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Eugene Kaspersky, Founder of Kaspersky Lab Exclusive Interview
Posted by Bal Rai
Cyber Management Alliance's CEO, Amar SIngh, exclusivily interviews Eugene Kaspersky, Founder of Kaspersky Lab.
Amar Singh: Welcome to Insights with Cyber Leaders. I'm really excited to be joined by Eugene Kaspersky, founder of Kaspersky Lab., an internationally well-known cyber leader and traveller.
Eugene Kaspersky: Okay. Yeah.
Amar Singh: Thank you, Eugene Kaspersky. Thank you for joining me.
Eugene Kaspersky: My pleasure.
Amar Singh: There's so much I want to ask but let's start with about Eugene. You're amongst the most well-known cyber leaders today, on the planet, and you are the founder of a privately held billion dollar company. In your own words, how have you done this?
Eugene Kaspersky: Ah, well, that was a long journey. It started with…. like a hobby. I was collecting computer viruses because I just like that; like many people collect, I don't know, butterflies, the post stamps in the past.
Amar Singh: You were collecting computer viruses.
Eugene Kaspersky: I was; for a couple of years I was just collecting computer viruses because I was very curious, what's that? And it wasn't just collecting; I also reverse engineered. I made the short descriptions of the algorithms...
Amar Singh: Okay.
Eugene Kaspersky: ...the computer viruses, they used to spread and to me that was just very interesting to understand the nature of this artificial cyber life.
Amar Singh: Wow.
Eugene Kaspersky: At that time, computer viruses, they were not criminal. They were just teenagers, the students, the young scientists to design the artificial, self-replicating algorithms and that was just a research for them, and that was a research for me. So, that was very beginning of the story and my hobby has slowly turned to the product, the technologies, then to business. They are to really begin in the early 90's; that wasn't serious at all so their income was almost zero.
Amar Singh: Right.
Eugene Kaspersky: But year by year we made our technologies better and better, and to be recognised by all companies. We distributed security software. I was one of the very promising companies and year by year we were building our business, that part of the network, new products, new technologies. So, that was a very long journey. So I started… the first computer virus which I had in my hands, that was in 1989.
Amar Singh: 1989...
Eugene Kaspersky: 27 years ago.
Amar Singh: I was born, I was very young...! I mean, so, you are technical, you still are; but you're also business focused, you grew this company yourself. That's quite… is that quite easy? What are the challenges I mean...?
Eugene Kaspersky: There are… From time to time I asked, "Is it easy to you to travel so much, easy to manage such a big company?" The answer is very simple. For the first five years it was very, very difficult. But then I just get used to it…
Amar Singh: Right, yeah.
Eugene Kaspersky: And so, well to start that, that was really complicated but year by year, the system, the company just was designed in such a way that it performs better and better and it was… It's not really difficult to manage the company because I made it in such a way that the company manages itself. So there are company managers, senior managers, middle managers, they have a lot of freedom and well, responsibilities so they do their own decisions. And the best, from time to time when I have a new idea and I call my engineers, I call my manager and explain to them, ok, so I have a new idea. So, if we adopt other technologies for this needs or we start this kind of research, from time to time they answer, "Hey, Eugene, wait for two or three months, we already working with that." "Good, I like it."
Amar Singh: Excellent, excellent, excellent. And that comes back to this thing you've made… you're super successful. You've made the money. Like I said, you are a true cyber leader. But you are still very involved in the technical detail also. How do you… do you feel that's one of the reasons for the continued success? Or what are your thoughts on...?
Eugene Kaspersky: Unfortunately, I'm not so much involved in the engineering right now so, I don't write the code.
Amar Singh: You don't write any more code.
Eugene Kaspersky: Well, two reasons because, well, I don't have time for that and secondly, young engineers they do it much better, I did. So, they are more smart and… but still I need to be in touch with the engineers because the new engineers, new technologies to understand, what's that? And to me it's very important to understand and recognise not only in the new opportunities, in the new technologies, new products, but also to understand the dark side of the Internet, to understand their motivations on the bad guys, the technologies which are bad guys are using because we can't live in the world which is disconnected from the bad guys, but we are fighting with them. So, we need to understand our immanence. We need to predict the new technologies, new vectors on attacks, to be ready to protect our customers. So, I have to be close to the technologies from both the good side and the dark side.
Amar Singh: Interesting.
Eugene Kaspersky: And so that's why I spend quite a lot of time talking to my engineers, meeting with them and discussing the new ideas with the technologies, new innovations, but I like it. It's a very, very interesting life.
Amar Singh: That is really fascinating because these days, I'm sure you know, it's not common to say, sadly, the founder and the company are separate and not like Kaspersky, but many other companies…
Eugene Kaspersky: Yes, I know…
Amar Singh: The founder has gone and the company is becoming just a separate and novel company.
Eugene Kaspersky: It's still not my case so, it still…
Amar Singh: Excellent.
Eugene Kaspersky: …but my company is life.
Amar Singh: Excellent. That is so good to hear, sir. In your journey, was there a particular moment or moments that you particularly remember to make it where you are?
Eugene Kaspersky: There are many. There were both successes, faults, surprises. I think the first success that I really remember was here in London in 2005 when we got the award - Security Computer Magazine, SC Magazine.
Amar Singh: SC Magazine.
Eugene Kaspersky: We got that award from them; it was our best anti-virus in 2005. It wasn't expected at all. We were not sponsors. We were not so well-known that time in UK but there was a big show and I was sitting in some table somewhere in the corner. I didn't expect that we'll have such award and then from the stage they said, "And the best anti-virus award goes to..." "Let's go." "What?"
Eugene Kaspersky: I was shocked.
Eugene Kaspersky: That was the moment in my life I just still remember. There were faults with other new technologies as well. I wish I remember when we invested a lot in the new products but unfortunately we didn't complete them because of the technical issues so, we had to restart them to use different ideas. So, they work hard days as well.
Amar Singh: Sure.
Eugene Kaspersky: And the surprises from the dark side of the Internet. Many of them didn't expect it. For example, we were talking about the attack on a physical infrastructure for years but we didn't talk about that to the public because we didn't want to open the Pandora box to teach the bad guys, but we were waiting for some kind of attack on the physical environment. And one day, I was almost ready for my summer vacation, one of my key engineers, the expert, he came to my office and said, "Hey, Eugene. Of course, you know what we are waiting for?" I said, "Yes." He said, "It happened." That was the Stuxnet attack. Attack on the...
Eugene Kaspersky: You know… attack on the nuclear facilities in Iran. So, that day changed my life as well because we were waiting for that.
Amar Singh: Sorry to interrupt you, sir. You're saying you already had seen something like this about to happen but you were not, you were waiting for that...
Eugene Kaspersky: Yeah.
Amar Singh: ...to...
Eugene Kaspersky: We were expecting that.
Amar Singh: You're expecting that something like this was going to happen?
Eugene Kaspersky: Yeah, exactly. So, we see the evolution of the cyber threats.
Amar Singh: Yeah.
Eugene Kaspersky: And we see the different sponsored attacks there, the technologies. And for us, in some cases, it's quite obvious that the next steps in this evolution will go this, this and this direction. In many cases, we're able to predict what's next. It's not just me, my team of my experts discussing these new ideas. So, as a security guys, we have to see not only about the innovations in our products and technologies to protect our customers, but also we have to think about possible scenarios from the dark side, from cyber criminals or state- sponsored attacks, the ways they're going to go and in many cases we were able to predict it.
Amar Singh: Eugene, I think you touched on it a little but you have made your success, you made your money but you still fully involved and you still want to work.
Eugene Kaspersky: Yes.
Amar Singh: Is there a particular reason for that? What drives you every day? What makes you get up every day?
Eugene Kaspersky: It's so interesting because the life in the cyber security space is not the same all the time, because we're living in the world which has rapidly changed. There are new technologies, well, good technologies, services, products, and that changed the landscape of the cybercrime because they adopt the attacks according to the new reality.
Eugene Kaspersky: They are looking for their new victims and the new technologies and new ideas how to attack, new cyber vault and it makes us to be… but it's not boring. It makes us to be more innovative, creative and to understand what's going on and to adopt our technologies to the new realities and this life is very interesting, and this life is maybe even more interesting than the life of other IT companies because the IT companies they typically have their technologies, customers and competitors. That's it. New ideas, innovations, that's it. In our world, plus to that, we also have criminals, bad guys, cyber police, so, we're living in a more complicated world. We also have technologies, competitors and customers; last to that we have their detective stories and its IT vault which is connected to their police investigations which is frightening because of criminals. So, we don't need to read detective stories. We live in detective stories and that's why it makes me to stay in the cyber security because it's a very, very, very interesting life. I like it and I think, well, there have been many times they were would ask, "Hey, Eugene. Like you said, you have enough money just to retire and well, enjoy your life." I said again, "I enjoy my life right now. Why do I need to change?"
Amar Singh: Excellent. So, you know, we discussed your Kaspersky Labs has been on the forefront of discovering Carbanak, Stuxnet and other really bad malware. What are your thoughts on can it get much worse? What do you see in, let's say, five years, ten years, what are your thoughts? Can you share that?
Eugene Kaspersky: Actually, what we see right now is the fact that cybercrime in the past there were… we call it primitive or mid-level complexity attacks. They attacked only individuals or small systems which were not really protected. Now we see some of criminal gangs, cybercriminal gangs. We design a very professional technologies and they manage their operations to attack variable protected networks, like Carbanak which you had just mentioned. And so, these guys, they able to attack even bank networks. And it sounds like a consumer attack. A consumer attack is very simple. You click the wrong link, bam, you're infected. That's it. And these, over the very well protected network, they have to open to crack these networks layer by layer so it takes weeks, or maybe months, for these guys to get from one company of the network to another company network and as a result, they manage the whole bank activities. So, they increase the bank accounts, they transport money from the bank to bank, from account to account, they release cash from ATM's, street ATM's.
Eugene Kaspersky: So, they pay salaries to their fake employees and the fake companies; so, they do many things from inside of the bank and these operations are very professional. So, that's the first thing. They are criminal gangs which are able to design very well, very successful professional attacks. The second bad news is that there is traditional crime which wasn't connected to computer systems.
Eugene Kaspersky: They recognised power offside and now they design attacks on industrial systems.
Eugene Kaspersky: So, the traditional cybercrime...
Amar Singh: Yes.
Eugene Kaspersky: ...they're still cyber.
Eugene Kaspersky: It's still digital.
Amar Singh: Digital, yeah.
Eugene Kaspersky: Traditional crime, they're steal physical stuff.
Eugene Kaspersky: The goods, the production.
Eugene Kaspersky: Production, they steal some from the production lines, they attack the transportation to deliver stolen...
Amar Singh: Goods, yeah.
Eugene Kaspersky: ...deliver stolen goods. For example, the volume of petrol depends on the temperature.
Eugene Kaspersky: The more temperature, the more volume. Less temperature, the less volume. So, they hack, SCADA system, the industrial network...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...at the oil refinery and when they fill the tank with the petrol, they decrease the temperature so they have extra petrol in the tank...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...by cracking they decrease the temperature; not physically.
Eugene Kaspersky: Because the temperature runs in the virtual, in a computer system.
Amar Singh: System, yeah.
Eugene Kaspersky: And then, when they transport this petrol to the destination point, they release it according to the real temperature.
Eugene Kaspersky: And they have two to three per cent extra. When they, for example, then the loads grain through cars or trains...
Eugene Kaspersky: They check the weight and they report different weight by hacking computer system. So technically, they steal grain. There was attack on anti-virus at seaport by Latin American drug cartels. So, they transport cocaine...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...to Europe using the sea containers...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...and they transport it to their destination ports and they are facing the budget control. So, they hacked the computer system which manages the unloading process and they were unloading containers with this cocaine to the safe location they could access to.
Amar Singh: Without the people knowing?
Eugene Kaspersky: Without people knowing that. So, we see more and more traditional crime, traditional mafia, to abduct computer systems, to do the same crime they did in the past but manually, physically.
Amar Singh: Correct.
Eugene Kaspersky: Now they'll do it in the cyberspace.
Amar Singh: cyberspace.
Eugene Kaspersky: And this is very, very scary because the next step in cyber evolution which I'm really afraid of is cyber terrorism. So now, in the cyberspace we have professional cyber criminals which are able to attack very well protected networks. We have traditional crime which attacks industrial systems. What's mixed? If they mix the cyber to attack critical infrastructure and if the traditional terrorists join the game employing cyber criminals to abduct critical infrastructure, so, I'm afraid about this thought scenario. So, the reality is very professional cybercrime, traditional crime, crime into the cyberspace and I expect traditional terrorist to come to the same game. This is worst of the worst and that's really very, very scary scenario.
Amar Singh: Wow. So, I guess the question comes into a great segway into the CISO, Chief Information Security Officer, CEO of those companies, of people looking at this interview, what do they do? How do they start to…? How do they start to plan to protect themselves and respond?
Eugene Kaspersky: It's a very good question because there are many enterprises which depend on cyber, most of them they do. The enterprises which process the critical information; the enterprises which manage infrastructure and critical infrastructure; telecommunication company. Actually most of them, maybe all of them, they are vulnerable and unfortunately there's scenarios, very possible scenarios, of the cyber sabotage attacks. It's not just criminal attack to steal something but it attacks to destroy or paralyse the enterprise. And so, this is very difficult question, how to find a way? What to do? How to design the systems in the most secure way? I think that the right way is to start with a security audit. Check your system; recognise the most critical parts, critical components in your enterprise.
Eugene Kaspersky: Design the worst case scenarios. Both can happen; even the bad guys, professional bad guys, have accessed to very deep internals of your network. What can happen with your industrial network was your physical infrastructure, with your telecommunication. Design the worst case scenarios if you're under their… the sabotage attack or terrorist attack. What can happen? So, after that, when you understand the problem, when you see these worst case scenarios...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...that's time to design a strategy. How to change your company, how to change your enterprise IT systems, the office network, the industrial network, how to make them… how to design them in the more secure way and that's quite a long process. So, actually, it's not possible just to download the product which guarantees their 100 per cent security; it's not possible. It's a project because when we recognise that the system is vulnerable and we see the design of the system. We have to build the strategy which is unique for every enterprise and to implement the strategy. It's also different for every enterprise so it's not a product; it's a project and even more it's not project, it's a process because when it's done...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...you have to do it again.
Amar Singh: Again.
Eugene Kaspersky: For some period of time you have to get to the security OG, penetration test, employee's training, design and adopting strategies for their new reality and implementing that. That's a process. I'm sure that's a lot of work to do and not easy, and unfortunately there are not enough of engineers able to do that. Is one of the problems because we see that they have lot of critical infrastructures around us; the critical data is around us which we depend on but it's vulnerable, it can be very easy victim of the terrorist attacks or cyber sabotage attacks...
Eugene Kaspersky: ...and there are not enough of engineers to redesign it in the most secure way.
Amar Singh: Eugene, is cyber peace ever possible?
Eugene Kaspersky: I pray it's possible. I hope we can do it. What's going on? The governments in the past, they were not really aware about cyber terrorism or cyber sabotage, or cyber Armageddon; in the past, not anymore. Now I see that there are government representatives. They're speaking more and more about their cyber safety to cyber security and they are speaking in the right way, as far as I see. So, the States, they understood that how much do we depend on cyber, how vulnerable the cyber is and they are, I think, they are very close to the moment when they recognise that they have to work together because there is no national cyber problem, because the cyber is everywhere the same. The cyber space doesn't have borders. So, if anything wrong happens in one country it will be replicated to other countries as well. So, we are in the same boat, all of us. So, I see that nations, they're slowly going to the same way of understanding and there are meetings between United States and China, United States and Russia. So, they're slowly these relations that they started to talk to each other. I think, I hope, that it will come to some kind of international treaty against cyber weapons and against cyber terrorism. So, the nations will work together to make the cyber weapons and the terrorist that… cyber weapons to be forbidden and to fight altogether with cyber terrorism, the future cyber terrorism. I hope that the cyber peace is possible and I hope we will see it better sooner than later.
Amar Singh: Eugene, thank you so much for joining me today. Thank you.
Amar Singh: Alright. Thank you.
Eugene Kaspersky: Yes, thank you.
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https://www.barrons.com/articles/takeaways-from-tech-ceos-opening-statements-for-house-hearing-51596038056
Tech CEOs Are Testifying Today. Here Are the Takeaways From Their Opening Statements.
Eric J. Savitz
Updated July 29, 2020 12:54 pm ET / Original July 29, 2020 11:54 am ET
Apple CEO Tim Cook.
SAUL LOEB/AFP via Getty Images
The opening statements from the four tech CEOs who will testify during the House hearing Wednesday about "Online Platforms and Market Power" say a lot about their style—and what they're worried about heading into the proceedings.
Late Tuesday, the House Judiciary Committee posted the opening statements from the four executives— Alphabe t (ticker: GOOGL) CEO Sundar Pichai, Amazon.com's (AMZN) Jeff Bezos, Apple's (AAPL) Tim Cook, and Mark Zuckerberg at Facebook (FB).
All four stress that their companies create thousands or even millions of jobs, many for Americans. All talk about the power of entrepreneurship, and all talk about the intensely competitive markets they face. But there are differences in approach that illustrate the position their companies find themselves in.
Apple's Tim Cook opens with a brief tribute to the late Rep. John Lewis, and then almost immediately dives into the primary issue for his company: the power of the iPhone App Store. Cook's presentation is direct and specific, making the case that the current structure of the App Store is beneficial for developers and consumers alike. A few factoids from the presentation:
He notes that the 30% commission rate in the App Store is well below the 50%-70% commissions software developers often paid in the pre-App Store era.
There are 1.7 million apps in the store, but only 60 from Apple itself.
He says more than 1.9 million American jobs are attributable to the App Store ecosystem..
Cook says that in 2019, the App Store ecosystem facilitated over $500 billion in commerce worldwide, and $138 billion in the U.S. alone.
Amazon's Jeff Bezos delivers by far the longest statement, more a description of his personal journey than simply a defense of Amazon. The statement is rambling and a little unfocused. We learn that his mother was just 17 when Bezos was born, and that his father was a refugee from Castro's Cuba who arrived speaking little English. We also get the back story on Amazon, and some of the company's long history, including a shout-out to a 1999 Barron's story called Amazon.bomb.
He talks about the company's strong reputation with customers, and the growth in its employee base. And he clearly intends to leave the impression that Amazon helps small companies. A few details:
The company has 1 million employees, many at entry level.
Amazon has invested more than $270 billion in the U.S. over the past decade.
Amazon has less than 1% of the global retail market, and less than 4% of U.S. retail.
There are 1.7 million sellers on the platform and more than 200,000 had more than $100,000 in sales in 2019. The company estimates third-party sellers have created 2.2 million jobs
Amazon spent more than $4 billion in the second quarter "to get essential products to customers and keep our employees safe during the Covid-19 crisis."
Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg is a familiar figure to Congress. His testimony comes across as a little too geeky, with an abundance of references to "AI development tools," and "3-D interpretation of 2D images." It isn't clear that calling out contributions to GitHub will make much of an impression on the committee members.
He describes the business as a "platform for ideas," and repeats his previous call for "new rules for the internet." Zuckerberg's testimony suggests that Facebook's biggest concern is that Congress will push to undo the company's acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp, and he spends time talking about how much better those services became after Facebook bought them. Overall, his presentation is lighter on factoids than those of his peers. A few highlights:
"Facebook is a proudly American company."
The company has 35,000 people working on safety and security, triple the amount three years ago.
"I understand that people have concerns about the size and perceived power that tech companies have," he says. "Ultimately, I believe companies shouldn't be making so many judgments about important issues like harmful content, privacy, and election integrity on their own. That's why I've called for a more active role for governments and regulators and updated rules for the internet."
Alphabet's Sundar Pichai's approach is a blend. It has some of the back-story elements that Bezos uses, referring to his childhood in India, but without the same kind of detail. He also seems to understand that he's not quite as well known as his peers, and points out that he played key roles in developing both Chrome and Android. Like the others, Pichai talks about the power of American innovation. He also knows what's coming in terms of questions during the hearing, and talks about competition in the advertising market.
There are more than 120,000 "Googlers," and more than 75,000 of them are in the U.S.
In 2018, the company invested more than $20 billion, making it the largest capital investor in the U.S. that year. It has been among the five largest U.S. capital spenders in each of the past three years.
The company's R&D spending was $26 billion in 2019, up from $2.8 billion 10 years ago. Total R&D spending over 5 years was $90 billion.
Ad costs have come down 40% over the last 10 years due to competition, Pichai says.
Write to Eric J. Savitz at eric.savitz@barrons.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The three-functional catalytic converter is a highly effective element of system of decrease in toxicity of the fulfilled gases and is switched on in structure of system of release. In a working element of the converter there is a reburning of the fulfilled gases at high temperature for the purpose of decrease in level of content in them in toxic components.
During the operation of the engine components of system of production of the fulfilled gases can be warmed to very high temperatures, - try not to touch the warmed elements and not to park on the platforms covered with easily flammable objects (fallen leaves, a dry grass, garbage, etc.).
Do not use ethylated gasoline for gas station of the car equipped with the catalytic converter, - the lead which is contained in it in high concentration is laid on surfaces of a working element of the converter, in an essential measure reducing efficiency of its functioning.
You watch correctness of settings and adjustments of the engine. Deviations at installation of working parameters of systems of ignition, injection of fuel and engine management can lead to the dangerous reenrichment of air-fuel mix fraught with an overheat of the catalytic converter. At emergence of admissions of ignition operation of the car should be suspended until elimination of causes of defect, - the fuel which did not warm at the admission of ignition from the combustion chamber gets to the converter where can easily ignite (for the same reason it is necessary to avoid starts of the engine by method of towage or pushing).
You watch fuel consumption, try not to allow its full development which is usually interfaced to emergence of admissions of ignition (see the previous point).
Begin the movement only after warming up of the engine up to the normal working temperature.


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Wal-Mart As Predator
Human Rights Watch has long been critical of Wal-Mart which takes full advantage of weak American labor laws which make it virtually impossible for the 1.3 million employees of America's largest retailer to ever hope to unionize. In addition, Wal-Mart continues to use a variety of both legal and illegal means to prevent their workforce from unionizing. It is no wonder that Wal-Mart continues as the biggest retailer in America with $351 billion in revenue in 2007, topping the Fortune 500 list once again, while most Wal-Mart workers struggle to afford rent, gasoline, health care or food for their families on minimum Wal-Mart wage incomes. Many Wal-Mart employees have to accept Food Stamps, public health care or some other government sponsored welfare in order to survive. Taxpayers have to subsidize the low wages and lack of benefits that Wal-Mart pays, while the management of Wal-Mart brings home millions in pay and billions in corporate profits. Wal-Mart exploits the taxpayer by forcing them to pay their labor costs and costs of doing business that they refuse to pay. Wal-Mart is simply not a good public citizen.
The early days of the American Revolution promised upward mobility to workers if they would only move to the cities and become dependent on others for jobs and give up their farms and self-dependent lifestyles. Instead, many workers in America continue to live below the poverty line in a relationship hardly much better than the classic days of the slave and slave owner. Yet, because of a lack of class-conscious struggle by most American workers, many workers are not radicalized like their counterparts in Europe to throw off this oppression and only allow themselves to be continually exploited by their oppressors. But the tactics of Wal-Mart make even unionizing by their employees impossible. This company is expert at wage exploitation of their employees.
Just because the chains of slavery around the necks of many forced into poverty in America in some low paying dead-end minimum wage jobs is invisible doesn't mean that it's not still there hanging around their necks. Wal-Mart is a blowback to the bad old days of the Company Store.
Unlike employers in most other American companies who believe in a fair wages for a fair days work, Wal-Mart's upper management believes that their road to wealth should come from the worst methods of exploitation of their employees to boost profits and continue to open new stores and push out other businesses. Wal-Mart currently has over 4,000 stores, and has plans to go into many more communities and economically destroy their competition and take over the market in those areas, drive down wages in those communities, and become more powerful.
Wal-Mart is like an alien predator, it devours other businesses and ruins the American Dream hopes of anyone caught working there who is not top management and who doesn't share in it's wealth. When other businesses are economically destroyed in some small community, and Wal-Mart becomes the only source of jobs in that community, workers watch their wages cut and freedom of choice of where to shop disappears. Wal-Mart doesn't represent free market economics, it represents one seller control of all business and all wages in some smaller communities. It's the closest thing to a Soviet-era Communist economic system of complete economic control of the lives of all involved in some smaller communities that America will ever witness. No one in their right mind can call this good.
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We should like to thank Robert Eisenman for the generosity with which he made available to us his time, his energy and .his insights. We are particularly grateful for the light he has cast on the relationship between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament, and on the social, political and religious forces at work in the historical backdrop. Our debt to him will become more than apparent in the course of the following pages. We should also like to thank Heather Eisenman.
We should like to thank Mrs Joan Allegro for the access she provided to her husband's material and for her sympathy and support in our undertaking.
We should like to thank the staff of Jonathan Cape, specifically Tom Maschler, Tony Colwell, Jenny Cottom, Lynn Boulton and Helen Donlon; and Alison Mansbridge our editor for her suggestions and the patience she displayed in the most arduous circumstances.
We should like to thank Rod Collins for fostering fiscal well-being and peace of mind.
We should like to thank our agent Barbara Levy for presiding over the project, as well as Ann Evans, who co-instigated it and has now found a new vocation as medium for the wandering and restless shade of Jehan l'Ascuiz.
Finally, we should like to thank the staffs of the British Library Reading Room, and of the London Library.
And, it goes without saying, we should like to thank our ladies.
Map of Qumran and the Dead Sea
THE FOUR DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Biblical manuscripts dating back to at least
200 BC are for sale. This would be an ideal
gift to an educational or religious institution
by an individual or group. Box F 206.
Such was the advertisement that appeared in the Wall Street Journal on 1 June 1954. Were an advertisement of this sort to appear today, it would no doubt be thought some species of practical joke, not entirely in the best of taste. Alternatively, it might be regarded as a coded message - to mask an arms deal, for example, or something involving espionage.
Today, of course, the Dead Sea Scrolls are well enough known, if only by name. Most people, while having an extremely nebulous idea of what they are, will at least have heard of them. If nothing else, there exists an awareness that the scrolls are in some way genuinely precious items, archaeological evidence of immense importance. One doesn't expect to find a specimen of them while digging in one's back garden. One doesn't regard them even as one might the rusted weapons, the domestic utensils and appliances, the remnants of equipment or apparel that might be found at, say, the site of some Roman excavation in Britain.
The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in 1947 generated a flurry of excitement both in scholarly circles and among the general public. But by 1954 that excitement had been skillfully defused. The scrolls, it was assumed, had revealed everything they were going to reveal, and this was made to seem less dramatic than had been expected. In consequence, the advertisement for their sale elicited no particular public interest when it appeared on page 14 of the Wall Street Journal.
Immediately below it was an advertisement for industrial steel tanks, electric welders and other equipment. In the adjacent column were lists of premises for rent and situations vacant. It was the equivalent of offering items of Tutankhamun's treasure amidst lots of surplus plumbing or computer supplies. This book will show how such an anomaly could have occurred.
In tracing the progress of the Dead Sea Scrolls from their discovery in the Judaean desert to the various institutions that hold them today, we found ourselves confronting a contradiction we had faced before - the contradiction between the Jesus of history and the Christ of faith. Our investigation began in Israel. It was to extend to the corridors of the Vatican, and, even more ominously, into the offices of the Inquisition. We also encountered a rigidly maintained 'consensus' of interpretation towards the content and dating of the scrolls, and came to understand how explosive a non-partisan examination of them might be for the whole of Christian theological tradition. And we discovered how fiercely the world of orthodox biblical scholarship was prepared to fight to retain its monopoly of available information.
For Christians today, it is perfectly possible to acknowledge the Buddha, for example, or Muhammad, as historical individuals, just as one might Caesar or Alexander, and to differentiate them from the legends, the traditions, the theologies that have become associated with them. So far as Jesus is concerned, however, such differentiation is altogether more difficult.
At the very heart of Christian belief, history and theology are inextricably entangled. Each suffuses the other. Yet each, if looked at separately, is a potential threat to the other. It is therefore easier, and safer, to blur the demarcation lines between them. Thus, for the faithful, two quite distinct figures are fused into one. On the one hand, there is the historical individual, the man who, according to most scholars, actually existed and walked the sands of Palestine two thousand years ago.
On the other hand, there is the man-god of Christian doctrine, the divine personage deified, extolled and promulgated by St Paul. To examine this personage as an historical individual - to regard him, that is, as one might regard Muhammad or the Buddha, Caesar or Alexander - is still, for many Christians, tantamount to blasphemy.
During the mid-1980s, we were engaged in precisely such blasphemy. In researching the project we'd undertaken at the time, we were trying to separate history from theology, to distinguish the historical Jesus from the Christ of faith. In the process, we blundered head-on into the muddle of contradictions that confronts all researchers into biblical material; and like all researchers before us, we found ourselves bewildered by that muddle.
In the kind of research we'd embarked on, scriptural accounts, needless to say, could provide only the most meager aid. As historical documents and testimony, the Gospels, as every scholar knows, are notoriously unreliable. They are essentially accounts of stark mythic simplicity, seemingly occurring in an historical limbo. Jesus and his disciples appear centre stage of an extensively stylized tableau, from which most of the context has been stripped away. Romans and Jews mill confusingly in the background, like extras on a film set.
No sense is conveyed of the social, cultural, religious and political circumstances in which Jesus' drama is embedded. One is, in effect, confronted with an historical vacuum.
The Acts of the Apostles fleshes out the picture only slightly. From the Acts, one derives at least a tenuous sense of a milieu - of internecine strife and doctrinal squabbles amongst Jesus' immediate followers, of a coalescing movement which will gradually take the form of 'Christianity', of a world that extends beyond the circumscribed confines of Galilee and Judaea, of the geographical relation of Palestine to the rest of the Mediterranean. But there is still no accurate rendering of the broader social, cultural, religious and political forces at work. Everything is focused on, and restricted to, St Paul.
If the Gospels are stylized, the Acts are no less so, albeit in a different way. If the Gospels are reduced to the stark oversimplification of myth, the Acts comprise a kind of picaresque novel - a picaresque novel, moreover, intended for specifically propagandist purposes and with Paul as protagonist. There may be some insight into Paul's mentality, attitudes and adventures, but there is no reliable perspective on the world in which he moved. From the standpoint of any historian, any responsible chronicler, no account of the epoch would have been complete without some reference to Nero, say, and the burning of Rome.
Even within Palestine, there were developments of momentous importance to those living at the time. In AD 39, for example, Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, was exiled to the Pyrenees. By AD 41, both Galilee and Judaea - administered by Roman procurators since AD 6 - had been conferred on King Agrippa, and Palestine was united under a single non-Roman monarch (puppet though he might be) for the first time since the days of Herod the Great nearly half a century before.
None of these developments is so much as mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles. The effect is akin to reading a biography of, say, Billy Graham which makes no mention of his friendships with presidents and other prominent individuals, no mention of Kennedy's assassination, no mention of the civil rights movement, the war in Vietnam, the transformation of values during the 1960s, Watergate and its aftermath.
Contrary to Christian tradition, Palestine two thousand years ago was as real as any other historical setting - that of Cleopatra's Egypt, for example, or of Imperial Rome, both of which impinged upon it. Its reality cannot be reduced to a bald mythic simplicity. Whoever Jesus or Paul were, and whatever they did, must be placed against the backdrop of broader events - against the swirl of personalities, groups, institutions and movements that operated in 1st-century Palestine and composed the fabric of what is called history.
To obtain any real sense of this period, we, like every other researcher, had to turn to other sources - Roman accounts, historical chronicles compiled by other writers of other orientations, allusions in later documents, apocryphal texts, the teachings and testimony of rival sects and creeds. Jesus himself was, needless to say, seldom mentioned in these sources, but they furnish a comprehensive and detailed picture of the world in which he moved. In fact, Jesus' world is better documented and chronicled than, for example, that of King Arthur, or of Robin Hood. And if Jesus himself remains elusive, he is no more so than they.
It was therefore with surprise and zest that we plunged into the background of the 'historical Jesus'. But no sooner had we done so than we found ourselves confronted by a problem that besets all researchers into biblical history. We found ourselves confronted by an apparently bewildering spectrum of Judaic cults, sects and sub-sects, of political and religious organizations and institutions, which seemed sometimes to be militantly at odds with one another, sometimes to overlap.
It quickly became apparent to us that the labels used to differentiate between these various groups — Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots, Nazorenes - were neither accurate nor useful. The muddle remained, and Jesus seemed to have connections of one kind or another with virtually all its components. Thus, for example, insofar as anything could be established about him at all, he appeared to have come from a Pharisee family and background, and to be steeped in Pharisaic thought.
Several modern commentators have stressed the striking parallels between Jesus' teachings, especially the Sermon on the Mount, and those of Pharisee exponents such as the great Hillel. According to at least one commentator, Jesus 'was himself a Pharisee'.
But if Jesus' words were often interchangeable with those of official Pharisee doctrine at the time, they also appear to draw heavily on mystical or 'Essene' thought. John the Baptist is generally recognized as having been an Essene of some sort, and his influence on Jesus introduces an obvious Essene element into the latter's career.
According to scriptural accounts, however, John's mother - Jesus' maternal aunt, Elizabeth - was married to a priest of the Temple, thereby giving both men Sadducee connections. And - most sensitive of all for later Christian tradition - Jesus clearly seems to have included Zealots among his followers: Simon Zealotes, for example, or Simon the Zealot, and possibly even Judas Iscariot, whose name, as it comes down to us, may derive from the fierce Sicarii.
In itself, of course, the mere suggestion of association with the Zealots was highly provocative.
Was Jesus indeed the meek lamblike savior of subsequent Christian tradition?
Was he indeed wholly non-violent?
Why, then, did he embark on violent actions, such as overturning the tables of the money-changers in the Temple?
Why is he portrayed as being executed by the Romans in a fashion reserved exclusively for revolutionary activity?
Why, before his vigil in Gethsemane, did he instruct his followers to equip themselves with swords?
Why, shortly thereafter, did Peter actually draw a sword and lop off the ear of a minion in the High Priest's entourage?
And if Jesus was in fact more militant than generally depicted, was he not also, of necessity, more politically committed?
How, then, could one explain his preparedness to 'give unto Caesar' what was Caesar's - assuming that to be an accurate transcription and translation of his words?
If such contradictions surrounded Jesus during his lifetime, they also appeared to have survived him, continuing for at least another forty-odd years after his reported death. In AD 74, the fortress of Masada, having withstood a sustained Roman siege, was at last overrun, but only when its defending garrison committed mass suicide.
The defenders of Masada are generally acknowledged to have been Zealots - not a religious sect, according to conventional interpretations, but adherents of a political and military movement. As it has been preserved for posterity, however, the doctrine of the garrison's defenders would appear to have been that of the Essenes -the allegedly non-violent, mystically oriented sect who were believed to have disowned all forms of political, not to say military, activity.
Such were the contradictions and prevailing confusion we found. But if we were flummoxed by it all, so, too, were professional scholars, 'experts' far more deeply versed in the material than ourselves. After threading a path through the maze, virtually every reliable commentator ended up at odds with his colleagues. According to some, Christianity arose as a quietist, mystery-school form of Judaism, which couldn't therefore have any connection with militant revolutionary nationalists such as the Zealots.
According to others, Christianity was itself, at first, a form of revolutionary judaic nationalism, and couldn't possibly have anything to do with pacifist mystics like the Essenes. According to some, Christianity emerged from one of the mainstreams of Judaic thought at the time. According to others, Christianity had begun to deviate from Judaism before Paul appeared on the scene and made the rupture official.
The more we consulted the 'experts', the more apparent it became that they knew, effectively, little more than anyone else. Most disturbing of all, we encountered no one theory or interpretation that satisfactorily accommodated all the evidence, all the anomalies, inconsistencies and contradictions.
It was at this point that we came upon the work of Robert Eisenman, Chairman of the Department of Religious Studies and Professor of Middle East Religions at California State University in Long Beach. Eisenman had been an undergraduate at Cornell at the same time as Thomas Pynchon. He studied Comparative Literature there under Vladimir Nabokov, receiving his BA in Physics and Philosophy in 1958, and his MA in Hebrew and Near Eastern Studies from New York University in 1966.
In 1971 he was awarded a PhD in Middle East Languages and Cultures by Columbia University, having concentrated specifically on Palestinian history and Islamic law. He has also been an External Fellow of the University of Calabria in Italy and a lecturer in Islamic law, Islamic religion and culture, the Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian origins at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
In 1985-6, he was Research Fellow in Residence at the William F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem, and in 1986-7 Visiting Senior Member of Linacre College, Oxford, and Visiting Scholar at the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies.
We came upon Eisenman's work initially in the form of a slender text cumbersomely entitled Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and Qumran, which was published in 1983 by E.J. Brill of Leiden, Holland. The book was precisely the sort of thing one might expect from such an author writing for an academic publisher. There were more footnotes than there was text. There was a presupposition of enormous background knowledge and a forbidding welter of sources and references. But there was also a central thesis of exhilarating commonsense and lucidity. As we hacked our way through the density of the text, the questions that had perplexed us began to resolve themselves, clearly and organically, without ingeniously contrived theories, and without crucial fragments being ignored.
We drew extensively on Eisenman's work in the first section of The Messianic Legacy (London, 1986). Our conclusions owed much to the perspective he had opened for us on biblical scholarship and the historical background to the New Testament. However, certain questions remained unanswered. We could not have known it at the time, but we had overlooked a crucial link - a link that has, over the last five years, become a focus for controversy, a topic for front-page articles in national newspapers.
That link proved to be the information provided by the Dead Sea Scrolls.
At the centre of the puzzle, we were to discover, was a hitherto unknown connection between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the elusive figure of St James, Jesus' brother, whose dispute with Paul precipitated the formulation of the new religion subsequently known as Christianity. It was this link that had been painstakingly concealed by a small enclave of biblical scholars, whose conveniently orthodox interpretation of the scrolls Eisenman came to call the 'consensus'.
According to Robert Eisenman:
A small group of specialists, largely working together, developed a consensus... In lieu of clear
historical insight... preconceptions and reconstructions, such as they were, were stated as facts,
and these results, which were used to corroborate each other, in turn became new assumptions,
that were used to draw away a whole generation of students unwilling (or simply unable) to
question the work of their mentors.1
The result has been the upholding of an official orthodoxy of interpretation - a framework of assumptions and conclusions which, to outsiders, appears to have the solidity of established and undisputed fact. In this fashion, many of the so-called données, the 'givens' of history, were produced.
Those responsible for developing the consensus view of Christianity have been able to exercise a monopoly aver certain crucial sources, regulating the flow of information in a manner that enables its release to serve one's own purpose. This is the phenomenon explored by Umberto Eco in The Name of the Rose, where the monastery, and the library within it, reflect the medieval Church's monopoly of learning, constituting a kind of closed shop', an exclusive 'country club' of knowledge from which ill but a select few are banned - a select few prepared to toe the 'party line'.
Those purveying the 'party line' can bolster the authority they arrogate to themselves by claiming that they alone have seen the relevant sources, access to which is closed to all outsiders. For outsiders, assembling the disparate available fragments into a coherent order amounts to an exercise in semiotics - and in the realm of semiotic exercises it becomes perfectly possible to hold the Knights Templar responsible for everything, and Umberto Eco himself responsible for the collapse of the Banco Ambrosiano.
Thus, most outsiders, in the absence of any access to the relevant sources, have no choice but to accept the interpretations of the 'party line'. To challenge those interpretations is to find oneself labeled at best a crank, at worst, a renegade, apostate or heretic. Few scholars have the combination of courage, standing and expertise to issue such a challenge and hold on to their reputations.
Robert Eisenman, whose currency and credibility have placed him among the most prominent and influential figures in his field, has done so.
His story provided the impetus for this book.


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Enterprise data storage provider Pure Storage files IPO
However, despite the announcement and requisite initial paperwork, a number of questions still remain.
By Rachel King for Between the Lines | August 12, 2015 -- 17:15 GMT (10:15 PDT) | Topic: Storage
IPO activity is continuing to pick up steam in the tech community once again as Pure Storage becomes the latest player to official file its paperwork.
The Evolution of Enterprise Storage
How to plan, manage, and optimize enterprise storage to keep up with the data deluge.
The enterprise storage provider filed its Form S-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on Wednesday.
First, here's what we do know.
Pure Storage plans to list Class A common stock under the ticker symbol "PSTG."
Looking at the balance sheet, Pure Storage reported $74.1 million in revenue for the three-month period ending on April 30, 2015. That's up 201 percent year-over-year from $24.6 million at the same time in 2014.
But Pure Storage also ended that quarter with a net loss of $49.1 million, up from $30 million in losses during the same time frame in 2014.
Pure Storage's workforce counted for more than 1,100 employees as of July 31, 2015. Coincidentally, Pure Storage highlighted it has over 1,100 corporate customers as well.
Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs will act as lead book-running managers for the proposed offering. Barclays, Allen & Company and BofA Merrill Lynch have all been tapped to help as book-running managers. Pacific Crest Securities, Stifel, Raymond James and Evercore ISI will act as co-managers.
Nevertheless, Pure Storage hasn't revealed which stock exchange it plans to trade on nor has it specified the number of shares to be offered and the price range for the proposed offering.
Earlier this summer, the Mountain View, Calif.-based company launched a new storage array along with new upgrade program and cloud management tools.
Altogether, the new flagship product reflects an ethos that flash-based storage systems are becoming the norm in the data center -- not to mention Pure Storage is taking on a more direct attack on IT stalwart EMC.
Data Management Hardware Reviews Mobility Data Centers Cloud
More from Rachel King
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Super Bowl 50: Big tech bringing top talent to keep fans entertained, connected
Amazon's Q4: Holiday quarter disappoints but cloud keeps growing


Despite measures taken by Facebook to reduce the plague of fake accounts on its platform users are still being targeted by scammers and 'undesirable' accounts continue to grow rapidly.
Facebook themselves estimate there are as many as 87 million fake accounts. A dramatic increase from 2016 when, they said there were 18 million accounts that were fake. Facebook pointed toward to 'episodic spikes' in fake accounts being created in countries such as Indonesia, Turkey and Vietnam.
Back in December Facebook offered a new facial-recognition technology that would spot when a phony profile tried to use someone's photos. Facebook urged users to agree to use the new technology, claiming if they don't they won't be protected from imposters.
But following revelations, Facebook had to admit its system was much less effective than they had claimed. It transpired that facial-recognition only worked within a user's circle of friends and friends of friends. Not the site's 2 billion users worldwide.
We use new technologies to protect people on Facebook and we're often able to improve as we roll them out. In the early days of this feature, we're focused on alerting people to new and recent photos posted by their friends and friends of their friends.
We hope to improve how we use this technology over time.
Facebook has used facial-recognition for some time but the revelation that it is making little difference, experts have questioned how a $500 billion, high-tech company continues to struggle to protect users' identities.
One such sleuth is Zach Elwood who has been monitoring Facebook to expose fake profiles. He claims that even without AI he can spot a fake with just a few clicks.
It's a kind of cop-out to pretend there's some high-tech solution needed for this. I'm not anybody with any special knowledge. Anybody can go on there and find these things.
It is not always clear as to why a person becomes a target for fake profiling or for what reason. Fake profiles tend to post links to dodgy websites, share spam, boost a group's followers or scam people into sharing more information.
The political nature of many fake accounts has become a serious problem in recent times and is a reminder of the role Facebook has played in American politics with the Cambridge Analytica scandal.
And attacks can impact on anyone whatever their political leanings.
Terry Hestilow, a conservative US army veteran who comments on the news listed 60 scam profiles he said had used his old photos. Then there was 21-year-old student Katie Greenman, who's fake profile extolls President Trump. It attracted all sorts of followers both in support and against.
Analysts now believe that Facebook could be facing some existential threat if fake profiles continue to proliferate as users will, inevitably become more and more cautious.
If you're unsure about someone requesting friend status, then ask them questions. Such as why do they want to be my friend? How did they find out about you? Who do we have in common?
Does what is being said add-up? Do their statements look suspicious? If unsure then ask them for proof of some of things they have said. Remember they are wanting you to sign-up.
If their name is a common one this might be difficult but coupled with other information such as their location, age or if they've been tagged you may be able to pin them down.
Are their friends global or local? Generally, the more local the more likely they will be real. If their friends are global then view them suspiciously.
If you are unsure about somebody, then simply turn down their request and block them. You can do this by clicking on their Facebook name, go to the timeline and on the right, under the Cover photo, click on the Message settings.
Stay in control. If you're suspicious, unsure or uncomfortable with having them as a friend then simply unfriend them. It's not as if they're family or real friends and it could save you a lot of problems.
If you are suspicious then you should report them to Facebook. They have procedures to deal with this. Also contact you real friends and warn them of a possible fake out there.


Sabrina Ahuja is a 23 year old accounting student in Florida. She loves good food, lifting heavy weights, and not being mad online. She hopes to survive the diaspora wars. You can find her on twitter at @TwerkForTwerk.


text:
AFC Women's Asian Cup: Ashalata likely to lead; recovering Bala Devi misses out from India squad
India is hosting the continent's highest competition for the first time since 1980 and at stake is a possible berth in the 2023 FIFA World Cup.
New Delhi 11 January, 2022 16:12 IST
The experienced Ashalata Devi is likely to lead the side in the continental tournament. - AIFF Media
Host nation India on Tuesday named its 23-member squad for the upcoming AFC Women's Asian Cup, including four youngsters from the team that finished runners-up in the U-19 SAFF Championships in Dhaka last month.
While the All India Football Federation (AIFF) has not named a captain yet, the experienced Ashalata Devi is likely to lead the side in the continental tournament, which will be held in three venues across Maharasthra from January 20 to February 6.
There are no surprises in the team announced on Tuesday as 27 players had been camping in Kochi since last month, out of which 23 had been picked.
READ| AIFF dismisses Perosevic's appeal against 5-match ban
The four players who had participated in the SAFF meet and are also part of this squad are Hemam Shilky Devi (defender), Mariyammal Balamurugan (forward), Sumati Kumari (forward) and Naorem Priyangka Devi (defender).
India will however miss the services of seasoned striker Bala Devi, who continues to recover from an ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) surgery performed last September. It can take a minimum of six months to fully recovery after the operation.
READ| AFC Women's Asian Cup: Meeting held between key stakeholders to discuss COVID-19 safety protocols
For automatic qualification to the quadrennial showpiece in Australia and New Zealand, India, ranked 55th in the world, must be among the top five teams.
The tournament organisers have released the squads of all the 12 participating nations. Monday was the last date of registration.
The final list of 23 registered players:
GOALKEPEERS: Aditi Chauhan (1), Maibam Linthoingambi Devi (23), Sowmiya Narayanasamy (19).
DEFENDERS: Dalima Chhibber (17), Sweety Devi Ngangbam (2), Ritu Rani (21), Loitongbam Ashalata Devi (4), Manisa Panna (3), Hemam Shilky Devi (5), Sanju Yadav (8).
MIDFIELDERS: Yumnam Kamala Devi (6), Anju Tamang (9), Karthika Angamuthu (20), Nongmeithem Ratanbala Devi (7), Naorem Priyangka Devi (14), Indumathi Kathiresan (12).
FORWARDS: Manisha Kalyan (16), Grace Dangmei (11), Pyari Xaxa (10), Renu (15), Sumati Kumari (22), Sandhiya Ranganathan (13), Mariyammal Balamurugan (18).
Read more stories on Football.


In the heart of the riverside eco-district of Bords de Seine, incorporating residential buildings, retail outlets and office buildings, the BNP Paribas Real Estate head office is HQE certified (France's high environmental quality standard) and has the THPE label ("Very High Energy Performance").
healthy air quality and open spaces, enhanced by the choice of materials, emitting few or no VOCs (volatile organic compounds). This means the air flow is controlled together with the filtering of new air to reduce the level of fine particles coming in from outside the building.
an office building positioned as an acoustic screen, to protect residential buildings from traffic noise.
a very clean site run in compliance with the "green site" charter set up in 2005 by BNP Paribas Real Estate and imposed on all those involved in site work.
heat production through the Paris urban heating network (CPCU).
production of service water using solar water-heating panels.
data analysis and reporting system making it possible to ensure proper running of the facilities and to optimise the various aspects of energy use.
Bees have been declining in numbers for several years. Their disappearance would result in major ecological disruption. This is because bees play a role in pollinating 80% of flowering plants, and are thus an essential cog in maintaining the balance of natural ecosystems and agriculture.


Volunteering Abroad with the right agency: Most of the volunteer jobs abroad are overseen and handled by different agencies. There are many online agencies who will proclaim to find you an overseas volunteering work but you need to know that not all of them are authentic. So you need to be extremely cautious while choosing the placement agency. Always try to get references and conduct a little background check just to be sure. An authentic agency has the capability of finding a placement for you based on your requirement and preferences. Some agencies also provide extensive training where required and overseas assistance. The agencies will charge you for the placement and don't be surprised because this payment will ensure that you get all the support required overseas.
Choosing your Volunteering Destination: Some people are a little nervous about traveling too far off to regions in distant corners of the world. This doesn't mean that you will never get to do volunteer work. You can always find out a voluntary organization that can place you in nearby countries like Costa Rica or Peru. In these Latin American countries you will still be somewhat geographically close and near big cities with access to the amenities and comfort you would other wise have at home. you will be well versed with the immediate environment you are working in and at the same time get the necessary exposure and a rewarding experience.
If you're thinking of volunteering abroad, you could consider checking out Volcanoes National Park Rwanda and see if there might be any volunteering opportunities there.


New sales and deals! Shop has spectacular Olian Kim Popver Maternity/Nursing Tunic Top sales, specials, and deals. Hurry and get them before these are gone!
A swingy popover bodice adds a fun, up-to-date look to a ribbed tunic-length maternity top that's also perfect for nursing after baby arrives thanks to hidden openings under the popover section.


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Additionally, іt means spending substantial sums οf money οn professional installation аnd regular sanding аnd resealing tο keep іtѕ appearance. Unlike laminate floors, wood саn аlѕο bе prone tο scratches, gouges, stains, аnd sun bleaching, whісh mаkеѕ іt a less desirable material οf computer wаѕ previously.
Vinyl аnd linoleum happen tο bе affordable faves fοr a whіlе now. Thе self-adhering squares hаνе discovered thеіr distance tο numerous studio flats аnd first-time home buyers' budgets. Regrettably, thаt affordable convenience comes іn a different type οf cost: short-resided effectiveness.
Vinyl аnd linoleum possess a inclination tο curve аnd peel іn thе edges. Thеу're аlѕο susceptible tο discoloration, sun bleaching, high-traffic compression, аnd yellowing. Although vinyl аnd linoleum mау initially appear affordable, thе absence οf sturdiness frequently results іn earlier thаn expected substitute costs, thаt іѕ something budget-conscious home proprietors frequently саn nοt afford.
Hοwеνеr, vinyl аnd linoleum mіght bе appropriate selections fοr small space rooms thаt dο nοt see much traffic, lіkе a laundry room, utility closet οr аnу οthеr area.
Castle walls stand аѕ proof οf thе sturdiness οf stone. Stone аnd tile flooring сουld bе bеаυtіfυl monuments tο stability, strength, аnd sweetness. Additionally thеу bе expensive tο рυrсhаѕе аnd install. Stone masons аrе professionals plus thеу command top rate wages. Natural stone, bесаυѕе іt becomes harder tο locate аnd mine, hаѕ become more costly.
Tiles ranges frοm affordable tο collectable pieces οf art. In thе two cases, installation іѕ costly. Furthermore, уου ѕhουld рυrсhаѕе additional tiles аnd stone blocks during thе time οf initial installation ѕіnсе thеѕе materials frequently nick аnd crack аnd саn need partial substitutes through thе years. Hοwеνеr, іf finances аrе οf nο concern, stone аnd tile саn both bе bеаυtіfυl flooring options.
Selecting thе very best flooring option саn οftеn bе a hard dесіѕіοn. Whеn сrеаtіng thе ultimate сhοісе, mаkе sure tο weigh thе benefits аnd drawbacks οf еνеrу material, аnd bear іn mind maintenance costs аnd product sturdiness fοr lengthy-term υѕе. Regardless οf whether уου сhοοѕе laminate floors, carpet, tile οr аnу οthеr material, whеn thе renovation іѕ fіnіѕhеd уου wіll bе proud tο talk аbουt уουr house wіth family аnd buddies.
Don't forget to share these tips with your friends, so you can get benefits while reading this article. Click the share button below to share. If there are any that are not clear, please ask us through the comments column, we always open discussions from anyone and anywhere.


You have landed a college internship, a summer opportunity that will be over before you know it. The best thing about this job is that it will give you much needed experience and put you in a better position to launch your career after you finish college. With such a great chance to test the waters there are some things you need to do to help make a college internship work for you.
1. Manage your expectations. An internship will open doors, right? It can. But, it may not be everything that you expected it to be. Especially if you are handed a lot of grunt assignments such as filing, fielding phone calls, retrieving mail and making copies. Consider that what you learn may not always be directly relevant to what you want to do after college. Even so, the simple tasks need to be handled and you are being observed for how well you do them.
2. Prove yourself. Are you happy with what you are doing or will you complain? An internship will include varied tasks and the way that you handle your assignments will reveal much about your work ethic. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to put in much effort. Look for ways to shine in all you do and to take on additional assignments as these become available to you.
3. Understand outcomes. For every work that you do, there are outcomes that can be measured. You may not understand how what you do effects your team, but it will have an impact nonetheless. Ask for feedback from others including your supervisor. If you find a better way to do a task, run it past your supervisor first for approval.
4. Learn from others. Each person you meet on the job has more experience than you. Perhaps not in all areas, but in something that is not entirely familiar to you. This may include a software program, customer service, data analysis or bookkeeping. Seize upon every chance to learn something new — you will become a better worker for it.
5. Gauge the political landscape. Everyone gets along with each other on the job, right? Do not believe it. Human nature is such that some people work well with each others, while others prefer to work alone. You will quickly pick up office or team politics and may find yourself dismayed. Attempt to stay out of the politics, but do observe how it all plays out. In theory, there should be no "pet" employees and management should be objective. Reality, however, is usually entirely something different.
6. Dress the part. Whatever dress code is in operation, you must follow that. In an office setting, you will usually be required to wear dress clothes. Follow the code and you will make a good impression. Men should be clean shaven, women should go easy on the make up. Cover up the tattoos and remove the body piercings. The job is not about you — make your personal statement on your own time.
7. Ask for help. Every opportunity to learn something new can benefit you. There will be many times when you simply do not know what to do or may have questions on how to perform your work. Ask for help. Listen for answers. Apply what you learn. Chalk everything up to experience. In other words, be a sponge and absorb knowledge.
When your internship is done, do not consider your relationship with the people you meet as having ended. You may never work for that company again, but the months spent on the job should have given you ample time to connect with people including those that can offer a job referral or reference in the future. Finally, show your gratitude to your employer by offering your thanks for the opportunity.


A jaw-dropping two-card transposition that occurs between two spectators and in their hands!
A spectator (#1) shuffles the deck, selects a card, and the card is lost in the deck. The magician deals 3 cards into another spectator's (#2) hand - both spectators can see that the selected card is amongst those 3 cards.
The magician deals a "prediction" card (first seen face up) into spectator #1's hand. When the cards in spectator #2's hand are turned over, the selected card is gone! When spectator #1 turns over the "prediction" card in his hand, it has transformed into the selected card!
Download the video and learn this miracle!
That's Not It by Paul Roberts video DOWNLOAD A jaw-dropping two-card transposition that occurs between two spectators and in their hands!


text:
Alanis Morissette Busks in NYC Subway in Disguise
Alanis Morissette and Jimmy put on disguises and give a surprise performance of "The Little Drummer Boy" and her hit "You Oughta Know" in a New York City subway station.
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The Sunflower Room is a beauty salon providing various pampering services and beauty treatment. Based in South Tay Street, Dundee, The Sunflower Room is a beauty salon.
The Sunflower Room is in South Tay Street Dundee. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the South Tay Street page.
If you would like a list of other beauty salons shops & other retail outlets listings throughout Dundee, please visit the Beauty Salons section of this website.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of 20 South Tay Street.


text:
Production images for each tag, latest and the development branch will be pushed to [docker hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/semaphoreui/semaphore).
To build images locally see the contexts included here and use the `d` and `dc` tasks in the root Taskfile.yml to help with building and running.

## Contexts

### Prod

To build a production image you should run

    context=prod task docker:build

this will create an image called `semaphoreui/semaphore:latest` which will be compiled from the currently checked out code

This image is run as non root user 1001 (for PaaS systems such as openshift) and is build on alpine with added glibc.
With ansible etc... installed in the container it is ~283MiB in size.

You will need to provide environmental variables so that the configuration can be built correctly for your environment.
See `docker-compose.yml` for an example, or look at `../common/entrypoint` to see which variables are available

If you want to bulid an image with a custom tag you can optionally pass a tag to the command

    context=prod tag=mybranch task docker:build

#### Example Configuration

To run Semaphore in a simple production-like docker configuration run the following command:

    task dc:prod

You can then access Semaphore directly from the url http://localhost:8081/

#### SSL Termination Using Nginx

Generate a cert, ca cert, and key file and place into `prod/proxy/cert/` with
these names:

* `cert.pem`
* `privkey.pem`
* `fullchain.pem`

(I've used letsencrypt generated certs with success.)

Run `task dc:prod` and your Semaphore instance will then be at the url
https://localhost:8443

If you do not add certificates the container will create self-signed certs instead

## Dev

To start a development start you could run
```
context=dev task dc:up
```
The development stack will run `task watch` by default and `dc:up` will volume link the application in to the container.
Without `dc:up` the application will run the version of the application which existed at image build time.

The development container is based on [micro-golang](https://github.com/twhiston/micro-golang)'s test base image
which contains the go toolchain and glibc in alpine.

Because the test image links your local volume it expects that you have run `task deps` and `task compile` locally
as necessary to make the application usable.

## CI

This context is a proxyless stack used to test the API in the ci. Essentially it just installs the app, adds a few bootstrapping files
and starts up so that dredd can be run against it. This should not be used in production as it does not remove the build toolchain,
or source code.
It is more advisable to use the dev context locally as it volume links the application directory and defaults to the watch task.

## Convenience Functions

### dc:dev

`dc:dev` rebuilds the development images and runs a development stack, with the semaphore root as a volume link
This allows you to work inside the container with live code. The container has all the tools you need to build and test semaphore

### dc:prod

`dc:prod` rebuilds the production example images and starts the production-like stack.
This will compile the application for the currently checked out code but will not leave build tools or source in the container.
Therefore file changes will result in needing a rebuild.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


To install a kitchen built in oven and hob and to also install an electric extractor. I would also need trader to iron a laminated counter top cover as the original has been damaged upon removal of the previous hob. Many Thanks.
Removal of 6 internal doors and replace with fire doors and frames, including self closing mechanism and smoke sealant.
My cleaner today thought one of the wall switches seemed "live". I could not confirm this but should like a general check.
I have a wooden frame conservatory/sunroom in need of repair, the structure is in generally good condition, however some sections are showing signs of rot, and we and a new sliding door fitted.
The kitchen hood ventilation unit for a range cooker has low/insufficient extraction when switched on, and the light does not work.
130M.SQ of colinwell hollow block single storey walling for external re-pointing. Needs care and good quality. Includes one over roof gable and some parapet work.
Crack on worktop a bit bigger than a hairline about 5 to 6 inches. Thank you in advance.
The door frame needs fixed, the piece of wood is still here and isn't cracked however I don't know if it's still attachable. Thank you in advance.
Need my ensuite shower replaced ; it needs a new shower cubicle and base 800 x 8000.
I have just replaced my ensuite shower enclosure and need the tiling done.
Carry out repairs or replacement of approx 6m cast iron gutter to front of terraced property. 3 leaking joints. Carry out inspection of guttering to rear of property.
Fitting of flex flue liner into chimney on semi detached two storey house.
My back bedroom is always cold and there is a chimney runs along the back wall... if it was capped off would the room be warmer and how much would it cost?
Small bubble damage to a laminated worktop in kitchen beside sink just needs repaired.
I need to make shelves in kitchen with/without a door. Open to sugestions.
Two internal doors damaged at Stranmillis property. Require replacement doors to be sourced and fitted.
Alarm system went into tamper mode when being set. Needs to be reset for normal use.
Cupboards and additional shelving in kitchen. I am looking for a pantry, insertion of drawers, basically a redesign of what is already an interesting space.
Fitted wardrobes are required in bedrooms. It is a large space and ideas are welcome to make the most of the space.
Electric fire will light up but heater wont work.It is a fan heated fire in a surround easy to get to the workings.
Their is a tall thin window pane which is made of stain glass. It is broken . I want to replace it with toughened glass.
Hi, have leak at top of stairs on first floor. Slated roof above bathroom must have holes in it because water comes down through a cross beam outside bathroom when it rains heavily.
To repair a cracked period fireplace (mortar) and inspect chimney for further cracking, advising if can be used for fires.
Require electric hob to be installed. Require four ceiling light fittings to be installed. Require rewiring of washing machine plug socket.
Door to back lane needs replaced. Door purchased. Needs hung and locks fitted. May need to replace a wooden panel above door frame. Dimension of door is 2010x810. Thank you in advance.
A velux window supplied and fitted in my roof. the size I choose will depend on how costly they are so I need advised.
I need a ceiling hatch installed to gain access to roof space (not a ladder one just a hatch).


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#Абіратерон_ацетат - лікарський засіб, що використовується як частина гормональної терапії для лікування #раку_передміхурової залози, що поширився на інші частини тіла у чоловіків.
Препарат припиняє виробництво гормону, що називається тестостероном в організмі, що призводить до зменшення розміру простати і, як наслідок, припинення подальшого розвитку раку передміхурової залози.


It doesn't surprise me that DIY health care is increasing in popularity. We know that the folks in control of the health care system in our country don't necessarily have our best interest at heart. Much to their chagrin, there is an increasing availability of information for those looking to take back control of their own health and I'm so thankful for it! It's good to have the knowledge that will allow me to opt-out and care for my family more naturally- though you have to be discerning and do your own research.
It makes sense to me that a good place to start was with an immune-booster like elderberry syrup. I mean, if you don't get sick in the first place, you don't need all the rest, do you?
Last year, we had our first harvest of elderberries and I prepared this syrup. It was surprisingly delicious and because it was canned, was always ready for immediate use whenever someone felt that first "tickle" in their throat or if we knew we had to go where there were going to be a lot of germs.
I'm not saying this elderberry syrup has been the cause of my year and a half cold-free streak, I'm just saying that since we've had it, and I've been using it, I've haven't had a cold in that entire period of time. The rest of the family hasn't fared quite as well. They went cold-free from about last September to July of this year. Still. Not too shabby for a family of 10!!! And a whole awful lot better than the year before when we were sick only to get well enough to venture out and get sick again.
This year, we were blessed with 11 pounds of elderberries which I froze after harvest. A couple weeks ago, when the tomatoes started to slow down, I pulled them out and made 12 pints of this syrup. Now it's sitting on the pantry shelves, spicy, delicious, and ready to go!
It's so delicious in fact, that it needn't be taken like a medicine at all. It works beautifully on, say, buttermilk pancakes. Another way to prepare it would be to add in some pectin and make a jelly. So long as I have little ones who will be taking it, I'm going to prepare mine this way so that it sticks better to the spoon when I'm administering it to them. Or to the buttermilk biscuits when I'm administering them. It doesn't spill off or soak into the carrier. That's the point.
•Perhaps you've heard of the benefits that raw honey as a sweetener has on the immune system? Really it would make a lovely pairing to make a syrup, but since I'm canning this and heating it to a certain temperature to make it shelf stable, then adding raw honey would be just as good as me pulling a handful of cash out of my pocket and lighting it on fire. Heating it so high will destroy all of the constituents in the honey that make it raw. So I'll save my raw honey for making a delicious cough syrup instead.
•Because I'd like to make the most of my yield of elderberries, I'd rather thicken it up to a syrup consistency rather than boil it down to one. Here's where things get a bit confusing. Stay with me here. No, wait, hold on I'll go make a chart. Be right back….
Here's how you use the pectin you've got on hand for this recipe….
Freeze the berries after harvesting them if you're using fresh ones. You can also purchase dried elderberries here and use them.
When you go to prepare the syrup, first remove as many of the stems from frozen berries as you can. Place the berries in a stockpot and cover them with water.
Bring the water to a boil, then reduce it to a simmer for 45 minutes.
Strain the berries from the juice. You could use a piece of cheesecloth (which will stain). Or you could invest in this type of canning funnel. It's inexpensive and quite handy!!
Mix the 1/4 cup of the evaporated cane juice & the powdered pectin amount of choice in a bowl.
Bring the elderberry juice, 4 cups of evaporated cane juice, the spices (and the calcium water IF using Pomona's only) to a full, rolling boil. Hold it there for a minute.
Add in the cane juice/pectin mix.
Return to full, rolling, boil & boil for 1 minute.
Ladle into clean pint sized mason jars.
Top with lids and rings and then process for 10 minutes in a waterbath canner.
In the past, I've used 1/3 cup of Dutch Pectin. That's as much as I'd use to make a batch of jelly. Since this is double the liquid than a typical jelly recipe, I'm technically using half the pectin to thicken up to a syrup.
Now that I'm using Pomona's Pectin- which I love and have never had a batch not set!- I used only 5 teaspoons each of pectin and calcium water for jelly. (The calcium water comes with Pomona's Pectin.) That's about half the amount for a typical batch of jelly, and I found it set up a lot more like a jelly made with regular pectin instead of the super thick stuff like normal. I might adjust all my recipes! If you're making a syrup, not a jelly, I'd use more like 3 teaspoons each.
•Don't have fresh (or frozen) elderberries?? No problem! You can also purchase dried elderberries HERE and use them instead.
I have a bunch of elderberries in the freezer too, and have wanted to make syrup. I just hadn't seen instruction for canning it. Your recipe and instructions are perfect!
I made a batch of elderberry sirup earlier this year, but haven't been diligent about taking it (it's my first time venturing into something like this and has not become a routine yet). Ours is simply berries, cane sugar and water and stored in the fridge, where I was told it would keep all winter long.
I dried the remaining berries since we have no freezer space. I think that would work for your recipe as well, don't you? When using dried elderberries, just use half the amount of fresh berries called for, right?!
Hi Quinn, How many cups of juice would I get from 4 oz. of dried berries form MRH??
I've never worked with dried berries, but from what I'm seeing on another website, 4 oz. should be 1 1/2- 2 cups berries. You might be able to get a couple pints from that when it's all said and done.
A jelly! duh! My two year old has been drbbling my precious elderberry syrup and a JELLY is a great idea. Also awesome idea to can it so it's ready to go…I've just been making it fresh every few weeks.
You mention 4 cups of ECJ in your recipe, but the link is to ECSugar… is this the same thing? Is your recipe asking for 4 cups of cane sugar?
Yes, it's the same thing. I'm betting they're calling it sugar cause juice is a confusing term since it's not a liquid.
Yes it is. I'm thinking they're calling it sugar since it's not a liquid things can be confusing.