Effectively, I am still waiting on that one. You see, you need a excellent keyword with good need to obtain a descent amount of traffic. But need is just part of the major picture. Select keywords which have enough regular demand to operate a vehicle a good amount of traffic to your site. This may range based on your market but you would like traffic to your internet site that averages a dollar per visitor. Don't spend your time optimizing for a keyword with less than a couple of hundred regular searches. Recall, it is very unlikely all of those exploring your keywords will visit your site.
Look at the keyword need and supply ratios. Like if your target keyword had 300,000 searches last month and your Bing search benefits revealed 40 million benefits, is it possible to compete for this keyword. With time sure, it will likely take years. You do not want to pay years competitive for a keyword. You want to find a keyword that has less completion. How about a far more targeted keyword that had 4,000 queries and only 3,000 opponents? Definitely better, with appropriate SEO tactics you could begin to position for this keyword in a couple of months. Before you being to create material for the site, website or posts, you will need to identify the very best keywords for your niche. The keyword search technique you employ during your keyword study will have a massive effect on whether your strategy succeeds or fails.
The quality of your plumped for keyword research database or words is really crucial, they've a huge impact how easily you receive ranked in the research engines in addition to how highly you rank. In addition they influence your traffic volume. In the event that you make the mistake of picking a extremely popular keyword, that doesn't have several common modifications however it has a huge amount of opposition, you may be setting yourself up for failure.
Look for a excellent keyword idea software or program. You will find actually a huge selection of keyword software available to you via the internet. Some are free some are membership and others are a one-time fee. Many people utilize the Bing Keyword Suggestion Tool since it is free and continually updated.
You now have to take your list and see exactly how many sites are trying to rank for the same keywords. This may be the most important step in your keyword research strategy. You try this by going to Bing and adding your keywords in quotation marks like this: "my research expression" then hit enter.
If the fundamental web page had performed keyword research precisely and was applying these keywords to create good content and the fancy website was not then the basic site would be creating more money. Why? Effectively the correct keyword research coupled with traffic building techniques indicates more traffic to your online site. Several entrepreneurs know that without targeted traffic – your web site is concealed in the web hyperspace. Very few customers may ever view it regardless of how good the net website is.
Again, that all starts with great a keyword search. Therefore what's a keyword search and what are certain requirements? A keyword research is when you are buying a keyword that fits your business and particularly what you are promoting. The search must certanly be a keyword that potential clients are often typing in to the search engines (over 3000 occasions a month). The research must be considered a keyword phrase that's low competition.
That file will serve as your standard to evaluate each internet style firm. You need to use many methods to search web design firm. You can find skills and flaws on choosing a way to look for web style firm. Mixture of various strategies will undoubtedly be your very best guess in search of web style organization for the project. Search for the web sites of organizations you want, mainly web sites of your competitors. Occasionally you have to find those sites apart from your industry. Largely, internet design firm includes site loans (example: manufactured by 4MDESIGNERS). You can just visit web style firm's website and keep on your analysis. If you fail to get the breaks on the website, feel free to get hold of the organization and ask which Web style firm is accountable for the net site? You can at least involve some remarks about that web style company from the corporation you is going to be contacting.
Question your friends, peers and household which web style company made their internet site, or when they usually recommend a website style firm. Discover what they enjoyed or disliked about web design organization and about web site they produced for them. Several organizations'produces better results when they're provided Start-Finish job while few are far more prepared towards performing unique task. It's crucial that you study a net style firm's perform in order to evaluate their possible and quality standards. A web site does not have to be flashy or really fun hitting the deck, but you have to enjoy internet style firm's design sense. Also, consider choosing a firm common along with your particular industry.
Someone likes to thiet ke web da nang your website by herself – but it requires enough time and labor, distracts from the typical company, and allow be joe – you've observed a lot of such "DIY" – those sites -they absence skilled touch and look incomplete or overworked.
Some one chooses to hire a specialist internet style business but in case of restricted budget he's to express "good-buy" to numerous functions he desires to see on the web website, since web style organizations are also companies and they can not work for "thank you quite definitely" only.
There are lots of web design companies in other nations, mostly of Western Europe and East-Southern Asia that work with small budgets and present great internet design works. And as in onshore web style you need to cover much attention while choosing internet design company: look at their previous works in account, and enquire about previous customers'references.
There are lots of places, which get portion in offshore web site style; probably the most well-known are India, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Philippines. To create proper range of overseas internet style business for your web site style consider the company status, profile of previous works, prior consumers'sources, quick and capable feedback to your initial request.
When you're seeking on the easiest way to style your internet site, you ought to focus on the layout of one's site. Thus, it's crucial that the internet style business should be related to your company enterprise model. The majority of the business owners choose achieving this function independently. Because of this, any style you have must certanly be professional and fashionable.
Likewise, let's have a look at how debt series has grown in recent years and how all the selling and trading of debt from one business to a different can in fact gain the consumer. Nevertheless, what's frequently maybe not contained in these documents is vital data required to prove the debt is owed or providing the collection organization with "particular knowledge" of the account. This information is needed by legislation to be able to sue on the debt. None the less, it is generally perhaps not bought within the debt portfolio. This information contains, as an example, the first agreement, phrases and situations, bill statements, demand slides, etc. The series company getting the debt usually acquires merely an electric file containing the debtor's name, account number, personal contact information, and any particular or professional sources the series organization may have utilized in their attempts to gather the debt.
The debt variety market has grown enormously during the last decade. In the late nineties, the debt getting market was in the number of $10 billion. Today the debt getting industry has developed to a lot more than $115 billion. Debts are normally bought or given to 3rd party debt lovers when the original creditor feels the debt is no more collectible. The original creditor is the party with whom the debtor receives an extension of credit or to whom the first debt is owed. These generally include charge card businesses, banks, and mortgage companies, only to name a few. The original creditor carries the debt in portfolios or in mass to alternative party collection agencies for approximately four dollars on the dollar. The debt selection company will then test to gather on the debt for the total amount allegedly owed to the original creditor.
Debt series is an arduous thing. There are lots of Debt Collection for Small Businesses who'll never see the money that's owed to them. The reason being it is not to hard for a debtor to disregard the attempts with a debt collector to contact them. Unpaid debt has become this type of issue that many debt collectors experienced to a develop administration process to make sure that their debt is collected. This technique can also be frequently called a debt selection administration system.
A debt selection management program won't really acquire the debt, but it does offer plenty of help to those that are trying to obtain it. A debt collection administration system is what several debt lovers or business homeowners use as a guideline for collecting debt from their clients. This debt variety process might incorporate a debt series software package and other techniques an specific should use to gather debt from among their clients.
A debt series business or an organization gathering their own debt can build their own debt variety management system or they are able to purchase a debt collection administration process template. The majority of debt collectors or business homeowners generally choose to produce their particular debt series management system. This is because it allows organization owners or debt lovers to just use certain debt collection methods and procedures with their company while reducing those that may not apply.
The very first (SMM) targets communications and connection making, and the next two (SEO/SEM) focus on operating traffic to a website. There is a big difference in the focus. You may need both aspects, but give serious concern to your targets here. If you skew towards or contain SMM, you then need to remember that point and energy will have to be spent on normal, new content. Whether you develop all your articles and discussions your self, or whether you outsource this work, there will need to be day-to-day interest to the energy on your social networking platforms. Social networking managers tend to be cheaper to hire than SEM/SEO businesses, however the return on SMM may appear less profitable because it generally requires additional time to construct associations, and connection developing does not necessarily turn into quick sales. Ultimately, sales result from the client company, quality of products and services, and need you fill for the customers. SEM, SEO, and SMM can only just guide you in being accountable and getting found.
In the past few decades, it became superior that Social Press Advertising (SMM), using its revolutionary relationship-based marketing school, gave internet search engine optimization (SEO) a "MakeOver ".In other words, SEO and SMM became so connected so it is becoming very difficult to accomplish any measurable success for crucial keywords without incorporating social media. SMM – One of many up and coming all starts of Internet advertising is SMM. That represents social media marketing marketing and it's people of all skills and industries marketing their names, hyperlinks, items and more to a captive audience. Social networking may benefit a grand selection of things, but SEO and SMM will receive a more targeted element towards the pages.
Social Press Advertising is one particular way that creates a win-win condition for their clientele. In smm panels, the business home starts up revolutionary routes because of their prospects to reach them. They, in usual practice, resort to various cultural marketing internet areas for attaining this task. The most common hot-spots for SMM are.
Studying and understanding how much can SMM assists; another task for a beginning marketer is to really have a distinct understanding of what must be done. Here it about exactness of understanding and to be creative. Therefore the key to success to the SMM program is by using that dual edged blade following a considerable of research to ensure the overall program gets an A grade.
A lot of Internet customers already know that cultural portals and blogs are successful ways for inbound and outbound forms of communication. But since there are way too many, controlling them currently wastes an excessive amount of your precious time. This really is where correct management sneakers in. So what is website and social networking administration (SMM)?
There are a huge selection of blog and SMM deals out there. Your challenge is to select probably the most cost-effective solution that actually works. With this, you are able to previously benefit from automatically generating quality tweets and blog posts. You can even better control your comments part with quicker turnaround time.
SMM doesn't include research motors, but does play an integral position in a website's exposure and online marketing efforts. Although coping with search motors needs a fragile and continuous adjustment of simple factors (SEO) or expensive premiums (SEM), functioning through social media marketing is somewhat inexpensive and holds the assurance of incredibly lucrative development, if performed properly.
Fiscal policy derives their indicating and path from the people's aspirations and targets which are considered embodied in the Moderate Term Philippine Growth Plan. That only means that the financial wellness of the united states are at the whim of the international financial creditors and plan bodies that situation our fiscal prescription. While it is usually argued by scholars that the subject of public government must not be political in its really character, fiscal administration as their sub-field isn't free of political manipulation as it is operating within the political system. From the scholarly view of Teacher Briones, fiscal plan has four key functions: (1) the allocation purpose, (2) the circulation function, (3) the stabilization purpose, and (4) the growth function.
The important fiscal instrument in the allocation purpose of fiscal plan could be the national budget. Generally, a national budget could be the financial program of the us government for a given fiscal year, which shows what its methods are, and how they'll be made and applied within the fiscal period. People frequently hear in the news headlines the fiscal options created by government all in the name of "progress," another function of fiscal policy. Possibly, that word is the most overused, if not abused, word in the political arena. Over one third of our national budget visits debt servicing. With the widening fiscal deficit, the national government's debt now amounts to P4.42 trillion, accounting for more than half of their GDP and more than 3 times the us government revenues if creditors were to contact the debts in. The Philippines depends greatly on domestic and foreign borrowings to connection its fiscal gap.
Firm and administration of unique situations and fiscal note problems of property structure market is a tedious process. And continues with new issues arising from time and energy to time. But, the role of these transparent activities to individuals also stimulates public curiosity to be able to doubt debates affecting culture in the lack of substantial fiscal.
Besides the above details as a result of income style with positive procedures for the fiscal program I will say that yet another sign, the circulation of fiscal burden similarly progressive in relation to revenue that everybody else advantages, remains a challenge, or even a "war" that the administration's fiscal program must certanly be for an amount of time.
Fiscal reform attempted in the following decades the reduction of existing duty rates and the percentage of stabilization in the area of duty rates on income tax. They've presented really simple fiscal benefits, are now needed to be taxed and where in fact the government may benefit through money tax reform fiscal plan to obtain income duty types that come from lower degrees to the amount of taxation and creating initiatives for the legalization of moving assets and home using a tax amnesty future.
There are many Fiscal support styles giving diverse degrees of advantages and shortcomings to both sides of the deal. It is thus extremely important to acquire an experienced understanding of those designs before accepting on probably the most suitable and conducive connection for the fiscal sponsor and subordinate group or project. Such complete comprehension may be significantly aided through proper Non-profit visiting, Fundraising visiting, Selecting a give expert, hiring a offer author, etc. The Fiscal Support types could be labeled as follows.
If you're about to submit your audios as a real solution in cds then it is very important to package it well. Use appealing presentation for your music products and services and create beautiful cd stickers. Producing quality audio products and services is difficult but when you apply the recommendations laid down in this article you'll be sure to come out with great quality products and services right away flat. The very best music production programs will likely address the whole range of generation tasks with a extent. While audio generation universities are available all over the state (and across the world), you can find great differences between the most effective audio generation universities, and some might be a greater match for you personally than others.
Selecting one of the greatest music production universities for the future career in music production is a superb begin to your job in sound. The capability to catch and help audio is a talent that could help you receive a job in a variety of fields. The best music creation universities may help prepare you for the next in noise in one or a few of the numerous music genres. One sound strategy for obtaining the best sound creation college is to do a bit of research in to universities that have won awards for the grade of their instructional offerings. Something else to find are universities that specialize in audio executive levels (and different degrees in similar fields).
You can effortlessly attain exemplary Alex Kime audio tracks using specific characteristics within some of those audio-producing systems. Focused within these applications, supplying a vast variety of abilities when making or modifying audio tracks, is the sound engine. The program changes instantly in line with the appliance station or track and makes it easy to improve the length of an audio cut or to produce a great many other music specific effects that were not possible before without expensive facility equipment.
Today's contemporary sound production makers are no longer reliant on the enormous pairing decks and record products of the sooner times; instead they choose sound creation software. Audio creation programs come in a wide selection of styles. A few of the methods you might use your sound manufacturing software is always to prepare complex looks, revise and polish complicated sounds which have been already made, or even to move your audio files in to various file formats like MP3.
Nowadays an Audio Manufacturing and Engineering addresses a plethora of areas and courses that objectives to specific field. These include psychoacoustics, room acoustics and noise proofing concepts of music design, important listening, forensic sound, music gear and process procedures, sound style concerns, creative processing, working with digital audio workstations, music sweetening (enhancement, repair and mastering), account development, noise mixing & innovative factors and sound designing for aesthetic and aural productions.
Now to be able to sharpen your abilities in the field of audio creation and engineering, joining any of the accredited audio production and design schools may help you a great deal in understanding the processes of noise and audio recording technology. As students, you'll be exposed to a real world theoretical knowledge and programs, critical hearing abilities, appearance and dilemmas of sound, audio and sound.
Nevertheless, the idea is that don't let your bad credit prevent you from utilizing poor credit income loan if you're looking for income loan. A borrower may use money lent through poor credit money loan for just about any function depending upon their requirements. Perhaps the borrower needs to cover his young ones college charge or to pay payment for his prior loan to prevent late fines, a negative credit income loan can be utilized practically for just about any purpose. An essential situation here's that such bad credit cash loans are intended for short-term needs and should not be handled as a remedy for borrower's normal needs.
Charge of curiosity for bad credit cash loan range from lender to lender. Several lenders provide discounted charges for new or returning customers. Loan volume is dependent upon your source of revenue, revenue level, the credit data you equipped etc. In a lot of the cases, there's number control payment for poor credit money loan. The most effective section of financing and credit nowadays is the ease with which one could make request for such loans. There's no require of visiting offices of every and every lender Borrowers may go on line to locate lenders and assess phrases and situations of various loan providers. Borrowers may research a poor credit cash loan on the web and perhaps not invest hours operating to banks and lenders just to locate that they do not meet these lenders terms.
Once you are online, you are able to accessibility many lenders who concentrate in kredyt gotowkowy przez internet to borrowers with bad credit. After accepted, you will quickly have the loan you need. Don't let your bad credit stop you from using for the bucks you'll need today – Remember, lenders are on the market to complete organization and their organization could be the provision of loans to borrowers, without financing, number lender can survive in the market.
Income loans have gained a negative ranking to be extortionately expensive. The high interest prices have contributed to the disrepute. Another gloomy function of money loans for unemployed may be the large late costs so it expenses from borrowers who are late in repayment. This should but maybe not deter unemployed individuals from utilizing the Cash loans for unemployed. It only shows how a sick effects of money loans for unemployed be subdued to improve its helpful elements, the set of which is endless.
The very first advantage of an income loan for unemployed may be the rate with that they produce finances available. Actually this is the major standards to charge income loan vendors for selection. While making the look for lenders, one would experience several lenders who only promise to agree the money loans early; but in regards to supply on the promise, they dither.
Yet another crucial feature of cash loans for unemployed is their indifference to the credit record of the borrowers. Which means that the borrowers whose credit record is noted with foreclosures and Region Court Decisions also get quicker fund through cash loans for unemployed.
The quantity of money that the bucks loans for unemployed give access to is smaller. In the overall feeling of the word, a money loan can be used as a payday loan by individuals who are applied, being an advance on their next paycheque. In the event of the unemployed borrowers, since there is number stable supply of income where to base the money loans for unemployed, the borrowers are permitted to repay the loan once they hope to restore employment.
You wish to produce your hashtags relevant to your organization and site, but additionally participating enough that a consumer could form them in to Instagram's research box. Holidays and unique functions are an excellent time for you to promote your organization and get Instagram followers. Whether it's a purchase on Dark Friday, a Thanksgiving-related use for the solution or even a item shout-out on National Pet Time, they're all excellent options to display your company model in a non-salesy way. To gain Instagram followers, engage together with your market and develop revenue or leads, you need to include the time.
Be sure to allow people understand that their photographs could be highlighted in your site and you can boost your Instagram material big time – free of charge! Irrespective of how you employ Instagram for your organization, be genuine and true to your brand. It's what the program is about, and it's going to help you develop your business, get Instagram supporters and attract sales or leads. You can't ignore the ability of Instagram. It's a social press massive and an incredible area for organizations and manufacturers for connecting using their supporters and improve sales. However for every person or business that's a huge, receptive following, you can find hundreds more that don't. Instagram could be effective, however, you need to be intelligent about how exactly you use it.
Thousands of people internationally are now actually using comprar seguidores reais instagram. Instagram has made it simpler to get pictures and reveal them with friends and many people appreciate doing this. Besides network, you can use Instagram in a more efficient way for marketing. Instagram is a great promotional instrument you should use to advertise your organization online.
Films also are very important in Instagram marketing. You can cause and share a movie along with your employees to promote the merchandise at hand. You may also opt to do a live product review movie and share it on Instagram. Images are worth a lot of words and Instagram is all about pictures. If you should be in to Instagram for marketing applications, then you ought to realize that random photographs do not work.
Connect your Instagram and Facebook reports to improve your marketing power. Nowadays, you'll have an Instagram loss on your Facebook page. That lets you share your Instagram articles to your Facebook followers when you yourself have a fan page. You can system with buddies and the planet via Instagram. Instagram can be utilized for marketing purposes. Instagram advertising can enhance your brand's exposure, raise sales, and subsequently revenues. Consider the above mentioned Instagram advertising tips to reach success.
Moment is every thing when utilizing Instagram marketing. Your diamond depends on your own timing. In the event that you article at a bad time you may turn out to be unnoticed. Morning hours or late at night is the perfect time for you to post. Don't post throughout or between the 9-5 business hours. The worst day for diamond in a week is Sunday while Friday and Thursday tend to have best Instagram fan wedding and traffic.
Expand the achieve of one's Instagram threads and videos by cross-posting them on different platforms. If you might also need the official consideration on other social network internet sites such as Facebook and Facebook, this can support you get more fans due to the increased coverage of one's page. On the other give, if Instagram is the sole program you're present in, you certainly can do deals with bloggers.
A great Tampa website style organization should have the ability to demonstrate an extraordinary portfolio. In case a business can't whoa you with a portfolio of fantastic-looking sites they've built, run the other way, and fast! A profile is the best way to exhibit prospective clients the type of function the business does and is therefore absolutely essential that any style business value its sodium should have. A great Tampa internet site design business should have an established monitor record. This means not only having a great profile but additionally a background that proves they offer what they claim they do. Exactly like other facets of on the web advertising, website design is always to a specific degree results-based. What this means is you will not just need the web site you paid them to produce, you may also want to be sure it operates correctly and helps to advertise your company much better than before.
If you are trying to find a Internet site Custom in Tampa, California –get ready to be overwhelmed. Less by the pure quantity of site developers which can be on the internet, but by the fact that there is an obvious insufficient service with many. I am starting to question if the exact same kind of situation isn't occurring in the web site and visual design industry. I had to giggle when the idea joined my brain, however if you've looked for a website designer in the Tampa region, you'll rapidly see what I mean. The options are many– which may be the best thing, or like the actual estate industry—it can turn out to be a really poor issue as well. Perhaps time can tell.
Those people don't mind absorbing the costs of their Tampa Website Design luxurious habits. And that's not just a bad thing. Some one has to utilize them. Imagine if you're the typical small company operator or entrepreneur who is only beginning a fresh venture or jump beginning a current business? I can only comment on web site manufacturers in the Tampa area. I am positive though that the issue exists in every metropolis. Too many web site developers, inadequate service.
If you need a database or some special language or scripting, your custom ought to know that when you provide your "perspective" along along with your samples of other websites to them. You have to just question the problem, even though you do not very realize the answer. It typically comes right down to cost. If you never question then it would be very easy for your designer to cost you yet another total later having identified you needed the service at the start. Be aware.
Client Service. I can't pressure enough how essential customer support is likely to be while your site will be designed. You will want to speak usually with your designer. This will enable you to narrow your option down and if you take time to look you will discover that obtaining not merely one but ALL of the services stated earlier and wrapped up into one website style business may be affordable.
Request sources and read the recommendations of most prospective designers. Do not rely solely on testimonials. Call or email your potential designer's previous clients and enquire about their knowledge with them. It's not merely the outcome of the look that matters. It's the over all experience you'll have along with your internet site designer.


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Get Involved – Gareth Malone to create multi-faith festive concert in Blackburn
A new BBC documentary with the choirmaster Gareth Malone is due to be filmed in Blackburn this autumn.
The documentary will follow Gareth Malone as he works with people across Blackburn and in the Royal Blackburn Hospital to stage a multi-faith festive concert to celebrate the extraordinary work of NHS staff, and how the community has pulled together during the pandemic. The film will culminate in a musical concert, to be staged at the hospital.
The production team are looking for people from across the community interested in being involved who have pulled together during these trying times.
So, if you are a volunteer, charity worker, key worker (of all kinds), or those who have been personally supported by the hospital or community in some way and want to share their story.
The production company told us,
"In particular, we're hoping to speak to people with some singing or musical experience, or those who feel they would like to come together to celebrate the community and the work of the staff at the Royal Blackburn Hospital.
The documentary is being produced by Bafta-winning producers Swan Films.
If you are interested in talking more about the programme – please drop an email with a bit of info about yourself, your (potential) singing experience and contact details to Becky@Swanfilms.tv
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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New York Times, "Democratic National Convention," March 17, 1860
Record Data
"Democratic National Convention," New York Times, March 17, 1860, p. 1: 1.
Charleston (SC) Mercury
Newspaper: Publication
Newspaper: Headline
Newspaper: Page(s)
Newspaper: Column
Date Certainty
Don Sailer, Dickinson College
Transcription date
The following text is presented here in complete form, as it originally appeared in print. Spelling and typographical errors have been preserved as in the original.
Democratic National Convention.
THE PROJECT OF ABANDONING CHARLESTON FOR BALTIMORE.
BALTIMORE, Friday, March 16.
The Committee of the National Democratic Committee are here, to-day, inquiring as to the capacity of the hotels, the terms for board, etc., with the view of having an informal meeting of the Democratic Convention at Charleston, and adjourning to this city. They say that Charleston will neither be able to accommodate nor to feed the many thousands who will congregate there. Our hotel keepers promise the Committee regular charges, with the well-known hospitality of our citizens to open their doors to all who cannot be accommodated at the hotels. The delegation from Illinois alone will number one thousand.
HOW THE NEWS IS RECEIVED AT CHARLESTON.
The Charleston Mercury, of the 10th inst., says:
"Quite a ferment was raised in our city, last evening, by the reception of telegraphic dispatches, hinting that the National Democratic Convention might not meet in this city after all. Dispatches of like tenor were received by several parties, one of which has been kindly placed at our disposal, and heads our telegraphic column this morning. We must be permitted to say that we consider it sheer moonshine. The Convention is called here by order of the last Convention, which met at Cincinnati, and not by any Committee, to whom merely the business details were committed; the hall has been engaged, and various delegations have given bonds for the fulfillment of certain contracts for board, Committee rooms, etc., and the Convention will meet in the Institute Hall, in this city. The gentleman who has volunteered to represent South Carolina on the National Democratic Executive Committee, will not strengthen his Convention friends in this city by joining in consideration for the removal of the Convention.
The following is the dispatch referred to by the Mercury:
WASHINGTON, D. C., March 13.
The Democratic National Committee is in session in this city. It is rumored that they are considering the propriety of transferring the National Democratic Convention from Charleston, in consequence of anticipated high charges for accommodations. Mr. ASHMORE, of South Carolina, is a member of the Committee, and fully concurs with his colleagues in their estimation of the necessity for a change.
WISE DELEGATES TO CHARLESTON
NORFOLK, Va., Friday, March 16.
The Democratic Convention for this District adjourned last night. J. J. KINDRED, of Southampton, and A. B. SMITH, of Portsmouth, were appointed delegates to Charleston. WM. DILLARD, of Surrey, and R. DILLARD, of Sussex, were chosen as alternates. The Convention unanimously expressed its preference for HENRY A. WISE for the Presidency.
"Democratic National Convention," New York Times, March 17, 1860
Democrats hold their National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina
Election of 1860
Wise, Henry Alexander
Southampton County, VA
Sussex County, VA
How to Cite This Page: "New York Times, "Democratic National Convention," March 17, 1860," House Divided: The Civil War Research Engine at Dickinson College, https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/9638.


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The jail is located in Paw-Paw and can hold a maximum of 215 inmates.
Serve. If you have an interest in sharing Jesus with inmates please contact Chaplain Cal at the number or email above. We offer specialized training and support to guide you as you minister to those incarcerated and forgotten. Possible areas of service include mentoring, leading Bible studies and leading worship services.
Represent. FMM Van Buren County needs support from local churches around the county to sustain the ministry inside the jail. Would you consider sharing the FMM story with your pastor, mission board, and church family?


LOOKING FORWARD TO 2015 an auspicious year for all the member of GICAS, friends and guests. Each month we introduce and dedicated our program to the 12 Spiritual Wonder's of THE World.
For the next twelve months we draw our inspiration and energies by visiting the spiritual Wonders of the WORLD. We begin our journey by moving over to the continent of AFRICA, make our connection with the history and culture of this wonderful continent by visiting our first spiritual wonders of the World – the greatest waterfall, and my birth country of Zambia.
Victoria Falls, named after Queen Victoria, are neither the highest nor the widest falls in the world, though the are the largest in terms of the amount of water displaced. The locals living in the area named it 'Mosi-oa-Tunya' (the Smoke that Thunders), the falls are an understandable source of great pride in the region, shared by Zambia and Zimbabwe.
JOIN US TODAY, simply by following our five steps guided instruction to meditation.


text:
"Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia
E. Ekawati, Setyowati Setyowati, Tri Budiati
Maternity Nursing Department
Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of "Sehati" Health Education on physical and psychological adaptation of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. Method: We used a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test with control group study design. We recruited 60 postpartum mothers in Banyumas and Purbalingga, Indonesia, selected with consecutive sampling. "Sehati" health education and home visits were provided for the intervention group. Data were collected using the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaires. Results: There were significant differences in physical and psychological adaptation before and after the health education (p = 0.039; p = 0.007, respectively) in the intervention group. There were also significant physiological and psychological adaptation differences between groups after the intervention (p = 0.018; p = 0.004). The results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that "Sehati" health education had a dominant effect on postpartum physiological adaptation with an OR score: 5.114 (95% CI: 1.498–17.465) and on postpartum psychological adaptation with an OR score: 6.671 (95% CI: 1.890–19.043). Conclusion: "Sehati" health education influenced the physiological and psychological adaptability of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. It could be provided as a nursing intervention to assist postpartum women with pre-eclampsia.
Enfermeria Clinica
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
Physical and psychological adaptation
Pre-eclampsia
10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of '"Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Psychological Adaptation Medicine & Life Sciences
Pre-Eclampsia Medicine & Life Sciences
Health Education Medicine & Life Sciences
Postpartum Period Medicine & Life Sciences
Physiological Adaptation Medicine & Life Sciences
House Calls Medicine & Life Sciences
Indonesia Medicine & Life Sciences
Social Support Medicine & Life Sciences
Ekawati, E., Setyowati, S., & Budiati, T. (2019). "Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia. Enfermeria Clinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
Ekawati, E. ; Setyowati, Setyowati ; Budiati, Tri. / "Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia. In: Enfermeria Clinica. 2019.
@article{dc93201fb26149c48a399a041773efa5,
title = ""Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia",
abstract = "Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of "Sehati" Health Education on physical and psychological adaptation of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. Method: We used a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test with control group study design. We recruited 60 postpartum mothers in Banyumas and Purbalingga, Indonesia, selected with consecutive sampling. "Sehati" health education and home visits were provided for the intervention group. Data were collected using the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaires. Results: There were significant differences in physical and psychological adaptation before and after the health education (p = 0.039; p = 0.007, respectively) in the intervention group. There were also significant physiological and psychological adaptation differences between groups after the intervention (p = 0.018; p = 0.004). The results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that "Sehati" health education had a dominant effect on postpartum physiological adaptation with an OR score: 5.114 (95% CI: 1.498–17.465) and on postpartum psychological adaptation with an OR score: 6.671 (95% CI: 1.890–19.043). Conclusion: "Sehati" health education influenced the physiological and psychological adaptability of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. It could be provided as a nursing intervention to assist postpartum women with pre-eclampsia.",
keywords = "Health education, Physical and psychological adaptation, Postpartum, Pre-eclampsia",
author = "E. Ekawati and Setyowati Setyowati and Tri Budiati",
doi = "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054",
journal = "Enfermeria Clinica",
publisher = "Ediciones Doyma, S.L.",
Ekawati, E, Setyowati, S & Budiati, T 2019, '"Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia', Enfermeria Clinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
"Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia. / Ekawati, E.; Setyowati, Setyowati; Budiati, Tri.
In: Enfermeria Clinica, 01.01.2019.
T1 - "Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia
AU - Ekawati, E.
AU - Setyowati, Setyowati
AU - Budiati, Tri
N2 - Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of "Sehati" Health Education on physical and psychological adaptation of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. Method: We used a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test with control group study design. We recruited 60 postpartum mothers in Banyumas and Purbalingga, Indonesia, selected with consecutive sampling. "Sehati" health education and home visits were provided for the intervention group. Data were collected using the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaires. Results: There were significant differences in physical and psychological adaptation before and after the health education (p = 0.039; p = 0.007, respectively) in the intervention group. There were also significant physiological and psychological adaptation differences between groups after the intervention (p = 0.018; p = 0.004). The results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that "Sehati" health education had a dominant effect on postpartum physiological adaptation with an OR score: 5.114 (95% CI: 1.498–17.465) and on postpartum psychological adaptation with an OR score: 6.671 (95% CI: 1.890–19.043). Conclusion: "Sehati" health education influenced the physiological and psychological adaptability of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. It could be provided as a nursing intervention to assist postpartum women with pre-eclampsia.
AB - Objective: This study aimed to determine the influence of "Sehati" Health Education on physical and psychological adaptation of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. Method: We used a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test with control group study design. We recruited 60 postpartum mothers in Banyumas and Purbalingga, Indonesia, selected with consecutive sampling. "Sehati" health education and home visits were provided for the intervention group. Data were collected using the Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) questionnaires. Results: There were significant differences in physical and psychological adaptation before and after the health education (p = 0.039; p = 0.007, respectively) in the intervention group. There were also significant physiological and psychological adaptation differences between groups after the intervention (p = 0.018; p = 0.004). The results of logistic regression analysis demonstrated that "Sehati" health education had a dominant effect on postpartum physiological adaptation with an OR score: 5.114 (95% CI: 1.498–17.465) and on postpartum psychological adaptation with an OR score: 6.671 (95% CI: 1.890–19.043). Conclusion: "Sehati" health education influenced the physiological and psychological adaptability of pre-eclamptic postpartum women. It could be provided as a nursing intervention to assist postpartum women with pre-eclampsia.
KW - Health education
KW - Physical and psychological adaptation
KW - Postpartum
KW - Pre-eclampsia
U2 - 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
DO - 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054
JO - Enfermeria Clinica
JF - Enfermeria Clinica
Ekawati E, Setyowati S, Budiati T. "Sehati" health education to improve physical and psychological adaptation of the postpartum women having pre-eclampsia. Enfermeria Clinica. 2019 Jan 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.04.054


text:
Q: UNIQUE constraint failed SQL I want to create two Tables, but it does not work because of "UNIQUE constraint failed".
Can someone explain to me what is wrong with my querees?
CREATE TABLE A (
ka INT PRIMARY KEY,
a2 VARCHAR(1)
);

INSERT INTO A VALUES (1,'s');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (2,'s');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (3,'s');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (4,'m');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (5,'m');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (6,'b');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (7,'b');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (8,'b');
INSERT INTO A VALUES (9,'b');

CREATE TABLE B (
a2 VARCHAR(1),
b2 INT,
PRIMARY KEY (a2),
FOREIGN KEY (a2) REFERENCES A(a2)
);

INSERT INTO B VALUES ('s',12);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('s',23);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('s',34);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('m',45);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('m',56);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('b',67);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('b',78);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('b',89);
INSERT INTO B VALUES ('b',90);

A: (Edited: there is more than one issue here.)
A primary key for table B must be unique. In your case, it needs to be something other than a2. If you need a primary key (usually you do just as a part of good design), you likely need a separate dedicated column.
Something like:
CREATE TABLE B (
    kb INT,
    a2 VARCHAR(1),
    b2 INT,
    PRIMARY KEY (kb),
    --FOREIGN KEY (a2) REFERENCES A(a2) -- This is also an issue
);

INSERT INTO B VALUES (101, 's',12);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (102, 's',23);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (103, 's',34);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (104, 'm',45);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (105, 'm',56);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (106, 'b',67);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (107, 'b',78);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (108, 'b',89);
INSERT INTO B VALUES (109, 'b',90);

EDIT:
The second issue is that your foreign key from table B is referencing a non-unique column in table A. Foreign keys define a many-to-one relationship, but your data indicates a potentially many-to-many relationship. The first three "s" rows in table B each match all three "s" rows in table A. While you can define a JOIN in a query that matches ON B.a2 = A.a2, you can't use a foreign key to define this relationship.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A new study from Conning found that reinsurance companies are under pressure from all angles alternative, with the capital markets, captives and government-sponsored entities all taking risk that was once their domain.
The study looks at how buying trends have shifted in the soft reinsurance market and discusses the dynamics of the last decade. Much of that period has been characterised by the rise of the capital markets and ILS funds, but other alternative sources of capacity have also pressured reinsurers, as ceding companies hunt for efficiency.
These trends have led to an adjustment in reinsurance buying patterns, as ceding companies increased the sophistication within which they look at risk transfer and became more discerning about where they source it from.
"Reinsurance buyer behavior has been mixed, with concentration in reinsurer panels among larger cedants, but more diversification beyond the top 25 buyers," Sternat continued.
Efficient sources of reinsurance and risk transfer capacity has driven this decline in market share of the overall risk cessions Conning's study analyses, with captive vehicles and government backed programs offering levels of capital efficiency that a traditional reinsurer cannot often compete with.
The Conning study looks at reinsurance buying by ceding companies over the past decade, exploring how reinsurer panels have changed and how the mix of collateral types shifted, as well as the proportion of premium ceded by major re/insurers.
The alternatives have taken a sizeable chunk out of what was the traditional reinsurance market's domain.
"Even though insurers are ceding a larger portion of their premium, traditional reinsurers lost 20 points of market share in the past ten years, much of it to new captives," Steve Webersen, Head of Insurance Research at Conning, said.
That's a quite stunning figure and perhaps goes some way to explain why the steady ingress of capacity from the ILS market has created such a significant wave of change in reinsurance as well, if such a significant percent were already flowing out of the traditional market towards other alternative structures.
Captives have been a huge area of opportunity for ceding companies, with their usage increasing dramatically in the last decade. Whether this trend will continue could depend on much more than just a hunt for efficiency though, as global tax rules and also the definition of true risk transfer could play into this in years to come.
The capital markets has played a major role in this period of change, again offering efficient alternatives to the traditional reinsurance model. It will be interesting over the next decade to see how the capital markets and risk shifted into captives might interplay, as investors could stand to benefit from any moves forced by regulation or protectionism here.
Conning expects we will see further evolution of these trends.
"Our research and interviews confirm that the procurement of reinsurance is a global business, increasingly complex and sophisticated and one that is still largely relationship-driven," the company explains.


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text:
Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas
Pascal Molenberghs, Lydia Hayward, Jason B. Mattingley, Ross Cunnington
The role of the mirror system in action understanding has been widely debated. Some authors have suggested that the mirror system plays an important role in action understanding (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2010), whereas others have claimed that direct evidence to support this view is lacking (Hickok, 2009). If mirror neurons have an active role in action understanding rather than passive visuomotor transformation during action observation, they should respond differently to the observation of actions depending on the intentions of the observer. In this fMRI study, twenty participants observed identical actions under different instruction contexts. The task was either to understand the actions, identify the physical features of the actions, or passively observe the actions. A multi-voxel pattern analysis revealed unique patterns of activation in ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule across the different contexts. The results suggest that ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas respond differently to observed actions depending on the mindset of the observer. This is consistent with the view that these regions do not merely process observed actions passively, but play an active role in action understanding.
NeuroImage
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
perception of action
mirror system
action understanding
premotor cortex
inferior parietal lobule
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
Molenberghs, P., Hayward, L., Mattingley, J. B., & Cunnington, R. (2012). Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas. NeuroImage, 59(1), 608-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
Molenberghs, Pascal ; Hayward, Lydia ; Mattingley, Jason B. et al. / Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas. In: NeuroImage. 2012 ; Vol. 59, No. 1. pp. 608-615.
@article{63650c201a874886a15688f1d12daa08,
title = "Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas",
abstract = "The role of the mirror system in action understanding has been widely debated. Some authors have suggested that the mirror system plays an important role in action understanding (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2010), whereas others have claimed that direct evidence to support this view is lacking (Hickok, 2009). If mirror neurons have an active role in action understanding rather than passive visuomotor transformation during action observation, they should respond differently to the observation of actions depending on the intentions of the observer. In this fMRI study, twenty participants observed identical actions under different instruction contexts. The task was either to understand the actions, identify the physical features of the actions, or passively observe the actions. A multi-voxel pattern analysis revealed unique patterns of activation in ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule across the different contexts. The results suggest that ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas respond differently to observed actions depending on the mindset of the observer. This is consistent with the view that these regions do not merely process observed actions passively, but play an active role in action understanding.",
keywords = "fMRI, perception of action, mirror system, action understanding, premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobule",
author = "Pascal Molenberghs and Lydia Hayward and Mattingley, {Jason B.} and Ross Cunnington",
doi = "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080",
journal = "NeuroImage",
Molenberghs, P, Hayward, L, Mattingley, JB & Cunnington, R 2012, 'Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas', NeuroImage, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 608-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas. / Molenberghs, Pascal; Hayward, Lydia; Mattingley, Jason B. et al.
In: NeuroImage, Vol. 59, No. 1, 02.01.2012, p. 608-615.
T1 - Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas
AU - Molenberghs, Pascal
AU - Hayward, Lydia
AU - Mattingley, Jason B.
AU - Cunnington, Ross
N2 - The role of the mirror system in action understanding has been widely debated. Some authors have suggested that the mirror system plays an important role in action understanding (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2010), whereas others have claimed that direct evidence to support this view is lacking (Hickok, 2009). If mirror neurons have an active role in action understanding rather than passive visuomotor transformation during action observation, they should respond differently to the observation of actions depending on the intentions of the observer. In this fMRI study, twenty participants observed identical actions under different instruction contexts. The task was either to understand the actions, identify the physical features of the actions, or passively observe the actions. A multi-voxel pattern analysis revealed unique patterns of activation in ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule across the different contexts. The results suggest that ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas respond differently to observed actions depending on the mindset of the observer. This is consistent with the view that these regions do not merely process observed actions passively, but play an active role in action understanding.
AB - The role of the mirror system in action understanding has been widely debated. Some authors have suggested that the mirror system plays an important role in action understanding (Rizzolatti and Sinigaglia, 2010), whereas others have claimed that direct evidence to support this view is lacking (Hickok, 2009). If mirror neurons have an active role in action understanding rather than passive visuomotor transformation during action observation, they should respond differently to the observation of actions depending on the intentions of the observer. In this fMRI study, twenty participants observed identical actions under different instruction contexts. The task was either to understand the actions, identify the physical features of the actions, or passively observe the actions. A multi-voxel pattern analysis revealed unique patterns of activation in ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule across the different contexts. The results suggest that ventral premotor and inferior parietal areas respond differently to observed actions depending on the mindset of the observer. This is consistent with the view that these regions do not merely process observed actions passively, but play an active role in action understanding.
KW - fMRI
KW - perception of action
KW - mirror system
KW - action understanding
KW - premotor cortex
KW - inferior parietal lobule
U2 - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
DO - 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080
JO - NeuroImage
JF - NeuroImage
Molenberghs P, Hayward L, Mattingley JB, Cunnington R. Activation patterns during action observation are modulated by context in mirror system areas. NeuroImage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):608-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.080


Alfawise A8X RK3328 Android 9.0 MINI TVBOX shocked listing 8.2 x 8.2 x 1.5cm Delicate mini body 2 + 16G With 5.8GWIFI providing you a smoother viewing experience HDR1.0 4K High-definition color gamut, high-definition color rendering, 3D movies let you enjoy movies and games as you feel. RK3328 Android 9.0 new upgrade, we optimized and added the following features, 1. Add Dolby Atmos, AC3 ( Dolby Digital ), E-AC3 ( Dolby Digital Plus / DD+ ), DTS, DTS-HD, AAC, Dolby TrueHD and other Dolby format sound effects 2. Implement CEC function 3. Add side volume up and down icon 4. Add power button definition function 5. Increase playing online video to turn off the TV, online video stops playing. Turn on the TV and press the remote control OK button to play continuously ( Google apk only ) 6. Backup function 7. Install apk fast, Android 9.0 exclusive UI and system settings Whether you are a newbie or a TV BOX enthusiast, the Alfawise A8X brings you a new and better video experience!


text:
Uzbekistan joins north-south transport corridor as a part of India's regional connectivity plans
By NDT Bureau December 12, 2020 December 12, 2020
A big boost to India's regional connectivity plans as Uzbekistan has agreed to join the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). During the virtual summit, Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev gave an approval to the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the virtual summit.
MEA's Joint Secretary (Eurasia) Adarsh Swaika said earlier President Mirziyoyev was requested to join the INSTC during his visit to India in 2018. The President gave his in-principle concurrence to joining the INSTC.
The International North-South Transport Corridor connects Mumbai to Moscow and passes through Iran and Azerbaijan. This is a process that needs to be agreed upon by other concerned INSTC member states — Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan, India.
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To lay your head upon your lap?
To let loose the beaded water?
You cry out. But no one comes.
to aid you in this time of need?
those soulless eyes of theirs?
do but weep, for you are alone.
pain in your heart and mind.
need to cry will vanish.
you will have no need to do so.


Bird's R&D department is responsible for assessing new technologies, adapting existing technologies and ensuring products conform to all relevant safety, environmental & functional certifications. We support the Production team whenever they encounter a problem during manufacturing. R&D also brings in new vehicle suppliers and ensures they conform to Bird's strict quality and performance specifications. R&D has a large number of special projects in the pipeline ranging from small mechanical devices to complete vehicle systems.
Reporting to the Head of R&D, the Firmware Engineer will be responsible for coding a multitude of firmware solutions for a wide variety of devices. The Firmware Engineer will work closely with Electrical Engineers, Technicians and other Bird team members to produce brilliantly engineered devices for use with Bird vehicles.


text:
import os
import numpy as np
import time
import tensorflow as tf
from eight_mile.utils import listify, get_version
from eight_mile.tf.layers import SET_TRAIN_FLAG, get_shape_as_list, create_distribute_strategy
from eight_mile.tf.optz import EagerOptimizer
from baseline.utils import get_model_file, get_metric_cmp
from baseline.model import create_model_for
from baseline.train import register_training_func, Trainer
from baseline.tf.lm.training.utils import to_tensors, SHUF_BUF_SZ, NUM_PREFETCH

def loss_with_state(model, h, x, y):
    logits, h_out = model(x, h)
    vsz = model.embeddings[model.tgt_key].get_vsz()
    targets = tf.reshape(y, [-1])
    bt_x_v = tf.nn.log_softmax(tf.reshape(logits, [-1, vsz]), axis=-1)
    one_hots = tf.one_hot(targets, vsz)
    example_loss = -tf.reduce_sum(one_hots * bt_x_v, axis=-1)
    loss = tf.reduce_mean(example_loss)
    return loss, h_out

def loss_without_state(model, x, y):
    # Model will produce a null hidden state
    logits = model(x, None)[0]
    vsz = model.embeddings[model.tgt_key].get_vsz()
    targets = tf.reshape(y, [-1])
    bt_x_v = tf.nn.log_softmax(tf.reshape(logits, [-1, vsz]), axis=-1)
    one_hots = tf.one_hot(targets, vsz)
    example_loss = -tf.reduce_sum(one_hots * bt_x_v, axis=-1)
    loss = tf.reduce_mean(example_loss)
    return loss

class LanguageModelTrainerDistributedTf(Trainer):
    """A Trainer for LM distributed eager training
    """
    def __init__(self, model_params, **kwargs):
        super().__init__()
        if type(model_params) is dict:
            self.model = create_model_for('lm', **model_params)
        else:
            self.model = model_params

        loss_fn = loss_with_state if self.model.requires_state else loss_without_state
        self.optimizer = EagerOptimizer(loss_fn, **kwargs)
        self.nsteps = kwargs.get('nsteps', 500)
        self._checkpoint = tf.train.Checkpoint(optimizer=self.optimizer.optimizer, model=self.model)
        checkpoint_dir = '{}-{}'.format("./tf-lm", os.getpid())

        self.checkpoint_manager = tf.train.CheckpointManager(self._checkpoint,
                                                             directory=checkpoint_dir,
                                                             max_to_keep=5)

        strategy_type = kwargs.get('strategy_type', 'mirror')
        gpus = int(kwargs.get('gpus', 1))
        endpoint = kwargs.get('endpoint')
        self.strategy = create_distribute_strategy(strategy_type, endpoint, gpus)

    def checkpoint(self):
        """This method saves a checkpoint

        :return: None
        """
        self.checkpoint_manager.save()

    def recover_last_checkpoint(self):
        """Recover the last saved checkpoint

        :return: None
        """
        print(self._checkpoint.restore(self.checkpoint_manager.latest_checkpoint))

    @staticmethod
    def _num_toks(y):
        return tf.reduce_prod(get_shape_as_list(y))

    def train(self, ts, reporting_fns, steps=0):
        """Train by looping over the steps

        For a `tf.dataset`-backed `fit_func`, we are using the previously wired `dataset`s
        in the model (and `dataset` is `True`).  For `feed_dict`, we convert the ts samples
        to `feed_dict`s and hand them in one-by-one

        :param ts: The training set
        :param reporting_fns: A list of reporting hooks
        :param dataset: (`bool`) Are we using `tf.dataset`s
        :return: Metrics
        """
        strategy = self.strategy

        def _replicated_train_step_no_state(inputs):

            features, y = inputs
            per_replica_loss = self.optimizer.update(self.model, features, y)
            per_replica_toks = self._num_toks(y)
            per_replica_report_loss = per_replica_loss * tf.cast(per_replica_toks, tf.float32)
            return per_replica_report_loss, per_replica_toks

        def _replicated_train_step_with_state(inputs, hidden):
            features, y = inputs
            per_replica_loss, new_hidden = self.optimizer.update_with_hidden(self.model, hidden, features, y)
            per_replica_toks = self._num_toks(y)
            per_replica_report_loss = per_replica_loss * tf.cast(per_replica_toks, tf.float32)
            return new_hidden, per_replica_report_loss, per_replica_toks

        with strategy.scope():
            train_iter = iter(ts)
            SET_TRAIN_FLAG(True)
            epoch_loss = tf.Variable(0.0)
            epoch_div = tf.Variable(0, dtype=tf.int32)
            nstep_loss = tf.Variable(0.0)
            nstep_div = tf.Variable(0, dtype=tf.int32)
            self.nstep_start = time.perf_counter()
            start = time.perf_counter()

            @tf.function
            def _distributed_train_no_state(inputs):
                per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = strategy.run(_replicated_train_step_no_state, args=(inputs,))
                return strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_loss, axis=None), strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_toks, axis=None)

            @tf.function
            def _distributed_train_with_state(inputs, hidden):

                h, per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = strategy.run(_replicated_train_step_with_state, args=(inputs, hidden,))
                step_loss = strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_loss, axis=None)
                step_toks = strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_toks, axis=None)
                return h, step_loss, step_toks
            h = None
            for i in range(steps):

                inputs = next(train_iter)
                if self.model.requires_state:
                    h, step_loss, step_toks = _distributed_train_with_state(inputs, h)
                else:
                    step_loss, step_toks = _distributed_train_no_state(inputs)
                epoch_loss.assign_add(step_loss)
                nstep_loss.assign_add(step_loss)
                epoch_div.assign_add(step_toks)
                nstep_div.assign_add(step_toks)
                step = self.optimizer.global_step.numpy() + 1
                if step % self.nsteps == 0:
                    metrics = self.calc_metrics(nstep_loss.numpy(), nstep_div.numpy())
                    self.report(
                        step, metrics, self.nstep_start,
                        'Train', 'STEP', reporting_fns, self.nsteps
                    )
                    nstep_loss.assign(0.0)
                    nstep_div.assign(0)
                    self.nstep_start = time.perf_counter()

            epoch_loss = epoch_loss.numpy()
            epoch_div = epoch_div.numpy()
            metrics = self.calc_metrics(epoch_loss, epoch_div)
            self.train_epochs += 1
            self.report(
                self.train_epochs, metrics, start,
                'Train', 'EPOCH', reporting_fns
            )
            return metrics

    def calc_metrics(self, agg, norm):
        metrics = super().calc_metrics(agg, norm)
        metrics['perplexity'] = np.exp(metrics['avg_loss'])
        return metrics

    def test(self, vs, reporting_fns, phase, steps=0):
        """Run an epoch of testing over the dataset

        If we are using a `tf.dataset`-based `fit_func`, we will just
        cycle the number of steps and let the `dataset` yield new batches.

        If we are using `feed_dict`s, we convert each batch from the `DataFeed`
        and pass that into TF as the `feed_dict`

        :param vs: A validation set
        :param reporting_fns: Reporting hooks
        :param phase: The phase of evaluation (`Test`, `Valid`)
        :param dataset: (`bool`) Are we using `tf.dataset`s
        :return: Metrics
        """
        strategy = self.strategy

        def _replicated_test_step_no_state(inputs):
            features, y = inputs
            per_replica_loss = loss_without_state(self.model, features, y)
            per_replica_toks = self._num_toks(y)
            per_replica_report_loss = per_replica_loss * tf.cast(per_replica_toks, tf.float32)
            return per_replica_report_loss, per_replica_toks

        def _replicated_test_step_with_state(inputs, hidden):
            features, y = inputs
            per_replica_loss, new_hidden = loss_with_state(self.model, hidden, features, y)
            per_replica_toks = self._num_toks(y)
            per_replica_report_loss = per_replica_loss * tf.cast(per_replica_toks, tf.float32)
            return new_hidden, per_replica_report_loss, per_replica_toks

        with strategy.scope():
            SET_TRAIN_FLAG(False)
            test_iter = iter(vs)
            epoch_loss = tf.Variable(0.0)
            epoch_div = tf.Variable(0, dtype=tf.int32)
            self.nstep_start = time.perf_counter()
            start = time.perf_counter()

            @tf.function
            def _distributed_test_no_state(inputs):
                per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = strategy.run(_replicated_test_step_no_state, args=(inputs,))
                return strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_loss, axis=None), strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_toks, axis=None)

            @tf.function
            def _distributed_test_with_state(inputs, hidden):

                h, per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = strategy.run(_replicated_test_step_with_state, args=(inputs, hidden,))
                step_loss = strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_loss, axis=None)
                step_toks = strategy.reduce(tf.distribute.ReduceOp.SUM, per_replica_toks, axis=None)
                return h, step_loss, step_toks

            epochs = 0
            if phase == 'Valid':
                self.valid_epochs += 1
                epochs = self.valid_epochs

            h = None
            for i in range(steps):
                inputs = next(test_iter)
                if self.model.requires_state:
                    h, per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = _distributed_test_with_state(inputs, h)
                else:
                    per_replica_loss, per_replica_toks = _distributed_test_no_state(inputs)
                epoch_loss.assign_add(per_replica_loss)
                epoch_div.assign_add(per_replica_toks)
            metrics = self.calc_metrics(epoch_loss.numpy(), epoch_div.numpy())
            self.report(
                epochs, metrics, start,
                phase, 'EPOCH', reporting_fns
            )
            return metrics

    def distribute(self, dataset):
        return self.strategy.experimental_distribute_dataset(dataset)

@register_training_func('lm', name='distributed')
def fit_eager_distributed(model_params, ts, vs, es=None, **kwargs):
    """
    Train an language model using TensorFlow with `tf.dataset`.  This
    is the default behavior for training.

    :param model_params: The model (or parameters to create the model) to train
    :param ts: A training data set
    :param vs: A validation data set
    :param es: A test data set, can be None
    :param kwargs:
        See below

    :Keyword Arguments:
        * *do_early_stopping* (``bool``) --
          Stop after evaluation data is no longer improving.  Defaults to True
        * *verbose* (`dict`) A dictionary containing `console` boolean and `file` name if on
        * *epochs* (``int``) -- how many epochs.  Default to 20
        * *outfile* -- Model output file, defaults to classifier-model.pyth
        * *patience* --
           How many epochs where evaluation is no longer improving before we give up
        * *reporting* --
           Callbacks which may be used on reporting updates
        * *nsteps* (`int`) -- If we should report every n-steps, this should be passed
        * *ema_decay* (`float`) -- If we are doing an exponential moving average, what decay to us4e
        * *clip* (`int`) -- If we are doing gradient clipping, what value to use
        * *optim* (`str`) -- The name of the optimizer we are using
        * *lr* (`float`) -- The learning rate we are using
        * *mom* (`float`) -- If we are using SGD, what value to use for momentum
        * *beta1* (`float`) -- Adam-specific hyper-param, defaults to `0.9`
        * *beta2* (`float`) -- Adam-specific hyper-param, defaults to `0.999`
        * *epsilon* (`float`) -- Adam-specific hyper-param, defaults to `1e-8

    :return: None
    """

    epochs = int(kwargs.get('epochs', 5))
    patience = int(kwargs.get('patience', epochs))

    model_file = get_model_file('lm', 'tf', kwargs.get('basedir'))

    do_early_stopping = bool(kwargs.get('do_early_stopping', True))

    best_metric = 0
    if do_early_stopping:
        early_stopping_metric = kwargs.get('early_stopping_metric', 'avg_loss')
        early_stopping_cmp, best_metric = get_metric_cmp(early_stopping_metric, kwargs.get('early_stopping_cmp'))
        patience = kwargs.get('patience', epochs)
        print('Doing early stopping on [%s] with patience [%d]' % (early_stopping_metric, patience))

    reporting_fns = listify(kwargs.get('reporting', []))
    print('reporting', reporting_fns)

    batchsz = kwargs['batchsz']
    test_batchsz = kwargs.get('test_batchsz', batchsz)
    tgt_key = model_params.get('tgt_key')

    train_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(to_tensors(ts))
    train_dataset = train_dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=SHUF_BUF_SZ)
    train_dataset = train_dataset.batch(batchsz, drop_remainder=True)
    train_dataset = train_dataset.prefetch(NUM_PREFETCH)

    valid_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(to_tensors(vs))
    valid_dataset = valid_dataset.batch(batchsz, drop_remainder=True)
    valid_dataset = valid_dataset.prefetch(NUM_PREFETCH)

    trainer = LanguageModelTrainerDistributedTf(model_params, **kwargs)
    train_dataset = trainer.distribute(train_dataset)
    valid_dataset = trainer.distribute(valid_dataset)

    last_improved = 0
    SET_TRAIN_FLAG(True)

    for epoch in range(epochs):

        trainer.train(train_dataset, reporting_fns, steps=len(ts))
        test_metrics = trainer.test(valid_dataset, reporting_fns, phase='Valid', steps=len(vs))

        if do_early_stopping is False:
            trainer.checkpoint()
            trainer.model.save(model_file)

        elif early_stopping_cmp(test_metrics[early_stopping_metric], best_metric):
            last_improved = epoch
            best_metric = test_metrics[early_stopping_metric]
            print('New best %.3f' % best_metric)
            trainer.checkpoint()
            trainer.model.save(model_file)

        elif (epoch - last_improved) > patience:
            print('Stopping due to persistent failures to improve')
            break

    if do_early_stopping is True:
        print('Best performance on %s: %.3f at epoch %d' % (early_stopping_metric, best_metric, last_improved))

    if es is not None:
        print('Reloading best checkpoint')
        trainer.recover_last_checkpoint()
        trainer.strategy = tf.distribute.OneDeviceStrategy('/device:GPU:0')
        test_dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(to_tensors(es))
        test_dataset = test_dataset.batch(test_batchsz, drop_remainder=False)
        test_dataset = test_dataset.prefetch(NUM_PREFETCH)
        test_dataset = trainer.distribute(test_dataset)
        trainer.test(test_dataset, reporting_fns, phase='Test', steps=len(es))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sander van Vreumingen is a Partner and part of the Benelux Small Cap team.
Before joining the firm in 2017, Sander worked at Gimv for over a decade, and prior to that at the Dutch investment firm Halder. He has substantial experience in the small cap segment, and specialises in the engineered products sector.
Sander holds an MSc in Economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam.


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Federal Way Conservative | Let Freedom Ring!
We affirm these self-evident truths, and declare that it is time to abolish our form of government, not by armed revolution, but by the election of representatives who will change it.
The Constitution of the United States allows for the people to elect their representatives every two years, and to elect every senator every six, and to elect the president every four. Each state constitution allows the citizens of that state a similar power to choose their government. Through electing representatives that represent our desire to preserve our government solely to protect the individual rights of everyone, we propose the following changes be made.
Limited government. Our governments are limited by the constitutions that form them. We need to enact a common understanding among the people of what those limits are and impose them on our governments. We need also to strengthen the already existing limits, overturning bad interpretations by our courts, legislators, and executives, and impose new and stronger limits on our governments which will forever ensure our individual liberty.
Dramatic cuts to spending. Our governments should spend our money procuring only those goods and services that will protect our rights.
An end to government charity. It is the role of our churches and the individual to supply charity to the poor, not the state. If the individual and churches cannot supply the charity, government could only do worse. Having government provide charity absolved the conscience and duty of the people from their proper role to love their neighbor.
An end to unfunded legislation. Any program that congress enacts must be completely and fully funded at the time of its creation. We will not enslave future generations to programs that we create but do not fully fund. Existing programs that are unfunded should be canceled or modified until they can be funded.
Dramatic cuts to taxation. Our governments should collect far less taxes than the people can bear. The people should be free to pursue whatever economic matter they wish without burden or undue influence due to taxes. Taxes should not be used to punish the rich or to mold society's behavior. They should only be used to raise the necessary money to meet the spending requirements of a government that protects the rights of the individual. Any surpluses should be immediately refunded to the people in proportion to taxes paid, or used to pay off debts. Taxes should never be raised to meet spending; rather, spending should be cut to meet tax revenue.
An end to government debt. Our people have become more prosperous than any other people in the world. We do not need to borrow money anymore to provide for the needs of government. Paying interest on our government debts is slavery, not freedom. We are not free until we have paid off all of our debts. Any debt that we must incur should be paid off within a very short time frame, so that our debts are not repaid by our children.
An end to bureaucratic regulation. Any kind of regulation must be debated and passed by the legislatures of our governments, and no other way. No public official should be allowed to set policy that governs the life of anyone but their own employees. No court should dictate legislation. No executive should issue orders except to his troops and employees. Anyone exceeding these limits should immediately be removed from office by impeachment because they are a threat to our liberty.
An end to over-litigation. The laws of our country are unjust, in that they are used to punish those who have done no wrong with tort laws and allow the criminal to go free. Let our laws be simple and just so that we no longer have need of lawyers. Do not allow our constitution to be interpreted as giving shelter to the guilty or limiting the freedoms of the individual.
We boldly declare that freedom and liberty are dramatically different than tyranny and slavery. In a free society, government works differently than in an enslaved society. Our governments should be eternally fearful of the will of the people, forever locked in by the limits of the constitution which creates them, and ever subservient to the people, both the individual and as a whole.
We emphatically reject the tenets of communism, socialism, fascism, totalitarianism, colonialism, and every other form of government or political idea that sets one person above another, that limits the freedom of the individual for the "greater good", or attempts to convince any individual that they have no rights or fewer rights than the rights man is endowed with by their Creator.
We boldly declare that in our society, the checks and balances in our government includes the individual, private organizations such as businesses or churches or political groups, and federated governments such as the local, state, and federal governments. By distributing the power to govern among these people, organizations, and governments, no one person or group of people is able to obtain much power over the rest.
We also declare that there is enough in this world, and to spare, if the individual is freed from the constraints of government to seek his own fortune in life. We also declare that the man who has obtained wealth is capable of providing charity to the poor, jobs to those who want them, and also to pursue the critical role of participating in politics to keep government constrained. We encourage all men, everywhere, to embrace their freedom, seek their own fortunes, and once having obtained it, spend their time and resources as they see fit in service to their fellowman, without the entanglement of government.


text:
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