이상(李箱)은 「날개」 이전의 단편들에서부터 자신만의 이채롭고 독특한 소설 기법을 실험함으로써 관습적 인식 체계에 예속되기를 거부하는 글쓰기를 시도했다.「날개」에서 이상은 서사 양식의 파괴를 통한 직접적인 위반의 형식이 아닌, 교묘하게 구사된 '위트와 패러독스'의 언어를 통해 중층의 의미망을 형성함으로써 자기위조의 글쓰기를 완성한다. 이로써 화자의 현실인식은 왜곡된다. 이 사실은 '은화(銀貨)'에 대한 화자의 태도를 통해 드러난다. '은화'는 화자의 '맑은 정신'을 은유하며, '벙어리' 저금통은 현실 인식을 거부하는 화자의 무의식을 상징한다.
'은화'의 사회경제적 의미를 외면하려는 화자의 태도와 작가가 구사하는 '위트와 패러독스'의 언어는 '33번지 유곽'을 헤테로토피아의 공간으로 형상화하는 데 기여한다. 이상이 창조한 독창적인 공간은 세상을 향한 작가의 이의제기였으며, 시대가 규정한 것들을 해체하는 작업이라는 면에서 푸코의 헤테로토피아에 부합한다. 이상이 창조한 문학의 헤테로토피아는 익숙한 사고 패턴에 젖어 있는 현실 세계의 사람들에게 사유를 위한 여백을 제공하는 공간으로써 기획된 것이다.
Lee Sang, experimenting with unusual and unique forms from previous short stories, refused to be subjugated in the conventional recognition system and tried to break it down. In "wings", Lee Sang completed self-delusion writing by creating a various semantic structures with the language of "Wit and Paradox." This writing strategy distorts the speaker's perception of reality. This fact is revealed through the speaker's attitude toward 'silver coins'. Silver coins symbolizes the speaker's 'clear spirit' and the 'a mute coin bank' represents the speaker's unconsciousness of refusing to recognize reality. The speaker's attitude to ignore the social meaning of silver coin and "Wit and Paradox" embody the 33rd house as a space of Heterotopia.
The ingenious literary space created by Lee Sang was the author's objection to the world, and correspond with Heterotopia in terms of the work of breaking the things that times define. The Heterotopia of literature, created by Lee Sang, is designed as a space to provide a margin for people in the real world who are imbued with familiar thinking patterns.
이 논문은 문학비평담론 연구에 있어 총체성의 관점이 제시할 수 있는 바를 고찰하기 위해 쓰여졌다. 리얼리즘의 근본개념의 핵심으로 여겨지는 '총체성' 개념은, 리얼리즘의 퇴조와 함께 자연스럽게 그 의의를 상실하게 되었다. 그러나 사조적 문예방법론이 아닌 '리얼리즘 정신'의 측면에서 살펴보면, 리얼리즘은 비평 그 자체와 의미 범주를 함께 한다. 이는 문학적 소통이 (재)생산하는 모든 의미가 사회정치적이기 때문이다. 더 이상 리얼리즘의 이름으로 비평을 행하지 않는 현재에도 리얼리즘과 총체성의 의의를 살리려는 논의들이 끊이지 않는 까닭은, 이 '리얼리즘 정신' 측면의 비평 정신의 의의를 공유하는 의식 때문이다.
맑스 이래로 '총체성'에 대한 고찰은 개념적 세공에 치중돼온 것이 사실이다. 이는 사회주의 리얼리즘 문학론의 방법론적 강령에 의해 '총체성' 개념이 고착됐다는 것에 가장 크게 기인한다. 하지만 '총체성' 자체가 유물변증법적 관점에서 사회구조를 적확하게 포착하기 위해 그 틀로서 설계돼왔다는 데에도 그 원인이 있다. 맑스에서부터 루카치를 거쳐 제임슨에 이르기까지 세공된 '총체성'의 개념은, 헤겔의 변증법적 총체성을 정신분석적 관점에서 사유함으로써 초점을 달리할 수 있다.
이때 지젝의 라캉-헤겔에 대한 고찰이 운동성으로서의 총체성 개념으로 향하는 데에 길잡이 역할을 해준다. 본고는 정신분석적 개념인 '충동'과 헤겔의 변증법적 인식의 '운동성'이 갖는 상동성에 주목하는 지젝의 논리에 초점을 맞춰, '총체성'이 모순을 구조적 조건으로 삼는다는 것을 개념적 전제로서 이해하고자 했다. 나아가 여성성의 윤리를 '총체성'의 변증법과 만나게 하여 라캉과 헤겔을 연결하는 지젝의 논리를 통해, 운동성으로서의 총체성이 담론의 사회적 환상을 가로지르기 위한 선결 조건이 된다는 것을 살펴보았다.
이를 통해 확인되는 것은 문학비평담론의 연구의 지향점이다. 총체성을 운동성으로 이해하는 분석의 관점은, 문학비평담론에서 총체화가 이뤄지는 지점을 구조적으로 이해한다. 문학비평이 개별 문학의 총체성과 비평적 관점의 총체성을 충돌시킴으로써 이데올로기를 구조적으로 드러내는 데에 기여한다면, 문학비평담론 연구는 이 이데올로기의 분석 및 재구성의 운동을 구조적으로 이해하여 그 형식적 과정을 분석해야 한다. 이는 담론의 층위에서 '환상 가로지르기'의 잠재성과, 새로운 이데올로기 생산의 토대를 검증하는 작업이라 할 수 있다.
Since Marx, the contemplation of "totality" has been focused on conceptual polishing. This is largely derived from the fact that the concept of "totality" has been established by the methodological doctrine of realism literary theory of socialism. However, there is a reason that the "totality" has been designed as a frame for accurately capturing the social structure in terms of materialistic dialectic. The polished "totality" concept ranging from Marx, Lukacs, and Jameson can shift the focus by thinking the Hegel's dialectic totality in terms of psychoanalysis.
The orientation of study on literary criticism discourse is identified in this course. The analystic viewpoint that understands totality as mobility structurally figures out the point where totalization is made in the literary criticism discourse. Literary criticism collides totality of individual literature with that of critical viewpoint and contributes to reveal the ideology structurally, while the study on literary criticism discourse understands the analysis of this ideology and mobility of reconfiguration, and eventually analyzes the formal process. This can be said as the potential of "crossing over fantasy" on the level of discourse and verifying the basis of producing new ideology.
본고는 일본의 정치·경제적 잠식이 시작되는 시기에 '신소설'에서 발생하고 있는 환전을 포함한 교환의 논리와 양상을 살펴볼 것이다. 교환의 형식이 사후적으로 교환의 대상을 등가적인 것으로 판단하는 것과 달리, 1900년대 이후 한말 시기에는 경제적 교환에 있어 이미 일본과의 비등가적인 격차를 찾아볼 수 있다. 국가의 차원만이 아니라 교환을 수행하는 각각의 주체들까지도 대등하지 않음을 암시하는 방식으로 신소설 내부의 교환 양상이 구성된다. '비대칭적 교환'이 단순히 경제적으로 수행된 것만이 아니라 서사의 논리에까지 영향을 미치는 교환이 수사학으로 발전하는 셈이다.
특히 반아 석진형의 소설 「몽조」는 일반적인 신소설의 이야기 구조와 흡사함에도 불구하고 예외적인 특수성을 지닌다. 서사적 사건으로써 전체 이야기 전개에 있어서는 중요해 보이지 않는 환전 과정을 굳이 언급하기 때문이다. 이때의 환전 과정은 조력자인 박주사가 정씨 부인에게 일본 화폐를 증여하면서 발생하는데, 실제로 정씨 부인이 환전을 통해서 받을 수 있었던 돈은 실제 증여 금액의 일부에 불과하다. 이러한 경제적 조력에 따른 환전의 양상은 이미 제국-식민지 상황에서 보편화된 비대칭적 교환과 경제적 착취의 현실을 암시적으로 드러낸다.
따라서 비대칭적 교환을 상징적인 형태로나마 보충하기 위한 추가적인 교환논리가 요구되는 것이다. 이것이 이미 무기력해진 가국체제를 대체하여, 호수제처럼 은원을 주고받는 신소설 특유의 세계관이다. 아버지의 유언이라는 형식으로 자식들에게 이어지는 부채의식은 죄의식으로 전치되며, 이를 온전히 복수할 수 없을 경우 개화로 대변되는 '공익사업'으로의 극복이 요구된다. 신소설에서는 기울어진 비대칭성을 대칭적으로 보이게 만드는 환상을 만들어내는 교환형식이 중요하게 된다. 개화-계몽의 힘은 여기에 있는데 이것은 제국-식민지 사이에 실질적인 약탈-재분배, 혹은 상품교환과 그 비대칭성을 마치 증여-답례와 같은 호수적인 것으로 보이게 하는 것이다.
이처럼 신소설에서는 비등가적, 비교환적 화폐 교환의 문제를 포함하여 기울어진 제국-식민지에 대한 인식을 비대칭적 교환에 의한 부채의식과 대칭적 교환에의 강박을 표현하는 한 가지 장르적 특징을 찾아볼 수 있다. 신소설의 인물들에게는 이와 같은 거대한 요구로부터 도피할 수 있는 내면성으로의 통로가 없는 것이다. 그들의 '외부에서 주어진' 죄의식은 언제나 전지적 서술자의 서술과 상대와의 대화를 통해 표명될 뿐 진정으로 그 내부에서는 달리 해소될 방법이 없다.
This paper will examine the logic and aspects of the exchange, including the currency exchange that is occurring in the "new style-novel" at the beginning of the political and economic erosion of Japan. Unlike the case in which the form of exchange determines that the subject of exchange is equivalent after the end of the 1900s, the gap in economic exchange with Japan has already become unequal. In the way of not only the dimension of the state but also the individual subjects performing the exchange, it suggests that they are not equal. The 'asymmetric exchange' is not just an economic exercise, but an exchange that affects the logic of narrative is developing into rhetoric.
In particular, the novel "Mongjo", which is similar to the narrative structure of general novels, has exceptional characteristics. This is because it refers to the exchange process which is not important in the whole story development as a narrative event. At this time, the exchange process occurs when Park Jusa, the helper, donates Japanese money to Mrs. Jung. In fact, the amount of money Mrs. Jung received through money exchange is only part of the actual amount of the donation. The pattern of exchange with this economic help implicitly reveals the reality of asymmetric exchange and economic exploitation that is already common in the empire - colonial situation.
Therefore, additional exchange logic is required to complement the asymmetric exchange in a symbolic form. This is a world view unique to a new style-novel, which replaces the already-lethargic domestic system and exchanges clusters just like the lake itself. The debt consciousness that leads to the children in the form of the father 's testament is transposed to a guilty conscience and it is required to overcome the' public service 'which is represented by the flowering if it can not be fully revenged. In the new style-novel, the exchange form that creates a kind of illusion that makes the skewed asymmetry look symmetrical becomes important. Here is the power of enlightenment, which is to make practical looting-redistribution, or commodity exchange between empire-colony, and its asymmetry as a reciprocity-like gift-return.
In this way, we can find a genre characteristic that expresses the perception of the inclined empire-colony including the problem of non-equivalent and non-comparative currency exchange, the sense of debt by symmetrical exchange and the obsession with symmetrical exchange have. For the characters of the new fictions, there is no pathway to internal inability to escape from such a huge demand. Their 'external' guilt consciousness is always expressed through the narrative of the omnipotent narrator and the dialogue with the opponent, but there is no way to truly resolve it inside.
본 연구는 오정희의 「옛우물」에 투영된 '소환 콤플렉스'와 그 상반된 지점에 놓여 있는 '소멸'의 서사적 상관성에 주목한다. 모든 사람의 경험은 시간의 흐름과 관련하여 자아를 둘러싼 공간의 좌표를 인식하기 마련이다. 시간상 어느 때에 존재했고, 어느 공간에 배치되어 있었는가는 존재를 증명하는 중요한 단서가 된다. 과거를 떠올리는 일련의 행위를 '소환 콤플렉스'라고 명명할 때, 이 과정에 드러나는 시간과 공간은 텍스트를 구성하는 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 여기에는 시간 이미지의 파생적 접근을 위한 역동성이 존재하면서도 심층 공간에 자리 잡은 무의식적 상황이 발견된다. 이것은 주로 깊은 내면에 떠도는 사건의 원형을 찾아나면서 나타나며, 기억과 망각의 충돌로 인한 내면의 증폭과정 자체가 '소환'을 추동하는 무의식 작용으로 기능한다. 오정희의 「옛우물」은 '연당집'과 '우물'을 둘러싼 시간과 공간의 위상이 기억의 소환에서 시작돼 망각의 과정을 거쳐 화해·치유·회복에 이르는 주체적인 소멸의 양상을 보여준다. 이 연구는 오정희의 「옛우물」에서 드러나는 '자아 정체성'·'실존성'의 주제와 관련하여 '소환 콤플렉스'와 그 반대편에 위치한 '소멸의 역설'에 이르는 과정을 검토함으로써 작품·작가에 관한 새로운 관념과 시각을 제시하는 점에서 의의가 있다.
This study aims to identify the narrative correlation between the summons complex reflected in Jung-hee Oh's Old Well and extinction, which is placed at the opposite. Anyone's experience recognizes a spatial coordinate around oneself relative to the passage of time. Where one existed at a particular point in time or where one was placed in a certain place serves as an important clue to prove one's existence. When we define a set of behaviors recalling the past as 'summons complex,' time and space revealed during this process work as important factors that constitute the text. An unconscious situation is found therein, which is positioned deep inside one's inner space with dynamics to approach derivatives from the image of time. It manifests itself when one is looking for the prototype of an event floating in one's inner space, and an amplifying inner world from a conflict between memory and oblivion functions unconsciously to drive 'summons.' Jung-hee Oh's Old Well reveals a natural aspect of extinction leading to reconciliation, healing and overcoming where summons memory begins with the state of time and space around the artificially destroyed yeondangjib and gradually results in oblivion. This study holds significance as it examined how the topic of 'self-identity' and 'existence' begins with the 'summons complex' and leads to the 'paradox of extinction,' which is located at the opposite, in Jung-hee Oh's Old Well and presented a new idea and perspective on the novel and its author.
이 논문은 2018년 판문점에서의 남북 정상회담을 계기로 판문점과 분단문제를 소설의 배경이자 주제로 삼았던 1961년 이호철의 「판문점」을 다시 읽기를 시도하는 글이다. 이 논문은 2018년 판문점에서의 남북 정상회담을 계기로 판문점과 분단문제를 소설의 배경이자 주제로 삼았던 1961년 이호철의 「판문점」을 다시 읽기를 시도하는 글이다. 「판문점」은 이호철 작가의 판문점 방문의 주관적 체험을 진수라는 인물을 통해 객관화한 소설이다.
소설 「판문점」에서 반복적으로 사용되고 있는 단어는 '이역감'이다. 이역감은 진수로 하여금 분단 상황을 외면하고 중산층적인(혹은 소시민적인) 삶의 안일함과 향락에 만족하는 남한사회에 대한 냉소적인 표현한다. 이역(異域)지대인 남한사회에서 경계인으로서의 자신의 위치를 확인하는 이호철의 단어기도 하다.
소설은 진수가 판문점에서 북한 여기자와의 만남을 통해 남북간 이질화와 적대감을 확인하면서도 사사로운 개인들 차원에서부터 교류의 가능성을 제기한다. 그 과정에서 진수는 북한 여기자에게 남성적 우월성과 이데올로기적 체제의 우월성을 폭력적으로 보여주게 되었고, 그에 대한 에고적 자기 반성과 분단이 극복된 미래적 환상으로 비약하는 것을 제시한다. 그 환상을 통해서 먼 훗날 정치와 이념이 무의미해지는 미래에 결국 남는 것은 남과 북의 대치와 긴장이 허망한 것을 사유한다. 「판문점」은 분단 상황 하에서 자기세계에 대한 인식을 바탕으로 남북문제에 대해서 '비약'을 꿈꿨던 이야기이다. 그리고 그 비약의 메시지는 남북의 교류의 문제는 '교류하면 가능하다'는 매우 단순하면서도 주요한 해법이다.
This paper is an attempt to re-read Lee Ho-cheol's "Panmunjom" in 1961 with the inter-Korean summit meeting at Panmunjom in 2018. "Panmunjom" is a novel that objectively composed personal experience of the writer Lee Ho-chul's visit to Panmunjom through the character, Jin-su.
The word repeatedly used in the novel is 'exotic sense(heterogeneity)'. This word is a cynical expression of South Korean society at the time, and it is also a word expressing its position as a boundary of writers staying in South Korean society.
The novel confirms the heterogeneity and hostility between North and South Korea through the encounter with the North Korean woman reporter at the Panmunjom, however, it raises the possibility of exchange from the individual level. Jin-su showed a violent demonstration of masculine supremacy and ideological superiority to the North Korean woman journalist. Since then, the narrator has suggested egoistic self - reflection and leap into a futuristic fantasy that has overcome division. Through the illusion, the last thing in the future, when politics and ideology become meaningless in the long run, was to think that the confrontation and tension between the South and the North had been vanity.
"Panmunjom" was a story that dreamed of "leaps" about the inter-Korean problems based on self-awareness of the world under the situation of division. And the message of that leap forward was a very simple and important solution to the problem of inter-Korean relations, which was possible when relationship exchanging.
치매는 예기치 못한 사건으로서 노년 인물의 삶의 통일성과 지속성을 파괴한다. 그리고 누군가의 돌봄을 필요로 하는 환자로서의 정체성을 갖게 한다. 따라서 치매서사에는 치매에 걸린 인물의 정체성 문제가 주요한 이슈로 부각되고 돌봄을 제공하는 인물과 돌봄을 받는 인물 사이에 윤리적인 문제가 제기된다. 이 글은 치매를 그린 소설 과 수기를 대상으로 치매서사에 나타난 인물의 정체성과 배려를 통한 이야기의 윤리를 밝히고자 한다.
리쾨르에 의하면 인물의 정체성은 이야기 줄거리가 낳는 불합적 부합(concordance discordante)으로 구성되며 이는 동일성(지속적인 성격)과 자기성(자기지속을 통한 약속준수)의 변증법을 통해 드러난다. 치매서사에서 치매에 걸린 인물은 기억의 상실로 인해 동일성이 분열된다. 그러나 기억의 상실로 분열되었던 동일성은 타자에게 약속을 지키는 자기성의 윤리적 행위를 통해 변증법적으로 통합되어 인물의 정체성을 구성한다 .
한편 치매에 걸린 인물은 기억의 상실과 언어능력의 저하로 인해 스스로 자기 이야기를 형성하는 서술의 주체가 되지 못한다. 따라서 그를 돌보는 인물이 그 인물의 삶의 줄거리를 구성하는 서술자가 된다. 그리고 서술된 이야기 속에서 서술자 인물의 정체성 또한 드러난다.
치매서사에서 치매에 걸린 인물을 돌보는 인물은 일방적으로 보살핌을 제공하는 것이 아니다. 그들은 타자의 고통에 공감하면서 그들의 연약함으로부터 나오는 사멸성에 대한 깨달음을 얻는다. 이는 타인과 더불어 타인을 위하여 좋은 삶을 지향하는 것이 배려의 윤리이고 자기존중이 고통받는 타자와 연관된 배려를 통해 온전히 실현된다는 것을 나타낸다. 또 돌보는 인물은 배려를 통한 실천을 통해 자기존중에 의한 자기성을 실현하면서 치매서사에서 또 하나의 인물로서의 정체성이 형성되고 있다. 이러한 인물의 정체성이야기는 치매서사에 재현된 이야기의 윤리를 보여준다. 치매서사에 나타난 이야기의 윤리는 독자로 하여금 도덕적 상상력과 도덕적 판단능력을 함양하고 타자에 대한 윤리감각을 키우는 데에도 이바지할 것이다.
Dementia is an unexpected event that destroys the unity and consistency of life for aged characters. Also, the identity as a patient who needs someone's caring is given to them. Therefore, the identity of characters who are diagnosed with dementia is emphasized becomes a major issue for dementia narrative and the ethical issue is suggested between the characters who provide caring and others who receive it. This study discusses the ethics of narrative through the identity and consideration of characters in the dementia narrative based on dementia novel and dementia memoris.
According to Ricoeur, a character's identity consists of the concordance discordante derived from a story's plot and it is revealed by the dialectic of identification(consistent personality) and selfhood(keeping promises through self-consistency). In a dementia narrative, a person who has a dementia divides the identification by the loss of memory. But the identification that was separated by the loss of memory was integrated dialectically to build up the identity of characters through the ethical deed of selfhood to keep promises for others.
The characters who have dementia cannot be the narrator to tell their stories because of loss of memory and language skills. Therefore, their caregivers become the narrators to tell the stories of their lives. The narrators' identity is also revealed in the stories. The characters that give caring to those who have dementia in the dementia epic do not simply provide care. They emphasize with others' agony and realize the mortality of mankind from their helplessness. This manifests that pursuing a good life with others and for others is the ethics of consideration and self-respect is fully realized through consideration of others in agony. Also, the caregivers develop identity as separate characters in the dementia narrative while realizing selfhood through self-respect from consideration. The identity of these characters display the ethics of stories told through the dementia narrative. The ethics of the narrative in the dementia narrative will help the reader to develop moral imagination and moral judgment ability and to raise the ethical sense of the other.
동학소설은 한국 민중의 현실 각성과 연대 실천의 과정을 여실히 담고 있는 영역이다. 이러한 동학소설에서 나타난 혁명 주체인 민중의 모습은 당대 어떤 요청을 바탕에 두고 형상화되었는지를 살펴 민중의 의미를 구체화하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 먼저 시대가 요청하는 민중의 개념은 무엇이며 또한 그를 배경으로 생산되었던 동학소설의 민중의 형상화는 어떻게 진행되었는지를 살폈다.
지금까지 한국 소설에서 등장했던 '동학'이 의미 변동 없이 역사적 배경으로 해석되던 상황에서 벗어나, 동학소설은 당대 요청된 민중 논의 아래 혁명 주체로서의 민중의 변모를 담지한 소설 내적 담론이었다. 동학소설에서 드러난 혁명 주체로서의 민중의 변모는 세 가지로 요약될 수 있다. 영웅의 지도로 인해 혁명에 동참하고 따르는 미각성의 민중, 각성한 전략적인 민중, 혁명 자체를 삶(生)의 진리이며 생명 본연의 모습으로 받아들이는 성숙한 민중이 바로 그들이다.
이와 같이 본 연구에서는 동학소설에서 나타난 혁명 주체인 민중을 시기별로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 동학소설은 세계의 억압에 저항하는 혁명 주체로서의 민중을 시기별로 형상화함으로써, 비완결적이고 개방적인 소설 장르의 종결불가한 본연의 임무를 수행하는 가치를 발현한 장르임을 파악할 수 있었다.
Novels on Donghak are an area to vividly show how the contemporary Korean people woke up to reality and banded together. The purpose of this study was to examine what needs of that age the visualization of the people as the main agent of revolution was based on in Donghak novels in an effort to shed light on the meaning of the people in detail. The concept of the people that was required in the era was discussed, and how they were visualized in Donghak novels that were written on the basis of the contemporary concept of the people was investigated.
So far, Donghak has been interpreted in Korean novels from the perspective of historical background, and there are no changes in the way of defining the meaning of it, but Donghak novels were discourses to describe the changes of the people as the main agent of revolution based on contemporary discussions about what the people should be like. The changes of the people as the main agent of revolution that appeared in the Donghak novels could be boiled down to three. One was the unawakened people who just joined the revolution under the guidance of the hero. Another was the awakened and strategic people. The third was the mature people who accepted the revolution itself as the truth of life and the essential of life.
Thus, the people as the main agent of revolution in the Donghak novels were examined by time period in this study. As a result, the Donghak novels could be understood as a genre that visualized the people by time period as the principal agent of revolution which resisted the global oppression, and that thereby made itself valuable by performing the unconcluded substantial mission of the uncompleted and open genre of novel.
본고는 대학의 '문학창작실기론' 수업 사례를 중심으로 학습자가 작성한 자기보고식 감상평·감상 후기·수업 후기 등을 분석 자료로 활용하여 창작시 감상교육이 공감능력 향상을 위한 방법이자 결과로 충분히 활용될 가치가 있음을 살펴보았다. 창작시 감상교육은 작독자이자 동료 학습자 간 의사소통구조를 생성하고, 말하기-피드백을 활용한 감상 과정에서 일어나는 인지적·정서적·의사소통적 요소에 관심을 두었다. 이를 위해 발렛-레너드(Barrett-Lennard)의 순환적 공감모형(cyclical empathy model)을 재구성하여, 타인을 향한 공감·텍스트를 향한 공감·자기를 향한 공감의 세 방향으로 나누어 공감교육의 가능성을 살펴보았다. 그리고 다음 몇 가지 공감(empathy) 및 공감능력의 특성을 발견할 수 있었다.
첫째, 공감은 정서적 요소로 인해 타인에 대한 유사성 혹은 근접성 정도에 따라 깊이를 조절한다. 타인을 향한 공감은 준비단계에서 이미 공감 편견, 공감 과잉, 공감 거부 등 감상 입장을 결정하고 공감에 이르는 전 과정을 방해하기도 하고 돕기도 하는 가장 원초적인 힘으로 작용한다. 둘째, 공감은 인지적 요소로 인해 명백하게 자기와 타인을 분리하고 교감과 공감을 구분한다. 텍스트를 향한 공감은 조율단계에서 자·타 감정을 식별하여 부정적인 교감, 부분적인 교감, 긍정적인 교감 등을 가려냄으로써 공감을 선택하고 조절한다. 셋째, 공감은 의사소통적 요소로 인해 나(A)가 자아(a)를 떠올려 조율하는 섬세한 과정으로 자기를 향한 공감을 통해 완성된다. 공감은 타인과의 관계에서뿐만 아니라 자기와의 관계에서도 중요한 역할을 함으로써 자기-타인, 나(A)-자아(a)의 공감이 동시에 충족되는 이중공감(primordial empathy)의 특성을 지닌다. 끝으로, 공감은 면대면 의사소통 구조 속에서 말하기-피드백의 창작시 감상 횟수를 거듭할수록 능력이 향상된다. 공감능력은 초생적 공감(primordial empathy)과 같이 선천적인 측면이 있기는 하지만 후천적인 학습을 통해 충분히 개발될 수 있다.
미래사회는 호모 엠파티쿠스(homo empathicus)를 지향하고 공감이 담당할 수 있는 역할에 대한 기대가 높아지면서 자연스럽게 공감교육에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 공감은 인간의 본성이다. 그러나 긍정적인 인간 발달에 필수적인 요소인 성숙한 공감능력은 저절로 성숙되는 것이 아니므로 공감능력 향상을 위한 공감교육은 더 활발하게 이루어져 할 것이다.
In this study, I examined full worthiness of education of appreciation as a method and a result to enhance empathy when creating poems. Analytical data about self-reporting critical comment, reviews of poem and of class which had been written by learners was used based on cases of 'practical course of literary writing' in universities. Education for appreciation of creative poems brings about a structure of mutual communication between writers and co-learners, and pays attention to the cognitive, emotional and mutual communicational factors which occur in the middle of appreciating process utilizing speaking feedback. For this purpose, I reconstructed Barrett-Lennard's cyclical empathy model and looked into a possibility of empathy education by dividing into three directions of empathy; empathy for others, empathy for text and empathy for oneself. This results into numbers of characteristics as follows.
First, empathy controls depth depending on the extent of affinity or vicinity to others due to its emotional factor. The empathy for others plays the most instinctive roles in determining position for appreciation such as discriminative empathy, excessive empathy or refusal of empathy and in hindering or helping the entire process towards empathy during preparatory phase already. Second, empathy clearly separates oneself from others and distinguishes from communion due to its cognitive factor. The empathy for text chooses and controls it by identifying the emotion of oneself and others, and sorting out negative communion, partial communion or positive communion during coordination phase. Third, empathy is completed through empathy towards oneself as it is a delicate process of coordination by recalling oneself(A) and self(a) due to its mutual communicational factor. Empathy has a characteristic of duplicated empathy which is satisfied with empathies of oneself-others and oneself-self at the same time by playing an important role in relationship not only with others but with oneself also. Finally, the more you appreciate creative poems of speaking feedback the more is improved the ability in the structure of face-to-face communication. The ability of empathy can be fully developed through acquired learning though it is inherent like primordial empathy.
The interest in education for empathy is naturally growing in future society as it aims for homo empathicus and the expectation of the role that empathy can play increases. Empathy is one of human nature. By the way, the empathy education to grow empathetic ability should be done more actively because mature ability of empathy which is essential for positive human development cannot be acquired on its own.
남북의 분단 상황은 오랫동안 우리 민족의 화두로, 일찍부터 희곡 작품의 소재로서 다루어져 왔다. 그 중에서도 와 은 민주화운동이 활발히 전개되었던 1980년대의 시대적 상황을 바탕으로 하여, 분단에 대한 인식에 있어 기존의 분단 문제를 다룬 작품들과 다소 차이를 보여준다는 점에서 주목할 만하다. 비슷한 시기에 비슷한 시대적 배경을 두고 창작된 이 작품들은 서로 유사한 측면이 두드러지지만, 작품의 특성에 집중하여 살펴보자면 두 작품의 연극적 효과나 연극의 지향은 차이를 보인다는 것을 알 수 있다.
와 은 분단의 원인을 구체적이고 국제적인 시선에서 바라봄으로써 분단 문제를 보다 주체적으로 인식하게 했다는 점에서 공통점을 가진다. 또한 서사극의 형식을 활용함으로써 분단의 원인에 대한 보다 확장된 인식이 무대에서 형상화되도록 했다는 점에서도 닮아있다. 그러나 는 배우들의 역할바꾸기나 해설자의 활용을 통해 극에 대해 관객이 거리감을 가짐으로써 분단에 대한 이성적인 접근이 가능하게 한 반면, 은 와 마찬가지로 극중 인물이 해설자의 역할을 수행하지만 연극 주체의 주장을 전달하며 관객과 적극적으로 소통하는 존재로 기능한다는 차이점이 있다.
와 이 유사한 창작 배경을 가지고 있으면서도 연극적 효과와 연극의 지향에 있어서 차이를 보이는 것은 두 작품을 창작하고 연출했던 당시 상황 및 연극관에 영향을 받은 것이라 할 수 있다. 는 분단 문제를 무대화하고 공연정지라는 상황을 돌파하기 위해 고전 비극과 브레히트 서사극을 참고한 반면, 은 민족극의 현실을 돌파하기 위해 마당극과 서구 무대극의 이상적인 결합을 추구한 경향에 영향을 받았다.
The division of the two Koreas has been an important issue for our people, so it has been the subject of plays since early times. It should be noted that < Hanssiyeondaegi > and < Tongilbob >, among them, show their perception of division, which is somewhat different from the works dealing with the division of the country, based on the period of the 1980s when democracy was active. Created at a similar time with a similar period background, these works stand out in similar aspects, but focusing on the characteristics of the work reveals that the two works have different theatrical effects or orientations.
< Hanssiyeondaegi > and < Tongilbob > are meaningful in that they have made the division more subjective by looking at the cause from a concrete and international perspective. It is also similar to the fact that the use of epic-style performance techniques has led to broader perceptions of the causes of division being shaped on the stage. However, the difference is that < Tongilbob >, like < Hanssiyeondaegi >, plays the role of narrator but actively communicates with the audience, while < Hanssiyeondaegi > has made it possible for audiences to have rational access to division by having distance from the play.
< Hanssiyeondaegi > and < Tongilbob > have similar creative backgrounds, but their differences in theatrical effects and direction are often attributed to the circumstances and theater of the time when they were created and produced. < Hanssiyeondaegi > refers to classical tragedies and Brecht epic dramas to stage the division problem and break through the situation of the suspension of performances, while < Tongilbob > was influenced by the tendency to seek the ideal combination of Madang-theatre and western stage plays to break through the reality of the national drama.
신경림의 『가난한 사랑노래』에 나타나는 '산동네'는 도시로부터 사회적·경제적·지리적으로 소외된 공간으로서, 이곳의 도시빈민들은 농촌과 어촌, 산골 등에서 쫓겨온 이방인들이다. 이들이 고향 혹은 삶의 터전으로부터 쫓겨난 것은 우리나라 산업화와 관련이 깊다. 1970-1980년대에 정부가 산업화 우선 정책을 펼치면서 농촌을 소외시켰으며, 농축산물 수입개방 압력, 농가 부채의 증가 등은 농촌 경제를 악화시켰고 이는 이농이라는 결과로 이어졌다. 삶의 터전에서 쫓겨난 이들은 생존을 위해 도시로 몰려갔으나 도시에 편입되지 못한 이방인이 되고, 생물학적 필요조차 충족되지 못한 그들에게 '산동네'는 참된 장소가 되지 못한다. 빈민들은 참된 장소 획득에 실패함으로써 사랑하고 그리워하는 일상조차 거세당하고, 신에게서조차 잊혀진 존재가 된다.
그러나 도시빈민들은 절망적인 현실 속에서도 농악과 윷놀이, 꽃나부춤 같은 전통놀이를 통해 현실극복 의지를 드러낸다. 놀이의 재현은 재현이라는 '전시' 행위로써 현재를 극복하고자 하는 노력의 일환이다. 빈민들은 놀이의 재현 외에도 '아우성', '어깨동무', '횃불'로써 현실변혁에 대한 의지를 드러낸다. 이러한 빈민들의 노력은 장소회복에 대한 하나의 가능성을 보여준다. 그렇지만 장소회복은 빈민들의 의지와 노력만으로는 불충분하다. 사회가 소외와 차별을 앞세운 폭력을 거두고 이들을 구성원으로 맞아들이는 사회적 환대가 뒤따라야 한다. 인간은 환대를 통해서 한 사회의 구성원이 될 수 있으므로 사회가 산동네 빈민들을 구성원으로 온전히 받아들일 때 장소를 회복하고자 하는 빈민들의 노력이 장소회복이라는 구체적인 결과로 이어질 수 있다.
Mountain village', which appears in 『A Poorman's Love Song』 by Shin Kyeong-rim, is a socially, economically, and geographically alienated space from the city, where urban poor are displaced from farming, fishing and mountain villages. The fact that they have been expelled from their hometown or living place is highly related to the industrialization of Korea. In the 1970s and 1980s, the government alienated rural areas by implementing policies prioritizing industrialization, and the pressure on import liberalization of farm products and increased farm household debts deteriorated rural economy, resulting in people giving up farming. The people who were displaced from their lives flocked to the city for survival, but they became strangers who were not incorporated into the city, and the 'mountain village' is not a true place for those who were not able to meet even biological needs. The poor are deprived of daily lives to love and miss by failing to acquire the true place, and are forgotten even by God.
However, despite the desperate reality, the urban poor demonstrated their wills to overcome the reality through traditional games such as Nongak, Yut Nori and Ggotnabu dance. The recreation of games is part of their efforts to overcome the present through the act of 'display'. The poor also showed their willingness to change the reality through 'Aouseong', 'Eoggedongmu' and 'Torch' besides the recreation of games. These efforts of the poor show one possibility to recover the place. But the recovery of place is not enough for will and effort of the poor. Social hospitality should be followed, in which the society accepts them as a member once the violence with alienation and discrimination stops. Human beings can become a member of the society with hospitality, which can lead to the specific consequence of the poor's efforts to recover the place when the society fully accepts the poor from mountain village as members.


text:
Q: How can I change the default user role during registration in WooCommerce unless the account is created via checkout registration form I want to assign a custom user role to customers who register on my website, unless the registration is done via the WooCommerce checkout form.
I have tried several things but nothing targets only the registration form on the login page. I have set up already a custom user role, called "registered_user".

This code works but targets both the registration form on the login page and when a user registers through checkout.
add_filter( 'woocommerce_new_customer_data', 'assign_custom_role' );
function assign_custom_role( $args ) {
    $args['role'] = 'registered_user';
    return $args;
}

It also adds an additional role, so now users have both "customer" and "registered_user" roles.
I have also tried adding a hidden form field <input type="hidden" name="front_end_reg_form"> to the WooCommerce form_login.php attempting to target the form with:
function add_user_role_frontend_reg( $user_id ) {

    if($_POST['front_end_reg_form'] == 'front_end_reg_form')
    {
        $user = new WP_User( $user_id );

        $user->remove_role( 'customer' );
        $user->add_role( 'registered_user' );
    }
}

add_action('user_register', 'add_user_role_frontend_reg', 10, 1);

Which the above code doesn't do anything. If I change the hook to add_filter( 'woocommerce_new_customer_data', 'add_user_role_frontend_reg' ); I get the error: Cannot create a user with an empty login name.
So I'm stuck. What am I doing wrong and how can I correct it?

A: This can actually be done very easily by using the is_checkout() conditional tag, and if not, adjust the user role
So you get:
function filter_woocommerce_new_customer_data( $args ) {
    // Returns true when viewing the checkout page.
    if ( ! is_checkout() ) {
        $args['role'] = 'registered_user';
    }

    return $args;
}
add_filter( 'woocommerce_new_customer_data', 'filter_woocommerce_new_customer_data', 10, 1 );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Case for Closing Guantánamo: The New Yorker's Major Profile of Mohamedou Ould Salahi and His Former Guard Steve Wood
Mohamedou Ould Salahi (Slahi) on the right, and his former guard Steve Wood on the left. The photo was taken by Salahi in Mauritania in January 2019, when Wood had come to visit him.
Please support my work as a reader-funded journalist! I'm currently trying to raise $2500 (£2000) to support my writing and campaigning on Guantánamo and related issues over the next three months of the Trump administration. If you can help, please click on the button below to donate via PayPal.
I wrote the following article for the "Close Guantánamo" website, which I established in January 2012, on the 10th anniversary of the opening of Guantánamo, with the US attorney Tom Wilner. Please join us — just an email address is required to be counted amongst those opposed to the ongoing existence of Guantánamo, and to receive updates of our activities by email.
Over the 13 years that I've been working to close Guantánamo, some of the most rewarding moments I've experienced have been when former prisoners or former guards have got in touch to thank me for my work.
I was enormously gratified when Moazzam Begg said that he turned to my book The Guantánamo Files to find out who he was at Guantánamo with, because he was held in solitary confinement, and when Omar Deghayes told me that I wrote about Guantánamo as though I had been in the prison with him and the other prisoners.
I was also moved when former guards got in touch — Brandon Neely, for example, who had been at Guantánamo in its early days, and who got in touch with me when his discomfort with what he had been required to do, which had haunted him, turned into public criticism that persists to this day. On another occasion, I recall, a former guard got in touch. He didn't want go public, but he wanted to talk about Mohamedou Ould Slahi, who he had been guarding.
American torture, Extraordinary rendition and secret prisons, FBI/CIA, Guantanamo, Guantanamo media, Life after Guantanamo, Mauritanians in Guantanamo, Mohamedou Ould Slahi
Saifullah and Uzair Paracha: Victims of US Vengeance in the "War on Terror"?
In the "war on terror" established by the US in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, one of the most distressing developments has been the death of the presumption of innocence and of any form of due process.
In response to the attacks, the Bush administration tore up and discarded all the laws and treaties regarding the treatment of prisoners, and as a result everyone they rounded up as a terrorist (or a terrorist sympathizer or facilitator) was regarded as guilty — without the need for any proof.
The terrible legacy of this time is still with us. Although the processing prisons in Afghanistan (Bagram, for example) and the CIA "black sites" have closed, 40 men are still held in the prison at Guantánamo Bay, the defining icon of the US's post-9/11 lawlessness.
Of the 779 men held by the US military at Guantánamo since it opened over 17 years ago, on January 11, 2002, 729 men have been released, but only 39 of those 729 have been released through any legal process — 33 through the US courts, as a result of them having their habeas corpus petitions granted by judges in the District Court in Washington, D.C., and six others through the military commission trial process at Guantánamo itself (one after a trial, and five through plea deals). Read the rest of this entry »
Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, Extraordinary rendition and secret prisons, FBI/CIA, Guantanamo, Guantanamo media, Guantanamo tribunals, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Pakistanis in Guantanamo, Saifullah Paracha, US prisons
Guantánamo's Periodic Review Boards: The Escape Route Shut Down by Donald Trump
Anyone paying close attention to the prison at Guantánamo Bay will know that its continued existence, nearly 17 years after it first opened, is largely down to the success of some wildly inaccurate claims that were made about it when its malevolent business first began — claims that it held "the worst of the worst" terrorists, who were all captured on the battlefield.
In fact, as my research, and that of other researchers has shown, very few of the 779 men held by the US military at Guantánamo since the prison opened on January 11, 2002 can realistically be described as having had any meaningful involvement with al-Qaeda or the Taliban; perhaps just 3 percent, and certainly less than 5 percent. No one was captured on the battlefield, and the majority were either foot soldiers for the Taliban in an inter-Muslim civil war that predated 9/11, or civilians swept up in ill-advised dragnets. Many, if not most of those who ended up at Guantánamo were sold to the US by their Afghan and Pakistani allies for bounty payments, which averaged $5,000 a head, a huge amount of money in that part of the world.
Just 40 men are still held at Guantánamo, after George W. Bush released 532 men, and Barack Obama released 196. Nine men died, one was transferred to the US, to face a trial in which he was successfully prosecuted, and one more was reluctantly released by Donald Trump, or, rather, was transferred back to Saudi Arabia for ongoing imprisonment, as part of a plea deal negotiated in his military commission trial proceedings in 2014. Read the rest of this entry »
Barack Obama, Donald Trump, Guantanamo, Guantanamo and habeas corpus, Guantanamo and US District Courts/Appeals Courts, Guantanamo lawyers, Guantanamo tribunals, Libyans in Guantanamo, Mohammed al-Qahtani, Pakistanis in Guantanamo, Saifullah Paracha, Yemenis in Guantanamo
Really? Trump Lawyer Argues in Court that Guantánamo Prisoners Can Be Held for 100 Years Without Charge or Trial
Please support my work as a reader-funded journalist! I'm currently trying to raise $2500 (£2000) to support my writing and campaigning on Guantánamo and related issues over the next three months of the Trump administration.
Last Wednesday, as I flagged up in a well-received article the day before, lawyers for eleven of the 40 prisoners still held at Guantánamo finally got the opportunity to follow up on a collective habeas corpus filing that they submitted to the District Court in Washington D.C. on January 11, the 16th anniversary of the opening of the prison. The filing, submitted by lawyers from organizations including the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) and Reprieve on behalf of 11 of the remaining 40 prisoners, argued, as CCR described it after the hearing, that "their perpetual detention, based on Trump's proclamation that he will not release anyone from Guantánamo regardless of their circumstances, is arbitrary and unlawful."
CCR added that the motions of eight of the 11 men were referred to Senior Judge Thomas F. Hogan, who heard the argument today", and stated that the lawyers had "asked the judge to order their release."
CCR Legal Director Baher Azmy, who argued the case in court, said after the hearing, "Our dangerous experiment in indefinite detention, after 16 years, has run its course. Due process of law does not permit the arbitrary detention of individuals, particularly at the hands of a president like Donald Trump, who has pledged to prevent any releases from Guantánamo. That position is based not on a meaningful assessment of any actual threat, but on Trump's animosity towards Muslims, including these foreign-born prisoners at Guantanamo — the height of arbitrariness. Short of judicial intervention, Trump will succeed." Read the rest of this entry »
Donald Trump, Guantanamo, Guantanamo and habeas corpus, Guantanamo and US District Courts/Appeals Courts, Guantanamo lawyers, Moroccans in Guantanamo, Yemenis in Guantanamo
A Devastating Condemnation of Guantánamo's Military Commissions by Palestinian-American Journalist P. Leila Barghouty
Six years and three months since Tom Wilner and I launched the Close Guantánamo campaign, we are becalmed in horribly unjust waters, with Donald Trump resolute that no one should leave the prison under any circumstances, and, as a result, 41 men held in what must appear to be a never-ending limbo, even though five of them were approved for release by high-level government review processes under President Obama, and another man, Ahmed al-Darbi, continues to be held despite being promised his release — to be re-imprisoned in Saudi Arabia — four years ago in a plea deal in his military commission trial.
Twenty-six other men are held indefinitely — and lawyers for some of them submitted a habeas corpus petition on their behalf on January 11, the 16th anniversary of the opening of the prison, on the basis that, as the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights explained, "[Donald] Trump's proclamation against releasing anyone from Guantánamo, regardless of their circumstances, which has borne out for the first full year of the Trump presidency, is arbitrary and unlawful and amounts to 'perpetual detention for detention's sake.'"
The other men still held — nine in total — have been through the military commission process, or are facing trials, and this latter category of Guantánamo prisoner came under the spotlight recently in an article written for a new website, The Outline, by P. Leila Barghouty, a journalist and filmmaker based in New York City, whose work has appeared on Al Arabiya, National Geographic, Slate, CNN, Vice News and Netflix. Read the rest of this entry »
Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, American torture, FBI/CIA, Guantanamo, Guantanamo lawyers, Guantanamo media, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Military Commissions, Mustafa al-Hawsawi, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Walid bin Attash
16 Years Ago, the US Captured Abu Zubaydah, First Official Victim of the Post-9/11 Torture Program, Still Held at Guantánamo Without Charge or Trial
16 years ago, on March 28, 2002, an event took place that has had dreadful repercussions ever since, when Pakistani and American agents raided a house in Faisalabad, Pakistan and captured Abu Zubaydah (Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn), creating a torture program especially for him, which was then applied to dozens of other prisoners seized in the US's brutal and pointless "war on terror."
A Palestinian born in Saudi Arabia in 1971, Zubaydah had traveled to Afghanistan to join the mujahideen in the Afghan civil war (1989-1992) that followed the retreat of the Soviet Union after its ten-year occupation. In 1992, he was severely injured by an exploding mortar shell, suffering shrapnel wounds and severe memory loss. For over a year, he was also left unable to speak.
Although he eventually recovered sufficiently to become a logistician for Khalden, an independent training camp run by Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi, which closed around 2000 when al-Libi refused to allow it to come under the control of Al-Qaeda, FBI agents who interviewed him after his capture had no doubt that the mortar damage had caused permanent damage. They also knew that he was a kind of travel agent for Khalden, and not number 3 in Al-Qaeda, as the CIA and the Bush administration mistakenly thought. (Al-Libi, meanwhile, tortured into telling lies that the US used to justify its illegal invasion of Iraq, was eventually returned to Libya, where Col. Gaddafi imprisoned him and later killed him). Read the rest of this entry »
Abu Zubaydah, American torture, Extraordinary rendition and secret prisons, FBI/CIA, Guantanamo, Guantanamo lawyers, Guantanamo media
UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Condemns US Treatment of Ammar Al-Baluchi at Guantánamo, Says All Prisoners Arbitrarily Detained
I wrote the following article (as "U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Condemns U.S. Treatment of 'High-Value Detainee' Ammar Al-Baluchi at Guantánamo") for the "Close Guantánamo" website, which I established in January 2012, on the 10th anniversary of the opening of Guantánamo, with the US attorney Tom Wilner. Please join us — just an email address is required to be counted amongst those opposed to the ongoing existence of Guantánamo, and to receive updates of our activities by email.
In a strongly-worded press release, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared on Sunday evening their finding that "detention conditions at Guantánamo [and the] military commission procedures violate international law."
The Working Group, which consists of "international legal experts mandated to investigate arbitrary deprivations of liberty," issued its press release following the release last month of Opinion 89/2017, "a comprehensive condemnation of the United States' continuing commission of torture and due process violations at Guantánamo Bay," specifically focusing on the case of "high-value detainee" Ammar al Baluchi (aka Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali).
The press release explained that the Working Group's Opinion "was issued in January 2018 following substantive briefings to the Working Group by the United States government and counsel for Mr. al Baluchi." Alka Pradhan, civilian counsel for Mr. al Baluchi, declared, "This is a major public denunciation of the United States' illegal prison and military commissions at Guantánamo Bay, and a specific call to change Mr. al Baluchi's circumstances immediately." Read the rest of this entry »
Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, American torture, Conditions at Guantanamo, Extraordinary rendition and secret prisons, Guantanamo, Guantanamo tribunals, UN and Secret Detention
Radio: My Discussion with Scott Horton About the Shameful Rehabilitation of George W. Bush, As I Recall His 2002 Memo Authorizing Torture
Last week I was delighted to be invited to discuss Guantánamo, George W. Bush, torture and the "war on terror" by Scott Horton, the libertarian, Texan-based radio host, and the author of Fool's Errand: Time to End the War in Afghanistan, in which, as Pentagon Papers whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg notes in a review, he "masterfully explains the tragedy of America's longest war and makes the case for immediate withdrawal."
Scott and I have been talking several times a year — and sometime more frequently — since September 2007, when we first spoke about the case of US "enemy combatant" Jose Padilla, tortured on the US mainland. Our interviews have generally been for 20-25 minutes, but for our latest interview the brakes were off, and we spoke for a whole hour.
The show is available here, or here as an MP3, and I wholeheartedly recommend it as a tour through the darkness of the "war on terror" declared by the Bush administration after the 9/11 attacks, as manifested in CIA "black sites," in the CIA's "extraordinary renditions" to torture prisons in other countries, in Guantánamo, and in the wars — and the accompanying lawless prisons — in Afghanistan and Iraq. We also looked at the sad failures of the Obama years — not only his failure to close Guantánamo, but how extrajudicial assassination by drones replaced the messy detention, rendition and torture program of the Bush years, but is no more legally or morally acceptable. Read the rest of this entry »
American torture, Andy Worthington's TV and radio appearances, FBI/CIA, George W. Bush, Guantanamo
Exactly 16 Years Ago, George W. Bush Opened the Floodgates to Torture at Guantánamo
Since the terrible elevation of the grotesquely inadequate figure of Donald Trump to the position of President of the United States, there has been a bizarre propensity, on the part of those in the center and on the left of US political life, to seek to rehabilitate the previous Republican president, George W. Bush.
So let's nip this in the bud, shall we? Because unless you've been away from the planet for the last 20 years, you must be aware that it was George W. Bush who initiated the US's brutal and thoroughly counter-productive "war on terror" in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, which involved authorizing the CIA to set up a secret detention and torture program, establishing a prison outside the law at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, establishing deportation and surveillance programs within the US, invading one country (Afghanistan) in response to the attacks, where US troops remain to this day, despite having long ago "snatched defeat from the jaws of victory," as the author Anand Gopal once explained to me, and invading another country (Iraq) that had nothing to do with 9/11 or al-Qaeda, but which was nevertheless destroyed, along the way serving as the crucible for the creation of a newer threat, Daesh, or Islamic State, as it is more colloquial known in the West, a kind of turbo-charged reincarnation of al-Qaeda.
Today, February 7, is the 16th anniversary of one particularly sinister and misguided development in Bush's "war on terror" — a memorandum, entitled, "Humane Treatment of Taliban and al Qaeda Detainees," which was sent to just a handful of recipients including Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Attorney General John Ashcroft, CIA director George Tenet, and General Richard B. Myers, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Read the rest of this entry »
American torture, FBI/CIA, George W. Bush, Guantanamo
Guantánamo's Oldest Prisoner Calls Conditions "Hell," Says, "We Are Getting Collective Punishment Because of the Hunger Strike"
The horrors of Guantánamo — ever present in a prison where men have been held for nearly 16 years without ever being charged with a crime, and with no notion of when, if ever, they will get to leave — seem to be being ramped up under Donald Trump, as we might have suspected from his aggressive stance towards the prison and the men held there, even before he took office in January, and from witnessing his racism, and glimpsing the violence that permanently seems to lurk beneath his blubbery exterior.
Despite threats to send new prisoners to Guantánamo — threats which have not, mercifully, transpired — Trump did nothing in his first eight months regarding the prison except shutting the door on it and refusing to contemplate releasing anyone, even the five men — out of the 41 still held — who were approved for release by high-level government review processes under President Obama.
Two months ago, however, according to hunger striking prisoners, whose story I reported before the mainstream media took an interest, Trump finally made his influence felt, changing the rules about the way they are treated. For over ten years, hunger striking prisoners were closely monitored, but now, according to those refusing food, new instructions, initiated from September 20 onwards, mean that they are no longer having their health assessed at all. Read the rest of this entry »
Donald Trump, Guantanamo, Guantanamo lawyers, Guantanamo media, Hunger strikes in Guantanamo, Pakistanis in Guantanamo, Saifullah Paracha
Investigative journalist, author, campaigner, commentator and public speaker. Recognized as an authority on Guantánamo and the "war on terror." Co-founder, Close Guantánamo, co-director, We Stand With Shaker. Also, singer and songwriter (The Four Fathers) and photographer (The State of London).
Email Andy Worthington
The Four Fathers on Bandcamp
The Guantánamo Files
The Battle of the Beanfield
Stonehenge: Celebration & Subversion
Outside the Law: Stories from Guantánamo
'Love and War' by The Four Fathers
Guantánamo: The Definitive Prisoner List (Part 1)
Guantánamo Habeas Results: The Definitive List
The Full List of Prisoners Charged in the Military Commissions at Guantánamo
Bagram: The First Ever Prisoner List (The Annotated Version)
NEW FILM: Outside the Law: Stories from Guantánamo
"Outside the Law: Stories from Guantánamo" — UK Tour Dates 2011: The "Save Shaker Aamer" Tour
"Outside the Law: Stories from Guantánamo" – UK Tour Dates 2010
The Guantánamo Files: The Stories of the 774 Detainees in America's Illegal Prison
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (1) – The Qala-i-Janghi Massacre
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (2) – Tora Bora
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (3) – "Osama's Bodyguards"
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (4) – Escape to Pakistan (The Saudis)
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (5) – Escape to Pakistan (The Yemenis)
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (6) – Escape to Pakistan (Uyghurs and others)
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (7) – From Sheberghan to Kandahar
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (8) – Captured in Afghanistan
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (9) – Seized in Pakistan (Part One)
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (10) – Seized in Pakistan (Part Two)
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (11) – The Last of the Afghans (Part One) and Six "Ghost Prisoners"
The Guantánamo Files: Website Extras (12) – The Last of the Afghans (Part Two)
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2002-2012: THE COMPLETE GUANTANAMO FILES (THE WIKILEAKS FILES) (34)
A chronological list of all my articles, including the entire Guantanamo archive (25)
A fundraising appeal (95)
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Bangladeshis in Guantanamo (1)
Battle for Britain: Fighting the Coalition Government's Vile Ideology (227)
Battle for Britain: Fighting the Tory Government's Vile Ideology (173)
Belmarsh, control orders, deportation and extradition (120)
Berkeley Says No to Torture Week (October 2010) (14)
Binyam Mohamed (100)
Bisher al-Rawi (21)
Bosnians in Guantanamo (27)
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Brexit disaster (61)
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Human Rights Day (10)
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Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi (52)
Ibrahim al-Qosi (22)
International Day in Support of Victims of Torture (20)
Iranians in Guantanamo (5)
Iraqis in Guantanamo (14)
Jamil El-Banna (22)
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Jordanians in Guantanamo (10)
Jose Padilla (24)
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Moazzam Begg (59)
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Moroccans in Guantanamo (51)
Murat Kurnaz (15)
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Music torture (4)
Mustafa al-Hawsawi (27)
Mustafa Setmariam Nasar (2)
New arrivals at Guantanamo (7)
Omar Deghayes (75)
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Outside the Law: Stories from Guantanamo (107)
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Qala-i-Janghi massacre (38)
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The Death of Osama bin Laden (13)
The Four Fathers (86)
The Guantanamo Files – additional chapters (14)
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WikiLeaks and the Guantanamo Prisoners Released After the Tribunals, 2004 to 2005 (5)
WikiLeaks and the Guantanamo Prisoners Released from 2002 to 2004 (10)
WikiLeaks and the Guantanamo Prisoners Released in 2006 (10)
WikiLeaks and the Guantanamo Prisoners Released in 2007 (4)
WikiLeaks: The Unknown Prisoners of Guantanamo (5)
WOMAD (12)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wow! What a wonderful Easter we had together at High Places this week!
The crowd (somewhere upwards of 170!), the music, the choir, the food -- and most importantly -- the SPIRIT of the day was fantastic. I want to pause and say a big THANK YOU to the scores of people who worked very hard to make this Easter successful.
I can't begin to express how much it means to me to see God's people at High Places take so much CARE in making our time together overflow with love, service to Him, and celebration. I am truly humbled by our support teams, volunteers, and staff commitment. Thank you! Thank you!
This Sunday we pick up IMMEDIATELY on the Easter story, right where we left off in John 20, with a look at the Holy Spirit and God's Breath. Has God ever "breathed on you?" How do we recognize when He does? What are we supposed to do with His breath?
Ironically, I will be sharing this message while battling a nasty lung infection -- keep me in your prayers!
SPECIAL INTEREST ANNOUNCEMENT -- This one requires a 48-hour response window. Those of us who signed up for NT Wright's "Simply Jesus" online course using the coupon code just before Easter have been given a 2nd Coupon Code to invite one friend to the course for only $10.
What this means is that if you A) Have Internet Access, and B) Have Interest in Learning about the Historical Jesus and His Mission, that some of us are willing to sign you up. Let me know by replying here if you would like to participate. There are 13 video lectures (all short) and some supplemental reading. We will debrief a few times together as a group at my house this month and next.
High Places SOFTBALL is back in FULL SWING and we would love to have you come support our men and women in green this Tuesday at 8:00PM at Jefferson field. It's a lot of FUN!
Our GAG (Grove Action Group) has met and walked the building. They will be sharing a few things this Sunday about ways to plug in -- and no, you don't have to be a handyman or construction genius to play a part in shaping up our space! I think we will all be surprised by the "little" things that we can do that will make huge differences in the Grove. So stay tuned for that!
Lots and lots of happenings and goings on. Please pray for Jan Joyal who we all missed on Easter because she broke her foot! Prayers for quick healing and comfort to her. Prayers also to the many who are battling illnesses (like our prayer team leader Julie!) and who have experienced loss in recent weeks (like the Clark family in the loss of Karen's dad).
So excited for the coming weeks.... they are going to be GRAND!
Older PostOur 25th Anniversary & Birthday Bash!