.b)
 Prealpi Settentrionali di Digne (B)
 Catena delle Cimettes (B.5)
 Gruppo del Grand Puy (B.5.a)
 Gruppo del Clot Ginoux (B.5.b)
 Gruppo Charbonnier-Seymuit (B.5.c)
 Catena Grande Gautière-Montserieux-Malaup (B.6)
 Gruppo della Grande Gautière (B.6.a)
 Cresta Montserieux-Malaup (B.6.b)
 Catena Monges-Trainon (B.7)
 Gruppo dei Monges (B.7.a)
 Cresta Trainon-Dromont (B.7.b)
 Catena Géruen-Mélan (B.8)
 Gruppo Géruen-Bigue (B.8.a)
 Gruppo Mélan-Vaumuse (B.8.b)

Il due supergruppi sono separati dal corso del fiume Bléone e si trovano, il primo, a sud di Digne-les-Bains ed il secondo a nord.

Montagne

Le montagne principali sono:
 Cheval Blanc - 2.323 m
 Les Monges - 2.115 m
 Clot Ginoux - 2.112 m
 l'Oratoire - 2.071 m
 Tête Grosse - 2.032 m
 Laupie - 2.025 m
 Clos de Bouc - 1.962 m
 Montagne de Chine - 1.952 m
 Mourre de Chanier - 1.930 m
 Marzenc - 1.930 m
 Sommet de Nibles - 1.909 m
 Mont Chiran - 1.905 m
 Grand Mourre - 1.898 m
 Grande Cloche de Barles - 1.887 m
 Montagne de Jouere - 1.886 m
 Grande Gautière - 1.825 m

Note

Bibliografia

Digne
Gruppi montuosi della Francia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: AWS Iot rest api I currently have a sensor sending data to AWS but I'm having issues figuring out the current status. For example, the sensor sends it's most recent status and I would like to view its status via http/s. Im currently trying to via my devices current status via
https://endpoint/things/thingName/shadow
or
https://something.iot.region.amazonaws.com/things/MyDevice/shadow
The only response I get back is the following.
{"message":"Custom Authorizers are not allowed for this
API","traceId":"123432-2343-23423-2343-12132432"}

I know that there's some form of authentication but I cannot seem to find any example on how to call these endpoints.

A: Read the Authorization section here.

The Thing Shadows service accepts two forms of authentication:
  Signature Version 4 with IAM credentials or TLS mutual authentication
  with a client certificate.

It might be easier for you to use the AWS SDK to retrieve the thing shadow.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Types of Glamping
Geocollections
Why Glamping Hub
$ USD $ AUD £ GBP $ CAD € EUR $ NZD
Charismatic Private Cottage with Romantic Tower Room Nestled in Legendary Topanga, California
Topanga, California (United States)
Back of private blue cottage with nice wooden back doors, back garden equipped with deck chairs and large plants. Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States) Cottages (Topanga, California, United States)
Riki Levy
Beautiful place, much attention to detail, very comfortable welcoming and romantic stay. We were not in touch with the owner, and would like to ext...
Beautiful place, much attention to detail, very comfortable welcoming and romantic stay. We were not in tou...
Rent private cottage for luxury camping experience
3 guest capacity
Hosted by Bill
Response time: Within 1 day
More than 20 bookings
ID authenticated
Phone, email and address confirmed
Hosted a verified guest
This charismatic private cottage is nestled in Topanga, California, and can accommodate three guests. There are two charming bedrooms, two private bathrooms, and an entire candlelit room dedicated to an oversized two-person bathtub that has a wall of glass doors that open to the outdoors. The romantic upstairs tower bedroom has a queen and is the perfect couple getaway or solo retreat. The second bedroom has a sofa bed, and there is another single bed available in the common area for additional sleeping space. There are toilets in both of the two private bathrooms, as well as a sink and third toilet in the room with the luxurious bathtub. Linens and towels are kindly provided by the host.
In the living room, guests will find a sleeper sofa, unique and charming decor, and a cozy fireplace. The equipped kitchen comes with might need to create delicious meals and feel at home during their stay. There is a refrigerator and freezer, a stove and an oven, a coffee maker, and toaster oven. Guests can enjoy meals around the welcoming dining table or take their food outside and soak up some sun. Other amenities include complimentary Wi-Fi throughout the property, a washer and dryer, an iron and hangers, and a hairdryer.
Outside, glampers will discover lush and inviting scenery, butterflies and birds, and three babbling fountains in the thoughtfully landscaped garden area. The majestic trees provide cool shade on hot days, and there is no better place to relax with a cocktail or good book.
Child's bed
Linens and pillows
Cell service
Lounge/Living room
Glampers can relax in the inviting and unique ambiance of this property while enjoying modern and convenient amenities. Guests will have access to a kitchen equipped with everything they might need to create delicious meals. There is a luxurious two-person bathtub, complimentary Wi-Fi, and a romantic and unique tower bedroom. Guests can unwind in the gorgeous yard with lush landscaping as birds and butterflies fly by.
Location + Surroundings
This welcoming and charismatic cottage built in 1930 is nestled in the heart of Topanga, California's legendary hippy citadel of love. The rural-residential neighborhood has a charming, friendly, laidback vibe that will make guests feel at home from the moment they check in. Glampers will have the best of both worlds at this property with easy access to Los Angeles and a unique ambiance that feels worlds away. Guests are only five minutes to the multitude of restaurants, coffee shops, grocery stores, and conveniences that Topanga has to offer. It is also just a ten-minute drive to Woodland Hills and Ventura Boulevard.
Nature lovers will be pleased to discover that the property is a lovely five-minute walk from the beach! With 243 square miles of the breathtaking Santa Monica Mountains nearby, this is an excellent location for hiking and biking as well. Athletic glampers can bike all the way to Ventura County, West LA, or take the famous Backbone Trail to the ocean. There is a little bit of something for glampers of all ages and interests close to this special property, and guests are sure to have an unforgettable getaway!
There is definitely no shortage of fun to be had in this alluring paradise, whether glampers are seeking a nature escape or a freeing immersion on local culture. Topanga is considered by many to be Los Angeles's bohemian hub and the creative atmosphere has drawn an array of talented artists and musicians to the area for decades. Guests will find a multitude of local business, from taverns to spiritual centers to community galleries. It's easy to spend an afternoon in one of the many cozy cafes or delicious restaurants. The Inn of the Seventh Ray, a creekside restaurant that opened in 1973, is decked out with romantic twinkling lights and continues to draw celebrity guests like Leonardo DiCaprio, Channing Tatum, and Fergie as regulars. Topanga has a long and rich history of music, and glampers will still find plenty of spots offering live music and entertainment. Theater lovers should be sure to stop by Will Geer's Theatricum Botanicum, an outdoor theater surrounded by oak trees. The theater offers theatrical performances with an emphasis on the classics, particularly Shakespeare.
Nature lovers can spend the day exploring caves and searching for fossils and arrowheads left by the Chumash Indians on Red Rock Canyon Trail. Calabasas Peak offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape. Topanga State Park offers numerous trails leading to meadows, groves, and even the Santa Ynez Falls. There are plenty of other parks in the area as well, including Tuna Canyon Park and Summit Valley. For a slightly more unusual view of the area's natural wonders, glampers can explore on horseback.
Guests will be a short drive from the endless entertainment in Los Angeles, and only a ten-minute drive to Woodland Hills and Ventura Boulevard.
Accommodation Rules
Check-in: 03:00 PM
Infants allowed Under 2 years old
Children allowed 2-12 years old
No parties
24-hour free cancellation
Thirty: Cancellation is free up to 24 hours after your booking is confirmed and at least 30 days before check-in.
The convenient metro public transportation system is less than 15 minutes away with links to much of Southern California. No bus service is located in Topanga, but Uber is available, plus a number of shuttle services to the airport, and there is highly reliable luxury car service owned by a Topanga couple.
Guests can cancel up to seven days before check in and get a 50 percent refund (minus service fees). If guests cancel after seven days before the reservation, no refund will be available. Service fees are refunded when cancellation happens before check-in and within 48 hours of booking.
No pets, smoking inside, or parties are permitted on the property. Outdoor smoking is allowed, but guests must use ashtrays. All leftover food must be thrown immediately in the garbage can outside in the laundry area.
The house is available for photoshoots, but this is not included in the vacation rental fee. Photo shoots are a different price structure and require permitting and insurance, plus a representative for the host on site.
Share this accommodation
This accommodation is usually booked on the dates you've chosen. Complete your reservation as soon as possible.
What happens after I request a booking?
Your booking request is sent to the host for confirmation. No charges will be made until the booking is confirmed.
You can check the status of the booking request anytime, and you'll get an email confirmation as soon as the host confirms.
If the host hasn't confirmed the booking request, you can withdraw your request free of charge 24 hours after it's been submitted.
Your Booking is 100% secure and private
GLAMPING HUB INC.
Check availability REQUEST BOOKING
Request a booking with multiple units
Refreshing availability
Add another unit
Please select from these available extras to complete your glamping experience.
Taxes and Service Fee included Free 24-hour cancellation (terms apply)
34.1142559776 -118.581343725
<% if (accommodation.review_info.number_of_reviews > 1) { %> reviews review
from /night
Manufacturer catalog
We use cookies to personalize content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic. We also use third party cookies for advertising and analytics purposes. To find out how to opt out of our cookies or how our cookies work, please visit our Cookies Policy. By clicking "I Agree" you expressly consent our use of cookies.
No children or infants allowed. Children not allowed. Infants not allowed.
Minimum stay: <% if (minStay > 1) { %> nights night
Instant booking isn't available when the check-in date is less than 1 day away. You can still make a booking request for the host to review and confirm.
Select dates and number of guests to see availability.
> <% if (units.length > 1) { %>
x nights
>0 >1 >2 >3 >4 >5 >6 >7 >8 >9 >10 >No >Yes
Total booking amount
Taxes and Service Fee included Cancel for free until Free 24-hour cancellation (terms apply)
Would you like to book more than one unit?
per night.
This accommodation doesn't have capacity for guests in a single unit.
Choose multiple units
This accommodation doesn't have capacity for guests. Please reduce the number of guests and try again.
This accommodation is booked for the dates you've chosen. Please change the dates and try again.
Sorry, this property is especially secluded, so the host may not be able to respond to your booking request in time. Let us show you some other incredible accommodations that are available for your dates.
The minimum stay is nights. Please enter new dates to check availability.


text:
(né le  à Mulhouse) est un conservateur de bibliothèque et historien français. Il est directeur de la bibliothèque de Versailles.

Biographie
Vincent Haegele naît le  à Mulhouse.

Il sort diplômé archiviste paléographe de l'École nationale des chartes dans la promotion 2006 avec une thèse consacrée à Joseph Bonaparte. Il est en particulier l'éditeur scientifique de la correspondance de Joseph et de son frère Napoléon (Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte : correspondance intégrale, 1784-1818) aux éditions Tallandier en 2007.

Passé ensuite par l'École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques, il rejoint en 2008 le corps des conservateurs des bibliothèques à la suite de son mémoire d'étude d'avril.

Il est affecté à l'université d'Amiens puis, en 2012, aux bibliothèques de Compiègne et, début 2017, à celles de la ville de Versailles.

Il publie en 2010 une étude sur Napoléon et Joseph Bonaparte : le pouvoir et l'ambition, également chez Tallandier, qui lui vaut le prix Premier-Empire de la fondation Napoléon. Il poursuit par ailleurs des recherches sur la réorganisation du ministère de la guerre par le général Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke.

Parallèlement à ses activités d'historien et de conservateur, Vincent Haegele poursuit un travail de compositeur — il remporte notamment le concours de l'Orchestre universitaire de Strasbourg en 2008 — et de critique musical.

Par ailleurs, il anime des conférences à la Société historique de Compiègne. En 2015, il découvre un manuscrit ancien datant de 1598, qui sera présenté au public comme le Trésor du cellier : c'est une charte d'anoblissement de l'empereur Rodolphe II de Habsbourg, portant encore le sceau impérial, fait très rare.

En 2011, il est élu membre titulaire de l'Académie des sciences, des lettres et des arts d'Amiens et depuis 2017, membre associé de l'Académie des sciences morales, des lettres et des arts de Versailles.

Télévision
En 2017, il participe à l'émission Secrets d'Histoire consacrée à Caroline Bonaparte, intitulée Caroline, née Bonaparte, épouse Murat,  diffusée le  sur France 2.

Publications
 Éd. de .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 Des hommes d'honneur : trois destins d'Ancien Régime, Paris, Passés Composés, 2019 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Historien français du XXIe siècle
Archiviste paléographe
Conservateur des bibliothèques
Membre de l'Académie des sciences, des lettres et des arts d'Amiens
Membre de l'Académie des sciences morales, des lettres et des arts de Versailles et d'Île-de-France
Naissance en juillet 1982
Naissance à Mulhouse


The Marina Mandarin is a luxurious and professional five-star hotel located in the heart of the city, right across from the financial district and with direct access to the Marina Square shopping mall. The hotel's 575 guestrooms are furnished well with Asian style and practicality in mind. All rooms have a balcony overlooking Marina Bay, and you will have high-speed internet access no matter where you stay in the hotel. Luxurious rooms additionally offer plasma televisions, jet showers, and king-size beds. This hotel is a great location for business trips, largely due to the business center within the hotel that is open 24 hours a day. Here, you can take advantage of the hotel's fax, photocopying, and printing services all while connected to the internet. For those looking to relax, the hotel features a professional spa and a state-of-the-art fitness facility. The hotel has no shortage of restaurants, with both local and European dining options and a lounge to enjoy drinks at night.
This hotel has been classified Halal friendly by Crescentrating.
To view details of Crescentrating please click here.


We are gathered on the auspicious occasion of Sri Govardhana-puja at the feet of Sri Giriraja Govardhana. Many of you may know the history, related in Srimad-Bhagavatam: One day Sri Krishna noticed that the cowherd men were collecting paraphernalia for worship. As the omniscient Supersoul, the Lord already understood the whole situation. Still, as a matter of etiquette, He humbly inquired from His elders, headed by Nanda Maharaja, what their purpose was. He said that no secrets should be kept by saintly persons, and certainly not from friends and relatives. Nanda Maharaja answered that the paraphernalia was being gathered for the worship of King Indra, because King Indra sends rains that sustain all creatures.
Krishna proceeded to give many arguments against the Indra-yajna, and although many of the arguments came in the category of Karma-mimamsa, which is not really the philosophy of Srimad-Bhagavatam or Krishna consciousness, Krishna put them forward just to stop the impending sacrifice and curb Indra's false pride. Then Lord Krishna proposed that the paraphernalia for the worship of Indra be used for the worship of the cows, the brahmans, and Govardhana Hill. And as will be revealed later in the pastime, Krishna demonstrated that Govardhana Hill was actually Krishna Himself.
Now I shall read a few verses from Srimad-Bhagavatam in which Lord Krishna explains the worship of Govardhana Hill that He wanted the Vraja-vasis to perform.
Lord Krsna here points out that the residents of Vrndavana should recognize their relationship with Govardhana Hill and with the forests of Vrndavana, and not worry about a distant demigod like Indra. Having concluded His argument, Lord Krsna makes a radical proposal in the following verse.
Indra is one of the powerful demigods. The Bhagavad-gita, Srimad-Bhagavatam, and other scriptures explain that there is one Supreme Lord, Krishna (isvarah paramah krsnah), but that He has many powerful servants whom He entrusts with the management of different universal affairs. Thus, Krishna is like the king and the demigods are like His ministers. As in the ordinary world there is a minister or secretary in charge of energy, so there are demigods in charge of various necessities of life. For example, Indra is in charge of the rain, Vayu is in charge of the air, and Varuna is in charge of the waters. The goddess Sarasvati is in charge of knowledge and culture and music. And on another level, Brahma is in charge of creation, and Shiva is in charge of destruction. These different demigods are servants of Krishna, just as ministers are servants of the king.
If we pray to a demigod or worship a demigod, he may give us some material boon, but in the Bhagavad-gita Lord Krishna says that such worship is avidhi-purvakam, not proper, and that such worship is actually meant for Him. Because Krishna is in the heart of every living entity, He is also in the hearts of all the demigods. So even if we pray to a demigod, the demigod has no power to grant the prayer without the sanction of Krishna within the heart. In other words, the demigods are not independent.
When we chant the holy name, we're advised to avoid certain offenses (nama-aparadhas). The first is to blaspheme the devotees who have dedicated their lives for propagating the holy name. And another offense is to consider the names of demigods, even the most powerful ones such as Lord Brahma and Lord Shiva, to be equal to or independent of the names of Lord Vishnu. So, the demigods are not equal to Krishna, or Vishnu, and they're not independent of Him. If we think that they are on the same level, we are involved in committing an offense. And if we commit offenses when we chant the holy name, we don't get the result that we're meant to get from chanting.
Generally, impersonalists think that the demigods are equal to Krishna; they think that the Supreme ultimately is impersonal and that the same impersonal One comes in various forms—as Vishnu, Shiva, Surya, Durga, or Ganesh. And they say that ultimately one has to go beyond these different forms to merge and become one with the impersonal God, or Brahman. But devotees find such a proposal to be repugnant, because the life and bliss of a devotee come in serving the Lord. If the devotee were to merge and become one with the effulgence of God, then where would be the chance for service? Therefore, great devotees pray that they would rather live in hell than merge into the brahmajyoti, because at least in hell they can serve and glorify Krishna, which is their real happiness and life.
So, whether one is an impersonalist who thinks that we are actually meant to go beyond the different forms and merge into and become one with the impersonal effulgence of God, or whether one is just an ordinary materialist who thinks that there are many equal gods who bestow different benedictions and that according to the particular benediction one wants, one can choose a particular god to worship and get the result, the fact remains the same: Krishna is the Supreme Godhead, and all others are His servants (ekale isvara krsna, ara saba bhrtya [Cc Adi 5.142]). Pure devotees have no desire to gain any material reward for their worship. They just want to serve Krishna in love, for His pleasure. And the happiness they get from such pure devotional service far exceeds—by millions and trillions of times—even the happiness that one can get from impersonal liberation, what to speak of the insignificant happiness one can get from material facilities in this world of death.
So, devotees simply want to serve Krishna in love, and the residents of Vrindavan agreed to worship Govardhana Hill not because of all the arguments that Krishna gave, but because of their love for Him. As mentioned, Krishna's arguments were really meant to provoke Indra and ultimately to curb his false pride. Otherwise, the devotees of Vrindavan were so in love with Krishna that they would do whatever He wanted just to please Him, out of love. No other reason was required. And that is the specific qualification of the devotees of Vrindavan: they love Krishna naturally and spontaneously, not because He is God. They do not place any condition, that if Krishna is God we will love Him but if He is not God we will not love Him. They don't even bother about whether He's God or not. They just love Him as the beautiful son of Nanda and Yasoda, and just to please Him they are ready to do whatever He wants.
Therefore may a sacrifice for the pleasure of the cows, the brahmanas, and Govardhana Hill begin! With all the paraphernalia collected for worshiping Indra, let this sacrifice be performed instead.
Lord Krsna is famous as go-brahmana-hita, the well-wishing friend of the cows and the brahmanas. Lord Krsna specifically included the local brahmanas in His proposal because He is always devoted to those who are devoted to the godly Vedic culture.
The latter verse describes Krishna as the master of the cowherd men (gopas) and the lover of the cowherd girls (gopis), especially Srimati Radharani. That is our goal—to serve Krishna, the lover of Srimati Radharani and the gopis and lord of all the residents of Vrindavan. But how do we achieve such pure devotional service? In Vedic society the brahminical culture serves to gradually elevate the conditioned souls to that stage of perfect God consciousness. Thus, the worship of the brahmans is important, because the brahmans teach us Vedic knowledge for God realization. They study and teach shastra. Tasmad gurum prapadyeta jijnasuh sreyah uttamam: when one is actually interested in one's ultimate benefit, one should approach a spiritual master, the best of the brahmans. He teaches the Vedic literatures, he lives by the Vedic literatures, and he instructs his students to do the same.
In the Bhagavad-gita Lord Krishna specifically instructs us to protect the cows (go-raksya). The cows are important because they give milk, and from the milk we make ghee and with the ghee we can perform Vedic sacrifices. But even more important than Vedic sacrifices, with the ghee and other milk products we can make offerings to Giriraja and Giridhari and thus advance in Krishna consciousness directly. So, the cows and brahmans are important in Krishna consciousness.
Let many different kinds of food be cooked, from sweet rice to vegetable soups! Many kinds of fancy cakes, both baked and fried, should be prepared. And all the available milk products should be taken for this sacrifice.
The word supa indicates bean broth and also liquid vegetables. Thus to celebrate the Govardhana-puja Lord Krsna called for hot preparations such as soup, cold preparations like sweet rice, and all types of milk products.
Many of the cooks in the audience may have found that the preparations they made today for offering to Giri Govardhana are included in Lord Krishna's list. Actually, the Vraja-vasis brought huge quantities of food to offer to Govardhana Hill, and Govardhana ate all of them.
The brahmanas who are learned in the Vedic mantras must properly invoke the sacrificial fires. Then you should feed the priests with nicely prepared food and reward them with cows and other gifts.
According to Srila Sridhara Svami, Lord Sri Krsna instructed His father and other residents of Vrndavana in the technical details of this Vedic sacrifice to assure the quality of the sacrifice and also to inspire Nanda and the others with faith in the concept of such a sacrifice. Thus the Lord mentioned that there must be orthodox brahmanas, regular sacrificial fires, and proper distribution of charity. And things were to be done in the order given by the Lord.
After giving the appropriate food to everyone else, including such fallen souls as dogs and dog-eaters, you should give grass to the cows and then present your respectful offerings to Govardhana Hill.
After everyone has eaten to his satisfaction, you should all dress and decorate yourselves handsomely, smear your bodies with sandalwood paste, and then circumambulate the cows, the brahmanas, the sacrificial fires, and Govardhana Hill.
Lord Krsna wanted all the human beings and even the animals to eat nice bhagavat-prasada, sanctified foods offered to the Lord. To enthuse His relatives with a festive mood, He requested them to dress beautifully with fine clothes and ornaments and to refresh their bodies with luxurious sandalwood paste. The essential activity, however, was the circumambulation of the holy brahmanas, cows, sacrificial fires, and especially Govardhana Hill.
This is My idea, O father, and you may carry it out if it appeals to you. Such a sacrifice will be very dear to the cows, the brahmanas, and Govardhana Hill, and also to Me.
In accordance with the request of Sri Krishna, the Vraja-vasis prepared varieties of foodstuffs and brought them to offer to Govardhana Hill. It is described that lakes—literally lakes—were filled with sweet rice, rabri, and other nectarean liquid preparations, and that the Vraja-vasis offered literally mountains of rice, pakoras, puris, halava, laddus, and other preparations that, from the smiles on your faces, you seem to know about already!
Then Krishna assumed an unprecedented, gigantic form, and He stood atop Govardhana Hill and declared, "I am Govardhana Mountain!", showing the superiority of His Govardhana-puja over the Indra-yajna. For so many years, the Vraja-vasis had performed the Indra-yajna, but had Indra ever appeared personally to bless them? Now they had performed the Govardhana-puja only once, and Giri Govardhana had manifested Himself in person to fulfill their desires.
The Vraja-vasis were completely bewildered. They didn't know what to do. There was not a single grain left in Vraja that they could offer. Finally, someone had the idea to offer Krishna tulasi leaves—the one thing they hadn't offered—so the brahmans offered Govardhana tulasi leaves. Then, to the relief of all the Vraja-vasis, He said, "Trpto 'smi! I am satisfied! Trpto 'smi! I am satisfied!" Thus the Vraja-vasis were pleased and relieved that they had satisfied the Lord.
The only problem was that there was not a grain left to eat in all of Vraja. There was not a drop of milk that they or their elders or children could drink. Then the merciful Lord returned all the food He had eaten. Miraculously, all the empty lakes filled up with sweet rice and various nectars and all the mountains of samosas and sandesa reappeared, and the Vraja-vasis had a huge feast of krsna-prasada.
Today we are trying to re-create the same festive mood and the same type of worship of Govardhana Hill, who is Krishna Himself, by circumambulating Him, singing His glories (always the most important item), bathing Him, offering Him various kinds of food preparations, and in the end, honoring His remnants.
The Srimad-Bhagavatam tells us that the original, small Krishna, along with the other Vraja-vasis, bowed down to the unprecedented, huge form of Krishna, who stood atop Govardhana Hill, and thus, in effect, Krishna offered obeisances to Himself.
In his Krsna book, the summary study of the Tenth Canto of the Srimad-Bhagavatam, Srila Prabhupada writes, "The identity of Krsna and Govardhana Hill is still honored, and great devotees take rocks from Govardhana Hill and worship them exactly as they worship the Deity of Krsna in the temples." And that we have here. That very principle is being followed in this temple, and so we worship the large rock from Govardhana Hill just as we worship the other Deities of Lord Krishna here—as Krishna Himself.
We should not take such worship cheaply. I have heard of life members and friends who have gone to India, to Govardhana Hill, and filled up their purses and shopping bags with stones (silas). But actually, govardhana-silas are not so cheap. First of all, the shastras say that whatever the weight of the stone that you take from Govardhana Hill, you should leave the equal weight in gold. (From the audience's reaction, we need not go beyond even this first condition.) Even then, there are other procedures: one must receive the sila from a Vraja-vasi, and so on. But here we are fortunate to have a large govardhana-sila to worship and serve.
So, the festival was conducted very nicely, and everyone was happy, because when Krishna is satisfied everyone is satisfied. But one person wasn't satisfied, because his Krishna consciousness had been covered by his false pride, and that was King Indra. He felt offended that his worship had been stopped and the paraphernalia for his worship used for the Govardhana-puja. So he became angry and sent devastating rainfall upon Vrindavan. He summoned his special clouds of destruction, known as Samvartaka, who flood the universe in the end, and ordered them to attack Vrindavan. And he followed them with swift and powerful wind-gods to decimate the cowherd village of Nanda.
Thus Lord Krishna, to give protection to the residents of Vrindavan, lifted Govardhana Hill and held it over His head like an umbrella. And He invited His mother and father and all the Vraja-vasis, along with their cows, calves, and bulls, to come under the shelter of Govardhana Hill.
Although He was only seven years of age by material calculation, Lord Krishna held up Govardhana Hill for seven days—with the little finger of His left hand. And the residents of Vrindavan found complete satisfaction under Govardhana's shelter. They experienced no hunger, thirst, or fatigue. In fact, they were rapt in ecstasy, being able to see the beautiful form of Krishna twenty-four hours a day continuously for seven days. And so we learn that one who surrenders to Krishna is not the loser but is the gainer by many times.
Now, if some of us have learned to worship demigods, either from our elders or from other association, we need not feel obliged to continue such worship. Here Lord Krishna has shown the example that even if one's family has worshiped a demigod for many generations, one can stop such worship, because the worship is actually meant for Krishna, and when it is offered to the demigods it is improper.
We want to please Krishna and ultimately develop love for Him (prema pumartho mahan). Therefore, as Lord Krishna says, sarva-dharmam parityajya mam ekam saranam vraja—we should give up all other varieties of worship and religious performances and just surrender unto Him. When we come to the shelter of Lord Krishna, to the shelter of Giri Govardhana, we are protected from the onslaughts of material nature and at the same time completely satisfied and happy in Krishna's association—in Krishna consciousness.
By the grace of Krishna, Indra realized his mistake. He realized that Krishna was actually his eternal lord and master and that he had committed a grave offense. So he came to Vrindavan with Surabhi, the mother of the cows, to worship Krishna and beg for His forgiveness. Lord Krishna then explained to Indra that He had purposely crushed his false pride so that he would come back to his proper consciousness, Krishna consciousness. And He ordered Indra to return to his position as the king of heaven, but to be humble and sober.
So, this is a lesson to all of us: We should be humble. We should know that whatever position or opulence we have achieved has come to us by the grace of the Lord, Krishna, and should be used for His service and pleasure. And if we are sincere but at the same time happen to have become a little proud and covered by illusion, Krishna will be merciful and humble us. In Srimad-Bhagavatam (10.88.8) He personally states, yasyaham anugrhnami harisye tad-dhanam sanaih: "If I especially favor someone, I gradually deprive him of his wealth." Of course, we can always remain humble and save Krishna and ourselves the trouble of getting Krishna's special mercy.
In conclusion, I will share with you one thought about leaving the equal weight in gold. Now, here we have quite a large govardhana-sila, and although Tamal Krishna Goswami may not have thought of it at the time, in the end he and I did leave a lot of gold at Govardhana. We bought a property with a palace that belonged to a king, and we have refurbished that facility in order to serve the devotees, serve the brahmans, and feed the Vraja-vasis, especially on occasions such as Govardhana-puja. And that is also the beauty of Krishna consciousness: no one loses. Although we ended up giving more to Govardhana Hill than we had expected at the time we brought the sila here, we don't feel that we are the losers. Rather, we feel that we have gained hundreds and thousands of times over. And I believe that even now His Holiness Tamal Krishna Goswami, whose puspa-samadhi is at our ashram there, resides at Govardhana Hill.
Sri Giri Govardhana ki jaya!
His Holiness Tamal Krishna Goswami ki jaya!


If asked, I would look up but unseeing the sky as I search within me for an answer. Maybe three weeks ago, I did but to browse for new items at the Gift Shop, use the washroom, check for new titles, and then cross the famed lobby of the Vancouver Central Library downtown to one of the cafes for a pizza and decaf tea. Note that my list skips borrowing a book or taking one out of the shelf and sit in a corner, to be lost in a page say, of an Anton Chekov novel or Lorca poem, or copy critiques, furiously handwriting paragraphs for a research paper as in my university years—how strange to realize it's within my lifetime.
A few months ago, nonetheless, I hurried to a workshop on memoir writing; that week of the annual Bookfair, crowds streamed in and out of exhibits, book sales and workshops on book making in the lobby. Braiding with us, eagle-eyed for rare items, either in trams or on tiny steps, some fretful but mostly wide-eyed, children who had maybe dozed already in the children's room, where they could have romped, played house and tinkered with books that talk or squawk, with their mothers by then carrying more books she borrowed from children's collections.
Maybe two years ago before my laptop eased up for the WIFI at home, I would rush to one of the computers on the 2nd floor for a free access to the web. Most seniors make it a daily routine; some stay for a couple of hours, signing in and out every hour when their session expires. I've also attended Philippine presentations on human rights violations in one of the conference rooms, watched a Filipino film, listened to readings by local authors, and voted in the last local elections.
Ask me then, how do I, like a growing number, get a book these days? On Kindle or from Amazon, such virtual places that lend and sell books on one's computer without ever passing through the senses—for me, the soft silence, the carved nooks, the baroque high windows, the scent of paper, and one's own breathing. While Amazon still delivers a book the way we've always known it—printed on paper—Kindle, like most have it these days, slips a book onto a screen. One might buy a Kindle book as well, or borrow through a library with which one has a library card; libraries in most North American cities have since digitalized their collections. As for research, who hasn't Googled wikipedia these days?
Still, because I do miss it, I still want to feel the spine of books on a shelf and also seek out a librarian to talk. In one such session, I learned that poetry hardly ever gets borrowed; hence, noting a couple in my arms, she had cheered me for the book's sake because apparently, if any book moves at all, it takes on life. "Hundreds of them do not," she said.
No sighting in my past could have prepared me for cherry blossoms. The closest perhaps would have been the sprigs of kakawati in summer. But they didn't create canopies of tender pink, recoloring the sky, which cherry blossoms do. Entranced on my first spring in North America, I lost every word that would mean, awe, toddling with eyes up and dropped jaw through rows of them in full bloom at Washington Square in Manhattan, later at Brooklyn Botanical Gardens and the Jefferson Mall in Washington, DC.
Today, where I live in Vancouver, BC, I simply race the wind two blocks from home to neighboring streets and get suffused in hues of silky pink. I've joined revelers with Vancouver Haiku Group, of which I'm a member, on Sakura (cherry blossom) Days, as well, at Van Dusen Gardens. Still, no matter the jamming, shared cheer, especially shrieks of children seeing them for the first time in other gatherings like at the Japanese cenotaph at Stanley Park in honor of Japanese Canadians who fought in WWI, the Burrard St. Skytrain station, and countless streets in the city, always a hush falls on many stunned by the pink glow.
Whispers, in fact, hint at reverence for me, during scheduled viewings, usually three days—like they say of women, at the "peak of their beauty"—because on the fourth day, a pink drizzle might begin. Uncannily, too, the wind as if in haste, might follow with gusts, causing a petal storm that would inundate sidewalks and lawns. Blue skies, then soon reappear within a week through bare-again crowns, while brownish leaf sprouts spike the nodes, as the cherry trees revert to just-trees.
As brief as a held-breath, perhaps explains the urgency behind viewings and festivals as timing must coincide with the trees' inner clocks. While the flowers as harbinger of spring should bloom at almost the same time as last year, dates had not seemed to be exact and flowering happens in waves; buds burst early in warmer regions, and on to cooler areas, climbing northward to higher places, according to my readings. Like right now here at home, while a 'daily watch' website has reported several viewings, including the Accolade cherry blossoms at City Hall, trees in my Marpole neighborhood have yet to bloom.
Picture almost identical scenes of families and friends swarming under the blossoms in Japan, where viewings started during the Edo period, and to this day, picnicking, sipping sake and tea as depicted in kimono embroidery, woodblock prints, canvas and porcelain paintings and other arts. Duplicate this in Europe, South America, Australia, and Canada, crowding under the blossoms, perhaps like the now 50,000 trees in Vancouver, gifts from the Japanese, and you find a world enrapt.
Would some of them, wrapped in beauty, be pondering on 'the transience of things'? And perhaps, accept with gentle sadness the 'pathos of our existence'? If so, then viewing cherry blossoms would be for naught; it could even be a source of strength like how Japanese soldiers expecting defeat in Leyte apparently asked that they be "permitted to bloom as flowers of death", echoing the last known message that invoked, "Sakura, Sakura", earlier in the Battle of Peliliu (Palau), where like cherry blossoms so soon shed in millions, 10,000 said to be mostly young fell.
While I have ceased to wonder why Sakura festivals begin to swirl as soon as buds sort of break into a smile, first, and then, as if overnight, burst full-faced to cover what had been ghostly gnarled limbs in the winter, and then, in a whiff, as if by a sleight of hand, they're gone, nothing prepared me for the subtle transformations wrought by cherry blossom storms. Think how evanescent beauty really is, how ephemeral life could be, how close our own existence to the cherry blossoms, indeed.


text:
Europe's first 5G railway terminal is being built at East-West Gate, Hungary
photo: East-West Gate/Europe's first 5G railway terminal is being built at East-West Gate, Hungary
A unique technology development project in rail logistics begins at the East-West Gate Intermodal Terminal (EWG) which is being built in Fényeslitke, Hungary. As Europe's largest smart railway logistics terminal, to be completed by the first quarter of 2022, it will be the first terminal on the continent to use a private 5G network for internal communications and the operation of technological devices. In addition, the terminal's fully automated overhead cranes, which will be able to carry out fine movements too, will also be controlled remotely by means of the 5G technology. The private 5G network will be implemented by Vodafone Hungary and Huawei Technologies Hungary according to the needs of the investor East-West Intermodal Logistics Services Plc
East-West Intermodal Logistics Services Plc., Vodafone Hungary, and Huawei Technologies Hungary signed an agreement about the implementation of a private industrial 5G network at the intermodal terminal, currently being built in Fényeslitke, Hungary. Dr. Péter Sztáray, State Secretary for Security Policy and Dr. Károly Balázs Solymár, Deputy State Secretary for Digitalisation also attended the signing. The hardware needed for the development project will be provided by Huawei. Platform and network support will be provided by Vodafone Hungary. The project is an important milestone not only in Hungary's 5G development measures but in the field of digitalization of rail freight as well. EWG will be the rail logistics hub of the 21st century in every respect.
EWG will be the first in Europe to use its own 5G network for internal communications and the operation of its technological devices. It will be the first terminal in the world where the fully automated overhead cranes of the terminal, which will be able to carry out fine movements too, will be remotely controlled by means of the 5G technology – another good example of the possibilities of using 5G in logistics.
Source: Press releases East-West Gate
Mr János Tálosi, CEO of East-West Intermodal Logistics Services Plc. emphasized, "The construction of East-West Gate will put Hungary on the map of international rail logistics again. The country will be given a new possibility to take an active part in rail freight between Asia and Europe". He added that the most advanced technologies would be installed at the terminal, thus making freighting faster and more accurate. Mr. Tálosi emphasized, "The operational efficiency of the terminal can be maximized by using 5G technology. An opportunity for launching R&D projects will also be provided and the industrial application of this technology, which is just breaking into the market, can be presented."
Mr. Mátyás Dobó, Deputy CEO of corporate services at Vodafone Hungary, said, "5G is considered a new platform worldwide. At the same time, however, its importance is already indisputable; new industrial and logistics business models can be installed on the new generation of mobile networks. They contribute to the development of Hungarian companies, the creation of jobs, and – last but not least – they encourage exports and make our country attractive to companies outsourcing their production. 5G is the first technology that integrates mobile networks and business applications. For exactly this reason it has been our intention from the beginning to make Hungary one of the most important private 5G network providers in the region, encouraging projects and investments in this field through the collaboration of Hungarian and international partners. The development project, which is being implemented at the East-West Gate Logistics Terminal, is a perfect example of this intention. I am confident that this unique investment, which has mobilized the public and private sector alike, will be followed by many similar projects in the future."
Mr. Colin Cai, CEO of Huawei Technologies Hungary emphasized, "The private 5G networks of our company make digitalization of completely new branches of the industry possible. Huawei has already built many similar systems in China. In Europe, however, this is the first container terminal where a self-driving, remote-controlled solution, which is implemented by means of the 5G technology, will be used. He added that high resolution cameras needed large upload bandwidth, whereas the remote control necessitated the very low delay. The customized, high data security private 5G network makes wireless real-time remote control on the entire container terminal area possible. Due to the network, efficiency will increase significantly and working conditions will change. In Fényeslitke, for instance, crane operators do not need to sit on the crane the whole day. Following the first Hungarian private 5G network, which was started up at HUAWEI's Páty site last year, EWG is the next step. HUAWEI set up this 5G network together with Vodafone, within the framework of a partnership. This new investment shows very well that this technology is now available to everyone.
Dr. Péter Sztáray, State Secretary for Security Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade said, "It is the aim of the Hungarian government to make our country a winner of the current changes on the global market. In order to achieve this goal, we focus on job creation, investments, and tax cuts, as they can make Hungary's economy sustainable and competitive in the long run too. The East-West Gate Terminal, which is being built on the country's eastern border, and the technological development project, which has just been announced, are very good examples of these efforts. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is confident that this cooperation will continue in the future".
Dr. Károly Balázs Solymár, Deputy State Secretary for Digitalisation, said, "The government pays great attention to the development of industrial solutions which are based on 5G technology. The investment in this logistics project, which is now being implemented, is the first significant milestone in this process. We hope that more innovative development projects, applying the most advanced digital technologies, will be implemented in Hungary in the near future, thus further improving Hungary's competitiveness. For exactly this reason the government would like to build a partnership with every company which develops, provides or applies state-of-the-art technologies for strengthening Hungary's economy."
About East-West Gate Intermodal Terminal
Construction of the East-West Gate (EWG) Intermodal Terminal began in Fényeslitke, Hungary, next to the Ukrainian-Hungarian border on an area of 85 hectares in January 2021. Through the construction of EWG, Hungary will be given the opportunity to become a key player in the continental freight traffic between Asia and Europe. The facility, to be found where standard and wide-gauge railway meet and which is being built within the framework of a HUF 30 billion private investment, will be put into operation in the first quarter of 2022. The terminal will be able to handle up to 1 million TEU per year. Regarding its theoretical capacity and area, it will be the biggest-of-its-kind facility on the continent.
In compliance with the requirements of the modern age and EU's railway and climate strategy, the terminal will pay great attention to the environment in the course of its operation. Implementation of the facility takes place by using green technology. Its energy supply will be based, among others, on a high-performance solar farm and a heat pump system. Only electric terminal tractors and electric cars will be used in the area of the terminal.
5G railway terminal, Hungary, East-West Intermodal Logistics Services Plc, Vodafone Hungary, Huawei Technologies, East-West Gate,
Siemens Mobility Gets a Huge New Order: Munich is Significantly…
ÖBB reports on the conversion to quiet freight cars. How advanced…
Siemens introduces new collaboration tools for its Comfy mobile…
Siemens Announces Work Progress on Siemensstadt Square and …


text:
2003 Iditarod » Checkpoints » Ruby
Population 187 -- The first checkpoint on the famous Yukon River, the longest river in Alaska, stretching 1,875 miles from its headwaters in the Yukon Territory of Canada to the Bering Sea. Gold was discovered her in 1907, but no town was established until until 1911 when additional gold deposits were discovered on Long Creek, causing a rush of prospectors to the area. This is the home of 1975 Iditarod Champion, Emmitt Peters. Ruby wa home for many of the mushers who carried mail for the Northern Commercial Company from Tanana to Ruby. The trip took four days and paid $5.00 a day. Dog team mail ended here in 1931. The checkpoint is in the community hall. Iditarod sponsor, the Millennium Alaskan Hotel Anchorage awards the first musher into Ruby a gourmet dinner and a cash prize.
« Kaltag 1
Grayling 1 »
Kaltag 1
John Baker 2 3/3 10:00:00 16
Tyrell Seavey 7 3/3 10:10:00 16
Ed Iten 9 3/3 10:14:00 16
Dexter Kancer 10 3/3 10:16:00 16
Blake Matray 11 3/3 10:18:00 16
Ben Stamm 12 3/3 10:20:00 16
Paul Gebhardt 14 3/3 10:24:00 16
Karen Land 16 3/3 10:28:00 16
Cim Smyth 17 3/3 10:30:00 16
Vern Halter 19 3/3 10:34:00 16
Frank Sihler 21 3/3 10:38:00 16
Robert Sorlie 23 3/3 10:42:00 16
Cindy Gallea 24 3/3 10:44:00 16
Aaron Burmeister 25 3/3 10:46:00 16
Ray Redington Jr 28 3/3 10:52:00 16
Todd Capistrant 29 3/3 10:54:00 16
DeeDee Jonrowe 30 3/3 10:56:00 16
Jack Berry 31 3/3 10:58:00 16
Debbie Moderow 32 3/3 11:00:00 16
Ramey Smyth 33 3/3 11:02:00 16
Ken Anderson 36 3/3 11:08:00 16
Bruce Lee 37 3/3 11:10:00 16
Karen Ramstead 38 3/3 11:12:00 16
Randy Chappel 39 3/3 11:14:00 16
Peter Bartlett 40 3/3 11:16:00 16
Mitch Seavey 43 3/3 11:22:00 16
Sonny Lindner 44 3/3 11:24:00 16
Aliy Zirkle 45 3/3 11:26:00 16
Melanie Gould 46 3/3 11:28:00 16
Rick Swenson 47 3/3 11:30:00 16
Tim Osmar 48 3/3 11:32:00 16
Gerald Sousa 49 3/3 11:34:00 16
Ellen Halverson 50 3/3 11:36:00 16
William Pinkham 52 3/3 11:40:00 16
Palmer Sagoonick 53 3/3 11:42:00 16
Dean Osmar 55 3/3 11:46:00 16
Jon Little 56 3/3 11:48:00 16
Jim Gallea 57 3/3 11:50:00 16
Keith Aili 59 3/3 11:54:00 16
Jessica Hendricks 60 3/3 11:56:00 16
Russell Bybee 61 3/3 11:58:00 16
Kelly LaMarre 62 3/3 12:00:00 16
Lachlan Clarke 63 3/3 12:02:00 16
Robert Bundtzen 64 3/3 12:04:00 16


As an offensive unit they have a true shooting percentage of 51% and they attempt 3 pointers on 32% of their shots. A statement made under penalty of perjury that the information provided MLB Baseball Jerseys is accurate and the notifying party is authorized to make the complaint on behalf of the copyright owner. Valuable New York Mets Betting Trends The New York Mets are against the over under Important Philadelphia Phillies Betting Trends The Philadelphia NHL Jerseys Cheap Phillies are against the over http://www.nflbrownsofficial.com/WOMENS_YOUTH_JIM_BROWN_JERSEY.html under The Philadelphia Phillies are against the run line Key New York Mets Injuries 07 17 SS MLB Jerseys Wholesale T.J. Watch as the bus fires up the engine and spits flames at the starting line before NHL Jerseys Wholesale taking off. Overall, the Eagles are 8 in New Orleans. Captained his second career fourth-quarter game-winning drive, marching the Jaguars 66 yards on nine plays to set up K Jason Myers' game-winning 28-yard NHL Jerseys Cheap FG with :40 left • 10 at IND: Completed 28-of-50 passes for 298 yards and one TD for an 80 passer rating … They are 17th in the league in team earned run average at 4.
Jameson Taillon Womens Jersey The current Flames won a seventh game trailing after 40 minutes, scoring twice in the final 68 seconds and again in Wholesale NBA Jerseys overtime, in Wednesday's 6 win over the Philadelphia Flyers. Michael Brown. C Ryan Jensen Jensen picked a good time to have the best year of his career. Celtics coach Jim. The Hoosiers get an average of 20 first downs per game, which ranks 80th in the nation. He maintains a slugging percentage of .450 with an OPS+ of 105. We just have to be Jim Brown Womens Jersey on our toes Wholesale NFL Jerseys Free Shipping better. I knew right away." The Bears led most of the game but made only two baskets over the final five minutes. sales by 2023. A healthier alternative to Olive Garden's fried tots, Kirbie Cravings' Parmesan zucchini bites are baked. It definitely gave me a different perspective on life and definitely shaped me for life. However, no area of the team suffered more than their blue line. Selected as Rutgers 2015 Defensive MVP.
They give up a walk 3 times per 9 innings while they strike http://www.officialpiratestore.com/authentic-50-jameson-taillon-jersey.html out 9 per 9.
The over is 5 in the Rams last 6 games after allowing less than 20 points in their previous game and 13 in their last 16 games after accumulating more than 450 total yards in their previous game. Minnesota is putting 21 points on the board per game on the offensive side of the ball. The school announced on Friday that Adams has been diagnosed with a Grade 2+ MCL sprain in his left knee, according to the results of an MRI he underwent on Thursday afternoon. Useful Pitching Statistics Philadelphia has a 64 overall mark this year. If a friend or family member will be attending the game instead, you will need to transfer the tickets to them, which can MLB Jerseys Wholesale also be done through the Buccaneers app or Buccaneers Account Manager on mobile or desktop. They force 15 turnovers per game which ranks them 24th in the NBA. He's played in 155 career D-League contests but really made improvements this season with Bakersfield.
Colorado was one of the youngest squads throughout the season, and the club ended the campaign and began the postseason as the youngest at 25 years of age. • Played in Wholesale NFL Jerseys Free Shipping 16 games with seven starts for Carolina in 2017…Recorded 21 tackles, four special NHL Jerseys Wholesale team tackles and one interception. Westbrook caught Wholesale NBA Jerseys seven of eight targets for 45 yards during MLB Baseball Jerseys Sunday's 17 win over the Dolphins. Fast Sign up with Instant Access Click Here One E-mail A Week Is All You Need! However, Super Bowl champions as road favorites in Week 2 are just 3 ATS in the last 11 attempts.


text:
A rhetorical critique of articles about the wage differences between two genders
The struggles beliefs and customs of native american people
Eulogy of napoleon
Home art homework help Ap lang synthesis essay space exploration
Ap lang synthesis essay space exploration
What is the Final Year Project? A working title and a brief description of your intended Project should be submitted when requested so that an allocation can be made to the most appropriate tutor.
Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here.
Citizen Kane - Wikipedia
Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication and required different punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler only commas and periods separate the elementsand information about the source is kept to the basics.
End this element with a period. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.
A book should be in italics: An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in italics: A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Title of container Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to "containers," which are the larger wholes in which the source is located.
Write with confidence with...
For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container.
The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.
Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.
Accessed 27 May Other contributors In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.
In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc. A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc. Version If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students.
Holistic Solutions for Authentic Learning
Number If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation. Current Conditions and Future Directions. The International Online-Only Journal, vol. Accessed 20 May Publisher The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public.
Museum of Modern Art, New York.MU Grade Distribution Application Sunday, November 11, Term. Dear Twitpic Community - thank you for all the wonderful photos you have taken over the years.
We have now placed Twitpic in an archived state. Citizen Kane is a American mystery drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and webkandii.com picture was Welles's first feature webkandii.comted for Academy Awards in nine categories, it won an Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Herman J.
Mankiewicz and Welles.
Browse By Author: G - Project Gutenberg
Considered by many critics, filmmakers, and fans to be the greatest film of all time. - Space Travel Synthesis Essay In America, space travel is a controversial issue that many discuss.
Although exciting, some people find it unnecessary and a waste of money. There are also many risks associated with space travel and many issues are more important than space travel that should be focused on.
"AP Synthesis Essay: Expanding Your Explanations AP Synthesis Materials. Television Draft Space Exploration Explorers and tales of explorations tend to capture the human imagination. However, such explorations have financial and ethical consequences.
Space exploration is no exception. Digital Impact LLC produces large format, high-resolution, semi-permanent corrugated/mixed material POP & POS displays, product packaging and specialized permanent displays for companies of all backgrounds.
Our clients know us for our reliability, speed to market, and long-standing razor sharp focus on customer service. Utilizing state of the art digital printing, we produce product packaging.
Prisons in america
Marketing plan of toyota
Difference between write and writestorybooksforchildren
Write 5 paragraph compare contrast essay
The importance of research and development in business today
Service experience report
Macbeth imagery essay conclusion
To what extent it is appropriate for law to enforce moral standards essay
Distributions to shareholders
taylorteachesenglish | AP Language & Composition


Image Title: Affordable Wrought Iron Doors Dallas TX With Regard To Cast Designs 11. Post Title: Cast Iron Doors. Filename: affordable-wrought-iron-doors-dallas-tx-with-regard-to-cast-designs-11.jpg. Image Dimension: 301 x 450 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Emiliano Wisozk. Uploaded Date: Thursday - January 31st. 2019 03:34:49 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: bhg.com. Iron Entry Doors Los Gatos Campbell Saratoga California Intended For Cast Design 6. Wrought Iron Doors Kings Building Material In Cast Remodel 3. Gyd 15d0722 Modern Cast Iron Metal Security Door Buy Pertaining To Doors Ideas 5. Whg14036 Modern Wrought Iron Doors And Windows For Villa Long Intended Cast Design 2. Affordable Wrought Iron Doors Dallas TX Pertaining To Cast Inspirations 7. Wrought Iron Doors Single Double Entry Door Designs With Cast Prepare 12. Windows And Doors Burlington Hamilton Ancaster Showroom Regarding Cast Iron Designs 15. Wrought Iron Doors Kings Building Material Inside Cast Decor 4. Wrought Iron Doors Designs Throughout Cast Decor 8. Iron Doors Arizona Custom Wrought In Phoenix AZ Inside Cast Prepare 17.


I'll be the first to admit I don't know much about alcohol, so when I was offered the chance to expand my knowledge whilst meeting awesome new blogger friends, I just couldn't turn it down. Nuffnang invited us down to Los Barbudos, a Cuban bar in Fitzroy, to learn how to mix a traditional Mojito.
I literally did not know that the Fitzroy Gardens Conservatory existed until yesterday when I read Fashion Hayley's post, and when Fran messaged me and wanted to do something that didn't cost much money, I knew this would be perfect. The Fitzroy Gardens are located on the edge of the Melbourne CBD, so how I didn't know this was here is ridiculous to me. But never the less, we jumped on a tram and went to explore the gorgeous landscaping. I also used it as a great excuse to test out the macro setting on my new DSLR camera!
When I found out my best friend was planning to go into uni on her birthday, I was like oh no you don't! This simply won't do! and dragged her (quite willingly) into the city to visit QV's Glasshouse. The Glasshouse is a pop-up indoor garden and cafe right in the heart of Melbourne serving tea (or lemonade) and cake for only $5! It also plays host to a variety of other events including being transformed into a butterfly enclosure, champagne nights and Petite Green Terrarium demonstrations. Without really planning it, we managed to see one of the Terrarium demonstrations which was super cute!


Uses: used to install or repair accessories on 4 split conductors.
Note: pls clarify the distance between the 2 conductors when order is made.
It is made of high quality and high strength steel material with reasonable volume,light weight,easy to operate.By high quality material and good design,these kind of Spacer Bike or Car can be durable and long service life.we are a professional Chinese exporter of Spacer Bike or Car and we are looking forward to your cooperation.
High Quality Chinese Supplier of Spacer Bike,Spacer Car,1 BND Spacer car,2 BND Spacer Car,Four Bunle Spacer car,Spacing Bike,Spacing Car,Spacer.we are a professional Chinese exporter of Spacer Bike,Spacer Car and we are looking forward to your cooperation.
Looking for ideal 4 Conductors Spacer Car Manufacturer & supplier ? We have a wide selection at great prices to help you get creative. All the Four Bunle Conductors Spacer Car are quality guaranteed. We are China Origin Factory of Four Bunle Conductors Flying Spacer. If you have any question, please feel free to contact us.


Application programming interfaces (APIs) are most often heard in computer science sectors such as big data and cloud computing instead of banking sectors such as working capital or receivables finance. But this, according to multinational banking and financial services holding company HSBC, is changing.
APIs are at the heart of a financial technology (FinTech) trend that allows banks to drive forward technological change within their organizations while not only providing value to customers but also unlocking the value of digital assets they already have but don't actively monetise.
APIs are technology protocols that basically allow various software or components of systems to communicate. Banks can implement these protocols to allow them to package business data and assets and make them accessible for anyone — inside or outside the organisation.
The flexibility of APIs helps banks provide the experience and product customisation customers typically expect of third-party applications. Furthermore, when banks open up their APIs to third-party integrations, developers can build hosted innovative apps customers can then access from the bank's app store.
Third-party integrations allow banks to address weaknesses in service delivery and enrich their digital client-facing ecosystem. Soon, white-label solutions will evolve as an offshoot of this trend — developed by prominent organisations and made available for paid use by others. From here, it's a full-blown financial API economy.
This still-emerging FinTech trend is called open banking or open API. It essentially enables financial institutions to integrate third-party applications to their products and services. These APIs allow banks to provide customers a lot of digital financial products, services, and platforms around the banking ecosystem while at the same time being highly monetisable for the banks themselves.
It's still emerging because various sectors in the industry display equally varied degrees of digital maturity.
Regardless, it's certainly a trend that's moving forward — albeit at different rates and stages for different financial institutions — due to a number of factors. The foremost catalyst that spurred the change is increased competition from purely financial technology solution providers that traditional banks need to deal with primarily because it increases customer expectations regarding availability and convenience.
Since banks are always on the lookout for additional streams of revenue and are actively looking for ways to unlock the value of their customer data and other digital assets, open APIs appear to be the right path forward. This is especially true given ever-increasing interconnectivity and digitization, making it even more important for banks to successfully cultivate ecosystems of technological, digital innovation around the volumes of customer data they hold.
Traditional financial institutions are typically seen as less agile and slower to adopt to digital trends than smaller, leaner counterparts either within the same industry or otherwise. It's similar to other bulky, slow-moving sectors such as law — they're simply too big and complex to allow for quick turnarounds that span entire industries.
Government regulations and open initiatives are opening up access to customer data that banks hold on other businesses. Such regulation as the European Union's Payment Service Directive (PSD II) and open API itself are driving this change. National financial regulators in many other countries are evaluating open API's feasibility for their own financial sectors as well.
Banks can leverage existing data and digital assets for monetisation, creating new revenue streams.
The challenges that this trend needs to overcome to evolve into its own ecosystem within the wider FinTech landscape, however, are substantial. Just the workings of securing packaged digital assets that typically consists of sensitive client data would be significant. Scale the security needs by as much as big data and cloud computing requires, and it becomes a monumental undertaking.
Regardless, financial institutions will need to work on digital security and risk management anyway, with or without open API. And the value unlocked by open banking via APIs is well worth the effort.


text:
Selon les experts
Thème complet
Back to recent texts
The Effects of Community Violence on Child Development
1Nancy G. Guerra, EdD, 2Carly Dierkhising, MA
1University of Delaware, USA, 2University of California at Riverside, USA
The communities that children grow up in can have a profound effect on the adults they become. Many children are raised in calm and supportive environments with a wealth of resources. At the other end of the spectrum, millions of children grow up under conditions of adversity. This often translates into the absence of basic resources necessary for development. But adversity can also reflect heightened exposure to negative events that shape life outcomes.
Exposure to community violence is among the most detrimental experiences children can have, impacting how they think, feel and act. Community violence refers to interpersonal violence in the community that is not perpetrated by a family member and is intended to cause harm. It can be a by-product of different circumstances, ranging from neighbourhood crime and violence to ongoing civil conflict or war. Exposure to violence is defined as the vicarious experience of violence (e.g., hearing about violence), being the direct victim of a violent act, or witnessing violence involving others.1
Sadly, in the U.S. and internationally, too many children and youth experience high levels of community violence exposure. For example, in a nationwide survey in the U.S., 55% of adolescents reported some type of exposure to community violence.2 In the U.S. at this time, homicide is the second leading cause of death for youth between the ages of 10 and 24, although this figure includes family violence and other types of violent victimization.3 These high rates extend to involvement with lesser types of violence. For example, according to the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted annually with a nationally representative survey of high school students, 32% of youth report having been in one or more physical fights in the last year.3 Although violence cuts across social and demographic lines, exposure to community violence is highest in inner city and urban poor neighbourhoods.1
Recent Research Findings
What is the impact of violence exposure on child development? One clear message is that "violence begets violence"– children who experience violence are more likely to become ensnared in a cycle of violence that leads to future violent behaviour, including aggression, delinquency, violent crime and child abuse.4 This holds true for all types of childhood violence exposure including, but not limited to, community violence.
In addition, violence exposure has been shown to contribute to mental health problems during childhood and adolescence. Psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are found at higher rates among youth exposed to community violence.5 Many children experience more than one symptom or disorder. For example, in a national survey of adolescent exposure to violence, nearly half of boys diagnosed with PTSD had a diagnosis of comorbid depression, and nearly a third had a comorbid substance use disorder. Among the girls diagnosed with PTSD, over two-thirds also had a diagnosis of comorbid depression and one-quarter had a comorbid substance use disorder.6
PTSD symptoms have been found to have a graded relationship to community violence exposure where higher levels are associated with increased symptom expression.2 In adolescence, PTSD symptoms may manifest as externalizing behaviours when youth are hyper-aroused and over responsive to perceived threat; conversely, youth may appear depressed and withdrawn. Studies typically find gender differences in outcomes, with boys becoming more aggressive and girls becoming more depressed as a result of community violence exposure.7
In addition to documenting the impact of violence on child outcomes, a growing body of research has examined the processes underlying the heterogeneity of this impact, particularly for children of different ages. Violence exposure influences development across multiple domains and at different stages. It can impact children's neurological, physical, emotional, and social development, often leading to a cascade of problems that interfere with adjustment.
For very young children, repeated exposure to community violence can contribute to problems forming positive and trusting relationships necessary for children to explore their environment and develop a secure sense of self.8 Difficulties forming these attachment relationships can interfere with the development of a basic sense of trust and compromise future relationships well into adulthood. Of particular concern is the effect of these experiences on the child's developing brain. Further, because the brain develops in a sequential fashion, disruptions early in life can set in motion a physiological chain of development that becomes increasingly difficult to interrupt. For children who are "incubated in terror," the neurobiological adaptations that allow the child to survive in violent settings can ultimately lead to violence and mental health problems even when they are no longer adaptive.9
Human survival depends on activation of the "fight or flight" response in response to potential threats. Yet for some children, heightened exposure to community violence creates a constant state of fear, activating the stress response apparatus in the central nervous system. This portends a host of problematic outcomes, including hypersensitivity to external stimuli, an increased startle response, and problems with affect regulation.10 These reactions set the stage for mental health problems, distorted cognitions and problem behaviours.
The connection between community violence exposure, social cognitive development, and behaviour is best illustrated by examining the mechanisms implicated in the cycle of violence. As children grow up and develop a more sophisticated cognitive understanding of the social world, the neurodevelopmental blueprint linked to early violence exposure can easily translate to a distorted worldview. For some children (particularly boys), it can lead to hypervigilance to threat, misattribution of intent and willingness to endorse violence.11 As these patterns of cognition become increasingly stable over time, they can lead to characteristic patterns of thinking and action associated with aggressive and violent behaviour.12 In essence, these internalized schemas about the need for and appropriateness of aggression serve as mechanisms through which community violence contributes to future aggressive and violence.13
Research Gaps
Community violence does not occur in a vacuum. It often co-occurs with other types of violence. In particular, for young children the family is the primary source of violence exposure, although this exposure frequently is greater for children living in high-violence communities.8,9 Although prior studies have addressed the importance of the broader ecological context, it still is the case that most studies examine the effects of violence exposure within a single context. Further, children and youth exposed to high levels of community violence typically experience other stressors or risk factors in their communities, families or among peers. It is important for studies to disentangle the effects of multiple stressful experiences on development and to identify the unique contribution of violence exposure.
In general, research has considered "violence exposure" as a single phenomenon, with few studies examining the unique effects of hearing about violence, witnessing violence or being a victim of violence. These effects may also vary by age. Of critical importance for prevention and intervention, future research can build on studies of resilience (adaptation in the face of adversity) to highlight individual and contextual factors that foster adjustment in violent settings (although clearly a preferred solution would be to decrease levels of violence exposure). Indeed, most youth exposed to community violence do not experience negative outcomes.14
In the U.S. and internationally, children frequently are exposed to high levels of community violence. Recent surveys estimate that more than 50% of children and youth have experienced some level of community violence exposure. This experience has been shown to have a negative impact on development leading to increased emotional, social, and behavioural problems. A robust finding is the link between violence exposure and latter aggression and violence, referred to as the "cycle of violence." In other words, children who see or experience violence around them are more likely to use violence as they get older and into adulthood. The effects of violence exposure are particularly problematic for young children and have been shown to adversely impact brain development. Disruptions early in life can set in motion a physiological chain of development that becomes increasingly difficult to interrupt. In addition to higher levels of aggressive behaviour, psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are found at higher rates among youth exposed to community violence. Still, most youth who grow up in violent settings do not develop mental health or behaviour problems, although more research is needed to understand specific processes of resilience.
Implications for Parents, Services and Policy
It goes without saying that the most important response to community violence exposure is to work collaboratively to reduce violence in the settings where children grow up. There are many examples of community-based strategies to reduce violence that have been effective. Parents can also limit children's exposure to violence, even in more violent neighbourhoods, by carefully monitoring and supervising their activities. They can also curtail violence exposure in other settings, for example, by limiting children's exposure to violent television, movies and video games. Given that violence exposure impacts children's stress reactivity, prevention and intervention programs that help children understand and manage stress are an important ingredient in promoting resilience and adjustment for children exposed to violence.
Richters, J. E., and Martinez, P. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7-21.
McCart, M., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E., et al. (2007). Do urban adolescence become desensitized to community violence? Data from a National Survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 3, 434-442.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2011). Youth violence statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/stats_at-a_glance/index.html. Accessed November 11, 2011.
Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
Sheidow, A., Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. (2001). Family and community characteristics: Risk factors for violence exposure in inner-city youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 29, 345-360.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Smith, D. W., Saunders, B. E. et al. (2007). Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 692-700.
Attar, B., Guerra, N. G., & Tolan, P. (1994). Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 394-400.
Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effect of exposure to violence on young children. American Psychologist, 50, 782-188.
Perry, B. D. (1997). Incubated in terror: Neurodevelopmental factors in the 'cycle of violence.' In J. Osofsky (Ed.), Children, youth, and violence: The search for solutions (pp. 124-148). New York: Guilford Press.
Pynoos, R. (1990). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. In B. Garfinkel, G. Carlson, & E. Weller (Eds.). Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 48-63). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.
Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology/Annual Reviews. Vol. 51, 445-479.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary-school children. Child Development, 74, 1507-1522.
Guerra, N. G. (1997). Intervening to prevent childhood aggression in the inner city. In J. McCord (Ed.), Violence and childhood in the inner city (pp. 256-312). Guggenheim Foundation/Cambridge University Press.


text:
Home News 'Bottas 2.77' to be unleashed in 2020
'Bottas 2.77' to be unleashed in 2020
Valtteri Bottas will release version "2.77" as he looks to stop Mercedes team-mate Lewis Hamilton winning a seventh title in 2020.
The Finn enjoyed his best season in Mercedes colours in 2019, finishing P2 in the Championship, but when Bottas 2.0 showed up and dominated in Melbourne, it seemed like much more was possible.
Instead Hamilton slowly but surely ground down his team-mate's title challenge, and Bottas has been forced to go away and formulate a new plan.
And it seems "Bottas 2.77" is what he's come up with, though he expects the challenges from outside Mercedes to be much more fierce in 2020.
"The fact is, I think competition is only going to get tougher between the top three teams," Bottas told Autosport.com.
"So, for sure beating Lewis is always hard, but it means also beating the other drivers.
"But I know I have the speed in me and the ability so I don't think I need to make any miracles.
"I need to fine-tune everything – so, let's say 'Bottas 2.77′, maybe."
Further wins in Baku, Japan and Austin made 2019 Bottas' most successful F1 season to date, so he rightly feels that he has taken a big step forward.
"It's been a very good year of improvement all around," he explained.
"Every part of what it takes to be a complete driver, what makes the difference to get the wins and the results, and I just need to continue the progress really with the team.
"I've been learning a lot about myself for sure from last year to this year, and from all the mistakes from last year. It's been helping me to be a better driver.
"Obviously I've had many weekends this year that could have been a lot better, so there are many points we are going to review with the team and find the causes, why the pace was not there or why I did a mistake.
"We will really go deep into details and again I can learn from those.
"I can't really point out one thing [we'll look at] except the consistency of the season with my performance, what affects that, and that's more in the fine details [that] I need to go through with the team."
In the meantime, Bottas joked that his winter break from F1 will consist of "eating lots more porridge and looking for a porridge sponsor".
There is of course his rally exploits too after the Finn won the Rallycircuit event at Paul Ricard in a Citroen DS3 WRC.