text:
Chris Cuomo says his wife, like him, has the coronavirus
NEW YORK (AP) — Chris Cuomo says his wife Cristina has been diagnosed with the coronavirus.
The CNN anchor revealed last month that he was diagnosed with the virus and at the time said he hoped he would not infect his wife and children.
Cuomo made the announcement on CNN during an interview with his brother, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
While Chris Cuomo has said his symptoms have caused high fevers and even hallucinations, he said his wife is fine and taking the diagnosis in stride,


Okay, that's a bit fanciful. But, it may not be too big a stretch.
There is a growing body of scientific research that suggests forests and other natural, green settings can reduce stress, improve moods, curtail aggressiveness and – possibly – even strengthen our immune systems.


text:
Q: Flask: show flash messages in alertbox I've been working on flask and I came across flash. It displays a message on page if flash was called on the server side. However, I'd like to display the contents get_flashed_messages() in an alertbox. I tried to make JS function and pass {{message}} but the loop prints the call i.e. takes the call as a string.
{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}
{% if messages %}

 {% for message in messages %}

{{ message }}

 {% endfor %}

{% endif %}
{% endwith %}

IS there any way to go about it?

A: You can create JS variable containing messages
{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}
  {% if messages %}

  {% endif %}
{% endwith %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Your detailed case should provide a clear and concise outline on how a telework program will benefit your company's bottom line. Remember, there is no "one size fits all" approach to get your management to buy into telework. However, the following resources will be helpful for you to make your case.
The benefits of a telework program may be difficult to put into numbers. When possible, measure productivity by listing performance standards that can be tracked, such as: sales calls per week, time spent with customers, customer satisfaction review forms, or projects completed per quarter.
Will your proposed telework plan help employees avoid wasted time spent in traffic? If one or more employees worked offsite, would it benefit a team's productivity? If fewer employees endured long commutes or traffic, would they have more energy or focus?
If employees had the flexibility of teleworking, would they enjoy higher morale and feel greater company loyalty?
Will teleworking reduce the need for scarce or expensive parking at your office? If a number of employees were to telework, would it eliminate your company's need to move, or ease the need for additional office space?
If employees were able to telework, would they be less likely to leave work early, come in late, or call in sick? If fewer employees endured long commutes or traffic, would they have higher morale and greater company loyalty?
How would your company function in the event of a natural or man-made disaster that affected your facility or the transportation routes to and from the office? In the event of a pandemic, are your employees prepared to work remotely so that your business can stay up and running? A recent study by CDW-G found that only one-third of private sector companies are prepared for "business as usual" during such events, which means that 66% of private sector companies are at risk of failure during emergency situations. Which category does your company fall in right now? A well-designed telework program can help address these issues.
If employees did not have to commute to the office, would your company be able to hire from a wider geographic area and talent pool? If fewer employees endured long commutes or traffic, could they be more relaxed and focused on their work?
Any equipment required to set up home or offsite offices laptops, PDAs, cell phones, printer/fax/scanners, office furniture, software, phone lines, and Internet connection fees.
Information technology/remote access service at the central office.
Telework training for employees and managers.
Other labor costs associated with program start-up.
Examples: review and revision of HR manuals and personnel policies, telework policy development, and the cost of evaluating the program.
C. Compare the benefits and Return on Investment (ROI) with the costs to determine if your telework program is a viable solution for your company.
Quantify the potential reduction in real estate/overhead costs, recruiting/retention savings, and where possible, employee productivity, to estimate the ROI.
While some potential savings may be difficult to pinpoint, use success stories from similar companies as a baseline and adjust as appropriate for your company's situation. In addition, there are telework ROI calculators available on the web to assist you.
D. After compiling the research and writing your case, you'll complete a few more steps to gain approval.
Make a list of every individual (or at least every department) in your company that your telework arrangement will affect, and how.
Present your case to the appropriate person(s) in your company. Depending on the size and nature of your company, this could be someone from Human Resources, upper management or the CEO, or all of them.
Anticipate questions and answer them with care and confidence.


Top-ranked bodyboarding pros will mingle with fans at the 19th annual T&C Surf "Go Big!" at Pearlridge Uptown Center Court on Saturday, February 25th. The event serves as the official kick-off for the Mike Stewart Pipeline Invitational, the first event on the 2017 APB Men's World Tour featuring the world's top bodyboarders to compete at one of the most prestigious waves in the world.
T&C's Go Big lets fans interact with many of the APB top athletes and a mix of International invitees & Hawaiian Tour elites. Confirmed to attend are former 3x bodyboard world champion Jeff Hubbard, 9x world champion Mike Stewart, 6x world champion Guilherme Tamega, 8x drop knee world champion Dave Hubbard and other top contenders. "T&C's Go Big event is a unique opportunity for me and other industry pros to meet and inspire the local youth within the community. Our goal as always is to share the stoke of bodyboarding with as many people as possible and bring family and friends together for this fun and entertaining event," says Mike Stewart, founder of Science bodyboards.
At 1pm, we will be giving away bodyboards, fins, leashes, board bags and more! Contestants will be called on stage to compete for prizes in a series of off-the-wall games which are a tradition at the "Go Big!" every year. Returning favorites such as "Stack the Wax" and "Face the Cookie" are on the roster, along with other unique games. The event is free and open to the public. So, if you are in the area, come watch the action, get an autograph, score some free stuff and listen to some good beats.


Review by Little Blonde Life.
Down at the bottom of the garden..well actually hidden away at the outskirts of the Trinity Centre in Leeds lays The Botanist.
Walking through an outdoor patio area and past the open air outside/in kitchen you cant help but feel that everything is a little higgledy piggledy. When you finally enter into the surprisingly big dining area you walk almost into what can only be described as a garden shed and enter into the secret world of the Botanist. It's a genius tone of walking through the garden into the garden shed that really wowed me and it's safe to say my expectations remained high.
I was here for the Botanist tea party and it's fair to say it was a very special event where attention to detail had clearly been paid. I was seated in a cosy charismatic area of the restaurant and the table was laid with cute mix matched crockery, tea pots, china cup and tea strainers. I started the evening lightly with a intriguing cup of "smoky Russian caravan" tea which was very pungent and although I wasn't sure if this was my cup of tea it was one to be tried. My next drink was something I was more familiar with and a lot more bubbly.
Once everyone had a chance to mingle the starters arrived. I was delighted and amazed to see the garden theme ran into the menu with potted chicken liver and rum pate with a ginger crumb topping served in a miniature plant pot, accompanied with tangy plum and apple chutney in a mini wheelbarrow. I will admit secretly this made a little sceptical had so much attention been paid to the presentation taste had been compromised? No. It was divine and very morish with all the flavours coming through and it certainly tasted as special as it looked.
In addition to the pate we were also served up the classic favourite of houmous board with crudities and flat bread and a portion of salt and pepper onion petals with a sour cream dip. The presentation of the houmous board was rather unique served in cabbage leaves it was simple yet impressive and cleverly in-keeping with the tone of the restaurant.
For the main course I had the deli board in which I could pick 4 items to create my own board. I resisted from all cheesing and tried to create a balanced bored with sun dried tomatoes, pickled beetroot and carrot salad, roast chicken and Sharrock's two year aged Lancaster cheese. I don't like to blow my own trumpet but I think I did a pretty good job. All the elements were seasoned well and each cooked perfectly, my favourite was the roast chicken..sounds a little dull but it was tender, meaty and basically a good old piece of chicken, although I also cannot fault the sun dried tomatoes oh and the mouth watering cheese.
To bring the fabulous evening to an end in style I was treated to some very delicious cocktails. I won't lie I've tasted many a cocktail in my time but these were special. Again in keeping with the tone the cocktails still kept the botanist theme with ingredients such as fresh cucumber, basil and elderflower they were very refreshing and went down a little too easy. My favourite was their signiture "the Botanist" cocktail with Green Mark vodka, Bacardi rum, elderflower liqueur, red amaranth, mint, jasmine syrup and lime juice topped with lemonade.


Vegie Bar has become an institution of Fitzroy, serving up, you guessed it, vegetarian food! It was before the vegan train caught on, but they do have a bunch of vegan options too if that's your dietary requirement.
The restaurant is set in a warehouse with high ceilings, offering plenty of seatings on both floors. The large space accommodates for both small and big groups, and there is usually no trouble in finding a table.
I love mushroom anything, so it was a no-brainer to order the mushroom pizza. The pizza dough – although untraditional – was chewy and dougy and delicious. Sitting on top was the topping of caramelised onions, crumbly feta, and ample amount of slow roasted field mushrooms. Fresh dill and pine nuts were sprinkled on top for some additional freshness and texture. The juicy mushrooms were definitely the star of the dish, the caramelised onion offered some sweetness, and the briny feta did not overwhelm everything else.
I've never tried a tajine before, and upon consulting google, it's a type of stew that's named after the type of pottery it uses. The flavoursome sweet and sour stew had chickpeas, butternut squash, and tomato, and were simmered to the point where all the vegetables were tender. I thought the coconut tsatsiki were a bit of a random component, although I guess its purpose was to lighten up the dish. The roasted cauliflower were tasty though, reminiscent of popcorn.
Our meal was completed with a cone of chips. These were not as crunchy as I would have preferred, but were potato-y nonetheless.
Vegie Bar's menu takes inspiration from all around the world, I don't think it aims to offer a traditional experience by any means, the focus is on re-inventing these dishes so that they are both vegetarian friendly, and still retain some of its key flavours. The menu is quite large, and I'm sure you'll be able to find something to ticklet your fancy, even if you don't usually eat your greens.
The Vegie Bar is located on Brunswick Street, catch tram 11 from Parliament, Southern Cross or Collins Street, and get off at Leicester Street/Brunswick Street, and the restaurant is right next to the tram stop.


text:
Location | 1525 Fourth St • Sarasota, FL
Reservations & Info | tel. 941.388.7539
Sunday Gospel Brunch
by Max Kelly | May 21, 2019 | Uncategorized | 0 comments
SRQ MAGAZINE | OCTOBER 2018 BY ANDREW FABIAN IN PERFORMANCE
From the dark, furtive backrooms of early juke joints, the blues became an essential thread in the American tapestry. Sarasota keeps the muddy water flowing with these three blues jams.
Go to original article on srqmagazine.com
The blues is a culture. From its origins in the furtive backrooms of early juke joints, the blues went on to influence country, bluegrass, folk and everything in between. And within the broad blues genre, few things have come to characterize the music more than the jam. Sometimes a jam is little more than an excuse for friends to get together and drink a couple beers, slosh through old songs and laugh about it. Other times, a jam gathers virtuosos for an improvised musical spectacle so cohesive it seems scripted. Whatever the level of skill, the jam offers a forum for free expression that binds players together beneath a roving spotlight of solos and accompaniments. In Sarasota, these blues jams carry on that unadulterated spirit like a steady freight train, connecting people with its celebration of love, faith and music, sometimes all at once.
On the outskirts of Sarasota, aging hippies pour in through an unpaved driveway of dirt, sand and crushed shell into a time warp where ancient, gnarled trees stand guard against the encroaching built environment. Backlit by the orange and purple glow of twilight, the silhouette of trees forms a continuous ink-spill like a Rorschach test, the buzz of cicadas and a faint rustle of leaves the only evidence that this is not a Bob Ross painting. They have come wielding worn and cherished instruments to create new moments together, moments of spontaneity and a bit of harmony. They have come for a Wednesday night jam session at the home of Jean Hewitt.
The jam sessions occur weekly in a revolving door of living rooms, lanais and porches, and tonight Hewitt plays hostess in the full-round log cabin built by her late husband in the mid-80s. "It took him about a year to build," she says, "and people who come to jam seem to get a lot out of the house itself." At 90 years young, she now sits on the board of Friends of Florida Folk, a nonprofit organization that seeks to preserve and promote folk arts, dance, crafts and music, with chapters as far south as Miami and as far north as Apalachicola in Florida's panhandle. Tucked away on the back porch of her cozy home, shrouded by a wild, native landscape, the rag-tag assemblage of retirees, artisans, musicians and nomads prepares for an evening of covers ranging from Woody Guthrie and John Prine to The Beatles and Van Morrison. "Tom Paxton is one of my personal favorites," says Hewitt, "but I'm not musical at all, I'm just an appreciator and I like being able to have everyone here."
Around 8 o'clock, folks have started to settle into weathered chairs. The music fades in with the dissonant tuning of stringed instruments—6- and 12-string guitars, violins, cellos, a mandolin and a bass guitar, the evening's only electric instrument. Out of the disjointed chaos, the round-robin session emerges with a patchwork rendition of The Marshall Tucker Band's "Can't You See." The lone guitarist strums the chord progression and sings the first verse on his own as others search their fretboards for the right accompaniment of notes. When the chorus hits, everyone chimes in with "what that woman, she been doin' to me."
Some find the right notes, some don't. One woman with a pennywhistle, unable to find her place in the song, resorts to a barefoot shimmy across the wooden planks of the porch. "It's a very free and open thing," says Hewitt, "people can do whatever they want." The song fades into laughter about forgotten lyrics and a couple stray notes. "It's a moment," says Thom Worthington, longtime attendee. "Everyone is just here to have fun, man."
Across town at Bee Ridge Park, proud, church-going men and women gather to recapture and celebrate a heritage that is a little bit blue collar, a little bit Southern and unmistakably bluesy. The men, shirts tucked into blue jeans, and women, some in floral print blouses and cotton shorts, are the kind of folks from generations past who used to say "sir" and "ma'am." Their practiced decorum makes the Thursday night bluegrass jams a more formal, family-friendly occasion that hearkens back to the early spirituals of blues' infancy, before a fine line was drawn between worship and music.
It all started 20 years ago when Charlie Holbrook, retired machinist and lifelong musician, first decided to gather his music brethren at Bee Ridge Park. "We used to drive down to Venice for a bluegrass jam," he says, "until I says 'we're gonna start us something closer." Nowadays, "us" refers to Holbrook, wife Ginger, longtime sidekick Don Campbell, and a long list of regulars that have helped make the Bee Ridge jam a Sarasota institution—so much so that Sarasota County administrators made provisions for the gatherings to take place without a permit.
Not too shabby for Holbrook, a native of Kentucky who grew up as a bit of a music prodigy. By fifth grade he had joined the high school concert band and "would've joined the marching band too, but I was too little," he adds between chuckles. His trained ear and deep respect for the gospel roots of blues and bluegrass compel him to assemble a group capable of reproducing bluegrass, country and gospel standards faithfully and with enough skill to warrant such a devoted following. This demands a certain caliber of musicianship, though Holbrook assures that anyone with an instrument can join in for a couple tunesand work their way into the regular rotation.
By the 7pm start time, an audience of about 15 has settled in for the show, though during peak snowbird season that number can creep into the triple digits. Between the audience, public venue, speakers and microphones, the jam has a performative vibe, as though listeners and passersby should feel free to expect something special. As the sunlight streaks in sideways under the roof of the pavilion, Holbrook and company begin an improvised set list that includes Merle Haggard, Johnny Cash, Bill Monroe, Alison Krauss, The Stanley Brothers and others. For an hour and a half, the friendly twang of a banjo accents the half-beats of the rhythm guitar's chord progressions, several folks on fiddles find the root notes and croon their accompaniments, and an older gentleman with a lap steel glides his hands over the strings to make them whine and moan. Holbrook stands behind his upright bass. "My baby," he says, "besides my wife." By night's end, as many as 20 musicians have strummed along with their accompaniments or contributed a humble harmony to the vocals.Around 8:30pm, those gathered are ready to call it quits and it's time for this jam's unofficial anthem: "Amazing Grace." "We like to end with a gospel song," says Holbrook, "but it's usually kind of a sad song, so I picked it up a little bit." Many in attendance stand to sing along. Some of the young men and women playing basketball and volleyball stop for a moment to appreciate the sound. From underneath the pavilion, the song rings out like a prayer.
Beneath the stage lighting and hefty sound equipment suspended from metal rafters, the tall, wiry man running cables to and fro looks like a Blue Rooster employee. He wears a plain black polo and blue jeans, with a pair of gray Converse chucks on his feet the only hint that perhaps this man has some musical or creative predilections—hardly the garish rock star one might expect on the stage of a bonafide music venue. And yet, this plain-clothed man will soon lead an ensemble of virtuosos into some rich renditions of blues and rock staples that will get a sizable crowd a little footloose.
The man: Al Fuller. And on this muggy Wednesday night, he sets up his gear for another one of his famous blues jams. But don't blame the soft-spoken Fuller for the gaudy adjective. "If I had to credit the 'famous' part to anybody, it'd be George Generoso," he says, "and the name kinda stuck." Over the 15 years he's piloted the jam, big names like Brian Johnson of AC/DC, Duane Betts, Freddie Cole (brother of Nat King) and the late Donald "Duck" Dunn have joined Fuller on stage, and it was Generoso, former owner of the 5 O'clock Club, who coined the phrase as a clever marketing ploy. But even without the big names, Fuller, a full-time musician, keeps a roster of highly skilled blues troubadours on speed dial to make sure his jams live up to the hype.
Between the experienced pros and the ambitious rookies, Fuller has his hands full with ego management. "A lot of people try to talk themselves up really big," he says, "but I can usually tell whether they're gonna be good or not." And though this can sometimes detract from Fuller's fun, the end result is a show with a strong following.The music starts at 7:30pm with Fuller on guitar, Moe Cates on bass and Rich MacDonald on drums. A slightly older happy hour crowd filters out, but a slow trickle of groupies filter in and take their place near the stage. He opens with some accessible blues standards—"Hide Away Blues" by Fats Domino, "T-Bone Shuffle" by T-Bone Walker. They perform the first few at coffee-shop volume, all three men easing their way into the pocket. Fuller's baritone voice never takes over a song, but instead blends in like another instrument. By 8pm, a few musicians have popped in and placed their instruments next to the stage. Fuller gives them a knowing nod and, in between songs, exchanges a few words with them that will give a bit of order to the jam—What do you play? Do you have any songs in mind?
Though Fuller prefers to keep the jam orbiting a pure blues sphere, the impact of
the British Invasion cannot be resisted. By the end of the night, a stylish man in his 50s grabs hold of a mic. His jeans are snug, his threadbare Pink Floyd shirt rolled up at the sleeves, a tambourine in his hand. A new drummer hammers out a simple beat on the kick drum and hi-hat. It only takes one line for the audience to voice their approving recognition of the song: The Rolling Stones' "Miss You." Though the current lineup seems haphazardly put together, an audible chemistry forms instantly. Two guitarists including Fuller, a bassist, drummer, violinist and pianist commit to grooving under the temporary command of this new singer, each awaiting their chance to solo. The album version of the song is only three and a half minutes long, but this live version, replete with guitar, violin and keyboard solos, pushes six. Fuller's work as jam conductor has paid off. "When it's good, it's fantastic," he says. Tonight, with bodies a-sway to the bedroom undertones of "Miss You," is fantastic.
Victor Wainwright And The Train
Tuesday – 5:00 PM – 10:30 PM
Wednesday 5:00 PM – 10:30 PM
Thursday 5:00 PM – 11:00 PM
Friday 5:00 PM – 11:30 PM
Saturday 5:00 PM -11:30 PM
Enter your email address to keep up to date on events and specials at The Blue Rooster!
©Blue Rooster - All Rights Reserved
Website Design, Photography, and Development by
Creative Sarasota

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
@interface SKEOutlineImageAndTextCell : SKEOutlineCell
{
}

+ (id)cell;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Nothing but pure honey in New York state
By Debra J. Groom, The Post-Standard
Consumers who want to buy only pure made-in-New York honey could be helped by two bills moving through the state Legislature.
The bills, one in the Assembly and one in the Senate, would amend a portion of the state Agriculture and Markets law to list what constitutes honey in New York state. The bills provide a full definition of what honey is and explains what it should contain and not contain.
The bills were introduced by Assemblyman William Magee, D-Nelson, and Sen. Joseph Griffo, R-Rome. The initiatives have been referred to the Assembly and Senate agriculture committees for review.
Honey producers say the law needs to be changed, because consumers are being duped with some so-called honey lining store shelves.
Greg Kalicin, president of the Empire State Honey Producers Association and a St. Lawrence County beekeeper, said honey from other countries comes into the United States with labels calling it "pure honey." But in fact, much of this is not pure, with items such as high fructose corn syrup, rice syrup and even antibiotics added to it.
"These bills are consumer oriented," Kalicin said. "Other countries flood imported honey into this country which is contaminated or adulterated. We can say we have a pure food here. We stand behind our product."
Members of the honey association approved the measure at the group's meeting in July.
"I'm in favor of it," said Marcellus beekeeper and honey producer Richard Linck. "We need this standard of identification. We want to assure the public that the honey we are selling is pure and unadulterated."
Al Dixon, a Granby beekeeper and honey producer, agrees.
• Honey production from New York beekeepers with five or more hives totaled 3.06 million pounds in 2009, down 13 percent from 3.50 million pounds in 2008.
• The 2009 production was extracted from 47,000 colonies, down from 50,000 colonies in 2008.
• Honey yield per colony averaged 65 pounds, 7 percent above the 2008 yield.
• Prices received by beekeepers in New York averaged $1.83 per pound, 10 percent more than the 2008 average price.
• Value of honey production in New York totaled $5.59 million, compared with $5.78 million in 2008.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture
"Florida has had something like this on the books for years," he said. "It will help us financially, but also, for the consumer, well, this other stuff doesn't taste as good as honey. They could eat it and say 'gee, I don't like this stuff,' thinking it's real honey."
Dixon, a honey producer for 40 years, said he has seen bottles stating "honey blend" on store shelves. "The word blend is really small," he said.
Laws protecting honey bees first appeared in New York as far back as 1883, and laws against adulteration and misbranding of honey go back as far as 1902, according to the bills.
"There is no doubt that this legislation would help to protect our beekeepers and honey producers from unfair mixing, blending and sale of cheap inferior products," the bills state.
New York ranks 12th in the country in honey production.
The proposed bills also state any artificial or blended honey cannot use a picture or drawing of a bee, beehive or honeycomb on the label. Honey is defined as "the natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from the nectar of plants or excretions of plant sucking insects on the living parts of plants.
Contact Debra J. Groom at dgroom@syracuse.com, 470-3254 or 251-5586


The only successful method of delivering health care is to treat is as one would treat a utility. Basic coverage should include access to prevention, early detection of Health care problems, Health maintenance as well as care that is catastrophic.
A transparent system of real costs of delivery should be required by law for all insurance carriers as well as the Medicare and Medicaid payors. This means in every quarter the payor will have available a report on how much was collected and marry that with how much is paid out. The number remaining should be the subject of public commission control. We can find out dealer cost for a new car but we cannot find out how much money is left for the carriers after the care is paid for. The current news of insurance carriers over charging billions of dollars for providing prescription services to Medicare care patient is a clear sign of the excesses allowed in the current system of care.
Establish local, state and regional grids with assoicated trusts with current or retired providers of care selected based on Out comes of care with those providers having the best record of quality, cost and patient satisfaction.
use a system of provider individual tax credits to encourage grid participation.


Can you please give me some advice on how to do astral projection? I have read a lot about it and saw many youtube videos.
1. What do you expect when you do that?
2. Is it imaginations or are you really out of your body?
Any help will be highly appreciated. I am much better at watching videos than reading books.
1. What you can expect is up to your beliefs.
You may end up in a dream or you may get out in the current reality. You may get into probable/alternate reality or anything what you are up to.
2. You can be really out of your body, because your live is outside of the body by default. You kinda projected into and got stuck somehow into the body once, now you believe that you are body, unaware of the 'other' larger reality.
I do not think you will my advice but here it is. Forget the youtube videos and reading about it. Just look at it for fun, nothing else. It will not help you to ap. The only thing that will help you is to practice until you get it right. Practice relaxing your body and mind. Your mind has to be very relaxed. When that is relaxed you do an ap technique. You may get out instantly so a technique is not required.
The last video from my above post has some instructions on how to do it and what to expect, it is 2h+ long and you can practice with them if you like (voice guided practicing in the video).
There are 2 additional videos from the same youtuber, but you should watch them after doing the first try.
He has some great tips, information and answers commonly asked questions. He has also written a few books that I highly recommend.
Thank you so much DanF for all your help and thank you every one for your great advice.
I am so excited to try this. One of my main reason is that my dad passed away a year and half ago. I can hear him talking to me most of the time. He tells me and my sister to do things or not to do them when we are not sure to do one thing or not, and it comes to be correct almost all the time.
I am hoping to be able to help others with the help of my dad.
I hope this make sense to all of you. Any feedback, I love to hear it.
I think it also naturally happens when you are "asleep"


text:
A new publication by two Mallow runners is much more than just a journal to log your miles
Titled 'The Local Runners' Annual', it's the brainchild of Phil Carey and Adrian Ryder, both members of the local athletics club.
Phil Carey and Adrian Ryder, publishers of The Local Runners' Annual', pictured at their stand at the recent Buttevant road race. Picture: John Walshe
John Walshe
IT may be the time of year for diaries, but a new publication by two Mallow runners is much more than just a journal to log your miles (or kilometres!) and goals for 2022.
This new book is packed full of profiles and maps of routes around the North Cork area along with coaching tips, professional advice on avoiding injuries and interesting and revealing profiles of runners of all abilities.
The book costs £20 and all profits go to Sanctuary Runners, the group established in Cork in February 2018 by former feature writer and broadcaster Graham Clifford.
This non-political group brings together Irish residents, refugees, and asylum seekers to run, jog or walk on the same Sanctuary Runners team with a focus on humanitarianism, solidarity, and positive action.
In his foreword to the publication, World 50km champion and Olympic bronze-medallist Rob Heffernan said he was delighted when told where the profits from the book were going.
"I've been an ambassador for Sanctuary Runners for some now and I have enjoyed every second of it. Athletics is a humbling sport and regardless of background or where you come from, it unites people," he wrote.
Like a lot of good ideas, the inspiration for the colourful publication started out on a run, according to compilers Phil and Adrian.
"This Annual will allow you to log your training and is intended for all running types. Any good coach will tell you to it's vital to log your training and we hope that this makes it that bit easier for you."
Both of them religiously log their training, Adrian is a photographer and between them they've discovered many picturesque running routes in their locality.
They felt that between them they could develop a quality, fun, and informative book for their fellow runners.
At the start of each month, details of local running routes are beautifully captured, showing distance, elevation and terrain.
There are also coaching tips from Mallow AC coach Shane Simcox along with injury prevention advice from physical therapist John O'Sullivan.
The profiles of local runners gives an insight into how they took up the sport, with a few of them even going on to represent Ireland at masters' level.
There is also a lovely story, in her own handwriting, by 10-year-old Sanctuary Runner Yvonne explaining what the group and the people involved mean to her.
The 'Local Runners' Annual' is on sale at Fitness Solutions and Katies Newsagents in Mallow.
Details are also available on Facebook under LocalRunnersAnnual, on Instagram under local runner_annual, and on Twitter @runnerlocal1
Caoimhín Kelleher helps Liverpool past Arsenal into cup final
Cork finalise underage hurling and football managers from U14 to U16
Paudie Kissane's new academy focuses on the need for speed in young players
Revealed: Keith Ricken picks his first Cork team to face Kerry
GAA: This weekend's fixtures
Harry Kane's keen for Spurs to build on encouraging start under Antonio Conte
Windy conditions mean Rory McIlroy is relieved to get off the course
West Ham boss David Moyes hoping to sign 'a couple' of players this month


How to work with a client and what to offer !? What today is the beauty make up and what stages of work it includes. Secrets of creating an image of a stylish, fashionable and well-groomed women! Philosophy of communication with the client and the rending of accents in make-up. Top trends and cosmetic products from the world's brands. All the newest chips.


text:
Odisha, RIMES sign MoU for effective disaster management
The Odisha government on Friday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES) for effective management of disasters, officials said.
The government also signed three more MoUs that would benefit the farmers and enhance their production.
The Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) signed a MoU with RIMES for enhancing early warning system for effective management of all kinds of disasters in the state.
This agreement enables for development and pilot implementation of decision support systems for automating risk assessment, advisory generation, and dissemination, said Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik.
Initially, the agreement will remain in force for five years with a cost involvement of about Rs 8 crore.
RIMES and OSDMA collaboration will contribute to global efforts targeted to substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems as articulated in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
RIMES-Thailand is a UN-registered international and inter-governmental institution, owned and managed by its 48 members and collaborating states for building capacities in the generation and application of user-relevant early warning information.
RIMES came into existence as a multi-lateral technical cooperation platform formally on 30th April 2009 with the first batch of 5 countries signing the Cooperation Agreement on the RIMES for Africa and Asia in consonance with Articles 5 and 25 of the United Nations. RIMES Secretariat is established by the Republic of the Maldives at Maldives Meteorological Services, Ministry of Environment and Transport, Male. The RIMES Programme Unit and the RIMES Regional Facility are located at the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT) Campus in Pathumthani, Near Bangkok, Thailand.
RIMES had dedicated its efforts to build institutional structures for holistically dealing all aspects of multi-hazard and climate risk management for bringing a major shift to make all RIMES country partners fully disaster resilient by upgrading the early warning systems as per their national circumstances.
The RIMES council in its first meeting held on 30th April 2009 constituted an Executive Board to translate designated mandates into actionable initiatives. Appreciating the prominence gained by India in the Indian Ocean region after the setting up of the state-of-the-art Tsunami Warning Centre (NTWC) at the ESSO-INCOIS, Hyderabad, and the associated professional accomplishments, India has been elected to the Chair of the RIMES Executive Board.
Union Cabinet has approved the Cooperation Agreement with the RIMES on 7th December 2010 and India formally joined the RIMES family on 24th Feb. 2011 by signing the Agreement. RIMES Executive Council has elected India as its Chairman with all other member states/countries as members.
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, UK, has signed an MOU with RIMES to support for building country-specific Early Warning Systems under its umbrella.
Author Kevin SavioPosted on July 2, 2018 Categories 2018Tags Disaster Management, UPSC IAS
Previous Previous post: 'IPledgefor9' Achievers and MMR Reduction Awards
Next Next post: India factory growth jumps to six-month high in June
http://www.bcompetitive.in/odisha-rimes-sign-mou-for-effective-disaster-management">


This type of widget belongs to the Basic category in the widget library. It enables you to create a horizontal tab bar that can contain text or images, point to a HTML page, or call a page from the app or from another app. This is used to display a maximum amount of information in the least amount of pages.
Define the width of the widget so that all of the tabs are displayed.
You should use the Horizontal Tab widget to group information in tabs that are displayed horizontally.
To display tabs vertically, you should use the Vertical Tab widget.
3. Switch to execute mode to view the horizontal tab bar as it will appear to users.


text:
/*!
 * Module dependencies.
 */

var _ = require('underscore'),
	util = require('util'),
	utils = require('keystone-utils'),
	super_ = require('../field');

/**
 * Select FieldType Constructor
 * @extends Field
 * @api public
 */

function select(list, path, options) {

	this._nativeType = (options.numeric) ? Number : String;
	this._underscoreMethods = ['format'];

	this.ui = options.ui || 'select';

	if (typeof options.options == 'string')
		options.options = options.options.split(',');

	if (!Array.isArray(options.options))
		throw new Error("Select fields require an options array.");

	this.ops = options.options.map(function(i) {
		return ('string' == typeof i) ? { value: i.trim(), label: utils.keyToLabel(i) } : i;
	});

	// if it's a numeric field, ensure all provided values are numbers
	if (options.numeric) {
		for (var i in this.ops) {
			i.value = Number(i.value);
		}
	}

	this.map = utils.optionsMap(this.ops);
	this.labels = utils.optionsMap(this.ops, 'label');
	this.values = _.pluck(this.ops, 'value');

	select.super_.call(this, list, path, options);
};

/*!
 * Inherit from Field
 */

util.inherits(select, super_);

/**
 * Registers the field on the List's Mongoose Schema.
 *
 * Adds a virtual for accessing the label of the selected value,
 * and statics to the Schema for converting a value to a label,
 * and retrieving all of the defined options.
 *
 * @api public
 */

select.prototype.addToSchema = function() {

	var field = this,
		schema = this.list.schema;

	this.paths = {
		data: this.options.dataPath || this._path.append('Data'),
		label: this.options.labelPath || this._path.append('Label'),
		options: this.options.optionsPath || this._path.append('Options'),
		map: this.options.optionsMapPath || this._path.append('OptionsMap')
	};

	schema.path(this.path, _.defaults({
		type: this._nativeType,
		enum: this.values,
		set: function(val) {
			if (val == '')
				return undefined;
			return val;
		}
	}, this.options));

	schema.virtual(this.paths.data).get(function () {
		return field.map[this.get(field.path)];
	});

	schema.virtual(this.paths.label).get(function () {
		return field.labels[this.get(field.path)];
	});

	schema.virtual(this.paths.options).get(function() {
		return field.ops;
	});

	schema.virtual(this.paths.map).get(function() {
		return field.map;
	});

	this.underscoreMethod('pluck', function(property, d) {
		var option = this.get(field.paths.data);
		return (option) ? option[property] : d;
	});

	this.bindUnderscoreMethods();

}

/**
 * Retrieves a shallow clone of the options array
 *
 * @api public
 */

select.prototype.cloneOps = function() {
	return _.map(this.ops, _.clone);
}

/**
 * Retrieves a shallow clone of the options map
 *
 * @api public
 */

select.prototype.cloneMap = function() {
	return utils.optionsMap(this.ops, true);
}

/**
 * Validates that a valid option has been provided in a data object
 *
 * @api public
 */

select.prototype.validateInput = function(data, required, item) {

	if (data[this.path]) {
		return (data[this.path] in this.map) ? true : false;
	} else {
		return (!required || (!(this.path in data) && item && item.get(this.path))) ? true : false;
	}

}

/**
 * Formats the field value
 *
 * @api public
 */

select.prototype.format = function(item) {
	return this.labels[item.get(this.path)];
}

/*!
 * Export class
 */

exports = module.exports = select;


text:
The Emergence of Thon Maker
It has been a rather extended wait time, but the world is finally seeing what Thon Maker can do on a professional basketball court.
Milwaukee Bucks head coach Jason Kidd is finally giving the 10th overall pick in last year's draft meaningful playing time. Maker drew his second career start, and his first at the center position.
Kidd has had a difficult time getting Maker any playing time over the course of the season due to Milwaukee already having three centers on the roster (Greg Monroe, John Henson and Miles Plumlee). But with the Bucks struggling, Kidd opted to start Maker against the Celtics this past Saturday. In doing this, Miles Plumlee didn't see the floor, and John Henson recorded only seven meaningless-minutes while Greg Monroe and Thon Maker saw the most minutes at the center position.
Maker only recorded 10 minutes, but his presence was felt especially during the third quarter. Maker sparked a run that got Milwaukee back in the game against the always tough Boston Celtics. In the span of just a few series, Thon recorded a block on the defensive end, following up with a dunk on the offensive end. Everybody began feeding off Maker's energy.
Bucks point-forward Giannis Antetokounmpo was the first to speak out about how Maker's emphatic rejection enriched the Bucks' comeback:
"The moment that he did that, I got so much energy. We need that right now", Giannis said in the locker room after the game.
Giannis wasn't the only one who spoke out about Maker's play.
"He gave us energy, and I thought he changed the game in the second half" said Jason Kidd in a post-game press conference.
The Bucks came up just short against the Celtics, losing 108-112 in overtime. Milwaukee has been struggling as of late, losing eight out of their past nine. But the spark that Thon Maker gave them in just a small amount of minutes might be the key to them getting back on track. Jason Kidd confirmed that Thon will start at center again Wednesday night against the Utah Jazz.
If Kidd wants to give him long-term minutes, Bucks General Manager John Hammond may want to explore trade options for at least one, if not two of his other three centers, who own a huge chunk of Milwaukee's payroll over the next several years. The trade deadline is just a few weeks away, so we should soon see what Milwaukee wants to do with its future.
Related ItemsFeaturedMilwaukee BucksopinionThon Maker
← Previous Story The Heat Is On
Next Story → Steve Kerr and Scott Brooks Named Coaches Of The Month
About Eric Peterson
The Lead's Chief of Content
Giannis' Triple-Doubles Provide Boredom Amulet
Revitalized Lopez Making Case for DPOY
Portis Building on Best Season Yet


The following are detailed specifications about the Modern Chrome LED Mini-Pendant with Clear Shade 3000K 300LM.
Minimum Hanging Height: 9.50 in.
Maximum Hanging Height: 81.50 in.
This Modern Chrome LED Mini-Pendant with Clear Shade 3000K 300LM is part of the Malabar Collection from Kuzco Lighting. The following items are also part of the Malabar Collection.


Kaniko is a project launched by Google that allows building Dockerfiles without Docker or the Docker daemon.
Kaniko can be used inside Kubernetes to build a Docker image and push it to a registry, supporting Docker registry, Google Container Registry and AWS ECR, as well as any other registry supported by Docker credential helpers.
This solution is still not safe, as containers run as root, but it is way better than mounting the Docker socket and launching containers in the host. For one there are no leaked resources or containers running outside the scheduler.
To launch Kaniko from Jenkins in Kubernetes just need an agent template that uses the debug Kaniko image (just to have cat and nohup) and a Kubernetes secret with the image registry credentials, as shown in this example pipeline.
podTemplate(name: 'kaniko', label: label, yaml: """
Skaffold also has support for Kaniko, and can be used in your Jenkins X pipelines, which use Skaffold to abstract the image building.
I have published a new article on InfoQ, Scaling Docker with Kubernetes, where I describe the Kubernetes project and how it allows to run Docker containers across multiple hosts.
Kubernetes is an open source project to manage a cluster of Linux containers as a single system, managing and running Docker containers across multiple hosts, offering co-location of containers, service discovery and replication control.
Included in the article there is an example of scaling Jenkins in a master – multiple slaves architecture, where the slaves are running in Kubernetes. When I finally find the time I will implement a Jenkins Kubernetes plugin that would handle the scaling automatically.


Landmarks is the award winning range from I Drew This featuring designer Ilona Drew's unique and colourful depictions of Landmarks around the UK.
The range now nearly at 100 designs all began with the Brighton Pavilion initially designed for a Brighton Open House in 2015 and was so well received that Ilona quickly added Brighton Bandstand, West Pier and Palace Pier and the collection soon began to grow.
Now featuring designs of beautiful buildings in London, Scotland, Liverpool and York to name but a few Ilona's designs can now be purchased on greeting cards, giclee prints, tea towels and a growing number of products.
In 2016 the range was awarded Best Art in the industry awards the Henries, her London skyline greeting card was shortlisted in the 2018 Gift of the Year awards and the original Brighton Pavilion was awarded Winner of the best home product 2018. The range goes from strength to strength!


Break free from old patterns of conditioning and awaken to a greater sense of personal freedom and empowerment.
Expand your awareness and create a stronger, more loving relationship with yourself, unlocking your true potential.
Feel more in harmony with yourself and the world, more at ease, more confident, more of who you truly are!
How To Be the REAL You shows you how!
How To Be the REAL You provides processes, tools and practices to take you on a journey of self-discovery and personal empowerment. Allow yourself to break free from old patterns of conditioning and awaken to a stronger and more authentic sense of who you really are.
The book features The Five Keys to Unlocking the REAL You providing an easy to follow road map designed to guide and support you on the path of self-discovery. Topics include becoming more aware of your thoughts and emotions, building self-confidence, releasing the need to judge, freeing yourself from the past, developing your intuition, letting go of defensiveness, living more fully in the present, becoming more honest, speaking your truth, practicing forgiveness, following your heart and much, much more!
Whether you are seeking deep and significant personal change, or are simply curious to learn more about yourself, How To Be the REAL You provides a plan that can support and guide you on an extraordinary journey of personal growth and spiritual transformation. How to be the REAL you!
For those seeking to go deeper on their journey of awakening to who they really are!
STEP INTO A NEW LIFE … A NEW WAY OF BEING!
Have you ever dreamed of making changes to your life … to feel more in harmony with yourself and your world?
Have you ever wished you could express your true potential … to live a life that expresses who you really are?
Have you ever wanted to increase your intuition … to communicate with your Higher Self, Guides and Angels?
If so …You Can Transform Your Life provides a way!
This book provides processes, tools and practices to take you on a journey of transformation. If you have ever dreamed of making changes in your life and wondered "How do I even begin?" You Can Transform Your Life will show you how. It provides a simple step-by-step plan for transformation to support you every step of the way!
Allow these 52 Oracle messages of inspiration, affirmation mantras and symbols, to be your guide. Discover practical tips and tools for deep inner transformation, leading you along a fascinating path of self-discovery and to new levels of awareness.
Whether you desire a complete life makeover, or simply want to learn new ways to enhance your life experience, You Can Transform Your Life provides a plan that can support and guide you on a journey of personal growth and spiritual transformation.
Awarded by New Apple Book Awards as the 2017 Solo Medalist Winner in Inspirational / Motivational / Self-Help category.
Praise for Darity's Oracle Messages!
I just can't wait to receive your weekly wisdom. Darity, you really are a Star that shines bright in my life and I thank you so much.
– Additional questions for each of the 52 Oracle Messages to promote deeper self-discovery and awareness.
– Bonus exercises and information to help increase intuition, spiritual strength and inner balance.
– Practical advice on how to apply Modern Day Oracle™ tools of transformation to all areas of your life.
For those seeking to go deeper on their journey of transformation!
Featuring Modern Day Oracle™ messages by Darity Wesley!
Darity publishes ~The Weekly Oracle~ , a premier email subscription service which has been providing inspiration and wisdom to subscribers all over the world for over 10 years. Her Oracle publications have been featured on "OM Magazine", and other internet publications. Her messages are featured in The Word Search Oracle – Yoga for the Brain.
Enjoy 60 fun-filled word search puzzles, each with a hidden Oracle message written by Darity!
Every page is both a challenge to be solved and a meditation for self-realization.
Thank you to Crystal Lindsey from 333 Social Media for the great interview!


The Route of Chestnuts (La Ruta del Castañar) is marked with red posts and part of the bullring southwards. After crossing several fields dedicated to the cultivation of the vine, the route goes through a forest of chestnut trees along a paved road. Just after a water tank, you leave the road and take a path on the right, heading west, between the chestnut trees that reach back to a wide road that we take to the right and take us to the starting point.
Through a comfortable ride, this route allows us to enjoy the magnificent spectacle offered by the changing chestnut wood throughout the year, giving us the feeling of visiting a different route each season. Changes should appreciate with all our senses: eyes are filled with yellow, green, red, or gray, ears will be delighted with the symphonies performed by different forest birds accompanied or not by the sound of wind in the tops of the trees; perceive by touch the coolness of the woods in summer or wet blanket soft leaves and moss covering the ground beneath our feet in winter, the sweet smell of brown flowers will show the spring and fall mushroom rain; also taste rewards can be found on this route at every step: chestnuts, berries, mushrooms, asparagus and sorrel are just a few examples.


Dumpity dump dump dump. Powder Alert! Mother Nature backed the truck up and it has been dumping all afternoon. For Saturday Sunrise joins the daily lift schedule, as does Outback. All lower-mountain lifts and runs from Carnival to Kangaroo will be yours to explore if the wind & weather allow. Forecast is calling for another day of snow so don't miss out on all this early season powder.
For those of you making it to the mountain on Saturday we have the Drink Water Double Tap head to head race going off in the halfpipe. And Scapolo's will be making its seasonal debut this weekend open from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 pm. Beat the crowd and escape the morning rush, enjoy a hot breakfast at Cocoa's Café starting at 7:30 a.m.
With all this deep snow comes some responsibility. A vehicle property equipped for winter driving conditions is essential, as are patience and safe driving skills. We're also encouraging carpoolers – those with four or more people in a car get a primo parking spot at West Village on weekends & holidays. Even though Sunrise lift is now open for the season, the Sunrise Lodge and parking lot do not open until Wednesday, December 14. You're welcome to start your day at West Village or at the Skyliner lift (if you already have a ticket or pass).
In addition to all of the fun coming up this weekend, we are excited to announce the Grand Opening of the new Cloudchaser chairlift on Friday, December 16th.


Since it's the beginning of the new year I thought we could take this as an opportunity to look ahead to the new, exciting ships that are planned for 2013 and beyond. There are a host of new ships set to launch in 2013 so why not take a closer look at just a few of them and see what features are set to be hits with passengers.
MSC Preziosa is the latest ship set to become the latest addition to the Italian company's fleet at the end of March 2013.
The ship had an interesting start in life- she was originally commissioned by a wealthy Libyan who had originally planned for a 120 tonne shark aquarium to be built within the ship! When Libyan civil war broke out the contract was cancelled and MSC took on the ship, neglecting to keep the shark aquarium within the design!
MSC Preziosa is set to be full of stylish design features to appeal to both children and adults. For adults there is an infinity pool, an adult only solarium and the relaxing haven of the MSC Aurea Spa. To keep children entertained there is set to be an aqua park intriguingly titled Doremi Castle and the longest single rider waterslide at sea.
Norwegian Cruise Line are set to launch their huge 4,000 passenger ship Norwegian Breakaway in May 2013, with sister ship Norwegian Getaway to follow in April 2014.
Norwegian Breakaway will have a quarter mile long outdoor stretch of deck which will be lined with eight al fresco dining spots and lounges which is sure to be something to please passengers who like to enjoy the fresh sea air.
Norwegian Breakaway will also feature The Ice Bar, following in the footsteps of increasingly popular ice bars on land. It will have ice sculptures and speciality cocktails and be kept at a delightfully chilly temperature.
Princess Cruises announced the launch of their brand new ship, Royal Princess, for June 2013. She'll have room for 3,600 passengers and have a host of modern and innovative features.
The Sanctuary Retreat will be an exclusive adult only space with a pool and private stylish cabanas for sumptuous relaxation.
One of the most exciting new features is the Seawalk, a glass enclosed walkway which will be cantilevered 128 feet over the sea, to provide passengers with dramatic and inspiring views.
All outside staterooms will have balconies and be spacious and inviting, providing passengers with a comfortable home away from home.
These are just a few of the larger ships planned to launch in 2013 and beyond. There are many more smaller ships being launched by more intimate cruise companies such as Avalon Artistry II, Scenic Jewel and Voyager.
This entry was posted in Ships, Video and tagged 2013, Ships by admin. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Thin films based on HgTe are known by a number of its unusual properties originating from inverted band structure of HgTe~\cite{Konig2007,Kvon2008SM1,Buttner2011a,Brune2011}. The latter particularly results in existence of topologically protected gapless states, arising at HgTe boundaries with vacuum or materials with conventional band structure. Although these states were theoretically predicted more than 30 years ago~\cite{Dyakonov1981eng,Dyakonov1982,Volkov1985eng}, clear experimental confirmation was not possible at that time due to lack of growth technology of high quality HgTe-based films. Experimental investigations of wide (the width $d\geqslant70$\,nm) strained HgTe quantum wells (QWs), which started only in 2011, confirmed existence of the predicted surface states and revealed their two-dimensional (2D) nature~\cite{Brune2011,Kozlov2014,Kozlov2016}.

In comparison with other materials with the inverted band structure, in which the surface states are known being Dirac-like~\cite{Xia2009,Hsieh2009Nature,Chen2009}, HgTe spectrum involves heavy-hole band $|\Gamma_8,\pm3/2\rangle$  modifying the surface state dispersion. Although strain opens a bulk band-gap and results thus in three dimensional (3D) topological insulator state of wide HgTe quantum wells~\cite{Brune2011,Kozlov2014,Kozlov2016}, it does not cancel strong hybridization of the surface states with the $|\Gamma_8,\pm3/2\rangle$ band. As a result, the surface states in strained HgTe films can be resolved only at large energies, while at the low ones they are indistinguishable from conventional heavy-hole states~\cite{Gerchikov1990,Dobretsova2015}.

In thin films of 3D topological insulator the surface states from the opposite boundaries may be coupled by quantum tunneling, so that small thickness-dependent gap is opened up~\cite{Linder2009,Liu2010,Lu2010}. In strained HgTe thin films, the latter arises deeply inside the heavy-hole band at the energies significantly lower than the top of the valence band~\cite{Brune2011}. In the ultrathin limit, the HgTe quantum well transforms into semimetal~\cite{Kvon2008SM1,Olshanetsky2009} and then to 2D topological insulator~\cite{Bernevig2006,Konig2007}  with both gapped surface and quantized bulk states.

On the other hand, the electronic states in HgTe QWs are classified as hole-like $H_n$, electron-like $E_n$ or light-hole-like $LH_n$ levels according to the dominant contribution from the bulk $|\Gamma_8,\pm3/2\rangle$, $|\Gamma_6,\pm1/2\rangle$ or $|\Gamma_8,\pm1/2\rangle$ bands at zero quasimomentum $k=0$~\cite{Bernevig2006}. The strong hybridization in inverted HgTe QWs results in the upper branch of the gapped surface states being represented by the $H_1$ subband~\cite{Brune2011}. At large quasimomentum $k$ the wave-functions of $H_1$ subband are localized at the QW interfaces, while at $\Gamma$ point of the Brillouin zone they are localized in the QW center and are thus indistinguishable from other 2D states.

The gapped surface states in the films of 3D topological insulators exhibit sizable Rashba-type spin splitting, arising due to electrical potential difference between the two surfaces~\cite{Shan2010}. Such spin splitting was first observed in QWs of Bi$_2$Se$_3$~\cite{Zhang2009}, which is a conventional 3D topological insulator with Dirac-like surface states~\cite{Zhang2009,Xia2009,Hsieh2009Nature,Chen2009}. The spin splitting of the gapped surface states also exists in HgTe QWs and should be naturally connected with the splitting of the $H_1$ subband. Previous experimental studies of 12--21\,nm wide HgTe QWs~\cite{Zhang2001,Gui2004,Spirin2010} have attributed large spin splitting of the $H_1$ subband to the Rashba mechanism in 2D systems~\cite{Rashba1960,Zawadzki2004}, enhanced by narrow gap, large spin-orbit gap between the $|\Gamma_8,\pm1/2\rangle$ and $|\Gamma_7,\pm1/2\rangle$ bands, and the heavy-hole character of the $H_1$ subband. The latter however contradicts the fact that the splitting of other subbands $H_2$, $H_3$, $H_4$ \textit{etc.} with the heavy-hole character is significantly lower.

In this work, we investigate spin splitting of conduction band in 18--22\,nm HgTe QWs with asymmetrical potential profile tuned by applied top gate voltage. The beating pattern of Shubnikov--de Haas (ShdH) oscillations, observed in all the samples at the applied top gate voltage, reveals two electron concentrations at the Fermi level due to the spin splitting of the $H_1$ subband. Experimental difference in the concentrations as a function of the gate voltage is qualitatively explained by a proposed toy electrostatic model involving the surface states at the QW interfaces. Self-consistent Hartree calculations based on eight-band \textbf{k$\cdot$p} Hamiltonian~\cite{Krishtopenko2016}, being in good quantitative agreement with the experimental data, clearly show that the large Rashba-like spin splitting of the $H1$ subband is caused by the surface nature of $H1$ states hybridized with the heavy-hole states.

	\begin{figure}[b]
		\begin{minipage}[h]{1\linewidth}
			\begin{tabular}{p{0.3\linewidth}p{0.8\linewidth}}
				(a) & (b) \\
			\end{tabular}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.3\linewidth}
			\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig1a.eps}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.68\linewidth}
			\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig1b.eps}
		\end{minipage}
		\caption{(a)~The cross section of the structures studied. (b)~Transport mobility dependence on electron concentration for undoped (\#081112) and symmetrically \textit{n}-doped (\#130213) samples.}
		\label{pic:sample}
	\end{figure}

	\section{Experiment}

	\begin{figure}[t]
		\flushleft\includegraphics[scale=1.2]{fig2.eps} \\
		\caption{Longitudinal resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ dependences on magnetic field $B$ at top gate voltages $V_g=0-7$\,V obtained for undoped 22\,nm HgTe quantum well \#081112. Arrows indicate oscillation beatings.}
		\label{pic:081112_ROxx}
	\end{figure}

	Our experiments were carried out on undoped 22\,nm (\#081112) and symmetrically \textit{n}-doped 18\,nm (\#130213) HgTe quantum wells with (013) surface orientation. The samples were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, the detailed description of their preparation can be found in~\cite{Mikhailov2006a,Kvon2011rev}. The cross section of the structures is shown in Fig.\,\ref{pic:sample}\,(a). The structures were patterned into Hall bars with metallic top gate, distances between the contacts 100 and 250\,$\mu$m and the bar width 50\,$\mu$m. Electron concentration of \textit{n}-doped sample \#130213 at zero gate voltage was $N_s = 7.3\times 10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$. The experiments were performed at temperatures from 2 to 0.2\,K and magnetic fields up to 8\,T. For magnetotransport measurements the standard lock-in technique was used with the excitation current 100\,nA and frequencies 6\,-\,12\,Hz. In this study we were interested in electron transport when only the first conduction subband is occupied. Electron concentration was thus in the range $1-9\times10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$. The electron mobility in this region was rather high (see Fig.\,\ref{pic:sample}\,(b)) within $10-60$\,m$^2$\,/V\,s for undoped and $8-20$\,m$^2$\,/V\,s for doped samples.

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{1\linewidth}
			\begin{tabular}{p{0.4\linewidth}p{0.7\linewidth}}
				(a) & (b) \\
			\end{tabular}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.4\columnwidth}
			\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig3a.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}{0.58\columnwidth}
			\flushleft\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig3b.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\vfill
		\begin{minipage}[h]{1\columnwidth}
			\begin{tabular}{p{0.45\linewidth}p{0.6\linewidth}}
				(c) & (d)\\
			\end{tabular}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\columnwidth}
			\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig3c.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}{0.53\columnwidth}
			\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig3d.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\caption{Results obtained for undoped 22\,nm HgTe quantum well \#081112: (a)~fast Fourier transformation of $\rho_{xx}(B^{-1})$ at gate voltage $V_g=7$\,V. (b)~Electron concentrations $N_{s1}$ (red circles) and $N_{s2}$ (blue triangular) and their sum (green squares) obtained from Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations and total electron concentration $N_s$ obtained from Hall measurements (pink line) versus gate voltage. (c)~The oscillatory resistivity part $\Delta \rho_{xx}$ normalized to the monotone resistivity part $\rho_0$ versus inverse magnetic field. Black line shows the result obtained experimentally at $V_g = 7$\,V while red line is the fitting curve calculated by Exp.~(\ref{eq:fit}). (d)~Quantum mobilities $\mu_{q1}$ and $\mu_{q2}$ versus total electron concentration.}
		\label{pic:081112_four}
	\end{figure}

	\begin{figure}
		\flushleft\includegraphics[scale=1.2]{fig4.eps} \\
		\caption{Longitudinal resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ dependences on magnetic field $B$ at top gate voltages $V_g$ from 0 to -4\,V obtained for symmetrically \textit{n}-doped 18\,nm HgTe quantum well \#130213. Arrows indicate oscillation beatings.}
		\label{pic:130213_ROxx}
	\end{figure}

	\begin{figure}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{1\linewidth}
			\begin{tabular}{p{0.38\linewidth}p{0.26\linewidth}}
				(a) & (b) \\
			\end{tabular}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.4\columnwidth}
			\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig5a.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}{0.58\columnwidth}
			\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig5b.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\vfill
		\begin{minipage}[h]{1\columnwidth}
			\begin{tabular}{p{0.45\linewidth}p{0.33\linewidth}}
				(c) & (d)\\
			\end{tabular}
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}[h]{0.45\columnwidth}
			\flushleft\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig5c.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\begin{minipage}{0.53\linewidth}
			\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig5d.eps} \\
		\end{minipage}
		\caption{Results obtained for symmetrically \textit{n}-doped 18\,nm HgTe quantum well \#130213: (a)~fast Fourier transformation of $\rho_{xx}(B^{-1})$ at gate voltage $V_g=-1.5$\,V. (b)~Electron concentrations $N_{s1}$ (red circles) and $N_{s2}$ (blue triangular) and their sum (green squares) obtained from Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations and total electron concentration $N_s$ obtained from Hall measurements (pink line) versus gate voltage. (c)~The oscillatory resistivity part $\Delta \rho_{xx}$ normalized to the monotone resistivity part $\rho_0$ versus inverse magnetic field. Black line shows the result obtained experimentally at $V_g = -1.5$\,V while red line is the fitting curve calculated by Exp.~(\ref{eq:fit}). (d)~Quantum mobilities $\mu_{q1}$ and $\mu_{q2}$ versus total electron concentration.}
		\label{pic:130213_four}
	\end{figure}

	Let us consider our results obtained for the undoped structures first. In Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_ROxx} longitudinal  resistivity $\rho_{xx}$ as a function of magnetic field $B$ is shown for top gate voltages $V_g$ from 0 to 7\,V. Due to good sample quality Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations are already seen at 0.4\,T. The key experimental result is an appearance of oscillation beatings at gate voltage $V_g>3$\,V, whereas at $V_g=0$\,V resistivity oscillations are homogeneous. The oscillation beatings give an evidence of presence of two carrier types in the system with close concentrations. Fourier analysis of resistivity dependence on inverse magnetic field $\rho_{xx}(B^{-1})$ with monotone background removed indeed shows two nearby peaks (see Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}\,(a)). From the Fourier analyzes two electron concentrations $N_{s1}$ and $N_{s2}$ can be straight calculated by $N_{si} = ef_i/h$, where we denote by $f_1$ and $f_2$ the lower and upper frequency positions of the Fourier peaks correspondingly. Note the above expression is written for spin non-degenerate electrons, this is justified since at considering gate voltage range only the first conduction subband is occupied.

	Although the Fourier analysis enables finding electron concentrations reasonably precisely, we found more accurate getting the frequencies from fitting of Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations by Lifshits - Kosevich formula~\cite{Lifshits1958,Coleridge1989,Fletcher2005}:
	\begin{align}
	{\Delta \rho_{xx} \over \rho_0} = \sum_{i=1,2}A_i D(X) \text{exp} \left( {-\pi \over \mu_{qi}B} \right) \text{cos} \left( {2\pi f_i \over B} + \phi_i \right),
	\label{eq:fit}
	\end{align}
	where $\rho_0$ is the monotone resistivity part and $\Delta \rho_{xx} = (\rho_{xx} - \rho_0)$ is the oscillatory part; $D(X) = X/\text{sinh}(X)$ is the thermal damping factor with $X=2\pi^2 k_B T/\hbar \omega_c$, $k_B$ being Boltzmann constant and $\omega_c$ being cyclotron frequency; $\mu_{qi}$ are the quantum mobilities; $A_i$ and $\phi_i$ are some constants.

	Before fitting the experimental curves we first removed any residual background, which we extracted from the initial curves by Fourier filtering. $A_i$, $\phi_i$, $\mu_i$ and $f_i$ were used as fitting parameters. We used frequencies achieved from Fourier analysis (see Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}\,(a)) as starting frequency values. To increase sensitivity to the low-field data we used the weight of 10 for data points at magnetic field less than $\sim0.7$\,T. The fits were always excellent over the full field range, the example of fitting curve for $V_g = 7$\,V is shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}\,(c). Concentrations $N_{s1}$ and $N_{s2}$ obtained from the fitting process described above as functions of gate voltage are shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}\,(b). The sum of two concentrations $N_{s1}+N_{s2}$ matches very well with the total concentration $N_s$ obtained from Hall measurements.

	An additional advantage of oscillation fitting is obtaining quantum mobilities $\mu_{qi}$, which are shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}\,(d) as functions of the total electron concentration $N_s$. $\mu_{q1}$ and $\mu_{q2}$ are almost the same and do not change in a full concentration range from 5 to 9$\times10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$, also they are more than one order smaller than the transport mobility shown in~Fig.~\ref{pic:sample}\,(b). The difference between transport and quantum mobilities implies presence of long-range scattering, which might be electron density inhomogeneities.

	The experimental results for symmetrically \textit{n}-doped quantum well \#130213 are shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_ROxx} and~\ref{pic:130213_four}. Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_ROxx} shows longitudinal  resistivity dependence on magnetic field $\rho_{xx}(B)$ measured at top gate voltages $V_g$ from 0 to -4\,V. Here oscillations are also homogeneous at zero gate voltage while at $V_g<-1$\,V a beating in the oscillations arises providing two peaks in Fourier transformation of $\Delta\rho_{xx}(1/B)$ (see Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_four}\,(a)), $\Delta\rho_{xx}$ is again the oscillatory part of $\rho_{xx}$. Since electron mobility in these structures is smaller than in the undoped ones (see Fig.~\ref{pic:sample}\,(b)), oscillations arise only at $B\sim1$\,T. Together with the elimination at large $B$ by Zeeman splitting it enables only one beating being resolved. Since the beating shifts to larger fields with decreasing gate voltage at $V_g<-3$\,V it disappears due to overlapping with Zeeman splitting.

	We performed the same data processing procedure for the sample \#130213 as we did it for \#081112. While fitting the experimental curves by Eq.~(\ref{eq:fit}) we also used the weight of 10 for data points at magnetic field less than $1.5-2$\,T to increase sensitivity to the low-field data. We were succeed to fit all the curves well over the full field range (see as example Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_four}\,(c)), the sum of two concentrations obtained from fitting is in agreement with Hall measurements (see Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_four}\,(b)). Quantum mobilities shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_four}\,(d) are as well as the quantum mobilities in the undoped structure almost the same, do not change in a presented concentration range and one order smaller than the transport mobility.

	\section{Discussion}

	\begin{figure}[t]
		\centering\includegraphics[scale=0.55]{fig6.eps}
		\caption{Simplified band diagram and electron distribution over surface states for gate voltages $V_g=0$ (the left panel) and $V_g>0$ (the right panel).}
		\label{pic:BandDiagramm}
	\end{figure}

	Beating pattern of Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations at high gate voltages, while at $V_g=0$ the oscillations are homogeneous, in both symmetrically doped and undoped QWs, indicates the origin of the spin splitting being asymmetry of the QW profile, changing with $V_g$. Let us first demonstrate that the difference in the electron concentrations extracted from the ShdH oscillations can be qualitatively explained by a toy electrostatic model involving the surface states at QW interfaces. This model was previously proposed for wide HgTe quantum wells~\cite{Kozlov2016}, and here we briefly repeat its derivation.

	As for the relative changes in the concentrations, the initial conditions are not important, therefore, for simplicity, we assume electron concentrations on the top and bottom surfaces being the same at zero $V_g$. Fig.~\ref{pic:BandDiagramm} schematically shows simplified band diagrams and electron distribution over the surface states for a structure with metallic top gate at zero and positive gate voltages. In the absence of gate voltage, the Fermi level remains the same across the structure. When gate voltage is applied, the Fermi level differs in the metallic gate and QW layer by $eV_g$, where $e$ is the elementary charge. Since the left surface is closer to the gate, it partially screens the gate potential from the right surface. The change of electron concentration $\Delta N_{s2}$ at the left surface exceeds thus its changing $\Delta N_{s1}$ at the right one. In their turn, the difference in the concentrations induces an additional electrical potential growth $e\phi_{HgTe}$ between left and right surfaces, while the Fermi level over the QW layer remains constant. The difference in the concentrations can be written as $\Delta N_{si}=\Delta E_{fi}\times D_i$, where $D_i$ ($i=1,2$) is the density of states and $\Delta E_{fi}$ is the local change of the Fermi energy for the right (1) and left (2) surface states. $\Delta E_{f1}$ and $\Delta E_{f2}$ are connected thus as $\Delta E_{f2}=\Delta E_{f1}+e\phi_{\text{HgTe}}$. The potential difference between the two surface states can be evaluated from the charge neutrality and the Gauss's law as $\phi_{\text{HgTe}} = \mathcal{E}_{\text{HgTe}}d_{eff}=e\Delta N_{s1}d_{eff}/\epsilon_{\text{HgTe}}\epsilon_0$, where $d_{eff}$ is the effective distance between the opposite surface states and $\mathcal{E}_{\text{HgTe}}$ is electric field in the well. Here, we neglect a distortion of the QW profile from the linear dependence caused by distribution of charge carriers in the bulk of QW layer. Finally, we find
	\begin{align}
		\Delta N_{s2} / \Delta N_{s1} = D_2 / D_1 + e^2 d_{eff} D_2 / \epsilon_{\text{HgTe}} \epsilon_0.
	\label{eq.dNdN}
	\end{align}
	The effective distance between the surface states $d_{eff}$ can differ from the QW width due to localization of the  surface states wave-functions not exactly on the boundaries of HgTe layer. In addition, the QW width in our samples is comparable with the scale of surface states localization~\cite{Dantscher2015} to exclude the interaction between electrons at different boundaries. Parameter $d_{eff}$ can be evaluated by fitting experimental value of $\Delta N_{s2}/\Delta N_{s1}\simeq(dN_{s2}/dV_g) / (dN_{s1}/dV_g)$ with Eq.~(\ref{eq.dNdN}). It gives $d_{eff}=9$~nm for the sample \#081112 with $(dN_{s2}/dV_g)/(dN_{s1}/dV_g)=1.43$ (see Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}), which looks very reasonable for given QW width.

	\begin{figure}[t]
	\begin{tabular}{p{0.51\linewidth}p{0.45\linewidth}}
		(a) & (b) \\
	\end{tabular}
	\begin{minipage}[h]{0.58\linewidth}
		\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig7a.eps}
	\end{minipage}
	\begin{minipage}[h]{0.38\linewidth}
		\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig7b.eps}
	\end{minipage}
	\begin{minipage}[h]{1\linewidth}
		\begin{tabular}{p{0.45\linewidth}p{0.5\linewidth}}
			(c) & (d) \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{minipage}
	\vfill
	\begin{minipage}[h]{0.48\linewidth}
		\centering\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig7c.eps}
	\end{minipage}
	\begin{minipage}[h]{0.5\linewidth}
		\flushright\includegraphics[scale=1]{fig7d.eps}
	\end{minipage}
	\caption{(a) and (b) shows the difference between electron concentrations $\Delta N_s = N_{s2} - N_{s1}$ as a function of total concentration $N_s$ obtained experimentally (red circles) for samples \#081112~(a) and \#130213~(b). In (a) green line corresponds to calculations within toy electrostatic model, while blue line shows self-consistent calculations of Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations with eight-band Kane model Hamiltonian. (c) and (d) shows results of the self-consistent calculations of Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations for electron concentration $N_s = 9\times10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$. All electrons are assumed coming to the well due to top gate voltage. (c)~shows the energy spectrum, where black dashed lines correspond to surface states without hybridization with heavy holes. (d)~shows HgTe quantum well potential profile (blue and red lines are $\Gamma_8$ and $\Gamma_6$ bands correspondingly) and squared absolute values of wave functions of electron states at the Fermi level (green lines). }
	\label{pic:dNsWF}
	\end{figure}

	Let us obtain the expression for the difference in electron concentrations at two different surfaces $\Delta N_s = N_{s2}-N_{s1}$ as a function of the total concentration $N_s$. Now, the initial distribution of electrons over the structure becomes important. For simplicity, we assume that $N_s=0$ for symmetric QW profile at $V_g=0$, and all electrons at non-zero $V_g$ come to the HgTe layer due to the top gate voltage.

	Thus, from $N_{si}=\Delta N_{si}$ and $N_s = N_{s1}+N_{s2}$, we get linear dependence of $\Delta N_s$ on $N_s$:
	\begin{align}
		\Delta N_s = {\Delta N_{s2} / \Delta N_{s1} - 1 \over \Delta N_{s2} / \Delta N_{s1} + 1}N_s.
	\label{eq.dNsNs}
	\end{align}

	Fig.~\ref{pic:dNsWF}\,(a) provides a comparison between experimental data and estimation within our toy electrostatic model (presented by green curve) for the undoped sample \#081112. Here, we used $\epsilon=20$, $d_{eff}=9$\,nm and $D_2=D_1 = m^{*}/2\pi \hbar^2$ valid for parabolic dispersion of the surface states. The latter holds since hybridization with heavy holes modifies the band dispersion of the surface states, making it close to parabolic. From cyclotron resonance measurements~\cite{Kvon2008} the effective mass of the surface states was obtained equal to $m^*\approx0.026 m_0$, with $m_0$ being free electron mass.

	Our toy electrostatic model is seen perfectly reproducing the slope of the experimental behavior of $\Delta N_s(N_s)$. Moreover, it can fit experimental data if one assumes the residual concentration of $4\times10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$ in the absence of gate voltage. Note that this value is twice higher than it was measured for the sample \#081112 at $V_g=0$ (see Fig.~\ref{pic:081112_four}). The difference between theoretical estimation and experimental values gives the evidence of the importance of microscopic details of the surface states, which were completely ignored within our toy model.

	Therefore, we also perform self-consistent calculations of Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations with 8-band \textbf{k$\cdot$p} Hamiltonian~\cite{Krishtopenko2016}. These calculations take into account all microscopic details of the surface states and thus allow obtaining a realistic QW profile. As it is done for a toy electrostatic model, here we also assume that all electrons at non-zero $V_g$ come to the HgTe layer due to the top gate. At the final iteration of solving self-consistently Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations, we obtain energy dispersions $E(\textbf{k})$ ($\textbf{k}$ is a quasimomentum in the QW plane). Then, for a given value of $N_s$, we find the position of Fermi level and obtain the values of Fermi wave-vectors $k_1$ and $k_2$. Finally, we find electron concentrations by $N_{si} = k_i^2/4\pi$. Theoretical values of $\Delta N_s(N_s)$ found from self-consistent calculations are shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:dNsWF}\,(a) by blue curve and are in a good agreement with the experimental data.

	Fig.~\ref{pic:dNsWF}\,(c) provides an energy dispersion of the surface states at $N_s = 9\times 10^{11}$\,cm$^{-2}$, where they are represented by $H_1$ subband due to hybridization with the states of heavy-hole band. Surface state connection with the $H_1$ subband is also supported by Fig.~\ref{pic:dNsWF}\,(d). The figure shows theoretical QW profile and wave-functions of the states at the Fermi level (see green curves). Spin-split states corresponding to $k_1$ and $k_2$ wave-vectors are clearly seen to localize at the opposite boundaries of HgTe QW. Large overlapping between the surface states in our samples also explains only qualitative agreement of the experimental data with our toy electrostatic model. We note that hybridization of the surface states with the heavy-hole band is partially included in the toy model by using expression for the density of states $D= m^{*}/2\pi \hbar^2$, which is inherent for parabolic spectrum. The dashed black curves show dispersion of the surface states neglecting hybridization with the heavy holes. The surface states mixing with the $|\Gamma_8,\pm3/2\rangle$ band is indeed seen transforming the linear dispersion of surface states into parabolic. Interestingly, the spin splitting of the surface states is significantly suppressed if the hybridization is included.

	$\Delta N_s (N_s)$ obtained experimentally for the \textit{n}-doped structure \#130213 is shown in Fig.~\ref{pic:dNsWF}\,(b). This pattern contradicts our expectations of the spin splitting increasing with the absolute gate voltage value and decreasing thus electron concentration. The reason is likely the presence of only one beating in the ShdH oscillations and thus less precise electron concentration determination. As seen in Fig.~\ref{pic:130213_four}\,(b) it is not crucial for determination of the total electron concentration however seems significant for that of electron concentration difference.

	\section{Conclusion}

	To sum up we have investigated Rashba-like spin splitting of the conduction $H1$ band in 18--22\,nm HgTe quantum wells. Beating pattern of Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations, arising with applying top gate voltage in both undoped and symmetrically \textit{n}-doped structures, provides two close electron concentrations. We have qualitatively described the evolution of the difference between these concentrations with gate voltage by a toy electrostatic model involving electron states localization at the well interfaces. The quantitative agreement between the experimental data and theoretical calculations was achieved by self-consistent solving Poisson and Schr\"odinger equations with eight-band \textbf{k$\cdot$p} Hamiltonian, which takes into account microscopic details of the surface states omitted in our toy model. Comparison of the toy electrostatic model with the rigorous self-consistent calculations clearly shows large spin-splitting of $H1$ subband in the HgTe quantum wells being due to the surface nature of its states.

	\section{Acknowledgments}

	This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects no. 17-52-14007) and Government of Novosibirsk region (projects no. 17-42-543336).

	\input{ShdHO_SS_bbl.bbl}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Almost on the 75% of the territory of Ukraine agricultural crops are grown in the insufficient natural dampening. Moisture deficit is a major limiting factor in crop productivity.
Another important factor that should be taken into account while analyzing the conditions of existence and development of irrigation in Ukraine is global climate change. On the global, and as a consequence, on the regional level the society should solve the extremely important and complex issues associated with developing and implementing strategies of its existence in terms of global climate change.
Ukraine is among the world's regions, where ongoing climate change is visible. Even without carrying out special observations, one can see that the duration of winter periods decreased significantly and the winters themselves became less cold. Droughts were observed more often. In the last century 43 years of drought were recorded on the territory of Ukraine, including 7 of them in the past 15 years .
Good agro ecological condition of irrigated lands is a condition for their effective use. Therefore, the development and implementation of actions for improving agro-ecological conditions of irrigated lands are among the priority.
In the complex of actions to maintain the fertility of irrigated lands at the necessary level and to generate the highest possible agricultural crop yields of high quality, a fertilization program is very important. It should be a plan for the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in crop rotation with their doses, time and method of application .
One of the ways for intensification of the irrigated agriculture is the combination of irrigation with the use of chemicals, in particular the application of mineral fertilizers (which was called fertigation, from the English words irrigation and fertilizer), herbicides (herbigation), ameliorants and microelements.
Let us consider the results of our research about use of fertigation in the northern Steppe of Ukraine in the intensive cultivation technology of irrigated corn. Fertigation is a logical consequence of the development and improvement of irrigation techniques, increasing the level of use of chemicals and land reclamation, construction of technically advanced irrigation systems, use of modern wide-sprinkling machines .
Application of mineral fertilizers together with irrigation water fully meets the idea of multiple uses of irrigation systems and sprinkler equipment, increases the efficiency of water and fertilizers, favors the preservation of soil structure, and improves ecological conditions for growing maize. Fertigation allows to introduce the complex mechanization and automatization, ensuring corn yields at the level of 10 – 12 t/ha and reduce the energy resources cost [6,7].
The use of fertilizers with irrigation water solves the problem of even distribution of fertilizers in the active layer of soil to the level comparable with the even distribution of irrigation water. Very important advantage of this method is the possibility to apply fertilizers in small doses during the vegetative period without mechanical damage of plants and chemical burns .
The combination of fertilizers and irrigation in a single technological process causes the phenomenon of synergy. Two of the most important factors of corn yield – irrigation and fertilization mutually reinforce each other, resulting in an additional factor – their interaction .
One third of the energy costs for growing corn in the Steppe of Ukraine is formed by fertilizers application. Traditional technology of mineral fertilizers application by surface method remains imperfect. Technological factors are dominated in it above biological ones, because soil is generally fertilized, not plants. When fertilizers apply with primary cultivation almost 6 month before they intensively use by maize, plants lose a lot of nutrients. In the result of mineralization, evaporating into the air and leaching into deeper soil layers these nutrients contaminate environment.
Technological possibilities of machines with centrifugal dispersive device are very low . Allowable uneven distribution of solid mineral fertilizers within a field is ± 25%, but in practice fluctuations (deviations) during applying high doses may reach 50 – 75%. It is naturally that uneven applying, especially one of a large amount of fertilizers, leads to their irrational use and sometimes to the long-term negative consequences not only for the plants but also for the soil (nutrients surplus in some areas and their shortage in others, nitrate contamination, etc), which are often difficult to eliminate.
The use of heavy machine-tractor aggregate for application and fertilizers closing cause compaction of the upper layers of soil, decreasing of its physical characteristics, reducing yields and quality of maize. Mineral fertilizers are produced and supplied unevenly. So if producers purchase fertilizers in the period of maize vegetation they cannot use them. This is due to the fact that the use of row-crop cultivators for feeding is restricted at the moment of closing of maize crops in rows. Frequent small fertilizer tanks refilling on cultivators lead to considerable labor costs. Use of aircrafts for feeding have not been widely spread yet.
In view of the above, in recent years the system of intensive cropping includes the advanced method of applying mineral fertilizers with irrigation water.
Applying fertilizers at the same time with irrigation water provides the opportunity to optimize the supply of moisture to the plant over the whole vegetative period.
Fractional nitrogen fertilizers application with irrigation water provides more even nutrient availability, than their one-time application before seeding. In this case the terms and doses of fertilizers application for feeding are calculated by taking into account biological characteristics of crops, soil conditions and coordinated with irrigation schedule.
It is well known that the corn till the pinnacle injection phase consumes about 30% of nitrogen of the overall consumption of this element. Further the need of nitrogen increases especially in the period from pinnacle injection till milky ripeness of grain. At that time maize consumes the largest part of nitrogen. In the period from milky to full ripeness nitrogen consumption decrease to 13,7 – 26,6% .
Experiments, conducted at the Institute of Grain Farming, NAAS of Ukraine showed that under application of fertigation maize yields increase by 5 – 10% [6,7]. The best were the results of the nitrogen fertilization scheme, where the full amount of nitrogen was applied with irrigation water fractionally in equal doses after sowing, in 10 – 12 leaves phase, pinnacles ejection and at the beginning of milky ripeness phases. In conditions of experiment this phase provided the 11,2 – 12,3% of yield increasing . The elements of this agricultural practice (terms, doses, methods of fertigation, ecological factor) are not thoroughly studied yet, that's why the further research is essential.
The aim of our research is to study the optimal norms, methods and timing of mineral fertilizers application in terms of intensive technology of growing maize for grain under irrigation.
Materials and research methods. Field experiments were conducted over the period of 1999 – 2001 on the educational-experimental farm of Dnipropetrovs'k State Agrarian University "Samarskiy". Soils are ordinary eroded loamy black earth. Thickness of humus layer is 65 – 70 cm, content of humus in topsoil is about 3,0%. Content of nitrogen after 7 days of composting (by Kravkov) in 100 gr. of tight soil is 1,4 – 3,8, phosphorus content (by Chirikov) is 11,9 – 15,5, potassium content (by Maslova) is 10,0 – 14,4 mg/100 gr. of soil. Subsoil water lies at the level more than 15 meters.
Weather conditions during the research years were generally favorable for growing maize under irrigation. During the vegetative period (May – September) of the year 1999 there were 128 mm of atmospheric precipitation, in 2000 – 216 mm, and in 2001 – 192 mm.
During the experiments the middle-early hybrid of maize Pioneer 3978 was sown. The norms of mineral fertilizers calculated for 8 and 10 t/ha, grain yield were studied. The technology of maize growing has been accepted as common use for this crop in the northern Steppe zone of Ukraine. Sprinkler irrigation was performed with unit DDA-100MA. Mineral fertilizers were dosed into irrigation water with a special fertilizer injector, manufactured in the laboratory of the Institute of Grain Farming NAAS of Ukraine. Irrigation schedule provided moisture level in the active soil layer not less than 70 – 80% MWC (minimum water capacity). Irrigation rate norm was 1800 – 2100 m3/ha.
Sowing area of the experimental fields was 630, and researched one was 150 m2. Repetition was fourfold.
Statistical processing of the results was performed with the help of analysis-of-variance method according to the known procedure .
As fertilizers carbamide, granulated superphosphate and potassium salt were used. Phosphoric and potassium fertilizers were added in calculated doses to the working plots for cultivation, carbamide – in accordance with the research program for cultivation and with irrigation water.
Doses of mineral fertilizers for planned maize grain yield were calculated with the help of balanced method due to the content of major nutrients in the soil.
To study the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers with irrigation water compare to the traditional surface method and defining optimal parameters of fertigation the following options were developed.
full nitrogen norm with irrigation water fractionally in doses, 40% after sowing in the phase of 10 – 12 leaves, 40% in the phase of pinnacle ejection and 20% in the phase of milky ripeness of grain.
The results of research. The study has shown that the nitrogen content in soil, which plays an important part in plant fertility under irrigation, depends on method and terms of fertilizers application (table 1).
In autumn under using mineral fertilizers randomly nitrates migrate from root soil layer, and according to the received data it gets exhausted. Before the period when maize plants need nitrogen intensively (10 – 12 leaves) there were less nitrates in the soil than during the period of 5 –6 leave on 15,3% and in the phase of milky ripeness of grain – on 50,3%. At the same time under numerous nitrogen applications with irrigation water the content of nitrates in soil in that period was less, furthermore there was much more of them, especially in a milky ripeness phase that positively affected yields.
The results of research have shown that the use of nitrogen fertilizers with irrigation water increase maize yields more than under surface application method (table 2).
With increasing of mineral fertilizers dose corn yield was increasing in average by 2,72 – 4,36 t/ha (6,6 – 10%) comparing to the option without fertilizers.
Evaluating any technological method it is important to take into account not only its impact on the amount of yield but also on its consumer qualities. Under irrigation with yield increasing, the deterioration of the grain quality is often observed, exactly the reduction of protein content. Our research had shown that with the increasing of mineral fertilizers norm the protein content increases too.
In hotter conditions of the given period in years 1999 – 2001 the content was 34,85 – 55,73 and 44,7 – 52,6 mg/kg respectively. At all studied soil fertility nitrate content was lower than admissible concentration limit (MPC nitrate content in maize corn is 300 mg/kg). Applying of high norms of mineral fertilizers as well as applying nitrogen fertilizers along with irrigation water didn't increase the nitrate content in maize grain.
Nowadays it is very important to implement new, effective and ecologically safe agricultural technologies, that stipulates the decrease of mineral fertilizers doses and increase of their rate of return in 1,5 – 2 times by means of optimization of terms and methods of application. Under the intensive technology of maize growing on irrigated soils in northern steppe of Ukraine it is reasonable to apply nitrogen fertilizers along with irrigation water in proportions as follows: 40% of the overall dose in the period of 10 – 12 leaves, 40% – in the phase of pinnacle ejection and 20% in the phase of milky ripeness of grain. Under these conditions of nitrogen application maize grain yield in average had been increased on 2,72 – 4,36 t/ha, than without fertilizers application.
The tendency of protein rising in maize grain under nitrogen fertilizers with irrigation water application was observed. High norms of mineral fertilizers application and fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers with irrigation water didn't affect the nitrate content in grain and didn't deteriorate its quality.
The results of research indicate that combining irrigation with mineral fertilizers application (fertigation) is an effective method of decreasing energy and material resources, increasing yields and quality of maize grain and protect soil from degradation.
1. Наукові основи охорони та раціонального використання зрошуваних земель України./ За ред. С.А. Балюка і М.І. Ромащенка. – К.: Аграрна наука, 2009. – 624с.
2. Ромащенко М.І., Балюк С.А. Зрошення земель в Україні. Стан та шляхи поліпшення. – К.: Світ, 2000. – 114с.
3. Ромащенко М.І., Собко О.О., Савчук Д.П., та ін. Про деякі завдання аграрної науки у зв'язку зі змінами клімату. Наукова доповідь-інформація. –К., 2003. – 46с.
4. Шляхи підвищення родючості ґрунтів у сучасних умовах сільськогосподарського виробництва / за ред. Б.С. Носка. – К.: Аграрна наука, 1999. – 112с.
5. Сахаров В.Д. Химигация в культуре кукурузы: итоги науки и техники. ВИНИТИ, Растениеводство, Т.8, 1991.- 156с.
6. Ківер В.Х., Куниця В.М. Зниження витрат енергоресурсів при вирощуванні запрограмованих урожаїв кукурудзи за інтенсивною технологією в умовах зрошення// Вісник аграрної науки. – 1993. – № 9. – С. 14 – 20.
7. Ківер В.Х., Онопрієнко Д.М. Ефективність удобрювального зрошення при вирощуванні кукурудзи на зерно// Вісник Дніпропетровського державного аграрного університету. – 2007. - № 1 – С.52 – 55.
8. Ківер В.Х., Галечко І.Д. Норми, способи та строки внесення добрив під кукурудзу на зрошенні// Енергозберігаючі технології вирощування зернових культур у степу України. Збірник наукових статей. – Дніпропетровськ, «Пороги». – 1995. – С. 61 – 66.
9. Куница В.М., Пашова В.Т. Потребление основных элементов питания при выращивании запрограммированных урожаев кукурузы в условиях орошения Степи Украины// Использование удобрений при интенсивных технологиях возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур. – Днепропетровск, 1990. – С.69 - 75.
10. Доспехов Б.А. Методика полевого опыта с основами статистической обработки результатов исследований/ Доспехов Б.А. – М.: Агропромиздат, 1985. - 351 с.