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Nemanjići – rađanje kraljevine srpska je povijesno-dramska televizijska serija snimana od 2017. čije je premijerno prikazivanje počelo 17. veljače 2018. na mreži RTS 1.

Predstavlja najveći produkcijski pothvat u povijesti srpske televizije jer je za nju angažirano 218 glumaca i 2700 statista, a snimana je na više od 200 lokacija. Serijalom koji je obuhvatio 200 godina vladavine najutjecajnije srpske srednjovjekovne dinastije obilježava se 800 godina od nastanka Kraljevine Srbije i krunjenja Stefana Prvovjenčanog. Projekt je nastao u režiji Marka Marinkovića, a po scenariju Gordana Mihića i produkciji Radiotelevizije Srbije.

Uloga Stefana Nemanje povјerena je Mladenu Neleviću, a njegove supruge Ane Nemanjić Dubravki Mijatović; njihove sinove Stefana Prvovjenčanog, Vukana Nemanjića i Rastka Nemanjića – Svetog Savu poimence glume Vojin Ćetković, Nebojša Glogovac i Dragan Mićanović; prvu srpsku kraljicu, mletačku princezu Anu Dandolo, tumači Sloboda Mićalović.

Pilot-epizoda emitirana je 31. prosinca 2017. kao novogodišnji specijal. Međutim, prva epizoda emitirana je tek 17. veljače 2018. Nakon pilot-epizode reakcije su uglavnom bile negativne poslije višemjesečnih iščekivanja. Kritike su uglavnom bile vezane za jezik kojim se govori u seriji, efekte i spornu glumu.

Premisa
Serija predstavlja najveći produkcijski pothvat u povijesti srpske televizije jer je za nju angažirano 218 glumaca i 2700 statista, a snimana je na više od 200 lokacija. Serijalom koji je obuhvatio 200 godina vladavine najutjecajnije srpske srednjovjekovne dinastije obilježava se 800 godina od nastanka Kraljevine Srbije i krunidbe Stefana Prvovjenčanog. Projekt je nastao u režiji Marka Marinkovića, a po scenariju Gordana Mihića i u produkciji Radiotelevizije Srbije.

Stefan Nemanja od naroda traži i dobiva pristanak za početak borbe za spas i slobodu svih porobljenih srpskih zemalja. Bizantski car Manuel Komnen umire i u Bizantu izbija borba za vlast. Nemanja namjerava napasti Bizant. Nemanja pomaže vojsci Svetog Rimskog Carstva omogućavanjem sigurnog prolaza i hrane za Treći križarski rat. Raška i Stefan ne smiju priznati međusobnu ljubav koju ne mogu ostvariti.

Rastko postaje monah. Stefan i Eudokija vjenčaju se u crkvi. Vukan obećava papi da će širiti katolicizam u svojoj zemlji (Zeti). Raška namjerava napustiti dvor. Papa prihvaća Vukanovu ponudu tražeći potpunu pokornost. Stefanu se ne dopada Eudokijina neozbiljnost. Stefan i Raška traže pomoć od bugarskog kralja Kalojana za povratak Stefana na prijestolje. Kalojan obećava Stefanu pomoć u sukobu s Vukanom i ugarskim kraljem.

Stefan od papinskog izaslanika Kazamarisa očekuje pomoć u vezi s približavanjem papi koji bi ga podržao u namjeri da se okruni kao kralj Srbije. Papa smatra da Vukan, kao stariji brat, treba biti kralj Srbije. Kulin priopći Stefanu da želi s vojskom napasti Vukana jer ga je optužio za bogumilstvo. Eudokija napušta Stefana ostavljajući ga s njihovom djecom Komnenom i Radoslavom. Zbog državne koristi Stefan se oženi Anom Dandolo umjesto Raškom.

S njom dobije sina Uroša. Stefan Nemanja umire. Nakon ogromnih osvajanja Bugarske Strez izdaje Stefana i priključuje se Latinima i Bugarima. Latini i Ugarska spremaju napad na Srbiju. Srpska pravoslavna crkva dobiva autokefalnost. Stefan postaje kralj Srbije. Na samom kraju prve sezone serije Stefan umire u postelji zbog bolesti.

Uloge
Uloga Stefana Prvovjenčanog, prvog srpskog kralja, povjerena je Vojinu Ćetkoviću, a uloga prve srpske kraljice, mletačke princeze Ane Dandolo, povjerena je Slobodi Mićalović.

Ulogu Stefana Nemanje, velikog župana Raške, tumači Mladen Nelević, a njegovu suprugu, Anu Nemanjić, tumači Dubravka Mijatović.

Ulogu Vukana Nemanjića, najstarijeg sina Stefana Nemanje, tumači Nebojša Glogovac, a ulogu Rastka Nemanjića – Svetog Save, prvog srpskog arhiepiskopa, tumači Dragan Mićanović.

Stvarni likovi

Izmišljeni likovi
Većina likova u seriji utemeljena je na povijesnim osobama. Međutim, postoje likovi koji su izmišljeni radi dočaravanja dalekog vremena. To su:

Tu se ubraja i Raška Nemanjić (Nada Šargin) koju je osmislio Gordan Mihić, ali u novijim istraživanjima povjesničara pojavljuju se indicije da je na dvoru, u vrijeme vladavine Stefana Nemanjića, zbilja postojala žena s kojom je živio Stefan Nemanjić.

Epizode

Dragan Mićanović potvrdio je da će serija imati još jednu sezonu, što je kasnije potvrdio i scenarist Gordan Mihić. Dragan Mićanović, zbog povijesnih razloga, ne zna hoće li biti dio glumačke postave u sljedećoj sezoni.

Povijest

Pretprodukcija

Radiotelevizija Srbije raspisala je 5. rujna 2015. natječaj za najbolji scenarij za televizijsku seriju od dvanaest epizoda kojom bi se predstavilo krunjenje Stefana Prvovjenčanog. Glavni i odgovorni urednik kulturno-umjetničkog programa RTS-a Nebojša Bradić tad je izjavio: "Od prvog kraljevskog krunjenja u Žiči dijeli nas 800 godina". Dodao je i da je riječ o prilici "za dijalog s poviješću, za nova preispitivanja i poziv za nove stvaratelje da se pozabave značajnom temom". Televizija je pobjedniku, pored ekranizacije scenarija, ponudila i nagradu od pola milijuna srpskih dinara. Natječaj je zaključen 31. siječnja 2016.

Pet dana kasnije stručna komisija, koju su činili Milan Vlajčić – novinar i predsjednik žirija, Goran Marković – filmski scenarist i redatelj i povjesničarka Smilja Marjanović Dušanić, otvorila je pristiglih dvanaest rukopisa. U ožujku 2016. objavljeno je da je pobjednik anonimnog natječaja Gordan Mihić, čiji je scenarij potpisan šifrom "Snovi". Mihić je tom prilikom izjavio da je RTS ovime "dobio priliku da se iskupi" jer je materijal "takav da je grijeh što to do sada nije urađeno". Dodao je da se tijekom pisanja scenarija konzultirao sa suvremenim povjesničarima, kao i da je iščitavao brojne povijesne spise i svjedočanstva. Krajem studenog 2016. RTS je objavio da će serija obuhvatiti razdoblje dvovjekovne vladavine dinastije Nemanjić – od Stefana Nemanje i podizanja Hilandara pa sve do smrti Uroša Nejakog.

Niti kojima je serijal prožet također su i "borbe velikih sila za teritorij Balkana, unutarnji sukobi, stjecanje autokefalnosti Srpske pravoslavne crkve, vojni uspjesi i krvave bitke". Budući da je kasnije objavljeno da prvih dvanaest epizoda završava krunjenjem Stefana Prvovjenčanog u samostanu Žiča, pojavila su se govorkanja da će serija imati više sezona i da će u njima glumiti još više glumaca koji će utjelovljivati preostale Nemanjiće. Serija je umjesto dvanaest imala trinaest epizoda, a posljednja epizoda prve sezone prikazuje Stefanovo krunjenje u samostanu Žiča, a završava njegovom smrću. Prije nego što je počelo snimanje, redatelju se kao pomoćnica pridružila Bojana Šutić, koja desetljećima živi i radi u Rimu. Producentskoj kući redateljica je od velikog značaja zbog iskustva stečenog u radu s Fellinijem, Coppolom, Alom Pacinom, Jessicom Lange i drugima.

Lokacije i scenografija

Serija je snimana na više od 200 lokacija širom Srbije od kojih je Studenica prva u nizu. Scenograf Kiril Spaseski rekao je 7. veljače 2017. da lokacije ispunjavaju očekivanja jer se težilo k tome da mjesta uglavnom budu upravo ona na kojima su živjeli ili boravili Nemanjići: "Tu smo uzeli u obzir ostatke Magličke utvrde koja je iz kasnijeg doba, ali ćemo je adaptirati kao da je iz tog doba, zatim Smederevsku utvrdu, manastirske komplekse koji su u Raškoj oblasti".

Svi rekviziti završeni su prije 15. ožujka, kada je počelo snimanje. Uspješno su izrađene replike srednjovjekovnog oružja kako bi se što vjerodostojnije predstavile scene borbe i slike srpskih, mađarskih i bizantskih vojnika. Oružje za petoricu glavnih glumaca ručno je rađeno. Miloš Petrović napravio je remene na koje je stavljao spojke u duhu srednjovjekovne srpske mode. Dva tjedna prije naznačenoga datuma početka snimanja u Lipovačkoj šumi u Beogradu izgrađen je Nemanjin dvor: palisadna tvrđava, kapija dvora, selo oko dvora. Tu su istovremeno za scene borbi uvježbavani konji.

U ožujku je također u spremištu luke Beograd počela zahtjevna izgradnja scenografije samostana Žiče, koja je bila oslikana (preslikana) kao nova, prikazujući tako kako je samostan izgledao kada je tek bio podignut. Prva klapa snimljena je 15. ožujka na Studeničkoj rijeci, a odatle se ekipa preselila na Kopaonik, gdje su snimljene scene odlaska u Bugarsku. Selidba snimateljske ekipe u studio stavila je u prvi plan kamermana Nebojšu Bašića, koji je istaknuo da je najveći izazov bio pronaći odgovarajući ton na svjetlosti vatre, svijeća i baklji. Nemanjići su potom snimani na Fruškoj gori, Kosmaju, Kalemegdanu, Lipovačkoj šumi, Boraču, Sirogojnu, Smederevu, Hercegovini, Deliblatskoj peščari i na kraju u Petrovoj crkvi u Novome Pazaru.

Kostimografija
Za potrebe serije ručno je izrađeno 800 kostima na čijoj se izradi radilo danonoćno. Oko mjesec i pol dana trajale su pripreme na izradi kostima koje je šilo dvadeset ljudi na čelu s kostimografom Stefanom Savkovićem i scenografom Kirilom Spaseskijem. Prema riječima povjesničara Marka Popovića "bio je to vrlo složen i težak posao, posebno imajući u vidu da srpski povjesničari koji proučavaju ovu epohu imaju dileme i ne mogu sa sigurnošću reći što je doista autentično".

Budžet
U projekt je uloženo 2,87 milijuna eura od prethodno predviđenih 3,200.000 eura, a pojašnjeno je da je novac za provedbu prikupljen od pokrovitelja i iz komercijalnog prinosa Javnog servisa. Pojavila su se govorkanja da je samo prva epizoda serije koštala 300.000 eura. Jedna epizoda serije prosječno košta nešto više od 180.000 eura, ali je RTS izdvojio svega trećinu te cijene. Jedan sat serije koštao je otprilike 191.300 eura. Veći dio sredstava za provedbu, 1,82 milijuna eura, osigurali su ulagači, pokrovitelji i prijatelji serijala Swisslion-Takovo, Hemofarm i BK grupa. RTS je u gotovini izdvojio 1,05 milijuna eura za cijeli projekt, odnosno 70.000 eura po satu programa.

Glazba
Glazbu je skladao Dragoljub Ilić, a pjesmu u uvodnoj špici otpjevala je srpska pjevačica pravoslavne duhovne glazbe Divna Ljubojević. Na Twitteru su se pojavile i snimke borbe s malo ubrzanim tempom i glazbom iz serije Benny Hill što se publici svidjelo. Izdavačka kuća PGP RTS objavila je album s 25 skladbi koje su korištene u samoj seriji, a čije je ukupno trajanje 55 minuta. Glazbeni producent bio je Oliver Ivanović, a glazbenici su bili Nikola Popmihajlov (bizantska glazba), Tijana Milošević (violina), Ladislav Mezei (violončelo), Ljuba Dimitrijević (solist na starim puhačkim instrumentima – fruli, zurli i kravljem rogu), vokalna skupina "Serbia Global Art" i Srpski bizantski hor "Mojsije Petrović".

Popis pjesama na albumu

Pogreške
U trećoj epizodi, kad Rastko postaje monah u samostanu, iza njega se na zidu vidi freska na kojoj se nalazi slika svetca i Stefana Nemanje. Vjeruje se da je taj svetac upravo Sava zbog odore koju nosi. Pogreška je popraćena u medijima i izazvala je burne reakcije na Twitteru.

U osmoj epizodi serije primijetile su se značajnije pogreške. U jednoj sceni krave su obilježene ušnim markicama koje su u Srbiju uvedene prije nekoliko godina prema zahtjevu Europske unije. U istoj epizodi pojavljuje se i lik Bogoljuba Mitića koji jede cicvaru, nekoliko stoljeća prije nego što je kukuruz donesen u Europu. Ista epizoda zabilježena je čudnim scenarijem Raške.

Recenzije

Reakcije publike
Nakon emitiranja pilot-epizode u novogodišnjoj noći 2018. reakcije publike i kritike bile su mahom negativne. Štoviše, pojedini su gledatelji bili neugodno iznenađeni poslije višemjesečnih iščekivanja. U seriji je bilo kritizirano odsustvo bilo kakve drame i poprilična neinventivnost, kao i neiskusna gluma i propusti u praćenju povijesnih činjenica. Dijalozi i glumačka postava u pilot-epizodi poprilično su razočarali publiku. Kritizirani su i efekti koji su se rabili u seriji i "jeftin" opći dojam (poprilično skupe) pilot-epizode. Razni desničarski portali i mediji krizirali su seriju jer su smatrali da "skrnave povijest". Mnogima je zasmetao specifičan jezik kojim se govori u seriji. Riječi kojima su se glumci koristili nastale su tek kasnije pod utjecajem latinskog, mađarskog, turskog, njemačkog i ruskog jezika, među kojima je primjerice riječ "pričvrljiti" koju upotrebljava glumac Goran Sultanović. Publika je kritizirala i upotrebu dorćolskog žargona u seriji.

S druge strane, u pozitivne recenzije spadaju one koje hvale činjenicu da je serija takvog tipa uopće snimljena (prvenstveno zbog činjenice da je riječ o žanru kojem autori nisu mnogo posvećivali pažnju prethodnih godina i desetljeća) i da je ishod zadovoljavajući shodno podosta manjem budžetu u usporedbi s istovrsnim serijama snimanim u Zapadnim zemljama. Te recenzije također su pozivale na strpljenje jer se neki od glavnih glumaca (Ćetković, Glogovac, Mićalović, Mićanović) u prvoj epizodi još nisu pojavili. Neobičan jezik, pogreške i gluma u seriji shvaćeni su kao humoristički motivi. Publika je gotovo jednoglasno pohvalila kostime i glazbu.

Recenzije kritičara

Napomene

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Srbijanske serije
Nemanjići

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Improving the Resilience of Wireless Sensor Networks Against Security Threats: A Survey and Open Research Issues
Title: Improving the Resilience of Wireless Sensor Networks Against Security Threats: A Survey and Open Research Issues
Saqib Ali, Taisira Al Balushi, Zia Nadir, Omar Khadeer Hussain
Corresponding email: ali.saqib@gmail.com
Published at : 25 Jul 2018
Ali, S., Al-Balushi, T., Nadir, Z., Hussain, O.K., 2018. Improving the Resilience of Wireless Sensor Networks Against Security Threats: A Survey and Open Research Issues. International Journal of Technology. Volume 9(4), pp.828-839
Saqib Ali Department of Informations System, College of Economics and Political Science,Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh,Muscat 123, Oman
Taisira Al Balushi Department of Informations System, College of Economics and Political Science,Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh,Muscat 123, Oman
Zia Nadir Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering,Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh,Muscat 123, Oman
Omar Khadeer Hussain The School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Northcott Dr, Campbell ACT 2612, Australia
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology has gained importance in recent years due to its various benefits, practicability and extensive utilization in diverse applications. The innovation helps to make real-time automation, monitoring, detecting and tracking much easier and more effective than previous technologies. However, as well as their benefits and enormous potential, WSNs are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper is a systematic literature review of the security-related threats and vulnerabilities in WSNs. We review the safety of and threats to each WSN communication layer and then highlight the importance of trust and reputation, and the features related to these, to address the safety vulnerabilities. Finally, we highlight the open research areas which need to be addressed in WSNs to increase their flexibility against security threats.
Countermeasures; Reputation; Security; Threats; Trust; Vulnerabilities; Wireless sensor network
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a system composed of devices and actuators to monitor and control any tasks associated with operations in certain environments when connected wirelessly (Yang, 2014). The generic architecture of a WSN is based on sensors placed over a specified field to sense and collect information on a specific task and to communicate back to its base station, often referred to as a data sink. The base station utilizes either public or dedicated communication links connected to a sensor network task manager (Boukerch et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2007b; Khalid et al., 2013; Sarobin & Ganesan, 2016). WSNs possess many benefits, including their low-cost, low-power, robustness, durability, small size, ease of deployment and multi-function ability (Yang & Cao, 2008; Yick et al., 2008; Li & Gong, 2008; Lasol & Pornpromlikit, 2016). Due to their extensive utilization and benefits, these sensors are frequently deployed in places such as deep water, battlefields, forests, airports and extreme temperature environments, which were very difficult to monitor in the past.
Over a period of time, the WSN concept has laid down the foundations for networks of distributed nodes that can communicate wirelessly (Estrin et al., 1999; Byers & Nasser, 2000).The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) initially issued the Smart Transducer Networking standard (Lee, 2000); the transducers were soon referred as smart sensors due to the specification of their desired functions (Lewis, 2004), and later the term Wireless Sensor Network was introduced. Subsequently, IEEE set ZigBee as the WSN standard for wireless communication (Kinney, 2003; Egan, 2005; Yang, 2014).
WSNs, like any other communication technology, are vulnerable to security attacks and possess their own security objectives. Security breaches and attacks on WSNs may lead to disastrous events and losses. The widespread application of WSNs makes them a target for attackers and hackers. Hacking into the WSN of government, military, industrial or healthcare organizations may lead to economic collapse, defeat in war, threats to nationwide security and loss of human lives. Consequently, it is extremely important to safeguard and raise the flexibility of WSN security and privacy aspects. This paper presents a literature review of the security issues and attacks on WSNs in order to improve their flexibility. Security attacks have been grouped in terms of physical, data-link, network, transport and application layers. We then move our emphasis to discussion of trust and reputation, and how their application and organization in WSNs could help ease the recognized security concerns. Finally, we highlight the open research issues that need to be addressed to improve the flexibility of WSNs with regard to security issues. The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 presents the research methodology adopted, while section 3 explores the different types of vulnerability which impact WSNs. Section 4 discusses in-depth the concept of trust and reputation in WSNs, which is one of the latest and most effective security measures. Section 5 presents the open research issues in relation to increasing WSN resilience, followed by the conclusion and suggestions for future research.
A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is conducted on the specified topic. The protocol for conducting such a review was given by Kitchenham in 2004 and in 2007 (Kitchenham, 2004; Kitchenham & Charters, 2007). According to Kitchenham, the SLR is a systematic procedure of identification, interpretation and evaluation of relevant studies that pertain to a given research topic or area of interest (Kitchenham & Charters, 2007). The SLR is a well-defined and stringent procedure with an unbiased research outlook, which makes it very different to the traditional literature review and helps make a significant contribution to the research and add to the scientific value. The SLR procedure of Portocarrero et al. (2014) and Pa et al. (2015) basically consists of three major steps, namely planning, conducting and reporting. In this case, the research questions, the search plan, and the organizational plan were set during the planning stage. Once the questions had been hypothesized, the search strategies were created. Some of the most well-known and efficient journal search engines, such as Springer, IEEE, ACM, Scopus, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and Google Scholar were selected. Once the initial data gathering and the selection process were complete, the database needed to be further screened and organized. Papers were initially prearranged based on the possibility of answering one or more of the planned research questions. During the screening process for each research question, the papers were further scrutinized by analyzing their organization, topics and subtopics. The organized papers were read and studied very carefully to obtain the understanding and trends in the various aspects of WSNs. The studies clearly show that there has been a drastic rise in the research into and the application of WSNs, due to its huge advantages and usefulness. It has also been observed among researchers that security concerns have at the same time increased; this is because vulnerabilities and threats have increased as the implementation of WSNs has advanced.
3. SECURITY - DIFFERENT TYPES OF VULNERABILITY IMPACTING WSNS
The WSN field is growing at an enormous speed, which fascinates many stakeholders, including governments, engineers and researchers, but also attackers. WSN wireless communication links are considered to be less secure than wired networks due to their broadcast nature, which can be easily tapped into by cyber enemies (Sarma & Kar, 2006). Attackers can easily interrupt wireless communication and replace valid packets with malicious ones. Without any acceptable safety measures, WSNs are vulnerable to various cyber-attacks. The vulnerabilities and sensor node limitations associated with wireless media pose particular security challenges. Security is normally achieved through a trusted and controlled atmosphere (Undercoffer et al., 2002; Zia & Zomaya, 2006; Ali et al., 2018). Existing security procedures aim to improve the security of WSNs from two aspects, namely security and reliability. Security aims to protect the WSN from outside attacks (Li & Gong, 2008; Lopez et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2012), whereas reliability guarantees the system output based on its specifications. Data packet detection, monitoring, sensing, transmission and event occurrence are some of the known issues with regard to reliability (Willig & Karl, 2005; Hsu et al., 2007; Mahmood et al., 2015).
The diverse set of WSN cyber-attacks can be divided into different categories; from the attackers' perspective, these are normally categorized into internal and external attacks (Yu et al., 2012; Ali et al., 2018). When an attacker is able to access a node by infringement through the cryptographic procedures, this normally occurs through an internal attack. On the other hand, external attacks are carried out through snooping and injecting fractional data into wireless networks. These attacks are further classified into logical network layers (application, transport, network, data link and physical layers) depending upon the type of attack made (Yang, 2014). The number of attacks which targeted the application layer, and the total number of attacks suffered by WSNs, are classified by Li and Gong (2008), López and Zhou (2008), Araujo et al. (2012), Lopez et al. (2010), Ali et al. (2015). Based on the survey carried out for this study, Figure 1 gives a brief overview of the various WSN layers and cyber-attacks involved.
Figure 1 Attacks on various WSN layers
Trust and reputation in WSNs will be discussed in the following section. Analysis of the literature is also presented to discuss advances in WSN technology in relation to security concerns in order to improve its resilience.
4. TRUST AND REPUTATION –IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF WSN
Yu et al. (2010) explained that the characteristics of trust are that it is context sensitive, subjective, unidirectional and transitive. Noting this kind of behavior in humans, scholars have also attempted to apply trust to the information technology context, and during the mid-2000s the concepts of trust and reputation were first introduced into the WSN field. Trust is calculated based on the previous experience of a particular node and its degree of belief (Boukerch et al., 2007), whereas reputation is the overall perception of one node among other network nodes (Boukerch et al., 2007).
There are two main trust parameters: trust qualification and trust computation (Pirzada & McDonald, 2004; Ali et al., 2018). Trust qualification defines the numerous levels of trust, while trust calculation describes the means of measuring the trust value between nodes. It is also important to note that Trust and Reputation Management (TRM) is a system which defines the different steps that manage trust. The basic phases in TRM are to collect the facts, update the trust values and activate the creation of choices. The approach adopted in this research paper is twofold: a survey, and diverse proposals on trust and reputation.
4.1. Brief Survey of Trust and Reputation vital
WSNs have the vital property of being distributed in nature. This is evident in Sorniotti et al.'s (2007) survey. Data processing within a network in a distributed manner makes the communication and data sync considerably simpler. For group detection and self-diagnosis methods, a Sensor Node Failure Recognition (SNFR) scheme was introduced. Ganeriwal et al. (2008) discuss the reputation systems which help to create trust among sensor nodes through the integrated approach of different domains, including economics, data analysis and cryptography. They also discuss the use of Bayesian & beta distribution probability, cryptographic material and public key authentication trust-based frameworks for non-critical sensor networks. Various WSN issues and standards are discussed by Yick et al. (2008). In addition to this, localization, the coverage area of sensors, security and synchronization are some important issues also discussed. An extensive literature on trust and reputation systems is provided by Srinivasan et al. (2009) and Reshmi and Sajitha (2014). Lopez et al., (2010) focused on a WSN trust management system survey, while Khalid et al. (2013) applied the concepts of trust and reputation seen in human behavior in daily life into the WSN field for the purpose of node interactions.
A survey presented by Han et al. (2014) discusses the detection of unusual nodal behavior by focusing on the nature and applications of WSN trust models. Srivastava and Johri (2012) and Reshmi and Sajitha (2014) conducted surveys on WSNs, which are of great importance in the field and highly considered. Both surveys present an expanded overview of indirect and direct methods to measure trust in various trust management structures. Based on the surveys, it is evident that both the notions of Quality of Service (QoS) and social trust parameters are vital for trust.
4.2. Trust and Reputation Management
Managing the trust of the nodes and modules in a WSN is a process known as Trust and Reputation Management (TRM). Pirzada and McDonald (2004) recommended a trust model composed of trust deviation, qualification, functions and computation. Momani et al., Jsang and Isamil (Momani et al., 2007a; Momani et al., 2007b; Jsang & Ismail, 2002) used the Beta Reputation System (BRS) concept to enhance the trust level in the e-commerce environment.
Momani et al., (2007a) further enhanced their work on trust and reputation management by adopting the recursive Bayesian approach. This research was further investigated by Momani and Challa (2008), who found that a mischievous node may still be considered trusted if it behaves normally during communication. This leads to the introduction of data trust and communication trust to avoid any false data injection into the system. Later, in another study (Momani et al., 2008) compare their work with other models to draw a comparative conclusion.
Chen et al. (2007a) believe that employing tools from different domains such as probability, statistics and mathematical analysis in the trust management framework enhances the security implemented in WSNs. Following their research, they discuss the issue that sensor node trust and reputation is based on an amount of certainty in the values of that particular node. On the other hand, Fernandez-Gago et al. (2007) stress that WSNs in Ad-hoc and P2P lack proper trust management solutions.
To provide faster trust evaluation of clustered WSNs of a grouping nature, a lightweight group for trust computation based on a trust management scheme was proposed by Shaikh et al. (2009). To overcome the problem of using high end resources in implementing a group trust management scheme, an agent based trust calculation scheme was introduced by Reddy and Selmic (2011).
An approach to simplifying the comparison between trust and reputation management systems by building a simulator was introduced by Mármol and Pérez (2009). A particularly scalable cluster-based ordering trust management procedure was also introduced by Bao et al. (2011a; 2011b; 2012) after examining a wide range of trust and reputation management systems.
4.3. Frameworks and Trust Models
Numerous investigators have developed several models based on statistical methods, logical methods, nature inspired methods, fuzzy logic, etc. and various orientations such as individual and clustered distributed to present trust models and frameworks.
Figure 2 Trust models and frameworks overview
A cluster head in a cluster network is selected from the group, which is responsible for communication between the cluster and the base station. The Distributed Reputation-based Beacon Trust System (DRBTS) was proposed and recommended by Srinivasan et al. (2006), while Probst and Kasera (2007) study the trust establishment of WSNs by the application of statistical approaches. The direct and the indirect skills of the nodes are used to assess the confidence interval. Crosby and Pissinou proposed the Cluster-based Reputation and Trust model in (Crosby & Pissinou, 2007). The proposed model supports nodes with a good reputation which build their trust values over time, but disregards those which do not do this. This work was further developed by Shaikh et al. (2009).
Location-based authentication for WSNs using ID-based Cryptography (IBC) was introduced by Zhang et al. (2006), while several localization-based WSN security protocols are considered for application by Boukerche et al. (2008). Crosby et al. (2011) proposed a another location-aware trust-based detection model, which is an extension of their previous work in (Crosby & Pissinou, 2007). The research by Miao et al. (2015) proposes a distributed localization scheme that is lightweight; a localization method of three-step approach is proposed and implemented.
Kim and Seo introduced the fuzzy logic concept into WSN trust in 2008 (Kim & Seo, 2008). In addition, Zhan et al. (2009) introduced the Sensor Trust model to mitigate the problems associated with data integrity for the purpose of hierarchical WSN. Almasri et al.'s (2013) study focused on addressing the question of energy efficiency and proposed a routing protocol which is responsible for WSN trust and energy efficiency, called the Trusted and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (TERP). Enhancement of the reliability of WSNs based on the critical value of the trust was demonstrated by (Karthik & Karthik, 2014).
The Lightweight and Dependable Trust System (LDTS) for WSNs was proposed by Li et al. (2013). In this model, energy efficiency is increased by removing the feedback of the cluster head. Wang et al. (2014) made the computations modest to reduce the energy consumption of WSNs. Later, a Lightweight Trust Model (LTM) was introduced by Singh et al. (2015), which has a dynamic trust building mechanism. Che et al. (2015) combined Bayesian and Entropy in their cluster approach to evaluating trust.
Based on the above literature overview and discussion, it is evident that the two main issues considered as key challenges to WSNs are security and reliability. According to Anand et al. (2006), the main tasks in securing WSNs comprise environment complications, topology complications, protected collections, privacy and trust management (Anand et al., 2006). Reliability concerns are associated with sensing/detection, transmission of data, event occurrence and data packets (Willig & Karl, 2005; Hsu et al., 2007; Mahmood et al., 2015). This paper has highlighted the importance of trust and reputation and the features related to them in order to better address security vulnerabilities. The areas that will be addressed by trust and reputation to benefit the overall aim of improving the security and reliability of WSNs are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 Challenges and open research issues associated with WSN
One of the major security challenges to WSNs is associated with the nature of their error prone wireless links, reliable data transfer from resources to sensor nodes to the unreliable data transfer. These issues can be addressed by utilizing trust and reputation and combining them with an assessment of risk management to improve the resilience of WSNs. Researchers such as Mahmood et al. (2015) have highlighted the importance of trust in WSNs and have classified it into different stages at which it can be utilized. For example, they propose that trust can be applied in packets, at the event dependability level, or by hop-by-hop reliability. In hop-by-hop, the following hop is accountable for ensuring the reliable transmission of information to the destination, whereas in the scenario of end-to-end reliability, it is only the source and destination nodes of the end points which are responsible (Mahmood et al., 2015). However:
a) Trust as a measure can further be utilized to not only ensure reliability in transmission, but also to regulate the joining of nodes to the wireless sensor network. This will ensure an additional tier in the process of improving security in WSNs and improve their resilience against malicious nodes.
b) Apart from utilizing trust, risk assessment can also be used as a complement to further enhance the security of WSNs. Risk management would enable one to ascertain beforehand the risk to the security of the WSN when it allow a node to join the network. This measure can then be used to assign access level tasks to nodes depending on their level of reliability. This will ensure that critical tasks are handled or assigned only to those nodes which have levels of risk below and of trust above a certain threshold.
Utilizing trust and risk also introduces the challenge of achieving reliable harmonization of measurements, minimization of human intervention in the network, and reliable delivery of a substantial number of measurements (Cinque et al., 2006).
In the paper, the authors have presented a review of WSN security concerns, with special attention paid to trust and reputation. The research was carried out by making a systematic literature review, which is the most suitable method of conducting a revieaw. Issues related to the type of attacks, the features and vulnerabilities of attacks have been discussed. The notions of trust and reputation in WSNs have been debated and analysed. On the basis of the survey, the study concludes that security and reliability are the two main challenges faced by WSNs. Some shortcomings, challenges and open research issues associated with WSNs are also scrutinised. The paper provides an understanding of trust and reputation in WSNs. In the future, the authors plan to develop a secure, effective and efficient WSN mechanism.
The research that produced these findings received Project Funding from The Research Council of the Sultanate of Oman, under Research Agreement No [ORG/SQU/ICT/13/011]. The authors would like to acknowledge and sincerely thank the research council and Sultan Qaboos University for all their managerial, administrative and financial support.
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T1 - Improving the Resilience of Wireless Sensor Networks Against Security Threats: A Survey and Open Research Issues
AU - Saqib Ali,Taisira Al Balushi,Zia Nadir,Omar Khadeer Hussain

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nowadays the World is so dynamic and changes are seen so rapidly due to information and technology that it is at the brink of revolution in every sphere of life within every twenty years. These revolutionary changes have converted the subjects and phenomenas which were once considered as Arts into Science. All such subjects like Mathematics, Statistics, and Religion are now transformed as Science subjects and are taught in a similar fashion.
Since all these subjects are essential and form a basic Component of all the courses taught at the University level therefore it was the dire need of the day that LUAWMS may was the dire need of the day that LUAWMS may also establish a department of basic sciences at the earliest.
With the grace of Almight Allah this task has recently been accomplished and these subjects are taught in the Department of basic sciences Mathematics, Statistics, Sociology, Pakistan, Studies, and Islamic Studies/Ethics. The extensive research work is also carried out by the teachers of this department.
Two Faculty members have been awarded scholarships for higher studies in foreign countries, while one faculty member is doing M-Phil in Quaid e Azam University, Islamabad. This vital step is taken to further strengthen the Faculty and the Research work to be carried out by the Department.
This step would also help LUAWMS for initiating the basic sciences studies at Postgraduate level and even offer M-Phil Programs for such studies in very short span of time.


The Rheingau, a south-facing slab of vineyards on gentle slopes leading down to the Rhine, usefully protected from chill winds by the Taunus mountains to the immediate north, was for years regarded as Germany's noblest wine region. This was partly because of its long association with aristocratic estates and the famous abbey Kloster Eberbach. Grand and ancient castles such as Schloss Johannisberg, Schloss Schönborn and Schloss Vollrads have winemaking reputations which stretch back almost as many centuries as their cellars. From the 1980s, however, it became clear that winemaking was much more exciting in some other regions (notably the Pfalz and then Rheinhessen) than here and that there was a real danger that the Rheingau was coasting on its past reputation. Fortunately, new life is now being breathed into the region by the likes of August and Johannes Eser of Joahnnishof and, not least, by the Japanese whisky giant Suntory, which seems determined to extract wines of Yquem's reputation and price from its Robert Weil estate.
Key wine villages here, in countryside almost devoted to the vine (separating villages devoted to entertaining the human spillage from Rhine cruisers) include, moving downstream, Hochheim (inspiration of the word 'hock' which nowadays means just any old Rhine wine), Eltville, Hattenheim, Oestrich-Winkel, Geisenheim (famous for its wine research institute), Rüdesheim and Assmannshausen, where red Spätburgunder of varying but sometimes excellent quality is made, with good examples from August Kesseler, Krone and Robert König.
The best Rheingau wines are almost invariably Rieslings with strongly pronounced mineral qualities and rather more body than most Mosels. A significant proportion of Germany's best sweet Beerenauslese and Trockenbeernenauslese wines (see Understanding German labels) have been made here (the famously deep golden 1959s, and the 1971s, which are still remarkably youthful) and the Japanese-owned Robert Weil estate continues to make remarkable sweet wines here. But the Rheingau has also been a key player in the trend towards making drier German wines and today more than 80% of the region's output is dry. The dynamic Bernhard Breuer founded the Charta (pronounced 'Carter') group of top-quality wine estates dedicated to styling Rheingau Riesling into medium-bodied, refreshingly crisp dry wines suitable for the dining table, a style which has now been widely copied and is enshrined in the region's Erstes Gewächs bottlings. The VDP, an increasingly respected growers' association which has its own classification system, has also done much to promote dry wines here and in other parts of Germany. Most of the best single vineyard dry Rieslings are denoted Erstes Gewächs, or first growth, the Rheingau's own version of Grosses Gewächs.
Some favourite producers: J B Becker, Georg Breuer, Domdechant Werner, Reiner Flick, Schloss Johannishof, August Kesseler, Kloster Eberbach, Knyphausen, Peter Jakob Kühn, Franz Künstler, Langwerth von Simmern, Leitz.
The home of hock and noble estates has been coasting of late.


Farming depends on many different resources, but without a sustainable supply of water, growing crops and livestock would be impossible.
Over two days, January 20 and 21, 2015, attendees at the Annual General Meeting of the Alberta Federation of Agriculture (AFA), heard about water management and its impact on agriculture. A series of outstanding speakers explored many angles of water and agriculture from: legal issues, public policy, water well management and emerging technologies.
Since 1959, Alberta Federation of Agriculture has been Alberta's producer-funded general farm organization. Whenever decisions are being made that affect the province's agricultural industry, AFA provides an effective voice for Alberta's farmers.
Each year, AFA members attend the January AGM to propose, debate, vote on and form resolutions on issues that affect Alberta farm producers. Resolutions direct key priorities for the organization for the year ahead.
For 2015, AFA will continue its work on improving grain transportation, encouraging governments to invest in research and innovation, farm safety, and conservation, among other priorities.
Camrose's Humphrey Banack, who serves as AFA's 2nd vice president, says that it's never been more important for producers to drive policy decisions.
"During the AGM, we gather with producers to debate and discuss top issues in agriculture, then use those policy directions to draw the future of agriculture forward," says Banack.
Banack points to one instance where producers changed how their industry operates. At the January 2014 AFA AGM, farmers raised the problem of poor grain movement. Along with AFA, the farm organizations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan brought the issue to the Canadian Federation of Agriculture, which in turn raised it with the Federal Ministers of Agriculture and Transportation. By March 2014, these actions resulted in a mandated minimum level of service by the railways.


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Motorcycle Racing News Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series Continues $60,000 XR Showdown
Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series Continues $60,000 XR Showdown
2013 Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series
With a season opener at Daytona that saw the top nine riders cross the line within one second of each other, the AMA Pro Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series has never been more exciting.
Adding a strategic element to that mix along with a $60,000 boost to the prize money up for grabs, the XR Showdown returns for the 2013 GEICO Motorcycle AMA Pro Road Racing season.
First introduced in 2012, the XR Showdown is a special year-end points fund award to be battled for by the top ten competitors in the final four races of the season, beginning with the Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series doubleheader at the Red Bull Indianapolis GP.
Riders compete for the XR Showdown by being in the top ten in the point standings at the conclusion of the fifth race at Miller Motorsports Park. After the Miller round, each of the riders in the top ten will have their championship points reset to 1,000 points, putting the them back on a level playing field. The rider with the most points at the end of the season takes home the championship and $25,000 in Showdown prize money, with the remaining $35,000 paid out to second through tenth in the final points standings.
The XR Showdown is a separate and supplemental $60,000 prize money fund in addition to the $10,000 purse awarded at each of the nine races in the 2013 Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series. All riders are eligible to compete in all nine races and thereby are also competing for the $10,000 purse awarded for each race.
Paul Langley (Vance & Hines President) says: "The Harley-Davidson class offers the best opportunity for a rider to demonstrate their ability by making talent and racecraft the only variables. And the prize money support from Harley-Davidson and Vance & Hines ensures more young riders and privateers can have a chance to show what they can do at the AMA Pro level."
Keep up with all the latest on the AMA Pro Vance & Hines Harley-Davidson Series by going to amaproracing.com, www.vanceandhines.com/xr1200, and www.harley-davidson.com.
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The 15 and under division of the 2018 Bob Gibbons Tournament of Champions was jam-packed with talent.
Meet the 2018 Bob Gibbons Tournament of Champions All-Tournament team for the 15 and under division.
Another entertaining spring and summer travel basketball season is officially behind us.
The 14U division of the 2017 Bob Gibbons Tournament of Champions was loaded with next up players. Bre Singleton breaks down her top performers from the age group.
There were quite a few standouts in the 14/15 and under division of the 2017 HoopSeen Atlanta Jam. Here are a few of the guys who made a name for themselves over the weekend.
SUWANEE, GA – The Atlanta Jam resumed on Saturday with bracket play and intense matchups across the board.
The first edition of the Gulf States Cup tipped off Friday evening in Huntsville, Alabama with a nice mix of local teams and out-of-state programs.
16U #BamaJam Brody Peebles scored 43 points in a Pro One 78-64 win over the East Cobb Playmakers. Peebles can absolutely fill it up from all spots on the floor.
Brody Peebles, 2021 Pro One Select(navy) guard had himself a solid outing at our Atlanta Jam. The Hartselle High School guard averaged 24 points while hitting 10 threes through 4 games.


Gucci Mane will publish a new memoir, 'The Autobiography of Gucci Mane,' which he began writing during his two-year prison sentence.
Gucci Mane will publish a new memoir, The Autobiography of Gucci Mane, September 19th via Simon and Schuster. The book will chronicle the rapper's poverty-stricken upbringing in Alabama, his time as a drug dealer and rise as a rapper, while also tackling his struggles with drugs, alcohol, violence and run-ins with the law.
In January, Gucci Mane revealed the title of his next album, Drop Top Wop, though a release date has yet to be announced. The rapper will embark on the first tour of his career April 5th at the House of Blues in Boston.


Installed NTP and setup as see on the wiki, so far so good.
Hello, I'm trying to use the Gnome "Date and Time" tool to update my system time, and when I save the settings it forgets them when I close and reopen it.
My motherboard is a standard LGA 1366 X85 by EVGA.
Re: How do I subscribe to all my posts via email?


ACT Management Inc. would like to introduce you to the option of our Automatic Payment Plan, which is available for payment of your monthly associations dues. Rather than writing checks for your association dues, your checking or savings account can be automatically deducted once a month for your payment. The Automatic Payment Plan is easy, convenient, flexible, and dependable.
Proof of payment will appear on your regular bank statement. If you are interested in enrolling, please complete the ACH Form and submit to ACT Management. The money will be withdrawn from your account on the 5th day of each month.
For the homeowners who are leasing their property, most Associations require a criminal, credit, and income background check on the tenant, prior to Association approval. If your association requires this check, please complete the RHR Application, and submit to ACT Management.
Please print the Homeowner Information Form to submit changes to your contact information such as name change, change in mailing addresses, phone number, emergency contact information etc.
For maintenance, please print the Maintenance Request Form and submit to ACT Management.
If you have a grievance, please print the Grievance Form and submit ACT Management.
Mailed to: ACT Management, Inc.


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Let me begin by stating I love technology. I love its boundless opportunities for creating a better, more efficient tomorrow. I love how quickly and thoroughly I can connect with old friends, friends across the globe, or my co-worker in the office down the hall. Some argue as technology advances, our ancestral traits face extinction.
In one of the chapters of The Glass Cage by Nicholas Carr, he takes our growing dependency on digital devices, such as the GPS, and compares it alongside the health of our brain's hippocampus (if you don't know what that is, shame on you). In this particular chapter we calls us out on our use of GPS devices, pointing out our desire to believe "computer maps as interactive, high-tech versions of papers." He says this a mistaken assumption. "Map reading," Carr shares with us, "strengthens our sense of place and hones our navigational skills- in ways that can make it easier for us to get around even when we don't have a map in hand."
"Paper maps don't just shepard us from one place to the next; they teach how to think about space."
Let's entertain this for a minute. Remember the first time you went to a new friend's house? Remember how you got there- did you use a GPS, print out step-by-step directions, or did you friend tell you how to get there? Which option do you think helped you get there more easily the next time?


text:
A Century Later, Attacks by Whites in Arkansas Come Back Into Focus
Workers help construct a monument honoring victims of the Elaine Massacre that sits across from the Phillips County courthouse in Helena, Ark. The Elaine Massacre Memorial is set to be unveiled in September and is being chaired by some descendants of the massacre's perpetrators and victims. (Noreen Nasir/AP)
NOREEN NASIR / The Associated Press
ELAINE, Ark.—J. Chester Johnson never heard about the mass killing of black people in Elaine, a couple hours away from where he grew up in Arkansas. Nobody talked about it, teachers didn't mention it in history classes, and only the elderly remembered the bloodshed of 1919.
He was an adult when he found out about it. By then, his grandfather, Alonzo "Lonnie" Birch, was dead — perhaps taking a secret to his grave.
Johnson believes Birch took part in the Elaine massacre. And now he's bent on telling the story of one of the largest racial mass killings in U.S. history, an infamous chapter in the "Red Summer" riots that spread in cities and towns across the nation.
"I feel an obligation," said Johnson, who is white. "It's hard to grow up in a severely segregated environment and for it not to affect you. If you don't face it and deal with it in various ways, it becomes undiscovered."
EDITOR'S NOTE: Hundreds of African Americans died at the hands of white mob violence during "Red Summer" but little is widely known about this spate of violence a century later. As part of its coverage of the 100th anniversary of Red Summer, AP will take a multiplatform look at the attacks and the communities where they occurred. https://www.apnews.com/RedSummer
Johnson, who now lives in New York City, is co-chair of a committee overseeing construction of a memorial honoring those killed in 1919. He and others are hoping the structure, being built in a park across from the Phillips County Courthouse about a half-hour drive from Elaine, will bring attention to the massacre. Others say plans for a monument are a folly — starting with its location — and want commemoration efforts to focus instead on reparations to account for what they say was theft of black-owned land in the wake of the killings.
"It was literally a war on this area. People wanted the property that was almost all black-owned," said Mary Olson, who is white. She is president of the Elaine Legacy Center, a red-brick community center that works to preserve the area's civil rights history. It bears the sign, "Motherland of Civil Rights."
The violence unfolded on the evening of Sept. 30, 1919, as black sharecroppers had gathered at a small church in Hoop Spur, an unincorporated area about 2½ miles north of Elaine. The sharecroppers, wanting to be paid better and treated more fairly, were meeting with union organizers when a deputy sheriff and a railroad security officer — both white — arrived.
Fighting and gunfire erupted, though it's still not clear who shot first. The security officer was killed and the deputy wounded.
White men frustrated that the sharecroppers were organizing went on a rampage. Over several days, mobs from the surrounding area and neighboring states killed men, women and children.
More than 200 black men, women and children were killed, according to the Equal Justice Initiative, a Montgomery, Alabama-based nonprofit that has documented more than 4,400 lynchings of black people in the U.S. between 1877 and 1950. Five white people were killed. Hundreds of black people were arrested and jailed, many of them tortured into giving incriminating testimony. Some were forced to flee Arkansas and, according to the Legacy Center, had their land stolen.
Johnson said his grandfather, Alonzo "Lonnie" Birch, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan and worked for the Missouri Pacific Railroad, the same company that employed the railroad security officer who was killed at the Arkansas church where the black sharecroppers had gathered to organize. Once the violence started, Johnson said, railroad officials urged workers to join the fighting. He said his grandfather likely responded to the call.
Narratives about the killings differ and records are not easy to find, said Brian Mitchell, an assistant professor of history at the University of Arkansas-Little Rock. "You have to understand that everybody that had some degree of power in the state was a part of the process of the massacre, so the people who would control all the records are actively suppressing the records," Mitchell said.
Some residents think the death toll is highly exaggerated.
Poindexter Fiser, the mayor of Elaine from 1985 to 2007, said the accounts of a massacre are "somebody trying to make something out of nothing much to talk about." Fiser, who is white, said his late father-in-law put the number of those slain at only "about 25 people."
Kyle Miller, director of the Delta Cultural Center in Helena-West Helena, Arkansas, said for many years, the violence "was not really acknowledged … it was something that was only talked about behind closed doors." Miller is a descendant of the Johnston brothers, four wealthy, black siblings who he said were pulled off a train on their way back to Helena after a hunting trip and killed during the massacre.
"I'm really hoping (the memorial) is going to spark some conversations. That people will look at it and begin to ask questions and be able to learn some history of our community," Miller said.
The memorial is set to be unveiled in September.
Not everyone supports it. Members of the Legacy Center say the monument belongs in Elaine.
"If you said '1919,′ what do you think of? Elaine," said James White, director of the Legacy Center. "You don't think of Helena."
White and others with the center said any commemoration efforts should have some focus on the theft of black-owned land. Some residents are calling for descendants of the victims to receive compensation for what their families lost.
Miller and other memorial organizers say Elaine doesn't have enough resources to sustain what they envision will become a civil rights tourist destination. And to them, the massacre story is bigger than Elaine: The Phillips County Courthouse in Helena was where hundreds of black men were jailed and tortured following the violence.
The effects of the violence and aftermath endure today. Elaine is still highly segregated: White residents live predominantly on the south side and black residents on the north side. About 60 percent of its 527 people are black.
"It's a quiet town, but there's still racial tension here because we're still divided," said White, a black Elaine native whose grandmother told him about black residents hiding in swamps to escape.
White said he welcomes efforts to learn about the massacre but questions who gets to tell the story and who benefits from sharing it.
"One hundred years later, it's the same old game, just a different day," he said, reflecting on the disparity between those that hold power in Phillips County and the poor black residents of Elaine. "It's hate in this town … and black people are still afraid" of talking about the massacre.
Associated Press writer Ken Miller in Oklahoma City contributed.
#equity#ku klux klan
Thank You, Gavin Newsom, From a Death Row Inmate
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Marjorie Cohn / Consortiumnews
New Museum Confronts America's History of Racism
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Kevin Cooper Fights for His Innocence From San Quentin's Death Row
Eric Ortiz / Truthdig
If Alabama Executes Vernon Madison, Bill Clinton Will Share Blame
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Chris Hedges Walks With a Champion of the Imprisoned
Alexander Reed Kelly / Truthdig


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Salvation Army in the Philippines Remains at the Heart of Typhoon Response
November 21, 2013 /0 Comments/in Disaster Response, Donate, Emergency, Emergency Disaster Services, Give, National News, Natural Disaster, Salvation Army, The Salvation Army /by SalArmySouth
London, England (November 20, 2013) – The Salvation Army in The Philippines is increasing its collaboration with other agencies to provide help to the people affected by Typhoon Haiyan who need the most urgent assistance. Much of the 54 tons of food, water and medical supplies which have been gathered in Manila is still waiting to be transported to Tacloban for distribution across the Island of Leyte, but the first truckload of supplies – enough for 550 families – is expected today.
A 'cluster coordination system' has been set up to ensure that all agencies are working together, and The Salvation Army is working within the system, attending 'cluster' meetings that address logistics, health, food, shelter, non-food items (NFI) and protection.
The programme of support to people evacuating from Tacloban Airport is continuing to assist up to 1,000 people every day. At cluster meetings the potential for human trafficking was highlighted as an immediate concern, so a registration facility has been set up in a tent at the airport, with The Salvation Army given a tent next to this at which it will provide refreshments and sandwiches.
Thanks to arrangements made through a partnership with The Salvation Army USA, the Chief Executive Officer of the Christian Medical and Dental Association of the USA (CMDA), Dr David Stevens, arrives in Manila on Friday with a team of four colleagues. By start of next week they hope to join forces with Salvation Army medical staff on Leyte.
The emergency response team in Tacloban is currently identifying the areas for its first big distribution. Consideration is also being given to an additional food project for the areas outside of Tacloban that haven't received support. With transport continuing to be a major issue, enquiries are being made in Cebu to purchase food and other items, along with a truck to transport the supplies to Leyte. A warehouse owned by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints will be used for storage – a vital element in the process.
For the people who remain on Leyte, shelter is a great concern. There is currently nowhere to obtain tarpaulins which can be used to waterproof damaged houses, so The Salvation Army is looking at ways to bring in roofing sheets that could provide a simple, longer-term solution.
A video clip containing information about The Salvation Army's typhoon response, produced by International Headquarters employee Gary Rose, has been published on YouTube. Go to sar.my/haiyanvideo (or see below) to view the video, then share the link with colleagues and friends. Also, follow and share the latest news and photos via Twitter (@TSA_IHQ), Facebook (sar.my/facebook) and Flickr (sar.my/flickr).
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https://i1.wp.com/host2.salvationarmysouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/95d49d81a947875918cad56f51ebd081.jpg?fit=666%2C500&ssl=1 500 666 SalArmySouth https://host1.salvationarmysouth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/salarmy-logo-1.png SalArmySouth2013-11-21 11:03:002014-08-01 10:47:46Salvation Army in the Philippines Remains at the Heart of Typhoon Response
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Jessica Lee Rose's Married Life. Biography And Career
Born Name Jessica Lee Rose
Nick Name Jessica Lee Rose
Birth Place Salisbury, Maryland, U.S.
Net Worth Under Review
Husband Tim Phillipps (m. 2017)
Jessica Lee Rose is an American-New Zealand actress who gained popularity after playing the role of lonelygirl15, a fictional teenage homeschooled character named Bree who appeared in YouTube video blogs in June 2006.
The actress is now a married woman, with a long term boyfriend Tim Phillipps after dating for almost 3 years. And, now the couple is the parents of their child.
Wanna know more about her?? Continue reading until the end and all the facts about her will be revealed.
Early Life, Bio, Wiki Of Jessica Lee Rose
Jessica Lee Rose's Career
Jessica Lee Rose's Net Worth
Jessica Lee Rose's Personal Life
Jessica Lee Rose's Body Measurement
Jessica Lee Rose On Social Media
Early Life, Bio, Wiki Of Jessica Lee Rose. Age, Parents, And Childhood.
Jessica Lee Rose was born on April 26, 1987, in Salisbury, Maryland, and moved to Mount Maunganui, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand when she was eight. She is currently at the age of 33. There is no information available about her parents and siblings.
Talking about her education, she attended Mount Maunganui College from 2000 to 2003 as a part of her secondary school education. Later she attended an acting class at Studio 111 in Auckland. And, in January 2004, she moved to Auckland to study at the Academy of Film and Television Makeup.
And, Jessica's early career started during the course of her studies, included doing make-up and costume work on a New Zealand short film titled Us as well as doing extras' make-up on the set of Peter Jackson's King Kong. Also, she played a leading role in a short film titled Dearly Beloved and played a supporting role in the short film Unleash the Fury.
Jessica Lee Rose's Career. How She Achieve Her Goal? Path To Success.
Moving towards the career of Jessica Lee Rose, she first gained wide popularity for her portrayal of lonelygirl15 who is a fictional teenage homeschooled character whose name is Bree. And, the videos of lonelygirl15 got a regular upload in YouTube from 2006 to 2007 gaining massive subscribers in YouTube at the time. Furthermore, her success in the web series led her to a career in movies such as Perfect Sport and SyFy's Ghost Town.
Furthermore, she appeared in TV series such as comedy-drama Greek from 2007 to 2008, Poor Paul in 2009 and 2011 and The Temp Life from 2010 to 2011. Similarly, she is also known for starring as Julie Gold in web series Sorority Forever in 2008.
In this way, this American personality is popular not only by name but by fame also. However, till the date we don't have any information available regarding her awards and achievements.
Jessica Lee Rose's Net Worth. How Much She Earns? Salary And Lifestyle.
Jessica Lee Rose, a very hardworking and dedicated personality, for whom her work was always on topmost priority has already earned a marvellous amount of money from her career. However, till the date, the exact amount of her net worth and salary. On the other hand, her husband Tim Phillipps, who is also a famous actor must have owned a good amount of net worth. Hence with all this income and net worth, they are living a very luxurious and healthy lifestyle.
Jessica Lee Rose's Personal Life. Relationship, Married Life, Wife And Children.
Heading towards the personal life of actress Jessica Lee Rose's, she is a married woman. She got married to Tim Phillipps after dating for almost 3 years. The couple had started dating in 2014 and became engaged in March 2016 and subsequently tied the knot at the Royal Melbourne Yacht Squadron in early 2017. Her husband Tim Phillipps is also an actor and one of the famous personality in Hollywood.
Caption: Jessica Lee Rose with her husband Tim Phillipps's romantic moment
Picture Credit: Who Magazine
And, its almost 3 years the couple are in a marital relation. And, from their blissful married life, the couple also welcomed their first child in September 2019. In this way, at the moment, the family of three is living a happy family life and the couple are enjoying their first parenthood.
Caption: Actress Jessica is now a mom of her child
Picture Credit: MSN
Jessica Lee Rose's Body Measurement. Height, Weight, Wiki, Bio, And Many More.
33 yrs old actress Jessica Lee Rose, who is also a mother of her child manages to look really hot and gorgeous with the perfect measurement of her physical attributes and a fairer skin tone. She stands at a height of 5ft 3inch and a weight of 54Kg. Simialrly, she has hazel coloured eyes and dark brown hair, which makes her look extra stunning. It seems that she really loves working out and mostly focused on healthy diet as she maintains a really healthy body structure.
Caption: Jessica Lee Rose look extremely beautiful at the age of 33
Picture Credit: Pinterest
Jessica Lee Rose On Social Media. Facebook, Instagram, And Twitter.
Actress Jessica Lee Rose is active on various social net working sites like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. Being a famous personality, she loves sharing her personal thoughts and images on social media and has a quite large number of fans and followers over there, On her official Instagram site, she has 44K followers. To know more about her personal life and to be updated about her life events, you can go through her social media profile and follow her:
Follow Jessica Lee Rose On Instagram
I was going to wear this dress on our honeymoon 🍯 🌙 instead, we are planting succulents and building sandboxes in our backyard. Romance is alive and well @shopdoen 🌸🌸🌸. Dôen was born in the heart and soul of California by two incredibly talented sisters. Empowering women through a lifestyle of beautiful and effortless designs, a strong company ethos, and community of like-minded women. Dôen embraces and celebrates the importance of family; women's healthcare and the right to choose; and public policies that effect us all. They go beyond their fashion seams, to stand up for what their company ethos embody. Leading by example, they often take action to support organizations like @plannedparenthood. If you're looking for positive inspiration with a purpose, you've found it. I am honored to know creator and founder @katherine_doen since fresh out of the nest, at university in San Diego, circa 2002. I am in awe of what she's created, setting the bar for how companies should operate in today's world. Katherine, your talent knows no measures! You lead with your heart, and it shows. Proud friend! We ♥ @shopdoen
A post shared by Jessica Rose Lee Welling (@jessicarosewelling) on Apr 5, 2020 at 1:42pm PDT
Quick Facts Of Jessica Lee Rose
Where and when was Jessica Lee Rose born?
April 26, 1987 in Salisbury, Maryland, U.S.
What nationality does Jessica Lee Rose belong to?
What is Jessica Lee Rose's ethnicity?
What is Jessica Lee Rose's eye color?
Which color of hair does Jessica Lee Rose have?
How tall is Jessica Lee Rose?
5feet 3inch
How old is Jessica Lee Rose?
We, wikiramp.com team hope you enjoy this article about Jessica Lee Rose. To know the latest information related to Hollywood and famous personality stay tuned with us.
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This is How the Game is Being Played in Iraq - ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English Archive
This is How the Game is Being Played in Iraq
by Tariq Alhomayed | Oct 30, 2010 | Opinion |
The process of forming the next government of Iraq is still ongoing nearly eight months after the elections, and there has been an increase in the media leaks and speculation over different [political] scenarios with regards to this. However the critical question that must be asked here is: what is going on behind the scenes?
A well-informed source told me the following:
That Washington is not in agreement with Tehran over Nouri al-Maliki's nomination, and wants to attract him [al-Maliki] to their side. Washington believes that if it does not do this, al-Maliki will form a government with the support of the Iranians, and that it will be difficult for the US to reach an understanding with al-Maliki following this. Therefore, Washington support for al-Maliki today would guarantee that he does not stand against them tomorrow, on the basis that they [the Americans] are the ones who helped him to remain in power. All that Washington wants from al-Maliki [in return] is for him not to disrupt or postpone the proposed agreements [between the US and Iraq], and particularly the security agreements, whilst what Iran wants from al-Maliki is another story.
The source also said that "Iyad Allawi's mistake, with regards to Washington, is that he negotiated with the Sadrist trend without informing them." When I asked the source about Washington's opinion of al-Maliki negotiating with the Sadrists, he said "this is different, for the Sadrists allying with Allawi means that they will form a larger bloc, and will therefore obtain greater influence [should this bloc come to power], which is something rejected by the US, whilst the Sadrists allying with al-Maliki will not grant them this advantage, and therefore the Sadrists will not be able to dictate their conditions on al-Maliki."
As for the situation in the region, the source said that "an unannounced meeting took place in Doha: attended by everybody from Syria, Turkey, Iran and Jordan." A Turkish source said that this meeting was not planned, and took place on the sidelines of the reception held by the Al Jazeera Center for Studies for Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu. During this meeting, the parties discussed the idea of a "new Taif [Agreement] for Iraq" [in reference to the 1989 Taif Agreement that aimed to end the Lebanese civil war and return political normalcy to the country]. According to both Arab and Turkish sources, the Turks have taken a strong position against "neighboring countries" intervening in the formation of the Iraqi government, a reference to Iran. This Turkish position has been supported by Qatar.
The sources also revealed that the news of this "new Taif [Agreement] for Iraq" and the possibility of it being held in Damascus – something that was first reported in Asharq Al-Awsat [19/8/2010; under the headline "Sources – Iraqi Taif Agreement in Syria under Arab – Turkish Sponsorship] – being leaked to the media may have thwarted its occurance. This resulted in another idea being proposed, namely a meeting in Baghdad of all Iraqi blocs [to resolve the issue of the formation of a government]; however this also did not succeed.
As for the Arab world, the sources revealed that there is an idea that has begun to take shape recently that believes that there is a constitutional flaw in the position of the Iraqi Prime Minister. Therefore, the idea of accepting a second term for al-Maliki could help rectify the situation with regards to limiting the powers of the prime minister, not just for the present but for the future, returning some of these powers to the Iraqi President, in addition to increasing the standing of Iraq's parliament. However this idea is facing a new setback today, according to the sources, as the Arabs, the Americans, and even Iran, have been surprised by the most recent media leaks that indicate an agreement being formed between the Iraqiya bloc, the Kurdish blocs, and [Ammar] al-Hakim. This agreement could see Adil Abdul-Mahdi becoming prime minister of the new Iraqi government.
Therefore, is Allawi able to continue surprising us in this manner, and confusing everybody by truly reaching an agreement with the Kurds and al-Hakim? This is yet unknown, but let us carefully monitor the situation.
Tariq Alhomayed
Tariq Alhomayed is the former editor-in-chief of Asharq Al-Awsat. Mr. Alhomyed has been a guest analyst and commentator on numerous news and current affair programs, and during his distinguished career has held numerous positions at Asharq Al-Awsat, amongst other newspapers. Notably, he was the first journalist to interview Osama Bin Ladin's mother. Mr. Alhomayed holds a bachelor's degree in media studies from King Abdul Aziz University in Jeddah. He is based in London.


text:
package components;

import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;

/**
 * This abstract class provides the structure for workspace components in
 * our applications. Note that by doing so we make it possible
 * for custom-provided descendant classes to have their methods
 * called from this framework.
 *
 * @author Richard McKenna
 * @author ?
 * @version 1.0
 */
public abstract class AppWorkspaceComponent implements AppStyleArbiter {

    protected Pane    workspace;          // The workspace that can be customized depending on what the app needs
    protected boolean workspaceActivated; // Denotes whether or not the workspace is activated

    /**
     * When called this function puts the workspace into the window, revealing the controls for editing work.
     *
     * @param appPane The pane that contains all the controls in the
     *                entire application, including the file toolbar controls, which
     *                this framework manages, as well as the customly provided workspace,
     *                which would be different for each app.
     */
    public void activateWorkspace(BorderPane appPane) {
        if (!workspaceActivated) {
            appPane.setCenter(workspace);
            workspaceActivated = true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Mutator method for setting the custom workspace.
     *
     * @param initWorkspace The workspace to set as the user interface's workspace.
     */
    public void setWorkspace(Pane initWorkspace) {
        workspace = initWorkspace;
    }

    /**
     * Accessor method for getting the workspace.
     *
     * @return The workspace pane for this app.
     */
    public Pane getWorkspace() { return workspace; }

    /**
     * This method is defined completely at the concrete implementation level.
     */
    public abstract void reloadWorkspace();

    public abstract void layoutGUI();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
LG V40 ThinQ Repair
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The LG V40 ThinQ Android smartphone was released in October 2018. The V40 was LG's first smartphone to feature five total cameras.
Author: Jeff Stephens (and 2 other contributors)
Do you know which kind you have?
won't charge. does the battery need replacing?
front glass replacement (not the oled)
The LG V40 ThinQ Android smartphone was released in October 2018 by LG Electronics as part of the LG V series. The V40 was available in grey, red, black, and blue bodies.
The V40 was LG's first smartphone to feature five total cameras, three on the rear, and two on the front. The front includes a dual camera, which has two camera sensors that work in unison to produce an image. The rear camera sensors are a telephoto lens, a wide-angle lens, and a standard lens. The V40 includes a non-removable 3300 mAh battery. A non-removable battery is one whose adhesive is permanent, making repair and replacement difficult. The V30, the V40's predecessor, includes the same size battery while the V50, the V40's successor, includes a larger 4000 mAh battery. The V40 also features 18 Watt fast-charging capabilities and 10 Watt wireless charging. It also has Qnovo's intelligent battery management software built in to extend the lifespan of the battery.
The V40 includes 6 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage that is expandable up to 512 GB with microSDXC cards. It also features a rear-mounted fingerprint sensor, an accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass, and barometer sensors. The phone has a scratch-resistant glass back and front and an aluminum frame. The V40 features dust-resistance and water-resistance in up to 1.5 meters of freshwater for up to 30 minutes. The V40 is also MIL-STD-810G compliant, meaning that it complies with standard military environmental worthiness and overall durability.
TechRadar's review praised the various camera modes and design of the V40 but found that the telephoto lens sometimes causes zoomed-in photos to become blurry. TechRadar also said the phone required more battery power than is provided.
Models: V405, LM-V405, LM-V409N
Release date: October 2018
Dimensions and Weight: 158.8 x 75.7 x 7.6 mm (6.25 x 2.98 x 0.30 in), 169 g (5.96 oz)
Build: Glass front (Gorilla Glass 5), glass back (Gorilla Glass 5), aluminum frame
SIM: Single SIM (Nano-SIM) or Dual SIM (Nano-SIM, dual stand-by)
MIL-STD-810G compliant
Type: P-OLED capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors
Size: 6.4 inches, 100.5 cm2 (~83.6% screen-to-body ratio)
Resolution: 1440 x 3120 pixels, 19.5:9 ratio (~537 ppi density)
Protection: Corning Gorilla Glass 5
Always-on display
OS: Android 8.1 (Oreo), upgradable to Android 10
Chipset: Qualcomm SDM845 Snapdragon 845 (10 nm)
CPU: Octa-core (4x2.8 GHz Kryo 385 Gold & 4x1.7 GHz Kryo 385 Silver)
Card slot: microSDXC (uses shared SIM slot)
Internal: 64GB 6GB RAM, 128GB 6GB RAM
12 MP, 27mm (standard), f/1.5, 1/2.55", 1.4µm, dual pixel PDAF, 3-axis OIS
12 MP, 52mm (telephoto), f/2.4, 1.0µm, 2x optical zoom, PDAF, OIS
16 MP, 16mm (ultrawide), f/1.9, 1/3.1", 1.0µm, no AF
Features: LED flash, panorama, HDR
Video: 4K@30/60fps, 1080p@30/60/240fps, 24-bit/192kHz stereo sound rec., HDR video, gyro-EIS
Selfie Camera:
Dual:
8 MP, f/1.9, 26mm (standard), 1/3.2", 1.4µm
5 MP, 21mm (wide), f/2.2, 1.4µm
Features: HDR
Video: 1080p@30fps
Loudspeaker: yes
3.5 mm jack: yes
24-bit/48kHz audio recording
Tuned with Meridian Audio
WLAN: Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, dual-band, Wi-Fi Direct, DLNA, hotspot
Bluetooth: 5.0, A2DP, LE, aptX HD
GPS: Yes, with A-GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO
Radio: FM radio (market/region dependent)
USB: 2.0, Type-C 1.0 reversible connector
Sensors: Fingerprint (rear-mounted), accelerometer, gyro, proximity, compass, barometer
Fast charging 18W, 50% in 36 min (advertised)
USB Power Delivery 2.0
Qi fast wireless charging 10W
Colors: New Platinum Gray, Carmine Red, New Aurora Black, New Moroccan Blue
LG V40 ThinQ Specifications
Wikipedia: LG V40 ThinQ
LG V40 ThinQ Review
Past 7 Days: 34
Past 30 Days: 194