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Home Politics Government
Thailand to face severe labour shortage
by Arno Maierbrugger - Dec 18, 2013
Thailand could face a shortage of about 5 million labourers in the next 12 years if migrant workers from Myanmar – the vast majority of foreign labourers in Thailand – return home to take on comparably or even better paid jobs that are opening up in Myanmar's booming economy.
The International Organisation of Migration (IOM) interviewed over 5,000 Myanmar workers in seven Thai provinces that employ the largest numbers of migrants, with 80 per cent expressing a desire to return home – and and 41 per cent of these would do so within the next five years.
Myanmar workers in Thailand, who mostly work on rubber plantations, in forestry and fishery businesses, are often employed under harsh conditions and underpaid, especially those without work permits, which is the majority. The official minimum salary in Thailand of 300 baht a day does technically also apply to Myanmar nationals, but many are getting less.
Some Myanmar workers who legally came to Thailand through overseas job agencies are also exposed to unfair treatment and exploitation. While there have been efforts of both the Thai and the Myanmar government in the past, the situation has not improved.
The outcome of the survey suggests that sectors and areas that offer lower incomes, such as agriculture and fisheries, especially in border provinces, will be hit hardest by returns of Myanmar workers to their homeland in the short term.
Cambodian workers, maids to seek greener pastures in Saudi Arabia
Thailand keen to register illegal migrant workers on time
Migrant worker chaos highlights ASEAN's policy failures
All ASEAN-5 countries but Thailand drop in world competitiveness report
China plans free trade zone in the Golden Triangle
EU lifts "yellow card" on Thai fishing industry
Chile seeks more Malaysia investment
Singapore's 50th birthday to see 50 amazing projects
Myanmar's energy sector needs reforms
Big obstacles for the planned Myanmar stock exchange
Thailand to evolve as plastic surgery hub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Okay, so I put my all into every sketch I did out in Chicago but this one is my absolute favorite! I think it was the only color piece I did all weekend but I'm not so sure it would've worked without it. And I got to draw a guy eatin' a boot! I mean come on, a friggin boot! How awesome is that?!
This is one of the sketches I worked up before the show...really simple but I kind of like it.
Oops, I had a new comic out on Wednesday and forgot to plug it. That is sooo not my style so...make sure you go out and pick yourself up a copy or twelve of Checkmate #17, okay? Okay.
More con sketches on Monday. Have a great weekend, folks!
I'm sure everyone has heard by now that on Sunday we lost another comics great, Mike Wieringo.
I never actually met Mr. Wieringo, but I've been reading his stuff for years. After his run on the Flash I bought a short box just for his work and wrote really big on the lid with a fat Sharpie marker "Ringo". I've read and re-read his work a lot over the years, and it's been a constant source of inspiration. I had the chance to meet him this year at Heroes Con in North Carolina but I was honestly too star-struck and nervous to just walk up a start a conversation.
His work in my collection has long since outgrown that little box but I'll spend the rest of my life looking at his library of work with a smile on my face.
So long, sir. Wish I could've known you.
Condolences to his friends and family, and his cat Charlie.
See you in the funnybooks.
Here are a few more sketches from my Checkmate sketchbook. This time a few robot designs that ended up not actually making the cut for the issue but I had a lot of fun with 'em.
Oh, and if you folks are heading out to Wizard World Chicago this weekend I've got a table in artist's alley where I'll have plenty of my comics work on hand and I'll be doing B&W 9x12 commissions all weekend long for $40 each so be sure to swing by booth #4306 and say Hi!


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7 Expectations for Sony's VR Press Event on Tuesday
With the Virtual Reality industry estimated to be worth over $5 billion in 2016, companies are beginning to bring their models to the mainstream. With Oculus sending its first shipments of the Rift device on the 28th, Sony's announcement of a VR press event on Tuesday March 15th wasn't that much of a bombshell a few weeks ago. Nevertheless, the event looks like it will set a few things straight about PlayStation VR, and given that it neatly coincides with the announcement of the device last year, we can expect some major developments culminating nicely in a price and release date.
Mass Market Device
With the Rift and Vive looking to run exclusively on PCs worth well into the $1000 range, PlayStation VR will work with any PS4 console. It seems then, that Sony are aiming their device at the mass market, rather than going down the specialised route of the more focused companies. Using the PS4 to run VR creates a base and set of codes that all developers and players are well accustomed to and might just be a winning method in terms of both sales and success.
Oculus Will Be Higher Quality
Senior VP of Sony Computer Entertainment, Masayasu Ito recently told Polygon that "if you talk about the high-end quality, yes, I would admit that Oculus may have better VR". But what he's emphasising here is that you pay for this. If you are one of the millions of consumers who own a PS4 and not a high-end, bank breaking super computer – the PlayStation VR will be your option. In other words the Oculus is better, but it won't work for a lot of consumers.
The Glove Patent
We might receive some information regarding the controls on the device on Tuesday, if they use this to properly expo their product. We've heard a lot about the controls so far – from the primary use of the DualShock 4 controller, to the patents filed by Sony themselves. So hopefully we will get some confirmation on their glove patent (covered here for further reference). Though it might be a bit early for a glimpse at a prototype, the glove may be available further down the line after the device's release and will hopefully be detailed at the press event.
Games and Launch Titles
If the release date is under our nose, it's likely that Sony will use this opportunity to alert players to games that are either VR ready on the PS4, or are currently being developed as launch titles. The fact that the invite sent out to various correspondents highlights a demo session after the keynote is fairly standard, however the games played on the device during this demo may be more important than we first considered. We will hopefully then see how far developers have come in their developments of VR games such as Q.U.B.E and Eve: Valkyrie.
So the device should be running on a PS4, but Sony has been silent on whether or not consumers will receive the necessary gear to make the headset work straight out of the box. Other companies have shirked this, only providing the headset itself with the shipments, however if Sony is aiming to bring this device to the mass market, it's easy to suggest it'll be boxed as a ready product.
With competitors Oculus releasing on the 28th, Sony is going to want to get a move on, especially if their main selling points are their mass market appeal, and cheaper price point. They need to get their product out there before people start splashing the cash on the higher-tech models. There's been a load of speculation flying around since as early as November 2015. VRSE, for example, a VR production company, listed the release date for PlayStation VR as April 2016, whereas GameStop CEO announced its arrival in the fall. With no official release date these are very little to go by – though with the big competitors leading the race, it's difficult to see Sony waiting around.
With estimates and rumours invading the web, it seems high time Sony released a price point for their VR baby. It's highly likely that we'll receive this information on Tuesday, and other expectations lead us to believe that it will sit around the $350 mark – or around the same as a next-gen console. The device is mass market – so it will have to have a price tag that represents this. One of Ito's main goals for the device was its affordability, so this bodes well.
Sony's press event will take place Tuesday March 15th, at 2pm PT (5pm ET) until demos begin at 6pm PT.
New, News, Opinion, PlayStation, Post, Virtual Reality
Eve: Valkyrie, GDC, Oculus Rift, PC, PlayStation VR, PS4, QUBE, release date, Sony, virtual reality, Vive
Fans Assured that Portal and Half-Life Movies Are Still in the Works
King's Quest Chapter 3 Launches April 26th


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Centre For Complementary Health
Migraine Awareness Evening
The Alexander Technique and Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's a progressive disease that affects the nervous system, namely the basal ganglia, the part of the brain the controls movement and is also involved in emotion. Sufferers of Parkinson's experience tremors, slowness of movement, and stiffness in their muscles. Other symptoms include difficulties with balance, nerve pain, dizziness and many also suffer from depression. AT present there is no cure, but the condition can be managed with a change in diet, medication, therapies such as physiotherapy, occupation therapy, and speech therapy if necessary.
In addition to the treatments mentioned above, lessons in the movement system, The Alexander Technique, can develop useful strategies for managing the day-to-day problems caused by the disease. In 2002, a medical trail [1] concluded 'there is evidence that lessons in the Alexander Technique are likely to lead to sustained benefit for people with Parkinson's disease.'
Here, we'll look at a case study of a gentlemen in his seventies who came to see me for lessons. He'd been diagnosed with Parkinson's three years earlier and had progressed to the point where he was experiencing anxiety and depression due to the increasing unpredictability of his condition. This was compounded because he'd previously been very fit and had competed in sports and exercise all his life. With medication, he was still able to walk with the aid of a stick, but his main concern was 'getting stuck' when in public with his wife.
In the first lesson we looked at the basic mechanics of taking just one step. When preparing to move, I noticed he tensed his neck, shoulders and lower back in anticipating the step. However, these actions were not directly related to his condition, but rather due to his experience of difficulties in the past, and feeling he had to try harder to move. We focused first on just letting his leg bend so he could feel the weight passing onto the ball of his foot. This is a matter of releasing muscles to let the knee move forward, rather than pushing it.
We then worked on a strategy he could use if he felt about to freeze in public. Many sufferers describe the sensation of needing to get the first movement out of the way so they can start walking. So, instead of him trying to walk, we practised breaking the movement into discrete parts. To start, I asked him to nudge his walking stick gently with his knee. This required little effort on his behalf and prevented him thinking of the whole walking pattern and the subsequent tension and anxiety when nothing happened. Once his knee bent, he felt the other steps could follow.
The next lesson he was pleased to report this simple technique had helped and that he'd added a step of his own. Whilst waiting for his wife at the shopping centre, he felt a little tight and decided to put the stick nudge to the test. As he attempted the manoeuvre, he also uttered an expletive to himself that I won't repeat here, and found he released the tension and moved forward. By using this method, he stopped himself getting set to move with the 'wrong kind of effort' and the expletive reduced the apprehension.
Of course, these techniques may not work every time, but having some strategies up your sleeve can give a sufferer at least some sense of having control that can also help with depression.
Roy Palmer is a teacher of The Alexander Technique with twenty years experience of working with people of all ages and abilities.
[1] Randomized controlled trial of the Alexander technique for idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
We're all practitioners at the Centre for Comp Health in Godmanchester.
The Centre for Complementary Health, 6 Cambridge Road, Godmanchester, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE29 2BW
Copyright 2011 - 2018 Centre For Complementary Health


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Greg Fischer, född 14 januari 1958 i Louisville, Kentucky, är en amerikansk demokratisk politiker och affärsman. Han är borgmästare i storstadsområdet Louisville Metro sedan 2011.

Fischer var verksam som affärsman innan han gick med i politiken. Han grundade företag, investerade i dem och arbetade som företagsledare. I senatsvalet 2008 ställde han upp i demokraternas primärval som han förlorade mot Bruce Lunsford. Valet slutade med att republikanen Mitch McConnell behöll sitt mandat i senaten.

Louisvilles gamla borgmästarämbete ersattes 2003 med ett ämbete som omfattar både staden Louisville och det omkringliggande Jefferson County. Jerry Abramson tillträdde som borgmästare i samband med sammanslagningen av stadens och countyts förvaltning. Fischer vann borgmästarvalet 2010 som demokraternas kandidat och efterträdde Abramson i januari 2011. Borgmästarämbetet är det första politiska ämbete Fischer har valts till.

Referenser

Noter

Födda 1958
Levande personer
Borgmästare i Louisville
Män
Personer i USA under 1900-talet
Personer i USA under 2000-talet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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No Dime Design: Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, and Renew!
Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, and Renew!
I have been making some BIG changes in the entry closet and now that I am putting it back together I had a few extra parts.
One of them was the crib railing we were using as a bench back.
See it nestled in there behind all those pillows?
As you can see the bench is making a temporary home here in the playroom/craft room too. The wall above it has always been kind of tricky to work with since it is right next to a door way on the right and a closet on the left. I wanted it to be functional but not block the door way. This space has gone through bookcases and seats and all kinds of other things but it never felt quite right.
Yep, my lovely hubby screwed it right up there for me.
Getting it out of his garage was a big incentive.
Joel put "spacers" on the back made from a baby gate that was on it's last leg.
This makes it just far enough away from the wall for magazines to fit right inside but you hardly notice them since they mostly blend in with the wood paneling.
I like that I can see all my current reads. Maybe this way they will actually end up read instead in the dreaded basket.
Everything was up-cycled, some of it even up-cycled from an up-cycle!
My Tomatoes Have Been Struck By Cupid!


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We talked on Monday about the steps each of us undergoes in beginning a new novel. There are as many different variations on how to do this as there are authors. T.S. Eliot quotes, "What we call the beginning is often the end. And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from."
Some authors do begin with the ending and write backward from there. This certainly wasn't the case for the screenplay for Casablanca. I was disturbed the first time I watched our DVD and discovered that the filmmakers didn't know how the story would end until it came down to a point in filming where a decision had to be made. Would Ilsa stay behind with Rick, or choose to do the right thing and honor her duty and her husband by leaving with Victor Lazslo? I have to admit that I wasn't so surprised at their flexibility with the moral dilemma as I was with the fact that they couldn't see that the personal sacrifice and growth in the characters of Ilsa and Rick WAS the story.
How important is it to know the ending of a story before putting it on paper? Most of us have at least a vague idea of how our stories will end and structure them toward that. There are many factors to consider when choosing an ending. What do you consider the most important? Has an ending ever gotten away from you despite your bestlaid plans and forced you to change course?
I knew the last line of my first novel very early on. The thing that happened before the last thing? That was up for grabs until I wrote it. Knowing how things will end is not the same as knowing exactly how they will get there.
With my second it was the other way around. I knew how The Feast of Saint Bertie ended too, but it was my brilliant editor, Nicci Jordan Hubert, who suggested the epilogue (as well as the prologue). What a gift that was! Like finding the one picture or piece of art that sets a whole room off. So in that case, I knew how to get there, but needed a nudge to see where exactly I'd got to. Bless Nicci.
I love Casablanca for the way it ended. In its own way, Once ended similarly. What a pleasure, that shock of disappointment that it didn't turn out the way I wanted, and then the sweet realization that there was something better, more right, than what I wanted. Hmmm... Is there a message here someplace? You see how messages sneak into stories?
I love the way The Feast of Saint Bertie opened. It promised a depth of character and I knew I wanted to read about Bertie. Great job, Katy!
For those of us who write by the seat of our jeans, endings can precipitate a beginning or come as a total surprise in that last chapter or paragraph.
With my novel, KINDRED, I thought I knew how it would end. Somewhere in the middle, when I'd grown to know my characters better, I realized their arcs were leading down a different road than I'd expected. But it was a truer road.
Nicole: I love unruly characters!
Good topic, Debbie. I knew the exact ending of both Gift and Lying on Sunday and wrote them almost the day I began those novels. The same is true with my WIP. It's like a guy wire that leads me to my destination, it's very important to the way I write.
Oh Please Don't Go, We Love You So!
You Mean I Have to Cook Dinner Too?


We picked up some clams at the fish market and a few items at the grocery store in Friday Harbor for tonight's dinner: linguine with clams, and asparagus.
It was another gorgeous day in the islands, and we decided to moor at Spencer Spit State Park tonight on a buoy (but not one of those nice new ones…they still have the old style buoys here that we haven't seen since…um…yesterday).
Kevin's working on his quadcopter video from Patos Island and should have it uploaded either later tonight or tomorrow. I can't wait!


Bitterly cold air from Siberia has brought dangerously frigid and likely record-setting temperatures to the eastern half of the US.
Temperatures are 20-40F below normal for February from the Mid-Atlantic to the South.
Warnings of extreme cold are also in effect in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba.
Record lows have already been broken in Kentucky, where it was -8F (-22C) on Thursday morning in Paducah and most of the state was below 0F (-17C).
Weather forecasters believe the cold air will help break more than 100 daily record lows, NBC News reports.
In Atlanta, temperatures dipped to 15F (-9C) overnight and officials were trying to determine whether two people found dead had been killed by the cold.
The extreme cold is also threatening electricity grids in Tennessee. More than 30,000 homes lost power on Wednesday and officials are calling for residents to conserve energy as the state remains on an emergency footing.
Media captionWhat can the US learn from Finland about dealing with cold weather?
Temperatures in Washington DC are set to reach 2F (-16C), the lowest in 20 years.
Even Orlando, Florida, was expected to see temperatures fall below freezing.
In Toronto, a three-year-old boy died after being lost for hours wearing only a T-shirt, diaper and boots.
Elijah Marsh was found a few hundred metres away from his home in -2F (-19C) temperatures but died in hospital.
The bitter cold comes after a series of severe snow storms across the US north-east. Residents of Massachusetts and further north saw more than 70 inches of snow within weeks, paired with sub-freezing temperatures.
More snow was forecast for parts of northern Maine and Canada as well as areas around the Great Lakes.
How do US cities get rid of snow?


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VALENZUELA: RIVER FLOODING
"Philippines gets more than its share of disasters," according to Hilary Whiteman of CNN news, as the country is located on a "path of destruction…The Philippines sits on the western rim of the Pacific Ocean, the most active area for tropical cyclones because of the vast expanse of deep, warm ocean water. The country comprises more than 7,000 islands, leaving plenty of exposed coast at the mercy of wind and rain… An average of eight or nine tropical cyclones make landfall in the Philippines each year… (In 2013) Super Typhoon Haiyan made landfall south of the capital… where it severely devastated the city of Tacloban, and then struck the Central Visayas. "
(http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/asia/philippines-typhoon-destruction/)
Valenzuela, FLOOD PRONE CITY
Valenzuela is located north of Manila. It is bounded in the north by Meycauayan and Caloocan (NE), Quezon City in the east, Manila in the south and Malabon and Navotas in the west. Valenzuela City have access to Manila Bay via the Malabon wetlands.
The document "Valenzuela Livable City" begins with the case of Typhoon Yolanda hitting the Philippines in Tacloban. This is done since "Valenzuela City was cited almost at similar state as Tacloban. The City is facing land subsidence and multi-faction. It is below sea level and practically also along the coastal area."
According to Valenzuela City Pre-Feasibility Study on the Integrated Flood Risk Management:
The City of Valenzuela is located in an area which is susceptible to frequent typhoons and intense tropical storms. The topographic characteristics show that about 25% of the City is below sea level making natural drainage very difficult. The combination of the above factors exposes Valenzuela City to frequent and severe flooding as the existing systems can no longer cope, in addition to the impacts due to climate change."
Besides the localised drainage problems, Valenzuela experiences heavy flooding when earth dikes along Meycauayan River… and along Santolan River under the jurisdiction of other cities, are breached. Tidal flooding is also known to occur in some of the downstream areas of the City.
The frequent severe floods do impact significantly on the socioeconomic fabric of the City. It is therefore important to reduce the City's vulnerability to floods and to improve drainage in the flood-prone areas in Valenzuela City with the end result of improving the quality of life of affected residents and enhancing economic growth of the City.
Rivers – Interior Drainage
There are several large drainage channels that drain Valenzuela City and discharge mostly towards the northwest to the Meycauayan River. The Polo, Coloong, Lingahan, and Longos Rivers are the most important of these drainage channels. The Polo River also drains a small area to the Tullahan River. These channels discharge at the lowest end via sluice gates and pumping plants. They are unable to drain by gravity when the two principal rivers are high.
Interior drainage is a real problem for various reasons, but mostly because (i) there is insufficient pumping capacity on the major drainage channels, (ii) secondary drains are too small and water must travel long distances to join the main drainage channels, (iii) culverts are blocked with rubbish and situation, (iv) tertiary drains along the sides of the roads are also blocked with rubbish and silt, and (v) depressed areas"
Internal Drainage Improvements
"The Pre-Feasibility Study suggests concentrating on seven of the most severe problem areas in the city… The seven includes an enlarged 3.8 km concrete drainage channel and three box culverts through the Central Business District from Marulas, Karuhatan, and Maysan to a large creek that discharges through a new Viente Reales pumping facility and into the Tullahan River…"
RESEARCH AIM
The research aims at exploring:
creative and alternative solutions to create a flooding resilient community
urban design and urban planning to endow the community with resiliency in light of a natural disaster like typhoon. The idea revolves around discovering how urban design and planning can mitigate the effects of a natural disaster within a vulnerable community through the built environment's ordnance.
the morphology and the program of the built environment to support the resiliency of the community's inhabitants and their livelihoods in light of the typhoon occurrence. The aim is to discover how architecture can bolster the inhabitants of a vulnerable community through the built environment's form and function.
the processes, materials, and systems involved in creating the built environment to amplify a community's resiliency in light of the typhoon occurrence. The aim is to discover how innovative building technologies and methodologies can enhance the essential facilities and infrastructure for a vulnerable community through the built environment's construction.
the social and technical policies needed to maintain a community's resiliency in light of a natural disaster. The aim is to discover how prescient and innovative planning guidelines and building codes can sustain a vulnerable community's physical and social longevity through the built environment's regulation.


Today's computerized engine control systems rely on inputs from a variety of sensors to regulate engine performance, emissions and other important functions. The sensors must provide accurate information otherwise driveability problems, increased fuel consumption and emission failures can result.
One of the key sensors in this system is the oxygen sensor. It's often referred to as the "O2" sensor because O2 is the chemical formula for oxygen (oxygen atoms always travel in pairs, never alone).
The first O2 sensor was introduced in 1976 on a Volvo 240. California vehicles got them next in 1980 when California's emission rules required lower emissions. Federal emission laws made O2 sensors virtually mandatory on all cars and light trucks built since 1981. And now that OBD-II regulations are here (1996 and newer vehicles), many vehicles are now equipped with multiple O2 sensors, some as many as four!
The O2 sensor is mounted in the exhaust manifold to monitor how much unburned oxygen is in the exhaust as the exhaust exits the engine. Monitoring oxygen levels in the exhaust is a way of gauging the fuel mixture. It tells the computer if the fuel mixture is burning rich (less oxygen) or lean (more oxygen).
A lot of factors can affect the relative richness or leanness of the fuel mixture, including air temperature, engine coolant temperature, barometric pressure, throttle position, air flow and engine load. There are other sensors to monitor these factors, too, but the O2 sensor is the master monitor for what's happening with the fuel mixture. Consequently, any problems with the O2 sensor can throw the whole system out of whack.
The computer uses the oxygen sensor's input to regulate the fuel mixture, which is referred to as the fuel "feedback control loop." The computer takes its cues from the O2 sensor and responds by changing the fuel mixture. This produces a corresponding change in the O2 sensor reading. This is referred to as "closed loop" operation because the computer is using the O2 sensor's input to regulate the fuel mixture. The result is a constant flip-flop back and forth from rich to lean which allows the catalytic converter to operate at peak efficiency while keeping the average overall fuel mixture in proper balance to minimize emissions. It's a complicated setup but it works.
When no signal is received from the O2 sensor, as is the case when a cold engine is first started (or the 02 sensor fails), the computer orders a fixed (unchanging) rich fuel mixture. This is referred to as "open loop" operation because no input is used from the O2 sensor to regulate the fuel mixture. If the engine fails to go into closed loop when the O2 sensor reaches operating temperature, or drops out of closed loop because the O2 sensor's signal is lost, the engine will run too rich causing an increase in fuel consumption and emissions. A bad coolant sensor can also prevent the system from going into closed loop because the computer also considers engine coolant temperature when deciding whether or not to go into closed loop.
The outside of the bulb is exposed to the hot gases in the exhaust while the inside of the bulb is vented internally through the sensor body to the outside atmosphere. Older style oxygen sensors actually have a small hole in the body shell so air can enter the sensor, but newer style O2 sensors "breathe" through their wire connectors and have no vent hole. It's hard to believe, but the tiny amount of space between the insulation and wire provides enough room for air to seep into the sensor (for this reason, grease should never be used on O2 sensor connectors because it can block the flow of air). Venting the sensor through the wires rather than with a hole in the body reduces the risk of dirt or water contamination that could foul the sensor from the inside and cause it to fail. The difference in oxygen levels between the exhaust and outside air within the sensor causes voltage to flow through the ceramic bulb. The greater the difference, the higher the voltage reading.
When the computer receives a rich signal (high voltage) from the O2 sensor, it leans the fuel mixture to reduce the sensor's reading. When the O2 sensor reading goes lean (low voltage), the computer reverses again making the fuel mixture go rich. This constant flip-flopping back and forth of the fuel mixture occurs with different speeds depending on the fuel system. The transition rate is slowest on engines with feedback carburetors, typically once per second at 2500 rpm. Engines with throttle body injection are somewhat faster (2 to 3 times per second at 2500 rpm), while engines with multiport injection are the fastest (5 to 7 times per second at 2500 rpm).
The OBD II system is designed to monitor the emissions performance of the engine. This includes keeping an eye on anything that might cause emissions to increase. The OBD II system compares the oxygen level readings of the O2 sensors before and after the converter to see if the converter is reducing the pollutants in the exhaust. If it sees little or no change in oxygen level readings, it means the converter is not working properly. This will cause the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) to come on.
O2 sensors are amazingly rugged considering the operating environment they live in. But O2 sensors do wear out and eventually have to be replaced. The performance of the O2 sensor tends to diminish with age as contaminants accumulate on the sensor tip and gradually reduce its ability to produce voltage. This kind of deterioration can be caused by a variety of substances that find their way into the exhaust such as lead, silicone, sulfur, oil ash and even some fuel additives. The sensor can also be damaged by environmental factors such as water, splash from road salt, oil and dirt.
As the sensor ages and becomes sluggish, the time it takes to react to changes in the air/fuel mixture slows down which causes emissions to go up. This happens because the flip-flopping of the fuel mixture is slowed down which reduces converter efficiency. The effect is more noticeable on engines with multiport fuel injection (MFI) than electronic carburetion or throttle body injection because the fuel ratio changes much more rapidly on MFI applications. If the sensor dies altogether, the result can be a fixed, rich fuel mixture. Default on most fuel injected applications is mid-range after three minutes. This causes a big jump in fuel consumption as well as emissions. And if the converter overheats because of the rich mixture, it may suffer damage. One EPA study found that 70% of the vehicles that failed an I/M 240 emissions test needed a new O2 sensor.
You can read the O2 sensor's output with a scan tool or digital voltmeter, but the transitions are hard to see because the numbers jump around so much. Here's where a PC based scantool such as AutoTap really shines. You can use the graphing features to watch the transitions of the O2 sensors voltage. The software will display the sensor's voltage output as a wavy line that shows both it's amplitude (minimum and maximum voltage) as well as its frequency (transition rate from rich to lean).
If the O2 sensor circuit opens, shorts or goes out of range, it may set a fault code and illuminate the Check Engine or Malfunction Indicator Lamp. If additional diagnosis reveals the sensor is defective, replacement is required. But many O2 sensors that are badly degraded continue to work well enough not to set a fault code—but not well enough to prevent an increase in emissions and fuel consumption. The absence of a fault code or warning lamp, therefore, does not mean the O2 sensor is functioning properly.
Unheated 1 or 2 wire wire O2 sensors on 1976 through early 1990s vehicles can be replaced every 30,000 to 50,000 miles. Heated 3 and 4-wire O2 sensors on mid-1980s through mid-1990s applications can be changed every 60,000 miles. On OBD II equipped vehicles (1996 & up), a replacement interval of 100,000 miles is recommended.


Jonas Murby is a Principal at AeroDynamic Advisory, a speciality consulting firm focused on the global aerospace and aviation industries. He has 17 years of experience, including more than 50 consulting engagements for leading aviation and aerospace companies across the globe.
Previously, Jonas founded Merxcell, an boutique consultancy focusing on industrial marketing in the aerospace sector. Earlier, Jonas was a Principal with ICF (formerly AeroStrategy), in United States, where he assisted a global set of MROs, OEMs and investors with market analysis, market strategy, transaction support and customer satisfaction.
Earlier, Jonas worked for six years at Scandinavian Airlines and ST Aerospace Solutions in Denmark, with market analysis, value proposition development, business development and negotiation of industrial partnerships. This included two years as a commercial liaison at EADS Sogerma in France.
Jonas holds a Master of Science Mechanical Engineering from Chalmers University of Technology, with a specialization in Industrial Marketing and Logistics.


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Microsoft's Cortana now available on Android as Public Beta
Rei Padla
It's official: Cortana is now ready for Android more than a month after it was "unofficially" released by some beta tester. Microsoft's very own personal digital assistant has been available on the platform since May albeit in beta mode only but starting today, anyone can download the app from the Google Play Store—as Public Beta.
So not quite official. It's only Public Beta but still, it's a great way to test what Microsoft has in store for the Android community. Cortana works as a companion to Windows 10 PC and Microsoft intends for the app to work as an extension of your desktop to any mobile device. But even if you don't have a Windows 10 machine, you can still use Cortana on your Android mobile device to help you easily search for information on the web, manage schedule, track flight details, or be reminded of what tasks to finish next.
Saying "Hey Cortana" hands-free won't open the app just yet on Android as it only currently works for the Windows version. Those familiar with the beta version of Cortana will notice some changes on the mobile experience. A few weeks earlier, Microsoft dev allowed the app to set a device's home phone button to access Cortana as default. Once set, you can quickly interact with Cortana simply by pressing the home button and set it as default in Android.
The Cortana app for Android is only available in the United States, at least, for now. Microsoft has plans to bring the personal digital voice assistant to other regions for other Android users but no word on when exactly.
Download Cortana from the Google Play Store as a beta tester. You should be able to see this page: '
SOURCE: Windows
Microsoft going after Google Now and Siri with 'Cortana'
Microsoft intros Windows 10 Phone Companion app, Cortana for Android
Microsoft's Cortana app for Android released unofficially
Control your Android device via Windows 10's Cortana
Microsoft's Cortana app can now be set as default on Android


House Republicans have ordered the former FBI director to testify in a closed-door depositions next week.
Some Republicans immediately lambasted Comey's effort.
The truth IS best served with transparency. What is Director Comey trying to hide from the American people with his baseless motion to quash?
Comey was fired by President Donald Trump in May 2017 and has since become an outspoken critic of the president. During a press tour for his memoir published earlier this year, Comey called Trump "morally unfit" to be president and said he believed he was vulnerable to Russian blackmail.
The publication and subsequent comments prompted outrage and vehement denials from Trump.
The New York Times reported last week that the president wanted to order the Department of Justice to investigate Comey and Clinton but that he had to be talked down from the decision by the White House counsel, who worried such a move would create a potentially impeachment-worthy political fallout.


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Front row: North throws fit; Kanye consoles, Kim Kardashian unmoved
Kim Kardashian, North West, Kanye West attend the Alexander Wang Fashion Show during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Fall 2015 at Pier 94 on February 14, 2015 in New York City. (Getty)
Staff with AFP
Published Sunday, February 15, 2015
Reality star Kim Kardashian, rapper husband Kanye West and their toddler daughter North West were guests of honor at Alexander Wang's heavy metal meets gothic grunge Saturday at New York Fashion Week.
But there was something troubling the 18-month-old was seated in her mother Kim Kardashian's lap in the front row.
She threw the tantrum of the night, squirming, bawling and tears rolling down.
While North cried we witnessed a rare scene - Kanye West crack a smile.
West tried to console his daughter North with a big grin as she threw yet another tantrum.
A similar situation occurred on Thursday at Kanye's debut at Fashion Week when the tot bawled front row while seated next to Vogue Editor-in-Chief Anna Wintour.
She bawled loud while her parents clapped as the models walked the runway, neighbor Nicki Minaj didn't seem to enjoy te moment and dug herself deep in her smartphone.
North's meltdown unmoved Kim who tried to distracted Nori with paper elephants to play with.
When everything failed Kanye took his daughter out to calm her down.
Paparazzi swooped on the family, in particular baby North, who was kitted out in a custom-made Wang skirt edged with the same silver studs that played a starring role on the catwalk.
Guests braved snow and freezing weather to attend the show at a warehouse in New York's gritty Lower East Side overlooked by housing projects that are home to some of Manhattan's poorest residents.
Models with oily, tousled hair and nude lips, who included baby North's aunt Kendall Jenner, powered down the runway in black, black and yet more black in a show that won rave reviews and thundering applause.
Even fashion queen Anna Wintour, Vogue's editor-in-chief, put her hands together for enthusiastic claps as the boyish Wang ran down the catwalk at the end, dressed in a monochrome plaid shirt with his long hair flying.
Kim Kardashian attempts to calm her daughter, North, while sitting next to Sean Combs (L), Jay-Z (2nd L), Beyonce (3rd L) and Anna Wintour (2nd R) as they watch a presentation of Kanye West's Fall/Winter 2015 partnership with Adidas at New York Fashion Week February 12, 2015. (Reuters)
The signature look of his 2015 fall/winter collection was the silver stud, which hemmed jackets, coats and dresses ran in vertical stripes, embellished bags and made a quilt-style effect.
His models wore enormous studded chokers, studded V-necks and sported watch-style chains hanging from zipped pockets, and silver zips ran up and down the throat.
There were cropped leather biker jackets, and sharply tailored trousers, military-style oversized jackets with silver buttons and a dressing gown-style coat edged at the collar, hem and on the sash with studs.
Velvet and leather was paired with wool to add textures, and shoulders were cut out to expose bare skin - a key trend on the catwalk this season.
The only splash of color came in the form of a red tartan parka coat and an oversized waistcoat.
Also see: Movie Listings in UAE


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Hatt-i humayun ( , plural , ), also known as hatt-i sharif ( , plural , ), was the diplomatics term for a document or handwritten note of an official nature composed by an Ottoman sultan. These notes were commonly written by the sultan personally, although they could also be transcribed by a palace scribe. They were written usually in response to, and directly on, a document submitted to the sultan by the grand vizier or another officer of the Ottoman government. Thus, they could be approvals or denials of a letter of petition, acknowledgements of a report, grants of permission for a request, an annotation to a decree, or other government documents. Hatt-i humayuns could also be composed from scratch, rather than as a response to an existing document.

After the Tanzimat era (1839–1876), aimed at modernizing the Ottoman Empire, hatt-i humayuns of the routine kind were supplanted by the practice of irade-i seniyye ( ;  or less standardly , meaning 'ordonnance'), in which the sultan's spoken response was recorded on the document by his scribe.

There are nearly 100,000 hatt-i humayuns in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul. Among the more famous are the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane (, also known as the Tanzimat Fermani []) of 1839 and the Imperial Reform Edict () of 1856. The first one, which opened the Tanzimat era, is so called because it carries a handwritten order by the sultan to the grand vizier to execute his command.

The term hatt-i humayun can sometimes also be used in a literal sense, meaning a document handwritten by an Ottoman sultan.

Etymology
The terms hatt-i humayun and hatt-i sharif are ezafe constructions of   (, from Arabic  , 'handwriting, command') and   (, from Persian  , 'imperial') or   (, from Arabic  , 'lofty, noble').

The term irade-i seniyye is an ezafe of Arabic   and  , the feminine of  . Around the late Ottoman Empire, the word irade was often used in European publications, but by the 21st century it became disused in European languages:

Types of hatt-ı hümayun
The hatt-ı hümayun would usually be written to the grand vizier (Sadrazam), or in his absence, to his replacement (the ka'immakâm), or to another senior official such as the grand admiral (Kapudan-i Derya) or the governor-general (Beylerbey) of Rumeli. There were three types of hatt-ı hümayuns:
those addressed to a government post
those "on the white"
 those on a document

Hatt-ı hümayun to a government post

Routine decrees (ferman) or titles of privilege (berat) were written by a scribe, but those written to certain officials and those that were particularly important were preceded by the Sultan's handwritten note beside his seal (tughra). The tughra and the notation might be surrounded by a decorated frame. The note would emphasize a particular part of his edict, urging or ordering it to be followed without fault. These were called Hatt-ı Hümayunla Müveşşeh Ferman (ferman decorated with a hatt-ı hümayun) or Unvanına Hatt-ı Hümayun (hatt-ı hümayun to the title). The note might use a clichéd phrase like "to be done as required" (mûcebince amel oluna) or, "my command is to carried out as required and no one is to interfere with its execution" (emrim mûcebince amel oluna, kimseye müdahale etmeyeler). Some edicts to the title would start with a note from the Sultan praising the person(s) to whom the edict was addressed, in order to encourage or honor him. Rarely, there might be a threat such as "if you want to keep your head, carry out this order as required" (Başın gerek ise mûcebiyle amel oluna).

Hatt-ı hümayun on the white

"Hatt-ı hümayun on the white" (beyaz üzerine hatt-ı hümâyun) were documents originating with the sultan (ex officio) rather than a notation on an existing document. They were so called because the edict was written on a blank (i.e. white) page. They could be documents such as a command, an edict, an appointment letter or a letter to a foreign ruler.

There also exist hatt-ı hümayuns expressing the sultan's opinions or even his feelings on certain matters. For example, after the successful defense of Mosul against the forces of Nadir Shah, in 1743, Sultan Mahmud I sent a hatt-ı hümayun to the governor Haj Husayn Pasha, which praised in verse the heroic exploits of the governor and the warriors of Mosul.

Hatt-ı hümayun on a document

In normal bureaucratic procedure, a document would be submitted by the grand vizier, or his deputy the kaymakam (Kâ'immakâm Paşa), who would summarize a situation for the Sultan, and request the Sultan's will on the matter. Such documents were called telhis (summary) until the 19th century and  takrir (suggestion) later on. The Sultan's handwritten response (his command or decision) were called hatt-ı hümâyûn on telhis or hatt-ı hümâyûn on takrir. Other types of documents submitted to the Sultan were petitions (arzuhâl), sworn transcriptions of oral petitions (mahzar), reports from a higher to a lower office (şukka), religious reports by Qadis to higher offices (ilâm) and record books (tahrirat). These would be called hatt-ı hümâyûn on arz, hatt-ı hümâyûn on mahzar, etc. depending on the type of the document. The Sultan responded not only to documents submitted to him by his viziers but also to petitions (arzuhâl) submitted to him by his subjects following the Friday prayer. Thus, hatt-ı hümayuns on documents were analogous to Papal rescripts and rescripts used in other imperial regimes.

When the sultan contacted the public for Friday prayer or other occasions, people would hand in petitions addressed to him. These were later discussed and decided upon by the council of viziers. They would prepare a summary of all petitions and the action decided upon for each one. The sultan would write on the same sheet "I have been informed" (manzurum olmuştur) multiple times, followed by the item number to which he is referring. When palace bureaucracy was reorganized after the Tanzimat reforms, the Sultan's decision came to be written directly by the Chief Scribe at the bottom of the summary document, and this one writing applied to all decisions.

Practices
When a petition or memo requiring the Sultan's decision was to be submitted to him, the grand vizier usually prepared an executive summary (telhis) as an attachment. In some cases, rather than prepare a separate summary document, the grand vizier or his deputy would write his summary and views diagonally, on the top or bottom margins of documents coming from lower functionaries (see an example in the first figure above). Such annotations on a written document were called derkenar. Sometimes the grand vizier would append a separate cover page on top of a proposal coming from a lower-level functionary like the Treasurer (Defterdar) or the Minister of Defence (Serasker), introducing it as, for example, "this is the proposal of the Defterdar". In such cases, the Sultan would write his hatt-ı hümayun on the cover page. In other cases, the grand vizier would summarize the matter directly in the margin of the document submitted by the lower functionary and the Sultan would write on the same page as well. Sometimes the Sultan would write his decision on a fresh piece of paper attached to the submitted document.

In most cases hatt-ı humayuns were written by the Sultan himself although there exist some that were penned by the chief scribe or another functionary. Important hatt-ı humayuns on the white were sometimes drafted by the head of diplomatic correspondence (Reis-ül Kuttab) or the Secretary of Navy (Kapudan Paşa). In some cases, there were notations as to who prepared the draft of the document that was then re-written by the Sultan.

Hatt-ı hümayuns usually were not dated, although some, concerning withdrawal of money from the treasury, did carry dates. Most late-period hatt-ı hümayuns and irades had dates. Abdulhamid I was especially inclined to date his hatt-ı hümayuns. His grand vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha, later suggested this practice of dating hatt-ı hümayuns to Abdulhamid's successor Selim III so that he could follow up whether his orders were carried out. However, this suggestion was not adopted. Abdulhamid II used signatures toward the latter parts of his reign.

Language

The language of hatt-ı hümayuns on documents generally was a form of Turkish understandable (orally) even today and has changed little over the centuries. Many documents or annotations were short comments such as "I gave" (verdim), "be it given" (verilsin), "will not happen" (olmaz), "be it written" (yazılsın), "is clear/is clear to me" (malûm oldu / malûmum olmuştur), "provide it" (tedârük edesin), "it has come to my sight" (manzûrum oldu / manzûrum olmuştur), "be it answered" (cevap verile), "record it" (mukayyet olasın), "be it supplied"  (tedârik görülsün), "be they without need" ("berhûrdâr olsunlar").

Some Sultans would write longer comments, starting with "It has become my knowledge" (Malûmum oldu), and continue with an introduction on the topic, then give their opinion such as "this report's/petition's/record's/etc. appearance and meaning has become my imperial knowledge"("... işbu takrîrin/telhîsin/şukkanın/kaimenin manzûr ve me'azi ma'lûm-ı hümayûnum olmuşdur"). Some common phrases in hatt-ı hümayuns are "according to this report..." (işbu telhisin mûcebince), "the matter is clear" (cümlesi malumdur), "I permit" (izin verdim), "I give, according to the provided facts" (vech-i meşruh üzere verdim).

Hatt-ı hümayuns to the position often had clichéd expressions such as "To be done as required" (Mûcebince amel oluna) or "To be done as required, not to be contravened" (Mûcebince amel ve hilâfından hazer oluna).

Hatt-ı hümayuns on the white were more elaborate and some may have been drafted by a scribe before being penned by the Sultan. They often started by addressing the recipient. The Sultan would refer to his grand vizier as "My Vizier", or if his grand vizier was away at war, would refer to his deputy as "Ka'immakâm Paşa". Those written to other officials would often start with an expression like "You who are my Vizier of Rumeli, Mehmed Pasha" ("Sen ki Rumili vezîrim Mehmed Paşa'sın"). The head of religious affairs (Şeyhülislam) or the Sultan's personal tutor would be addressed simply and respectfully. In cases where the hatt-ı hümayun was to be delivered ceremoniously, with an imperial sword and a cloak, as in an appointment to a high rank, there would be a flowery salutation such as "after I have honored you with my glorious greeting you should know that..." (seni selâm-ı şâhanemle teşrif eylediğimden sonra malumun ola ki...). Correspondence to a military commander could have a lengthy and ornate salutation or just address him by his title. A note without an address was meant for the grand vizier or his deputy.

History

The earliest known hatt-ı hümayun is the one sent by Sultan Murad I to Evrenos Bey in 1386, commending the commander for his conquests and giving him advice on how to administer people. Until the reign of Murad III, Viziers used to present matters orally to the Sultans, who would then give their consent or denial, also orally. While hatt-ı hümayuns were very rare prior to this, they proliferated afterward, especially during the reigns of Sultans such as Abdülhamid I, Selim III and Mahmud II, who wanted to increase their control and be informed of everything.

The content of hatt-ı hümayuns tends to reflect the power struggle that existed between the Sultan and his council of viziers (the Divan). The process of using the hatt-ı hümayun to authorize the actions of the grand vizier came into existence in the reign of Murad III. This led to a loss of authority and independence in the grand vizier while other palace people such as the Master of the Harem (Harem Ağası) or concubines (cariye) who had greater access to the Sultan gained in influence. By giving detailed instructions or advice, the Sultans reduced the role of the grand viziers to be just a supervisor to the execution of his commands. This situation appears to have created some backlash, as during most of the 17th century there were attempts to return to grand viziers' prestige and the power of "supreme proxy" (vekil-i mutlak) and over time hatt-ı hümayuns returned to their former simplicity. However, in the eighteenth century, Selim III became concerned by the over-centralization of the bureaucracy and its general inefficacy. He created consulting bodies (meclis-i meşveret) to share some of the authority with him and the grand vizier. He would give detailed answers on hatt-ı hümayuns to questions asked of him and would make inquiries as to whether his decisions were followed. The hatt-ı hümayun became Selim III's tool to ensure rapid and precise execution of his decisions.

During the reign of Mahmud II, in the early 1830s, the practice of writing on the memoranda of the grand vizier was replaced by the Chief Scribe of the Mabeyn-i hümayun (Mabeyn-i hümayun başkatibi) recording the Sultan's decision. After the Tanzimat, the government bureaucracy was streamlined. For most routine communications, the imperial scribe (Serkâtib-i şehriyârî) began to record the spoken will (irâde) of the Sultan and thus the irâde (also called irâde-i seniyye, i.e., "supreme will", or irâde-i şâhâne, i.e., "glorious will") replaced the hatt-ı hümayun. The use of hatt-ı hümayuns on the white between the Sultan and the grand vizier continued on for matters of great importance such as high level appointments or promotions. Infrequently, the grand vizier and the Sultan wrote to each other directly as well.

The large number of documents that required the Sultan's decision through either a hatt-ı hümayun or an irade-i senniye is considered to be an indication of how centralized the Ottoman government was. Abdülhamid I has written himself in one of his hatt-ı hümayuns "I have no time that my pen leaves my hand, with God's resolve it does not."

The early hatt-ı hümayuns were written in the calligraphic styles of tâlik, tâlik kırması (a variant of tâlik), nesih and riq'a. After Mahmud II, they were only written in riq'a. Ahmed III and Mahmud II were skilled penmen and their hatt-ı hümayuns are notable for their long and elaborate annotations on official documents. In contrast, Sultans who accessed the throne at an early age, such as Murad V and Mehmed IV display poor spelling and calligraphy.

Archival
Hatt-ı hümayuns sent to the grand vizier were handled and recorded at the Âmedi Kalemi, the secretariat of the grand vizier. The Âmedi Kalemi organized and recorded all correspondence between the grand vizier and the Sultan, as well as any correspondence with foreign rulers and with Ottoman ambassadors. Other hatt-ı hümayuns, not addressed to the grand vizier, were stored in other document stores (called fon in the terminology of current Turkish archivists).

Cut-out hatt-ı hümayuns
During the creation of the State Archives in the nineteenth century, documents were organized according to their importance. Hatt-ı hümayuns on the white were considered the most important, along with those on international relations, border transactions and internal regulations. Documents of secondary importance were routinely placed in trunks and stored in cellars in need of repair. Presumably as a sign of respect toward the Sultan, hatt-ı hümayuns on documents (petitions, reports, etc.) were cut out and stored together with the hatt-ı hümayuns on the white, while the rest of the documents were stored elsewhere. These cut-out hatt-ı hümayuns were not cross-referenced with the documents to which they referred and were only annotated by the palace office using general terms and an approximate date. Because Sultans were not in the habit of dating their hatt-ı hümayuns until the late period of the empire, in most cases the documents associated with them are not known. Conversely, the decisions on many a memorandum, petition, or request submitted to the Sultan are unknown. The separation of hatt-ı hümayuns from their documents is considered a great loss of information for researchers. The Ottoman Archives in Istanbul has a special section of "cut-out hatt-ı hümayuns".

Catalogs
Today all known hatt-ı hümayuns have been recorded in a computerized database in the Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Prime Minister (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri, or BOA in short) in Istanbul, and they number 95,134. Most hatt-ı hümayuns are stored at the BOA and in the Topkapı Museum Archive. The BOA contains 58,000 hatt-ı hümayuns.

Because the hatt-ı hümayuns were originally not organized systematically, historians in the nineteenth and early twentieth century created several catalogs of hatt-ı hümayuns based on different organizing principles. These historic catalogs are still in use by historians at the BOA:

Hatt-ı Hümâyûn Tasnifi is the catalog of the hatt-ı hümayuns belonging to the Âmedi Kalemi. It consists of 31 volumes listing 62,312 documents, with their short summaries. This catalog lists documents from 1730 to 1839 but covers primarily those from the reigns of Selim III and Mahmud II within this period.

Ali Emiri Tasnifi is a chronological catalog of 181,239 documents organized according to the periods of sovereignty of Sultans, from the foundation of the Ottoman state to the Abdülmecid period. Along with hatt-ı hümayuns, this catalog includes documents on foreign relations.

İbnülemin Tasnifi is a catalog created by a committee led by historian İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal. It covers the period of 1290–1873. Along with 329 hatt-ı hümayuns, it lists documents of various other types relating to palace correspondence, private correspondence, appointments, taxation, land grants (timar and zeamet), and charitable endowments (vakıf).

Muallim Cevdet Tasnifi catalogs 216,572 documents in 34 volumes, organized by topics that include local governments, provincial administration, vakıf and internal security.

The Hatt-ı Hümâyun of 1856

Although there exist thousands of hatt-ı hümayuns, the Imperial Reform Edict (or Islâhat Fermânı) of 1856 is well enough known that most history texts refer to it simply as "Hatt-i Hümayun". This decree from Sultan Abdülmecid I promised equality in education, government appointments, and administration of justice to all, regardless of creed. In Düstur, the Ottoman code of laws, the text of this ferman is introduced as "a copy of the supreme ferman written to the grand vizier, perfected by decoration above with a hatt-ı hümayun." So, technically this edict was a hatt-ı hümayun to the rank.

The Reform Decree of 1856 is sometimes referred to by another name,  "The Rescript of Reform". Here, the word 'rescript' is used to sense of "edict, decree", not "reply to a query or other document."

The Hatt-ı Hümayun of 1856 was an extension of another important edict of reform, the Hatt-i Sharif of Gülhane of 1839, and part of the Tanzimat reforms. That document is also generally referred to as "The Hatt-i Sharif", although there are many other hatt-i sharifs, a term that is synonymous with hatt-ı hümayun.

The Sultan's script

The term hatt-ı hümayun is occasionally used in the literal sense of the handwriting of the Sultan. For example, the imperial poet Nef'i has written a masnavi of 22 couplets describing the calligraphy of Sultan Murad IV, called Der-Vasf-ı Hatt-ı Humayun-ı Sultan Murad Han. The whole poem is a compliment to the writings of the Sultan.

Notes

References

Edicts
Rescripts
Politics of the Ottoman Empire
Government of the Ottoman Empire


text:
The Dark Years, 1940-1944
The first comprehensive study of the German occupation of France between 1940 and 1944, examining the nature and extent of collaboration and resistance, different experiences of Occupation, the persecution of the Jews, intellectual and cultural life under Occupation, and the purge trials that followed.
This is the first comprehensive study of the German occupation of France between 1940 and 1944.
The author examines the nature and extent of collaboration and resistance, different experiences of Occupation, the persecution of the Jews, intellectual and cultural life under Occupation, and the purge trials that followed. He concludes by tracing the legacy and memory of the Occupation since 1945.
Taking in ordinary peoples' experiences, this volume uncovers the conflicting memories of occupation which ensure that even today France continues to debate the legacy of the Vichy years.
The Fall and Liberation of France...
22 Jun 40: Defeated France signs armistice with Germany
26 Aug 44: General Charles de Gaulle leads a parade to celebrate the liberation of Paris
29 Aug 44: Resistance patrols continue to route out German snipers in Paris
French Resistance...
21 Aug 41: First violent act of resistance against the Germans in Paris
22 Oct 41: Fifty local hostages are shot in Nantes in reprisal for Resistance assassination
24 Oct 41: Jean Moulin meets in London with Charles de Gaulle
01 Jan 42: Jean Moulin organizes French Resistance groups
27 May 43: First unified meeting of French Resistance groups takes place
21 Jun 43: French Resistance leader Jean Moulin is arrested
08 Jul 43: French Resistance leader Jean Moulin dies from torturous interrogations
19 Dec 43: French Resistance battles German troops in Bernex in eastern France
10 May 44: French Resistance claims they have over 100,000 fighters
20 May 44: Eisenhower broadcasts groups in preparation for the invasion
01 Jun 44: BBC broadcasts first line of poem to signal invasion within two weeks
05 Jun 44: BBC broadcasts second line of poem to signal invasion within 48 hours
19 Aug 44: French Resistance fighters rise up in Paris against occupying troops
29 Aug 44: French Resistance continues to route Germans following liberation of Paris
Fleeing Hitler:
The Blood of Free Men:
The Liberation of Paris, 1944
Resistance and Betrayal:
The Death and Life of the Greatest Hero of the French Resistance