text:
package collector

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"net/http"
	"sort"
	"time"

	rawmodel "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
	"github.com/prometheus/common/expfmt"
	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"

	"github.com/google/cadvisor/container"
	v1 "github.com/google/cadvisor/info/v1"
)

type PrometheusCollector struct {
	// name of the collector
	name string

	// rate at which metrics are collected
	pollingFrequency time.Duration

	// holds information extracted from the config file for a collector
	configFile Prometheus

	// the metrics to gather (uses a map as a set)
	metricsSet map[string]bool

	// Limit for the number of scaped metrics. If the count is higher,
	// no metrics will be returned.
	metricCountLimit int

	// The Http client to use when connecting to metric endpoints
	httpClient *http.Client
}

// Returns a new collector using the information extracted from the configfile
func NewPrometheusCollector(collectorName string, configFile []byte, metricCountLimit int, containerHandler container.ContainerHandler, httpClient *http.Client) (*PrometheusCollector, error) {
	var configInJSON Prometheus
	err := json.Unmarshal(configFile, &configInJSON)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	configInJSON.Endpoint.configure(containerHandler)

	minPollingFrequency := configInJSON.PollingFrequency

	// Minimum supported frequency is 1s
	minSupportedFrequency := 1 * time.Second

	if minPollingFrequency < minSupportedFrequency {
		minPollingFrequency = minSupportedFrequency
	}

	if metricCountLimit < 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Metric count limit must be greater than or equal to 0")
	}

	var metricsSet map[string]bool
	if len(configInJSON.MetricsConfig) > 0 {
		metricsSet = make(map[string]bool, len(configInJSON.MetricsConfig))
		for _, name := range configInJSON.MetricsConfig {
			metricsSet[name] = true
		}
	}

	if len(configInJSON.MetricsConfig) > metricCountLimit {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Too many metrics defined: %d limit %d", len(configInJSON.MetricsConfig), metricCountLimit)
	}

	// TODO : Add checks for validity of config file (eg : Accurate JSON fields)
	return &PrometheusCollector{
		name:             collectorName,
		pollingFrequency: minPollingFrequency,
		configFile:       configInJSON,
		metricsSet:       metricsSet,
		metricCountLimit: metricCountLimit,
		httpClient:       httpClient,
	}, nil
}

// Returns name of the collector
func (collector *PrometheusCollector) Name() string {
	return collector.name
}

func (collector *PrometheusCollector) GetSpec() []v1.MetricSpec {

	response, err := collector.httpClient.Get(collector.configFile.Endpoint.URL)
	if err != nil {
		return nil
	}
	defer response.Body.Close()

	if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return nil
	}

	dec := expfmt.NewDecoder(response.Body, expfmt.ResponseFormat(response.Header))

	var specs []v1.MetricSpec

	for {
		d := rawmodel.MetricFamily{}
		if err = dec.Decode(&d); err != nil {
			break
		}
		name := d.GetName()
		if len(name) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		// If metrics to collect is specified, skip any metrics not in the list to collect.
		if _, ok := collector.metricsSet[name]; collector.metricsSet != nil && !ok {
			continue
		}

		spec := v1.MetricSpec{
			Name:   name,
			Type:   metricType(d.GetType()),
			Format: v1.FloatType,
		}
		specs = append(specs, spec)
	}

	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
		return nil
	}

	return specs
}

// metricType converts Prometheus metric type to cadvisor metric type.
// If there is no mapping then just return the name of the Prometheus metric type.
func metricType(t rawmodel.MetricType) v1.MetricType {
	switch t {
	case rawmodel.MetricType_COUNTER:
		return v1.MetricCumulative
	case rawmodel.MetricType_GAUGE:
		return v1.MetricGauge
	default:
		return v1.MetricType(t.String())
	}
}

type prometheusLabels []*rawmodel.LabelPair

func labelSetToLabelPairs(labels model.Metric) prometheusLabels {
	var promLabels prometheusLabels
	for k, v := range labels {
		name := string(k)
		value := string(v)
		promLabels = append(promLabels, &rawmodel.LabelPair{Name: &name, Value: &value})
	}
	return promLabels
}

func (s prometheusLabels) Len() int      { return len(s) }
func (s prometheusLabels) Swap(i, j int) { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }

// ByName implements sort.Interface by providing Less and using the Len and
// Swap methods of the embedded PrometheusLabels value.
type byName struct{ prometheusLabels }

func (s byName) Less(i, j int) bool {
	return s.prometheusLabels[i].GetName() < s.prometheusLabels[j].GetName()
}

func prometheusLabelSetToCadvisorLabels(promLabels model.Metric) map[string]string {
	labels := make(map[string]string)
	for k, v := range promLabels {
		if string(k) == "__name__" {
			continue
		}
		labels[string(k)] = string(v)
	}
	return labels
}

func prometheusLabelSetToCadvisorLabel(promLabels model.Metric) string {
	labels := labelSetToLabelPairs(promLabels)
	sort.Sort(byName{labels})
	var b bytes.Buffer

	for i, l := range labels {
		if i > 0 {
			b.WriteString("\xff")
		}
		b.WriteString(l.GetName())
		b.WriteString("=")
		b.WriteString(l.GetValue())
	}

	return b.String()
}

// Returns collected metrics and the next collection time of the collector
func (collector *PrometheusCollector) Collect(metrics map[string][]v1.MetricVal) (time.Time, map[string][]v1.MetricVal, error) {
	currentTime := time.Now()
	nextCollectionTime := currentTime.Add(time.Duration(collector.pollingFrequency))

	uri := collector.configFile.Endpoint.URL
	response, err := collector.httpClient.Get(uri)
	if err != nil {
		return nextCollectionTime, nil, err
	}
	defer response.Body.Close()

	if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return nextCollectionTime, nil, fmt.Errorf("server returned HTTP status %s", response.Status)
	}

	sdec := expfmt.SampleDecoder{
		Dec: expfmt.NewDecoder(response.Body, expfmt.ResponseFormat(response.Header)),
		Opts: &expfmt.DecodeOptions{
			Timestamp: model.TimeFromUnixNano(currentTime.UnixNano()),
		},
	}

	var (
		// 50 is chosen as a reasonable guesstimate at a number of metrics we can
		// expect from virtually any endpoint to try to save allocations.
		decSamples = make(model.Vector, 0, 50)
		newMetrics = make(map[string][]v1.MetricVal)
	)
	for {
		if err = sdec.Decode(&decSamples); err != nil {
			break
		}

		for _, sample := range decSamples {
			metName := string(sample.Metric[model.MetricNameLabel])
			if len(metName) == 0 {
				continue
			}
			// If metrics to collect is specified, skip any metrics not in the list to collect.
			if _, ok := collector.metricsSet[metName]; collector.metricsSet != nil && !ok {
				continue
			}
			// TODO Handle multiple labels nicer. Prometheus metrics can have multiple
			// labels, cadvisor only accepts a single string for the metric label.
			label := prometheusLabelSetToCadvisorLabel(sample.Metric)
			labels := prometheusLabelSetToCadvisorLabels(sample.Metric)

			metric := v1.MetricVal{
				FloatValue: float64(sample.Value),
				Timestamp:  sample.Timestamp.Time(),
				Label:      label,
				Labels:     labels,
			}
			newMetrics[metName] = append(newMetrics[metName], metric)
			if len(newMetrics) > collector.metricCountLimit {
				return nextCollectionTime, nil, fmt.Errorf("too many metrics to collect")
			}
		}
		decSamples = decSamples[:0]
	}

	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
		return nextCollectionTime, nil, err
	}

	for key, val := range newMetrics {
		metrics[key] = append(metrics[key], val...)
	}

	return nextCollectionTime, metrics, nil
}


In November 1982 the average high temperature in Northway, AK was 5.9°F, and this was 0.4°F cooler than the average of 6.3°F. The hottest day in November 1982 was 4 November when the temperature reached 20.1°F. Overnight the average temperature in November is -8.7°F and in 1982 the average overnight temperature was 2.8°F cooler at -11.4°F.
In November the average monthly rainfall in Northway, AK is 0.28 inches with rain usually falling on 0 days. In November 1982 there was a total of 0.60 inches of rain, that fell on 1 days.


text:
Q: How to show hidden div when closing modal window using jquery I am trying to show a hidden div once the user closes a modal window.  I can show hidden div when opening modal but cannot show hidden div on closing of modal window.
I am calling this function below when user clicks on Save within the modal window. Is passes information correctly to record note in record_note.php and then closes the modal but can't get it to show the div.
function submitAddNote() {
    var contactId = $('#contactId').val();
    var noteBody = $('#addNote').val();
    $.post('/_controller/record_note.php', {
        contactId: contactId,
        noteBody: noteBody
    },
    function (data) {
        $('#myNoteModal').modal('hide');
        $('#messageWindow').show();

    });
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Most business owners may know about SEO and its importance for business. However, not many of them know the real functions of SEO and how it really works. If you hire an SEO company to provide SEO services for your business, you can't entirely leave all the SEO works to them – you have to be involved with the process as well. Why? That's because when there are mistakes or even solutions made, you will know what to do and you can learn from them to grow your business in a better way. Well, if you are too busy with schedules that you can't really be 100% involved with SEO process, at least you can add your knowledge in SEO to make a better understanding of how it works. In this article, we are going to share about backlinks. Keep reading to learn more.
When it comes to SEO, there are many components that can boost and improve the process. One of them, and one of the most important ones, is backlinks. Maybe some of you are familiar with this. Backlinks, in short, are basically the links your website gets from another website. Believe it or not, backlinks can make a huge impact on a website's prominence in search engine results. For that reason, they are considered very useful for improving the SEO ranking of a website. However, with that thinking, comes an "automatic" understanding that the more backlinks we get, the better it will be for our SEO process. The truth is that the phrase "the more, the better" is not always right. Not everything in this world works that way. With that in mind, then, how many backlinks do you actually need for your SEO's effective results?
Another key of understanding how many backlinks you will need to rank well especially for a keyword is by knowing how many backlinks each of your competitors for that keyword have. First, add up how many links point to each of the specific pages ranked in the top 10 that are displayed in the search results, not the total number of links that those websites have. Don't think about the webpages with the most and the least backlinks; just divide the total by 8. Keep in mind that this is only a rough estimation; we haven't counted the ones with high quality yet, of course! If you get as many backlinks with high quality, chances are, your website will rank well for that keyword. This can produce more effective results than getting 100+ low quality backlinks.
If you own a newly-opened small business, getting 50 backlinks is a good start for you. However, that depends on your needs. The more targets you have, the more backlinks you should get. Of course, those links should be from relevant source with high quality. If you need backlinks but don't know how to start, feel free to call us and join our path of success to grow your business with our SEO services.


text:
Home Health & Wellness Fitness
Fitness Inspo: Couple In Love Gino Santos And EG Bautista On Body-Love
Brooke Villanueva
EG Bautista
Gino Santos
Some activities become a lot more fun and exciting when done with a partner, and working out is a fine example. Not only does it make a nice bonding moment—it also motivates us to work harder for our fitness goals. That's exactly what film director-producer Gino Santos and indoor cycling instructor EG Bautista, for their health and well-being, enjoy doing as frequent as every week.
The fitness duo opens up to ABS-CBN Lifestyle about how they their physical insecurities growing up. "I was very skinny and lanky," says Gino—who directed Filipino film favorites Ex with Benefits (2015) and Sin Island (2018). EG reveals, "I was known back in grade school as a really chubby kid. It definitely was not one of the things I was confident about."
[related: Fitness Inspo: Maxene Magalona And Rob Mananquil On Keeping A 'Healthy' Marriage]
Instead of letting their figures stay stunted, they eventually became serious about squeezing exercise into their days to live a healthier life. For Gino, while he says he still has a long way to go with regards to achieving his desired physique, he's already content with how much every gym session boosts not just his strength but also his confidence. "After I sweat or come from an extreme workout, I just have this glow and I'm ready to take on the day," he shares, saying the same goes for EG who later became an instructor at Ride Revolution. The latter later declares, "Today, I teach anywhere from five to 10 classes per week. It has become increasingly challenging but fulfilling at the same time. I have never felt healthier than at any other point in time." He adds with a laugh, "Gino tries his best to ride once a week—my class only!"
When it comes to body positivity, the two look up to their coaches and instructors at the cycling studio. "They remind me that at the end of the day, it's not about how you look but how you conduct your classes and how you are able to connect with your riders," EG says, with Gino adding "They all have different body types and they all have their own journeys. They promote strength and being the best version of yourself."
One thing they realized in their road to fitness is the importance of focusing on one's progress. "Instead of nitpicking what's wrong with other people, especially yourself, focus on the good," stresses EG. "The fact that you're healthy, the fact that you got up this morning—focus on that."
[related: Love Actually: The Queer Polyamorous Romance Of Nico Tortorella And Bethany Meyers]
After all, the beauty standards portrayed on social media that can put social pressure on people aren't real, says Gino. "There are a lot of beautiful bodies and people online, but because of filters and Photoshop, most probably 70% of it are edited." EG agrees these are misleading and at most times, intimidating. "It's either you're fit or not. If you aren't, it's as if you aren't supposed to post anything that shows your body. Social media has become a platform for unrealistic ideals, and it could become something very stressful especially for the young." He adds, "If it has become toxic and has become a source of negativity, disconnect."
Gino suggests keeping that in mind when struggling with self-love and body image. "When you see models or actors in a magazine or on TV, always remember they are usually manipulated with effects. In person, they all have blemishes and flaws, they all have their bad days, they're human—just like you," he concludes. Don't do it for the 'gram, he adds, "Post a photo of yourself not because of the likes. Post it because you enjoy the moment and you enjoy your life."
ALSO READ: Hotties Alert: Chie Filomeno And Dawn Chang Do A Sing-And-Dance Combo On Girl Got Skillz!
Photographs taken from instagram.com/ginomsantos and instagram.com/eggbautista
TAGS: eg bautista Fitness Inspo gino santos indoor cycling ride revolution
Style Inspo: Top Trendsetters At The 2020 SAG Awards!
In Focus: Miko Raval On Building A Clothing Empire With His College Sweetheart
Spaces We Love: Bianca Gonzalez And JC Intal's Home Proves That Neutrals Win In Design
#ChalkTurns20: Let's Look Back at Our Most Memorable Covers Through the Years!
Love Actually: How Kim Chiu And Xian Lim Strengthen Their Love Through Travel
Style Inspo: Here's Proof that Dylan Sprouse and Barbara Palvin Have Mastered Couple Style!
Where To Next: Stunning Spots In Europe Bea Alonzo Recently Explored!
Spaces We Love: Give Your Home A Modern Update A La Dianne Medina And Rodjun Cruz' Abode!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Der Vizeadmiral ist ein Admiralsdienstgrad der Marinestreitkräfte in den meisten Staaten.

Bundeswehr

Der Vizeadmiral ist einer der Dienstgrade der Bundeswehr für Marineuniformträger. Gesetzliche Grundlage ist die Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Dienstgradbezeichnungen und die Uniform der Soldaten und das Soldatengesetz.

Dienststellungen
Der Vizeadmiral wird zumeist in herausgehobenen Spitzendienstposten wie beispielsweise Stellvertretender Generalinspekteur, Inspekteur der Streitkräftebasis, Inspekteur der Marine und als deren Stellvertreter oder als Abteilungsleiter im Ministerium eingesetzt. Denkbar ist auch eine Verwendung als Flottenbefehlshaber in einem der Führungsstäbe der NATO.

Anrede
In der Zentralrichtlinie A2-2630/0-0-3 "Militärische Formen und Feiern der Bundeswehr" (ehemals ZDv 10/8) wird die Anrede aller Marineuniformträger (außer der entsprechenden Sanitätsoffiziere) aus der Dienstgradgruppe der Generale mit "Herr Admiral" festgesetzt.

Dienstgradabzeichen

Die Dienstgradabzeichen des Vizeadmirals zeigen einen handbreiten, darüber zwei mittelbreite Ärmelstreifen auf beiden Unterärmeln.

Sonstiges

Die Dienstgradbezeichnung ranggleicher Luftwaffen- und Heeresuniformträger lautet Generalleutnant. Hinsichtlich Befehlsgewalt, Ernennung, Sold, den nach- und übergeordneten Dienstgraden sind Vizeadmirale und Generalleutnante gleichgestellt.

Französische Streitkräfte
In der französischen Marine entspricht der vice-amiral dem Konteradmiral; der Vizeadmiral wäre der vice-amiral d'escadre. Die Umrechnung der französischen Admiralsränge ist allerdings nicht eindeutig, da gemäß Sterne-Zählung der "Ein-Stern-Admiral" OF-6 (Flottillenadmiral) nicht vorgesehen ist.

Vereinigte Staaten

In der United States Navy und der United States Coast Guard ist der Vizeadmiral ein Rang, der in der Hierarchie über dem Rear Admiral und unter dem Admiral rangiert. Die US-Soldstufe ist O-9. Der NATO-Rangcode ist OF-8. Der Dienstgrad des Vizeadmirals ist mit bestimmten Dienststellungen verbunden und wird nicht dauerhaft verliehen. Operativ kann der Vizeadmiral eine Flotte führen oder  auch ein höheres Kommandobehörde. Für eine solche Dienststellung, und damit für eine Beförderung über den Dienstgrad eines Rear Admiral hinaus, muss der Soldat für den bestimmten Dienstposten vom Präsidenten nominiert und vom Senat mit einfacher Mehrheit bestätigt werden. Die Verwendung auf dem Dienstposten beträgt im Regelfall drei Jahre. Gesetzliche Voraussetzung ist mindestens der Dienstgrad Rear Admiral (lower half). Nach der vorgesehenen Dienstzeit auf dem Dienstposten wird für den Offizier entweder die Nominierung verlängert, er wird für einen neuen Dienstposten als Vice Admiral oder Admiral vorgeschlagen oder er geht in den Ruhestand. Die früher durchaus übliche Praxis in den Dienstgrad eines Rear Admiral zurückzukehren, wird heutzutage nicht mehr durchgeführt.

Das Commissioned Officer Corps der National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration und das Commissioned Corps des United States Public Health Service sind Uniformed Services innerhalb ziviler Bundesbehörden, also außerhalb der Streitkräfte. Die Commissioned Corps beider Bundesbehörden bestehen – wie die Bezeichnung Commissioned bereits nahelegt – nur aus Offizieren ohne Mannschafts- oder Unteroffiziersdienstgrade. Mit Ausnahme der Militärgerichtsbarkeit, der sie nicht unterliegen, gelten für sie alle Rechte und Pflichten eines Offiziers gemäß Title 10. Im Dienst werden Uniformen getragen, die an die Uniform der US-Navy angelehnt, jedoch mit anderen Insignien bestückt sind.

Im NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps ist der der Dienstgrad Vice Amiral die Ausnahme und wurde bisher nur zweimal verliehen. Normalerweise ist Rear Admiral der höchste Dienstgrad und wird vom Director des NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps getragen.

Beim United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ist der Surgeon General of the United States im Dienstgrad Vizeadmiral, der auch das Commissioned Corps führt, aber nicht den höchsten Dienstgrad innehat. Dieser hat als Admiral der Assistant Secretary for Health des US-Ministerium für Gesundheitspflege und Soziale Dienste.

Weitere moderne Streitkräfte
Die Rangabzeichen für Vizeadmirale beinhalten in der Regel drei Admiralssterne. Abweichungen davon sind jedoch möglich und beispielhaft nachfolgend dargestellt.

 Vizeadmiral mit einem Admiralsstern gibt es: im Irak, in Aserbaidschan, und in Nordkorea.

 Vizeadmiral mit zwei Admiralssternen: in Russland, Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Iran, und Mexico.

 Vizeadmiral mit vier Admiralssternen: in der Türkei.

Nationale Volksarmee

Der Vizeadmiral war in der Volksmarine der zweitniedrigste Dienstgrad im Admiralsrang und entsprach dem Generalleutnant der Nationalen Volksarmee.
Das Dienstgradabzeichen bestand aus Schulterstücken mit marineblauem Untergrund und darauf einer geflochtenen gold-silbernen Schnur, auf der zwei fünfeckige silberfarbene Generalssterne ("Pickel") angebracht waren. Schulterstücke wurden zu allen Uniformteilen getragen.
Das Ärmelabzeichen bestand aus einem breiten gelbfarbigen Streifen und zwei weiteren einfachen Streifen. Darüber war ein fünfzackiger Stern angebracht, in dessen Innerem sich das Wappen der DDR befand. Im Unterschied zu allen übrigen deutschen Marinestreitkräften bedeckten die Ärmelabzeichen nur zu ca. 40 % den Ärmelumfang.
Die Admiralskragenspiegel zeigten eine goldfarbene Ranke, die am unteren Ende einen Winkel von 90° aufwies. Das Mützenabzeichen entsprach dem des Vizeadmirals der Deutschen Marine.

Die nebenstehende Abbildung zeigt beispielhaft die Ranginsignien: Admiralsarabesken (1), Schulterstück (2), Ärmelstreifen (3), Lampassen (4) und die zugehörige Kommandoflagge (5).

Wehrmacht

In der Kriegsmarine war der Vizeadmiral der zweitniedrigste, Zwei-Sterne-Admiralsrang.

Gemeinsame Armee

Bei der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine lautete die Bezeichnung, abgeleitet aus dem Französischen, Vizeadmiral.

Weblinks

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Admiralsdienstgrad
Dienstgrad der Marine (Bundeswehr)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How can be detected when an app has been restored from a backup? ALAssetPropertyAssetURL property is a handy way to store a reference to an ALAsset but during system restore (or upgrade) some assets might change this property. While there might be some workarounds to update the assets reference url, how do I detect when this is needed? System updgrade is easy, but how do I detect when an app has been restored from a backup, also if this happened in the same device?

A: When your app launches, look in the documents for a file of a known name (DidLaunch.txt, say), and if its not there, create it, and set its metadata "Do Not Backup". On every launch, look for that file - if its there, you previously launched on this device. If its not there, this is a fresh launch.

A: bookmark objects are how I typically maintain access to resources that the user may shift on me.
From the NSURL Class Reference

Starting in OS X v10.6, the NSURL class provides a facility for creating and using bookmark objects. A bookmark provides a persistent reference to a file-system resource. When you resolve a bookmark, you obtain a URL to the resource's current location. A bookmark's association with a file-system resource (typically a file or folder) usually continues to work if the user moves or renames the resource, or if the user relaunches your app or restarts the system.

I don't know about how it would handle restorations from backups (sounds like you'd be digging deep in the bowels of the OS to comprehend that one), but It's probably your best option regardless.


You are using cococa Burundi contact form which will be forwarded to our central inbox. Please note that we offer specialised contact persons on many theme and product pages on our website which you can contact there directly. We are able to process your request more quickly in common.


text:
Watch Free Documentaries Online
In Holding the Sun we get to look into a Canadian family's struggle to save their son from schizophrenia and cope with the consequences of the condition. The Millar family was torn apart when on May 30th, 1997, Ruth Millar's son Aaron came calmly up behind her and stuck a sword through her heart. Earlier that morning Ruth wrote to her husband about Aaron's schizophrenia. She said he was looking quite psychotic these days, not in a harmful way but simply because he lives in his own world. She explained that... Would you cross the Atlantic on a sailboat? Interesting documentary which examines the myth and reality behind some of the most famous cases of feral children, who have been discovered around the World. In 2012, Plymouth born Sarah Colwill was rushed to hospital with what seemed to be a severe migraine. Michael Mosley explores the latest science about how our personalities are created and whether they can be changed.
http://documentaryheaven.com/category/psychology/
Color Psychology & Infoplease.com by David Johnson Like death and taxes, there is no escaping color. It is ubiquitous. Yet what does it all mean? Why are people more relaxed in green rooms? Family Tree of Greek Gods Key: The essential Olympians' names are given in bold font. See also List of Greek mythological figures Notes External links Media related to Family trees of Greek mythology at Wikimedia Commons The Battle for Your Mind: Brainwashing Techniques Being Used On The Public... Authoritarian followers Mind Control Subliminals By Dick Sutphen Summary of Contents The Birth of Conversion The Three Brain Phases How Revivalist Preachers Work Voice Roll Technique Six Conversion Techniques 1. keeping agreements 2.physical and mental fatigue 3. increase the tension 4. Uncertainty. 5. Jargon 6.
10 Psychological Effects of Nonsexual Touch A simple (nonsexual) touch can increase compliance, helping behaviour, attraction, and signal power. To get around in the world, we mainly rely on our eyes and ears. Touch is a sense that's often forgotten. But touch is also vital in the way we understand and experience the world. Even the lightest touch on the upper arm can influence the way we think.
Sites to Teach Anything Posted by Site Administrator in Online Learning May 7th, 2009 Learning new skills and expanding your knowledge doesn't have to cost you an arm and a leg. There are loads of free resources on the Web that can help you find instructional videos, tutorials and classes to learn a wide variety of skills from fixing basic car problems to speaking another language. With 100 sites to choose from, you're bound to find something here that will help you learn just about anything you could want. General Tutorials
Procrastination: Ten Things To Know Is your procrastination hindering you? Ten things you should know. There are many ways to avoid success in life, but the most sure-fire just might be procrastination . Eve and the Identity of Women In an effort to explain inconsistencies in the Old Testament, there developed in Jewish literature a complex interpretive system called the midrash which attempts to reconcile biblical contradictions and bring new meaning to the scriptural text. Employing both a philological method and often an ingenious imagination, midrashic writings, which reached their height in the 2nd century CE, influenced later Christian interpretations of the Bible. Inconsistencies in the story of Genesis, especially the two separate accounts of creation, received particular attention. Later, beginning in the 13th century CE, such questions were also taken up in Jewish mystical literature known as the Kabbalah.
Ten Politically Incorrect Truths About Human Nature Human nature is one of those things that everybody talks about but no one can define precisely. Every time we fall in love, fight with our spouse, get upset about the influx of immigrants into our country, or go to church, we are, in part, behaving as a human animal with our own unique evolved nature—human nature. This means two things. First, our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are produced not only by our individual experiences and environment in our own lifetime but also by what happened to our ancestors millions of years ago. Second, our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are shared, to a large extent, by all men or women, despite seemingly large cultural differences. Human behavior is a product both of our innate human nature and of our individual experience and environment.
25 ideas to make life easier Via: amy-newnostalgia.blogspot.com Why didn't I think of that?! We guarantee you'll be uttering those words more than once at these ingenious little tips, tricks and ideas that solve everyday problems … some you never knew you had! (Above: hull strawberries easily using a straw). Via: apartmenttherapy.com Rubbing a walnut over scratches in your furniture will disguise dings and scrapes. Via: unplggd.com
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Guess it's a waiting game now ..
It's early on in the year/recruitment cycle, so if you've made a decent case for yourself I'm sure you'll get an invite! Best of luck!
Yeah, I had the wait from November until early January to hear about an assessment, but I imagine you might well hear within a month or so. They said they are recruiting and training the whole year round now, so plenty of opportunity to get to one!
Same as you, new user.
Done my Sit Strength test on the Feb 25th and video interview Feb 27th. Got an email today saying I had passed and they are considering my application. Hoping that they are waiting for numbers then will get an invite.
I am in the Scottish Borders so pretty rural but not far from Edinburgh.
Just reading through this and can�t believe the wait some people have had, I applied mid January and start on the 19th.
Okay - new user here. I've read a lot of this thread which has been really useful so thanks to all who have contributed so far!
Not too worried but did anybody else pass the video interview at a similar time and heard anything since?
Think I'm in the same boat as you - done the situational strengths test and Video Interview in February and now waiting for a call to an assessment day.
Oh, I should have mentioned I passed those two items in February 2017 - YES over a year ago and umpteen "You're still on our radar" emails later I'm still hanging on. I've reached the end of the line with them now - start a part time job soon and have an interview for another part time job next week. Got bills to pay. Strap yourself in mate - it's a huge waiting game.
Mate are you saying youve been waiting for an assesment day since last Feb???
Yes. Feb 2017. So frustrating. Losing the will to live.
Yeah, I would just crack on with other stuff and if they invite you then it's a bonus as you can't hold off forever waiting. They should make a decision either way rather than keep people hanging on in my opinion. I'd be happier knowing regardless of the outcome.
I'd also probably fire in another application for this year's cycle, with an updated CV of what you've done since then etc., showing you're keen and staying on their radar.
Same, applied Feb 2017 and only this morning got an invite to an assessment centre in Birmingham in 2 weeks. Anyone have any info on where the assessment centre is located in Birmingham?


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Where Does Jojoba Come From?
Our passion for Australian jojoba starts at our own farm at Yenda, New South Wales, Australia.
Our jojoba seeds are selected for their quality and ability to adapt to Australian conditions. The plants love the sunny Australian outback where they are not affected by pests or diseases.
Our jojoba plantations are made up of thousands of female jojoba shrubs with every seventeenth shrub being male.
During Spring time, primitive looking flowers appear on the female shrubs; these have no petals as they do not need to attract birds or insects for pollination, instead pollination comes from the male shrub. As the male shrubs release their pollen, it drifts across the plantation fertilising the female flowers. Once fertilised, the flowers close and form pods – jojoba beans then begin to form in these pods.
Throughout the remainder of Spring and into Summer, the beans slowly mature and begin to dry. When fully mature, the pod splits and the beans simply fall to the ground. Sweeper harvests then drive through the plantations collecting the beans.
Harvested beans are sorted and cleaned to remove any soil. Beans are then slowly and gently cold pressed to release the pure jojoba, which makes up about 50% of the mass of the bean.
This 100% natural Australian jojoba lies at the foundation of our entire skin care range.


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A fantastic opportunity has arisen for a Software Engineer - C++ / Java to join a global technology company based in Harlow, Essex specialising in the defence and security markets. My client has a brand new Development Centre where they are expanding their Software Development Team and they are looking for 10+ Software Engineers ranging from recent graduates to experienced engineers.
They have recently won a major project with a large government agency to design next generation cyber security solutions.
You'll be working on very complex secure networks running on Web based platforms and TCP/IP, Ethernet applications.
Do you want to work in an office with pool tables, PlayStation's and free snacks? If so, this company may be the ideal employer for you with a modern attitude towards their working environment.
> Experience in C++ based application development.
> Experience in Java application development.
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Knowledge of configuration and deployment software applications and exposure to the full software development lifecycle.
All successful applicants must be a British Citizen and be eligible & willing to obtain an SC clearance with the view to progressing to DV level.
This would be a fantastic opportunity for a highly motivated Software Engineer - C++ / Java that is passionate about achieving success. My client offers exciting and rewarding career progression and works hard to stand out from standard information security companies.
If you have any specific questions or wish to apply for the Software Engineer - C++ / Java job, please send an up to date CV to ARees@redlinegroup.Com or call Adam Rees on 01582 878825.


> i have no ssh access, how i login?
GNU projects.  Savannah supports most popular version control systems.
git, some subversion, some mercurial, some cvs, some other system.
must look at each project individually.


TAMPA, Fla. -- People living in South Tampa showed they continue to support the family of the mother and toddler killed in a street racing crash.
They rode the entire span of the balustrade stretch of Bayshore Boulevard on Sunday to honor Jessica Raubenolt and her 2-year-old daughter Lillia and raise money for their family in Ohio.
"They really do care," said Jayden Molette, an 11-year-old who decided to jump on her bike and ride with her family and the rest of the group. "I mean we wouldn't be out here if we didn't care at all."
Raubenolt was visiting relatives in Tampa when an 18-year-old driver going 102 mph hit her and the stroller carrying the girl as they crossed Bayshore.
"Being a father myself it just really hit close to home," said Jeff Abreu, the organizer of the event. He's also apart of 813 Pedal Pushers.
All of these neighbors related to the tragedy in their own way.
"My heart was totally devastated," said Tina Rodriguez, who helped with the event.
Each of them want Jessica and Lillia's family to know how sorry they are for what happened.
"Just to do something, Man. Really let the family know we are thinking about them," said Abreu. "If we can lift them up in any kind away that's really what matters."
"It was definitely a tragic situation that happened, and I definitely wish it could've been prevented in anyway shape or form," said Molette.
Police even joined the efforts and escorted them safely down the road. They were also raffling off three bikes with the proceeds going to the Jessica and Lillia's family.
They are also asking for the City of Tampa to step up when it comes to making area roads safer.
"You need signs. You need markers on the road, flashing lights. Plus as the City of Tampa is growing there's a lot of people coming to the city and they really need to do something about it," said Abreu.


text:
Managing Conflicts of Interest and Terminating Legal Representation - A Paralegal's Guide
Avoid Conflicts of Interest and Ethically Terminate Legal Representation
90517DVDCDR
including - Ethics: 2.00
2.00 - NALA
2.00 - NFPA
Ethics & Specialty
You're devoted to your firm's clients and to upholding the law. However, as a paralegal, new ethical challenges and traps are constantly surfacing. Trying to mediate the risks and uphold an ethical reputation are not easy tasks. Do you have all the latest information you need to guard against conflicts of interest and terminate legal representation while avoiding malpractice? This fast-paced program offers legal ethics tactics that will help you maintain your impeccable professional reputation while avoiding risks and liability. Register today!
Clarify the types of conflicts of interest and the consequences that go along with them.
Find out when you must terminate representation.
Determine how to ethically end the attorney-client relationship.
Learn the steps you need to take when reporting a client for unlawful behavior.
Identifying and Avoiding Conflicts of Interest
Terminating Legal Representation
All times are shown in Eastern time.
2:00 - 3:00, Farnoosh Faryabi
Types of Conflicts of Interest
Consequences of Conflicts of Interest
Disqualification, Informed Consent and Waiver
3:15 - 4:15, Howard L. Lotven
Is There an Attorney-Client Relationship? When Does an Attorney-Client Relationship Begin?
When Must You/Should You Terminate a Representation?
How to Ethically Say Goodbye and How to Protect Your Right to Get Paid
Reporting a Client for Unlawful Behavior
Duty of Confidentiality in Interrupted Attorney-Client Relationships
What to Do if You Cannot Reach the Client to Communicate the End of the Relationship
CA MCLE Paralegal - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2023
DE Certified Paralegal Program - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2022
This course will qualify for 2.0 DCP CLE credit hours, including 2.0 DCP ethics credit hour, toward the eligibility requirements of the DPA Delaware Certified Paralegal Program.
FL Registered Paralegal - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2022
This course will qualify for 2.0 hours of self-study continuing education for paralegals, including 2.0 hour of self-study ethics credit, toward the eligibility requirements of the Florida Registered Paralegal Program.
IN Paralegal CLE - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2022
This course will qualify for 2.0 hours of distance learning continuing education for paralegals, including 2.0 hour of ethics, toward the eligibility requirements as a paralegal affiliate member of the Indiana State Bar Association. No more than 3.0 hours of distance learning CLE credit may be earned during a reporting period.
MT CLE Credit for Paralegals - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2023
NALA - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2022
This seminar meets the requirements of the NALA Certifying Board for 2.0 hours, including 2.0 ethics, of continuing legal education self-study credit required to maintain the CP(Certified Paralegal) credential.
NFPA - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2022
This seminar has been approved by The National Federation of Paralegal Associations, Inc. (NFPA) for 2.0 hours of Continuing Legal Education self-study credit, including 2.0 hour of ethics.
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This course will qualify for 2.0 hours of self-study continuing education for paralegals, including 2.0 hour of ethics, toward the eligibility requirements of the Ohio State Bar Association Paralegal Certification program.
NM Paralegal Division, State Bar of NM - 2.00 Approval Exp. 9/9/2023
FARNOOSH FARYABI is an attorney with MDK Law, where she focuses her practice in the areas of contract law, health law and business litigation. Ms. Faryabi is admitted to practice in Washington and California. She earned her B.S. and B.A. degrees from the University of Washington, her J.D. degree from Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and her LL.M. degree in health law from the University of Washington.
HOWARD L. LOTVEN is a sole practitioner with the law office of Howard L. Lotven P.C. Mr. Lotven primarily represents clients in criminal/municipal courts and traffic courts. He has been either a prosecutor or a defense attorney in more than 10,000 cases. Mr. Lotven also represents clients in family law matters, including divorce, paternity, modification of child support, custody and visitation. His professional associations and memberships include the Kansas City Metropolitan Bar Association (Municipal Court Committee; Family Law Committee; Criminal Law Section; Volunteer Attorney Project), The Missouri Bar (Criminal Law Committee; General Practice Committee), the Municipal Court Prosecutors Association of Western Missouri, the Missouri Municipal and Associate Circuit Judges Association, and the Association of Women Lawyers. Mr. Lotven is admitted to practice in Missouri and before the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri and the U.S. Federal Court. He presently serves as a lecturer for the Kansas City Metropolitan Bar Association on practicing in municipal and traffic courts. Mr. Lotven earned his B.A. degree, with honors, from Drake University; and his J.D. degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law.
Paralegal Ethics: Critical Email Mistakes to Avoid and Correct
Video DVD:
Choose Your Coursebook Option:
CD-ROM Hardcopy
Business Contracts A-Z for Paralegals
Core Competencies for the Corporate Paralegal


text:
Home Features 15 Great Asian Westerns
15 Great Asian Westerns
Panos Kotzathanasis
Evidently, not the most famous category of films coming out of Asia, since the genre has been associated with Italy and Hollywood almost completely. However, in the vast plethora of movies coming out of the continent, there were bound to be some productions in the genre, which, as we are about to see, come from a number of different countries. Manchuria has always been a place to shoot these films for the Japanese and the Koreans, but lately the Indonesia landscape has been also used, for a couple of films. India and Thailand also have their share of films in the genre.
Evidently, the category stretches the term a bit, and goes beyond the basic elements of guns and desert settings. Here are 15 of the finest samples, in chronological order
1. Yojimbo (Akira Kurosawa, 1961, Japan)
Buy This Title
2. The Drifting Avenger (Junya Sato, 1968, Japan)
3. Break Up The Chain (Lee Man-hee, 1971, S. Korea)
4. Shanghai Express (Sammo Hung, 1986, Hong Kong)
5. Majestic Lion (K. Muralimohana Rao, 1990, India)
6. East Meets West (Kihachi Okamoto, 1995, Japan)
Watch This Title
7. Tears of the Black Tiger (Wisit Sasanatieng, 2000, Thailand)
8. Dynamite Warrior (Chalerm Wongpim, 2006, Thailand)
9. Sukiyaki Western Django (Takashi Miike, 2007, Japan)
10. The Good, the Bad, the Weird (Kim Jee-woon, 2008, S. Korea)
11. Samurai Avenger: The Blind Wolf (Kurando Mitsutake, 2009, Japan)
12. Let The Bullets Fly (Jiang Wen, 2010, China)
13. Unforgiven (Lee Sang-il, 2013, Japan)
14. Marlina the Murderer in Four Acts (Mouly Surya, 2017, Indonesia)
15. Buffalo Boys (Mike Wiluan, 2018, Indonesia)
Chalerm Wongpim
Dynamite Warrior
Junya Sato
K. Muralimohana Rao
Kihachi Okamoto
Kim Jee-Woon
Kurando Mitsutake
Lee Man-Hee
Lee Sang-il
Let The Bullets Fly
Majestic Lion
Mike Wiluan
Mouly Surya
Sammo Hung
Samurai Avenger: The Blind Wolf
Sukiyaki Western Django
Tears of the Black Tiger
The Weird
Wisit Sasanatieng
https://www.facebook.com/panos.kotzathanasis
My name is Panos Kotzathanasis and I am Greek. Being a fan of Asian cinema and especially of Chinese kung fu and Japanese samurai movies since I was a little kid, I cultivated that love during my adolescence, to extend to the whole of SE Asia. Starting from my own blog in Greek, I then moved on to write for some of the major publications in Greece, and in a number of websites dealing with (Asian) cinema, such as Taste of Cinema, Hancinema, EasternKicks, Chinese Policy Institute, and of course, Asian Movie Pulse. in which I still continue to contribute. In the beginning of 2017, I launched my own website, Asian Film Vault, which I merged in 2018 with Asian Movie Pulse, creating the most complete website about the Asian movie industry, as it deals with almost every country from East and South Asia, and definitely all genres. You can follow me on Facebook and Twitter.
Short Film Review: Autumn Days (2015) by Tsai Ming-liang
Film Review: Sanshiro Sugata (1943) by Akira Kurosawa
Film Review: Dreams (1990) by Akira Kurosawa
Film Review: Red Beard (1965) by Akira Kurosawa
Interview with Sunny Pang: When you do stunts it's like rolling the dices
Indonesian Reviews
Film Review: Buffalo Boys (2018) by Mike Wiluan


Yes, it's ironic (or something) that this month I have spent a huge amount of money on a vacation, and charity is last on the list at $1. The vacation is definitely a once-in-a-lifetime thing, so even though I feel a bit crazy for spending this money, in the bigger picture I'm okay with it. I told myself I'd be really frugal in other areas to kind of make up for it, but that's not really going all that well. It would take an awful lot of do-it-yourself instant oatmeal to save up what I'm spending on this trip!
Just curious where you're getting internet access for $29.57 monthly.
My internet is via Time Warner Cable-- it's usually $29.99 but I got a weird little credit this month for some reason.
Seriously, $1? Who would even track $1? I'm surprised you don't feel embarassed.
Who would even track $1?
Me! I track every $1, or at least try to, no matter what I spend it on or who I give it to.
Embarassed about $1 to charity (not about tracking the $1).
I know you can't bully people into charitable giving, but don't you want to give out of your abundance, as a way of saying "thank you"?
Anon, the $1 is just for the month of May. There are many months when I give quite a bit more, for the exact reasons you cite. I never quite feel that I give "enough" but "enough" is impossible to define.
You go girl! Better to take care of yourself so others don't have to. What you give is up to you and you alone.


In 1946, an essayist and poet Jorge Luis Borges wrote a frequently referred to fable about ambitious cartographers who drew up a map so detailed that it ended up covering the territory of an Empire exactly. This, of course, defeated the very purpose of the map, so it eventually decayed to shreds under the feet of successive generations.
In the digital realm, however, we don't luckily have above kinds of spatial issues, which enable us to create as detailed representations of reality as we are willing and able to without worrying how much virtual space it may occupy. The world is ours to model.
And that is exactly what must have been on the minds of the people at C3 Technologies when they decided to develop their cutting edge aerial 3D imagining technology. I saw first demo videos of it few years back and couldn't believe the level of definition and overall quality of the imagery: It looked too good to be true.
But now that the C3's mapping technology has put in more mainstream use by Nokia, the significance of it becomes clearer and clearer: This changes the geological cartography as we know it. And the true beauty of the tech is the presumably minimal amount of manual labor that goes into the creation process, so the cost and time per square-kilometer should remain reasonable, which is crucial for the future of the technology.
Admittedly Google Earth does include a similar project to 3D model at least the major cities, but the fact is, it doesn't play even in the same ballpark what comes to the level of photorealism. Currently, C3's offering simply kills the competition as far as I know, and it's hard to see anyone else to come up with a better (or even equal) solution in any foreseeable future.
Of course, C3's maps are far from perfect 3D representations of their real-life counterparts since the maps basically simulate only space  and not light, which becomes quite apparent and distracting when looking at metropolitan areas with highly reflective skyscrapers. Plus, the shadows are completely depended on the weather conditions of the day of shooting, so the overall look may vary drastically within a large region, but these are known issues of photo-based modeling in general.
When I was younger, I was very much into scale models, like dioramas and such. They fascinated me beyond comprehension and my theory is that real-time imagery, like these 3D maps, intrigues me for similar reasons. I'm yet to pinpoint exactly what those reasons may be, but my gut feeling says it has got to do with this god-like, omnipotent perspective on the reality. That one can seemingly twist and turn a piece of reality as one pleases, which, of course, isn't the case with the "real reality".
This entry was posted on May 13, 2011 at 3:21 pm and is filed under Geometry.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Gleeson-White,Jane.2011. Double Entry: How the Merchants ofVenice Created Modern Finance,London: W. W.Norton & Company.
Hadden,Richard. 1994. On the Shoulders of Merchants: Exchange and the Mathematical Conceptionof Nature in Early Modern Europe. Albany: State University of New YorkPress.
Heath,Thomas. 1921. AHistory of Greek Mathematics. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lauwers , Luc& Willekens , Marleen.1994.Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli. Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management .Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 39 ( 3 ) :289–304.
Plato. 1925. Timaeus. Plato inTwelve Volumes. Vol. 9. trans. by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press; London: William HeinemannLtd.
Van der Waerden,B.L. 1954. trans. by Dresden,Arnold. ScienceAwakening. Groningen: P. Noordhoff Ltd.
刘钝. 2002.数学、历史与马克思主义. 科学技术与辩证法. 19卷2期. 72-76.
刘钝. 2013.帕乔利:数学、上帝和资本. 科学文化评论. 10卷1期. 126-128.
梅文鼎. 1759. 几何补编. 梅氏丛书辑要.卷二十五-二十八. 乾隆二十四年承学堂刊本.


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Neighbors First for Bywater will be holding a forum to discuss the Sun Yard proposal for much of the 3000-block of St. Claude. This will take place on our regular meeting evening, March 7 at 7pm at the Stallings Center (St. Claude on the river side just before Poland).
Although neighbors will have a chance to ask questions at the meeting, we would like to put together the most important questions ahead of time in order to avoid repetition and to make things run more smoothly.
The questions will be answered by one or both of the owners of Sun Yard and/or their architect or, as appropriate, by one of the near neighbors (there will be either 2 or 3 near neighbors sitting on the "panel").
The NFB board feels a moderated forum may be the best way to understand all sides concerning this development since there have already been so many opportunities to attend presentations and NPPs. We want everyone to be heard.
If you have questions now, please send them to us at this address or at info@nfbywater.org. Please include the address of your home or business in Bywater.


From the YEA! Web site: YEA! is looking for a "superstar" to join a team of committed professionals, all of whom work as part of the team. We are searching for an experienced webmaster with a strong IS background and a broad base of exposure to information technologies, project management and working with multiple applications in a fast-paced and exciting environment. A bachelor's degree is required, with further studies in information technologies, web content and graphic design strongly preferred. The ideal candidate will likely demonstrate experience in all aspects of webmaster duties: executing online marketing and advertising campaigns, creating reports on communications usage and in working with multiple database management platforms, strong knowledge of information systems and technology (including hardware and software trouble-shooting and problem-solving is also desired). One who is comfortable dealing in the multi-tasking duties of a growing non-profit with the ability to work as a self-starter with high personal standards in a "roll up your sleeves" manner is exactly the type of individual we are searching for.


text:
Donald Trump: Bring back waterboarding
By Rebecca Kaplan
November 23, 2015 / 1:14 PM / CBS News
Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump said Sunday that he would bring back waterboarding to fight the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
Asked about the possibility of reviving back the interrogation technique, Trump told ABC's "This Week" host George Stephanopoulos, "I would bring it back."
"I think waterboarding is peanuts compared to what they'd do to us, what they're doing to us, what they did to James Foley when they chopped off his head. That's a whole different level and I would absolutely bring back interrogation and strong interrogation," he said, referring to the first American journalist who was behead by the group in 2014.
President Obama banned the practice of waterboarding and other so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" after he took office in 2009.
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Trump also said Sunday that a protester who was shoved and kicked at his event over the weekend "should have been roughed up" because of his behavior.
"That the man...was so obnoxious and so loud, he was screaming," Trump said on "Fox and Friends" Sunday morning. "Maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing. This is not the way Bernie Sanders handled his problem I will tell you, but I have a lot of fans and they were not happy about it. And this was a very obnoxious guy, a troublemaker."
The businessman seemed to be referring to the time that Black Lives Matter activists forced Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders off the stage during a rally in Seattle that was meant to celebrate the anniversary of the Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs.
At a Trump campaign rally in Birmingham, Alabama Saturday, a CNN reporter shot video of several Trump supporters shoving and kicking a black protester on the ground. The news outlet reported that the man was shouting "black lives matter," which was also printed on his shirt.
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Trump on Muslim 9/11 celebrations: "I saw them, I was there"
Although he signed a pledge not to run as a third-party candidate, Trump appears to be reassessing whether he wants to keep that possibility on the table - especially since a GOP operative is apparently plotting a "guerrilla campaign" against him, according to the Wall Street Journal.
"I'm going to have to see what happens," he said when asked on ABC if he was considering a third-party bid. "I have to be treated fairly. You know, when I did this, I said I have to be treated fairly. If I'm treated fairly, I'm fine. All I want to do is a level playing field."
"I think people are surprised that, you know, they're politicians and they've been doing this stuff all their lives. I haven't. I've been a job producer," he added. "I guess they can't understand what's happening. But what's happening is very simple. People want competence now. They're tired of incompetent people."
Rebecca Kaplan
Rebecca Kaplan is a political reporter for CBSNews.com.


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text:
\section{Introduction}

Since its discovery by Mooradian in 1969 \cite{mooradian-prl69}, photoluminescence of noble metals and, later, metal nanostructures has attracted increasing interest \cite{apell-ps88,boyd-prb86,wilcoxon-jcp98,elsayed-cpl00,elsayed-jpcb03,novotny-prb03,feldmann-prb04,fourkas-nl05,wang-pnas05,bouhelier-prl05,imura-jpcb05,elsayed-prb05,schuck-prl05,eichelbaum-nanotech07,durr-nl07,wang-nl07,potma-jpcc08,park-oe08,imura-jpcc09,wang-oe09,biagioni-prb09,loumaigne-nl10,wissert-nl10,link-jpcc11,hulst-nl11,biagioni-nl12}. The underlying mechanism of metal photoluminescence (MPL) is radiative recombination of photoexcited d-band holes and upper-lying  s-band electrons---a process strongly suppressed in the bulk by a plethora of nonradiative transitions in noble metals \cite{apell-ps88}.  In confined metal structures,  MPL is considerably more efficient due to plasmon enhancement of radiative transitions \cite{boyd-prb86}. During the past decade,  a highly efficient single-photon and multiphoton-absorption-induced MPL was reported from various plasmonic systems including spherical nanoparticles (NP) \cite{wilcoxon-jcp98,novotny-prb03,feldmann-prb04,fourkas-nl05,eichelbaum-nanotech07,biagioni-prb09,loumaigne-nl10,wissert-nl10,hulst-nl11,biagioni-nl12}, nanorods \cite{elsayed-cpl00,elsayed-jpcb03,wang-pnas05,bouhelier-prl05,imura-jpcb05,elsayed-prb05,durr-nl07,imura-jpcc09,wang-oe09,link-jpcc11}, nanoshells \cite{park-oe08}, nanowires \cite{wang-nl07,potma-jpcc08}, and bowtie antennas \cite{schuck-prl05}.
This continuing interest in plasmon-enhanced MPL is fueled, in large part, by its promising applications, e.g., in imaging of blood vessels \cite{wang-pnas05} and cancer cells \cite{durr-nl07} and optical recording \cite{zijlstra-nature09}.

In this Letter, we present a microscopic theory of MPL from plasmonic nanostructures. To highlight the issue at hand, consider radiative recombination of a d-hole and an s-electron inside a spherical NP of radius $a$ much smaller than the radiation wavelength $\lambda$. Since d-holes in noble metals are strongly localized, this process can be viewed as radiation of a dipole located at the d-hole position ${\bf r}$. Radiative decay rate of such a dipole, $\Gamma_{d}^{r}$, is enhanced relative to free-space radiative decay rate, $\gamma_{d}^{r}$, by the local field factor \cite{boyd-prb86}
\begin{equation}
\label{rad}
R\equiv\dfrac{\Gamma_{d}^{r}}{\gamma_{d}^{r}}
=\left |\frac{3\epsilon_{0}}{\epsilon(\omega)+2\epsilon_{0}}\right |^{2},
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon(\omega)$ and $\epsilon_{0}$ are, respectively, metal and outside medium dielectric functions. The factor (\ref{rad}) has a peak when radiation frequency $\omega$ is close to surface plasmon frequency; the latter is defined as the pole in NP dipole polarizability, $\alpha_{1}=a^{3}(\epsilon-\epsilon_{0})/(\epsilon+2\epsilon_{0})$ [see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}(a)]. Importantly, Eq.~(\ref{rad}) depends neither on NP radius $a$ nor on d-hole position $r$, thus implying universal MPL enhancement within wide NP size range, $a\ll \lambda$.

  \begin{figure}[bt]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{nl-2012-03851z_fig-1}
  \end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:fig1} (a) Plasmon enhancement of d-hole radiative recombination for Au NP in water (solid line) and normalized absorption (dashed line). (b) Auger plasmon excitation rate by a  d-hole localized at the NP center. }
  \end{figure}

However, the experiment points to a more complicated picture. Systematic studies of MPL size dependence for spherical NPs \cite{feldmann-prb04,fourkas-nl05} revealed a strong emission reduction, by a factor 3--5, for small NP with diameters $D\lesssim 3$ nm. Furthermore, MPL from larger NPs was reduced as well \cite{novotny-prb03,fourkas-nl05}, and the brightest NPs  observed were those with $D\sim 60$ nm \cite{fourkas-nl05}. While for large NPs, plasmon enhancement is expected to weaken due to the retardation effects, its decrease for smaller NPs indicates that another mechanism, sensitive to NP size, is at work. Here, we identify this mechanism as \textit{excitation of Auger plasmons by d-holes}.

Namely, a localized d-hole can undergo a  highly efficient \textit{nonradiative} recombination with an s-electron   accompanied by excitation of surface plasmons with \textit{high} angular momenta $l$. This process is analogous to the traditional d-hole Auger scattering to s-band with a Fermi sea electron--hole pair being excited except now collective, rather than single-particle, excitations populate the final state. Importantly, the Auger plasmon excitation rate, $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$, strongly depends on the proximity of d-hole position $r$ to the metal boundary. For example, excitation of high-$l$ Auger plasmons by a d-hole located near the center of a spherical NP ($r/a\ll 1$) is suppressed by symmetry and only the dipole ($l=1$) plasmon is excited with the rate \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00} $\Gamma_{d}^{p}\propto a^{-3}$; but for a d-hole near NP boundary ($r/a\sim 1$), high-$l$  plasmons are efficiently excited causing $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ increase by several orders of magnitude.  In small NPs, where even dipole Auger plasmons are efficiently excited \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00},  the plasmon-assisted nonradiative decay rate $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ can exceed (on average) the bulk  decay rate $\gamma_{d}^{nr}$. This  leads to the \textit{size-dependent reduction} of plasmon-enhanced MPL. In fact, d-hole radiative recombination  is quenched near NP boundary, and so the light emanates mainly from NP  central  region. Below we derive general expressions for MPL enhancement factor applicable to arbitrary metal nanostructures and present explicit formulas for a spherical NP. Our numerical calculations of MPL quantum efficiency (QE) for Au NP indicate that MPL from small NPs is significantly reduced and that brightest NPs are those with $D\approx 60$ nm, in excellent agreement with the experiment \cite{feldmann-prb04,fourkas-nl05}.

Before we proceed, let us compare classical and microscopic descriptions of MPL enhancement mechanism. Within the classical approach \cite{boyd-prb86}, the radiating dipole comprised of a d-hole and an s-electron is enhanced by the surface plasmon local field. Within the microscopic approach \cite{feldmann-prb04}, MPL enhancement is caused by the appearance of plasmon-mediated radiative decay channel: the d-hole recombines nonradiatively by exciting a surface plasmon \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00} which then decays radiatively, leaving a photon in the final state. Within Fermi golden  rule, the photon emission rate is obtained by incorporating plasmons as intermediate states of the transition matrix element. Naturally, both approaches yield the same enhancement factor (\ref{rad}) for MPL intensity. However, excitation of high-$l$ Auger plasmons with lifetime  of $\sim$10 fs \cite{feldmann-prl98}  by localized d-holes provides a new nonradiative decay channel that can \textit{suppress} MPL from small plasmonic structures. Below, we incorporate Auger plasmons excitation processes within a microscopic model for MPL.

\section{Theory}

To specify the scope of our theory, let us elucidate the relevant processes  within the standard  three stage MPL model \cite{boyd-prb86,apell-ps88}. Initially, the incident light excites a nonequilibrium d-hole population which, during the second stage, undergoes fast energy and momentum relaxation due to electron--electron and electron--phonon scattering. During the third stage, those d-holes that relaxed to states with momenta $p<p_{F}$, where $p_{F}$ is the s-band Fermi momentum, recombine with upper-lying s-band electrons via vertical (in momentum space) transitions [see cartoon in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}(a)]. The overall MPL QE is given by the product $q=q_{e}q_{r}q_{d}$, where $q_{e}$, $q_{r}$ and $q_{d}$ are, respectively, the bulk QEs for d-hole excitation, relaxation, and radiative recombination stages. The latter two stages are dominated by fast nonradiative processes in noble metals \cite{apell-ps88}, including highly efficient (in the absence of energy gap between d-band and s-band) d-hole Auger scattering, which  quench d-hole momentum relaxation and radiative recombination and result in a very low bulk MPL  QE of  \cite{mooradian-prl69,apell-ps88,boyd-prb86} $q\sim 10^{-10}$.

In plasmonic structures, QEs for individual MPL stages are independently modified. For excitation stage, a change in $q_{e}$ can be substantial if some spectral overlap between the initial excitation and surface plasmon bands is present. Here we assume, however, that the incident light frequency is either well above (for single-photon-absorption-induced MPL\cite{wilcoxon-jcp98,elsayed-cpl00,elsayed-jpcb03,feldmann-prb04,elsayed-prb05,link-jpcc11,hulst-nl11}) or well below (for multiphoton-absorption-induced MPL \cite{novotny-prb03,fourkas-nl05,wang-pnas05,bouhelier-prl05,imura-jpcb05,schuck-prl05,eichelbaum-nanotech07,durr-nl07,wang-nl07,potma-jpcc08,park-oe08,imura-jpcc09,wang-oe09,biagioni-prb09,loumaigne-nl10,wissert-nl10,biagioni-nl12}) the plasmon band so that $q_{e}$ remains unaffected. The QE for fast relaxation stage, $q_{r}$, is not directly affected by plasmons although the increased d-hole surface scattering may lead to faster momentum relaxation in small nanostructures \cite{vallee-prb04}. However, $q_{r}$ is significantly enhanced for multiphoton (vs. single-photon) excitation. Indeed,  the multiphoton d-hole excitation in noble metals is  dominated by the following incoherent sequential process \cite{imura-jpcb05,imura-jpcc09,biagioni-prb09,biagioni-nl12}: an incident photon creates a vacancy in the s-band  below  the Fermi level that is filled by a d-band electron promoted by a subsequent photon. In this way, d-holes are created with momenta predominantly below $p_{F}$ and hence need not undergo large momentum transfer before radiative recombination. In the absence of phase space restriction, $q_{r}$ drastically increases resulting in a highly efficient multiphoton-absorption-induced MPL \cite{novotny-prb03,fourkas-nl05,wang-pnas05,bouhelier-prl05,imura-jpcb05,schuck-prl05,eichelbaum-nanotech07,durr-nl07,wang-nl07,potma-jpcc08,park-oe08,imura-jpcc09,wang-oe09,biagioni-prb09,loumaigne-nl10,wissert-nl10,biagioni-nl12}. A quantitative description of the above MPL dynamics is beyond the scope of our paper. Here, we focus solely on the third (recombination) MPL stage, characterized by quantum efficiency $Q_{d}$ that is strongly influenced by plasmons, and derive the QE enhancement factor, $M=Q_{d}/q_{d}$.

We start with excitation of Auger plasmons by a localized d-hole in a spherical metal NP of radius $a$. The decay rate of a photoexcited d-hole is given by $\Gamma_{d}=2\,{\rm Im}\Sigma_{d}$, where $\Sigma_{d}$ is d-hole self-energy due to electron--electron and electron--phonon interactions as well as interaction with light. In plasmonic nanostructures, the interactions between electrons (and holes) are described by dynamically-screened Coulomb potential  $U(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r}')=U_{0}({\bf r}-{\bf r}')+ \delta U(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r}')$, where $U_{0}=e^{2}/\left (\epsilon(\omega)|{\bf r}-{\bf r}'|\right )$ is the  bulk Coulomb potential ($e$ is the electron charge) and $\delta U$ contains contribution from surface excitations. In spherical NP, $\delta U$ takes the form \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00}
\begin{equation}
\label{image}
\delta U(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r}')=\sum_{lm}\frac{4\pi}{2l+1}\frac{e^{2}}{a^{2l+1}}\,\frac{1}{\tilde{\epsilon}_{l}(\omega)}\,\phi_{lm}({\bf r})\phi_{lm}^{\ast}({\bf r}'),
\end{equation}
where $\phi_{lm}({\bf r})=r^{l}Y_{lm}(\hat{\bf r})$ ($Y_{lm}$ are spherical harmonics) and the factor $1/\tilde{\epsilon}_{l}=(2l+1)/[l\epsilon+(l+1)\epsilon_{0}]-1/\epsilon$ contains a pole corresponding to surface plasmon with angular momentum $l$. The full decay rate $\Gamma_{d}$ can be split into sum $\Gamma_{d}=\gamma_{d}^{nr}+\Gamma_{d}^{r}+\Gamma_{d}^{p}$, where $\gamma_{d}^{nr}$ is  bulk nonradiative decay rate, $\Gamma_{d}^{r}$ is  plasmon-enhanced  radiative decay rate, and $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$
is plasmon-assisted nonradiative decay rate. The latter is determined by the contribution to  d-hole self-energy due to interband transitions under potential $\delta U$,
\begin{equation}
\Sigma_{d}^{p}=\sum_{lm}\frac{4\pi}{2l+1}\,\frac{\left |M_{lm}^{sd}\right |^{2}}{a^{2l+1}\tilde{\epsilon}_{l}(\omega)},
\end{equation}
where $M_{lm}^{sd}=e\langle s|\phi_{lm}({\bf r})|d\rangle$ is the interband transition matrix element. To evaluate $M_{lm}^{sd}$, we adopt the tight-binding approach used for calculation of local field corrections to the dielectric function \cite{wiser-pr63,nagel-prb75,krezin-prb95}. First, we expand the d-hole Bloch function in the Wannier basis as $u_{d{\bf k}}({\bf r})={\cal V}^{-1}\sum_{j}e^{i{\bf k}\cdot {\bf r}_{j}}\varphi_{d}({\bf r-r}_{j})$, where $\varphi_{d}({\bf r-r}_{j})$ is the localized hole wave-function for atomic position ${\bf r}_{j}$ and ${\cal V}$ is unit cell volume. Note that, for a given d-hole position, only one term effectively contributes to the sum. In this basis, the matrix element of a smooth (on atomic scale) function $\phi_{lm}({\bf r})$ between d-band and s-band states is $e\langle s|\phi_{lm}({\bf r})|dj\rangle={\bf d}_{sd}\cdot \nabla \phi_{lm}({\bf r}_{j})$, where ${\bf d}_{sd}=e\langle s|({\bf r-r}_{j})|dj\rangle$ is the interband dipole matrix element \cite{wiser-pr63,nagel-prb75,krezin-prb95}. The next step is to average $\langle|{\bf d}_{sd}\cdot \nabla \phi_{lm}({\bf r})|^{2}\rangle$ over orientations of ${\bf d}_{sd}$ assuming isotropic angular distribution: $\langle d_{sd}^{\mu}d_{sd}^{\nu}\rangle =\frac{1}{3}d_{sd}^{2}\delta_{\mu\nu}$. Finally, using the relation $\frac{4\pi}{2l+1}\sum_{m} |\nabla \phi_{lm}({\bf r})|^{2}=l(2l+1)r^{2l-2}$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\label{nonrad}
\Sigma_{d}^{p}=-\frac{d_{sd}^{2}}{3a^{3}}\sum_{l}l\left (2l+1\right )\frac{1}{\tilde{\epsilon}_{l}(\omega)}\left (\frac{r}{a}\right )^{2l-2}.
\end{equation}
The surface-induced decay rate $\Gamma_{d}^{p}=2\,\text{Im}\Sigma_{d}^{p}$ peaks at frequencies satisfying $\epsilon(\omega)+(1+1/l)\epsilon_{0}=0$ indicating Auger plasmon excitation.  A d-hole at the NP center ($r=0$) decays into dipole plasmon only with the rate \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00}
$\Gamma_{d1}^{p}=-2\left (d_{sd}^{2}/a^{3}\right )\text{Im}\left [1/\tilde{\epsilon}_{1}(\omega)\right ]$. In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}(b), we plot  $\Gamma_{d1}^{p}$ to illustrate the huge (up to $10^{5}$) difference between plasmon-assisted radiative and nonradiative  decay rates.

Turning to MPL QE, the radiated energy density  $S(\omega)$ of a dipole with excitation energy $E^{sd}$ is given by \cite{novotny-book,pustovit-prl09,pustovit-prb10}
\begin{equation}
\label{S}
S(\omega)\propto \frac{\omega\Gamma_{d}^{r}}{|\omega-E^{sd}+\Sigma_{d} |^{2}}=\text{Im}\,\frac{2\omega Q_{d}}{E^{sd}-\Sigma_{d}-\omega},
\end{equation}
where $\Sigma_{d}$ is d-hole full self-energy and $Q_{d}=\Gamma_{d}^{r}/\Gamma_{d}$ is  QE for d-hole radiative recombination. Summing up Eq.~(\ref{S}) over empty d-band and occupied s-band states and returning to the momentum space \cite{wiser-pr63,nagel-prb75,krezin-prb95}, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\label{S-final}
S(\omega)\propto \omega Q_{d}(\omega)\,\tilde{\chi}''_{d}(\omega),
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{chi}
\tilde{\chi}_{d}(\omega) = \frac{e^{2}}{m^{2}}\int\!\frac{d {\bf p}}{(2\pi)^{3}}
\frac{\mu^{2}}{(E_{p}^{sd})^{2}}\frac{f(E_{p}^{s})\left [1-f(E_{p}^{d})\right ]}{E_{p}^{sd}-\Sigma_{d}(\omega)-\omega} ,
\end{equation}
is interband susceptibility modified by the surface, $E_{p}^{sd}=E_{p}^{s}-E_{p}^{d}$ is vertical transition energy between d-band and s-band with dispersions $E_{p}^{d}$ and $E_{p}^{s}$, respectively, $\mu=imE_p^{sd}d_{sd}/e$ is the interband momentum matrix element ($m$ is electron mass), and $f$ is the Fermi function. Importantly, the self-energy $\Sigma_{d}$ in Eq.~(\ref{chi}) depends on $\omega$ rather than on  $E_{p}^{cd}$ \cite{shahbazyan-prl98,shahbazyan-prb99,shahbazyan-cp00}, which allows us to factor out $Q_{d}(\omega)$ in Eq.~(\ref{S-final}). The bulk radiated energy density is recovered from Eqs. (\ref{S-final}) and (\ref{chi}) by replacing $\Sigma_{d}$ with $i\gamma_{d}=i(\gamma_{nr}+\gamma_{r})$, yielding $S_{0}\propto \omega q_{d}\,\chi''_{d}(\omega)$, where $q_{d}=\gamma_{d}^{r}/(\gamma_{d}^{r}+\gamma_{d}^{nr})$ and $\chi_{d}(\omega)$ are, respectively, bulk QE and interband susceptibility. Note that in Eq.~(\ref{chi}), the plasmon contribution to $\Sigma_{d}$ plays no significant role due to the integration over off-resonant ${\bf p}$-states, so that $\tilde{\chi}_{d}(\omega)$ in Eq.~(\ref{S-final}) can be replaced by its bulk counterpart $\chi_{d}(\omega)$. The local enhancement factor, $A(\omega,{\bf r})=S/S_{0}$, then takes the form
\begin{equation}
\label{enh-qe}
A(\omega,{\bf r})=\frac{Q_{d}}{q_{d}}=\frac{R}{q_{d}\left (P+R-1\right )+1},
\end{equation}
where $R(\omega,{\bf r})=\Gamma_{d}^{r}/\gamma_{d}^{r}$ and  $P(\omega,{\bf r})=\Gamma_{d}^{p}/\gamma_{d}^{r}$  both, in general, depend  on system geometry and d-hole position.

The average enhancement factor, $M$, is obtained by averaging the local enhancement factor $A(\omega,{\bf r})$ over d-hole positions inside a nanostructure.  Here we note that d-holes \textit{spatial} distribution stays largely unaffected  during the fast relaxation stage, so we can adopt the normalized distribution function $F(\omega_{i},{\bf r})=S(\omega_{i},{\bf r})/\int d{\bf r} S$, where $S(\omega_{i},{\bf r})$ is the absorbed power density,
\begin{equation}
S(\omega_{i},{\bf r})= \frac{\omega_{i}}{2}\epsilon''(\omega_{i})\left |{\bf E}(\omega_{i},{\bf r})\right |^{2},
\end{equation}
and ${\bf E}(\omega_{i},{\bf r})$ is the local field at incident light frequency $\omega_{i}$. Then the enhancement factor \textit{per radiating d-hole} is given by the weighted average of $A(\omega,{\bf r})$ over metal volume
\begin{equation}
\label{enh-per}
M(\omega_{i},\omega)=\int dV F(\omega_{i},{\bf r})A(\omega,{\bf r}).
\end{equation}
Equations (\ref{enh-qe})-(\ref{enh-per}) represent our model of plasmon-assisted MPL that applies to any metal structure.  Below we consider MPL from a spherical NP integrated over emission angles. Since the excitation and radiation stages are separated by the relaxation stage, the incident and emitted light polarizations are uncorrelated. In this case, $R$ and $P$ in Eq.~(\ref{enh-qe}) depend only on radial coordinate $r$, and  $F(\omega_{i},{\bf r})$ in Eq. (\ref{enh-per}) can be replaced by its average, $\bar{F}(\omega_{i},r)=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int d\Omega F(\omega_{i},{\bf r})$. Using Mie theory formulae for the electric fields inside a metal sphere \cite{bohren-book}, we have $\bar{F}(\omega_{i},r)=F_{0}(\omega_{i})R(\omega_{i},r)$ with $F_{0}=\epsilon'' k_{i}/\epsilon_{0}C_{ab}$, where $C_{ab}$ is NP absorption crosssection, $k_{i}=\omega_{i}\sqrt{\epsilon_{0}}/c$ is the wavevector and $c$ is speed of light, yielding

\begin{equation}
\label{enh-np}
M=\frac{\epsilon''(\omega_{i}) k_{i}}{C_{ab}(\omega_{i})\epsilon_{0}}\int  \frac{dV\, R(\omega_{i},r)R(\omega,r)}{q_{d}\left [P(\omega,r)+R(\omega,r)-1\right ]+1}.
\end{equation}
For small NP ($a\ll \lambda$), $R$ and $P$ are derived, respectively, from Eqs. (\ref{rad}) and (\ref{nonrad}) using  $\gamma_{d}^{r}=4d_{sd}^{2}\omega^{3}\sqrt{\epsilon_{0}}/3c^{3}$, and $C_{ab}=4\pi k_{i}\alpha''_{1}$; the formulas for NPs of arbitrary size \cite{bohren-book,chew-jcp87} are provided in the Supporting Information.

\section{Numerical results}

Calculations were performed for an Au NP in water using standard Au parameters \cite{cooper-pr65} along with bulk d-hole decay time of 40 fs \cite{elsayed-jpcb03,feldmann-prb04,elsayed-prb05} rendering $q_{d}$ in the interval (3--4)$\times 10^{-7}$ within the plasmon band range 500--600 nm. Angular momenta up to $l_{max}=100$ were included in the evaluation of $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ (in small NP, $l_{max}$ is restricted by $ap_{F}$), and experimental Au dielectric function was used throughout.

  \begin{figure}

  \includegraphics[width=0.95\columnwidth]{nl-2012-03851z_fig-2}
 \caption{\label{fig:fig2} Surface-induced nonradiative decay rate (a) and local enhancement factor (b) near plasmon resonance ($\lambda=550$ nm) is shown vs. d-hole radial position in Au NP.}
  \end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(a), we plot $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ normalized to $\gamma_{d}^{r}$ against d-hole position $r$ for $\omega$ near the dipole plasmon resonance (compare to Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}). For d-hole at the NP center, only the dipole Auger plasmon is excited, but for $r\sim a$, $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$  increases by several orders of magnitude due to the high-$l$ contribution [see Eq.~(\ref{nonrad})].  Near NP boundary, $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ exceeds significantly the bulk d-hole decay rate $\gamma_{d}^{nr}$, leading to drastic reduction of local enhancement factor $A(\omega,{\bf r})$ [see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(b)]. This effect is especially strong in small NP ($D=2$ nm) where $\Gamma_{d}^{p}$ and $\gamma_{d}^{nr}$ are largely comparable in most of NP volume (i.e., away from NP center and its boundary). Note that for $D$ smaller than the skin depth ($\approx 20$ nm for Au), d-holes are distributed nearly uniformly throughout NP volume and their distribution function is simply $F=3/4\pi a^{3}$. In this case, it is NP central region that mainly contributes to MPL, i.e., NP has a "bright" core and "dark" edge that expands toward NP center as its size decreases.

  \begin{figure}[bt]
  \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{nl-2012-03851z_fig-3}
  \end{center}
\caption{\label{fig:fig3} MPL enhancement factor for Au NP with diameters in the range 2--40 nm (a) and 60--160 nm (b). The maximal enhancement is achieved for $D=60$ nm NP.}
  \end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3} we plot the average enhancement factor $M$, calculated from Eq.~(\ref{enh-np}), for Au NPs with diameters between 2 nm and 160 nm. In a wide size range of 4--100 nm, $M$ varies only weakly (within factor of 2), and the strongest enhancement is achieved for $D=60$ nm NP, consistent with experiment \cite{fourkas-nl05}. For small NP ($D=2$ nm),  M falls by a factor $\sim$4 relative to maximum enhancement, also consistent with the data \cite{feldmann-prb04,fourkas-nl05}. Note that this remarkable agreement with experiment is achieved without use of fitting parameters. For larger NPs ($D=80$ and 100 nm), the MPL peak is redshifted \cite{novotny-prb03}, and with a further size  increase  ($D=160$ nm), the plasmon band nearly disappears and MPL is diminished. Thus, the emergence of optimal NP sizes in the range of 40--80 nm is due to the interplay between two different damping mechanisms: weakening of plasmon resonance in larger NPs due to electromagnetic effects (retardation) and MPL quenching in smaller NPs due to quantum effects (excitation of Auger plasmons).

\section{Conclusion}
In summary, we presented a microscopic theory for plasmon-enhanced metal photoluminescence. We have shown that,  in small nanostructures, plasmon-enhanced luminescence is hindered due to highly efficient excitation of Auger plasmons by photoexcited d-holes. Our numerical calculations of the MPL enhancement factor for spherical Au nanoparticles are in excellent agreement with experiment.

This work was supported in part by NSF Grants DMR-1206975 and HRD-0833178.

\section*{Supporting Information}

Here we present expressions for the surface-induced decay of an excited dipole comprised of a localized d-hole and s-electron  inside a spherical NP of radius $a$. This problem is mathematically similar to the decay of a dipole placed inside a dielectric sphere \cite{chew-jcp87}, so we adopt that solution here while noting the differences between dielectric and metal spheres. The decay rate is related to the electric field Green dyadic, ${\bf G}(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r}')$, at the dipole position ${\bf r}$ as \cite{novotny-book}
\begin{equation}
\label{rate-green}
\Gamma_{d}=\frac{8\pi\omega^{2}}{c^{2}}\,\text{Im}\,{\bf d}\cdot {\bf G}(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r})\cdot {\bf d},
\end{equation}
where ${\bf d}=d {\bf n}$ is the dipole moment and averaging over its orientations ${\bf n}$ is implied (the effects of electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering can be incorporated by adding the bulk decay rate  $\gamma_{d}^{nr}$, see main text). The Green dyadic has free and scattered parts, ${\bf G}={\bf G}^{0}+{\bf G}^{s}$, where $G_{\mu\nu}^{0}(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r})=i\delta_{\mu\nu}k/6\pi$ (here $k=\omega\sqrt{\epsilon}/c$), and ${\bf G}^{s}$ has the form \cite{chew-jcp87}
\begin{align}
&{\bf G}^{s}(\omega;{\bf r},{\bf r})=\frac{ik}{4\pi}\sum_{l}(2l+1)\Biggl [E_{l}l(l+1)\left [\frac{j_{l}(x)}{x}\right ]^{2}\hat{\bf r}\hat{\bf r}
~~~
\nonumber\\
&~~~~
+\frac{1}{2}\left [E_{l}\left [\frac{[xj_{l}(x)]'}{x}\right ]^{2}+F_{l}j_{l}^{2}(x)\right ]\left (\hat{\bm \theta}\hat{\bm \theta}+\hat{\bm \phi}\hat{\bm \phi}\right )\Biggr],
\end{align}
where $(\hat{\bf r},\hat{\boldsymbol \theta},\hat{\boldsymbol \phi})$ are unit vectors in spherical coordinates, $j_{l}(x)$ is the spherical Bessel function and $x=kr$. The Mie coefficients $E_{l}$ and $F_{l}$ are given by
\begin{align}
\label{EF}
&E_{l}=\left [\epsilon_{0}h_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}h_{l}(x_{1})\right ]'-\epsilon h_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}h_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'\right ]/D_{l}^{e},
\nonumber\\
&F_{l}=\left [h_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}h_{l}(x_{1})\right ]'- h_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}h_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'\right ]/D_{l}^{m},
\end{align}
with
\begin{align}
\label{DD}
&D_{l}^{e}=\epsilon j_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}h_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'-\epsilon_{0} h_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}j_{l}(x_{1})\right ]',
\nonumber\\
&D_{l}^{m}=j_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}h_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'- h_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}j_{l}(x_{1})\right ]',
\end{align}
where $h_{l}(x)=j_{l}(x)+iy_{l}(x)$ is the spherical Hankel function and we adopted the notations $x_{1}=\left (\omega\sqrt{\epsilon}/c\right )a$ and $x_{2}=\left (\omega\sqrt{\epsilon_{0}}/c\right )a$ (prime stands for derivative). Normalizing $\Gamma_{d}$ by radiative decay rate in outside medium, $\gamma_{d}^{r}=4d^{2}\omega^{3}\sqrt{\epsilon_{0}}/3c^{3}$, and averaging over dipole orientations, we obtain
\begin{align}
\label{rate-full}
&\frac{\Gamma_{d}}{\gamma_{d}^{r}}=\text{Re}\,\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon}{\epsilon_{0}}}\Biggl [1+\sum_{l}\left (l+\frac{1}{2}\right )\biggl [E_{l}l(l+1)\left [\frac{j_{l}(x)}{x}\right ]^{2}
\nonumber\\
&
~~~~~~~~~
+E_{l}\biggl [\frac{[xj_{l}(x)]'}{x}\biggr]^{2}+F_{l}j_{l}^{2}(x)\biggr]\Biggr ].
\end{align}
The radiative decay rate $\Gamma_{d}^{r}$ is derived by integrating the Poynting vector over a sphere with infinite radius \cite{chew-jcp87},
\begin{align}
\label{rate-rad}
&\frac{\Gamma_{d}^{r}}{\gamma_{d}^{r}}=\sum_{l}\left (l+\frac{1}{2}\right )\Biggl [\left |\frac{\epsilon}{ka D_{l}^{e}}\right |^{2}\Biggl [l(l+1)\left |\frac{j_{l}(kr)}{kr}\right |^{2}
\nonumber\\
&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+\biggl |\frac{[krj_{l}(kr)]'}{kr}\biggr|^{2}\Biggr]
+\biggl |\sqrt{\frac{\epsilon}{\epsilon_{0}}}\frac{j_{l}(kr)}{kaD_{l}^{m}}\biggr |^{2}\Biggr],
\end{align}
with coefficients $D_{l}^{e}$ and $D_{l}^{m}$ given by Eq.~(\ref{DD}). Note that for dielectric sphere ($\epsilon>0$), the two rates (\ref{rate-full}) and (\ref{rate-rad}) coincide \cite{chew-jcp87}. For metal sphere with complex dielectric function $\epsilon(\omega)$ considered here, radiative rate is still given by Eq.~(\ref{rate-rad}), while now $\Gamma_{d}=\Gamma_{d}^{p}+\Gamma_{d}^{r}$.  In our numerical calculations, we used the above normalized rates,
$R(\omega,{\bf r})=\Gamma_{d}^{r}/\gamma_{d}^{r}$ and $P(\omega,{\bf r})=\Gamma_{d}^{p}/\gamma_{d}^{r}$. In the longwave limit, $ak\ll 1$, it can be readily checked that those coincide with the corresponding expressions  in the main text.

Finally, the  NP absorption crossection can be found as the difference between the extinction and scattering crossections, $C_{ab}=C_{ex}-C_{sc}$, defined in the standard way \cite{bohren-book}
\begin{align}
\label{cross}
&C_{ex}=\frac{2\pi}{k_{0}^{2}}\text{Re}\sum_{l}\left (2l+1\right )\left (a_{l}+ b_{l}\right ) ,
\nonumber\\
&C_{sc}=\frac{2\pi}{k_{0}^{2}}\text{Re}\sum_{l}\left (2l+1\right )\left (|a_{l}|^{2}+ |b_{l}|^{2}\right ),
\end{align}
where $A_{l}$ and $B_{l}$ are the Mie coefficients,
\begin{align}
\label{AB}
&A_{l}=\left [\epsilon j_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}j_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'-\epsilon_{0}j_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}j_{l}(x_{1})\right ]'\right ]/D_{l}^{e},
\nonumber\\
&B_{l}=\left [j_{l}(x_{1})\left [x_{2}j_{l}(x_{2})\right ]'-j_{l}(x_{2})\left [x_{1}j_{l}(x_{1})\right ]'\right ]/D_{l}^{m}.
\end{align}
These expressions were used for the calculation of d-hole distribution function.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Climate Finance Momentum Builds in Lead-up to COP 26
26 October 2021 No Comments By DT Vollmer
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