VMware and Amazon Web Services (AWS) have announced a new joint offering – VMware Cloud on AWS. This offering consists of the entire stack of VMware software (everything from ESXi, vSphere, vCenter, NSX, vSAN and the entire vRealize Suite up through everything from the VMware ecosystem) running directly on dedicated AWS hardware. This should address a major problem with all existing public cloud offerings.
Silicon Angle has published a case study of now the VP of IT at Navis uses OpsDataStore to manage the cost of the Navis "Software Factory".
TechTarget has published a case study outlining how OpsDataStore monitors the VMware environment at Navis and supports the companies crucial DevOps initiatives.
DevOps.com has published an article on Reinventing Monitoring for Private and Hybrid Clouds. This article explains how an instrumentation architecture needs to be combined with a common datastore for monitoring to effectively monitor service quality in private and hybrid clouds pioglitazone 30 mg.


text:
<?php

namespace Tests\AlexDpy\Acl\Database\Provider;

use AlexDpy\Acl\Database\Provider\DatabaseProviderInterface;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Database\Schema\AclSchema;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Exception\MaskNotFoundException;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Mask\BasicMaskBuilder;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Model\Permission;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Model\Requester;
use AlexDpy\Acl\Model\Resource;
use Tests\AlexDpy\Acl\Database\AbstractDatabaseTest;

abstract class AbstractDatabaseProviderTest extends AbstractDatabaseTest
{
    /**
     * @var DatabaseProviderInterface
     */
    protected $databaseProvider;

    protected function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();

        $this->databaseProvider = $this->getDatabaseProvider();
        $this->databaseProvider->setAclSchema($this->aclSchema);
    }

    /**
     * @return DatabaseProviderInterface
     */
    abstract public function getDatabaseProvider();

    public function testFindMaskShouldThrowMaskNotFoundExceptionIfNotFound()
    {
        try {
            $this->databaseProvider->findMask(new Requester('i do not exist'), new Resource('i do not exist'));

            $this->fail(get_class($this) . '::findMask should throw a MaskNotFoundException if permission does not exist');
        } catch (MaskNotFoundException $e) {
        }
    }

    public function testFindMaskShouldReturnIntegerWhenFound()
    {
        $this->insertFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, 1);

        $this->assertInternalType('int', $this->databaseProvider->findMask($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource));
    }

    public function testDeletePermission()
    {
        $this->insertFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, 1);

        $this->databaseProvider->deletePermission(
            new Permission($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, new BasicMaskBuilder(1))
        );

        $this->assertNull($this->findFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource));
    }

    public function testUpdatePermission()
    {
        $this->insertFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, 1);

        $this->databaseProvider->updatePermission(
            new Permission($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, new BasicMaskBuilder(3))
        );

        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->findFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource)['mask']);
    }

    public function testInsertPermission()
    {
        $this->databaseProvider->insertPermission(
            new Permission($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource, new BasicMaskBuilder(3))
        );

        $this->assertEquals([
            'requester' => $this->aliceRequester->getAclRequesterIdentifier(),
            'resource' => $this->fooResource->getAclResourceIdentifier(),
            'mask' => 3,
        ], $this->findFixture($this->aliceRequester, $this->fooResource));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hi, I am trying to figure out from where I can download B2B Document Editor compatible with SOA 11g release. Can anyone share the link?. Oracle Document Editor is an application used for creating and testing document definitions for Oracle B2B. The document definition (ECS) file is required in. Oracle B2B 12c. Oracle B2B 12cR1 is a component of Oracle SOA Suite 12cR1. You can download SOA Suite 12cR1 from the SOA Suite download page.
Oracle Document Editor can be installed through a CD, or can be downloaded from the Oracle Technology Network (OTN) Software downloads page at. Oracle Document Editor is a design time authoring tool that is used to create and manage document guidelines for various custom document formats, such as. 20 Oct You may use Oracle B2B Document Editor to create and to implement guidelines for Oracle B2B custom document definitions. In this post I will.
Use the standards-based templates of Oracle B2B Document Editor to create guideline files. Then, using Oracle B2B, you create and deploy the transaction as . 8 Dec NOTE: B2B Document Editor setup required binaries are packed into four parts. Each part has set of B2B document specifications. If we install. Posts about b2b written by Jürgen Kress. Document Editor – Defining a custom message (Part 1 of 3) b2b SOA Suite by Bernardo Cabaços. July 22, Contents. CHAPTER 1: ORACLE FUSION INSTALLATION; CHAPTER 2: B2B DOCUMENT EDITOR INSTALLATION AND EXPLORING; CHAPTER 3. 31 Jul Oracle B2B Document Editor is a guideline creation and implementation application for business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce.
Installing the Document Editor Oracle Document Editor can be installed Selection from Getting Started with Oracle SOA B2B Integration: A Hands-On. 14 Mar This time we need to use the Oracle Document Editor where we change the EDIFACT guideline, analyze the EDI documents against this. However, we need to separately download and install Oracle B2B Document editor. For traditional Oracle E-Business Suite users, this is similar to XML Gateway. 13 Oct documents, the editor is not used. Figure 2–8 Creating a Document in Oracle B2B Document Editor. Create. Document. Guidelines. 1. Create.


text:
The Rogue Treasury
by Susanne Trimbath 04/07/2009
The U.S. Treasury took enormous powers for itself last fall by telling Congress they would use it to "ensure the economic well-being of Americans." Six months after passage of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Americans are worse off. Since it was signed into law on October 3, 2008, here are the changes in a few measures of our economic well-being:
Before TARP
National Unemployment
Lowest state unemployment
3.3% (WY)
Highest state unemployment
9.3% (MI)
12% (MI)
National Foreclosure rate (per 5,000 homes)
Lowest state foreclosure rate
< 1 in 7 states
Highest state foreclosure rate
68 (NV)
"Before TARP" figures are as close to October 3, 2008 as possible; "So Far" figures are most recent available, which varies by category from February through April. Unemployment and foreclosure rates by state are available at Stateline.org
The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was sold to Congress and the American public as an absolute necessity to save the American Dream of homeownership. Once the legislation was passed and the funds were released, however, Treasury decided to give the money to banks with no restrictions on its use – no monitoring, no reporting requirements, no nothing. We are worse off today than we were when the legislation was signed – and are likely to remain so when TARP has its first year birthday later this year.
Yet, the U.S. government has already paid out $2.9 trillion, with further commitments to raise the total to over $7 trillion – a number that Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) said "is mind-boggling, indeed it is surreal. It's like having a second government." The money Treasury is passing out is more than all government spending in 2008. The Senate Finance Committee, of which Baucus is chair, held a hearing on March 31 (TARP Oversight: A Six Month Update). The three parties established as monitors in the 2008 legislation were there to testify. Without exception they "are deeply troubled by the direction in which Treasury has gone."
Senator Chuck Grassley (R-IA) suggested [referring to former-Secretary Paulson] that Congress "was awed by a person who comes off of Wall Street, making tens of millions of dollars. … You think he knows all the answers and when it's all said and done you realize he didn't know anything more about it than you did."
As soon as Treasury got the money they decided to bailout big banks instead of helping homeowners with mortgages bigger than the market value of their homes. Since then, Paulson, Geithner, and Bernanke have refused to comply with demands to produce documents about the TARP recipients' use of funds.
Neil Barofsky, Special Inspector General and the one monitor with authority to pursue criminal investigations, directly solicited information from the recipients of TARP funds – all over Treasury's objections that it couldn't be done. Barofsky received responses from all 532 recipients. He will be summarizing the findings, but so far knows that some banks used TARP funds to pay off their own debt (including at least one bank that used TARP funds to pay off a loan to another bank that also received TARP funds); some banks made loans they couldn't otherwise have done. Some banks monitored the funds separately from their other assets; some co-mingled the money with no effort to separate, monitor or control what they did with the TARP bailout money.
Elizabeth Warren, Chair of the Congressional Oversight Panel, brought up the central issue: once Treasury decided not to bailout homeowners, what was the plan? "What is the strategy that Treasury is pursuing?" she asked. "We have asked this question over and over, with the notion that without a clearly articulated plan and methods to measure progress to goals, we cannot have good oversight." Warren is still waiting for an answer. She also added that there is no bank in this country that would lend with a policy of "take the money and do what you want with it" – which is exactly what Treasury has done.
Senator Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) put it bluntly: auto manufacturers get reorganization (through bankruptcy) while banks get subsidization. One side is being held accountable for their past bad decisions and the other side has a total lack of accountability. Her bottom line: "If we don't make things in this country, we won't have an economy."
Warren laid some of the blame with Congress, who "gave treasury significant discretion" but is unable to get real-time explanations for what is being done with the bailout money. There is no transparency when it comes to Treasury. "Without it, I'm afraid …. Congress and the American people have been cut out of the conversation", she says. One group in Michigan is being asked to bear enormous pain and another group in New York is not – that's the way Stabenow sees it and Warren agreed. The alternative offered by Warren is that either Congress manages to "get Treasury to get some religion and put standards in place" or Congress has to step in with new legislation.
Susanne Trimbath, Ph.D. is CEO and Chief Economist of STP Advisory Services. Her training in finance and economics began with editing briefing documents for the Economic Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. She worked in operations at depository trust and clearing corporations in San Francisco and New York, including Depository Trust Company, a subsidiary of DTCC; formerly, she was a Senior Research Economist studying capital markets at the Milken Institute. Her PhD in economics is from New York University. In addition to teaching economics and finance at New York University and University of Southern California (Marshall School of Business), Trimbath is co-author of Beyond Junk Bonds: Expanding High Yield Markets .
The Next Global Financial Crisis: Public Debt
State of the Economy June 2009
Blame Wall Street's Phantom Bonds for the Credit Crisis
The Financial Crisis Continues to be an Inside Job
A Housing Boom, but for Whom?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In an association, CPR may restore life to an under-performing organization.
Mission creep and micromanagement are board disorders disrupting the organization. Here are some remedies.
Documents that build upon the mission and enhance the organization.
For some associations the governance-year begins now. It's time to wipe the slate clean. Focus on producing results in the year ahead. Agree upon a vision.
Are you living your values on behalf of your members?
Does your association need to be jump started? A good time for the jumper cables is at the annual leadership orientation.
A compilation of articles on the subject of good governance.
Article discusses the use of an organizational chart depicting the association structure and identifying related entities clarifies lines of authority and relationships.
A two-page Guide to Better Governance offers smart practices to take governance from good to great.
Make sure that the IRS Form 990 is properly and accurately competed in order to maintain your exempt status.
Applying a little reverse engineering to the president's initiatives can help increase the probability of success.
Simple things like what we call the staff can create a culture of respect and affect desired results.
Some associations are sitting on considerable reserves, a combination of savings and property. An organization's reserves are part of its strength. Leaving excessive funds untouched may not be the wisest decision.
volunteers and staff interact and handle decisions.
60 cures that can improve the health, operating and outcomes for your association.
Give your members something to look forward to during those wintery months.
Performance reviews are changing. Does your process need improving?
Two simple words, "Thank you", can make a big difference.
What makes a not for profit high performance?
Association scenarios that signal trouble for the year ahead.
A summary of association executive input on what the association of the future looks like.
Critical aspects of association management that may have been missed in Associations 101.
Are your structure and governance still aligned with the mission and strategic plan?
Use this checklist to inventory, assess and improve your organization.
How to deal with potential legal issues of telecommuting employees.
A report covering the selection of speakers, what to expect from them and how their educational impact is measured.
One wonders how boards get to essential business if reports consume most the time.
Three ways to trim committee reports at board meetings.
How frequently should the board meet? The best answer: When there is a reason to convene for the purpose of governance.
Traditional agenda formats may be wasting board time. Brainstorm ways to craft a more innovative agenda for an improved meeting experience.
Scrap the reports, Craft a new meeting agenda that sets a starting and ending point.
Ideas to handle disorder resulting in better meetings.
Make your meetings more creative and enhance interactions.
Some unusual tricks to have highly productive meetings that people love.
A brief form for rating your board or committee meeting.
A guide to making and passing a board motion.
Non-members claim they don't need to join weaken the organization.
Creating value that makes the paid membership model work.
Instilling and maintaining confidence is the foundation for new directors.
Using a self-evaluation form to help board members assess how they are performing.
What's the right size for an association board?
New compendium of articles focuses on the and role and functioning of high-performance association boards.
What hat are you wearing: board member, chapter director, supplier?
Insights on the importance on board decorum.
Is there one quality that is most respected among board members? That supports continuous success? That enhances a culture of trust? A trio of past board members suggests that Humility is that trait.
Some examples of board traps and how they might be addressed by a new director.
If problems arise between board and executive director, here are suggestions to create opportunities to clarify and learn.
Boards are strategic. Staff and committees are tactical. Understanding the different roles helps avoid problems.
Suggestions keeping distractions from affecting board meetings.
Not all directors know the meaning of governance. Some have experience in making administrative or tactical decisions but this is not governance. Through board development directors will better understand their governance roles.
A frequent question of executives: "How do we add diversity to a board that likes being who they are?" Yet, if an association does not respect diversity they may unknowingly create an opening for the development of a competing group. Changing the image of a non-diverse well-entrenched board might take some open and frank discussions. The outcome will support a healthy association.
"Don't take yourself so seriously"…and other nuggets of presidential advice!
Good counsel for an incoming board chair is, "read to lead." While the advice is sound it deserves explanation. Every organization has a "governance reading list." Without exception board members should have access.
The boardroom is intended to be a safe place for confidential discussions. Directors are responsible for advancing a mission, fulfilling fiduciary roles, and maintaining confidentiality. Breaching confidentiality might be an innocent slip or a malicious deed. In either case, an association should address persons who speak wrongly outside the boardroom. Consider these approaches.
Check the effectiveness of board meetings against these 12 tips. Are there any bad habits? Does the governance reflect a high performing organization? What improvements can be made?
What makes a perfect board? Much of it is culture and understanding, coupled with structure and practices.
What is the best relationship of the board to committees? Are directors required to chair committees or serve as liaisons? Do committees work independent of the board?
The purpose of the board is to govern. Bob Harris dissects governance into five high-level areas.
Every nonprofit organization was new at one time, having a principle person who drove its creation. At some point the board and the founder can be in an awkward position.
Nearly every board meeting includes several distractions that begin with "I just have a question," taking discussions away from important agenda items. This article points out the behavior and offers tips to reduce the problem.
Bob Harris discusses the benefits received through board or committee volunteering and a sample "President's Message" for the president who needs to call on members to step forward to serve (problem every association has).
Every board has good intentions, but old habits, politics and bad behaviors may hamper progress.
Yes, you can and should evaluate the performance of your board members. Here's why and how.
Conflicts of interest mean trouble – legal and otherwise. Here are some tips in avoiding them.
One purpose of a board of directors is to represent its members. How do you make that happen.
Short quizzes to help your board understand associations and the role of the board of directors.
Be aware of the many dysfunctions that can affect the performance of your board of directors.
How will we measure performance? How will we know if we have been successful? Everything can be measured.
Advice to the incoming president for getting off to a good start.
Visuals such as dashboards can lead to better board understanding of information.
Suggestions for keeping the governing process effective.
Training guides and tips for nonprofit directors.
Tips for keeping board members engaged and productive.
High performance boards concentrate on governance, not daily management.
Organizations develop guiding principles from inception. Founding leaders instill their values. Through time, culture and environmental changes, the ideals evolve.
Getting more done at board meetings often depends on how you phrase it.
Before assuming your new office, make an assessment to make sure you're ready.
How to improve outcomes at the board retreat.
Myths and misguided practices that form major challenges to a high performing board.
A listing of various potential risks in nonprofit organizations.
Using checklists to detail the best ways to accomplish projects.
The Strategic Planning guide describes the preparation, development and implementation of the plan.
You might have heard, "Strategic planning is dead." The statement is not meant for associations to abandon planning. Simply the processes and outcomes have evolved.
A checklist for deploying the strategic plan.
The strategic plan is a multiyear roadmap focusing energy on gaining achievement. Here's a processing for developing yours.
How do positive and negative feedback affect motivation and speed of improvement at different competency levels?
If you have secrets that limit your success, set yourself free.
Relieving stress may be easier than you think. And research proves it.
What's the one thing? That's what you've got to figure out.
When you master your fears and master your mind, you master your life!
What's the difference between being a good boss and a bad boss?
The Committee Responsibilities guide clarifies responsibilities, authority, recommendations, smart practices, trends and risk avoidance for association committees..
Survival tips for being a good committee member.
What makes a volunteer an effective volunteer?
How do volunteers define leadership?
Why you should volunteer in your association.
How to get the most that your volunteers have to offer.
Associations Unorthodox: Six Really Radical Shifts Toward the Future, by Jeff De Cagna (2013. Download it.


Home / The Missing Piece Puzzle Blog / How Many Puzzle Pieces For The Guest Book?
How Many Puzzle Pieces For The Guest Book?
You've found a Unique Guest Book Idea and it's absolutely PERFECT. The price is simply below what you have budgeted, the quality of the puzzle has been authenticated, and you are ready to order. One questions still begs to be answered: How do you know how many pieces to order?
Actually, it easier to figure this question out than to choose between nail polish colors. We strongly suggest that you take a look at your Guest List and order roughly 80 to 90% of the total people that are on your list. Obviously, this number varies greatly if most of your friends are married, coupled, or shy.
But what to do if most of the people on your Guest List are single? While that makes for a wonderful time catching the bouquet or garter, it creates another question that begs to be answered: one piece for each? I recommend ordering one puzzle piece per invitation.
Hope this helps you choose the number of puzzle pieces for your unique guestbook idea.


Verizon Wireless has been groundbreaking in almost every respect, from outstanding customer service, to bringing Android to the masses, to being the first to offer cutting-edge LTE service. But competitors are catching up; AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint are all getting variations of LTE and OEMs are not playing favorites with regard to new devices. The Samsung Galaxy Note currently on AT&T is the next level of smartphone. With a 5.3" screen and the capabilities of both a top-tier smartphone as well as a small tablet (a tablet size that isn't currently represented in VZW's lineup, by the way), it's like nothing else out there. We the undersigned believe this device represents an overlooked market and a crucial opportunity, and we feel that VZW should capitalize on this opportunity by bringing the Galaxy Note (or Galaxy Journal, as it may be called) to store shelves with the big red V on it. Sprint's customers are looking for it too; don't be left behind on this one.
Chris Franz needs your help with "Brenda Raney: Carry the Samsung Galaxy Note a.k.a. Galaxy Journal". Join Chris and 7,408 supporters today.


Home » blog » Summer reading, having a blast!
Summer reading, having a blast!
It's Summer, which also means it's everyone's favorite reading season! We've crawled all the blogs and websites for you and gathered collections of lists new and old, our favorite reads are also highlighted. Get out, enjoy the sun, and enjoy those beach reads.


Go ahead... see what CyberStore2 for SYSPRO can do for you.
If you are like most people, you will quickly see the true power that CyberStore 2 for SYSPRO gives you.
While exploring the demo store know that all pricing, inventory information, and sales order processing is fully connected to SYSPRO's core business logic in true real-time.
The demonstration website is based on The Outdoors Company - a fictitious company used by SYSPRO to demonstrate, train and implement their complete ERP system.
For the purposes of the website, the business model is one that sells product directly to end consumers (B2C) and through dealer and wholesaler channels (B2B).
Be sure to download the guide before you visit the site for an optimal view of B2C and B2B features.


They met in the wilds of Scotland, as a winter storm approached. Complete strangers, they were uncannily drawn to one another. India Moncrieff, grief sticken over her mother's sudden death, a woman desperate to hold on to Dunbar House, the majestic family estate. And Jack Buchanan, the American tycoon enchanted by the land, who sees the house as a business opportunity.
Business and passion soon unite them. But shocking revelations will alienate the two lovers in their desperate battle over a legacy neither will surrender. Family secrets and a murder spanning two hundred years have left too many souls lost and alone.
Now it's up to the heart to illuminate the way home.


text:
Moving from health professional to medical writer
Transitioning to a new career also takes courage, persistence and a willingness to see the world in a very different way. It's a personal development process I call coaching your inner writer.
Last Updated July 6, 2019 | 33 Shares | By Dr Jocelyn Lowinger
Facebook31TweetPin2
Becoming a medical writer is exciting. No doubt you have already started this journey with things like networking, reading 'how-to' blogs or signing up for some health writing courses to help develop your skills.
Skills development is a foundation stone to becoming a medical writer. You can't write without skills – and you do need to add on writing skills to your base of scientific, health or medical knowledge. But skills alone may not always be enough to completely transition from health professional to medical writer.
Transitioning to a new career also takes courage, persistence and a willingness to see the world in a very different way. It's a personal development process I call coaching your inner writer. It's this type of personal work that can really add power (and magic) to your professional development. And it's a whole different story to developing your skills.
Moving beyond skills
Consider the differences between writing and science. Writing is, at heart, expansive and creative. Simply placing words one after the other can result in complex mental pictures to help us make sense of the world in a holistic way.
On the other hand science is deductive and reductionist and approaches truth by breaking the world into smaller and smaller bits that we can measure and describe. These are two very legitimate but different mindsets for seeing the world. And they don't always sit easily with each other.
So, if you come from a science or health background you will be used to operating within a hierarchy. You may be used to looking to externally imposed rules and procedures to tell you if you are doing things the right way.
From this mindset, adding on writing skills (whether that is learning how to structure an article, to conduct interviews or write to SEO requirements) becomes another way of layering on rules. This may keep you working in a framework of needing permission and looking over your shoulder to see if you are doing things right.
On the other hand, in writing, there is often no single right way to do things – breaking rules can be more "right" than following them. So in becoming a writer you need to learn to dance with flexibility between different worlds. That may mean letting go of your existing paradigm and holding your baseline training more lightly. It may mean being willing to break rules and listening to your own inner authority to work out the right way forward for you.
Becoming a medical writer
Learning how to dance between worlds, and navigate the tension between science and writing, is not linear. It can be circular and random and you can't always plan it.
This type of learning often evolves through the process of doing even before you feel ready. It's borne of the courage to just put words on the page, even before you know where you are heading.
It's about letting go of the rules and frameworks that you have relied on until now and being open to taking risks and making mistakes. It means taking action with fearless faith in yourself.
The process of becoming a medical writer is different for each of us.
There are no rules for growth and change. There is no set order or framework to guide development. It's fluid and flexible and uncertain. You may be able to make this transition and manage the uncertainties naturally and easily. Or you may want or need support and guidance from a professional coach or mentor.
But however you go about growth the core work is about harnessing your strengths and tapping into your inner wisdom so you can author the life and career you want.
This type of personal growth works best when it comes from deep inside you, when you decide to make the commitment to change and take responsibility for your own growth.
This starts with working out where you want to be and setting goals. It starts with putting words on the page as you begin to write your own story afresh.
This is the work of coaching your inner writer. It's the space where personal meets professional. And it's the space where you can make magic happen.
So, over to you my friends. What action will you take on your journey to becoming a medical writer?
Dr Jocelyn Lowinger has undertaken multiple career transitions from doctor…to writer…to coach – and in the process she has learned to dance between many different worlds. Coaching has helped Jocelyn transform her life and her career. Contact Jocelyn to find out how coaching can help you create the life and career you truly want.
Filed Under: A career as a health writer
About Dr Jocelyn Lowinger
Dr Jocelyn Lowinger has worked for more than two decades in the health sector and has more than 15 years experience in health content development for consumers and health practitioners. She uses coaching approaches to develop and structure content that helps engage readers in the active engagement of their own health. Jocelyn coaches and mentors health and medical writers and helps them develop skills in the science and art of health and medical writing. Connect with Jocelyn on LinkedIn and Facebook.
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$25 for 350 words? Charging what you're worth
Lídice Vidal says
A picture of my notebook.
Michelle Guillemard says
I love it! Thank you for sharing Lidice
Thank you so much for this article. It is like someone unknown, in
another part of the world, were writing something just for me :-). It was so like
this with this entry that I copied two sentences in the notebook where I'm
working now to make this life change true.
Ingridoz says
Beautifully written as always dear J. Good luck with all your exciting projects. You are, will be a thoughtful, supportive and empowering partner for people as a coach. You, helping others to live their adventures more confidently, comes so naturally and genuinely, you and your clients will shine.


text:
New genetic IQ study
[PLEASE PLACE ALL OFF-TOPIC COMMENTS HERE. THEY WILL NOT BE POSTED IN THIS THREAD]
Lion of the Blogosphere writes:
There's a study publixhed in Molecular Psychiatry.
The only major newspaper to write an article about it is The Telegraph and their paywall prevents me from reading what they have to say about it.
Currently, genetic testing can only reveals 7% of intelligence differences between people but I'm sure as research and methods in genetic sequencing and computer analysis improve, that will eventually become a much higher percent. And then we will also finally have proof that blacks are less intelligent than whites because of genes, and not discrimination or poverty.
I took a look at the study he's citing and found a few relevant quotes:
Using our meta-analytic dataset on intelligence we carried out polygenic prediction into UK Biobank subsamples following their removal from the meta-analysis. Between 3.64 and 6.84% of phenotypic intelligence (as measured by the VNR Test in UK Biobank) could be predicted (Supplementary Table 10); the upper limit is an improvement of ~43% on the largest reported estimate to date, of 4.8%
So if I understand correctly, it sounds like 7% is the upper limit of some kind of margin of error, but seeing as the lower limit is still around 4%, the single best estimate remains around 5%. However taking the square root of 5% tells us that genomic predictions correlate 0.22 with IQ, which is a weak (though not terrible) correlation.
However the good news for behavioral genetics is that the IQ test used in this study (the verbal-numerical reasoning test, abbreviated VNR) sounds shockingly bad:
The VNR test consists of 13 items, 6 verbal and 7 numerical questions, all of which are multiple choice. An individual's verbal numerical reasoning score was measured by summing the number of correct responses given within a 2 minute time period.
Tests with only 13 items (scored right or wrong) almost never have high loadings on g (the general intelligence factor) because the reliability is too low. My educated guess is that the VNR has a g loading of only 0.65. Dividing the polygenetic predictive power (0.22) by the estimated g loading of the VNR (0.65), gives 0.34, which is a reasonable estimate of the genomic correlation with a hypothetically perfect measure of g.
A 0.34 correlation is still only moderate, but even modest correlations add up, because by the logic of regression, for every 1 standard deviation increase in the genomic score, general intelligence should increase 0.34 standard deviations on average (5 IQ points). This is not trivial. And I agree with Lion that predictive power will increase dramatically as the technology advances.
Of course none of this tells us anything about black-white IQ differences unless the races have been found to differ significantly on these genomic scores.
But of course as commenter Mug of Pee points out, all these predictions are in Western countries so the genotype-phenotype correlation could just be a local phenomenon and not reflect a truly independent genetic effect. We have no idea whether these genomic scores would predict IQ in societies with radically different environments.
33 thoughts on "New genetic IQ study"
jordan penisson said:
wow! 7%! i never thought they'd get above 6.99%.
he laughed hysterically…
irish setters with green tophats said:
machine learning applied to estimate the IQ(G) function is the nuclear option. nothing more powerful is conceivable as long as "environment" remains a nearly opaque variable.
BUT it's very important that the scoring be a society independent. even if society is not an explicit variable the machine may "find it" and use it. that is, there must be the same scoring for all peoples everywhere. otherwise the estimated function won't have only G as argument.
as i;ve said…in the end…this will find a positive "real heritability" but it will be practically insignificant and MUCH less than that of twin studies.
in fact, these studies would do better if they just looked for genes for brain size.
irish setters with green top hats said:
that is, at a global level, it's obvious that ethnicity and environment are very strongly correlated.
so the HBD case would be proven if there were one scoring system AND the rank order of japanese IQ and the rank order of japanese american IQ was predicted EQUALLY as well. that would be dispositive.
my point has always been that densen was a moron. the "true heritability" of IQ is NOT 90%. you;d have to be retarded to think that. it's less than 50%.
For the record Jensen said 80% by later adulthood
robby the robot makes 10 gallons of whiskey with an E. said:
for the record i know more about densen than you do.
densen claimed that h^2 for g was 90%.
the hillside lover said:
that is, densen claimed that when the heritability of IQ was corrected for the imperfection of IQ tests…
in measuring g…
the heritability of g was 90+%…
I also think they will prove modern humans are smarter than neantherthals. For thousands of years we couldnt find neantherthals who didnt grow up in poverty to do a LEGITIMATE IQ test. Guess those hbd nazis are looking forward to it more than others (eg. me).
neanderthal on your face said:
and yet neanderthals had brains as big as AMHs.
of course whale brains are even bigger and dolphins have big brains, but…
neanderthals were NOT bigger than AMHs. more muscular, but shorter.
They were bigger despite being shorter
"largest reported estimate to date, of 4.8%"
Social class stratification which caused genetic stratification irrelevant to cognitive ability and educational attainment.
http://sci-hub.tw/10.15252/embr.201744140
"However the good news for behavioral genetics"
There is no "good news for behavioral genetics". It rests on fallacies and false paradigms.
https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2018/03/18/behavior-genetics-and-the-fallacy-of-nature-vs-nurture/
The good news for HBD is that there's at least a moderate correlation between genotype and g. I agree they haven't proven the correlation is causal, YET.
And indeed they are proposing causal biological mechanisms:
We found evidence that neurogenesis and myelination—as well as genes expressed in the synapse, and those involved in the regulation of the nervous system—may explain some of the biological differences in intelligence
They can make those assertions all they want; it's unfounded because these results are hugely confounded by social class.These 'differences' that GWAS picks up are genetic differences between social class irrelevant to CA/EA. BGs can make all of the gymnastic leaps they want—that's the reality of the matter.
And the behavioral genetic method is still founded on fallacies and false paradigms. Finding 'genes for' 'intelligence' won't change that fact.
These 'differences' that GWAS picks up are genetic differences between social class irrelevant to CA/EA
How do you know? Can you describe a study they could do that would placate your skepticism. Perhaps a study comparing high IQ and low IQ siblings raised in the same family? That would control for social class.
Meanwhile they write:
Firstly, we identify a role for neurogenesis (gene-set size = 1,355 genes, P-value = 5.59 × 10−10), the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells. Secondly, a role was also found for genes expressed in the synapse (gene-set size = 717 genes, P-value = 1.43 × 10−6), consistent with previous studies showing a role for synaptic plasticity [52]. Thirdly, enrichment was found for the regulation of nervous system development (gene-set size = 722 genes, P-value = 4.02 × 10−8). Fourthly, we find evidence for enrichment for neuron projection (gene-set size = 898 genes, P-value = 2.07 × 10−7), neuron differentiation (gene-set size = 842 genes, P-value = 1.62 × 10−6), and central nervous system neuron differentiation (gene-set size = 160 genes, P-value = 5.33 × 10−7). Finally, we identify a role for oligodendrocyte differentiation (gene-set size = 1037 genes, P-value = 1.75 × 10−6). In addition to these novel results, the finding that regulation of cell development (gene-set size = 808 genes, P-value 9.71 × 10−7) is enriched for intelligence was replicated [16].
keep hope alive! said:
i agree with rr on every point.
but i think there may be a way to do (human) "behavior genetics" that isn;t retarded.
it;s just that the people pretending to do it are retarded.
so it's retarded.
Non-reductionism in their models. Not using flawed twin studies. The Murray paper you will cite is not relevant here, either.
HBD depends on a reductionist view of biology which has been falsified.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/mar/08/race-science-depends-on-dubious-genetics
I like all of those associations too. No causation. GWAS cannot show causation.
The behavior genetics paradigm is flawed. They'll never 'find' what they're looking for because their models and assumptions are wrong. BG will die soon. Reductionism will die soon.
But if the same association is replicated under different conditions & circumstances, it becomes "proof" of causation.
Does an extra 21st chromosome cause low IQ?
Does a Y chromodome cause greater height & muscle mass?
Most scientists would say "yes"
How, then, would it become "proof" of causation if pathways or whatnot aren't known? Just because an 'association' keeps appearing doesn't mean it's causal. You need to think about that, too. Associations do not equal causes. Genes don't cause behavior.
Because the scientific definition of causation is "invariably associated and preceding in time". A third 21st chromosome precedes low IQ in time and is associated with low IQ in every culture & social class, thus it causes low IQ.
I agree with you about social class confounding GWAS results, however if they can replicate the association within every culture and class, then they win.
The fact of the matter regarding the UK biobank is that it's stratified by class, as far as I know there are no analyses out there that control for this, and if they do they're not good (see Richardson 2017 cited in my first comment).
Chromosomes are irrelevant my friend. The debate is what causes variation in the normal range, sans a slew of diseases (which are by definition outside of normal variation). So your attempted analog does not work here.
But it's the same concept on a smaller scale. Organic retardation is caused by a few large genetic effects. Normal IQ variation is arguably caused by many small genetic effects. Everyone accepts genetic causation in organic cases because a single chromosome subtracting 50 IQ points is imposdible to not notice, but when many small DNA strips alter IQ by only 0.5 points each, that's much much harder to prove.
That argument would matter if the genome worked in a simple, additive manner, but it doesn't.
But it works in a simple additive manner for Down Syndrome. Having a third 21st chromosome subtracts about 50 IQ points and 9 inches of height. Even in normal variation, it works in a simple additive manner when the height of children can be predicted from the average height of their parents. It works in a simple additive manner when biracial kids are darker than their white dad but lighter than their black mom.
The pertinent quote from that Guardian article:
Today, this reductionist approach to biology – and therefore to human biology – has been displaced by a more profound interpretation of the facts. "Systems biology" (see Denis Noble's proposals on "biological relativity" in his new book Dance to the Tune of Life) sees an organism as comprising levels of relatively autonomous organisation each interacting with their total environment. Critical features of each of these levels cannot be predicted from the sequences of nucleotides. Genetic determinism is just plain wrong.
meLo said:
There is no debate whether differences in g is a product of genetic propagation. Multiple casual physiological mechanisms have been identified that affect the expression of intelligence, and now with this recent study, they've finally made a gwas that compares between populations. Feedback loops also ensure this. In reference to this "muh culture" RR keeps screeching, it seems quite stupid to assume that IQ wouldn't fall along the lines of social class to begin with. I mean he did say people with higher social class have more environmental stimuli. Experience dependency is relevant here.
The genetic reductionist paradigm that BG rests on is false. If that's false, then… Therefore…
"There is no debate whether differences in g is a product of genetic propagation. Multiple casual physiological mechanisms have been identified that affect the expression of intelligence, and now with this recent study, they've finally made a gwas that compares between populations. "
There most definitely is a debate. Richardson's sociocognitive-affective nexus is the answer to 'g' being 'biological'. It's possible that this, and not imaginary and undefined 'g' is the cause. Combine with test construction and social class stratification and this shows the GWAS 7 percent difference. That paper still holds here.
"RR keeps screeching, it seems quite stupid to assume that IQ wouldn't fall along the lines of social class to begin with. I mean he did say people with higher social class have more environmental stimuli. Experience dependency is relevant here."
Along with "muh culture" that I "keep screeching about" you've also got to keep in mind that these tests are designed by people from a narrow social class, too. All of this works together to cause low test score. 'g' isn't the cause. The sociocognitive-affective nexus is.
Someone with phoenixx said:
[whatever it mean…]
There are genetic differences between classes that are due to migration and social stratification that are irrelevant to cognitive ability and educational attainment.
Social stratification tend to be strongly related with educational attainment, one thing predict the other, as well cognitive ability.
Become a doctor [social stratification =middle class= specific professional class] tend to be the result of educational attainment [applied psychological and cognitive skills, aka, investiment] and previous psychological [conformity, long term gratification..] and cognitive [higher IQ] personal advantages to given outcome.
Social classes are bio-cognitive and psycho-cultural classes.
They are obviously stratified.. if not they cannot be labeled as "classes".
Elites are composed by high-driven/motivated, competitive, often selfish, narcisistic, dominant, hedonist and highly pragmatically/pratical–intelligent people.
Less tolerant you are to
live in dirty places
be subservient
more likely you will try to
scape from this places
scape from this condition
and there are three vias
conformity + material accumulation
idem + some implicit criminal activity
criminal activity [the shorter risk-investiment]
Middle classes are often composed by a "light-version" of elites: reduced motivation, no have the elite lack of [fundamental] moral principles, amalgamated traits.. but, many highly intelligent people are on middle classes.
Maybe the most introverted and smart people tend to stay on middle class while most of extroverted.. and smart people tend to fight in the high society.
i think that most of rich people tend to be classical ambiverted people and sensation-seeker.
Poor classes tend to be similar to elites in many aspects BUT they lack required cognitive ability to reach the same results and many finish in crime scene. But many poor families are pre-middle classe-ones because they already have some common features of this groups for example higher conscientiousness.
Social classes can be defined as, at priori, "level of individual and extended/familiar security" people is capable to reach to the given environment.
Elites in the sense we understand seems a invention of civilization because civilization itself is a social stratification.
sorry, but… yes, i think there are more than "three vias", and specially the combination of "be in line with the system" but "be in lie with the morality", seems considerably common among high society.
i think that most of rich people tend to be classical ambiverted people and NOT sensation-seeker."
Fenoopy said:
correlations map
new cheesecake brownies said:
rr is sore for a good reason.
there is still some anti-italian prejudice in the US and hollywood hasn't helped.
whereas there is NO prejudice against irish per se…none that i;ve ever encountered anyway…
buy there is still prejudice against roman catholics.
but that's understandable. roman catholics DO have dual loyalty.
one to rome, the other to their country.
penis!
of course now the government of slovakia is about to fall from its connection to italian gangsters…
the mezzogiorno has "issues".
rr has never addressed these in full/point blank.
i think the mezzogiorno's "issues" are like those of ireland and portugal and greece and recently iceland…
they're all PERIPHERY countries.


text:
Q: Add const char and char in c I have a player char player = x; and want to overwrite a string char string[30]; to contain "Player" + player + "won". I tried
strcpy_s(string, "Player ");
strcat_s(string, player);
strcat_s(string, " won\n");

but obviously this doesn't work, because char is not compatible with const char
How can I do it instead?

A: You're looking for snprintf, your general purpose string-formatting stdlib function.
snprintf(string, sizeof(string), "Player %c won\n", player);

You can read all about the different % formatting directives available in the above link, but %c is the one you want for characters.

A: *

*Using char player as an argument to strcat_s is not valid. It requires a, possibly const, char*.

*The second argument to the _s functions you use should be the number of elements in your char array.

Example:
#define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ 1
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    char string[30];
    const char *player = "x";

    strcpy_s(string, sizeof string, "Player ");
    strcat_s(string, sizeof string, player);
    strcat_s(string, sizeof string, " won\n");

    puts(string); // prints "Player x won"
}

... but do not do this. It's a very inefficient way to build your final string. Instead do what Silvio Mayolo suggests in his answer.

A: Using sprintf it can be done simply like
sprintf( string, "%s%c%s", "Player ", player, " won\n" );

or using snprintf
snprintf( string, sizeof( string ), "%s%c%s", "Player ", player, " won\n" );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hagyó Files
The Hagyó Case - The Operations of the Hungarian Judiciary and the Media in Practice
Within the last month the work of the Hungarian government received a lot of criticism from Europe and the United States. The world's leading journals, diplomats and political organizations drafted a definite opinion about Hungarian democracy. Most often the observations were about changes of the jurisdiction since the Fidesz won the elections with two-thirds (clear majority) in 2010, and Orbán Viktor was voted into the executive power of the Prime Minister position.
Fidesz advertisement with Hagyó in the background
On the May 5th, 2012, Thomas O. Melia who is the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs gave an interview to the Hungarian TV channel, ATV, and he said that the media and jurisdiction situations are solicitous. The Freedom House relegated Hungary from the free category to the restricted free. The attitude of the Fidesz was well represented by Deutsch Tamás, a member of the European Parliament, on his official Twitter page. He wrote about the U.S. Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs, "Who the fuck is Thomas O. Melia?" When asked by a journalist about his comment he answered that his response was funny. (source: [forrás: "Szabad szemmel" – ATV, 2012. május 6.]
In the meantime, Prime Minister Orbán Viktor gave an interview to The Washington Post. Here are the details:
The Washington Post: I would say outside observers are worried about the way your country seems to be going and that there seems to be no representation of anything except your point of view. The head of the Media Council is a Fidesz party member and a friend of yours. The head of the National Judicial Office is a friend of yours.
Orbán Viktor: Let's separate the two issues. The Media Council members are elected by the parliament.
WP: But they are all from your party.
OV: That is not true. In the previous system, delegates were based on party background. Therefore we decided not to have party representation, and only those persons could be members of the council who are supported by the parliament.
WP: Isn't the head of the Media Council, Annamária Szalai, a member of Fidesz?
OV: Yes, she is. She was a member of our caucus. What is the problem with that? [source: [forrás: "An interview with Viktor Orban, prime minister of Hungary" – Washington Post, 2012. április 6.]
In my summary I present the current operations in practice of the Hungarian judiciary which have been righteously attacked so much because of their actions with the Hagyó case. I find it important to point out that one cannot understand the proceedings against Hagyó Miklós and his partners when only analyzing the legal process. The character assassination and persecution executed by the media would not have happened without the support of political powers.
II. Hagyó Miklós
Hagyó Miklós reached the top of the Hungarian political life as a young comet. His political career started in 1998, at age 31, when he joined the Hungarian Socialist Party. At the time he was an entrepreneur and an already wealthy man. In 2002 he entered into the Parliament from the national list of MSZP, where he was active in the environment and the foreign affairs committees. In 2006, he was the 12th position on the list of Budapest MSZP, so he gained another electoral mandate. In the 2006 elections he entered the Budapest Local Government from the 6th position on the list of MSZP Budapest, where he was elected Deputy Mayor by the MSZP-SZDSZ coalition and Mayor Demszky Gábor. His tasks included supervision of the Budapest Transport Company (BKV). Hagyó also worked as President of the charitable branch of the party.
III. History of The Budapest Public Transport Company Case ("BKV" case)
The rapidly successful political career of Hagyó Miklós hit a dramatic road block in 2009 when the first "Severance Pay" scandal was revealed at Budapest Public Transport Company which he supervised.
"Despite receiving about one hundred million forint as a severance pay, with Premium, from the Budapest Transport Company in March of last year, Mrs. Szalai Szilágyi Eleonóra, who was the Human Resource Manager for the company, is still employed by them," was announced by the daily Magyar Nemzet in its article "After Severance Pay BKV-Leader is Still Working There." The daily Magyar Nemzet's political and economic histories are related to the biggest contemporary opposing party, Fidesz, now ruling the Parliament with two-thirds majority.
After the scandal Hagyó Miklós suffered the political consequences. He resigned from the supervision of Budapest Public Transport Company on August 31st, 2009, and he resigned from the Deputy Mayor position on the 20th of November 2009. The supervision of Budapest Public Transport Company was a common task of Hagyó Miklós and SZDSZ, a coalition partner of the MSZP, delegate Ikvai Szabó Imre, who did not resign. It is important to note that Hagyó Miklós did not have instruction-giving or decision-making power at the Budapest Public Transport Company; he served as a consultant. As a result of the highly publicized BKV case and the investigation of the putative criminal activities, Mrs. Szalai Szilágyi Eleonóra was arrested on the 7th of January 2010, and she was placed in preliminary detention on 9th of January 2010. She is suspected of committing large-scale fraudulence. At this time official information has not been revealed regarding the involvement of Hagyó Miklós in a criminal procedure, but the right-side media - led by the daily Magyar Nemzet and HírTV - and the Fidesz party have suggested this. Németh Szilárd, member of the Fidesz Budapest faction, informed the Hungarian News Agency that he contacted the public prosecutor in the severance pay case. "Fidesz requests from Deputy Mayor Hagyó Miklós to make public all of the severance pay issues," the Fidesz's politician warned Hagyó. (source: [forrás: "BKV-s végkielégítés: a legfőbb ügyészhez fordul a Fidesz" – hvg.hu, 2009. július 29.]
IV. NOKIA – BOX
The Budapest Public Transport Company case became known as the Hagyó case in the media and in the political talk when Balogh Zsolt, CEO of Budapest Public Transport Company, started his declaration tour in the right-side press. At that time a Nokia Box became an icon of political corruption. In his interviews to the daily Magyar Nemzet on the 6th of March 2010 and to HírTV on the 8th of March 2010, Balogh stated that he passed all together 70 million forints to Hagyó Miklós, of which 15 million forints were given to Hagyó personally and literally in a Nokia Box. [sources: "Nokia-dobozban adtam át a pénzt Hagyónak" – mno.hu, 2010. március 6. – mno.hu, 2010. március 6. – mno.hu, 6 March 2010 and "HírTV – Kontraszt, Balogh Zsolt interjú" – HírTV, 8 March 2010]
Balogh Zsolt's credibility became more and more doubtful when the details of the case files were publicized. The daily Népszava compared Balogh's statements in the press and his leaked testimony from the investigation authority. (Source: [kiszivárgott vallomások forrása: Mikileaks – index.hu]). The analysis revealed that Balogh continuously said different stories about the conditions of the professedly transferred corruption money and the origin of the money. It speaks volumes that Balogh only made statements to the right-side media.
In his first testimony on the subject Balogh stated that he received the money from Lazarovics Márk, the head of Synergon Information Systems, in a parking garage of the City Hall. Before that, in a café, Lazarovics showed Balogh the Nokia Box, and later in the City Hall building Zsolt gave it to Hagyó Miklós who did not look into the box. In a different testimony Balogh recalled that in the café Lazarovics just mentioned that the Nokia box was under the table, but Lazarovics did not show it to him. In this version the handing of the box did not happen in the City Hall parking garage, but next to the café in Lazarovics's Audi A8. The next time when Balogh recalled again that he handed over the money to Hagyó Miklós, but in this version he said that Hagyó looked into the box, and he saw that it was full of banknotes. Another, more significant, question is the origin of the money and the background of a contract, which was made with an informatics company. Balogh stated in his first testimony that he signed the contract with the company because of pressure from Hagyó. Later he remembered that this contract was among many of which he had signed. As a matter of fact Balogh specified, in this version that he remembered the "arm-twisting" because of another case, Hagyó used to screw his neck in a way that he felt was violent. Regarding the origin of the money, Balogh told to the Magyar Nemzet that the amount was determined by the leaders of the Budapest Public Transport Company, who were close to Hagyó. This contradicts the "Lazarovics-informatics company" story that he said before in his testimony. (Source: [forrás: "Kérdések a Nokia-doboz körül" – Népszava, 2012. január 30.]
V. Parliamentary and Local Government Elections
In the first round of the Hungarian parliamentary elections were held on the 11th of April 2010, which ended with the two-thirds majority vote necessary for a Fidesz victory, ensuring eight years of Fidesz government and a dramatic defeat for MSZP after the second round. During the campaign, the Fidesz politicians focused their political talk on Hagyó Miklós, much of which involved the incriminating statements from Balogh Zsolt.
Hagyó Miklós could have known from the published press that sooner or later he would be prosecuted. The news published by the right-side media suggested that Hagyó used his power of immunity and wanted to leave the country. This implication was denied until the end by the accused. Furthermore, on the 11th of May 2010 Hagyó employed his lawyer to deliver a hand-written letter expressing his residency and his availability to the colonel of the Budapest Police Office, Berzsenyi Mihály. In addition, Hagyó indicated his willingness to cooperate with the investigating authorities.
(Source: http://www.hagyomiklos.com/]
On the 14th of May 2010 the new Parliament was formed. As regulation dictates, when the new MPs were sworn into office the previous MPs lost their mandate and their immunity. While the Hungarian Public Television aired a live broadcast of this ceremony, police officers were waiting in front of Hagyó's house. Moments after losing his mandate and immunity, he was escorted by the police to the police station. After a suspected interrogation he was arrested. He was accused, with two of his colleges who were arrested the same day, of committing fraudulent breach of trust and involvement in a criminal organization (source: [forrás: "Őrizetbe vették Hagyó Miklóst és két társát" – MTI, 2010. május 14.])
It is important to note that while the Nokia Box confession became a popular media topic at the end of the campaign, the imputation in the case occurred only in late August. The local government was elected on the 3rd of October 2010, so the subject of the campaign could be Hagyó and the Budapest Public Transport Company. This suggests that the investigating authorities and the right-side media did their work according to the schedule of the Fidesz campaign.
One particular HírTV broadcast exemplifies well the role of Hagyó Miklós in the Fidesz campaign. The program, which aired on the 19th of September 2010, was an interview with the president of MSZP, Mesterházy Attila. During the introduction of the interview you can see Hagyó Miklós in handcuffs and leg irons. [Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejtVabeHcx4]
VI. Mária Szívós
Pest Central District Court placed Hagyó Miklós in preliminary detention on the 17th of September 2010. This decision by the investigating authority was based on the danger of absconding and hiding. The politician's defender appealed against the most severe coercive measures, but the Court of Second Instance, led by President Szívós Mária, dismissed the appeal. The dismissed appeal is consistent with Szívós Mária's record. On the 10th of September 2010 the judge upheld the PKKB warrant - which was dated on the 17th of August 2010 - in which Hagyó's defender the request of elimination of coercive measures was rejected. On the 7th of October 2010, Szívós also upheld the September 16th warrant of the PKKB which was about the extension of coercive measures.
The appointment of Szívós into the Parliament (source: Index)
The prosecutor publicly supported the preliminary detention by stating, "in the course of the investigation information emerged that shows Hagyó Miklós wants to leave the country to avoid the prosecution." The Buda Central District Court accepted this argument, and directly quoted the prosecutor as part of their justification. Later on May 26th, 2010, the Court of the Second Instance determined that "there is data suggesting that the suspect wants to leave the country." On the 8th of June 2010, Kádár András, in his petition asked the prosecutor to present the evidence which determined the necessity of the preliminary detention. According to the practice of the European Court of Human Rights the equality of arms principle was violated in this case. If the defender is not able to access appropriate documents of the investigation, he or she does not have opportunity to confute the lawfulness of his or her client's detention. The request was rejected without substantial justification by the prosecution. According to the prosecutor – with the exception of certain documents – the defense can only obtain a copy of the investigation file before the end of the investigation, if it does not harm the interest of the investigation. The defender mentioned that this questionable evidence did not concern the subject of the criminal proceed but rather the claims of absconding. So according to the practice of the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights, the proposed evidence which shows Hagyó's intentions of fleeing Hungary should be available for the defense. Kádár András said that they did not receive a satisfactory answer for the complaint. Hagyó's defender told us that they still do not know the "data" (the evidence showing an intention to flee) which was referred to by the prosecutor. Moreover they have not found evidence of potential absconding while reviewing those documents of which the defenders do possess. It is ascertainable that the prosecutor argued for the strictest coercive measures in reference to this data. However, contrary the European law, this data has never been shown to the defense, and it's existence is doubtful.[source: [forrás: "Jogsértő volt Hagyó fogvatartása" – Népszava, 2012. február 8.] – See in the third annex.
On the 27th of June 2011, Szívós Mária was elected to the Constitutional Court by the primarily Fidesz-controlled Parliament. That same day the court members, including the newly elected ones, voted to increase the number of court representatives. According to this decision the Constitutional Court would comprise of fifteen members, four more than the previous eleven, which took effect on September 1st, 2011. The fifteen-member committee was responsible for electing the nominees. To become a nominee one needed the support of the majority of the committee, and of the fifteen-member committee eight are representatives of the Fidesz party. Szívós Mária received 263 yes votes and 82 no votes. After presenting the results the Judges of the Constitutional Court swore an oath and signed a vow-document. (...) As stated by a report from Index, "Szívós, who was the head of the Municipal Court of Second Instance in Budapest, played a very important part in restricting personal liberty - in particularly the preliminary detention." According to civilians there is a kind of automatism in this resolution, the courts like ordering preliminary detention, and in Strasbourg 12 times adjudged against Hungary in such cases. (Source: [forrás: "Megválasztották az öt új alkotmánybírót" – Index, 2011. június 27.]
VII. Balogh Zsolt's Lawyer
The accused and star witness in this case, Balogh Zsolt, was the only suspect who has not been subjected to the questionable coercive measures; although the accusations against him are quite large when compared to the other suspects who have received the forcible detention. For comparison: Balogh's suspected crimes total 1 billion Forint in damage to BKV; on the other hand, the prime suspect has been Hagyó Miklós who is charged with damaging criminal acts which total 168 million Forints for the company. It is a strange and worrying coincidence that Balogh was the suspect, who served from the beginning of their campaign the interests of the current two-thirds governing Fidesz – on the hearings and in the media, also (See Chapter IV). Shortly after the case had been publicized, he changed his lawyer. First, his defender was the nationally famous Dr. Bárándy György. He changed from Bárándy to Dr. Szabó Iván before any spectacular action in the investigation had occurred. Dr. Szabó Iván was next to him when he was giving incriminatory information about Hagyó, when he was providing the right-side media with the Nokia Box story, and when the confrontation with Hagyó had occurred.
But who is Szabó Iván?
As the press and his website (www.drszaboivan.hu) have revealed, he is related to Fidesz in many ways:
–Szabó Iván worked at Pintér Sándor's firm. Sándor has served as the Minister of Interior in both of Orbán's governments. The lawyer attended the acquisition of the Pécs Waterworks, which led to a serious diplomatic conflict with France. (Source: [forrás: "Száz eurót keres óránként Pintér Sándor ügyvédje az "új" pécsi vízműnél" – Hírszerző, 2010. június 17.]
- On the 28th of June in 2010, Szabó Iván became a member of the board of supervision in the 100% state-owned Szerencsejáték Zrt.
- Szabó Iván conducted annexation action of some firms by the Hungarian Development Bank (MFB). [Source: "Vizek ura" - HVG, 2010. August 4 – See in the seventh annex] The "MFB commando" changed the leadership of Állami Autópálya Kezelő Zrt., the Nemzeti Infrastruktúra Fejlesztő Zrt., and the Magyar Közút Nonprofit Zrt. In many cases the actions taken by Szabó were very humiliating for the companies. (Source: [forrás: "MFB-kommandó: összehangolt hatalomátvétel az állami cégeknél" – Index, 2010. július 2.]
- Szabó Iván manages the public procurement of the National Infrastructure Development Corporation. (Nemzeti Infrastruktúra Fejlesztés Zrt.) (source: http://drszaboivan.hu)
- On the 6th of August 2010, Szabó István became a member of the National Election Committee (Országos Választási Bizottság) with the Fidesz coalition partner, the Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP). (Source: [forrás: "A Fidesz és a KDNP pártdelegáltjával bővült az OVB" – Stop, 2010. augusztus 6.]
- On the 20th of August 2011, Szabó Iván was honored with the Merit Cross of the Hungarian Republic by Minister of Rural area Development from the Orban government "to appreciate his activities for water utility service improvement." (Source: A vidékfejlesztési miniszter által átadott állami elismerések" – http://augusztus20.kormany.hu/vm, 20 August 2010)
Szabó Iván receives Merit Cross of the Hungarian Republic by Minister of Rural area Development from the Orban government
- On the 10th of February 2012, Szabó Iván worked as a lawyer at the Pécs Local Government - led by Fidesz - when it turned up that Balogh Zsolt leads a Transport Company in the same city, who was involved in a slush fund scandal. (source: [forrás: "Újra közlekedési céget vezet a Nokia-dobozos Balogh Zsolt" – Index, 2012.február10.]- See in the second annex
- April 2012: Szabó Iván did not sign the petition to the Constitutional Court, in which the other lawyers lodged complaint against the transfer of the case to the Kecskemét Court. Among the signers were Bárándy Péter, the ex-minister of justice and Bánáti János, the president of the Hungarian Lawyer Chamber. (Source: [forrás: "BKV-ügy: van, akit nem zavar a jogsértés?" – Népszava, 2012.április 20.]
VIII. Promotions, Remunerations, Appointments, Attachments
Previous information can provide us a general inspection into the participants of the "Hagyó-case," so it is worth looking through to see how these participants are tied directly or indirectly to the Fidesz party.
- In March 2010 Pető György, the ex-Deputy Mayor of Óbuda – who was the political rival of Hagyó – was employed by the Police Headquarters of Budapest. (source: [forrás: "Hagyó ellenlábasát felvették a BRFK-ba" – Index, 2010. március 11.], – in Index, 11 03 2010). After Fidesz won the local elections he was offered a job from Lord Mayor István Tarlós. (source: [forrás: "Korábbi szocialista alpolgármesterére bízott két fővárosi céget Tarlós" – Origo, 2010. október 17.]– in Origo, 17 10 2010)
● In September 2010 a book titled "Socialist Corruption Company" was published by Gábor Schmidt. As the title suggests, he made the BKV case the tool of the Fidesz's campaign. Schmidt was awarded a job after Fidesz won the elections from the new Lord Mayor, István Tarlós. (source: "[forrás: "A sárga hernyótól Hagyóig - a BKV-botrány egy könyvben" – Népszabadság, 2010. szeptember 2.]– in Népszabadság, 2 09 2010)
● On the 15th of March 2011, the Head of Central Investigation Prosecutor, Keresztes Imre, received the Merit Middle Cross of the Hungarian Republic," to honor his performance in the investigation of those cases that were in the public's interest, extremely difficult and needed complex legal summarization, and to appreciate his successful prosecutor and managerial career."
Orbán and Schmitt awarded Keresztes
"Until this time, the Keresztes organization - from the foundation of it -, has only worked with corruption cases, but none of them had been resolved. But undoubtedly the Central Investigation Chief Prosecutor has very much helped the Fidesz. For example, someone made available the report from the confrontation between Miklós Hagyó and Zsolt Balogh, in the Nokia-box case. (source: [forrás: "Középkeresztet kapott a szocialista politikusok után nyomozó főügyész" – 168 óra, 2011. március 15.])
● On the 31st of May 2011 Dr. Győri György acting prosecutor in this case, became the deputy lead prosecutor in the district XI and district XXII Prosecution.
● On the 13th of December 2011, Handó Tünde, wife of Szájer József – a member of the European Parliament, was assigned as the President of the National Judical Office (OBH). Handó Tünde ordered the Hagyó proceedings to be held in Kecskemét, which has raised suspicion because of Kecskemét's partiality towards FIdesz.
● On the 10th of February 2012, it became public knowledge that Zsolt Balogh has been working for the transport company of Pécs (which is a Fidesz-controlled city), even though he is suspected in the Hagyó case.
- On the 7th of March 2012 the media was informed about the schedule of the Hagyó case in Kecskemét by the acting judge, who is the son of a previous Fidesz Deputy Mayor. (source: [forrás: "Újabb fideszes rokon az eljárásban" – Népszava, 2012. március 7.])
● Dr. Iván Szabó, Zsolt Balogh's lawyer and employee of the Ministry of the Interior, received the Merit Middle Cross of the Hungarian Republic.
● On the 27th of June 2011 Szívós Mária was elected a member of the Constitutional Court by the Fidesz-controlled Parliament.
● Ferenc Bicskei, head of the Kecskemét Court, didn't take part in the protest against the legislation, which seriously hurt the independence of the justice system.
● Péter Darák, Head of the Supreme Court (appointed by the Fidesz-controlled Parliament) and the Justice Secretary of State, took part in a common training with the judges Supreme Court in Balatonőszöd.
IX. "Intellectual Interrogation"
Miklós Hagyó spent 9 months in pre-trial detention. During his time in prison, the public morale didn't reduce in front him. In the media – ignoring the presumption of his innocence - he became known as an offender. Furthermore, during the preliminary punishment the politician was suspected of another new crime. The imputation was, that he entrusted his spouse as a "legal delegate" to have the opportunity to meet her more often. Later the Court of First Instance released Hagyó and his partners from the charge. (source: [forrás: "Felmentették Hagyó Miklóst az okirathamisítási ügyben" – Index, 2012. január 16.] – in Index, 16.01.2012). He was released according to the decision that in civil law cases anyone can entrust his or her relative as a legal delegate. Despite of this case, he was forbidden from maintaining contact with his common-law wife for a long time.
In this case György Magyar, one of the most prestigious criminal lawyers in Hungary, said the following:
- "What was your opinion about this case after reading the documents and the procedures?"
- "My definite opinion is that Miklós Hagyó, his lawyer and his ex-spouse did everything as written in the rules of the prison and the legislation. What was the essence of this proceed? The prosecutor wanted to confirm with the facts – in my opinion unsuccessfully - that Miklós Hagyó with the help of his lawyer wanted to camouflage his ex-spouse as a legal delegate to ensure opportunities to keep in contact during his pre-trial detention. The whole reasoning is wrong, because in a civil law case anyone can entrust his relative to be a legal delegate. If this case doesn't speak about Miklós Hagyó, but for example János Kovács, I'm sure, nobody would be charged. The prosecutor artificially created a crime. In every case the commander of the prison permitted the visits; another similar authorization can be found in the documents which have been concealed by the prosecutor. Furthermore, the commander of the prison also wrote to the prosecutor that no irregularity in the prison had occurred."
- "So the prosecutor hasn't erred simply, but a conceptual proceeding has been started?"
- "I'm very nervous about the fact that politicians would like to take part in the justice system. The only luck is that the judiciary doesn't seem to accept this. The Court of First Instance followed the rules correctly when it released Hagyó and his partners from the charge. The terrible thing is, the prosecutor appealed it. But the prosecutor achieved its aim with it …"
- "What kind of aim?"
- "In my opinion an intellectual interrogation was committed against Hagyó. With the unfounded charge he was deprived from visitation by his relatives. He would have met once a month with the only person who could have encouraged him, but he was deprived from this opportunity. The aim was to mortify him. The more humiliated and tortured a man is, the greater the chance that the accused will provide a testimony which the prosecutor is seeking. I'm against using the widespread use of pre-trial detention. A man thinks differently in a cell. This type of press is unacceptable, and violates due process, a fundamental human right.(Source: The prosecutor created a crime" – in Népszava: 22 03 2012. [forrás: "Az ügyészség kreált egy bűnügyet" – Népszava, 2012. március 22.])
Miklós Hagyó was subjected to house arrest after the documents pertaining to his pre-trial detention were published, in which the deterioration of his health and the dangers of the conditions of the pre-trial detention became publicly known. (source: www.hagyomiklos.com)
- On the 10th of June Hagyó was released from pre-trial detention. According to the effective judged there was not any data, or fact, which suggested a desire to escape and hide. Earlier in the petitions of the prosecutor and in the decisions of the judge there were references about such data and facts existing. (source: www.hagyomiklos.com)
- 2012. 04.04: On an independent, professional forum Éva Kádár's study "An Emphasized Case: From the Extent of the Constitutional Rights" was published. Kádár, a student at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University – Faculty of Law, appointed in her study that, Hagyó Miklós's elementary human rights were violated throughout the legal actions taken against him, and the media did not care about presumption of the accused's innocence. (source: [forrás: "Egy (alkotmányos alapjogok hatálya alól) kiemelt ügy?" – Jogi Fórum, 2012. április 4.] www.jogiforum.hu – See in the eight annex)
- 2012. April 17: The acquittal in the private document forgery case against Hagyó is legally binding because the prosecutor repealed its appeal against the judgment of the Court of First Instance. (source: [forrás: "Jogerősen is felmentették Hagyót" – 168 óra, 2012. május 9.])
In the two-year history of the cases against Hagyó, this was the first time the prosecutor had shown self-control and self-restraint.
X. Change of Legal Environment
The most significant event of the prosecution against Hagyó, which received national and international response, was that Handó Tünde, President of National Judicial Office and wife Szájer Jószef - a member of the European Parliament - appointed the court in Kecskemét to hear the case of the Budapest Public Transport Company. She had been provided this opportunity because of the new Constitution - written by the Fidesz. On the 19th of December 2011 the Constitutional Court, with its AB 166/2011, decision annulled the provision of the law with Szívós Mária's minority report. Those who trusted the impartiality of the jurisdiction and the sincerity of Szívós Mária, who kept in prison Hagyó, disagreed with transferring the location of the cases.
Because the Constitutional Court interfered that Polt Péter, the Public Prosecutor, can appoint court in a certain case, so they solved the problem another way. On the 31st of December 2010 the Parliament accepted the temporary provision of the Constitution, and it came to effect on the 1st of January 2011.
The temporary provision of the Constitution Article 11 states: "(3) In the Constitution article XXVIII section (1) to prevail the foundational right for judicial decision in reasonable time in the event that a court is "overloaded" and a balance of the courts is not solvable, the President of the National Judicial Office (OBH) can assign a distinct competency court by another same term of reference court in any case."
With this Handó Tünde who is President of the National Judicial Office (OBH) received permission to appoint a court, if the court complains about "overloading". One day after Hagyó and his partners were acquitted of the forgery charge and the Tribunal of the Capital City indicated that it was overloaded and it would give away the case of the Budapest Public Transport Company. This was the first occurrence of "overloading" in the country, and it concerned only two cases.
On the 16th of January 2012, the acquittal was announced after one day. The Tribunal of the Capital City notified that they had 267 cases of great significance - because of overloading- they will indicate transferring of two cases to another court. One of these two cases is the case of the Budapest Public Transport Company. Hagyó's defender said that it was strange and miserable that from the 267 cases even the socialist politician's case is the equipment to relieve the court.
Since that, it has been obvious that the Kecskemét Court is at least as busy as the Tribunal of the Capital City, and only with formal requirements can it complete the urgent requirements, but in reality it has not complied.
Handó Tünde, President of the National Judicial Office and wife of Szájer Jószef - who is a member of the European Parliament – will make a decision regarding the transfer of the case. The President of the National Judicial Office that is the successor of the National Jurisdiction Council received the right to appoint court. Handó Tünde is the only person who can exercise all of the appointments, the transfers, the dismissals and the control powers as well. (source: "[forrás: "Repedések a Hagyó-ügyön" – Népszava, 2012. január 21.]– Népszava, 21 January 2012)
According to these civil rights organizations this practice is not compatible with democracy: Transparency International Hungary "[source[forrás: "Transparency: Aggályos a Hagyó-per Kecskemétre helyezése" – Origo, 2012. február 20.]- Origo20 February 2012], the Association for Human Rights, and the Hungarian Helsinki Committee [source: [forrás: ""Bíróságot kijelölni veszélyes!" - tiltakozik a TASZ és a Magyar Helsinki Bizottság" – hvg.hu, 2012. február 23.] – hvg.hu, 23 February 2012, see in the fifth annex],
The 20th of March 2012, the legal section of The Guardian wrote this about Handó Tünde:
"Imagine a European country where one person can pick the judges. And effectively sack them or transfer them to other courts. And draw up court rules. And initiate legislation on the courts. And hold some 60 other specified legal powers.
Now imagine that this individual has been just given a nine-year term of office. And that, even after that term is up, this hugely powerful figure will simply remain in office unless a successor can command a two-thirds majority in the country's parliament. What would you call a country like that?
The answer, of course, is Hungary. All these powers are in the hands of Handó Tünde, a former judge and president of the newly established National Judicial Office (NJO). No doubt it's pure coincidence that she is married to Szájer József, a founding member of the ruling Fidesz party and the man credited with drawing up Hungary's constitution on his iPad. Szájer resigned his posts in the domestic party when his wife was appointed in January, but remains a member of the European parliament and a key figure who briefed reporters over breakfast at the Hungarian embassy in London last month." [source: [forrás: "Meet Tünde Handó" – The Guardian, 2012. március 20.] – The Guardian, 20 March 2012]
In March 2012 the Venice Commission drafted 5 "non-negotiable" conditions about the reformation of the jurisdiction to the Hungarian government.
1. President of the National Judicial Office must provide justifiable decisions, with the allowance of an appeal process.
2. President of the National Judicial Office, after 9 years, cannot be elected again. After expiry of its mandate, it cannot continue its work; its deputy replaces it until the new president is chosen.
3.Neither the President of the National Judicial Office, nor another judicial leader have any right to transfer cases to other courts, because it violates the legal right to judge over the fundament right of a fair trial.
4. The possibility that the President of the Republic can assign the judges several definite terms must be eliminated; neither the judges nor the juridical secretary can serve under a "repeated probation time"
5. The possibility that judges can unwillingly be transferred and subjected to an automatic removal from service must be eliminated. (source: [forrás: "Exkluzív: íme, a kőkemény feltételek Orbánéknak" – atv.hu, 2012. április 12.]– atv.hu, 12 April 2012.)
XI. Indictment
On the 23rd of March 2012, an internet news site published Hagyó's indictment, before the concerned was able to receive it. The document reveals that from the putative fifty (50) crimes only 3 crimes are held up against the socialist politician. Two charges are based on Balogh's testimony. The indictment of the Central Investigation Public Prosecutor in the case of the Public Transport Company foreshadowed a milder judgment than the District VII Mayor's judgment, because they lacked sufficient evidence to support the formal charges. Although a general part of the indictment document suggests Hagyó as a mafia chief, the prosecutor holds not more than three of the fifty accusations against Hagyó. Firstly, he is charged with committing fraudulence by misusing funds of the Budapest Transport Company, because he ordered for himself a HUF 50 million service from the AAM Inc. consultancy company (which was used for his Deputy Mayor's work). Secondly, the Investigation Authority accuses Miklós of fraudulence and abuse of power in that he claimed a certificate of compliance from Balogh Zsolt –acting CEO of PTC at the time - in the case of building passenger information systems between the Batthyány Square stop and the Békásmegyer stop - although the work was not good enough. Thirdly, the charges of bribery or corruption and blackmail against the previous Deputy Mayor, because he claimed HUF 15 million from Balogh in 2008 and in 2009, also; Hagyó threatened Balogh with humiliation via the above mention irregular certificate of completion if Balogh did not provide the money. (source: "[forrás: "Ízekre szedett vádirat: Alig van bizonyíték Hagyó Miklós ellen" – Heti Válasz, 2012. április 5.] – Heti Válasz, 5 April 2012 – See in the first annex)
XII. Summary
Although the trial begins in the coming weeks, in a view of the details of Hagyó's case it is hard to think that the Hungarian jurisdiction is impartial and the international criticism is exaggerated.
Apparently it is about a socialist politician, who is crucified by one person's testimony and statements by the right-side media machine and the largest opposition party. During the 2010 parliamentary and local government elections Hagyó was the icon and the embodiment of corruption, and the opposition party gained enormous, two-thirds power in a unique way in Europe. During this time Hagyó was forced into prison based on non-existent information.
The main character of the story is Balogh Zsolt, who is also suspected of criminal activity. According to his own confession, he was a part of this "socialist corruption machine." It appears that he was acquitted by the right-side media after his incriminating testimonies against Hagyó in the Fidesz-oriented media outlets. Furthermore, Balogh is still working in a department of the local government, and he is well represented by a lawyer who plays a part in the economic and political operations of the Fidesz. Balogh will not be a public enemy, and he has not spent even a single day in preliminary detention.
The Fidesz has written laws empowering one individual, currently Handó Tünde, to transfer the case to another court. This has proven to be a biased legislation which the Zushlag case has shown. After a sensible judge of the Constitutional Court annulled this law, Fidesz legislators incorporated into the Constitution this power to displace cases when they deemed necessary. The question is righteous, if someone is guilty why should we be selective about the location of a case? Perhaps upholding the law or even the idea of universal law, is the common denominator within the Hungarian courts? It seems that according to the Fidesz that is not the situation.
If a prosecutor has done his or her work well, essentially accusing Hagyó with a baseless crime, this prosecutor will be awarded. Who has kept Hagyó in prison; she is a member of the Constitutional Court. Who confessed against him; he is free and has received a job from the Fidesz. Who on behalf of the court informs the press; he is a son of a Fidesz politician. Who transfers the case to another court; she is a Fidesz politician's wife. The signs are alarming and they are increasing.
As the author of this summary I do not intend to justify whether or not Hagyó Miklós and his partners committed the crimes. It belongs to an independent jurisdiction, if there would be any. The above shows that the Hungarian judiciary seems undemocratic, but not just from me. It seems undemocratic from the Venice Commission's office, from The Guardian, the Washington Post and an editorial of The New York Times, also. The Hungarian jurisdiction seems dreadful from Hagyó Miklós's point of view. But who will be the next Hagyó Miklós tomorrow, nobody knows.
XIII. The list of the English translated annexes
1.) "Ízekre szedett vádirat: Alig van bizonyíték Hagyó Miklós ellen" – Heti Válasz, 2012. április 5.
2.) "Újra közlekedési céget vezet a Nokia-dobozos Balogh Zsolt" – Index, 2012.február 10.
3.) "Jogsértő volt Hagyó fogvatartása" – Népszava, 2012. február 8.
4.) "Kecskemét "kedves" Szájernének?"- Népszava, 2012. február 23.
5.) "Bíróságot kijelölni veszélyes!" – TASZ, 2012. február 23.
6.) "Hanyagul alátámasztott politikai pamfletre emlékeztet a Hagyó Miklós és társai ügyében készült vádirat" – hvg.hu, 2012. május 6.
7.) "Vizek ura" – hvg.hu, 2010. augusztus 4.
8.) "Egy (alkotmányos alapjogok hatálya alól) kiemelt ügy?" – Jogi Fórum, 2012. április 4.
9.) Intraductory of the case of the private forgery – hagyomiklos.com
Címkék: Fidesz, Hungary, Indictment, Iván Szabó, Mária Szívós, Miklós Hagyó, MSZP, Nokia box, Politics, Pre-Trial Detention, Public Transportation case, Testimony, Tünde Handó, Viktor Orbán, Zsolt Balogh
The primary purpose of this blog is to serve as a source of information on the BKV case in Budapest, Hungary. The "Hagyó Case" as it commonly known in Hungary due the main defendant, Hagyó Miklós, will be presented and hopefully discussed through this blog either in blog-style articles, more journalistic compositions, or case-related documents. The case has garnered much domestic and international attention due to the high-profile defendants who were an alleged criminal network in the midst of Hungary's on-going transition from a repressive communist regime into a transparent democracy in today's highly globalized stage. If you are interested and would like to follow our updates, please register via the RSS feed!
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The AAA created a great tutorial for both skiers and snowmobilers. It's a great, easy to understand avalanche awareness class. This is one of the easiest to use and a favorite.
Take the Avalanche Basics class first, then the Interactive Tutorial. This site is a good option for beginners or for those with a slower connection since its not too video heavy.
The New Zealand Avalanche Centre offers a great online avalanche tutorial. A unique option with this online tutorial is that it offers a quiz at the end with results emailed to you.
This glossary of avalanche and snow terms is very complete and has great graphics. It's a very useful tool for honing your avalanche language. We like this so much we link to these terms in our daily advisory.