Discussion in 'The Development Lab' started by fasteddy, Jul 1, 2011.
I have also added a resistor value calculator to help you work out the required resistor values needed to be used on the 44 boards based on the conditions you set.
Thanks Eddy - you are the diagram king, once again!
Very impressive Eddy - as always!
Eddy, you're a champion. Non-electronic folk like me need pictures just like that!
Eddy, sent you an updated version with the mods we spoke about last night.
Also the same with the Voltage Matching resistor. The new update shows you the wattage required for this resistor, as well as allows you to select a value different to the "calculated" value in case you dont have one exactly as calculated. This then calculates the new voltage across the FET. This value should be as close to 2V as possible, but can be a little more, but this will increase the power dissipated in the FET within the chip. It also calculates the new power dissipation in the chip as well.
Both the resistors can be entered at once, so you can see the effect of altering both.
Say the sheet tells you that you need a 2.15 ohm current setting resistor and you dont have one, and lets face it, other than MPH, most of us are not going to have that value!.
I dont' have every value in 1%.. Thats for sure.. you'd need about 1000 values to make a useful set!


text:
package org.rzo.yajsw.wrapper;

import java.awt.Color;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

public class TrayIconProxy
{
	List<TrayIconMessage> messages = Collections
			.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<TrayIconMessage>());
	volatile String _inquireMessage;
	volatile String _inquireResponse;
	volatile Color _userColor;

	public enum Types
	{
		ERROR, INFO, WARNING, MESSAGE
	};

	public void error(String caption, String message)
	{
		synchronized (messages)
		{
			messages.add(new TrayIconMessage(Types.ERROR, caption, message));
		}
	}

	public void info(String caption, String message)
	{
		synchronized (messages)
		{
			messages.add(new TrayIconMessage(Types.INFO, caption, message));
		}
	}

	public void warning(String caption, String message)
	{
		synchronized (messages)
		{
			messages.add(new TrayIconMessage(Types.WARNING, caption, message));
		}
	}

	public void message(String caption, String message)
	{
		synchronized (messages)
		{
			messages.add(new TrayIconMessage(Types.MESSAGE, caption, message));
		}
	}

	public String inquire(String message)
	{
		String result = null;
		if (_inquireResponse != null)
		{
			result = _inquireResponse;
			// System.out.println("got response for inquire ");
			_inquireResponse = null;
		}
		else
		{
			// System.out.println("waiting for inquire " + message);
			_inquireMessage = message;
			result = null;
		}
		return result;
	}

	public String[][] toArrayAndClear()
	{
		String[][] result = null;
		synchronized (messages)
		{
			if (messages.size() == 0)
				return null;
			result = new String[messages.size()][];
			int i = 0;
			for (TrayIconMessage message : messages)
				result[i++] = message.toStringArray();
			messages.clear();
		}
		return result;
	}

	public void setUserColor(Color color)
	{
		_userColor = color;
	}

	public Color getUserColor()
	{
		return _userColor;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If you think your child may have lice, the certified lice removal specialists in our Rockville Centre clinic are only a 20 minute ride away from you. The village of Lawrence is home to the Lawrence Public Schools. It is also home to the elementary and middle schools of the Hebrew Academy of the Five Towns and Rockaway, the Brandeis School, and Rambam Mesivta.


This Pro Tools 201 course covers the core concepts and skills needed to operate a Pro Tools system setup in a professional studio environment.
The course continues to build on the fundamental concepts and topics covered in the Pro Tools 100-series of courses. Access to the 201 international exam requires passing all previous 100 series exams.
Intermediate musical knowledge or skills are required to study this course.
Intermediate level of understanding of recording techniques, processes, and equipment.
Successfully completion of the Pro Tools 110: Music Production with Pro Tools course.
The course includes the Pro Tools 201 textbook and all additional course material and notes. The Course also includes two attemts to the internationally accredited professional certification exams.


Get the baseball hat that proclaims the sport you'd rather be playing. This two-tone Gray and Black hat is 100% acrylic and embroidered with the US Chess Women logo. One size fits all.
The US Chess Federation strives to create the finest chess apparel on the planet. The thought, care and craftsmanship that go into each design are second to none. All shirts are printed on 60% combed ringspun cotton/40% polyester lightweight jersey for an amazingly comfortable playing experience. All shirts have a classic athletic look.
The perfect mousepad of the 80th Anniversary of the US Chess Federation.
The perfect coffee cup for the 80th Anniversary of the US Chess Federation. This ceramic coffee cup holds 11 ounces of your favorite beverage and has a size of 3.75" H x 4.75" W x 3.25" Diameter.
The perfect mousepad for US Chess Women of the US Chess Federation.
The perfect coffee cup for US Chess Women of the US Chess Federation. This ceramic coffee cup holds 11 ounces of your favorite beverage and has a size of 3.75" H x 4.75" W x 3.25" Diameter.
US Chess strives to create the finest chess apparel on the planet. The thought, care and craftsmanship that go into each design are second to none. All shirts are printed on 60% combed ringspun cotton/40% polyester lightweight jersey for an amazingly comfortable playing experience. All shirts have a classic athletic look.


We are a few weeks into the New Year and I'm excited for all of the things to come. New Orleans was fabulous- better than I could have ever imagined. I could not have asked for a better New Year's/anniversary/holiday/getaway trip!
But it's back to the real world. And blogging. I'm switching things up. As I've gotten older, I've been less into oversharing and providing the world with every detail of my life. So Life's Better In Yoga Pants is going to focus more on my fitness again, food, and apparently skincare (my new obsession).
This year's biggest fitness goal is Chicago and crushing it. I've been out of the running game-physically and mentally for quite some time and I just know 2019 is my year for many things, including this race. To prepare, I've got to lose a lot of weight and get my fitness back on track. How am I doing that? The Flywheel 15 classes in 30 day challenge of course! I'm ready to whip this booty back in shape.
Once the challenge is over, I plan on getting 4 or 5 pack classes at Flywheel and Mile High Run Club and supplementing with outside running, the Peloton app and classes at my co-working space, Live Primary. I'm confident I can be ready for training to start in May!
It's no secret the food aids in weight loss and this year, burritos officially took over my life. A minor hiccup but I'm back to eating normal, lots of greens, veggies, healthy fats, whole grains, etc. Homemade burritos are now on the menu, often of course, so are overnight oats, fruits, healthy muffins, etc. It's been just a week and I've felt pretty damn good!
Lastly, I've been obsessed with my skincare routine lately. Ahava, Sunday Riley and Peter Thomas Roth have somehow become my go-to's. I don't wear a lot of makeup, so attempting to reduce aging, stay hydrated and acne-free has become my [very expensive] thing.
Morning: Wash face with Peter Thomas Roth, body with Ahava, and moisturize body with Ahava (or the new lotion that popped up in the shower). For the face specifically it's ROC Eye Cream, currently Peter Thomas Roth Water Drench serum, then either Peter Thomas Roth regular moisturizer or Water Drench, or Ahava face moisturizer.
Nighttime: Second shower post-workout I usually use Clean&Clear Acne Face Wash or Peter Thomas Roth Water Drench, and the Ahava bar soap. Sometime I do the Ahava clay face mask or use the exfoliator. Afterwards, it's usually Sunday Riley Good Genes before bed.
On deck is a recap of a wellness event where I tried my first vitamin IV!


text:
Back to the Portland Pilots Newsfeed
Pilot Soccer Match vs. Seattle U to be Televised on KRCW-TV
Official Site of the Pilots | November 17, 2021
Related Topics: Seattle University, Portland, KRCW-TV, Portland Pilots men's soccer, Portland Pilots, RPI Engineers women's ice hockey
PORTLAND, Ore. -- Tomorrow's NCAA Tournament first-round matchup between the Portland Pilots and the Seattle U Redhawks will officially be televised on Portland's CW (KRCW-TV). The broadcast will start at 6 p.m.
The Pilots officially made the tournament earlier this week after finishing the regular season 10-6-1 overall and 4-2-1 in WCC play. They beat four teams that ranked in the top 40 in RPI -- UCLA, Loyola Marymount, Northern Illinois and Seattle U -- over the course of the regular season and finished tied for third in the WCC.
Thursday's match will be the first playoff game for the Pilots since 2018.
See full article at Official Site of the Pilots

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Four ways smartphones are changing the world for the better
In this post we'll be looking at some of the ways smartphones have changed our world for the better.
Erdem Pulcu
Facebook in 2004. YouTube in 2005. Twitter in 2006. iPhone in 2007. Android in 2008. The launch of these landmark products has changed our lives dramatically over the last decade. We didn't know it at the time, but these were milestones on the road to a new world. They were some of the key moments of the mobile revolution.
Not all changes brought by the mobile revolution have been positive. In fact, for certain groups of people from around the world, the explosion of mobile has brought misery and exploitation. We touch on this dark side of our mobile addiction here. But on a global scale, the mobile age has unlocked great benefits for all of us. In this post we'll be looking at some of the ways smartphones have changed our world for the better.
Word spreads around the globe
One of the most significant improvements the mobile revolution has brought about is the speed at which information spreads from one part of the globe to another. It doesn't matter if the content is to our liking or not. The visionaries who foresaw that people would like to own a small handheld device (i.e. the smartphone) that can connect them to millions of their peers over the internet were proven absolutely right!
Mass-media companies like BBC, CNN, Reuters, The Independent or The New York Times quickly recognized this potential and established official presences on Facebook or Twitter and other platforms, using them to broadcast breaking news around the clock.
It goes deeper than that. Thanks to the internet and our feature-packed smartphones, we can not only consume and interact with incoming news, we can also be the first ones to communicate things to the rest of the world if we happen to be at the right place, at the right time. And we're doing this over devices that just two decades ago would've looked at home in sci-fi flicks.
Events in one country now have almost instant implications for the rest of the world. With steady improvements in network speeds and hardware, we're more connected than ever. Remember the so-called Arab Spring (regardless of the eventual outcomes of the events): how social opposition movements spread out like wildfire; how people were inspired by citizens of other countries to demand similar liberties for themselves; and how people organized on social media to attend rallies and protests.
Although my personal experience with Periscope has been fairly disappointing (despite shooting from a phone with 4K camera and OIS over high-speed LTE), apps like it allow people to stand up as individual journalists and broadcast incidents live as they happen. We see footage shot with smartphones in mass-media almost every day now.
For marginalized groups, taking to social media has become an effective way to appeal to the general public. This can backfire, as inevitably, our online presence makes the internet a domain of interest for governments. Thus, we have a struggle between opposing forces – on one side people demanding equality, privacy and liberties; on the other, authorities who want to control and regulate. Aaron Swartz, the late internet activist, once said, "It is not, you know, only certain people have licence to speak, now everyone has a licence to speak. It's a question of who gets heard".
In my opinion, we are living through a transition period triggered by a dramatic change in mobile networks in the last decade and personal experience tell me that transition periods could be painful. But sooner or later things will stabilize and everyday liberties enjoyed by leading Western countries will spread out throughout the world. Surely, the mobile networks are speeding up this process.
Abolishing boundaries
I have been searching for an informative graph showing how the average number of countries people visited changed in the last 300 years or so. Unfortunately I didn't come across a good figure. We can intuitively say that the number is continuously increasing as travelling is becoming safer and cheaper.
I cannot express how living in other countries, communicating with people from other cultures can broaden one's life perspective. By 30, I have spent much more time abroad than my whole family combined, and I think that the time we spend abroad will continue to increase for future generations. The mobile revolution is one of the key reasons why this is the case.
As someone who was living in Japan with a very elementary level of Japanese speaking ability, it amazes me how people survived before Google Maps, Translate, and many others apps that make traveling so much easier today. From one perspective, the dependence on mobile technology is pathetic (I would have preferred if I had enough time to learn Japanese), but on the other hand it surely makes it easier for people to explore foreign cultures.
From my own personal observation, I wasn't that much into mobile technology when I was living in the UK, maybe because I did not needed it as much. However, in Japan, my smartphone became one of my most prized possessions, as it connected me to the rest of the world and made it convenient for me to interact with my surroundings (even the simple task of checking the ingredients in a product, which would otherwise be impossible if Google Translate did not exist).
I believe that this convenience of travelling and staying connected to the rest of the world will bring about another positive transformation, although this may not happen during our lifetime. It is highly likely that someday, as more people interact and connect with foreign cultures, borders between countries will start to dissolve and the world will become a united planet were everyone will be able to travel and settle down wherever they like. In turn, this could promote world peace and abundant economical growth. Smartphones and mobile networks will be at the heart of this evolution, as they silently make it easier for us to travel far and wide.
Invaluable help for the most vulnerable
It's summer in the northern hemisphere. For many of us, this is a time to think of when and where to go for a summer holiday. Unfortunately, summer has a different meaning for terrorist organisations as conditions become more favorable to escalate conflicts. Consequently, summer means something totally different to the refugees who try to flee from war.
The smartphone is, again, the key tool that allows refugees to navigate around foreign places, send distress calls, or communicate with relatives they had to leave behind in the conflict regions. We should agree that things could have been much worse if mobile networks did not exist.
But how do refugees gain access to internet?
My investigations focusing on the conditions of Syrian refugees in Turkey, did not reveal strong evidence of widespread wireless connection availability in refugee camps. Facebook is working towards providing free internet for UN refugee camps, according to the BBC. However, this hasn't been accomplished yet.
Some people have to pay exorbitant fees for internet access, for example by getting it directly from human traffickers or by means of undocumented work. In this respect, as in many others, refugee populations remain highly vulnerable to exploitation.
Difficult as securing access may be, owning a smartphone gives refugees the chance to communicate, collect information, and navigate in unknown territories. This holds true even for those who make it to Europe. In interviews, many of them said that the smartphone and the external battery packs are among the most important items they carry with them.
It has become an instinctual gesture to turn to our smartphones when we are exposed to an unknown environment. Writing about this reminds me of my first year in Japan (2014) when I was using an LG Nexus 5. Even in such a safe country, I would avoid going to places that I was not familiar with late at night, if I wasn't sure my battery would hold up (and the Nexus 5's battery was nothing special). It's no wonder that there's a big market for those budget Chinese phones with huge batteries or for insane battery packs! Just imagine
For the rest of us who should not have a refugee experience, the smartphone allows us to find information beyond what may be delivered to us by the mass media. Unfortunately, the refugee crisis feels like it is becoming an insolvable problem, and I am sure that almost each of us have an opinion on what the best solution may be. If we agree that it's not possible to have a meaningful opinion without acquiring knowledge, I think mobile networks dramatically increased the breadth of knowledge on our fingertips.
Solving big science problems together
Speaking of seemingly insolvable problems, this year we've seen Google's DeepMind AI conclusively mastering the game of Go (an ancient Chinese board game). DeepMind crushed a human Go champion by selecting the best decision out of an intractable number of potential choices. This showed that with out-of-the-box thinking, machine learning can help us overcome problems which may seem beyond our reach today.
Recent research published in the highly respected scientific journal Nature has shown that humans still have an ace up their sleeves when it comes to solving complex problems better than machines. In order to find better solutions to quantum computing problems, researches took them to the general public by making a game representing these quantum computing problems: Quantum Moves.
By studying people's intuitive solutions (remember these people are just playing a game and have no knowledge of quantum physics) to the problems presented in the game, the scientists were able to identify much quicker solutions to their rocket-science problems. This shows the potential benefit of taking things to the general public, again made possible by mobile networks and smartphones.
Maybe someday we will come to a stage where more apparently insolvable problems will be taken to the public and with joint collaborative efforts we will overcome them together to make the world a better place to live. Again, I think the smartphone will be at the heart of this change and it will strengthen its status as an indispensable item in the 21st century.
Please comment down below and let us know what you think on how the world is changing positively because of smartphones!


I am Julie C. Richards – a licensed Mortgage Loan Officer with Spruce Mortgage, Inc. and will find it a privilege to work with you in serving your needs while representing Spruce Mortgage, Inc.
As a native Vermonter my background includes Property Management, Real Estate Investment, Project Management, and Non-Profit Fundraising. In my spare time I am a professional Photographer and enjoy donating my time and skills to Make*A*Wish Vermont, Make*A*Wish America, Lund, The Stern Center for Language and Learning, and the Boys and Girls Club of Burlington.
Currently, I serve as a a Board Member of For One Another Foundation and The Humane Society for Chittenden County.
As a committed, hard-working, and service-oriented individual I look forward to working with you.
I reside in Burlington, VT with Gene Richards.


However, it is unlikely that the ACSO position's will return, even if aircrew are being sent at some point. The NATO AWACS cockpit is being transitioned to glass, and the navigator being removed from the aircraft, so ACSOs won't be required in the force.
You are probably the only unit to send a name up.
Thant doesn't surprise me. The SCWO here is really big on getting people as much experience as possible. He's all about career progression. It's nice to see.
I'm not sure about that... NATO AWACS and US AWACS are different and are having different upgrade paths. I don't know if the US is removing the nav or not.
My info comes from when I was NATO AGS... at the time AGS belonged to NAEW&C Force Command which was (is) co-located with SHAPE at Mons, Belgium; NAEW&C FC was also the parent command of the Force in GK. AGS moved out of NAEW&C FC while I was there; I'm not sure who the belong to now.
As the name DRAGON (Diminishing Manufacturing Sources Replacement of Avionics for Global Operations and Navigation) suggests, one of the problems the AWACS fleets are having is finding parts for their old avionics. Both the USA (Block 40-45) and NATO (Mid-Term Modernisation) have implemented billion-dollar upgrade programs for radar and mission systems over the last decade, but that doesn't mean much if you can't fly the plane. New ICAO standards as of 2015 add another layer of urgency, in order to keep the fleet flying within international civil airspace.
The upgrade will reduce the flight deck crew from 4 people to 3, with the removal of the previous navigator position.
As the article implies, my understanding is that the back end (radar and computer) upgrades were different.
USAF isn't getting rid of Navigator for quite some time.
The spot on the AWACS, or the trade itself?
Sorry - that reply of mine was incomplete.
The Navigator role on the E-3G is not being phased out as quickly as the NATO fleets. DRAGON mod is slow and priority is for NATO vice USAF upgrades.


text:
Geneva State Park
Parks › Ohio › Geneva (OH)
Located on Ohio's northeastern shoreline, 698-acre Geneva State Park reflects the character and charisma of Lake Erie. The shimmering expanse of the lake lures vacationers who enjoy fishing and boating. Swimmers rejoice in the beautiful sand beach while nature enthusiasts retreat to the park's freshwater marshes and estuaries associated with the lake. Geneva offers the visitor a natural beach, several areas of freshwater marsh and beautiful mature woodlots. In the mid 1970s, the park installed a variety of protective devices and planted different types of vegetation in an effort to control erosion. The middle and western beach areas contain plants that are rare in Ohio but characteristic of the Atlantic coast. Sea rocket, seaside spurge, beach pea and silverweed can be found on the Geneva beaches. Marshes located at the mouth of Cowles Creek, No Name Creek and Wheeler Creek contain swamp smartweed, leafy sedge and submerged aquatic vegetation.
Map of Geneva (OH)
This park's 6-lane boat ramp provides easy access to Lake Erie's central basin. Marina features a canteen and concession area which supplies gasoline, boating essentials and bait, along with 383 docks for seasonal rental. The east breakwall of the marina is capped with a sidewalk. Transient dock rental is available. Boat ramp is a Carry in Carry Out area. No trash cans are available. Please bring trash bags with you.
Astabula County is home to 16 covered bridges, 15 award-winning wineries, nineteen museums, and two wild and scenic rivers. Visitors can tour the scenic Lake Erie shoreline along Lake Road West.
This park has 89 electric sites, four full hook-up sites, seven non-electric sites, showers and flush toilets, and a coin-operated Laundry. Pet camping is available at designated sites. Basketball and sand volleyball courts are on site. Camp office loans games and sporting equipment to registered campers. A fish cleaning house is also provided for campers. Visitors can also rent 12 Deluxe Cedar Cabins on the Lake Erie lakefront that sleep four adults or a family of six with a combination of a private bedroom and a sleeping loft.
Lake Erie is known as the walleye capital of the world In addition to great catches of walleye, the lake offers yellow perch, channel catfish and steelhead trout. Geneva Marina is designated as a small boat harbor and is a certified Clean Marina, private charter fishing boats are available. A valid Ohio fishing license is required.
This park offers six miles of multi-use trails traverse the park and are used by hikers, snowmobilers, cross-country skiers and hunters. There are also two miles of paved trails for non-motorized bikes.
Hunting is permitted in designated areas from October 15 through February 28 annually. A valid Ohio hunting license is required.
Crabapple Picnic Area features two shelterhouses with electric and water, restrooms with flush toilets, volleyball court, and horse-shoe pit. The shelterhouses are available for reservation online or by calling 866-644-6727.
A 300-foot guarded swimming beach adorns the shoreline of Lake Erie. The entire length of the park overlooks Lake Erie for approximately two miles with access to the lake provided at various points along the lakefront.
Winter sports include snowmobiling, cross country skiing, and ice fishing.
This park is open year-round.
From Cleveland, Ohio: Take I-90 East to S.R. 534 North. Park entrance is six miles north on S.R. 534 (turn left).
From Columbus, Ohio: Take I-71 North to I-271 East I-271 East to I-90 East I-90 East to S.R. 534 North. Park entrance is six miles north on S.R. 534 (turn left).
From Cincinnati, Ohio: Take I-71 North to I-271 East I-271 East to I-90 East I-90 East to S.R. 534 North. Park entrance is six miles north on S.R. 534 (turn left).
From Toledo, Ohio: Take I-90 East to S.R. 534 North. Park entrance is six miles north on S.R. 534 (turn left). From Youngstown, Ohio: Take S.R. 11 North to I-90 West. I-90 West to S.R. 534 North. Park entrance is six miles north on S.R. 534 (turn left).
Campground reservations
http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/parks/geneva/tabid/736/Default.aspx


For stackable models in close-fitting installations, this optional kit allows the washer to be installed before the dryer (instead of as one piece) for easier water, drainage and venting hookup.
UV protected, weather-resistant vent cover with automotive chrome finish and streamlined design. Kit includes Integrated 4" plastic tail piece and flap/insect seal, 2 worm-driven metal clamps, 4" x 2' fire-resistant flexible metal duct, inside collar, 6 screws.
UV protected, weather-resistant vent cover with paintable white finish, integrated 4" plastic tail piece and flap/insect seal. Kit includes 2 worm-driven metal clamps, 4" x 2' fire-resistant flexible metal duct, inside collar, 9 screws.


text:
"Czechoslovak" redirects here. For the communist country, see Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. For other uses, see Czechoslovak (disambiguation).
Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia[1] (/ˌtʃɛkoʊsloʊˈvækiə, -kə-, -slə-, -ˈvɑː-/;[2][3] Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko[4][5]), was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.
Česko‑Slovensko[a]
1939–1945: Government-in-exile
Lesser coat of arms
Motto: 'Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí' (Czech / Slovak, 1918–1990)
'Veritas vincit' (Latin, 1990–1992)
'Truth prevails'
Anthems: 'Kde domov můj' (Czech)
'Where my home is'
'Nad Tatrou sa blýska' (Slovak)
'Lightning Over the Tatras'
Czechoslovakia during the interwar period and the Cold War
Prague (Praha)
50°05′N 14°25′E / 50.083°N 14.417°E / 50.083; 14.417Coordinates: 50°05′N 14°25′E / 50.083°N 14.417°E / 50.083; 14.417
Czech · Slovak · German · Polish · Hungarian · Yiddish · Rusyn
First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)
Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945–1948)
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948–1990)
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990–1992)
Tomáš G. Masaryk
• 1935–1938 · 1945–1948
Klement Gottwald
Antonín Zápotocký
Antonín Novotný
Ludvík Svoboda
Gustáv Husák
• 1918–1919 (first)
Karel Kramář
• 1992 (last)
Jan Stráský
Historical era
• Proclamation
• German occupation
• Re-establishment
• Coup d'état
• Velvet Revolution
• Dissolution
Czechoslovak koruna
.cs
Preceded by Succeeded by
Kingdom of Bohemia
Margraviate of Moravia
Today part of
∟ Zakarpattia Oblast
Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the Czech Republic (+420) and Slovak Republic (+421).
Current ISO 3166-3 code is "CSHH".
From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate.
From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Eastern Bloc with a command economy. Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949 and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries, invaded Czechoslovakia. In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and socialism were ending all over Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation. In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
3.1 Origins
3.2 First Czechoslovak Republic
3.2.1 Formation
3.2.2 Ethnicity
3.2.3 Interwar period
3.3 Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation
3.4 Socialist Czechoslovakia
3.5 After 1989
4 Government and politics
4.1 Constitutional development
4.2 Heads of state and government
4.3 Foreign policy
4.3.1 International agreements and membership
4.4 Administrative divisions
5 Population and ethnic groups
7 Resource base
8 Transport and communications
12 Health, social welfare and housing
13 Mass media
15 Culture
16 Postage stamps
CharacteristicsEdit
Form of state
1918 – 1938: A democratic republic championed by Tomáš Masaryk.
1938 – 1939: After annexation of Sudetenland by Nazi Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary, and the Zaolzie region was annexed by Poland.
1939 – 1945: The region was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic. A government-in-exile continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and their Allies; after the German invasion of Russia, it was also recognized by the Soviet Union. Czechoslovakia adhered to the Declaration by United Nations and was a founding member of the United Nations.
1946 – 1948: The country was governed by a coalition government with communist ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the Soviet Union.
1948 – 1989: The country became a Marxist-Leninist state under Soviet domination with a command economy. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a satellite state of the Soviet Union.
1969 – 1990: The federal republic consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic.
1990 – 1992: Following the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic, consisting of the Czech Republic (Czechia) and the Slovak Republic (Slovakia), and reverted to a democratic republic.
Austria 1918 – 1938, 1945 – 1992
Germany (Both predecessors, West Germany and East Germany, were neighbors between 1949 and 1990.)
Romania 1918 – 1938
Soviet Union 1945 – 1991
Ukraine 1991 – 1992 (Soviet Union member until 1991)
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the Carpathian Mountains and lands of the Danube River basin.
The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather.
NamesEdit
See also: Hyphen War and Name of the Czech Republic
1918–1920: Republic of Czechoslovakia (abbreviated ČSR)/Czecho-Slovak State,[6] or Czecho-Slovakia/Czechoslovakia
1920–1938: Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1938–1939: Czecho-Slovak Republic, or Czecho-Slovakia
1960–1990: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
April 1990: Czechoslovak Federative Republic (Czech version) and Czecho-Slovak Federative Republic (Slovak version)
The country subsequently became the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (ČSFR), or Československo (Czech version) and Česko-Slovensko (Slovak version).
Main articles: History of Czechoslovakia, History of the Czech lands, and History of Slovakia
OriginsEdit
Main article: Origins of Czechoslovakia
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, founder and first president
Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)
Czechoslovak declaration of independence rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918
The area was long a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the empire collapsed at the end of World War I. The new state was founded by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk[7] (1850–1937), who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally, Edvard Beneš (1884–1948).
The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by Romanticism, promoted the Czech language and pride in the Czech people. Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian František Palacký (1798–1876) founded many patriotic, self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life prior to independence. Palacký supported Austro-Slavism and worked for a reorganized and federal Austrian Empire, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats.
An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the Reichsrat (Austrian Parliament), first from 1891 to 1893 for the Young Czech Party, and again from 1907 to 1914 for the Czech Realist Party, which he had founded in 1889 with Karel Kramář and Josef Kaizl.
During World War I small numbers of Czechs and Slovaks, the Czechoslovak Legions, fought with the Allies in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire.[8] With the outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists.[9]
First Czechoslovak RepublicEdit
Main article: First Czechoslovak Republic
FormationEdit
Czechoslovakia in 1928
The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I and as part of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It consisted of the present day territories of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary.
EthnicityEdit
See also: Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia
Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930
The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as constituent peoples. The population consisted of Czechs (51%), Slovaks (16%), Germans (22%), Hungarians (5%) and Rusyns (4%).[10] Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles[11] and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups.[citation needed] This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking Sudetenland, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the Republic of German-Austria in accordance with the self-determination principle.
The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see Czechoslovakism), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the Czechs and the Slovaks surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other eastern European nations deported ethnic Germans to the West, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis and their allies.
Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921[12]
Czechoslovaks 8,759,701 64.37%
Germans 3,123,305 22.95%
Hungarians 744,621 5.47%
Ruthenians 461,449 3.39%
Jews 180,534 1.33%
Poles 75,852 0.56%
Others 23,139 0.17%
Foreigners 238,784 1.75%
Czechoslovaks 10,066,000 68.35%
Jews* 354,000 2.40%
Romanians 14,000 0.10%
*Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity), the sum is, therefore, more than 100%.
Interwar periodEdit
During the period between the two world wars, democracy thrived in Czechoslovakia. Of all the new states established in central Europe after 1918, only Czechoslovakia preserved a democratic government until the war broke out. Thus, despite regional disparities, its level of development was much higher than that of neighboring states.[citation needed] The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under Tomas Masaryk, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent.
Foreign minister Beneš became the prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the "Little Entente", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany. The increasing feeling of inferiority among the Slovaks,[citation needed] who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Many Slovaks supported an extreme nationalist movement and welcomed the puppet Slovak state set up under Hitler's control in 1939.[citation needed]
After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe.[14]
Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German OccupationEdit
Main article: German occupation of Czechoslovakia
The partition of Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement
The car in which Reinhard Heydrich was killed
Territory of the Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938–1939)
In September 1938, Adolf Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938, Nazi Germany occupied and annexed the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences.
On 15 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.
Much of Slovakia and all of Carpathian Ruthenia were annexed by Hungary. Poland occupied Zaolzie, an area whose population was majority Polish, in October 1938.
The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation.[15] Under Generalplan Ost, it was assumed that around 50% Czechs would be fit for Germanization. The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of Generalplan Ost believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in Siberia they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be untermenschen by the Nazi state.[16] In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized.[17]
The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of Reinhard Heydrich, and the fortress town of Terezín was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in Operation Anthropoid. Heydrich's successor, Colonel General Kurt Daluege, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of Lidice and Ležáky. In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of Karl Hermann Frank, German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the resistance movement.
For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia, German occupation was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia (118,000 according to the 1930 census) was virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation.
Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate.[18]
On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered Pilsen from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered Prague.
Socialist CzechoslovakiaEdit
Main articles: History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989) and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
Socialist coat of arms in 1960–1990
After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was re-established, with the exception of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, which was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Beneš decrees were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see Potsdam Agreement) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees, citizenship was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian ethnic origin who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population, over 2 million people. Those who remained were collectively accused of supporting the Nazis after the Munich Agreement, as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for the NSDAP in the December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.[19]
Spartakiad in 1960
Carpathian Ruthenia (Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In the 1946 parliamentary election, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was the winner in the Czech lands, and the Democratic Party won in Slovakia. In February 1948 the Communists seized power. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the National Front, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the Prague Spring) the country had no liberal democracy. Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in the town of Plzeň in 1953, reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe.
The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among Czechoslovak laborers. Prior to World War II, the Czech purchasing power surpassed that of the Soviet Union by 115-144%. This disparity was noted after Czechoslovakia came under the Soviet Bloc. To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. This lowered the real value of wages by about 11%.[20] The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. The economy continued to suffer as production achievements of bituminous coal was less than anticipated. Bituminous coal powered 85% of Czechoslovakia's economy. Because of low production, coal was utilized in industry only. Pre-war years, consumers used both coal and lignite for fuel, however due to low production, coal was for industrial use only which meant the consumer was only able to utilize lignite. In 1929, a typical family of four consumed approximately 2.34 tons of lignite but, by 1953, this same family unit was only allowed to use 1.6-1.8 tons per year.[20]
Czechoslovakia after 1969
In 1968, when the reformer Alexander Dubček was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the Prague Spring. In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded. Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968.[21] Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace Marxism-Leninism with capitalism.[22] In the week after the invasion there was a spontaneous campaign of civil resistance against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier liberal policies.[23] In April 1969 Dubček was finally dismissed from the First Secretaryship of the Czechoslovak Communist Party. Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968-69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic. The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics. However, the centralised political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.
The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by Václav Havel. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison.
After 1989Edit
Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)
The Visegrád Group signing ceremony in February 1991
In 1989, the Velvet Revolution restored democracy. This occurred at around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.
The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal".
In 1992, because of growing nationalist tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved by parliament. On 1 January 1993 it formally separated into two independent countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
Government and politicsEdit
Main articles: History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) and Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia
After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ). Gustáv Husák was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under umbrella of the National Front. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed.
Constitutional developmentEdit
Main article: Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia
Federative coat of arms in 1990–1992
Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992):
Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
The 1920 constitution (The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic), democratic, in force until 1948, several amendments
The Communist 1948 Ninth-of-May Constitution
The Communist 1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic with major amendments in 1968 (Constitutional Law of Federation), 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (for example, 1990, name change to Czecho-Slovakia, 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)
Heads of state and governmentEdit
See also: Leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
Foreign policyEdit
International agreements and membershipEdit
In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the Munich Agreement of 1938. After World War II, active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), Warsaw Pact, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.[24]
Administrative divisionsEdit
Main article: Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia
1918–1923: Different systems in former Austrian territory (Bohemia, Moravia, a small part of Silesia) compared to former Hungarian territory (Slovakia and Ruthenia): three lands (země) (also called district units (kraje)): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (župy) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (okresy).
1923–1927: As above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties ((veľ)župy) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the okresy were changed in those two territories.
1928–1938: Four lands (Czech: země, Slovak: krajiny): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (okresy).
Late 1938 – March 1939: As above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia gained the status of "autonomous lands". Slovakia was called Slovenský štát, with its own currency and government.
1945–1948: As in 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union.
1949–1960: 19 regions (kraje) divided into 270 okresy.
1960–1992: 10 kraje, Prague, and (from 1970) Bratislava (capital of Slovakia); these were divided into 109–114 okresy; the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many purposes from 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word Socialist from 1990).
Population and ethnic groupsEdit
Main article: Demographics of Czechoslovakia
Main article: Economy of Czechoslovakia
Before World War II, the economy was about the fourth in all industrial states in Europe. The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars (Škoda, Tatra), trams, aircraft (Aero, Avia), ships, ship engines (Škoda), canons, shoes (Baťa), turbines, guns (Zbrojovka Brno). It was the industrial workshop for Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands were more in agriculture.
After World War II, the economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the Soviet Union. The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores.
Industry: Extractive industry and manufacturing dominated the sector, including machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. The sector was wasteful in its use of energy, materials, and labor and was slow to upgrade technology, but the country was a major supplier of high-quality machinery, instruments, electronics, aircraft, airplane engines and arms to other socialist countries.
Agriculture: Agriculture was a minor sector, but collectivized farms of large acreage and relatively efficient mode of production enabled the country to be relatively self-sufficient in food supply. The country depended on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather. Meat production was constrained by shortage of feed, but the country still recorded high per capita consumption of meat.
Foreign trade: Exports were estimated at US$17.8 billion in 1985. Exports were machinery (55%), fuel and materials (14%), and manufactured consumer goods (16%). Imports stood at estimated US$17.9 billion in 1985, including fuel and materials (41%), machinery (33%), and agricultural and forestry products (12%). In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with other socialist countries.
Exchange rate: Official, or commercial, rate was crowns (Kčs) 5.4 per US$1 in 1987. Tourist, or non-commercial, rate was Kčs 10.5 per US$1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the black market was around Kčs 30 per US$1, which became the official rate once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.
Fiscal year: Calendar year.
Fiscal policy: The state was the exclusive owner of means of production in most cases. Revenue from state enterprises was the primary source of revenues followed by turnover tax. The government spent heavily on social programs, subsidies, and investment. Budget was usually balanced or left small surplus.
Resource baseEdit
Main article: Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia
After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported crude oil and natural gas from Soviet Union, domestic brown coal, and nuclear and hydroelectric energy. Energy constraints were a major factor in the 1980s.
Transport and communicationsEdit
Main article: Transport in Czechoslovakia
Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of needful infrastructure in many areas – paved roads, railways, bridges etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry. Prague's civil airport in Ruzyně became one of the most modern terminals in the world, when it was finished in 1937. Tomáš Baťa, Czech entrepreneur and visionary outlined his ideas in the publication "Budujme stát pro 40 milionů lidí", where he described the future motorway system. Construction of the first motorways in Czechoslovakia begun in 1939, nevertheless, they were stopped after Nazi occupation during the World War II.
SocietyEdit
Main article: Society of Communist Czechoslovakia
Main article: Education in Czechoslovakia
Education was free at all levels and compulsory from age 6 to 15. The vast majority of the population was literate. There was a highly developed system of apprenticeship training and vocational schools supplemented general secondary schools and institutions of higher education.
ReligionEdit
Main article: Religion in Czechoslovakia
In 1991: Roman Catholics 46%, Evangelical Lutheran 5.3%, Atheist 30%, n/a 17%, but there were huge differences in religious practices between the two constituent republics; see Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Health, social welfare and housingEdit
Main article: Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia
After World War II, free health care was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasised preventive medicine; factory and local health care centres supplemented hospitals and other inpatient institutions. There was substantial improvement in rural health care during the 1960s and 1970s.
Mass mediaEdit
Main article: Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
During the era between the World Wars, Czechoslovak democracy and liberalism facilitated conditions for free publication. The most significant daily newspapers in these times were Lidové noviny, Národní listy, Český deník and Československá republika.
During Communist rule, the mass media in Czechoslovakia were controlled by the Communist Party. Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this information monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were reviewed by the government's Office for Press and Information.
SportsEdit
See also: Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
The Czechoslovakia national football team was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the FIFA World Cup Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the European Football Championship in 1976, came in third in 1980 and won the Olympic gold in 1980.
Well-known football players such as Pavel Nedvěd, Antonín Panenka, Milan Baroš, Tomáš Rosický, Vladimír Šmicer or Petr Čech were all born in Czechoslovakia.
The International Olympic Committee code for Czechoslovakia is TCH, which is still used in historical listings of results.
The Czechoslovak national ice hockey team won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games. Peter Šťastný, Jaromír Jágr, Dominik Hašek, Peter Bondra, Petr Klíma, Marián Gáborík, Marián Hossa, Miroslav Šatan and Pavol Demitra all come from Czechoslovakia.
Emil Zátopek, winner of four Olympic gold medals in athletics, is considered one of the top athletes in Czechoslovak history.
Věra Čáslavská was an Olympic gold medallist in gymnastics, winning seven gold medals and four silver medals. She represented Czechoslovakia in three consecutive Olympics.
Several accomplished professional tennis players including Ivan Lendl, Jan Kodeš, Miloslav Mečíř, Hana Mandlíková, Martina Hingis, Martina Navratilova, Jana Novotna, Petra Kvitová and Daniela Hantuchová were born in Czechoslovakia.
List of Czechs / List of Slovaks
MDŽ (International Women's Day)
Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia
Postage stampsEdit
List of people on stamps of Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia stamp reused by Slovak Republic after 18 January 1939 by overprinting country and value
Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War
Former countries in Europe after 1815
Kingdom of Bohemia (Czech Kingdom)
Military University Department (Czechoslovakia)
1968 Red Square demonstration
^ In other recognized languages of Czechoslovakia:
German: Tschechoslowakei
Rusyn: Чеськословеньско, Cheskoslovensko
Yiddish: טשעכאסלאוואקיי, Tshekhaslavakey
^ "THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
^ Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2
^ "Ján Kačala: Máme nový názov federatívnej republiky (The New Name of the Federal Republic), In: Kultúra Slova (official publication of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics) 6/1990 pp. 192–197" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskoslovɛnsko], Slovak pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔslɔʋɛnskɔ].
^ Votruba, Martin. "Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
^ Czechs Celebrate Republic's Birth, 1933/11/06 (1933). Universal Newsreel. 1933. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
^ PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp. 8 - 52, 57 - 120, 124 - 128, 140 - 148, 184 - 190
^ Z. A. B. Zeman, The Masaryks: The Making of Czechoslovakia (1976)
^ "The War of the World", Niall Ferguson Allen Lane 2006.
^ "Playing the blame game". Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), Prague Post, 6 July 2005
^ Škorpila F. B.; Zeměpisný atlas pro měšťanské školy; Státní Nakladatelství; second edition; 1930; Czechoslovakia
^ "Československo 1930 (Sčítání)(2)". 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
^ edited by Gorazd Mesko, Charles B. Fields, Branko Lobnikar, Andrej Sotlar. Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Walter Rüegg Cambridge University Press (28 October 2004), page 353
^ "HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski POLAND UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION". Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia". Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
^ "Vaclav Havel – A Political Tragedy in 6 Acts" by John Keane, published 2000, page 54
^ East European Constitutional Review Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Mares, Vaclav (June 1954). "Czechoslovakia under Communism". Current History.
^ "Russia Invades Czechoslovakia: 1968 Year in Review, UPI.com" Archived 31 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A New History (New York: The Penguin Press), 150.
^ Philip WIndsor and Adam Roberts, Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance (London: Chatto & Windus, 1969), pp. 97–143.
^ Ladislav Cabada and Sarka Waisova, Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics (Lexington Books; 2012)
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Online books and articles
U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, "Czechoslovakia"
English/Czech: Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion
Czechoslovakia by Encyclopædia Britannica
Katrin Boeckh: Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Maps with Hungarian-language rubrics:
Border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia
Interwar Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement
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Home » Press Release » Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe partnering with Cooke Aquaculture Pacific for Northwest native species farm
Jeanne McKnight
Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe partnering with Cooke Aquaculture Pacific for Northwest native species farm
October 3, 2019 – Sequim, WA – The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe is pleased to announce a joint venture with Cooke Aquaculture Pacific.
The joint venture will initially work to rear sablefish (black cod) and sterile triploid, all-female rainbow trout. The venture will require reinstatement of the farm lease at Port Angeles, in exchange for significant investment by the venture in new infrastructure and local jobs in the area. The two partners will work together to rear these Northwest native species in Port Angeles Harbor.
"Our Council is committed to pursuing our self-reliance goal through diversified economic development and education, and we believe this partnership with Cooke Aquaculture Pacific will contribute to meeting that goal," says Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe Chairman/CEO W. Ron Allen. "We, along with our sister tribes, are strong stewards of our environment. And we firmly believe we can implement net pen aquaculture consistent with our tribal heritage and cultural values. By working together, combining our history and experience fishing on the Olympic Peninsula with Cooke's experience and expertise in aquaculture, we are confident that we can raise a sustainable supply of trout and sablefish and contribute to our local economy."
This partnership with Cooke augments the well-established working relationship between the Tribe, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Manchester Research Laboratory and the University of Washington, who have worked together since 2015 on black cod aquaculture research.
The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe is the second largest employer in Clallam County, providing jobs for over 750 people in its Tribal government and businesses. In addition to the businesses that provide revenues for Tribal programs and services, the Tribe is an active partner in many community projects focusing on protection and restoration of natural resources and habitat, improving health and wellness for the Olympic Peninsula, public safety, and promoting quality education.
"The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe is known for being progressive and forward-thinking in its approach to resource management and economic development," says Glenn Cooke, CEO of Cooke Aquaculture Pacific. "We look forward to working together to produce top quality seafood for consumers in Washington and across the US."
The partners are expecting to start up the operations in the fall of 2019.
For more information, visit www.jamestowntribe.org or www.cookeseafood.com.
W. Ron Allen, Chairman/CEO
Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1033 Old Blyn Highway
info@jamestowntribe.org Joel Richardson
Vice President Public Relations
Cooke Aquaculture Inc.
40 Wellington Row
Saint John, NB, Canada E2L 3H3
(506) 694-4939 office / (506) 721-1093 mobile
Joel.richardson@cookeaqua.com
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