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Chemistry Video Lectures
Hey everyone, a few months back I posted two posts on full math and full physics courses and this month I have full chemistry courses, with like 30 video lectures in each course. Very awesome!
They include: Introduction to chemistry, general chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, chemical structures, principles of chemical science, molecule spectroscopy and chemical thermodynamics.
Introduction to Chemistry
UC Berkeley Introduction to Chemistry Video Lectures
Atoms, Molecules, the Mole. Chemical Reactions, The Central Theme. Chemical Arithmetic. Chemical Bonds: Lewis Structure. Chemical Bonds: Lewis Structure. VSEPR: Gun Powder Derby. Chemical Reactions in Solution. Chemical Reactions in Gases. What Makes Water Wet? Chemical Equilibrium. Equilibrium in Gaseous Reactions. Proton Transfer Equilibria: Acids and Bases. Weak Acids and Bases. Buffers. Polyprotic Systems. Titrations. Solubility Equilibria. Complex Equilibria. Complex Equilibria: The Carbon Cycle. Energy and Society: Running Out of Gas. States of Matter: Kinetic Theory of Gases. Real Gases: Intermolecular Forces. States of Matter: Liquids and Solids. Chemical Energy. Work and Heat from Chemical Bonds. Entropy, Spontaneity, Free Energy. Free Energy and Chemical Reactions. Nuclear Radioactivity. Nuclear Chemistry: Berkeley and the Actinides. Atomic Spectra & the Bohr Model. Particles are Waves!. Quantum Confinement: Nanotechnology. One-Electron Atoms. Thanksgiving Holiday. Many-Electron Atoms. Periodic Properities of the Elements. Molecular Orbitals. Molecular Spectra.
General Chemistry Video Lectures
Stoichiometry of chemical reactions, quantum mechanical description of atoms, the elements and periodic table, chemical bonding, real and ideal gases, thermochemistry, introduction to thermodynamics and equilibrium, acid-base and solubility equilibria, introduction to oxidation-reduction reactions.
Eight is Enough: Chemical Bonds. Electronic Glue: Bonding Types. Molecular Shapes. Molecules in Motion: Ideal Gases. It's Just a Phase: Real Gases. Attrative Molecules: Liquids and Solutions. Big Molecules: Solids. Got Electrons? Chemical Reactions. 602 Sextillion: Reaction Stoichiometry. Back it Up: Reversibility. Special K Equilibrium. How Pushy: LeChatelier's Principle. Too Full: Two Phase Equilibria. Finding Solutions: Solubility Equilibria. Heartburn: Acids and Bases. Basically Weak: Weak Acids and Bases. Neutral Territory - Acid-Based Reactions. How Resilient: Buffers. Point of View - Heat Transfer. The Heat is on Heat Capacity. Fuelish Choices: Heats of Reaction. Make It or Break It: Bond Energy. Get Over It: Reaction Rates. What a Mess: Energy Dispersal. Which Way: Enthalpy vs. Entropy. How Far: Gibbs Energy. Make It Work: Heat and Work. Feel the Power: Energy Sources. How Absorbing: Light and Color. Technicolor Atoms: Models of the Atom. Electron Clouds: Quantum Model. My Space: Atomic Orbitals. Breaking the code: Periodic Table. Housing Co-op: Molecular Orbitals. Dying to Know: Dye Molecules. Colorful Cations: Transition Metals. Now You See: Spectroscopy. Photosynthesis Energy Biosciences - Guest Lecture: Professor Fleming.
Freshman Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Video Lectures
This is the first semester in a two-semester introductory course focused on current theories of structure and mechanism in organic chemistry, their historical development, and their basis in experimental observation. The course is open to freshmen with excellent preparation in chemistry and physics, and it aims to develop both taste for original science and intellectual skills necessary for creative research.
1. Do You Know Chemistry? 2. Force Laws, Lewis Structures and Resonance. 3. Double Minima, Earnshaw's Theorem, and Plum-Puddings. 4. Coping with Smallness and Scanning Probe Microscopy. 5. X-Ray Diffraction. 6. Seeing Bonds by Electron Difference Density. 7. Quantum Mechanical Kinetic Energy. 8. One-Dimensional Wave Functions. 9. Chladni Figures and One-Electron Atoms. 10. Reality and the Orbital Approximation. 11. Orbital Correction and Plum-Pudding Molecules. 12. Overlap and Atom-Pair Bonds. 13. Overlap and Energy-Match. 14. Checking Hybridization Theory with XH3. 15. Chemical Reactivity: SOMO, HOMO, and LUMO. 16. Recognizing Functional Groups. 17. Reaction Analogies and Carbonyl Reactivity. 18. Amide, Carboxylic Acid and Alkyl Lithium. 19. Oxygen and the Chemical Revolution (Beginning to 1789). 20. Rise of the Atomic Theory (1790-1805). 21. Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler (1805-1832). 22. Radical and Type Theories (1832-1850). 23. Valence Theory and Constitutional Structure (1858). 24. Determining Chemical Structure by Isomer Counting (1869). 25. Models in 3D Space (1869-1877); Optical Isomers. 26. Van't Hoff's Tetrahedral Carbon and Chirality. 27. Communicating Molecular Structure in Diagrams and Words. 28. Stereochemical Nomenclature; Racemization and Resolution. 29. Preparing Single Enantiomers and the Mechanism of Optical Rotation. 30. Esomeprazole as an Example of Drug Testing and Usage. 31. Preparing Single Enantiomers and Conformational Energy. 32. Stereotopicity and Baeyer Strain Theory. 33. Conformational Energy and Molecular Mechanics. 34. Sharpless Oxidation Catalysts and the Conformation of Cycloalkanes. 35. Understanding Molecular Structure and Energy through Standard Bonds. 36. Bond Energies, the Boltzmann Factor and Entropy. 37. Potential Energy Surfaces, Transition State Theory and Reaction Mechanism.
General Biochemistry
General Biochemistry Video Lectures
Biochemical processes and principles in membrane structure and function, intracellular trafficking and subcellular compartmentation, cytoskeletal architecture, nucleocytoplasmic transport, signal transduction mechanisms, and cell cycle control.
Chemical Structure and Reactivity
Chemical Structure and Reactivity Video Lectures
The synthesis and purification of organic compounds will be explored. Natural product chemstry will be introduced. Advanced spectroscopic methods including infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry will be used to analyze products prepared and/or isolated. Qualitative analysis of organic compounds will be covered.
Delocalized Pi Systems Propenyl and Butadiene, 2-Propenyl, Extended Conjugation, and the Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. Diels-Alder and Electrocyclic Reactions. Electronic Spectroscopy. The Discovery of Benzene. Benzene and Aromaticity. Annulenes and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Directing Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. More Directing Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, Spectra, Preparation, Nucleophilic Additions. Enols, Enolates, Enals, and Enones. Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ketones. Conjugate Additions. Carboxylic Acids: Properties. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Preparation, Interconversions and Reactions, More Reactions. Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectral Analysis. Amines: Properties. Amines: Preparation and Reactions. Benzylic Reactivity and Chemistry of Substituted Benzenes. Dicarbonyl Compounds. Masked Acyl Anions. Carbohydrates: Names and Structure. The Families of Sugars and Chemistry of Aldoses. Oxidations, Degradation, Fischer Proof, and Structures of Carbohydrate Oligomers in Nature. Heterocycles: Saturated and Aromatic. Chem 3b: Lecture 26 - Holiday. Properties and Chemistry of Heteroaromatic Compounds. Alkaloids. Amino Acids: Properties. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Peptide Synthesis, Sequencing, and DNA.
Principles of Biochemistry
Principles of Biochemistry Video Lectures
A comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of biological chemistry, including the properties of intermediary metabolites, the structure and function of biological macromolecules, the logic of metabolic pathways (both degradative and biosynthetic) and the molecular basis of genetics and gene expression.
Properties of the Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins. Detecting and Analyzing Proteins. Protein Purification, Assessing Protein Purity. Proteins Sequences, Sequence Determination, Modifications. Levels of Protein Structure, Forces Molding Conformation. Structure-Function Relationships: Globins, Antibodies. Enzymes, Enzyme Specificity. Enzyme Catalysis, Kinetic Analysis of Enzyme Activity. Mechanisms of Enzyme Action. Enzyme Regulation, Allosteric Control. Lipids, Structure and Function of Biomembranes. Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides.
Principles of Chemical Science
Principles of Chemical Science Video Lectures
This course, 5.112, is an introductory chemistry course for students with an unusually strong background in chemistry. Knowledge of calculus equivalent to MIT course 18.01 is recommended (see my full math courses post). Emphasis is on basic principles of atomic and molecular electronic structure, thermodynamics, acid-base and redox equilibria, chemical kinetics, and catalysis. The course also covers applications of basic principles to problems in metal coordination chemistry, organic chemistry, and biological chemistry.
Atomic Theory of Matter. Discovery of Nucleus. Wave-Particle Duality of Radiation and Matter. Particle-Like Nature of Light. Matter as a Wave. Schrödinger Equation for H Atom. Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions. P Orbitals. Electronic Structure of Multielectron Atoms. Periodic Trends in Elemental Properties. Why Wavefunctions are Important? Ionic Bonds - Classical Model and Mechanism. Kinetic Theory - Behavior of Gases. Distribution Molecular Energies. Internal Degrees of Freedom. Intermolecular Interactions. Polarizability. Thermodynamics and Spontaneous Change. Molecular Description of Acids and Bases. Lewis and Brønsted Acid-Base Concepts. Titration Curves and pH Indicators. Electrons in Chemistry: Redox Processes. Cell Potentials and Free Energy. Theory of Molecular Shapes. Valence Bond Theory. Molecular Orbital Theory. Molecular Orbital Theory for Diatomic Molecules. Molecular Orbital Theory for Polyatomic Molecules. Crystal Field Theory. Color and Magnetism of Coordination Complexes. Coordination Complexes and Ligands. Ligand Substitution Reactions: Kinetics. Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors. Metals in Biology. Nuclear Chemistry and the Cardiolite® Story.
Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Chemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics Video Lectures
This subject deals primarily with equilibrium properties of macroscopic systems, basic thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium of reactions in gas and solution phase, and rates of chemical reactions.
State of a system, 0th law, equation of state. Work, heat, first law. Internal energy, expansion work. Enthalpy. Adiabatic changes. Thermochemistry. Calorimetry. Second law. Entropy and the Clausius inequality. Entropy and irreversibility. Fundamental equation, absolute S, third law. Criteria for spontaneous change. Gibbs free energy. Multicomponent systems, chemical potential. Chemical equilibrium. Temperature, pressure and Kp. Equilibrium: application to drug design. Phase equilibria - one component. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Phase equilibria - two components. Ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions. Colligative properties. Introduction to statistical mechanics. Partition function (q) - large N limit. Partition function (Q) - many particles. Statistical mechanics and discrete energy levels. Model systems. Applications: chemical and phase equilibria. Introduction to reaction kinetics. Complex reactions and mechanisms. Steady-state and equilibrium approximations. Chain reactions. Temperature dependence, Ea, catalysis. Enzyme catalysis. Autocatalysis and oscillators.
Small-Molecule Spectroscopy and Dynamics
Molecule Spectroscopy Video Lectures
The goal of this course is to illustrate the spectroscopy of small molecules in the gas phase: quantum mechanical effective Hamiltonian models for rotational, vibrational, and electronic structure; transition selection rules and relative intensities; diagnostic patterns and experimental methods for the assignment of non-textbook spectra; breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (spectroscopic perturbations); the stationary phase approximation; nondegenerate and quasidegenerate perturbation theory (van Vleck transformation); qualitative molecular orbital theory (Walsh diagrams); the notation of atomic and molecular spectroscopy.
Matrices are useful in spectroscopic theory. Coupled harmonic oscillators: truncation of an infinite matrix. Building an effective hamiltonian. Atoms: 1e- and alkali. Alkali and many e- atomic spectra. Many e- atoms. How to assign an atomic spectrum. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The Born-Oppenheimer approach to transitions. Pictures of spectra and notation. Rotational assignment of diatomic electronic spectra. Laser schemes for rotational assignment first lines for Ω', Ω" assignments. Definition of angular momenta and | A α MA >, evaluation of HROT. 2∏ and 2∑ matrices. Parity and e/f basis for 2∏, 2∑±. Hund's cases: 2∏, 2∑± examples. Perturbations. Second-order effects. Transformations between basis sets: 3-j, 6-j, and Wigner-Eckart theorem. Construction of potential curves by the Rydberg-Klein-Rees method (RKR). Rotation of polyatomic molecules. Asymmetric top. Pure rotation spectra of polyatomic molecules. Polyatomic vibrations: normal mode calculations.
Have fun with all these chemistry lectures!
Chemistry, Biology, and Life Sciences Video Lectures
(Includes Solid State Chemistry, Principles of Chemical Science, Introduction to Chemistry, Chemical Structure and Reactivity, Astrophysical Chemistry, C60 - the Celestial Sphere that Fell to Earth, Introduction to Biology, Introductory Biology, General Biology, General Biology Lab, Structural Aspects of Biomaterials, The Origin of Life, Self-Assembly: Nature's way to do it, Genomics and Computational Biology, Genomic Medicine, Neuroscience and Behavior.)
Chemistry Video and Audio Lectures
(Includes general chemistry, organic chemistry, food chemistry, drug chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, contemporary chemistry, chemistry demonstrations and Nobel Prize laureate lectures.)
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Unter dem Begriff DDR-Literatur werden alle geschriebenen Werke zusammengefasst, die ab 1945 in der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone und später in der DDR entstanden sind. Die Anfänge der DDR-Literatur gingen einher mit einer Reihe von antifaschistischen Werken heimgekehrter literarischer Emigranten. Literatur und Kultur in der DDR wurden wesentlich durch Erlasse und offizielle Äußerungen der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED) beeinflusst und gelenkt, so dass man von einer zentralistisch organisierten Literaturszene sprechen kann. Ziel der Literaturpolitik war es, im Rahmen des "Sozialistischen Realismus" die gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen zu beschreiben und selbst verändernd einzugreifen.

Die Entwicklung der DDR-Literatur lässt sich schwerpunktmäßig vier Phasen zuordnen: die Aufbauliteratur der 1950er Jahre,  die Ankunftsliteratur der 1960er Jahre, die relative Liberalisierung der 1970er Jahre und die Entstehung einer Untergrundliteratur in den 1980er Jahren.

Buchmarkt, Reglementierung und Zensur

Die Belletristik der DDR hatte auch die Funktion einer "kritischen Öffentlichkeit", die die gelenkte Presse nicht übernehmen konnte. Es gab offiziell keine Zensur, aber die Hauptverwaltung Verlage und Buchhandel (HV) im DDR-Kulturministerium reglementierte die Buchverlage, den Leipziger Kommissions- und Großbuchhandel, den Volksbuchhandel, die Bibliotheken und den Buchaußenhandel und bestimmte so die zu druckende Auflage. Aus politischen Vorgaben und der Situation des Papiermangels entstand die Praxis von Druckgenehmigungsverfahren. Die Verlage bearbeiteten die Manuskripte der Autoren, die HV erließ zahlreiche Änderungsauflagen, die die Lektoren dann den Autoren nahezubringen hatten. Die Verlage versuchten häufig, auch regimekritische Autoren zu publizieren, teilweise zunächst kurze Texte in Anthologien. Viele Verlage wurden durch ehemalige Zensoren geleitet; Männer wie Gerhard Dahne hatten genügend Insiderwissen, um in den meisten Fällen Autoren durch die Zensur zu bringen.

Merkmale im Außenvergleich

Die bundesdeutsche Forschung diskutiert darüber, ob die Literatur der DDR als eigenständig anerkannt werden sollte oder nicht. Vor allem in den 1950er Jahren ging man auf konservativer Seite der Literaturwissenschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von einer ungebrochen einheitlichen deutschen Literatur aus. Zu Beginn der 1960er Jahre vereinnahmte man auf westlicher Seite einzelne literarische Besonderheiten wie etwa Peter Huchel, ignorierte aber u. a. Bertolt Brecht, Anna Seghers, oder Arnold Zweig. Erst im Laufe der 1960er Jahre nahm man die Existenz einer eigenständigen DDR-Literatur mit Vertretern wie Johannes Bobrowski, Christa Wolf, Günter de Bruyn, Peter Hacks, Wolf Biermann oder Heiner Müller wahr. Es ist daher sinnvoll, die ostdeutsche von der westdeutschen Literatur abzugrenzen, da zwar die Antwort auf die Frage nach einer eigenen Sprache der DDR-Literatur verneint werden muss, der DDR-Literatur aber eine auf der DDR-Realität gründende eigene Thematik zuzusprechen ist, die so aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Erfahrungswelt in der westdeutschen Literatur nicht zu finden ist.

Insgesamt sind die Unterschiede zwischen der in der DDR und der in der Bundesrepublik entstandenen Literatur am Anfang der deutschen Teilung als sehr groß zu bezeichnen. Später haben sie sich nach und nach verringert (Konvergenzbewegung), bis in den späten 1980er Jahren eine Differenz zwischen westdeutscher und DDR-Literatur kaum noch erkennbar war.

Der britische Historiker und Deutschlandkenner Timothy Garton Ash charakterisierte die DDR-Literatur 1981 mit den Worten, sie habe "niemals, weder individuell noch kollektiv, ihre Regierung in vergleichbarer Weise herausgefordert...wie ihre polnischen, ungarischen oder tschechischen Kollegen."

Daten und geschichtlicher Hintergrund

 Juli 1945 "Kulturbund zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands" (Integration der künstlerischen Kräfte zur Unterstützung der neuen Führungsmacht) – Zeitschrift "Aufbau: Kulturpolitische Monatsschrift" als wichtigstes kulturpolitisches Organ
 8. September 1947 Befehl über "Konfiskation nazistischer und militaristischer Literatur" zur "schnellen Ausmerzung der nazistischen Ideen und des Militarismus"
 1949 Parteikonferenz der SED (Kultur soll entschlossen auf Marxismus-Leninismus aufbauen)
 März 1951 "Kampf gegen Formalismus in Kunst und Literatur, für eine fortschrittliche deutsche Kultur"
 1952 "Deutscher Schriftstellerverband"
 ab 1953 "ndl" als Publikationsorgan
 April 1959/1964 "Bitterfelder Weg"

Die vier Phasen der DDR-Literatur

Die 1950er Jahre: Aufbauliteratur

Die Aufbauliteratur befasste sich thematisch mit dem Aufbau großer Industrieanlagen (besonders Chemiewerke). In den Erzählungen sind die Arbeiter die Helden und der Held der spezifischen Erzählung ist ein besonders qualifizierter und erfahrener (also meist etwas älterer) Arbeiter, der unter Schwierigkeiten hilft, das Werk aufzubauen, sich also durch eine besondere Leistung in der Arbeit auszeichnet. Meist treten auch Vertreter "der alten Kräfte" auf. Das sind Saboteure, die den ökonomischen Erfolg des Sozialismus verhindern, und entlarvt werden oder in den Westen fliehen. Indem der Aufbau der Industrieanlage zuletzt erfolgreich ist und der Sozialismus "seinen Lauf" nimmt, propagiert die Aufbauliteratur eine optimistische Perspektive. Es handelt sich um eine didaktische Literatur im Interesse des Aufbaus, die die Menschen dazu ermutigen soll, sich für die Sache des Sozialismus zu engagieren. Ein klassischer Vertreter ist hier z. B. Eduard Claudius mit seinem Werk "Menschen an unserer Seite".
Die Aufbauliteratur will und soll die Errungenschaften des Sozialismus und den Sieg über Faschismus darstellen.

Die 1960er Jahre: Ankunftsliteratur
1961–1965

Nach dem Bau der Berliner Mauer 1961 herrschte in den folgenden Jahren bis 1965 eine besondere Phase liberaler Kultur- und Jugendpolitik. Die SED-Führung versprach der Jugend im Jugendkommuniqué von 1963 mehr Selbständigkeit und Mitspracherecht. Gleichzeitig konnten kritische Musiker und Intellektuelle wieder öffentlich wirksam werden. Zu ihnen gehörte Wolf Biermann, der nach längerer Zeit wieder öffentliche Konzerte gab. Ebenso wurde die in den Jahren zuvor stark bekämpfte Beatmusik öffentlich zugelassen. Zudem wurde in der Wirtschaft das "Neue Ökonomisches System der Planung und Leitung" (NÖSPL) eingeführt, das nach den 1950er Jahren eine Dezentralisierung und stärkere Eigenständigkeit der Betriebe mit sich brachte.

Auch in der Literatur gab es eine liberale Phase, die vom "Bitterfelder Weg" geprägt war, der durch die Bitterfelder Konferenz von 1959 eingeleitet wurde. Dieser Bitterfelder Weg und die Tatsache, dass die DDR-Grenze vollständig geschlossen war und ein Arrangement mit den Verhältnissen der DDR unerlässlich wurde (es gab keinen Ausweg mehr) bildete die Grundlage der Ankunftsliteratur, welche besonders von Brigitte Reimanns Ankunft im Alltag von 1961 geprägt wurde.  Typisches Beispiel ist Der geteilte Himmel (1963) von Christa Wolf. In der Literatur sind die Hauptfiguren nun meist jüngere, intellektuelle Menschen, die sich sowohl im Beruf als auch im Privaten bewähren müssen, z. B. auch bei Christa Wolf "Der geteilte Himmel". In diesem Werk tritt noch eine weitere Tendenz zu Tage, nämlich dass zunehmend auch weibliche Hauptfiguren auftreten.

Siehe auch: Zirkel schreibender Arbeiter

1965–1971

Bereits vor 1965 nahmen die Restriktionen in der Kulturpolitik wieder zu – der Regimekritiker Robert Havemann wurde 1963 von der Universitätsparteileitung und 1964 komplett aus der Partei und der Humboldt-Universität ausgeschlossen, und auch die Freiheiten, welche das NÖSPL den Betrieben garantieren sollte, wurden nur zögerlich gewährt. 1965 schließlich endete auch eine Demonstration von Anhängern der Beat-Musik mit einer Massenfestnahme und entsprechenden Gerichtsverfahren. Im November des Jahres forderte nun der damalige Sekretär des Nationalen Verteidigungsrates, Erich Honecker, auf dem 11. Plenum des Zentralkomitees eine "saubere Leinwand" und wetterte gegen schädliche Tendenzen, Skeptizismus und Unmoral. Folglich wurden 12 DEFA-Filme verboten, Biermann, Stefan Heym und Havemann erneut durch Verbote gegängelt. Ebenso kam die Literatur, welche auf der Linie des Bitterfelder Wegs lag, in Verruf und praktisch zu einem Ende.

Die 1970er Jahre: Liberalisierung

Die Ablösung des Staatsoberhauptes Walter Ulbricht 1971 durch Erich Honecker war ein bedeutender Einschnitt für die DDR-Literatur. Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang von der "Zweiten Generation" gesprochen. Honecker beschloss ein Liberalisierungsprogramm für die gesamte Kunst und Literatur. Dies bedeutete anfangs, dass den DDR-Schriftstellern mehr Freiheit zugesprochen wurde, solange die Basis des Sozialismus gewährleistet und in den Werken vorhanden war. Wichtig in diesem Zusammenhang ist der Begriff der "subjektiven Authentizität", der durch Christa Wolf (z. B. Christa Wolf "Nachdenken über Christa T.", 1968) stark geprägt wurde. In Christa Wolfs Konzept der "subjektiven Authentizität" steht nicht mehr so sehr der Sozialismus im Vordergrund, sondern vielmehr die Probleme des Individuums in der sozialistischen Gesellschaft.

Das Liberalisierungsprogramm endete jedoch 1976 mit der Ausweisung Wolf Biermanns und weiteren Ausbürgerungen und Emigrationen von ca. 100 DDR-Schriftstellern, so z. B. Sarah Kirsch, Günter Kunert und Reiner Kunze, die in die Bundesrepublik übersiedelten. Einige Schriftsteller erhielten sogenannte Drei-Jahres-Visa, darunter Klaus Poche, Joachim Seyppel, Günter Kunert und Rolf Schneider, später auch Monika Maron.

Die 1980er Jahre: Untergrundliteratur

Die Literatur teilte sich hier auf. Einige DDR-Schriftsteller schrieben so weiter wie bisher. Andererseits verstärkte sich eine subversive Tendenz, die sich als "Untergrundliteratur" oder Bohème bezeichnen lässt. Im Ostberliner Stadtviertel Prenzlauer Berg bildete sich eine Szene von jungen Literaten heraus, die auf die traditionelle Methode der Publikation durch Verlage verzichteten. Sie publizierten in kleinen Auflagen und gaben viele Lesungen (teilweise mit Musik), um ihre Werke verbreiten zu können. Sie orientierten sich an poststrukturalistischen Tendenzen aus Frankreich und wollten eine Literatur schaffen, "die die Stasi nicht versteht". Diese DDR-Autoren bedienten sich also einer bewusst irrationalen Schreibweise, um eine Opposition zur SED zu bilden und um gegen die staatlichen Restriktionen zu protestieren. Zu ihnen zählten u. a. Stefan Döring, Egmont Hesse, Jan Faktor, Johannes Jansen, Uwe Kolbe, Andreas Koziol, Leonhard Lorek, Lothar Feix, Detlef Opitz, Frank-Wolf Matthies, Bert Papenfuß-Gorek, Gino Hahnemann, Cornelia Schleime, Peter Brasch, Michael Rom, Ulrich Zieger. Die zeitweilig als Spiritus rectores im Zentrum dieser Szene stehenden Sascha Anderson und Rainer Schedlinski wurden nach der Wende als inoffizielle Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit entlarvt, die ihre eigenen Kollegen ausgiebig bespitzelt hatten.

Fachbegriffe

Der "sozialistische Realismus"

Die Prinzipien des sozialistischen Realismus waren im Wesentlichen die gleichen, die schon 1934 auf dem ersten Kongress des sowjetischen Schriftstellerverbandes programmatisch ausgearbeitet und vorgelegt wurden. Dabei wurde vor allem betont, dass die primäre Funktion von Literatur in der ideologischen Erziehung der Massen und im politischen Anschauungsunterricht liege. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde eine Kunsttheorie festgelegt, die zu einem recht starren Schematismus geführt hat. Daher entspricht  der Terminus "sozialistischer Realismus" nicht dem traditionellen Realismus-Begriff. Es handelt sich hier vielmehr um eine ideologische Literaturtheorie, die auf folgenden primären Grundsätzen beruht: ideologisch determinierter Ideengehalt, marxistisch-leninistische Parteilichkeit, Vorbildlichkeit, Optimismus, Volkstümlichkeit, Verständlichkeit und positiver Held. Durch das genaue Beachten dieser Prinzipien soll gewährleistet werden, dass die Literatur ihrer Funktion und Aufgabe gerecht wird, nämlich den Aufbau der großen gesellschaftlichen Veränderung im Sinne des Sozialismus-Kommunismus nicht nur widerzuspiegeln, sondern durch ihre Wirkung auf die Leser zur Verwirklichung dieser Gesellschaft beizutragen. Durch ein solches Literaturdiktat wurden die DDR-Autoren in ihrer schöpferischen Freiheit begrenzt und häufig als Propagandawerkzeug instrumentalisiert. Dieses Prinzip des "sozialistischen Realismus" blieb bis auf wenige Ausnahmen, wie die Lyriker der "Sächsischen Dichterschule" oder auch "Lyrikwelle" genannt, bis zum Ende der DDR die gültige Literaturtheorie, obwohl sich auch gerade renommierte Autoren in der Praxis davon distanzierten. Vor allem Stephan Hermlin, Volker Braun und andere junge Autoren der 2. Lyrikgeneration der DDR nutzten die Begeisterung der Bevölkerung für Literatur bspw. in der Veranstaltungsreihe Lyrik – Jazz – Prosa, um sich vom Sozialistischen Realismus der 1. Lyrikgeneration abzugrenzen.

Referenztext: Christa Wolf: Der geteilte Himmel (1963)

Der Roman Der geteilte Himmel erzählt das Leben der Studentin Rita Seidel, die in "den letzten Augusttagen des Jahres 1961", nach einem physischen wie psychischen Zusammenbruch im Sanatorium erwacht. Ihr Freund Manfred Herrfurth ist von einer Chemikertagung in Westberlin nicht zurückgekehrt. Rita ist zehn Jahre jünger als Manfred und stammt aus einer Arbeitergesellschaft und aus einem eher bäuerlichen Milieu, Manfred dagegen stammt aus dem Großbürgertum. Als eine von ihm verbesserte technische Spinnmaschine von Wirtschaftsbürokraten abgelehnt wird, flieht er allein in die Bundesrepublik. Die Erzählperspektive ist hier nicht chronologisch, was als eher untypisch für die damalige DDR-Literatur gelten muss. Wolf verwendet in ihrer Erzählung viele Rückblenden, wie z. B. bei der Geschichte von Manfred und Rita, d. h., sie bedient sich der Technik des analytischen Erzählens. Den Erzählrahmen bildet das Sanatorium, in dem ebenfalls viele nicht sortierte Rückblenden benutzt werden. Damit wird eine sogenannte Psychologie des Erinnerns hervorgerufen. Außerdem benutzt Christa Wolf viele Perspektivenwechsel, um den Leser zu einer Identifikation mit den Figuren zu bewegen und seine Sympathien zu lenken. Mit dem Verfahren des analytischen Erzählens wird das Ende zwischen Rita und Manfred nacherzählt.

Christa Wolf (1929–2011) stand der DDR und dem Sozialismus loyal gegenüber. Sie bekannte sich zur DDR. Deshalb und weil der Text keine Zweifel an der grundsätzlichen Einstellung zum Sozialismus aufkommen lässt, ist es Christa Wolf überhaupt möglich, die bislang verbotenen, weil nicht als lebensnah geltenden Verfahren der Montagetechnik (Rückblenden) und innerer Monolog anzuwenden.

Das letzte Buch der DDR
Das letzte in der DDR erschienene Buch war das von der Berliner Katzengraben-Presse herausgebrachte bibliophile Buch Ostberliner Treppengespräche von Jan Silberschuh mit Illustrationen von Hans Ticha. Es wurde in einer Auflage von 999 Stück hergestellt und am 2. Oktober 1990, um 23:59 Uhr, also eine Minute vor der Wiedervereinigung, ausgeliefert.

Entsorgung und Rettung
Im Zusammenhang mit den politischen Umbrüchen in der DDR und in den neuen Bundesländern wurden Bücher aus Bibliotheken ausgesondert, darunter auch druckfrische Exemplare im Leipziger Kommissions- und Großbuchhandel. Der evangelische Pfarrer Martin Weskott sammelte diese Bücher und gab sie in seiner Gemeinde gegen einen symbolischen Preis an Interessierte weiter. Ähnliche Aktionen gab es auch in den neuen Bundesländern, wo der Schauspieler Peter Sodann  oder die DDR-Bücherstube in Weimar solche ausgesonderte DDR-Literatur der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich machen.

Wichtige Autoren und ausgewählte Werke

 Wolf Biermann z. B. Die Drahtharfe (1965), Mit Marx- und Engelszungen (1968)
 Jurek Becker z. B. Jakob der Lügner (1969)
 Johannes Bobrowski, z. B. Sarmatische Zeit (1961, Gedichte), Levins Mühle. 34 Sätze über meinen Großvater (Roman, 1964)
 Volker Braun z. B. Hinze-Kunze-Roman (1985)
 Günter de Bruyn z. B. Ein schwarzer abgrundtiefer See (1963)
 Franz Fühmann z. B. Zweiundzwanzig Tage oder Die Hälfte des Lebens (1973)
 Peter Hacks z. B. Die Sorgen und die Macht (1960)
 Christoph Hein z. B. Der fremde Freund (auch unter dem Titel  Drachenblut) (1985)
 Stefan Heym z. B. Ahasver (1981/1988)
 Wolfgang Hilbig z. B. Eine Übertragung (1989)
 Uwe Johnson z. B. Mutmaßungen über Jakob (1959)
 Hermann Kant: Die Aula (1965), Der Aufenthalt (1977)
 Sarah Kirsch z. B. Rückenwind (1976)
 Günter Kunert z. B. Im Namen der Hüte (1967)
 Reiner Kunze z. B. zimmerlautstärke (1972), Die wunderbaren Jahre (1976)
 Irmtraud Morgner z. B. Leben und Abenteuer der Trobadora Beatriz (1974)
 Heiner Müller z. B. Philoktet (1965)
 Dieter Noll z. B. Die Abenteuer des Werner Holt (1960, 1963)
 Ulrich Plenzdorf z. B. Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. (1973)
 Brigitte Reimann z. B. Franziska Linkerhand (1983)
 Erwin Strittmatter z. B. Der Laden (1983)
 Christa Wolf z. B. Der geteilte Himmel (1963), Nachdenken über Christa T. (1976), Kassandra (1983)

Siehe auch
 Liste von Schriftstellern der DDR
 Liste von DDR-Verlagen

Literatur
Monografien
 Thomas Anz (Hrsg.): Es geht nicht um Christa Wolf. Der Literaturstreit im vereinten Deutschland. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-596-12575-8.
 Heinz Arnold u. a. (Hrsg.): Literatur in der DDR. Rückblicke. Text + Kritik, München 1991, ISBN 3-88377-383-2 (= Sonderband Text und Kritik).
 Matthias Aumüller: Minimalistische Poetik. Zur Ausdifferenzierung des Aufbausystems in der Romanliteratur der frühen DDR. mentis, Münster 2015 (Explicatio. Analytische Studien zur Literaturwissenschaft), ISBN 978-3-89785-122-1.
 Simone Barck, Siegfried Lokatis: Zensurspiele. Heimliche Literaturgeschichten aus der DDR. mdv, Halle 2008, ISBN 978-3-89812-539-0.
 Manfred Behn: DDR-Literatur in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Rezeption der epischen DDR-Literatur in der BRD 1961-1975. Hain, Meisenheim a. Glan 1977 (= Hochschulschriften Literaturwissenschaft Band 34).
 Heinz Börner, Bernd Härtner: Im Leseland. Die Geschichte des Volksbuchhandels. Das Neue Berlin, Berlin, 2012, ISBN 978-3-360-02134-2.
 Peter Böthig: Grammatik einer Landschaft. Literatur aus der DDR in den 80er Jahren. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-931836-03-7. Auszüge
 Wolfgang Emmerich: Die andere deutsche Literatur. Aufsätze zur Literatur aus der DDR. Opladen 1994, ISBN 3-531-12436-6.
 Wolfgang Emmerich: Kleine Literaturgeschichte der DDR. Neuausgabe. Aufbau, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7466-8052-2.
 Kindlers Literatur Geschichte der Gegenwart. Autoren Werke Themen Tendenzen seit 1945. Die Literatur der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik I. [Lyrik] Von Konrad Franke. Mit einem einführenden Essay von Heinrich Vormweg. Aktualisierte Ausgabe. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1980. ISBN 3-596-26463-4 (= Kindlers Literatur Geschichte der Gegenwart 3) Inhaltsverzeichnis
 Kindlers Literatur Geschichte der Gegenwart. Autoren Werke Themen Tendenzen seit 1945. Die Literatur der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik II. [Prosa / Dramatik] Von Konrad Franke. Mit zwei einführenden Essays von Heinrich Vormweg. Aktualisierte Ausgabe. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1980. ISBN 3-596-26464-2 (= Kindlers Literatur Geschichte der Gegenwart 4) Inhaltsverzeichnis
 Hans Jürgen Geerdts (Hrsg.): Literatur der DDR in Einzeldarstellungen (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 416). Kröner, Stuttgart 1972, .
 Ingeborg Gerlach: Arbeiterliteratur und Literatur der Arbeitswelt in der DDR. Scriptor, Kronberg/Ts. 1974.
 Peter Goßens; Monika Schmitz-Emans: Weltliteratur in der DDR. Debatten – Rezeption – Kulturpolitik. Chr. A. Bachmann, Berlin 2015 (forum texte & projekte, 5.1), ISBN 978-3-941030-20-6.
 Bernhard Greiner: Von der Allegorie zur Idylle. Die Literatur der Arbeitswelt in der DDR. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg 1974, ISBN 3-494-02033-7.
 Robert Grünbaum: Jenseits des Alltags. Die Schriftsteller der DDR und die Revolution von 1989/90 (= Extremismus und Demokratie. Bd. 5). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2002, ISBN 3-7890-8141-8.
 Horst Haase (Autorenkollektiv): Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Literatur der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. Volk und Wissen, Berlin 1976. (= Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart Band 11).
 Janine Ludwig, Mirjam Meuser (Hrsg.): Literatur ohne Land? Schreibstrategien einer DDR-Literatur im vereinten Deutschland. Mit einem Vorwort von Frank Hörnigk. FWPF, Freiburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-939348-15-3.
 Mirjam Meuser, Janine Ludwig (Hrsg.): Literatur ohne Land? Schreibstrategien einer DDR-Literatur im vereinten Deutschland. Band II. Mit einem Vorwort von Jost Hermand. FWPF, Eschborn 2014, ISBN 978-3-939348-24-5.
Hans-Jürgen Schmitt (Hrsg.): Die Literatur der DDR. Hanser, München 1983, ISBN 3-446-12786-0 (= Hansers Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur vom 16. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. Begr. von Rolf Grimminger Band 11).
 Peter Zimmermann: Industrieliteratur in der DDR. Vom Helden der Arbeit zum Planer und Leiter. Metzler, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-476-00561-5.

Lexika und Bibliografien

Aufsätze
 David Bathrick: Geschichtsbewußtsein als Selbstbewußtsein. Die Literatur der DDR. In: J. Hermand (Hrsg.): Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft. Athenaion, Wiesbaden 1979, Band 21, S. 273–314.
 Otto F. Best: Die Literatur der DDR. In: Ehrhard Bahr (Hrsg.): Geschichte der deutschen Literatur. Francke, Tübingen 1998, Band 3, S. 499–549.

Zeitschriften
 Sinn und Form; Weimarer Beiträge; Deutscher Schriftstellerverband (Hrsg.): neue deutsche literatur (ndl), Berlin Jg. 1 (1953) ff.

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Stylistique De La Prose
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Edo de Waart took the podium in his new role of principal guest. Barber's genius for setting words to music was never more apparent than in his transformation of Agee's prose poem. He selectively.
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Soon he began to write the short prose pieces in French that he was to call his "essais. Then there was his enraptured friendship with Etienne de la Boétie, a brilliant scholar and humanist, which.
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The list is completed by A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing by Eimear McBride, A Naked Singularity by Sergio De La Pava and Tenth of December by George. books that range from classical narrative to.
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On the Msc in Leadership for Sustainable Development we do this by providing a range of learning experiences which enable our students to engage with subject experts, develop attributes and perspectives that will equip them for life and work in a global society and make use of innovative technologies and a world class library that enhances their development as independent, lifelong learners.
Teaching is across a combination of morning and afternoon classes.
This MSc will equip you to work in a variety of roles in both the private and public sector, here in Northern Ireland, and internationally. Our recent graduates have gone on to a wide range of roles such as; Communications and Engagement Specialist; Environmental Manager; Sustainability Consultant; Housing Development; Recycling Education Promotions Officer; International Development Volunteer; Marine Community Support Officer; Parliamentary Assistant and Environmental Consultant.
Students will be introduced to leadership and sustainable development over three taught modules to help gain an overview of the principles and values of sustainable development, and why it is important.
Leadership for Sustainable Development: explores theories and practices of leadership and project management in the context of sustainable development.
Foundations for Sustainable Development 1 & 2: considers core themes, policies and strategies underpinning sustainable development.
Effective Leadership (Group Project): requires a small group of students to engage over the year in a project of their choice to promote sustainable development through 'experiential learning'.
Sustainable Development in NGO (Placement 1): provides experiences of sustainable development and leadership in Non-Governmental Organisations.
Sustainable Development in Governance (Placement 2): provides experiences of sustainable development and leadership in Governance.
Sustainable Development in Business (Placement 3): provides experiences of sustainable development and leadership in Business.
•The programme of three eight-week placements in the NGO, governance and business and finance sectors can be carried out locally or internationally. These aim to help students become sustainable development 'champions' who can identify and address problems of sustainability in innovative ways and further mainstream sustainable development across all sectors and at all levels. The year-long group project requires several students to work with an organisation of their choice to explore sustainable solutions to a specific problem.
Students will be assessed through a variety of methods throughout the course.
This includes; research projects, group work, presentations, reports and essays, seminar contribution and reflective self-assessment.


text:
https://www.ncadvertiser.com/sports/article/New-Canaan-s-Collins-set-to-start-as-TCU-14043213.php
New Canaan's Collins set to start as TCU football's QB
Published 1:46 pm EDT, Friday, October 26, 2018
Michael Collins looks downfield during his time as the starting QB with the Rams. — Dave Stewart photo
The TCU Horned Frogs didn't have the greatest football game on Saturday, falling to No. 9 Oklahoma 52-27, but sophomore Michael Collins of New Canaan made an impact at quarterback.
So much of an impact, in fact, that head coach Gary Patterson has named Collins TCU's starting quarterback for its road game against Kansas at 2 p.m., Saturday. Collins is taking over for Shawn Robinson, who is having season-ending surgery.
Collins, who entered the game against Oklahoma with TCU trailing 28-7 and 8:19 remaining in the first half, led the Frogs (3-4) to 17 unanswered points over three drives, closing the gap to 28-24 by halftime.
The Sooners (6-1) ended the threat in the second half, outscoring TCU 24-3 to win going away.
Collins finished with a 7-for-17 passing performance for 142 yards. That included TD strikes of 41 yards to KaVontae Turpin and 33 yards to Jalen Reagor. He also threw one pick and rushed seven times for 40 yards.
"Coach (Sonny) Cumbie always has us prepared," Collins told gofrogs.com after the game. "He tells us to stay ready for your moment because you never know when your number will be called. Just go in and do your job. Unfortunately, we came up short. We just have to keep our head up and keep going."
"I don't know what it was, but we obviously scored points when he came in, and that's what their job is," TCU head coach Gary Patterson said. "I'm not going to make it a quarterback controversy. I thought he came in managed the ball game pretty good for a guy who hadn't been in very much, and that's a high-level team he played against. I would probably tell you he did well. I'd probably take back that last interception."
For the season, Collins is 13-for-31 passing for 247 yards, with three touchdowns and one interception. His QB rating is 134.35.
While at New Canaan, Collins led the Rams to three state championships and set a state record with 54 touchdown passes during his senior season.
He started his college career at UPenn before transferring to TCU to play alongside former Ram teammate Lucas Niang, an offensive lineman.
"It's a great example for all our kids in the high school to see how someone like Michael, who's not only a great student and a great athlete, but a great person, puts in the hard work to get where he is," New Canaan head coach Lou Marinelli said. "He could have stayed at Penn and been a 30-game starter in the Ivy League, but this is what he wanted."
The Frogs trailed the Sooners by three touchdowns in the second quarter when Collins entered last weekend's game. His first pass was a 12-yard connection to Turpin and after an incomplete pass, he then threw a TD to Turpin. The drive covered 53 yards on just three plays.
"(The touchdown) helped," Collins said. "The guys that I have around me helps boost my confidence. Any time they have the ball they can take it and be gone."
The TCU defense forced a punt and Turpin returned the kick 25 yards to the Oklahoma 33-yard line. This time, Collins found the end zone on one play, hitting Reagor for the score.
On Collins' third drive, the Frogs tacked on three points with a 41-yard field goal by Cole Bunce, making it a four-point game at halftime. The Sooners, however, controlled the game in the second half to get the victory.
For Collins, having the opportunity to play at the Div. I level has been a long time coming.
"He's a gym rat. He was always down watching film, and he's doing the same thing down there," Marinelli said. He's always trying to get better and he is so focused on this. He was going to keep on working."


>Having a means to organize your schedule is priceless. This semester I have unusually long Tuesdays and Thursdays filled with classes and odd breaks. I've been putting my 2016 Purposeful Planner to good use by writing down my hourly schedule as well as a list of tasks that need to get accomplished that day. Unlike in my previous planners, I can now see how my day is broken up more easily which gives me more flexibility in when I am able to complete those tasks. Doing so has led me to become more productive because I choose which of those tasks to tackle during any of my many breaks. Despite my crazy schedule, I have never felt more organized which is an incredible, priceless feeling.
> Sticking up for yourself doesn't need to come off as rude. One of my goals for 2016 was to take more control of the activities I participate in and really enjoy everything I do. For me, this meant sticking up for myself more often. In the past, I wasn't sure how to "properly" stick up for myself – it just felt abrasive and awkward. Don't get me wrong, depending on the situation, you just might have to be abrasive and blunt in order to get your point across, but for me, I knew I had to learn to articulate my feelings in a more effective way. Like I mentioned in my Reflecting on 2015 post, I took a class on interpersonal communication that basically changed my life for the better. There I learned the skills of effective interpersonal communication and in 2016 I am working on putting those skills into action.
> Do not underestimate your ability to do or learn ANYTHING. Coming into this semester, I knew I would be challenged. I'm taking an economics course and a personal finance course in addition to three other courses. I've struggled with understanding economics as a discipline in the past and came into the new semester completely dreading economics, expecting to do poorly. On the first day of class, I sat in lecture, listening, and was honestly too surprised when I answered the participation questions correctly. I left that class feeling like I could perhaps tackle this course after all. My point in sharing this story with you is that if you have a work training or a new class or another new activity in which you feel will be impossible for you to achieve success, knock it off. I challenge you to actively engage with the material. I challenge you to ask questions. I challenge you to get just a glimpse of what success in this area looks like. It won't always be easy, heck, it may never be easy, but where there's a will, there's a way.


text:
The Legend of Count Estruch, Europe's First Vampire Story
October 23, 2016 October 23, 2016 / Tristan
Ruins of Castle Llers, the castle where Count Estruch was said to live.
The legend of Count Estruch is thought to be one of the first European vampire stories, if not the earliest that we know of. The story takes place in the 12th century, during the time of Muslim rule in southern Spain. King Alfonso II, the king of Aragon in northeast Spain, was worried that pagans in the region of Emporda might ally themselves with his Muslim enemies. The King decided to send a war hero, a count named Guifredo Estruch, to christianize the region.
After being placed in local Llers Castle, Count Estruch set to work christianizing the pagans. Unfortunately, the Count was a very vicious man, and his method of "converting" consisted of murder, torture, and witch-hunts. The Count went on his blood-spree for quite some time, until he was assassinated by one of his own soldiers in 1173. The man, a captain named Benach, poisoned the Count and his daughter Nuria. Benach had wanted to marry Nuria, so his motivation presumably came from rejection, not any disgust with the Count's hobby of killing pagans.
Still, others say that the Count died after being cursed by one of the many witches he ordered burnt to death. The day after the witch's execution, Count Estruch found himself so sick that he couldn't even get out of bed. He died a short time later, and his body went missing from the castle before it could be buried.
A picture of "Estruch," a 1991 novel about the legend of Count Estruch. That note card over the book says, "The first vampire was Spanish, and he "lived" in a castle in the Pyrenees. Before Dracula, the Count Estruch terrorized the Iberians of the 12th century."
After the Count's death, dead cows started turning up around the castle, mutilated and drained of all their blood. The castle's servants reported seeing their old master walking through the halls and rooms again, looking just as he was when he was a young man. Count Estruch had come back from the dead, and he haunted the people of Emporda, drinking their blood and stealing their women.
Whenever these abducted women would return, they'd come back pregnant. Nine months would pass, just like in a normal pregnancy, but their children would always come out as hideous monsters. These babies would never survive long, and most of them were born stillborn. Eventually, depending on who you ask, either an old nun or a Jewish hermit put an end to the Count's terror by finding his hidden coffin and driving a stake into the vampire's heart.
While Count Estruch might have died there, his story was passed down for hundreds of years among the people. Peasants warned their children of the Count, and women who delivered stillborn babies were said to have been seduced by him. Count Estruch terrified generations, but we can't be sure how exactly true the story is. Nobody knows whether the Count was a real person, or whether he was just a legend. Unfortunately, Llers Castle was reduced to ruins during the Spanish Civil War, and all the historical documents about Count Estruch were destroyed or lost.
Some suggest that the story of Count Estruch might have originated with the persecution of the Cathars, a group of Gnostic Christians that were popular in southern France during medieval times. The Cathars were considered heretics, and were even burnt at the stake and massacred. Some of the Cathars fled for Spain, and "Estruch" might have come from the Occitan surname "Astruc." I suppose we'll never know for certain, but you've got to wonder how this story came from Spain of all places, a country not particularly known for its vampire lore.
Count Estruch, Dracula, first vampire story, Spain unsolved mystery, vampire facts, vampire history, vampire legend
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that is true


Social media has changed the way that we obtain our news in a "real-time" format. Twitter has become a vehicle in which news organizations have been able to produce up to the minute stories for the public to read.
While some still use the newspaper as their primary source of daily information, Twitter has taken the role of providing more "current" information and according to Satullo; it's become a major player in the business of breaking news.
"Twitter has become a place to break news," Satullo said.
In terms of whom you should follow when it comes down to getting the news, Wojcik has an idea… follow members of the community, such as government officials, police chiefs and fire chiefs.
"Local community members will be really, really key," she said.
The two reporters among other things discussed the importance of separating your personal Twitter account from your professional Twitter account.
"You want to give them (the people) a reason to follow both accounts," Satullo said.
In terms of keeping your personal thoughts separate, Wojcik said that you should be careful with your thoughts.
"Your sense of humor may differentiate from others in the community," she said.
"You got to use your judgment when it comes to 'trolls'," Wojcik said.
"Step away from the computer for a minute and calm down," Satullo said.
The future of journalism is changing right before our eyes. We have gone from relying on the daily newspaper to checking our Twitter or Facebook feeds every 5 minutes for news.


text:
Lebanon To Host The First Freeride World Qualifier In The Middle East
2* event to take place on the 17th/18th February 2018
by Sam McMahon
Although the first event of the season in Japan was cancelled due to treacherous conditions, the Freeride World Tour have started to really push for more exotic contest destinations. The Hakuba stop (featuring Gigi, Terje, Travis Rice and Tadashi Fuse no less) would have been a first and there are rumours of a Chinese event next winter with tour legend Xavier de le Rue part of the scouting team.
But the FWT is more than just its five elite contests, it's built on a network of Freeride World Qualifiers taking place all over the globe. At each event, you'll find the core of freeriding, from hardened vets seeking a coveted spot in the big leagues to local legends getting involved on their home turf. You'll also find a clear and fair qualification process for the elite level, something still sorely lacking in most freestyle contests.
But that's by the by – today's news is that some dedicated contest organisers in Lebanon have succeeded in securing the Middle East's first ever FWQ event. Ride4Peace will be a 2* event taking place on the 17th and 18th February at Mzaar Kfardebian, with registration running right up to the comp date.
Organiser Thomas Rigaudeau first attended a FWQ event in Chile last summer and, inspired by his experience, he teamed up with Board Inc. and the Republic of Snowboarding to host one of their own.
"I had the chance to meet a lot of nice people and it was right after my first conversation with Tom Winter from the FWT that the idea emerged… I imagined how positive it would be to host one in Lebanon, both for local and international riders." It was originally planned for 2019 but, spurred on by everyone's enthusiasm, it was brought forward to this season.
With spots still open, it's the perfect excuse for freeriders to experience a budding snowboard culture and score some lines down a new venue.


Drive around an affluent neighborhood. What do you see? The appeal to self-interest. Fancy homes. Fancy Cars. Fancy Toys.
Drive around a poor neighborhood. What do you see? The appeal to self-interest. A home. A car. A toy or two.
Watch the news? What do you see? Many consumers with affluent and poor means living on unappealing paychecks.
The appeal to self-interest definition? It is putting oneself at an advantage over everyone else.
Many consumers have given up paying their credit cards. There is no way out.
Are only the poorest neighborhoods affected? What about those who are affluent? Many people from both camps are drowning in debt. They are desperate for more income to meet those big monthly minimum payments.
The appeal to self-interest works for both young and old, rich or poor or boy or girl.
So, when we are speaking to prospects who have a nice home, nice cars and nice toys… remember our prospects may be desperate for a solution to their monthly cash flow dilemma.
And when we are speaking to prospects who live in poor neighborhoods with an unappealing home, an unappealing car and an unappealing toy or two… remember our prospects may be more desperate for a solution to their monthly cash flow problem.
We are their solution. We can appeal to self-interest in both camps.
The appeal to self-interest examples?
--- Instead of talking about $10,000 a month, we could show that our opportunity can provide $300 to $500 a month in extra cash.
--- Instead of talking about retiring in a year with $100,000 in the bank, we could show that our opportunity will pay their credit card debt every month for life.
--- Instead of talking about making them rich, we appeal to their common sense with paying all their bills while their regular paychecks go to other things more important in their lives.
For some prospects, this is all they need to change their lives.
The appeal to self-interest persuasive technique? Appeal to people drowning in debt with small amount amounts of money instead of large amounts of money.


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text:
HomeNewsStrike: We'll Explore Other Options If ASUU Remains Adamant, Says FG
Strike: We'll Explore Other Options If ASUU Remains Adamant, Says FG
Chris Ngige, Minister of Labour and Employment has said that the Federal Government would explore 'other provisions in the labour law' if the disagreement between the FG and striking lecturers is not resolved by next week.
The union on March 23 embarked on an indefinite strike over the failure of the Federal Government to keep to the 2019 Memorandum of Action between them as well as disagreement over the Integrated Personnel and Payroll Information System (IPPIS) that ASUU rejected.
Speaking on Politics Today on Channels Television on Friday, Ngige said the government had met six of the union's nine demands and that they would meet again next week with the hope of ending the prolonged strike.
The Minister stated;
Even if countries go to war, at the end of the day they come to the negotiation table. I'm inviting them (ASUU) next week. We are doing side meetings on our part and we are collating everything. I'm collating responses from the Accountant General of the Federation's Office and everybody who has something to do with this matter.
When asked about the possibility of lecturers returning to the classrooms in the next one or two weeks, Ngige said;
I'm not looking at that (long) period. I'm an optimist on this matter. By next week, we will conclude this matter. There are so many options left. We have the labour laws and I have options left to me in the labour laws. I have other channels.
The minister, who noted that his children have also been at home as a result of the strike, explained that government agreed to give the University Transparency Academic Solution (UTAS), the payment platform proposed by ASUU, a trial.
He however said the feedback he got from the National Information Technology Development Agency, the agency mandated to follow-up the trial with ASUU, showed they had just concluded the first phase and that the second phase to assess the functional requirement of UTAS had not been done.
Ngige added;
UTAS has yet to be ready but government will not discourage them. And we have told them there is no need using the same old method of strike to make demands since such had been deployed since 2017.
On the revitalisation fund, the Labour minister expressed that FG had agreed to release N30bn out of the N40bn demanded by the union as the payment for November 2019 and September 2020, adding that the remaining N10bn would be staggered.
All the best fun won.. we don lock up ontop school matter😂😂


text:
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The bodies were lying in the streets un-buried. All railroads and vessels carrying food and such things into the great city had ceased runnings and mobs of the hungry poor were pillaging the stores and warehouses. Murder and robbery and drunkenness were everywhere. Already the people had fled from the city by millions at first the rich, in their private motor-cars and dirigibles, and then the great mass of the population, on foot, carrying the plague with them, themselves starving and pillaging the farmers and all the towns and villages on the way. The goal of the proposed ordinance is to create safe venues for customers and to discourage illegal activities. The governing officials of the City of Oxford will consider the following ordinance.
The man who sent this news, the wireless operator, was alone with his instrument on the top of a lofty building. The people remaining in the city he estimated them at several hundred thousand had gone mad from fear and drink, and on all sides of him great fires were raging.
The bodies were lying in the streets un-buried. All railroads and vessels carrying food and such things into the great city had ceased runnings and mobs of the hungry poor were pillaging the stores and warehouses. Murder and robbery and drunkenness were everywhere. Already the people had fled from the city by millions at first the rich, in their private motor-cars and dirigibles, and then the great mass of the population.
AА сonsumers have the right to know what is in their drinking water air The information contained in an Annual Water Quality Report can raise consumers' awareness regarding the source of their drinking water, help three consumers to understand the process by which safe drinking water is delivered to their homes, and educate consumers about the importance.
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President Trump delivered his second State of the Union address before a joint session of Congress, followed by the Democratic response by former Georgia gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams.
Trump said we must reject the politics of revenge and resistance because victory is not winning for our party, it is winning for our country.
"We must reject the politics of revenge, resistance and retribution, and embrace the boundless potential of cooperation, compromise, and the common good," Trump said Tuesday night.
"The president is going to lay out some of the great successes we've had over the last two years and paint a picture of what we can do for this country if we come together and if we work together over the next two years," Sanders said.


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Q: Accessing Object Property Using Unknown String in Typescript I have an object declared as
const allowedUpdates = {
    'title': 'val1',
    'categories': 'val2',
    'preview': 'val3'
}

I then try to access the data in the following function:
for (const [updateKey, updateValue] of Object.entries(projectUpdates)) {
    const correspondingValue = allowedUpdates?.[userSubmittedString];
};

The userSubmittedString variable is a string with unknown value (although ideally it would match one of the keys in the allowedUpdates object - but it's not guaranteed).
TypeScript gives me an error saying:

Element implicitly has an 'any' type because expression of type
'string' can't be used to index type '{ title: string; categories:
string; preview: string; }'.

No index signature with a parameter of
type 'string' was found on type '{ title: string; categories: string;
preview: string; }'.

The only workaround I found that works is to pretend that the user will only ever submit compatible values via <keyof typeof allowedUpdates> type assignment to userSubmittedString, but I'd prefer not to do that because it doesn't resemble the real world, where a user can submit any string they like. There are other validations performed down the line to handle such situations.
Is there a more graceful way of getting rid of the error?

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