Child support is a legal order or judgement which requires someone to pay a pre-determined recurring amount of money for the support of a child/children that they are responsible for. It is common for these court-ordered payments to be requested by the primary custodial parent caring for the child/children. Child support cases sometimes involve a high level of emotional challenges due to the sensitive nature of the relationships previous standing. In these cases, many factors are considered regarding the financial ability of both parties.
How is Child Support Calculated in the State of Rhode Island?
In the state of Rhode Island, child support is calculated using the shared income model which determines the weekly support order for each child. The overall idea is that children are justified in living to the standard based on the combined income of both parents.
Required monthly deductions including health insurance, previous child support orders. These deductions are subtracted from the gross income.
The combined adjusted gross income of both parents is then added together and used to determine the recommended monthly child support amount based on the number of children involved. The percentage share of each parent is assigned, and the non-custodial parent must pay their share in 4 weekly allotments tot he custodial parent. The child support payments are often paid by wage withholding.
Child Support matters are difficult procedures to navigate without the guidance of an experienced Child Support Lawyer. Having the wrong legal representation may ultimately place you and your child at a disadvantage financially. Child Support Lawyer Chad Bank will fight for your best interests and the best interests of your children. Call Attorney Bank to schedule your FREE consultation at (401) 229-5088.


I was in London last week when news spread that May would resign after the passage of a Brexit vote. She said, "I am prepared to leave this job earlier than I intended in order to do what is right for our country and our party." This declaration prompted a political commentator to opine that May is "too weak to resign." The divisions within parliament, her cabinet and the conservative party are so severe that the system can't handle a resignation right now. That's a sobering thought.
The European Union, or EU, has given the United Kingdom until April 12 to agree to an exit strategy or there will be no deal. The U.K. faces four options: no deal (also called "hard Brexit"), a customs union (also called "soft Brexit"), a single market (also called the Norway option) or a confirmatory referendum. I favor the last option.
The no deal option was unthinkable just a few months ago, but increasingly the hardline Brexiteers have expressed a willingness to leave without any concessions from the EU. The U.K. would revert to trading with the EU under the terms of the World Trade Organization. There would be no preferential access to the EU market and the U.K. would have complete freedom in setting up its own trade policies.
Under the customs union approach, or soft Brexit, the U.K. would adopt the EU's common external tariff on goods coming from outside the EU, but benefit from tariff-free trade within the EU. The U.K. would not have the freedom to negotiate their own trade deals outside of the EU and be required to comply with a host of product regulations.
A third approach is a single market approach, also called common market 2.0. This option mimics the relationship Norway has with the EU. The U.K. would leave the customs' union, but would stay in the EU single market. To do this the U.K. would have to continue to abide by the EU's four freedoms, including freedom of movement. The U.K. could pursue its own independent trade policies, but would lose representation in the European Parliament that makes the rules.
The final approach, and the one I like best, would be a confirmatory referendum. Parliament would agree to a compromise withdrawal agreement from the EU, but would seek a public vote to confirm. The vote would allow the public to vote to support the House of Parliament deal, support no deal, or stay in the EU. Another option would be a straight up-down vote on whether to leave.
One of the first principles of economics is that people face tradeoffs. You can't leave or stay within the EU without paying a price. You can restrict immigration from Europe without leaving the single market. You can't create your own regulatory rules without erecting barriers to trade.
Some public policy deliberations require leaders to push the reset button. The time has come for the U.K. to do just that, so the Brexit discussions don't last longer than World War II. It's time for the U.K. to seek another vote of the people.


India's first locally-built fourth generation combat aircraft officially took to the skies today, 33 years after it was cleared for development, marking a long-held goal of cutting expensive imports to build a domestic defence-industrial base.
India's fighter aircraft fleet, made up of a mix of Russian, British and French planes, is down to 33 squadrons as against the air force's requirement of 45.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government has nudged the military to accept the first version of the "Tejas" Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) to make up for the shortfall while a more powerful subsequent model is under development.
Indian Air Force officers broke coconuts and priests held multi-faith ceremonies to mark the induction of two planes in the Southern Indian city of Bengaluru. Later, the aircraft took off in the colours of the air force as fire tenders sprayed water on the tarmac in a military ritual.
"Moment of national pride. Indigenously developed Tejas fighter jet inducted into Air Force. Tejas will take our air strength to new heights," defence minister Manohar Parrikar, who led the drive, said in a Twitter post.
Early this month China said it is still testing its first stealth fighter, the J-20, but it would enter service soon.
The single-seat Indian fighter plane is considered superior to counterparts like the JF-17 aircraft jointly built by China and Pakistan. Tejas has had no accident in 3,000 hours of flying and its use of composites helps lower its radar signature, making it harder to detect early, air force officials said.
"The LCA is as good as any in the world in its class," said retired Air Vice Marshal Manmohan Bahadur, now a fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies in New Delhi.
But the challenge for state-run Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), which is making the aircraft, will be to stick to the production schedule as the air force seeks to arrest the decline in the number of planes it can deploy, he said.
HAL only has the capacity to produce four Tejas planes a year, a government-appointed audit committee said in a report last year. The plan is to increase production capacity to eight, a defence ministry official said today.
India is separately negotiating for the purchase of 36 top-end Rafale fighter planes from France's Dassault Aviation, a scaled-back deal that has been delayed since 2012.


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BY Ted Goslin
Learn more about Ted
May the Fourth Be With You: The Best Moments from the Star Wars™ Saga
Time to crank up your home theater and enjoy cinematic magic!
Every film buff knows the thrill of seeing their favorite franchise on the big screen. But once movies leave the theater, it's up to us to find a way to recapture the magic we felt during that first screening. Every May 4 — known to many as Star Wars Day — many fans do exactly that.
If you're already outfitted to watch movies your way at home with a top-notch sound system and giant flat-screen, you may want to crank up the volume and dim the lights while enjoying these eight cinematic highlights from the Star Wars™ saga (warning: spoilers ahead). May the Fourth be with you!
1. The Opening Crawl – Episode IV: A New Hope (1977)
Needless to say, there would be no Star Wars saga without the original film, which immediately grabs the attention of viewers with the opening title crawl, from the blue text of "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away …" to the Star Wars title card and subsequent text explaining the current state of things in the story. It's hard to argue that, between the combination of that stunning introduction and the surprise factor of the first blaring note from the orchestra (the opening salvo of John Williams' Oscar-winning score), fans everywhere were hooked from that moment on. Check out the trailer here.
2. Destruction of the Death Star – Episodes IV: A New Hope (1977)
Like few films before it, the final battle sequence to destroy the first Death Star offers many highlights that have had fans mesmerized for decades. The visual effects created by the newly-established Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) for the X-wings, Tie Fighters and the explosion of the Death Star itself — along with the sound effects that would become iconic in their own right — make the scene a stand-out moment in the original trilogy. Check out the trailer here.
3. Darth Vader Father Reveal – Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Given both the lightsaber duel that precedes it and the scene where Darth Vader (listed as the American Film Institute's third-greatest villain of all time) tells Luke his true lineage, this one's a no-brainer. Also worth noting are the sound effects accompanying the lightsabers in action and the set design, all of which contributed to making this a very special moment. Check out the trailer here.
4. Forest Speeder Chase – Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983)
Seeing and hearing the zipping speeders chase each other through the forest of Endor's Moon on a big screen will make anyone's pulse quicken. And given the imaginative and original visual and sound effects used to create the chase, you're sure to enjoy this scene in a home theater setting too. Check out the trailer here.
5. Vader Slaughters the Rebels – Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)
Fans everywhere waited a long time to see Vader in action like this. Previously in the franchise, he had only been seen moving slowly towards his opponents when wearing the suit. But thanks to the filmmakers' last-minute decision to do re-shoots, the scene was added to give Vader his shining moment. From his force-flipping rebels onto the ceiling to the horror-esque style in which the cinematography and soundtrack was composed, you may find yourself turning to the Dark Side in support of this Sith Lord's violent act. Check out the trailer here.
6. Luke vs. The First Order – Episode VIII: The Last Jedi (2017)
While this film stirred controversy amongst fans and critics, from a cinematic standpoint, seeing Luke Skywalker take on the entire First Order by himself was arguably one of the most jaw-dropping moments in the saga. From the laser blasts having no effect to the final reveal where Luke lets his force projection vanish before the eyes of Kylo Ren, this scene is constructed in such a way that the viewer is hooked from start to finish. Check out the trailer here.
7. The Pod Race – Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
Between the eye-candy of crashing pods and the sound effects of each pod flying past the camera's perspective, this entire race is memorable. If you're watching it for the first time, take note of the fact that the film score is on hold until the final moments of the race — a clever trick that helps enhance the dramatic conclusion where Anakin wins. Check out the trailer here.
8. The Falcon Returns – Episode VII: The Force Awakens (2015)
After waiting 32 years, fans were finally treated to the return of the ship that made the Kessel Run in less than 12 parsecs: the Millennium Falcon. During Fin and Rey's chase scene, viewers were surprised to see the Falcon sitting in a junk yard, covered by a tarp. The duo chooses it only after their chosen ship is blown up by a pursuing Tie Fighter. The chase sequence that follows offers up explosions, tight turns and the roaring engines of the Falcon, all accompanied by great sound effects. Check out the trailer here.
Learn more about how to create the perfect home theater.
Click here for more information about Yamaha home theater systems.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Near Fort Oglethorpe in Catoosa County, Georgia — The American South (South Atlantic)
Wilder's Brigade
Reynolds' Division
— Thomas' Corps. —
By Dale K. Benington, August 23, 2016
1. Wilder's Brigade Marker
Wilder's Brigade. Reynolds' Division. Wilder's Brigade. Reynolds' Division - Thomas' Corps. Colonel John T. Wilder. 92d Illinois - Colonel Smith D. Atkins. 98th Illinois - Colonel John J. Funkhouser. 123rd Illinois - Colonel James Monroe. 17th Indiana - Major William T. Jones. 72nd Indiana - Colonel Abram O. Miller. Indiana Light, 18th Battery - Captain Eli Lilly., (September 17 and 18, 1863). On the 17th of September, Wilder's Mounted Infantry took position at this point with troops thrown forward to hold Alexander Bridge. He was sharply attacked during the forenoon of the 18th, but held his ground and drove off the enemy. About 2 p.m., while the 72d Indiana, and seven companies of the 123d Illinois, and a section of two guns from his battery were absent assisting Minty below Reed's Bridge, he was attacked by Walthall's Brigade of Liddell's Division, advancing to force a crossing of the river. Walthall was successfully resisted suffering a lose of 105 men. Followed by Govan's Brigade of the same Division he then moved down the river to Byram's (Lambert's) ford, at which point the Division crossed to the west side at dark. About 5 p.m. Wilder was threatened by Hood's Column advancing from Reed's Bridge, upon which he slowly withdrew to a point east of the LaFayette Road near Viniard's house, where, being joined by the troops which he had dispatched to Minty's assistance and by two regiments of Wood's Division he repulsed an attack at 9 p.m. and held his Brigade in close contact with Hood's forces throughout the night. . This historical marker was erected in 1890 by the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park Commission. It is Near Fort Oglethorpe in Catoosa County Georgia
Wilder's Brigade.
Reynolds' Division - Thomas' Corps.
Colonel John T. Wilder.
92d Illinois - Colonel Smith D. Atkins.
98th Illinois - Colonel John J. Funkhouser.
123rd Illinois - Colonel James Monroe.
17th Indiana - Major William T. Jones.
72nd Indiana - Colonel Abram O. Miller.
Indiana Light, 18th Battery - Captain Eli Lilly.
(September 17 and 18, 1863)
On the 17th of September, Wilder's Mounted Infantry took position at this point with troops thrown forward to hold Alexander Bridge. He was sharply attacked during the forenoon of the 18th, but held his ground and drove off the enemy. About 2 p.m., while the 72d Indiana, and seven companies of the 123d Illinois, and a section of two guns from his battery were absent assisting Minty below Reed's Bridge, he was attacked by Walthall's Brigade of Liddell's Division, advancing to force a crossing of the river. Walthall was successfully resisted suffering a lose of 105 men. Followed by Govan's Brigade of the same Division he then moved down the river to Byram's (Lambert's) ford, at which point the Division crossed to
View of the tablet, looking east, towards the intersection of Viniard Road with the Alexander Bridge Road.
the west side at dark. About 5 p.m. Wilder was threatened by Hood's Column advancing from Reed's Bridge, upon which he slowly withdrew to a point east of the LaFayette Road near Viniard's house, where, being joined by the troops which he had dispatched to Minty's assistance and by two regiments of Wood's Division he repulsed an attack at 9 p.m. and held his Brigade in close contact with Hood's forces throughout the night.
Erected 1890 by the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park Commission. (Marker Number MT-648.)
Topics. This historical marker is listed in this topic list: War, US Civil. A significant historical date for this entry is September 17, 1863.
Location. 34° 54.677′ N, 85° 13.924′ W. Marker is near Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, in Catoosa County. Marker is at the intersection of Viniard Road and Alexander Bridge Road, on the right when traveling east on Viniard Road. This tablet is located in the national park that preserves the site of the Chickamauga Battlefield, just south of a large traffic island, at the intersection of two park roadways, a short distance north of the Alexander Bridge. Touch for map. Marker is in this post office area: Fort Oglethorpe GA 30742, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Walker's Division. (within shouting distance of this marker); 18th Indiana Battery (within shouting distance of this marker); a different marker
A more distant view of the tablet, looking east, towards the intersection of Viniard Road with the Alexander Bridge Road.
also named 18th Indiana Battery (within shouting distance of this marker); 17th Indiana Mounted Infantry (approx. 0.3 miles away); 72nd Indiana Mounted Infantry (approx. 0.3 miles away); Walthall's Brigade (approx. 0.4 miles away); Deshler's Brigade (approx. 0.4 miles away); Stanford's Mississippi Battery. (approx. 0.7 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Fort Oglethorpe.
More about this marker. I used the "Chickamauga Battlefield" map, that I purchased at the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Visitor Center, to determine both the marker number for this monument and the monument's location in relation to the rest of the park's monuments, markers, and tablets. According to the map it provides the, "numerical listing of all monuments, markers, and tablets on the Chickamauga Battlefield (using the Chick-Chatt NMP Monument Numbering System)."
View of the backside of the tablet, situated by the intersection of two park roadways, looking north, along the Alexander Bridge Road.
Credits. This page was last revised on July 3, 2017. It was originally submitted on November 4, 2016, by Dale K. Benington of Toledo, Ohio. This page has been viewed 422 times since then. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4. submitted on November 4, 2016, by Dale K. Benington of Toledo, Ohio.


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text:
Microsoft Patent | Feedback For Optic Positioning In Display Devices
Patent: Feedback For Optic Positioning In Display Devices
A method of detecting eye location for a head-mounted display system includes directing positioning light to an eye of a user and detecting the positioning light reflected from the eye of the user. The method further includes determining a distance between the eye and a near-eye optic of the head-mounted display system based on attributes of the detected positioning light, and providing feedback for adjusting the distance between the eye and the near-eye optic.
Near-eye display devices are configured to present images to a user via a display that is positioned close to the user's eyes. For example, a see-through head-mounted augmented reality display device may be worn on a user's head to position a near-eye display directly in front of a user's eyes. An appearance of objects displayed on the near-eye display may be altered responsive to changes in distance between the user's eyes and the near-eye optics of the displays.
Embodiments are disclosed herein that relate to aligning a near-eye display of a see-through head-mounted display device with an eye of a user. For example, one disclosed embodiment provides, on a see-through head-mounted display device, a method comprising directing positioning light to an eye of a user, and detecting the positioning light reflected from the eye of the user. The method further comprises determining a distance between the eye and a near-eye optic of the head-mounted display system based on attributes of the detected positioning light in order to determine whether the near-eye optic is misaligned with a target optic location. The method includes providing feedback for adjusting the distance between the eye and the near-eye optic in order to assist the user in positioning the near-eye optic in the target optic location.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.
FIG. 1 shows a see-through head-mounted display device as worn by a user in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 schematically shows the see-through head-mounted display device of FIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3 schematically shows a see-through display optic and optical paths for directing positioning light to an eye of a user in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 schematically shows a see-through display optic and optical paths for receiving positioning light at one or more cameras in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5A schematically shows a see-through display and optical paths for directing display light and gaze-detection light to an eye of a user in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5B schematically shows a see-through display and optical paths for receiving gaze-detection light at a camera in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 shows a flow diagram of a method of detecting eye location in a head-mounted display system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a computing system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
A see-through head-mounted display device including a near-eye display may use various optical systems to deliver an image to a user's eye, including but not limited to projection-based systems and waveguide-based systems. However, the optical systems of such near-eye displays may have relatively small exit pupils. Further, in some near-eye displays, optical performance may decay toward the edge of the exit pupil.
As such, a near-eye display device may include an adjustable fit system to allow a user to properly locate the exit pupil of the system. This may allow a user to adjust the system to avoid optical effects caused by misalignment. However, the proper adjustment of such a fit system may pose challenges for users. As a result, some users may perform sufficient fit adjustments to find a coarse fit that provides an acceptable level of performance, and then not perform additional adjustment to further optimize viewing. Thus, such viewers may not enjoy the full viewing experience offered by the device.
Accordingly, embodiments are disclosed herein that relate to assisting users in adjusting a see-through head-mounted display device. Briefly, the disclosed embodiments determine from image data a distance between the location of an eye of a user and a near-eye optic of a see-through head-mounted display device, and determine an adjustment to make to the see-through head-mounted display device that aligns the near-eye optic with a target optic location. The determined adjustment may be performed automatically and/or output as a recommendation for the user to perform manually. This may help to simplify adjusting the near-eye display system to more precisely align the see-through head-mounted display device with the user's eye or eyes. It will be understood that reference herein to a location of an eye may signify a location of the overall eye structure, the pupil of the eye, and/or any other anatomical feature of the eye.
FIG. 1 shows an example embodiment of a near-eye display system in the form of a see-through head-mounted display device 100 worn by a user 102. The head-mounted display device 100 may be used, for example, to display augmented reality images via a see-through display in which displayed virtual objects are viewable along with physical objects in a real-world background scene. While described in the context of a head-mounted display device, it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments may be used with any other suitable near-eye display device. As discussed above, misalignment of the display optics of the head-mounted display device with the user's eye may result in vignetting of the field of view and other optical effects. Thus, for proper viewing, a user may adjust the head-mounted display to position the display at a target viewing position relative to the user's eyes. The see-through head-mounted display device 100 may include a frame 104 to enable the user to position the device at the target viewing location. For example, the target viewing location may correspond to a region in space inside of which an eye may properly perceive displayed images.
FIG. 2 shows a schematic depiction of the see-through head-mounted display device 100 of FIG. 1. The depicted see-through head-mounted display device 100 includes a right see-through display 200a and a left see-through display 200b. Each see-through display may be configured to both display images to a user and allow a user to view the real-world environment. For example, each see-through display may include a display device configured to emit display light through an optical configuration to an eye of a user. The optical configuration may also allow light from the real-world environment and/or positioning light to reach the eye of the user. For example, the positioning light may enable the user and/or the see-through head-mounted display device to locate a position of the eye in order to provide feedback regarding adjustments that may be made to position the see-through displays at a target viewing location. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates speakers 202 that may be used to output acoustic information to a user, such as audio feedback relating to the adjustments and/or eye positioning described above. Such acoustic information may take any suitable form, including but not limited to a computer-generated voice output in an appropriate language (e.g. as selected by a user), tones or other sounds that are not specific to any language, and/or any other suitable sounds. In some embodiments, other types of outputs may be provided by the see-through head-mounted display device 100, such as haptic/tactile outputs to assist the user in adjusting the see-through head-mounted display device.
The see-through head-mounted display device 100 includes a right eye camera 204a and a left eye camera 204b, schematically illustrated in FIG. 2. The cameras 204a and 204b may be configured to capture images of each eye of a user for determining a gaze direction. For example, the eye cameras 204a and 204b may receive gaze-detection light (e.g., from a glint light source) and/or positioning light (e.g., from one or more positioning light sources) as reflected off of the eyes of the user. Utilizing the light reflected off of the eye, the eye cameras 204a and 204b may track a gaze of a user and/or determine a relative position of the eye to optics of the see-through head-mounted display device 100 based on the position and movement of the reflected gaze-detection and/or positioning light. If the relative position of the eye to optics of the see-through head-mounted display device 100 is determined to be misaligned with respect to the eye, the see-through head-mounted display device may provide feedback to the user to inform the user of the misalignment. In some embodiments, the see-through head-mounted display device may determine an adjustment that may be made to align the see-through head-mounted display device with the eye and perform the adjustment automatically or recommend the adjustment to the user.
The head-mounted display device 100 may determine an adjustment to perform or recommend in any suitable manner. For example, the head-mounted display system may determine an offset of the user's eye (or pupil or other anatomical feature of the user's eye) from the target viewing position for that eye, and may output a recommendation based upon a known or determined relationship between operation of an adjustment mechanism and a change in the location of the user's eye relative to the target viewing position as a function of the operation of the adjustment mechanism. Any suitable adjustment may be recommended and/or performed. For example, some devices may offer multiple adjustment mechanisms (horizontal, vertical, angular, etc.). In such devices, multiple recommendations may be output, or multiple adjustments performed, in some situations, depending upon the adjustments to be made.
The see-through displays 200a and 200b and the eye cameras 204a and 204b may be positioned at a viewing location relative to the eye via one or more securing mechanisms of the frame 104. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the frame 104 may be supported by ears of a user via ear pieces 206 and by the nose of a user via nose bridge 208 to reduce slippage of the frame 104. It is to be understood that supports, such as the ear pieces 206, nose pieces, and nose bridge 208, illustrated in FIG. 2 are exemplary in nature, and the see-through displays of the head-mounted see-through display device may be positioned at the viewing location via any suitable mechanism. For example, additional supports may be utilized, and/or one or more of the supports illustrated in FIG. 2 may be removed, replaced, and/or augmented to position the see-through displays at the viewing location. Furthermore, see-through displays may be positioned in a viewing location by mechanisms other than supports that physically touch a user without departing from the scope of this disclosure.
FIG. 3 schematically shows an example of a see-through head-mounted display system 300 for assisting a user in adjusting a position of one or more components of the see-through head-mounted display system to a target location relative to an eye 302 of a user 304. As described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the see-through head-mounted display system 300 may include one or more optical elements for directing display light and/or positioning light to the eye 302 of the user 304. The optical elements may include a focusing element 306, such as a freeform prism, and a beam splitter 308, such as a polarizing beam splitter and/or hot mirror. It will be understood that separate see-through display systems 300 may be used for left eye and right eye displays, as shown in FIG. 2.
The see-through head-mounted display system 300 includes any suitable number of positioning light sources 310 for directing positioning light toward the eye 302 of the user 304. For example, the see-through head-mounted display system 300 may include two or more spatially and/or angularly separated positioning light sources 310. The positioning light source(s) 310 may be positioned in any suitable location relative to other elements of the see-through head-mounted display system 300. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, positioning light source(s) 310 may be positioned substantially adjacent to or otherwise near a micro-display 312 and/or an eye-tracking camera 314. Accordingly, the positioning light source(s) 310 may emit positioning light L.sub.p(E) from the same or a substantially similar side of an optical element (e.g., beam splitter 308 and/or an associated prism) as the micro-display 312 and/or eye-tracking camera 314. Each of the positioning light source(s) 310 may be configured to emit visible and/or infrared light through a narrow exit pupil of the light sources to direct light to a particular location relative to the user's eye 302.
In some embodiments, one or more of the positioning light sources 310 may be configured to emit visible light to enable the user 304 to determine correct positioning based on a perceived attribute of the positioning light L.sub.p(E). For example, a numerical aperture of the positioning light sources 310 may be controlled by adjusting an aperture stop near the positioning light sources or by using a light source with a well-defined cone angle (e.g., a laser light focused by a lens). The numerical aperture of the positioning light sources 310 may be controlled to enable light to reach a target location of a user's pupil relative to the display of the see-through head-mounted display system 300. Accordingly, the user 304 may determine that an adjustment is to be made to the display to position the display in the target viewing location if the positioning light or a portion of the positioning light is not perceived.
In embodiments in which multiple positioning light sources are utilized, visible light may be emitted from two different angles configured to converge at a target pupil location. Accordingly, the user 304 may determine that an adjustment is to be made to the display if the positioning light is not perceived and/or if multiple points of light are perceived. In such examples, each of the positioning light sources 310 may be configured to emit any suitable pattern of light (e.g., ring, a point, a line, etc.) detectable by the user. The positioning light emitted from one of the positioning light sources 310 may be a different color than positioning light emitted from another of the positioning light sources 310 such that a user may determine a relative location of perceived light from each source, indicating a type of adjustment to be made to the position of the see-through head-mounted display system. The emitted colors may also be configured to produce a different color when combined (e.g., when the user perceives the positioning light from the target pupil location) to indicate correct positioning of the see-through head-mounted display system to the eye. The positioning light sources 310 may continue emitting positioning light L.sub.p(E) throughout adjustment in order to provide real-time feedback relating to the success of positional adjustments. For example, if a user detects no change or an increased divergence in the positioning light while moving the see-through display away from the eye, the user may determine that movement toward the eye will position the head-mounted display device at the target viewing location.
Positioning light L.sub.p(E) may alternatively be directed outside of a target pupil location, such that perception of the positioning light indicates that adjustment of the head-mounted display device is recommended. Positioning light sources that are configured to direct positioning light outside of a target pupil location may additionally be used along with positioning light sources that are configured to direct positioning light to a target pupil location. In such embodiments, the positioning light sources may be configured to emit positioning light having different colors dependent upon the location at which the light is directed. For example, positioning light directed outside of a target pupil location may have a first color, while positioning light directed to a target pupil location may have a second, different color. Accordingly, the perception of the first color by the user may indicate misalignment of the head-mounted display device. The positioning light sources 310 may be configured to emit a gradient of colors such that a saturation and/or hue of the perceived light may indicate an extent of misalignment. For example, positioning light directed to the target pupil location may have a yellow hue, positioning light directed just outside of the target pupil location may have an orange hue, and positioning light directed furthest away from the target pupil location may have a red hue. It is to be understood that any number and combination of colors and directed locations of positioning light may be utilized to inform the user of the presence and/or degree of misalignment of the head-mounted display device.
Precision of the alignment system described above may be affected by the number of positioning light sources and the size of the user's pupil. In particular, the precision of the alignment system may increase with an increase in the number of positioning light sources and/or an increase in pupil size. In order to increase the pupil size of the user, a luminance of one or more of the positioning light sources and/or any other illumination light source may be increased.
As discussed above, the positioning light source(s) 310 may be configured to emit visible light to enable a user to determine whether the head-mounted display device is misaligned based on perceived attributes of the visible positioning light. In additional or alternative embodiments, the positioning light source(s) 310 may emit visible and/or infrared light for detection at an eye-tracking camera 314 or other imaging device to determine a position of the user's eye 302 relative to a target position. For example, the one or more positioning light sources 310 may be configured to illuminate the eye 302 such that the eye-tracking camera 314 may image the eye 302 and/or a pattern formed by positioning light L.sub.p(E) on the eye. In some embodiments, the positioning light sources 310 may be configured to direct light onto the sclera as an addition or alternative to the pupil of the eye 302 in order to provide a more reflective surface for the positioning light L.sub.p.
Similarly to the embodiments discussed above regarding user perception of the positioning light, the eye-tracking camera 314 may image the reflected positioning light L.sub.p(R) to determine attributes of the reflected positioning light L.sub.p(R) indicative of misalignment of the head-mounted display system 300 relative to the eye 302. For example, a numerical aperture of two or more of the positioning light sources 310 may be controlled to direct two or more beams of positioning light and/or one or more positioning light patterns such that the positioning light converges onto a sclera of the user's eye 302. If the reflected beams and/or light patterns imaged by the eye-tracking camera 314 converge, the head-mounted display system 300 may be determined to be positioned in the target viewing location. Conversely, if multiple points of light and/or a non-converging pattern is imaged by the eye-tracking camera 314, the head-mounted display system 300 may be determined to be positioned outside of the target viewing area (e.g., too close or too far away from the user's eye 302).
In response to detected misalignment, the head-mounted display system 300 may provide feedback for the user regarding an adjustment of the head-mounted display system. For example, the micro-display 312 may be driven to display instructions to the user through the head-mounted display system 300 for moving the head-mounted display system in relation to the user's eye 302. As one eye may be closer to the head-mounted display than another, the head-mounted display system 300 may provide feedback relating to misalignment and/or adjustment of the head-mounted display system for each eye and associated display (e.g., displays 200a and 200b of FIG. 2). For example, feedback for each eye may be presented on a respective display (e.g., feedback for a left eye may be presented on a left display, while feedback for a right eye may be presented on a right display). Feedback via a display device may be provided simultaneously or sequentially for each eye.
As discussed above with respect to FIG. 2, feedback may be provided via one or more speakers and/or haptic feedback devices of the head-mounted display system in addition to or as an alternative to feedback displayed on the display device(s). The feedback may provide any suitable level of detail regarding the misalignment, including whether or not the head-mounted display system is misaligned, a degree of misalignment of the head-mounted display system, and/or a manner in which the head-mounted display system may be adjusted to align the head-mounted display system with a target viewing location.
FIG. 4 schematically shows an embodiment of an eye-positioning system of a see-through head-mounted display system 400 including a plurality of eye-tracking cameras 402a and 402b and a positioning light source 404. Although not illustrated in FIG. 4, it is to be understood that one or more additional positioning light sources may be included in the see-through head-mounted display system 400. As the distance between eye-tracking cameras 402a and 402b is fixed, the location of the eye 302 may be determined by evaluating the angles of incidence of light reflected from the eye 302 on each of the eye-tracking camera 402a and 402b (e.g., via triangulation). The relative position of the eye 302 with respect to the eye-tracking cameras 402a and 402b may be compared to a target position to determine whether the head-mounted display system 400 is misaligned.
Turning now to FIG. 5A, an example embodiment of optical elements of a see-through display 500 is depicted. The see-through display 500 includes an optical configuration for directing display light, gaze-detection light, and/or positioning light to an eye 302 of a user 304. The see-through display 500 includes a display subsystem, shown schematically at 506, configured to produce an image for display to user 304. For example, the display subsystem 506 may correspond to the micro-display 312 of FIGS. 3 and 4. The display subsystem 506 may comprise any suitable components for producing images for display, including but not limited to a micro-display and one or more light sources. Display light, L.sub.D, from display subsystem 506 travels along the display optical path (indicated by rays originating at the display subsystem 506) to reach the user's eye 302. It will be understood that separate see-through displays 500 may be used for left eye and right eye displays, as shown in FIG. 2.
The display subsystem 506 may direct light through an illumination prism 508 including a beam splitter 510 (e.g., a polarizing beam splitter or hot mirror) configured to transmit the display light from the display device. For example, the beam splitter 510 may be configured to pass visible light while reflecting infrared light. In some embodiments, the display subsystem 506 may include a reflective micro-display, such as a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display. In other embodiments, the display subsystem may include an emissive micro-display, such as organic light emitting diode (OLED) array display types, inorganic light emitting diode (iLED) array display types, and/or any other suitable micro-display. The beam splitter 510 may include a polarizing beam splitter, and an illumination light source 512 may be configured to emit illumination light, L.sub.I, into the illumination prism 508 (e.g., from an optical wedge 514 to the polarizing beam splitter). The illumination light source 512 may comprise one or more light sources, such as an RGB LED array, one or more white LEDs (e.g., with a color filter arrangement), and/or any suitable illumination light source configuration. As the polarizing beam splitter splits the illumination light into beams of different polarization, the polarizing beam splitter may be configured to reflect a portion of the polarized illumination light toward the LCoS display for illuminating the display. The display may reflect the illumination light to generate the display light, L.sub.D, and the polarizing beam splitter may be configured to transmit a portion of the display light toward the eye 302 of the user 304.
The see-through display 500 includes a freeform prism 516 for directing light from the illumination prism 508 to the eye 302 of the user 304. The freeform prism 516 may have positive optical power and comprise at least three surfaces, each surface being non-planar and non-spherical. For example, the freeform prism 516 may include a user-facing surface 518 having a total internal reflective coating in order to direct the light into the user's eye 302. The freeform prism 516 may also include an outward-facing surface 520 opposite the user-facing total internal reflective surface, the outward-facing surface 520 having a coating that is highly reflective for infrared light and partially reflective for visible light. For example, the outward-facing surface 520 may be more reflective for infrared light than for visible light. In some embodiments, the outward-facing surface 520 may be configured to reflect substantially all infrared light and a portion of visible light.
The see-through display 500 may include one or more compensators positioned around the freeform prism 516. As illustrated in FIG. 5A, the see-through display 500 includes a user-facing compensator 522 positioned on an eye-side of the freeform prism and an outward-facing compensator 524 positioned on an environment-side of the freeform prism. Accordingly, the freeform prism 516 is positioned between the user-facing compensator 522 and the outward-facing compensator 524, such that light from the environment passes through the outward-facing compensator 524, then through the freeform prism 516, and then through the user-facing compensator 522 before reaching the eye 302. An eye-side surface 526 of the user-facing compensator 522 (e.g., the surface of the user-facing compensator 522 that is closest to the eye 302) may be substantially parallel to an environment-side surface 528 of the outward-facing compensator 524 (e.g., the surface of the outward-facing compensator 524 that is furthest away from the eye 302). The compensators 522 and 524 are configured to have a substantially similar index of refraction as the freeform prism and to compensate for distortion of light from the real-world environment of the user 304 caused by the optical power of the freeform prism 516. The distortion compensation provided by the compensators 522 and 524 may be affected by the index of refraction of an adhesive used to couple the compensators to the freeform prism 516. Therefore, adhesives having indices of refraction closer to that of the freeform prism 516 and/or compensators 522 and 524 may enable a greater amount of distortion compensation than adhesives having different indices of refraction. Similarly, thinner layers of adhesives may provide less distortion.
The see-through display 500 also includes an eye tracking system comprising an imaging device, such as one or more eye tracking cameras 530, and one or more glint sources 532 (e.g. one or more infrared positioning light sources) configured to produce light for reflection from the user's eye. Emitted gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(E), from the glint sources 532 may travel along a gaze-detection optical path (indicated by rays originating at one of the glint sources 532) through at least a portion of the optics utilized for the display optical path. Turning briefly to FIG. 5B, emitted gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(E), from the glint sources 532 may reflect from the user's eye 302, such that reflected gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(R), is returned to eye tracking camera 530 via a reverse gaze-detection optical path (e.g. along at least a portion of the gaze-detection optical path in a reverse direction). In the depicted example, images from the user's eye are diverted away from the display subsystem 506 and toward the eye tracking camera 530 by the beam splitter 510 located immediately before the camera along the reverse display optical path.
As shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the eye tracking camera 530 images, or receives reflected gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(R), through a first side of the illumination prism 508 and the display subsystem 506 emits the display light, L.sub.D, through a second, different side of the illumination prism 508. Accordingly, the eye tracking camera 530 and the display subsystem 506 may interact with sides that are adjacent and/or substantially perpendicular to one another. In some embodiments, the glint source 532 may emit the gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(E), through the first side of the illumination prism 508. Thus, the glint source may be positioned on a substantially similar side of the illumination prism as the eye tracking camera 530. In additional or alternative embodiments, the glint source 532 may emit the gaze-detection light, L.sub.G(E), through the second side of the illumination prism 508 and/or from any other suitable location. Although exemplary optical paths to the user's eye 302 and to the eye tracking camera 530 are depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the optical paths may take any other suitable form.
The eye tracking system (e.g., the eye tracking camera 530 and/or the glint sources 532) may detect a location of the eye and/or anatomical structures thereof (e.g. a pupil of the eye 302). The eye tracking system may also detect a location of reflections from glint sources 532 in the image data acquired via eye tracking camera 530, and from this information determine a direction in which the eye is gazing. Furthermore, the eye tracking camera 530 may detect attributes of positioning light emitted from one or more positioning light sources 534. As depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the positioning light sources 534 may occupy any of a plurality of optional locations relative to the display subsystem 506 and/or the eye tracking camera 530. It is to be understood that the positioning light sources 534 may additionally or alternatively occupy other locations within the see-through display 500. The positioning light sources 534 may direct positioning light through both the illumination prism 508 and the freeform prism 516 to the eye 302 of the user 304.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method 600 for detecting eye location in a head-mounted display system. For example, elements of method 600 may be performed using the see-through head-mounted display system 300 of FIG. 3 and/or the see-through head-mounted display system 400 of FIG. 4. The method 600 includes directing positioning light to an eye of a user, as indicated at 602. The direction of light to the eye of the user may include controlling an aperture of a positioning light source to direct the positioning light to a selected location at 604. As indicated at 606, the selected location may optionally be a target pupil location. For example, positioning light may be directed to a target pupil location so that the user may detect the positioning light when the user's eye is positioned in a correct location relative to the head-mounted display system. The positioning light may be additionally or alternatively be directed to a target pupil location to indicate a target location of a pupil for analysis by an eye-tracking camera. As indicated at 608, the selected location may optionally be outside of a target pupil location. For example, positioning light may be directed outside of a target pupil location so that the user may detect the positioning light when the user's eye is positioned in an incorrect location (e.g., the head-mounted display system is positioned outside of a target viewing location). Additionally or alternatively, the positioning light may be directed outside of the target pupil location in order to target a more reflective surface than the pupil for assisting the eye-tracking camera with positioning an eye of the user.
As discussed above, the positioning light may optionally be detected as reflected from the eye by an eye-tracking camera at 610. The method 600 includes determining a distance between the eye and a near-eye optic of the head-mounted display system based on attributes of the detected positioning light at 612. For example, the attributes of the detected positioning light may be determined based on user perception and/or detection of reflected positioning light by one or more eye tracking cameras. The attributes may include determining a distance between light from two or more light sources, as indicated at 614. The distance between the eye and the near-eye optic may also be determined by determining a location of the eye using eye tracking camera, as indicated at 616 and described above with respect to FIG. 4.
Upon determining the distance, the method 600 includes providing feedback for adjusting the distance between the eye and the near-eye optic at 618. For example, feedback may be provided to the user to perform the adjustment if the distance between the positioning light from a first light source and the positioning light from a second light source as reflected from the eye is above a threshold. The feedback may optionally include indicating a direction of movement of the near-eye optic relative to the eye to adjust the near-eye optic to a target optic location, as indicated at 620. For example, one or more speakers, displays, and/or haptic feedback devices of the head-mounted display system may output instructions to assist the user in adjusting the distance between the eye and the near-eye optic to achieve the target positioning.
During use, a distance between an eye of a user and an associated display of a see-through head-mounted display system may change. As discussed above, an appearance of objects displayed on the displays may be altered responsive to such changes in distance between the eye and the displays. The methods and systems described herein assist a user in determining misalignment of the see-through head-mounted display system and correcting said misalignment in order to provide a comfortable user experience.
FIG. 7 schematically shows a non-limiting embodiment of a computing system 700, for example a computing system of head-mounted display device 100 of FIG. 1. Computing system 700 is shown in simplified form. Computing system 700 may take the form of one or more see-through head-mounted display systems, personal computers, server computers, tablet computers, home-entertainment computers, network computing devices, gaming devices, mobile computing devices, mobile communication devices (e.g., smart phone), and/or other computing devices.
Computing system 700 includes a logic machine 702 and a storage machine 704. Computing system 700 may optionally include a display subsystem 706, input subsystem 708, communication subsystem 710, and/or other components not shown in FIG. 7.
Logic machine 702 includes one or more physical devices configured to execute instructions. For example, the logic machine may be configured to execute machine-readable instructions that are part of one or more applications, services, programs, routines, libraries, objects, components, data structures, or other logical constructs. Such instructions may be implemented to perform a task, implement a data type, transform the state of one or more components, achieve a technical effect, or otherwise arrive at a desired result.
The logic machine may include one or more processors configured to execute software instructions. Additionally or alternatively, the logic machine may include one or more hardware or firmware logic machines configured to execute hardware or firmware instructions. Processors of the logic machine may be single-core or multi-core, and the instructions executed thereon may be configured for sequential, parallel, and/or distributed processing. Individual components of the logic machine optionally may be distributed among two or more separate devices, which may be remotely located and/or configured for coordinated processing. Aspects of the logic machine may be virtualized and executed by remotely accessible, networked computing devices configured in a cloud-computing configuration.
Storage machine 704 includes one or more physical devices configured to hold machine-readable instructions executable by the logic machine to implement the methods and processes described herein. When such methods and processes are implemented, the state of storage machine 704 may be transformed–e.g., to hold different data.
Storage machine 704 may include removable and/or built-in devices. Storage machine 704 may include optical memory (e.g., CD, DVD, HD-DVD, Blu-Ray Disc, etc.), semiconductor memory (e.g., RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, etc.), and/or magnetic memory (e.g., hard-disk drive, floppy-disk drive, tape drive, MRAM, etc.), among others. Storage machine 704 may include volatile, nonvolatile, dynamic, static, read/write, read-only, random-access, sequential-access, location-addressable, file-addressable, and/or content-addressable devices.
It will be appreciated that storage machine 704 includes one or more physical devices. However, aspects of the instructions described herein alternatively may be propagated by a communication medium (e.g., an electromagnetic signal, an optical signal, etc.) that is not held by a physical device for a finite duration.
Aspects of logic machine 702 and storage machine 704 may be integrated together into one or more hardware-logic components. Such hardware-logic components may include field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), program-and application-specific integrated circuits (PASIC/ASICs), program-and application-specific standard products (PSSP/ASSPs), system-on-a-chip (SOC), and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), for example.
The terms "module," "program," and "engine" may be used to describe an aspect of computing system 700 implemented to perform a particular function. In some cases, a module, program, or engine may be instantiated via logic machine 702 executing instructions stored by storage machine 704. It will be understood that different modules, programs, and/or engines may be instantiated from the same application, service, code block, object, library, routine, API, function, etc. Likewise, the same module, program, and/or engine may be instantiated by different applications, services, code blocks, objects, routines, APIs, functions, etc. The terms "module," "program," and "engine" may encompass individual or groups of executable files, data files, libraries, drivers, scripts, database records, etc.
It will be appreciated that a "service", as used herein, is an application program executable across multiple user sessions. A service may be available to one or more system components, programs, and/or other services. In some implementations, a service may run on one or more server-computing devices.
When included, display subsystem 706 may be used to present a visual representation of data held by storage machine 704. This visual representation may take the form of a graphical user interface (GUI). As the herein described methods and processes change the data held by the storage machine, and thus transform the state of the storage machine, the state of display subsystem 706 may likewise be transformed to visually represent changes in the underlying data. Display subsystem 706 may include one or more display devices utilizing virtually any type of technology. For example, display subsystem 706 may correspond to one or more elements of the see-through displays 200a and 200b of FIG. 2. Such display devices may be combined with logic machine 702 and/or storage machine 704 in a shared enclosure, or such display devices may be peripheral display devices.
When included, input subsystem 708 may comprise or interface with one or more user-input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or game controller. In some embodiments, the input subsystem may comprise or interface with selected natural user input (NUI) componentry. Such componentry may be integrated or peripheral, and the transduction and/or processing of input actions may be handled on- or off-board. Example NUI componentry may include a microphone for speech and/or voice recognition; an infrared, color, stereoscopic, and/or depth camera for machine vision and/or gesture recognition; a head tracker, eye tracker, accelerometer, and/or gyroscope for motion detection and/or intent recognition; as well as electric-field sensing componentry for assessing brain activity.
When included, communication subsystem 710 may be configured to communicatively couple computing system 700 with one or more other computing devices. Communication subsystem 710 may include wired and/or wireless communication devices compatible with one or more different communication protocols. As non-limiting examples, the communication subsystem may be configured for communication via a wireless telephone network, or a wired or wireless local- or wide-area network. In some embodiments, the communication subsystem may allow computing system 700 to send and/or receive messages to and/or from other devices via a network such as the Internet.
It will be understood that the configurations and/or approaches described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. The specific routines or methods described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies. As such, various acts illustrated and/or described may be performed in the sequence illustrated and/or described, in other sequences, in parallel, or omitted. Likewise, the order of the above-described processes may be changed.
The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various processes, systems and configurations, and other features, functions, acts, and/or properties disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof.


The OSX Printer configuration app found the correct driver with absolutely no issues, and I was printing in seconds.
Color needs to be enabled using the CUPS interface, as it defaults to monochrome by default.
Thanks TONS for building foo2hiperc!!!


The card game of "bridge" or "bridge whist" was popularized by the whist players of New York City as early as 1893. The game's origins remain a mystery.
a. A card-game based upon whist. In the original form of the game the dealer or his partner (dummy) named trumps, dummy's hand was exposed after the lead, and the odd tricks varied in value according to the suit named as trumps. Now = auction or contract bridge.
The game is said to have been played in Constantinople and the Near East about 1870. Formerly also called Bridge Whist (see sense c below). The sense in quot. 1843 is uncertain; biritch in quots. 1886 is applied to the call of 'no trumps'.
[1843 J. PAGET Let. 18 Apr. in Mem. & Lett. (1901) I. vi. 144 We improved our minds in the intellectual games of Bagatelle and Bridge.] 1886 Biritch, or Russian Whist 2 The one declaring may, instead of declaring trumps, say 'Biritch', which means that the hands shall be played without trumps. Ibid. 3 The odd tricks count as follows:If 'Biritch' is declared each [odd trick counts] 10 points. Ibid. 4 There are four honours if 'Biritch' is declared, which are the four aces. 1898 'BOAZ' (title) The Pocket Guide to Bridge. 1898 Nat. Rev. Aug. 809 At a game of wint or bridge. 1901 'SLAM' Mod. Bridge Introd., 'Bridge', known in Turkey as 'Britch'. 1963 G. F. HERVEY Handbk. Card Games 131 The modern game of Bridge, more correctly Contract Bridge, to distinguish it from its now-defunct predecessors, was developed by Harold S. Vanderbilt.
The introduction of bridge whist in the New York Whist Club has led to the withdrawal of a number of members and the formation of a new whist club.
For more than a hundred years the Portland club of London was the home of whist. A feeling of respect and reverence comes to every American when its name is mentioned, and the spirit of James Clay is supposed lovingly and protectingly to hover over it. Tempora mutantur. There is no whist at the Portland club. Bridge whist has invaded its card room and the greatest, grandest and most scientific of all card games has been ignominiously abandoned. Bridge whist broke up the New York Whist club. Its effect upon the Portland club remains to be seen.
Mr. (Clarence A.—ed.) Henriques believes that his long service as a trustee of the New York and Brooklyn bridge has made "Bridge" a necessity, and so he is now going into "Bridge" whist. He has written a book called "The Laws of Bridge and the Etiquette of the Game," together with hints for playing, which the Eagle's job department has now in press and will shortly issue.
"So far as I know this is the first book published on 'Bridge' whist and should prove of great value to lovers of that game. The laws have been approved and adopted by the Whist club of New York and the innate honesty and integrity of the author are clearly shown in the book in what he says regarding the etiquette of the game.
The most popular variation of whist, as it is found today, embraces both of these modifications, a dummy hand and an announced trump. We call it bridge, and in spite of its novelty no one knows its origin. Some persons claim it originated in Constantinople and was taken to the French clubs in the Riviera under the name of Khedive, afterward passing to Paris, where it received its present name, bridge. Strange to say, it did not go thence to England, but came first to America, being taken from New York to London in 1894. The game was introduced to this country through the Whist club of New York, which is now located at 11 West Thirty-sixth street. One of the members, who does not care to have his name mentioned, had learned the game in Paris and was so strongly impressed with its possibilities as an exercise for the intellectual faculties that he became its apostle in the new world.
London society during the last season took up a new game, which is called bridge. It has certainly been a great rage, and was a source of amusement to a great many during the long winter evenings, between 6 and 7. It is a species of whist, and is played by four people, but one hand is laid on the table for every one to see, so it can quite easily be played by three, and it is pronounced better than dummy whist. The game is called bridge because, owing to certain rules and complications which occur in the game, it is possible to "bridge" or pass over when it is one's turn to play. It is a great gambling game, and a great deal may be won or lost in one night, as the bets can be doubled at will, and the points are generally high.
The mania for bridge whist, or "bridge," as the game is known to its votaries, is rapidly becoming epidemic in the Eastern states, and especially in the City of New York.
The origin of bridge is somewhat shrouded in mystery. The game is said to have originated in Russia, but there is no satisfactory proof of this statement. It was first known under the title of "Biritch or Russian Whist," and this no doubt gave rise to the idea that it was of Russian origin, although as a matter of fact, the word "Biritch" is not to be found in any Russian dictionary. In the late seventies it was played in Constantinople by the Russian colony. In the sixties there was a game of whist played in Germany and Austria called "Cayenne" and it is believed that bridge, as we play it, combines certain features of cayenne or biritch—Town Talk.
Our learned friends laughed at this, saying that there was no such word as biritch in the Russian language, as though that proved the case one way or the other.
The latest research indicates that the word biritch is chronicled in Russian histories from the 10th through the 17th centuries. It meant, among other things, the town crier whose official duty it was to announce government edicts. It appears as "biritch" (accented on the second syllable) in dictionaries of Imperial days.
Apparently, the game of biritch had been played in Turkey and Egypt ever since the early 1860's and was of Turkish or Russian origin.


text:
Save DeWitt Clinton High School
Dear Mayor Bloomberg, Chancellor Walcott, and the people of the City of New York,
DeWitt Clinton High School should not be closed. The closure of DeWitt Clinton High School will accomplish nothing but the waste of a valuable and unique opportunity.
It has been argued that the history of a school does not matter, that it is only the present activities of the school that matter. That is not the version of History that I learned at DeWitt Clinton. The History that I learned at DeWitt Clinton commands that the past is important, that the past is critical to the present. DeWitt Clinton High School has a story that stretches over 115 years, starring hundreds of thousands of students, parents, faculty, and staff.
DeWitt Clinton High School, precisely because of its great history, presents an amazing opportunity. Educators at DeWitt Clinton could leverage the school's past to create unique, tailored educational materials that would raise standards like never before. Students can read literature crafted by such alumni as James Baldwin and Countee Cullen. Students can study the intersections of science and history through such works as the biology textbook that was at the heart of the Scopes Monkey Trial, written by a DWCHS teacher.
DeWitt Clinton High School's thousands of living alumni are also a resource that it would be a shame to waste. The alumni association claims to be the largest high school alumni association in the world, and includes executives at top companies in the New York City metropolitan area. The mentorship that could be provided would be unrivaled. Many DWCHS alumni are also educators. Bring them back home, if you can.
Regardless, the students of DeWitt Clinton are in dire need of resilient teachers and administrators who can understand where they are coming from and how to address their needs. Many of the students that DWCHS currently serves are undeniably some of the neediest children in the City of New York. Many of these students come from broken homes, impoverished backgrounds, and may not speak English as a first language. The DOE has already failed to adequately serve many of these students before they matriculate at DeWitt Clinton.
These students have special needs. These needs require further resources and innovative approaches. The same situation in the same standing structure with the same strategies will not help them. Small schools that do the same thing as the large schools before them will not help these students. Discarding the DeWitt Clinton name, heavy with meaning, will not help these students.
DeWitt Clinton may be a large school, but it is overenrolled. By standards that the New York City Department of Education itself has acknowledged, DeWitt Clinton bears responsibility for more students than it has the capacity to serve. A building long known as "The Castle on the Parkway" now stands increasingly in ruin, with everything from window shades to desks broken. Students come to classrooms that can barely physically accommodate the desks in them, let alone match the recommended class sizes for optimal instruction. Students come to classes without the materials necessary for success, without materials as basic as textbooks. Students come to teachers depressed by what they increasingly view as a fight against the Department of Education instead of alongside of it. If you truly want to see the school and its students succeed, you will give it the resources, the space, and the motivation necessary to do so. If you truly want to see the school and its students succeed, you will give it the opportunity to do so.
For all of its struggles, DeWitt Clinton continues to provide unrivaled opportunities for its student body. Fifteen Advanced Placement courses demonstrate the academic rigor that is possible. Fifty clubs and sports teams illustrate the enriching extracurricular environment. A new community garden–complete with composting–tugs at the legacy of the school's involvement in New York City's very first community garden, adjacent to its former campus at Hell's Kitchen.
The ivy climbing the walls of DeWitt Clinton's present structure–it's third–has long been cleared away, but DeWitt Clinton continues to help graduates climb the socioeconomic ladder by attending Ivy-caliber institutions of higher education. The MACY Honors and Gifted Program that I graduated from continues to provide a sense of community and investment that is infrequently matched by this city's schools. Even while the school received an F on its progress reports, it received a B for college readiness. With students enrolling at such low achievement levels, it is an astonishing feat that they graduate prepared for college-caliber studies.
This is a school that the U.S. News & World Report has ranked as one of the 96 most outstanding high schools in America. This is a school whose football team has played against the likes of Columbia University. This is a school whose graduates have graced halls of fame, held nobel laureateships, and stood at the helm of some of America's most recognizable corporations. This is a school of no small significance.
This is a school that graduated the creators of Spiderman and Batman. This is a school that, today, needs a hero. Please be that hero. Please save DeWitt Clinton High School.
The Riverdale Press – "Students, Teachers Stand Up to DOE to Save DeWitt Clinton"
New York Times – City Room – "DeWitt Clinton's Remarkable Alumni"
Notable Alumni of DeWitt Clinton High School (July 2012 Edition)
DWCHS Witt Seminar – Composting Project
Sign the PETITION.
DeWitt Clinton High School – Twitter
DeWitt Clinton High School – Facebook
Stand Up for DeWitt Clinton High School – Facebook
CategoriesEducation TagsDeWitt Clinton High School, DWC, DWCHS, education
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text:
A randomized trial of enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Syphilis and HIV Study Group
N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 31;337(5):307-14. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199707313370504.
R T Rolfs 1 , M R Joesoef, E F Hendershot, A M Rompalo, M H Augenbraun, M Chiu, G Bolan, S C Johnson, P French, E Steen, J D Radolf, S Larsen
1 Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
Background: Reports of neurosyphilis and invasion of cerebrospinal fluid by Treponema pallidum in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have led to doubts about the adequacy of the recommended penicillin G benzathine therapy for early syphilis.
Methods: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial, we assessed two treatments for early syphilis: 2.4 million units of penicillin G benzathine and that therapy enhanced with a 10-day course of amoxicillin and probenecid. The serologic and clinical responses of patients with and without HIV infection were studied during one year of follow-up.
Results: From 1991 through 1994, 541 patients were enrolled, including 101 patients (19 percent) who had HIV infection but differed little from the uninfected patients in their clinical presentations. The rates at which chancres and rashes resolved did not differ significantly according to treatment assignment or HIV status. Serologically defined treatment failures were more common among the HIV-infected patients. The single clinically defined treatment failure was in an HIV-infected patient. Rates of serologically defined treatment failure did not differ according to treatment group (18 percent at six months with usual therapy; 17 percent with enhanced therapy). T. pallidum was found at enrollment in the cerebrospinal fluid of 32 of 131 patients (24 percent) and after therapy in 7 of 35 patients tested. None had clinically evident neurosyphilis, and the rate of detection of T. pallidum did not differ according to HIV status.
Conclusions: After treatment for primary or secondary syphilis, the HIV-infected patients responded less well serologically than the patients without HIV infection, but clinically defined failure was uncommon in both groups. Enhanced treatment with amoxicillin and probenecid did not improve the outcomes. Although T. pallidum was detected in cerebrospinal fluid before therapy in a quarter of the patients tested, such a finding did not predict treatment failure. The current recommendations for treating early syphilis appear adequate for most patients, whether or not they have HIV infection.
Amoxicillin / therapeutic use*
Double-Blind Method
Drug Therapy, Combination / therapeutic use*
HIV Infections / complications*
Penicillin G Benzathine / therapeutic use*
Penicillins / therapeutic use*
Probenecid / therapeutic use*
Syphilis / complications
Syphilis / drug therapy*
Syphilis Serodiagnosis
Treatment Failure
Treponema pallidum / isolation & purification
Penicillin G Benzathine


If you want only the best, Olitalia Chef Selection is all you need. These oils and vinegars allow you to personalise your favourite dishes and add a final touch to your recipes, while ensuring their original character shines through. The finest in high-quality condiments, they bring out all the flavours of your favourite recipes in the best way possible; for every customer, in every dish, every time.


Glass panels are expensive, but they leave you with a perfect, uncluttered view, and they also block the wind. They have to be tempered (hardened) for safety and we recommend that you use a slightly smoky glass so birds (and kids!) don't accidentally run into them.
Low-maintenance balusters made from metal or glass and designed to be used with wood (or solid composites) are also available. They're available through home centers and lumberyards or can be ordered online.
Most of the railing systems come with or require specific fasteners and fittings.


text:
The general rule is that a person must have been lawfully in Australia for 4 years, with a minimum period of 12 months while being a permanent resident, prior to applying.
Australian Citizenship is a special privilege. It allows a person to vote in Federal, State and Government elections ("no taxation without representation") and to stay indefinitely overseas if a person wishes.
It is a status which cannot be taken away except generally if a person commits an act of treason or has made misstatements or presented misleading documents in the application for Australian Citizenship.
There is a general residence rule, with some limited exceptions. That is, a person could be lawfully in Australia on a temporary visa for 3 years, and after a further one year's presence as a permanent resident,, can apply for Citizenship.
In the 12 months immediately before the application, a person may be overseas for up to 90 days, but no more.
Overall, in the 4 year period before the application is made, a person cannot be outside Australia for more than 12 months.
There are some residency exemptions for people in certain occupations (members of the crew of an aircraft, sailors, those who have senior positions in certain organisations) and for spouses (legally married or de facto) of Australians who need to be overseas, and who have maintained a "close and continuing relationship with Australia" through the 4 year period prior to the application being made. The Minister has a residual discretion with spouse cases, whether to grant Citizenship.
There are other exemptions to the usual requirements for obtaining Citizenship.
Each adult applicant must make their own application.
A child can be included in a parent's application up to the age of 15 inclusive. A child older than that, must make their own application.
Regarding children, a child born to an Australian permanent resident or Australian citizen in Australia by law is an Australian Citizen.
Also, a child ordinarily resident in Australia through the 10 year period from birth obtains Citizenship on their tenth birthday.
A child does not need to be continuously in Australia to be ordinarily resident, especially in a child's early years when a grandparent overseas may be looking after a child. Each case depends on its own circumstances, and expert advice should always be sought before a complex application is lodged.
A child will be an Australian Citizen if born overseas to at least one Australian Citizen parent, with the birth registered at an Australian Embassy or Consular post.
In addition to showing the required period of presence in Australia, a person must also have an intention to reside in Australia, or if not that the person will maintain "a close and continuing association with Australia" if the application were to be approved.
An applicant must also pass the Citizenship Test, an online test of 20 questions. The Department of Home Affairs publishes a guide to this. A person is able to resit the examination as many times as needed. If a person fails a test on the day of the examination, the Department will allow the person to do the test again. There is a 75 per cent question pass requirement.
A person must also demonstrate that s/he is of good character. This is a stricter test than that applied in an application for permanent residence.
The Department will conduct its own criminal record check of Australian authorities. A person who has multiple convictions, even for middle level upward driving offences, may have difficulty passing the good character test.
A person must also have a basic knowledge of English language. The Coalition Government in 2017 wanted to introduce a substantially harsher English test (amongst other proposed amendments). This legislation lapsed in the Australian Senate in October 2017, and did not become law.
Citizenship applicants must be able to prove their identity, by way of lodging a copy of the biodata page of their passport, birth certificate and documents showing their current address.
Contact Us About Your Migration Needs


text:
alessandro botto
This series of painting by Alessandro Botto might be familiar as we have seen some similarity with some photography work, but compare to photography I liken more towards Alessandro's painting as it has certain fluidity where photography hasn't capture it.
UK based artist Alessandro was born in Lima, Peru, and is a self-taught painter holding a degree in architecture and a masters in industrial design. Alessandro moved to the United States in 1995 to study architecture and to complete a masters in industrial design in New York, he later moved to London in 2005. After working as an architect in New York and London, he developed an interest in painting that helped him create a personal language and technique, and now paints full time in his studio in England. Alessandro has exhibited his paintings in galleries and private collections in London, New York and Lima. Working with acrylics on MDF slats and canvas, his paintings are inspired by the relationship between beauty and chaos, and are also influenced by fashion and urban landscapes. His work explores movement through the analysis of balance, velocity and the hierarchy of elements within a composition.
See more of his work here.
Tagged With: arts beauty colours fashion inspiration
Ralph Schneider February 26, 2011 5:55 PM
Wow! Absolutely amazing striking. Folding a map can fold meaning and the world in consequence.


Learn about the skills and tools that can lead to greater success in pharmacy business management. For example, discover the latest inventory and purchasing support platforms, point-of-sale systems for front-end and prescription sales.
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Arin Ray thought he had it made. It was 2012, and the singer was appearing every week on The X-Factor as Britney Spears' protégé. Simon Cowell rained praise onto him, proclaiming him a star, and he easily cracked the top 10. But when he got cut, the record deal offers he'd expected never came. His phone was silent.
Five years later and a resume chockfull of hits for Chris Brown, Nicki Minaj, John Legend, Young Thug, Jeremih and many more, Arin Ray has arrived. After landing his first solo credits in 2015 with a pair of sultry bedroom ballads for Chris Brown, "Red Lights" and "Right Now," and the heartbreaking "Kae," demand for his vulnerable lyrics and taut phrasing skyrocketed. Over the next year, Ray racked up even more writing credits including songs for Rick Ross, Jason Derulo, Yo Gotti and K. Michelle while also releasing his own debut EP, Phases. Sleek with elements of future soul and warmed by Ray's gentle, effortless vocals, the EP revealed that Ray's gifts were not relegated to the writer's room. Now, with the release of his forthcoming solo debut on Interscope Records, he's poised to finally become a star in his own right.
"Music is missing the real. Missing some soul, that motivation, energy, groove. I feel like everybody's trying to mimic everybody else. So I just went for it. I can't be scared," says Ray. Confirmation that he'd made the right decision came quickly and definitively. "I got to work with Usher, one of my idols, and he was like, 'That's hot!'" he says, eyes shining.
Ray was born in Cincinnati with music in his blood. His father was the drummer for early '90s new jack swing groups like New Edition, Bell Biv DeVoe and the Babyface-fronted After 7, and his aunt sang background vocals for Marvin Gaye. His mom sang in her church choir and in a group that scored a major label deal and even auditioned for The X-Factor along with her son.
Ray initially had little interest in music and dreamed of playing sports professionally. His mom had a different plan and enrolled him in an arts high school and for piano and guitar lessons. When she told him she'd audition for The X-Factor if he would, he eventually agreed. He made it all the way through, but got cut the first week. The next year, the show called and asked him to audition again. After getting cut a second time, he burned with determination. A week after graduating high school, he packed up and moved to L.A. The production team the Underdogs opened the door, inviting him to work in their studio. Soon, he was there every day.
He began to flourish, and when he met and clicked with Yung Berg, who'd been tapped to work on Nicki Minaj's The Pink Print, Berg brought him along to work on the project together. Soon, Ray was getting placements with big names and earning money. He finally had the confidence to create his own music.
Combined with Ray's classically trained voice and sophisticated yet soulful pillow talk, his forthcoming debut sees him refocusing modern R&B. Working with producers like Terrace Martin (Kendrick Lamar's To Pimp a Butterfly), Nez and Rio (A$AP Rocky's "Pretty Flocko") and Childish Major (Future, J. Cole), Ray has crafted a polished body of boundary-pushing tracks that incorporate everything from steel guitars to saxophones, glistening synths to gutsy, bluesy riffs.


text:
Home » Latest News in Nigeria » PDP Rep tackles Fashola, challenges minister to three-month road trips
PDP Rep tackles Fashola, challenges minister to three-month road trips
12:13 PM Fashola MC POSCABA 0 Latest News in Nigeria
The member of the House of Representatives representing Ede-North/Ede-South/Egbedore/Ejigbo Federal Constituency of Osun State, Mr Bamidele Salam, has challenged the Minister of Works and Housing, Babatunde Fashola (SAN) and other relevant stakeholders to travel only by road for the next 90 days.
Salam challenged the minister to the road trips in response to his claim that roads in the country are not as bad as they are portrayed.
Fashola had on Wednesday, shortly after the Federal Executive Council meeting, dismissed reports on the poor state of the country's roads as mere hypes.
"The roads are not as bad as they are often portrayed. I know that this is going to be your headline, but the roads are not that bad," he had told State House correspondents.
Salam, a member of the opposition Peoples Democratic Party, however, faulted the minister.
The lawmaker said, "I found this statement, which had been repeated by the Honourable Minister at least on two previous occasions as a clear indication that some of us in public offices are not, at all, in tune with the horrendous realities of our fellow citizens' daily experience."
According to Salam, appreciating what Nigerians go through on the bad roads daily requires that public office holders put themselves in the shoes of the average Nigerian and get first-hand experience of how the people survive on daily basis.
Salam called on Fashola and every relevant stakeholder to use these Nigerian roads for a reasonable length of time to understand the yearnings of Nigerians.
He said, "As a member of the House of Representatives Committee on Works, I will be throwing a road travel challenge to the Honourable Minister and all persons concerned to avoid air travel for all local trips in the next 90 days.
"If we will agree to this challenge, we may come back with a better appreciation of the true state of our road infrastructure and the desperate things we need to do to save our economy from further disruptions as a result of the burgeoning crisis in the road transportation sector."


text:
[![Total Downloads](https://poser.pugx.org/njasm/laravel5-soundcloud/downloads.png)](https://packagist.org/packages/njasm/laravel5-soundcloud)
[![License](https://poser.pugx.org/njasm/laravel5-soundcloud/license.png)](https://packagist.org/packages/njasm/laravel5-soundcloud)

## Laravel 5 - Soundcloud Api Service Provider

Soundcloud API Service Provider For Laravel 5

- [Installation](#installation)
- [SoundCloud Credentials](#soundcloud-credentials)
- [Configuration](#configuration)
- [Usage](#usage)

### Installation
The package can be installed via Composer by requiring the ``"njasm/laravel5-soundcloud": "dev-master"`` package in your project's composer.json.

```json
{
    "require": {
        "njasm/laravel5-soundcloud": "dev-master"
    },
    "minimum-stability": "dev"
}
```

Next you need to add the service provider to ``config/app.php``.

```php
'providers' => [
    // ...
    Njasm\Laravel\Soundcloud\SoundcloudProvider::class,
],
```

Additionally, if you wish to use the Facade, you may register an alias for it in ``config/app.php``:
```php
'aliases' => [
    // ...
    'Soundcloud' => Njasm\Laravel\Soundcloud\Facades\Soundcloud::class,
],
```

We've also got a dedicated config file, which can be published by running the following command:
```
php artisan vendor:publish --provider="Njasm\Laravel\Soundcloud\SoundcloudProvider"
```

### SoundCloud Credentials

Since you most-likely don't want your `client_id`, `client_secret`, `username` or `password` to be on your repository (for security concerns), put them in the `.env` file:
```ini
SOUNDCLOUD_CLIENT_ID=your_client_id
SOUNDCLOUD_CLIENT_SECRET=your_client_secret
SOUNDCLOUD_CALLBACK_URL=your_callback_url
SOUNDCLOUD_USERNAME=your_username
SOUNDCLOUD_PASSWORD=your_password
SOUNDCLOUD_AUTO_CONNECT=false
```

and reference them in `config/services.php` as such:

```php
// ...
'soundcloud' => [
    'client_id' => env('SOUNDCLOUD_CLIENT_ID'),
    'client_secret' => env('SOUNDCLOUD_CLIENT_SECRET'),
    'callback_url' => env('SOUNDCLOUD_CALLBACK_URL'),
],
```

### Configuration

Besides the ones in `services.php` (which now holds all of your SoundCloud credentials), a few more options are available in the dedicated config file:
- `username` and `password`, both used for connecting to the SoundCloud API as an actual user. These should be defined in the `.env` file.
- `auto_connect`: When set to true, the user credentials above will be used to connect to SoundCloud automatically, without you having the call the `userCredentials` method manually. This may be useful to quickly access data of the authenticated user. Note that, since this option may vary depending of the app evironment (e.g. when running unit tests), it should be defined in the `.env` file as well.

### Usage

You can access the Soundcloud object through a number of ways:

**Using dependency injection**

In this case, we'll make use of Laravel's IoC container to automatically resolve the binding:
```php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Njasm\Soundcloud\SoundcloudFacade;

class HomeController extends Controller
{
    public function index(SoundcloudFacade $soundcloud)
    {
        echo $soundcloud->getAuthUrl();
    }
}
```

**Using the facade**

```php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Soundcloud;

class HomeController extends Controller
{
    public function index()
    {
        echo Soundcloud::getAuthUrl();
    }
}
```

**Manually resolving the binding out of the container**

You can either use the full namespace to the `SoundcloudFacade` to reference the binding in the IoC:
```php
$soundcloud = $this->app->make(\Njasm\Soundcloud\SoundcloudFacade::class);
$soundcloud = App::make(\Njasm\Soundcloud\SoundcloudFacade::class);
$soundcloud = app(\Njasm\Soundcloud\SoundcloudFacade::class);
```

or use the shorthand alias:
```php
$soundcloud = $this->app->make('Soundcloud');
$soundcloud = App::make('Soundcloud');
$soundcloud = app('Soundcloud');
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub