Speakers – from the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge Professor Alison Liebling, Director of the Prison Research Centre, and Dr Ben Crewe, Penology Director and Deputy Director, Prison Research Centre.
Lord Ramsbotham opened the meeting by recording the group's deep sadness at the sudden death of its chairman, Lord Corbett, whose moving funeral had been held the previous Friday. There would be a memorial service for him in due course. Robin Corbett had been an inspiring and enthusiastic chairman and Lord Ramsbotham suggested that members of the meeting should stand for a moment's silence to remember him.
Lord Ramsbotham then outlined proposals for interim arrangements until the group's AGM in July. The meeting was content that two Vice Chairs, himself and Paul Goggins MP, should share the chairing role until then.
Lord Ramsbotham introduced the speakers for the evening. Professor Alison Liebling was one of the first people he had met when he became Chief Inspector of Prisons. She was then doing some remarkable work studying the relations between staff and prisoners in Whitemoor, and had continued working on these and similar themes at Cambridge ever since. There could be no-one better suited to guide members through the difficult subject of private and public sector prisons. He had remembered entertaining doubts about the private prison sector when he took up his post. However he had been pleasantly surprised by his first inspection of Doncaster, where he found both conditions, and staff treatment of prisoners, exceeded his expectations. The prison's director had told him that, as an ex-governor in a public sector prison, he was now free to do all those things his previous post had rendered impossible.
So we would hear first from Alison Liebling and then from her colleague, Ben Crewe.
Alison Liebling began by thanking the meeting for its kind invitation to talk about this complex topic. She said she would make a 25 minute introduction, inviting Ben to chip in as he wished, as they were still working together on the material. She continued: 'We change our minds sometimes about the stance we want to take but we think the findings are very clear. We are going to talk about the specific study which we finished last year. We have encountered private sector prisons in lots of our research topics, and we couldn't help noticing that there were some significant differences. There hadn't been, until that point, any systematic or independently funded evaluation or comparison of public and private sector prisons (with the exception of a study she had been involved in at Wolds, with colleagues from Hull), despite the fact that it said in the legislation that private sector prisons were being introduced as an experiment. We had to apply to the ESRC for funding and tried to do the research in as systematic a way as possible, using carefully developed methods that would ensure there was some kind of objectivity. We tried to stand outside the various ideological debates about public versus private prisons, and apply our interest about what goes on in prison to these institutions. There's a hand-out (see attachment) and I'm going to talk my way as briefly as possible through it. We are very happy to make the handout available to anyone who wishes to see it.
I'll just say a brief word about what we did. It was an independently funded thirty month study. We knew this was a sensitive topic, both politically and operationally, so we decided to try to veer towards the high performance end in both sectors. We wanted to try to choose establishments that we could match. We stuck to the adult male establishments because it was too complicated to do anything else, and we decided to pick a local and a training prison in each sector. So what you see on the first slide is the four original establishments in the study: Forest Bank, which we matched with Bullingdon, both local prisons, one private and one public, and Dovegate and Garth, both Category B training prisons, one private and one public. We took a lot of advice on which establishments to choose, how comparable they were, etcetera. They were all reasonably modern buildings, because we thought that if we were going to compare the quality of public and private sector delivery, there was no point in comparing say Wandsworth or Wormwood Scrubs with a new building.
As soon as we got into the field we found out that our two private prisons were not as good as we were expecting, or had been informed. So although we had ruled out Altcourse because it was famously the most expensive contract – we didn't think it would be representative of the private sector – the prisoners talked about Altcourse and Lowdham Grange so positively that we couldn't resist adding them in to our study. Prisoners kept saying 'They are really good. You should go and have a look at what's going on there.' So we did.
Rye Hill was added in because it was going through a rectification process. It was officially 'in trouble', so we were requested by the OCP to include Rye Hill in the study to evaluate its quality as it came towards the end of that process. So in the end we have a slightly unbalanced study with two public sector prisons, two matched private sector prisons, and then three additional private sector prisons. We did what we normally do in prisons. We have spent our professional lives trying to learn how to measure the quality of prison life. This has been a very developmental project, very much with the help of staff and prisoners, and using a method that is a slightly unusual appreciative method, to try and identify the sorts of things that should be measured.
On the next slide you have our revised latest fairly comprehensive set of dimensions. We are quite confident that they capture most of the really important things about measuring the quality of prison life as experienced by prisoners – that they represent something of an approximate test of the quality and legitimacy of the inner life of a prison. We have clustered the categories. We have got what we call 'harmony' dimensions which are the mainly relational dimensions of prison life; then 'security' dimensions; and a set we call 'professionalism' which are very important – they sort of bind the relational and security dimensions together; 'conditions and family contact'; and then 'wellbeing and development'. We know all of these things matter quite a lot. We're just showing the gist of it – the headlines - here.
On the next slide we show the dimensions which have the most significant variation between prisons. We are trying not to throw too many numbers at you but if you just look at the list - 'staff professionalism'; 'organisation and consistency'; 'staff-prisoner relationships'; 'fairness' and so on - what the numbers tell us is that these things differ very significantly between prisons. There's a five point scale. Anything above three is a positive evaluation by the prisoners, but the higher above three the better. Anything below three is negative. What you'll see is that there are very significant variations between prisons. You'll also see that some of the scores are very low, so these are the things that prisons don't find it easy to deliver. I'm telling you all that to help you to interpret the overall results.
The first headline is that the differences within the private sector are so great that we almost abandoned our attempt to compare public with private. What we have done instead is divide the prisons into four quality quadrants, from poor to very good. What you'll notice is that the private prisons are both at the bottom and at the top end of that quality spectrum. This has been found before, it's what the National Audit Office found when they did their review of performance, that when private sector prisons are good, they are very good, and when they are bad they are very poor. So Dovegate and Rye Hill are the 'poor' private sector prisons. The next quadrant is 'average'. We called Forest Bank average because, at the time we measured it, it looked like most prisons look, on our view – a typical prison. Bullingdon and Garth we've categorised as 'good': they were good public sector prisons. Lowdham Grange and Altcourse, two of the new private sector prisons we added in, were in the top quadrant: 'very good'. Prisoners were right: they were outstanding in all sorts of ways.
All you have to note, really, is the shape of this figure. What it tells you is that very few of the dimensions that matter make it over the threshold. Only the dimensions as evaluated by our randomly selected prisoners that make it over that '3' threshold appear in the figure. So we have only included things that are positively scored. If we move from 'poor' to 'very good', what you'll see in the two poor private sector prisons is that very little is there. That means that these prisons were not delivering the things that really matter, when we are talking about prison quality. So 'respect/courtesy' is there but at a very low level. 3.01 is really a neutral score, not a positive score, and prisoners were really talking about staff being polite. So in these slightly chaotic, inexperienced private prisons, staff were quite nice, quite benign, but they weren't delivering much else. There's a low score for 'prisoner safety'. In Rye Hill you'll see 'care for the vulnerable', which is about looking after prisoners at risk of bullying or suicide, but again at 3.01. So it barely deserves to be in our figure. Everything is scored positively, so where we have put 'drugs and exploitation' that doesn't mean there are lots of drugs and exploitation – it means the opposite. Prisoners are saying 'Staff are in control here. They are doing everything they can to stop drugs coming in. Prisoners are prevented from exploiting each other.' But basically that's all there is of all of our 21 or so dimensions that matter.
When we move into the next quadrant, Forest Bank, 'staff prisoner relationships' appears, and 'staff professionalism' for the first time. This is about staff confidence and competence in the use of authority. This includes items like: 'staff in this prison have enough experience and expertise to do things that I need them to do.' So it's about staff being competent and engaging with prisoners in a way that exerts a certain amount of authority in the prison. And you'll see that the score on 'prisoner safety' is higher at Forest Bank. What you'll notice is that there is a cumulative effect here. Once a prison has accomplished 'respect' and 'prisoner safety' and 'care for the vulnerable', they appear in the next quality column, usually at a higher level, and other things build on those basic foundations.
Where this all becomes really interesting is that if we go to Bullingdon and Garth, the two good public sector prisons, here we are getting slightly higher scores on 'staff professionalism' and we are getting a dimension called 'policing and security'. What this means is that prisoners are saying 'staff are policing the wings. This is a reasonably secure prison. Authority is flowing from the right place.' And for the first time in Garth we see 'personal development' which is a really important dimension.
It's not until we get to the two outstanding and unusual private sector prisons where we get, not everything, but a lot more. 'Staff professionalism' – the scores are going up – 'prisoner safety', 'policing and security', 'personal development' and for the first time 'wellbeing'. Wellbeing is significant because it is the opposite of distress. We have shown in previous research using these measures that the higher the levels of distress among prisoners, the more likely those prisons are to have suicides. Prisons with lower levels of distress, or higher levels of wellbeing, tend to be prisons where prisoners are engaged in offending behaviour programmes, personal development projects and so on. So our interpretation of this figure, apart from noticing that the private sector is very varied – at their best they are able to deliver something that seems hard to deliver in the public sector – is that it raises questions about the 'rehabilitation revolution', if it is only in three out of seven prisons that prisoners are describing the experience of imprisonment as an experience that involves them being able to plan for their future, think about their personal development, engage in offending behaviour courses and so on. So this is quite important. That's headline one.
Moving on to the next slide, the dimension of personal development has become of real interest to us in this study. We describe 'personal development', based on what the prisoners have said, as 'an environment that helps prisoners with offending behaviour, preparation for release, and the development of their potential'. And where the prison is scoring reasonably high on personal development, it means the prisoners are agreeing, or strongly agreeing, with these sorts of items: 'My needs are being addressed in this prison'; 'I am encouraged to work towards goals and targets'; 'I am being helped to lead a law-abiding life on release'; 'every effort is being made by this prison to stop offenders committing offences on release'. Our hypothesis, and we have got good evidence to support this, is that this dimension works in the same way as the distress dimension did in the suicide prevention study, that if prisoners are saying yes to all of these items they really do stand more chance of doing better when they are released. We are getting increasingly interested in the concept of personal development as described by the prisoners. And one of the things they are saying is that in chaotic prisons, like Rye Hill and Dovegate, they are in survival mode, and so preoccupied with getting through the day, staying safe, and manoeuvring their way to getting their basic entitlements, that they are not thinking about their futures. They are just getting through the day.
So if we go back to the figure, it is quite important to understand why personal development is the last thing to emerge. Basically a prison has to be respectful, safe, and caring for the vulnerable. Staff have to be professional, delivering help and assistance to vulnerable individuals, doing policing and security well, and there has to be organisation and consistency (some people call these the hygiene dimensions). These are the things that only appear in the very best prisons. It's only in those circumstances that prisoners are experiencing personal development. That's headline two.
What we have done with this data, because it's all standardised, we've put personal development into a regression analysis, and then looked at which of the dimensions in our overall study are explaining its emergence. Basically this is saying: what are the most important dimensions of prison life if you are interested in maximising personal development? And what we found is that five key dimensions explain most of the variation in levels of personal development. These are: Humanity, that means an environment characterised by kind regard and concern for the person; Staff Professionalism, staff confidence and competence in the use of authority; Help and Assistance, which is support and encouragement with problems, including drugs, healthcare and progression; Organisation and Consistency, which is the clarity, predictability and reliability of the prison; and finally a dimension we have called Bureaucratic Legitimacy, which is the transparency and responsivity of the prison system. What this means is that prisoners understand their sentence and they know how to work their way through it; they understand the decision making, how to get on the right courses, and staff are able to translate some of that into meaningful conversation.
So we think we know from this analysis what a reasonably good prison looks like, and when we compare prisons we find that they are very varied in their performance and on a very wide spectrum, with quite serious implications for outcomes for prisoners.
Headline two is that even in the very best private prisons we have seen a consistent area of weakness, which is to do with the use of authority. So in Lowdham Grange and Altcourse, the one area where these prisons did not outperform the good public sector prisons was in policing and security, drugs and exploitation, and the use of authority. So what we are seeing in the private sector – to talk in shorthand - is a slightly lax or permissive model of order, a bit reminiscent of old style dispersal prisons. Some of you will know exactly what I am saying. Power is not always in the right places. Because staff in private sector prisons are inexperienced, few in number, and professionally not that powerful, they can disproportionately tend to work to a slightly naïve and permissive model of order (this is not unseen in some public sector prisons, but here we are talking from the findings of this study in particular). There are a few quotes from prisoners here, illustrating that point. Prisoners complain that staff don't use their authority properly, they are a bit permissive, they don't know where the boundaries are, and so on. So one of our emerging conclusions is that there is a hidden strength in the public sector which is not acknowledged in the debate about public versus private sector prisons, and this is that when staff in the public sector get it right, which they don't always, they can use their authority in a very professional and competent way, and prisoners appreciate that. It sometimes means prisoners have better and more constructive experiences in traditional professional public sector prisons than they do in slightly permissive private sector prisons.
I know I am talking about a lot of complex material in a very shorthand way, but that's the gist of it so far. Our next slide illustrates this: it's all there in the figures. Altcourse was significantly better than Lowdham Grange as a prison. It stands out a mile, and we think we have learned a lot about why this is. We think it was about leadership and the way Altcourse opened, not just about finances. But when we look at the policing and security dimensions, and it matters as much to the prisoner to be in a prison that is secure and safe as it does to be treated with respect, it's the public sector prison, Bullingdon, that comes first, out-performing the private sector. So in the briefest way possible, what we are arguing is that there are some simplistic arguments being heard in this debate, there is an assumption sometimes that private is better. We think prisons are more complicated than that, and it is quite important not to overlook this professional authority work that traditional public sector prison officers can do at their best. They often get it wrong too, and veer towards the heavy and oppressive use of authority, but it is the case in almost all aspects of prison work that the 'right place to be' is often quite close to the 'wrong place'. We have spent the day in Wormwood Scrubs and this has influenced our mood. We have come back feeling a bit miserable because we have spent the day in focus groups with somewhat disaffected prison officers and it was not the kind of conversation we wished it had been.
Alison Liebling continued: 'Having gone to Wormwood Scrubs today there is a frustration in talking to prison officers who don't work to the traditional professional model. The private sector staff are inexperienced but they are also much more enthusiastic about notions of rehabilitation. They believe in prisoner change, and they are not cynical. They are a breath of fresh air at one level. But they are not so good at the professionalism/authority aspects of their job.


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Main Title Role of Combustion and Sorbent Parameters in Prevention of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran Formation during Waste Combustion.
CORP Author Arkansas Univ., Fayetteville. Dept. of Mathematical Sciences.;Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.


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Early bird season ticket prices are back!
From July 26 until August 2, season ticket prices will revert to the early bird pricing.
Early bird prices are back for just one week!
Not another price drop!
We can confirm that season ticket prices will return to the early bird offering for one week only, starting from July 26 to August 2 as the club looks to pack Priestfield ahead of the new season.
Chairman Paul Scally announced the decision via a new video which was produced earlier this week which also involved manager Steve Evans and the entire first-team squad, enabling fans to take advantage of some excellent price initiatives including in the Rainham End where an adult can get a season ticket for just £300!
Those who purchased a season ticket after the early bird offering had expired will receive a voucher to the value of the difference which can be spent in the megastore. More details on this will be released in due course.
Season tickets can be purchased online, but this weekend both the megastore and ticket office will be open on Saturday July 27 (9am-3pm) and Sunday July 28 (9am-1pm).
Finance options are now available, courtesy of Premum Credit. For those who fill out the season ticket application form, `Finance` must clearly be written, whereas if you are applying over the phone or in person just let a member of staff know you wish to use this service.
BUY SEASON TICKETS

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Boston Arts Diary
On The Town in Concert
in Musicals, Plays, Uncategorized
in semi-staged concert format
Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green
Conductor: Keith Lockhart
The Boston Pops Orchestra
Symphony Hall, Boston
Kathleen Marshall, director and choreographer; David Chase, music director; Michael Krass, Costume Designer
With Brandon Victor Dixon (Gabey), Andy Karl (Ozzie), Megan Lawrence (Hildy Esterhazy), Laura Osnes (Claire De Loone), Georgina Pazcoguin (Ivy Smith), Christian Dante White (Chip), Marc Kudisch (Pitkin W. Bridgework/First Workman), Andrea Martin (Madame Dilly, Diana Dream, Dolores Dolores), Kim Fauré, Robert Hartwell, Anne Horak, Kevin Munhall, Jeffrey Schecter, Eric Sciotto, Erica Sweany, Megan Sikora, Dennis Stowe, Lara Seibert Young
A superbly rendered semi-staged version of the early Bernstein musical about three sailors on leave in New York City.
It is 1994, and Gabey (Brandon Victor Dixon), Chip (Christian Dante White) and Ozzie (Andy Karl) are sailors on twenty-four hours leave in New York City. Bent on adventure and finding companionship, Ozzie and Chip quickly line up with Claire (Laura Osnes) and Hildy (Megan Lawrence) while Gabey falls for a poster of Ivy Smith (Georgina Pazcoguin), the Miss Turnstiles of the New York Subway for the current month. A day of antics begins during which Ozzie and Claire and Chip and Hildy tilt towards love and Gabey pursues Ivy across multiple boroughs. A subplot involving Claire's fiance, Pitkin W. Bridgework (Marc Kudisch), and Hildy's roommate, Lucy Schmeeler (Megan Sikora), keeps things interesting.
The plot grew out of Bernstein's early ballet, Fancy Free (1944), conceived by choreographer Jerome Robbins about three sailors on leave in New York. Without too much narrative, but with fabulous music by Bernstein, lively lyrics by Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and choreography by Robbins, it was turned into a full-blown and very entertaining musical. It is striking to think that Bernstein, all of twenty-eight, composed this dynamic and intoxicating score so compellingly at such a young age. It bears so many of the musical traits that later became his trademark in other great musicals and theater works like Candide (1956), West Side Story (1957), and Mass (1971). Jazziness, counterpoint, and sheer umph come through at all points. This early and whimsical work, conceived as a comedy and a goof has an underlying potent and complex musical structure that gives it, at certain points, an unexpected seriousness. In that way, it's like Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue (1924) or An American in Paris (1928), jazzy works that are evidence of such verve and talent that the internal networks of tone, theme and rhythm make them shimmer and persuade, despite the superficial frivolousness of the narrative structure.
Nancy Walker (Hildy)
Leonard Bernstein (composer)
Adolph Green (lyricist, Ozzie)
Betty Comden (lyricist, Claire)
Preparing the studio cast recording in 1961
This truly superb concert production of On The Town owes much to Keith Lockhart's measured leadership of the Boston Pops. His mode is more governed and attenuated than Bernstein's, which is probably a good thing. One walks around Symphony Hall in this centennial year of Bernstein and sees picture after picture of the maestro in paroxysmic leadership of the orchestra, delivering, from the podium, his characteristic Dionysiac exoticism. Lockhart is not like that. He is much more measured, but manages to get the pizzazz across. The opening bars of the overture are testimony to the approach, stretching the expectation for culmination in a way that makes good musical sense.
The orchestra is, of course, sublime, and seems to be having a good time playing what, for them, is relatively easygoing music. That is not to say that the score is at all easy, but fits in well with the Pops' mandate to offer lively and popular results in top form.
The staging, in front of the orchestra without scenery, is done thoughtfully, and, despite its schematic quality, gives a good sense of what's going on in the plot. Introducing each scene, conductor Lockhart turns and gives a brief summary of each setting and narrative transition for the audience. The show takes place in all sorts of settings around New York, so it is actually quite helpful to have the additional guidance.
Choreography by Kathleen Marshall is also very well done. It's not excessive or ornate, but it gives a sense of action and dynamism; as a result, one does not feel that one is merely at a concert version of the show.
Brandon Victor Dixon as Gabey
Megan Lawrence as Hildy
Laura Osnes as Claire
and Andy Karl as Ozzie
in "On The Town"
Photo: Winslow Townson
Courtesy of The Boston Pops Orchestra and DigBoston.
The cast is uniformly excellent.
Andrea Martin makes a very funny appearance as Madame Dilly, Ivy's teacher, and several other things, driving home her amazing talent for schtick. She played and won awards for the schtick-based role of the Old Woman in Candide, and recently for her performance in the revival of Pippin (2013), conceived originally by Diane Paulus at the American Repertory Theater.
Megan Lawrence, as Hildy, is also a good, wild, actor, who plays the part originated by Nancy Walker with energy and drive. She's funny, and she pulls off Hildy's signature songs I Can Cook Too and Come Up To My Place with a lot of power.
Marc Kudisch, in the supporting role of Pitkin W. Bridgework, provides intermittent comic relief but also offers a beautiful baritone that shines mostly in the psychologically revelatory I Understand.
Andy Karl, who plays Ozzie, and Christian Dante White, who plays Chip, are very good, but the standout among the sailors, in many ways, is Brandon Victor Dixon (Gabey). His voice is clear and rich, and he offers a kind of lyrical straightforwardness which is very effective. In the original cast recording, John Reardon gave an operatic baritone's depth to the role. Here, Dixon gives something that has a bit less of a reverberating basso, but provides, appropriately, more shape and nuance. It's a lovely performance and the display of a wonderful voice.
In many ways, the vivid light of the show comes from Laura Osnos who plays Claire. She is out of this world, as a singer, as an actress, and as a dancer. Offering a frame of patrician grace to her part, she betrays it delightfully with rhythm and passion. Her singing is superlative, her moves are graceful, and she offers real humor and compelling presence in her acting.
This production, with a top-notch orchestra, a compelling cast and wonderful stage conception, is a fabulous tribute to that great musical master honored in this centennial year. He would have been proud of his home-town production, which so ably honors his new-found base just a few miles to the south.
– BADMan
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Tag: Imperialism
Imperialism did almost as much harm to the ruling nations as it did to their subject peoples.
By George Monbiot, published in the Guardian 9th October 2012
Over the gates of Auschwitz were the words ?Work Makes You Free?. Over the gates of the Solovetsky camp in Lenin?s gulag: ?Through Labour ? Freedom!?. Over the gates of the Ngenya detention camp, run by the British in Kenya: ?Labour and Freedom?(1). Dehumanisation appears to follow an almost inexorable course.
Last week, three elderly Kenyans established the right to sue the British government for the torture they suffered ? castration, beating and rape ? in the Kikuyu detention camps it ran in the 1950s.
Many tens of thousands were detained and tortured in the camps. I won?t spare you the details: we have been sparing ourselves the details for far too long. Large numbers of men were castrated with pliers(1). Others were anally raped, sometimes with the use of knives, broken bottles, rifle barrels and scorpions(1). Women had similar instruments forced into their vaginas. The guards and officials sliced off ears and fingers, gouged out eyes, mutilated women?s breasts with pliers, poured paraffin over people and set them alight. Untold thousands died. Continue reading "The Empire Strikes Back"
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on October 11, 2012 Categories Colonialism, exploitation, Governance, Human rights, Imperialism, politicsTags British, empire, Imperialism, KenyaLeave a comment on The Empire Strikes Back
Saved by the Sharia
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15 Apr 2011, NewAgeIslam.Com
By Dr Mahjabeen Islam
The questions in the Pakistani mind centre around the vast difference between an American life and a Pakistani one. There is furore over the US?s chest-thumping pronouncements about the supremacy of the law and then its flagrant violation in other countries
It is hip to hate sharia or Islamic law in the US. Many a Republican is jumping on the bandwagon and Representative Don Wells (R Cabool) even likens it to polio. That a CIA spy who killed two Pakistanis was freed because of it is quite ironic.
In late January, Raymond Davis was driving in a populated area of Lahore when he killed two Pakistanis, photographed their bodies and radioed for help wherein an American consular vehicle rushed to the scene, crushing a bystander to death in the process. Davis? car was loaded with arms and his cell phones showed contact with terrorist groups. Davis was arrested and started a diplomatic frenzy wherein the US maintained that he had diplomatic immunity and Pakistan?s foreign minister, Shah Mahmood Qureshi, was fired for not toeing the line, for he and his department maintained that Davis did not. Even President Obama invoked the Vienna Convention that confers diplomatic immunity insisting that Davis was an embassy employee. The Vienna Convention however confers diplomatic immunity in the pursuit of diplomatic duties and running around with unlicensed arms does not fall in that arena.
The American mantra did not change. For four weeks, under severe public pressure, the Pakistani government ran from pillar to post, frazzled but loathe to annoy its benefactor. And then someone had an epiphany: blood money or the qisas and diyat law.
Under sharia law, in the event of grievous injury or murder, the case must first go to court and a verdict pronounced. Thereafter, it is the victim?s family?s prerogative to either go with full retribution/an eye for an eye (qisas) or monetary compensation (diyat) with consequent forgiveness, or complete forgiveness with neither qisas nor diyat. The Qisas and Diyat Law has been part of Pakistan?s legal system for the last 30 years and the Federal Shariat Court specialises in cases of this nature. Monetary compensation is calculated in the case of murder as the cost of approximately 30,000 grams of silver.
In the Davis case, one of the victims? widows committed suicide and on her deathbed repeatedly said that she was killing herself as she was not getting justice and she wanted ?blood for blood?. The families of both of Davis? victims repeatedly said that they did not want compensation but justice.
Senator John Kerry visited Pakistan and CIA Director Leon Panetta visited President Zardari and Pakistan?s CIA counterpart, ISI Director General Ahmad Shuja Pasha a few weeks ago. Many a Pakistani antennae went up when David Ignatius wrote of the concept of blood money in The Washington Post.
Pakistan is famous for its bureaucracy and its maddening inefficiency. Yet, in a matter of two hours the attorneys for the victims? families were changed, their original attorneys detained, a one-by-one questioning of 18 family members by the judge about their compensation and forgiveness, and the whisking away of Davis to a waiting US Air Force jet at Lahore airport were all accomplished.
A total of $ 2.34 million was divided among the 18 family members, not by the US but some fund of the Pakistan government. The ingratiation of Zardari to the US is so complete that the vanity of the US was also kept in mind: no precedent was to be created in which the US might find itself paying blood money for its wayward spies. Foreign Policy magazine reports a Pakistani official as saying that the US promises to pay Pakistan back in the future.
The victims? families went into hiding for fear of public humiliation and were later tracked down by the media. The anger and outrage in Pakistan over Davis? hurried release is widespread and spans all sectors of society from students to lawyers.
Even relatively US-friendly scholars have clearly stated that the Qisas and Diyat Law was misapplied for the court should have given a verdict first. Religious scholars state additionally that Davis committed an act of terror against a nation and the Law of Qisas and Diyat does not apply in this case. An appeal against the disposition of this case has been filed with the Supreme Court of Pakistan. But the futility of that is obvious. It is all semantics now; Davis is gone.
The greater issue is what is raging in the Pakistani mind: the US?s flagrant double standards. In 1997, Mir Ajmal Kansi killed two CIA agents outside Langley, disappeared, surfaced in Pakistan and was handed over to the US by Pakistani authorities and executed. In 1995, Ramzi Yousef was extradited to the US by Pakistan, convicted of the 1993 World Trade Centre bombing and given two life sentences. In September 2010, another Pakistani, Dr Aafia Siddiqui, an MIT graduate and frail mother of two, was convicted in Manhattan of armed assault, carrying a firearm and three counts of assault on US officers and sentenced to 86 years in prison, essentially a life-term.
The questions in the Pakistani mind centre around the vast difference between an American life and a Pakistani one. There is furore over the US?s chest-thumping pronouncements about the supremacy of the law and then its flagrant violation in other countries. The sudden, suspicious release of Davis stokes the self-respect of the common Pakistani, entrenches anti-Americanism and catalyses extremism.
I am appalled at the wholesale caving in of the farcical Zardari government but it is a disaster on wheels; I know and expect it. It is primarily the US that I am so ashamed of and so scared for. It is not exporting peace, justice and democracy; it is just the super-bully of the world. With blinders on to boot. Pakistanis thought that the US would be forever grateful for Raymond Davis? miraculous exit and all kinds of overtures would occur to curb anti-American sentiments. The very next day American drones bombed northern Pakistan and killed 42 villagers. Thank you Pakistan, we will do it again.
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on July 20, 2011 Categories Capitalism, Global Issues, Governance, Human rights, Imperialism, Islam, politics, security, South Asia, Terrorism, war on terror, WorldTags CIA, diplomacy, hypocrisy, Imperialism, Law, Pakistan, USA, war on terrorLeave a comment on Saved by the Sharia
De-energising Bangladesh
by rahnuma ahmed
In the end, treachery will betray even itself.
Roman proverb
When the prime minister, the finance minister etc., not known for being democratically-oriented, feel obliged to respond publicly according to the terms and conditions set by the National Oil-Gas Committee, it is clear that the tide is shifting.
It is clear that? the National Committee to Protect Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources, Power and Ports (NCPOGMR) has made a significant impact on public consciousness. That there is a growing national awareness of the issue of ownership of natural resources; of the terms on which production sharing contracts are signed with international oil companies (IOCs); a growing suspicion that exporting extracted gas may not be the best way of solving the nation's energy shortfall. More precisely, of the hollowness of the government's reasoning as to why gas blocks need to be, must necessarily be, leased out to multinational companies.? More broadly, of whether the nation's ruling class, regardless of which political party is in power, does act in the interests of the nation, of its people.
It is clear from what top ruling party leaders are now obliged to say, to repeatedly say, we are patriotic, we are not treacherous, that they have been forced to cede ground.
It is clear that a moral battle has been won.
Continue reading "De-energising Bangladesh"
Author ShahidulPosted on June 20, 2011 Categories Bangladesh, Coal, Energy, Gas, Governance, mining, Mir Jafar, Rahnuma Ahmed, Resistance, Sheikh Hasina, war on terrorTags Bangladesh, Capitalism, Economy, exploitation, Governance, Human rights, Imperialism, politics, Rahnuma Ahmed7 Comments on De-energising Bangladesh
Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the Noblest of them all?
I'd thought of writing about the Nobel Laureate's ouster from Grameen Bank last week, but fever intervened.
Nobel Peace Prize laureates, Muhammad Yunus, right and Grameen Bank represented by Mosammat Taslima Begum hold the Nobel medal and diploma during the award ceremony at Oslo Town Hall Sunday, Dec. 10, 2006. (AP)
Mine has receded, the government's however, has not. Their's is prolonged, one that continues. High state and party functionaries have repeatedly spoken of "irregularities" with a feverish zeal as the Bangladesh Bank relieved Dr Muhammad Yunus of his duties as managing director of Grameen Bank.
He had violated the country's retirement law, they said. Sixty years is the age limit but Yunus was 70. This made him "too old" to be Grameen Bank's chief, said the finance minister. He should have left ten years ago, said the Bangladesh Bank, instead of staying on "illegally"for an extra ten years.
In a writ filed at the High Court, Yunus' defence lawyers argued that the Bangladesh Bank's directive was illegal. No show cause notice had been served, this made his removal "illegal, malafide and arbitrary." A week later, on 8th March, Dr Yunus lost his High Court appeal when the judge ruled, ?Professor Yunus has been continuing in his job with no legal basis, therefore his petition has been rejected.? ?Neither Yunus nor any of his senior lawyers were present at the court. ?In recent months, the independence of the judiciary has been a matter of grave concern.
Yunus and 9 members of the board of directors have filed an appeal with the Supreme Court challenging the High Court's order. A full bench hearing is scheduled for March 15. The HC's decision was "entirely perverse" said Dr Yunus and the members of his board, it was passed without issuing any ruling.
The alignment of local, national and global influentials against, and in support of, Yunus is telling. The prime minister's son Sajeeb Wajed, in an e-mail sent to international agencies, human rights organisations, US state department officials and prominent persons, wrote: Yunus' only stature in Bangladesh is that of a "Nobel prize winner," politically-speaking, he's a "non-entity." Accusing the Grameen Bank of "massive financial improprieties," "tax evasion" and "embezzlement," Sajeeb reminded us that despite being "criminal" offences, the government has not taken any "punitive" action against Yunus. It's only concern is to "prevent further abuse of microcredit borrowers." (dated March 5, 2011).
As I read the e-mail, I mulled, is this not the same prime ministerial offspring against whom allegations of taking a $2 million bribe from Chevron surfaced recently? A deal reportedly brokered by Dr. Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury, the prime minister's energy advisor, a la, also, of WikiLeaks fame? (`People's resistance to global capital and government collaboration is vindicated,' WikiLeaks Bangladesh I, New Age, December 27, 2010). ?Did not the news item (December 17, 2010) later land the editor of Amar Desh in jail? At least, that's the connection made by some.
Bangladesh Chhatra League activists manhandle Grameen Bank staff and stakeholders who were holding a human chain in front of BM College in Barisal, March 11, 2011. Photo: Daily Star
Continue reading "Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the Noblest of them all?"
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on March 16, 2011 Categories Bangladesh, development, economy, Global Issues, Governance, Imperialism, media, Rahnuma AhmedTags Bangladesh, development, Economy, Global issues, Governance, identity, Imperialism, media, Rahnuma Ahmed2 Comments on Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the Noblest of them all?
We all helped suppress the Egyptians. So how do we change?
By Johann Hari
Very few British people would beat up a poor person to get cheaper petrol. But our governments do it all the time. Why?
The old slogan from the 1960s has come true: the revolution has been televised. The world is watching the Bastille fall on 24/7 rolling news. An elderly thug is trying to buy and beat and tear-gas himself enough time to smuggle his family's estimated $25bn in loot out of the country, and to install a successor friendly to his interests. The Egyptian people ? half of whom live on less than $2 a day ? seem determined to prevent the pillage and not to wait until September to drive out a dictator dripping in blood and bad hair dye.
The great Czech dissident Vaclav Havel outlined the "as if" principle. He said people trapped under a dictatorship need to act "as if they are free". They need to act as if the dictator has no power over them. The Egyptians are trying ? and however many of them Mubarak murders on his way out the door, the direction in which fear flows has been successfully reversed. The tyrant has become terrified of "his" people.
Of course, there is a danger that what follows will be worse. My family lived for a time under the torturing tyranny of the Shah of Iran, and cheered the revolution in 1979. Yet he was replaced by the even more vicious Ayatollahs. But this is not the only model, nor the most likely. Events in Egypt look more like the Indonesian revolution, where in 1998 a popular uprising toppled a US-backed tyrant after 32 years of oppression ? and went on to build the largest and most plural democracy in the Muslim world.
But the discussion here in the West should focus on the factor we are responsible for and can influence ? the role our governments have played in suppressing the Egyptian people. Your taxes have been used to arm, fund and fuel this dictatorship. You have unwittingly helped to keep these people down. The tear-gas canisters fired at pro-democracy protesters have "Made in America" stamped on them, with British machine guns and grenade launchers held in the background.
Very few British people would praise a murderer and sell him weapons. Very few British people would beat up a poor person to get cheaper petrol. But our governments do it all the time. Why? British foreign policy does not follow the everyday moral principles of the British people, because it is not formulated by us. This might sound like an odd thing to say about a country that prides itself on being a democracy, but it is true.
The former Labour MP Lorna Fitzsimons spoke at a conference for Israel's leaders last year and assured them they didn't have to worry about the British people's growing opposition to their policies because "public opinion does not influence foreign policy in Britain. Foreign policy is an elite issue". This is repellent but right. It is formulated in the interests of big business and their demand for access to resources, and influential sectional interest groups.
You can see this most clearly if you go through the three reasons our governments give, sometimes publicly, sometimes privately, for their behavior in the Middle East. Explanation One: Oil. Some 60 per cent of the world's remaining petrol is in the Middle East. We are all addicted to it, so our governments support strongmen and murderers who will keep the oil-taps gushing without interruption. Egypt doesn't have oil, but it has crucial oil pipelines and supply routes, and it is part of a chain of regional dictators we don't want broken in case they all fall taking the petrol pump with it. Addicts don't stand up to their dealers: they fawn before them.
There is an obvious medium-term solution: break our addiction. The technology exists ? wind, wave and especially solar power ? to fuel our societies without oil. It would free us from our support for dictators and horrific wars of plunder like Iraq. It's our society's route to rehab ? but it is being blocked by the hugely influential oil companies, who would lose a fortune. Like everybody who needs to go to rehab, the first step is to come out of denial about why we are still hooked.
Explanation Two: Israel and the "peace process". Over the past week, we have persistently been told that Mubarak was a key plank in supporting "peace in the Middle East". The opposite is the truth. Mubarak has been at the forefront of waging war on the Palestinian population. There are 1.5 million people imprisoned on the Gaza Strip denied access to necessities like food and centrifuges for their blood transfusion service. They are being punished for voting "the wrong way" in a democratic election.
Israel blockades Gaza to one side, and Mubarak blockades it to the other. I've stood in Gaza and watched Egyptian soldiers refusing to let sick and dying people out for treatment they can't get in Gaza's collapsing hospitals. In return for this, Mubarak receives $1.5bn a year from the US. Far from contributing to peace, this is marinating the Gazan people in understandable hatred and dreams of vengeance. This is bad even for Israel herself ? but we are so servile to the demands of the country's self-harming government, and to its loudest and angriest lobbyists here, that our governments obey.
Explanation Three: Strongmen suppress jihadism. Our governments claim that without dictators to suppress, torture and disappear Islamic fundamentalists, they will be unleashed and come after us. Indeed, they often outsourced torture to the Egyptian regime, sending suspects there to face things that would be illegal at home. Robert Baer, once a senior figure in black ops at the CIA, said: "If you want them to be tortured, you send them to Syria. If you want someone to disappear, you send them to Egypt."
Western governments claim all this makes us safer. The opposite is the truth. In his acclaimed history of al-Qa'ida, The Looming Tower, Lawrence Wright explains: "America's tragedy on September 11th was born in the prisons of Egypt." Modern jihadism was invented by Sayeed Qutb as he was electrocuted and lashed in Egyptian jails and grew under successive tyrannies. Mohammed Atta, the lead 9/11 hijacker, was Egyptian, and named US backing for his country's tyrant as one of the main reasons for the massacre.
When we fund the violent suppression of people, they hate us, and want to fight back. None of these factors that drove our governments to back Mubarak's dictatorship in Egypt have changed. So we should strongly suspect they will now talk sweet words about democracy in public, and try to secure a more PR-friendly Mubarak in private.
It doesn't have to be like this. We could make our governments as moral as we, the British people, are in our everyday lives. We could stop them trampling on the weak, and fattening thugs. But to achieve it, we have to democratise our own societies and claim control of our foreign policy. We would have to monitor and campaign over it, and let our governments know there is a price for behaving viciously abroad. The Egyptian people have shown this week they will risk everything to stop being abused. What will we risk to stop our governments being abusers?
http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-we-all-helped-suppress-the-egyptians-so-how-do-we-change-2203579.html
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on February 11, 2011 Categories Capitalism, Colonialism, exploitation, Governance, Human rights, Imperialism, securityTags democracy, dictator, Egypt, Imperialism, Military, People, repression, resistance, tyrant, USA1 Comment on We all helped suppress the Egyptians. So how do we change?
WikiLeaks cables: Bangladeshi 'death squad' trained by UK government
Rapid Action Battalion, accused of hundreds of extra-judicial killings, received training from UK officers, cables reveal
By Fariha Karim and Ian Cobain
guardian.co.uk,	Tuesday 21 December 2010 21.30 GMT
The British government has been training a Bangladeshi paramilitary force condemned by human rights organisations as a "government death squad", leaked US embassy cables have revealed.
Members of the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) have received training in 'investigative interviewing techniques'. Photograph: Abir Abdullah/EPA
Members of the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), which has been held responsible for hundreds of extra-judicial killings in recent years and is said to routinely use torture, have received British training in "investigative interviewing techniques" and "rules of engagement".
Details of the training were revealed in a number of cables, released by WikiLeaks, which address the counter-terrorism objectives of the US and UK governments in Bangladesh. One cable makes clear that the US would not offer any assistance other than human rights training to the RAB ? and that it would be illegal under US law to do so ? because its members commit gross human rights violations with impunity.
Since the RAB was established six years ago, it is estimated by some human rights activists to have been responsible for more than 1,000 extra-judicial killings, described euphemistically as "crossfire" deaths. In September last year the director general of the RAB said his men had killed 577 people in "crossfire". In March this year he updated the figure, saying they had killed 622 people.
The RAB's use of torture has also been exhaustively documented by human rights organisations. In addition, officers from the paramilitary force are alleged to have been involved in kidnap and extortion, and are frequently accused of taking large bribes in return for carrying out crossfire killings.
However, the cables reveal that both the British and the Americans, in their determination to strengthen counter-terrorism operations in Bangladesh, are in favour of bolstering the force, arguing that the "RAB enjoys a great deal of respect and admiration from a population scarred by decreasing law and order over the last decade". In one cable, the US ambassador to Dhaka, James Moriarty, expresses the view that the RAB is the "enforcement organisation best positioned to one day become a Bangladeshi version of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation".
In another cable, Moriarty quotes British officials as saying they have been "training RAB for 18 months in areas such as investigative interviewing techniques and rules of engagement". Asked about the training assistance for the RAB, the Foreign Office said the UK government "provides a range of human rights assistance" in the country. However, the RAB's head of training, Mejbah Uddin, told the Guardian that he was unaware of any human rights training since he was appointed last summer.
The cables make clear that British training for RAB officers began three years ago under the last Labour government.
However, RAB officials confirmed independently of the cables that they had taken part in a series of courses and workshops as recently as October, five months after the formation of the coalition government. Asked whether ministers had approved the training programme, the Foreign Office said only that William Hague, the foreign secretary, and other ministers, had been briefed on counter-terrorism spending.
Continue reading "WikiLeaks cables: Bangladeshi 'death squad' trained by UK government"
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on December 22, 2010 Categories Bangladesh, Governance, Human rights, security, Terrorism, war on terrorTags Extra Judicial Killings, Human rights, Imperialism, MI6, Pathshala, RAB, Rapid Action Battalion, torture, UK, USA2 Comments on WikiLeaks cables: Bangladeshi 'death squad' trained by UK government
Speech at the Funeral of Sarah Bartmann
By Thabo Mbeki
Fellow South Africans:
The day should be a day of celebration and joy. After all, today is National Women's Day as well as the historic day when we return the remains of Sarah Bartmann to the land she walked as a child and a young woman.
Difficult as it may be, we must still celebrate. But we could not be human and not be deeply saddened and weighted down with grief as we reflect on the short life of Sarah Bartmann who has, at last, returned to her people.
This occasion can never be a solemn ceremony in which we bury her remains and bury the truth about the painful circumstances of her death as well.
To this day, 186 years after she died, we feel the pain of her intolerable misery because she was on us and we, of her. When we turn away from this grave of a simple African woman, a particle of each one of us will stay with the remains of Sarah Bartmann.
We cannot undo the damage that was done to her. But at least we can summon the courage to speak the naked but healing truth that must comfort her wherever she may be.
I speak of courage because there are many in our country would urge constantly that we should not speak of the past, They pour scorn on those who speak about who we are and where we come from and why we are where we are today. They make bold to say the past is no longer, and all that remains is a future that will be.
But, today, the gods would be angry with us if we did not, on the banks of the Gamtoos River, at the grave of Sarah Bartmann, call out for the restoration of the dignity of Sarah Bartmann, of the Khoi-San, of the millions of Africans who have known centuries of wretchedness.
Sarah Bartmann should never have been transported to Europe.
Sarah Bartmann should never have been robbed of her name and relabeled Sarah Bartmann. Sarah Bartmann should never have been stripped of her native, Khoi-San and African identity and paraded in Europe as a savage monstrosity.
As the French Parliament debated the matter of the return of the remains of our Sarah to her native land, the then Minister of Research, Roger-Gerard Scwartzenberg said: "This young woman was treated as if she was something monstrous. But where in this affair is the monstrosity?"
Indeed, where did the monstrosity lie in the matter of the gross abuse of a defenceless African woman in England and France! It was not the abused human being who was monstrous but those who abused her. It was not the lonely African woman in Europe, alienated from her identity and her motherland who was the barbarian, but those who treated her with barbaric brutality.
Among the truly monstrous were the leading scientists of the day, who sought to feed a rabid racism, such as the distinguished anatomist, Baron Georges Cuvier, who dissected Sarah's body after her death. It is Cuvier who said after he had dismembered her:
"The Negro race… is marked by black complexion, crisped of woolly hair, compressed cranium and a flat nose, The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism…. These races with depressed and compressed skulls are condemned to a never-ending inferiority… Her moves had something that reminded one of the monkey and her external genitalia recalled those of the orang-utang."
It was the distinguished Baron who wrote:
"The white race, with oval face, straight hair and nose, to which the civilised people of Europe belong and which appear to us the most beautiful of all, is also superior to others by its genius, courage and activity, (And that there is a) cruel law which seems to have condemned to an eternal inferiority the races of depressed and compressed skulls… and experience seems to confirm the theory that there is a relationship between the perfection of the spirit and the beauty of the face."
Almost two centuries later, an honourable Member of the Parliament of France, Jean Dufour, sided with the truth and said:
"Enslaved, exploited, shown as an animal, (Sarah) was dissected by scientists who wanted first and foremost to confirm their theory of the superiority of a race over the others."
A German predecessor of the Baron Cuvier, Johann Winckelmann, a priest and art historian, had stated the batter boldly, thus:
"The European, called by destiny to run the empire of the globe which he knows how to enlighten by his intelligence, tame by his abilities, is man par excellence; the others are nothing but hordes of barbarians."
It was as one among these barbaric hordes that Sarah Bartmann was sucked into evil purposes pursued by those who defined themselves as a "man par excellence", with a manifest destiny to enlighten and to tame.
When she died, Sarah Bartmann had indeed been enlightened about the ways and the barbarism of "man par excellence". But she was not tamed.
Continue reading "Speech at the Funeral of Sarah Bartmann"
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on October 14, 2010 Categories Capitalism, Colonialism, culture, development, exploitation, Genocide, Global Issues, Governance, Human rights, Imperialism, politicsTags Africa, Anthropology, black, Imperialism, oppression, orientalism, racism, Sarah BArtmann, slavery, South Africa, Thabo Mbeke4 Comments on Speech at the Funeral of Sarah Bartmann
Having the Eye
Preface to Drik Calendar 2006
It was a stinker of a letter. Written to an organisation I knew little about. I was angered that World Press Photo (WPP) had little to do with the world and was largely about European and North American photography. Though it featured work from all over the globe, the jury, the photographers who entered the contest and the winners were largely white western males. So in my letter I had suggested that they rename themselves Western Press Photography. The phone call was a surprise. We didn't get too many overseas calls in those days. The managing director of WPP Marloes Krijnen, politely pointed out that they too had written me a letter, still on its way, which was dated prior to my letter, and hence had not been written in response to my tirade. They had just asked me to be a member of the international jury. My letter had also mentioned that I considered WPP to be a very important contest despite its shortcomings, and should the opportunity arise, I would be interested in hosting the show in Bangladesh . This led to the second part of the conversation. While the exhibition is generally booked way in advance, there had been a cancellation, and should we want it, the show could be made available in three weeks.
Having recovered from the initial excitement of being asked to be on the jury of what is considered the pinnacle of press photography, I tried to compose myself and considered the options. I needed time, and asked Marloes whether she could call back in a couple of hours. The exhibition could only be shown in its entirety, and we had faced considerable problems with our own exhibitions. The major galleries were either state-owned or belonged to foreign cultural centres not prepared to question the government, or be controversial in any way. Our work had always been critical of the government and the elite, the donor community, the patriarchal system and of the self appointed protectors of religious and family values. We didn't know of a single gallery that would guarantee that no censorship would take place, except for our own gallery. There was just one small problem. Our gallery hadn't yet been built. We had drawn up the architectural plans for it though, and part of the superstructure was in place, but still no gallery. I was stalling.
Rafique Azam was then not the superstar that he is now. This was his first project, and we had wanted to give these young architects a free hand to interpret our ideas. I rang him up and asked him if he could build us a gallery in seventeen days! Rafique didn't react as badly as one might have expected. He knew I was crazy enough to have meant it and having told me how ridiculous the idea was, settled down and gave me a list of all the things he would need to make it happen. He needed to work round the clock, a fair bit of money, some of it the following morning, and full freedom. There could be no slip ups in the supply chain. It was going to be a race to the finish as it was.
Osman Chowdhury was a client, but it was as a friend that I rang him up. There was no way he could organise the sort of money we needed at such short notice from his company, but he was able to promise a sum that we could get started with. And he could provide it the next morning.
Marloes rang as she had promised, and I said we would be happy to host the exhibition, in our own gallery. There the polite conversation ended. But that was also the beginning of a wonderful relationship between our two organisations, World Press Photo and Drik. A relationship that has blossomed over the years.
It didn't take long for the news to spread. Mr. Gajentaan, the Dutch ambassador was a friend who had a strong interest in the arts, and had arranged photo exhibitions in his home in the past. Excitedly he rang me and wanted to come straight over. WPP coming to Bangladesh was big news, and he wanted to be part of the action. He was calm enough when we told him about our plans to have it in three weeks and in our own gallery. It was when we told him he was standing inside the gallery that he flipped. There was no gallery. ?Do you realise this is the most prestigious photo exhibition in the world?? he asked. Yes, we knew. And we would have a good show. A much shaken ambassador went back to Gulshan. To be fair, he didn't call World Press to tell them that the gallery was only being built.
There was more to the story. It was 1993 and the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party were fighting each other in the streets, locked in a bitter battle for power. This we felt, could be a chance to unite these warring factions. We knew there was no chance of getting the two leaders of the parties at the same table, but the deputy leader of the BNP was Dr. Badruddoza Chowdhury, a student of my father, and we could probably approach Abdus Samad Azad through a personal friend Kaiser Chowdhury who was then the chief whip of the Awami League. Having been so critical of World Press Photo in my letter to them a week earlier, I was now extolling its virtues to two of the most powerful politicians in the country. Kaiser and my mum did the original groundwork, and I put in a good pitch about how this would demonstrate to the nation that they were forward looking political parties, and how much media coverage the event would have. It worked, and they agreed to jointly open the show. Now I had another tool to play with. While local media didn't really know much about World Press, the fact that these two sworn enemies were going to open a show together was big news, and we managed to get the media excited. Mahfuz Anam of The Daily Star, the biggest English daily, agreed to do a whole media campaign around the event, and the bits were beginning to fall into place. At the packed press conference on the veranda of my parents' home (Drik rents the upper floors), we were stalling for time, to let the paint dry in the gallery upstairs!
?rp?d Gerecsey the curator (who later went on to become managing director of WPP) and Bart Nieuwenhuijs, the board member who had come to setup the show, huddled with my colleagues and spoke in agitated whispers. Who was going to bell the cat? Eventually it was Bart who came up to me. They wanted to put in nails on the freshly painted walls! We did put in those nails, and the show was a spectacular success. The two deputy leaders cut the ribbon together, and confessed that they enjoyed sharing a cup of coffee, despite their political differences. The media went gaga. WPP and Drik had together pulled it off.
Since then, the two organisations have continued to work together at many levels. An impromptu seminar for press photographers followed. We arranged for the show to go to Kathmandu and Kolkata. Rabeya Sarkar Rima of the Out of Focus group became the first Asian child jury member. I remember telling Marc Proust when he came to curate yet another WPP exhibition in our gallery, that Nurul Islam, the young man who sold us flowers in Monipuri Para, had also been a former child jury member. We had the WPP retrospective exhibition at the National Museum at the first Chobi Mela, the festival of photography that we launched.
We collaborated on many other things. We started nominating young Asian photographers for the Masterclass, and one year, two photographers from Pathshala, our school of photography, GMB Akash from Bangladesh and Tsvangirayi Mukwazhi from Zimbabwe were amongst the twelve talented photographers in this international pool. Pathshala itself relied heavily on WPP for its existence. With no state or other external funding, it was always going to be difficult to setup and maintain a school of photography in our region. We utilised the first WPP seminar programme to launch the school, and the tutors and the workshops that WPP provided became important anchors for what has now become a degree programme. WPP even provided a grant which was a big help in those early days. Since then we have collaborated on training Asian and African photographers in regional programmes organised in Jakarta and Kenya , and been involved in longer term educational projects in Sri Lanka and Tanzania . I myself worked in the jury another three times, once as chair, and I have spoken at several WPP events.
Interestingly, it was the very issues I had raised in that original letter which the two organisations have worked together to try and solve, and both WPP and Drik are very different organisations today.
It is to celebrate that friendship, on the 50th Anniversary of World Press Photo, that we put together this calendar. The images are by the majority world participants of WPP seminars and their tutors, some of the finest photographers around. It is a protest against the continued use of exclusively white western male photographers to document the majority world that developmental agencies and western media have made their standard practice. It is a direct answer to the superior race argument that they continue to use to justify their actions and to dismiss our work when they say ?they don't have the eye?.
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on January 1, 2006 Categories Global Issues, media, Media issues, Photography, Photojournalism, Photojournalism issues, Shahidul AlamTags Colonialism, identity, Imperialism, NGO, Photography, racism, representation, Shahidul AlamLeave a comment on Having the Eye
Identity Card
The mail today brought a copy of ?Amader Kotha?. A publication by the American Center in Dhaka. The lead article in this unsolicited newsletter by Abu Naser was entitled ?An International Election in November: A chance for Bangladesh to learn about democracy?. As I landed at Zia International Airport yesterday, my colleague Tanvir, told me of the gunning down of the opposition MP the day before. At night I stopped the rickshaw to photograph the burning cars in the streets. The violence, the protests, the despair, is all too familiar. We saw it during military rule and during all the subsequent regimes. Abu Naser rightly, points to failures in the democratic process in Bangladesh. But to learn about the democratic process from the US! Perhaps it had to do with Rumsfeld?s claim that their failed cover up of military atrocities was evidence of a healthy democracy. Their previous ?exemplary? election is perhaps better left unmentioned.
I remember the surprise in the media in the UK, aghast at what was being reported from Iraq. It is hardly as if this had not been known before, by anyone who might have cared to listen. I am less surprised, when the confirmed atrocities by US soldiers, is suddenly seen as something done by them out there. No talk of coalition forces this time. No talk of united responsibilities, or united blame. I am not surprised when the assassinations in Palestine resulted in merely the predictable ?condemnation? by the UN and western nations. ?Tut tut, you mustn?t do that you know!?
I see the fire raging around me and throughout the globe and remember Mahmoud Darwish?s anger.
Dhaka. May 10th 2004
Write down!
I am an Arab
And my identity card number is fifty thousand
I have eight children
And the ninth will come after a summer
Will you be angry?
Employed with fellow workers at a quarry
I get them bread
Garments and books
from the rocks..
I do not supplicate charity at your doors
Nor do I belittle myself at the footsteps of your chamber
So will you be angry?
I have a name without a title
Patient in a country
Where people are enraged
My roots
Were entrenched before the birth of time
And before the opening of the eras
Before the pines, and the olive trees
And before the grass grew
My father.. descends from the family of the plow
Not from a privileged class
And my grandfather..was a farmer
Neither well-bred, nor well-born!
Teaches me the pride of the sun
Before teaching me how to read
And my house is like a watchman's hut
Made of branches and cane
Are you satisfied with my status?
I have a name without a title!
You have stolen the orchards of my ancestors
And the land which I cultivated
Along with my children
And you left nothing for us
Except for these rocks..
So will the State take them
As it has been said?!
Therefore!
Write down on the top of the first page:
I do not hate poeple
Nor do I encroach
But if I become hungry
The usurper's flesh will be my food
Beware..
Of my hunger
And my anger!
Mahmoud Darwish ? 1964
An extract from the text of the Berlin Festival Appeal:
"Mahmoud Darwish was one of the best-loved Arab poets of modern times and counts among the most eminent poets in the history of world literature. Thousands flocked to hear his readings, and his volumes of poetry have been published in the hundreds and thousands. Numerous pieces have been translated into more than 30 different languages. His poems have been transformed into folksongs and many of his verses have taken on the character of proverbs.
Darwish's poetry draws inspiration from the tradition of ancient Arab poetry and Modernist influences and borrows from the style and language of both the Qur'an and the Bible. Few other poets have displayed such dedication to articulating a vision of a meaningful, real and fair peace between Arabs and Israelis, which furthers a dialogue between two voices and two different outlooks on life, while ensuring that one does not impose its view upon the other.
In the tradition of ancient Arab poetry, the poet assumes the role of spokesperson for his people. And despite Darwish's move away from this role since the 1990s, many readers still viewed him as Palestine's literary ambassador to the last.
Mahmoud Darwish was born in 1941 in the village of Al-Birweh near Acre. In 1948, he fled to Lebanon and returned after the foundation of the state of Israel. He worked as an editor for various political and cultural journals in Haifa. After being imprisoned on numerous occasions, he left Israel in 1970 and went into exile. He has lived in Moscow, Cairo, Beirut, Paris and, most recently, in Amman and Ramallah. In 1987, he was elected to the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and helped draft the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988. He left the organization in 1993 in protest against the signing of the Oslo Accords. He received numerous awards, including the Lannan Prize for Cultural Freedom in 2001 and the Erich Maria Remarque Peace Prize in 2003.
Darwish died on 9 August 2008 following heart surgery. He was buried in the West Bank city of Ramallah and granted a state funeral."
Gallerie Publishers
208 Om Chambers
Mahmoud Darwish 1942 – 2008
The Prince Claus Fund honours the memory of Mahmoud Darwish, the quintessential poet of Palestine, a man of exemplary courage, warmth and insight. In 2004 the Fund was honoured to name Mahmoud Darwish the Principal Prince Claus Laureate for his unique literary achievements and in recognition of his role as a beacon of the human spirit in the struggle for justice and peace. Mahmoud Darwish transformed his personal experience of the harsh realities of the Palestinian situation into universal expressions of exile, displacement and struggle. He was an outstanding artist. His work transcends time and place, and draws on collective memories of loss, love and longing.
The Board, Director, advisors and staff of the Prince Claus Fund mourn the loss of Mahmoud Darwish. To his family, friends and fellow poets, please accept our deepest condolences.
Author Shahidul AlamPosted on May 10, 2004 Categories Bangladesh, Elections, Governance, Imperialism, media, Media issues, Shahidul AlamTags democracy, election, Imperialism, media, Shahidul Alam, US propaganda1 Comment on Identity Card


How can this unit help you?
You might find that a course you are studying on or thinking about studying on requires you to have an understanding of graphs.This small unit will introduce you to some of the main ideas about graphs and will hopefully reassure you that they are not as scary as you might think! Get started on your journey to find out about graphs by looking at every picture tells a story.


text:
Your Ultimate Guide to the 2019 Prince Lot Hula Festival
Lauren Trangmar's New Series Breaks Down the Anatomy of Local Favorites
Your Guide to the 2019 4th of July Fireworks Shows and Entertainment in Honolulu
Your Ultimate Guide to the 2019 Mōʻiliʻili Summer Fest
Is Jason Momoa Headed Back to Hawai'i?
Towers of Power: We Try These Madly, Truly, Romantic Seafood Towers
3 Reasons to Check Out Emily McIlroy's Art Exhibition at First Hawaiian Center
Meet Honolulu's Registrar for the Mayor's Office of Culture and the Arts
Your Ultimate Guide to the 2019 Pan-Pacific Festival in Honolulu
The Super Awesome Art Squad Is Back with a Show this First Friday
Sour Poi Awards 2011
(page 3 of 3)
Illustrations: Tom Richmond
Nah, just excited about learning.
A University of Hawaii student got caught posting online photos of himself posing in UH M-anoa classrooms, clad only in a Speedo; he had also recorded a video of himself masturbating in a classroom. The Speedo Student, as he became known nationwide, received academic probation for his after-hours hijinks, but also got an apology from school newspaper Ka Leo, which had suggested he had committed a crime, and that he was dangerous.
In other news, the line to Hell is extra long this year.
Theft is always a bad thing, of course, but some thefts seem especially gratuitous. Thieves made off this year with a bunch of unexpected items, including: The cross from St. Philip's Episcopal Church, the brass fittings from the City and County's fire-prevention standpipes, custom-designed trophies from a children's gymnastics club, $11,500 from the Makakilo-Kapolei-Honokai Little League, and two separate crematorial urns. Luckily, one of the urns was returned, and the other was recovered by police from a suspect's car.
Nude. James Nude.
In June, police responding to a Kalihi business's early-morning burglary alarm discovered a 17-year-old hiding inside, clad only in his underwear. He had apparently shimmied in through an air vent, leaving his clothes on the roof.
Making "A"
A pack of 50 to 100 feral donkeys have been causing a ruckus in Waikoloa Village, walking on the roads, drinking out of swimming pools and making a general nuisance of themselves. This past year's drought has intensified the problem, and raised fears that 400 to 600 more donkeys on ranchland surrounding the village might break through their fences in search of water.
Not so much
Hannemann played the race card more than once in his unsuccessful gubernatorial run: A "Compare and Decide" brochure mailed out to voters across the state pointed out that Neil Abercrombie was born in New York, and seemed to list as a negative that Abercrombie's wife is haole. In a speech to the Hawai'i Carpenters Union, Hannemman again played up his local credentials, saying, "When I look in the audience, I look like you, you look like me. Is that a right thing to say?"
In 2010, some of the men and women tasked with keeping us safe decided to do some lawbreaking of their own. Among the charges: faking overtime reports, promoting drugs, fighting with a civilian, assaulting a Waikīkī prostitute, stealing a video game from Walmart, and hitting a 61-year-old woman in a crosswalk near A'ala Park while under the influence. In September, Honolulu Police Chief Louis Kealoha said that, all in all, five officers out of the 2,000-member force were being investigated for major crimes, and there were an additional 17 officers with cases at the prosecutor's office.
Your Ultimate Guide to the 2019 Okinawan Festival in Honolulu
13 Things to Do This Weekend on O'ahu
2011 Hale Aina Award Winners


Six standard-fit airbags to provide the best protection possible for the occupants.
Provides a sense of airiness, and lifts the overall ambiance of the cabin space.
Integrates music system, phone connectivity options, GPS Navigation, video transmission from reversing camera etc.
Wondering how the insides of the Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class look like? Get a tour of this car with the 360° degree view of the interior. Enjoy a lifelike view of the interior design of this car. Check out how the manufacturer has utilized the space and how spacious the legroom as well as the headroom are. Get a feel of the quality of the material used and see how the dashboard looks like. Check AC vents, infotainment system and other utility equipment on offer. See if the car offers steering-mounted controls. In a nutshell, this 360° degree interior view walks you through the inside of Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class. Click anywhere on the image and drag it to the left and right to rotate. Zoom to enlarge the view!
The CLA is the entry-level luxury sedan offered by Mercedes-Benz in India. The car is available with both petrol and diesel engine options. The two engine options are - 2.0 litre turbo petrol and a 2.1 litre diesel.
The CLA looks flamboyant, striking and has a distinctive style that does not hint even the slightest inspiration from other cars from Mercedes and yet somehow show familial connection.
The CLA with its seemingly short boot and sloping roofline looks sporty and coupeish. The car has a headlight cluster featuring bi-xenon projector headlamps and LED daytime running lights.
The car comes loaded with goodies and features as expected from cars in this class. It comes with Garmin MAP PILOT navigation system. The multimedia system includes high-resolution 17.8 cm colour display and Harman Kardon Logic 7 surround sound system. The sports seats are upholstered in black or sahara beige ARTICO leather.
Other standard equipment that the car comes with include – Electrically adjustable front seat with memory function, 3-spoke leather steering wheel, rear centre armrest, instrument cluster in 2-tube design with colour TFT multifunction display.
The car comes with sliding panoramic sunroof and offers an extremely spacious cabin.
of 235kph and a dash from 0-100kph in 7.8s. The diesel engine is the 2143cc common-rail unit, also the same as the one found on GLA.
The petrol as well as the diesel versions of the car comes with 7 Speed DCT gearbox.
The car equipped with petrol engine produces a maximum mileage of 17.2 kmpl and the diesel makes a maximum mileage of 17.9 kmpl.
The car comes with several features and sophisticated safety equipment like the tyre pressure monitoring system, PRE-SAFE system, airbags and ESP (Electronic Stability Program).
Both the engines come mated with a 7 speed gearbox and always keep the car in the right gear. Driving this car in start-stop traffic is easy. It's a keen drivers' car, the steering is very direct and provides a proper feedback. The suspension setup is decently stiff and there is no body roll at high speed cornering.
At high revs the diesel engine is noisy but importantly, the power is useable through most of the revs, making it a very practical and stress-free engine. It is also integrated with a sophisticated anti-lock braking system that works with electronic brake force distribution and emergency brake assist system that should inspire confidence while driving.
What do we think about Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class?
The CLA is a very compact and practical sedan and has very striking looks. It comes with an attractively designed and comfy albeit snug-fit cabin. It is not a driving god like its AMG sibling but a conveniently sized package.
This car competes with models like Audi A3, BMW 3 series in the Indian market.


text:
Winter Sale - Save £80 - Valid Until 29th Jan 2023
Frontier Heart Program
Frontier X/X2 is a health and fitness product, and is not intended to be used for diagnostic or treatment purposes. Information provided by Frontier X/X2 is not a substitute for medical advice, and is not meant for review by healthcare professionals. The metrics measured by the Frontier X/X2 are not sufficient to make a clinical assessment of cardiac function or dysfunction. In the event of a medical emergency, or if you experience any symptoms, please contact a healthcare provider immediately. Fourth Frontier will not be liable for damages arising out of the use of Frontier X/X2 for unintended purposes.
The Frontier X2 is a health and fitness tracker and not an FDA-approved medical device.
Know The Science
Train In Zone
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Regulatory and Safety
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(1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%), and then the shelf life of coated samples was investigated under refrigeration storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 15 days. The control (uncoated) and coated samples were analyzed periodically for bacteriological, pH value, and sensory characteristics. Results: The sensory evaluation results correlated with the microbial analyses. Chitosan-coated samples achieved a shelf-life extension of 12 days at chilled storage temperature (4 ± 1 °C) whereas the non-coated samples had a shelf life of 3 days at the same storage temperature. There were no significant organoleptic changes within the chitosan-coated samples (P > 0.05). The pH values of all coated samples were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). However, the obtained data revealed that chicken fillets samples coated with chitosan (1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) led to a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of the total aerobic bacterial count (TBC), total Enterobacteriaceae, and total Staphylococcus counts along the storage period. Conclusion: The present study established that application of chitosan coating on chicken fillets could have a potential for preserving the microbiological quality and enhancing sensory attributes during chilled storage.
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3. Basiri S, Shekarforoush S, Aminlari M, Abhari K & Berizi E 2014. Influence of Combined Vacuum Packaging and Pomegranate Peel Extract on Shelf Life and Overall Quality of Pacific White Shrimp (Peneous vannamei) During Refrigerated Storage. Iranian journal of veterinary research. 15 (1): 23-29.
4. Chaiyakosa S, Charernjiratragul W, Umsakul K & Vuddhakul V 2007. Comparing the Efficiency of Chitosan with Chlorine for Reducing Vibrio Parahaemolyticus in Shrimp. Food control. 18 (9): 1031-1035.
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6. Devlieghere F, Vermeulen A & Debevere J 2004. Chitosan: Antimicrobial Activity, Interactions with Food Components and Applicability As a Coating on Fruit and Vegetables. Food microbiology. 21 (6): 703-714.
7. Duan J, Cherian G & Zhao Y 2010. Quality Enhancement in Fresh and Frozen Lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) Fillets by Employment of Fish Oil Incorporated Chitosan Coatings. Food chemistry. 119 (2): 524-532.
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11. Giatrakou V, Ntzimani A & Savvaidis I 2010. Combined Chitosan-thyme Treatments with Modified Atmosphere Packaging on A ready-to-cook Poultry Product. Journal of food protection. 73 (4): 663-669.
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13. Hamed I, Özogul F & Regenstein JM 2016. Industrial Applications of Crustacean By-products (Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides): A Review. Trends in food science & technology. 48: 40-50.
14. Hassanzadeh P, et al. 2017. Effect of Functional Chitosan Coating and Gamma Irradiation on The Shelf-life of Chicken Meat During Refrigerated Storage. Radiation physics and chemistry. 141: 103-109.
15. Helander I, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Ahvenainen R, Rhoades J & Roller S 2001. Chitosan Disrupts The Barrier Properties of The Outer Membrane of Gram-negative Bacteria. International journal of food microbiology. 71 (2-3): 235-244.
16. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1999. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs–Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coagulase‐Positive Staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Other Species)–Part 1: Technique Using Baird‐Parker Agar Medium. International Organisation for Standardisation Geneva, Switzerland.
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19. Jeon Y-J, Kamil JY & Shahidi F 2002. Chitosan as An Edible Invisible Film for Quality Preservation of Herring and Atlantic Cod. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 50 (18): 5167-5178.
20. Jeon Y-J, Park P-J & Kim S-K 2001. Antimicrobial Effect of Chitooligosaccharides Produced by Bioreactor. Carbohydrate polymers. 44 (1): 71-76.
21. Kanatt SR, Rao M, Chawla S & Sharma A 2013. Effects of Chitosan Coating on Shelf-life of Ready-to-cook Meat Products During Chilled Storage. LWT-Food science and technology. 53 (1): 321-326.
22. Knorr D 1983. Dye Binding Properties of Chitin and Chitosan. Journal of food science. 48 (1): 36-37.
23. Knorr D 1991. Recovery and Utilization of Chitin and Chitosan in Food Processing waste management. Food technology (USA).
24. Kong M, Chen XG, Xing K & Park HJ 2010. Antimicrobial Properties of Chitosan and Mode of Action: A State of The Art Review. International journal of food microbiology. 144 (1): 51-63.
25. Kubota N & Kikuchi Y 1999. Macromolecular Complexes of Chitosan. . In Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility (ed. S. Dumitrius), pp. 595–628: USA: New York: Dekker.
26. Lee CH, An DS, Park HJ & Lee DS 2003. Wide‐spectrum Antimicrobial Packaging Materials Incorporating Nisin and Chitosan in The Coating. Packaging technology and science: An international journal. 16 (3): 99-106.
27. Lim S-H & Hudson SM 2003. Review of Chitosan and Its Derivatives As Antimicrobial Agents and Their Uses As Textile Chemicals. Journal of macromolecular science, part C: Polymer reviews. 43 (2): 223-269.
28. Lopez-Caballero M, Gomez-Guillen M, Pérez-Mateos M & Montero P 2005. A Chitosan–gelatin Blend As a Coating for Fish Patties. Food hydrocolloids. 19 (2): 303-311.
29. Nadarajah K, Prinyawiwatkul W, No HK, Sathivel S & Xu Z 2006. Sorption Behavior of Crawfish Chitosan Films As Affected by Chitosan Extraction Processes and Solvent Types. Journal of food science. 71 (2): E33-E39.
30. No H, Meyers SP, Prinyawiwatkul W & Xu Z 2007. Applications of Chitosan for Improvement of Quality and Shelf Life of Foods: A Review. Journal of food science. 72 (5): R87-R100.
31. No HK, Park NY, Lee SH & Meyers SP 2002. Antibacterial Activity of Chitosans and Chitosan Oligomers with Different Molecular Weights. International journal of food microbiology. 74 (1-2): 65-72.
32. Ojagh SM, Rezaei M, Razavi SH & Hosseini SMH 2010. Effect of Chitosan Coatings Enriched with Cinnamon Oil on The Quality of Refrigerated Rainbow Trout. Food chemistry. 120 (1): 193-198.
33. Özdemir KS & Gökmen V 2017. Extending The Shelf-life of Pomegranate Arils with Chitosan-ascorbic Acid Coating. LWT-food science and technology. 76: 172-180.
34. Petrou S, Tsiraki M, Giatrakou V & Savvaidis I 2012. Chitosan Dipping or Oregano Oil Treatments, Singly or Combined on Modified Atmosphere Packaged Chicken Breast Meat. International journal of food microbiology. 156 (3): 264-271.
35. Prashanth KH & Tharanathan R 2007. Chitin/chitosan: Modifications and Their Unlimited Application potential—an overview. Trends in food science & technology. 18 (3): 117-131.
36. Rabea EI, Badawy ME-T, Stevens CV, Smagghe G & Steurbaut W 2003. Chitosan As Antimicrobial Agent: Applications and Mode of Action. Biomacromolecules. 4 (6): 1457-1465.
37. Roller S, et al. 2002. Novel Combinations of Chitosan, Carnocin and Sulphite for The Preservation of Chilled Pork Sausages. Meat science. 62 (2): 165-177.
38. Rosca C, Popa MI, Lisa G & Chitanu GC 2005. Interaction of Chitosan with Natural or Synthetic Anionic Polyelectrolytes. 1. The Chitosan–carboxymethylcellulose Complex. Carbohydrate polymers. 62 (1): 35-41.
39. Sagoo S, Board R & Roller S 2002. Chitosan Inhibits Growth of Spoilage Micro-organisms in Chilled Pork Products. Food microbiology. 19 (2-3): 175-182.
40. Senter SD, Arnold JW & Chew V 2000. APC Values and Volatile Compounds Formed in Commercially Processed, Raw Chicken Parts During Storage at 4 and 13 C and Under Simulated Temperature Abuse Conditions. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 80 (10): 1559-1564.
41. Shahidi F, Arachchi JKV & Jeon Y-J 1999. Food Applications of Chitin and Chitosans. Trends in food science & technology. 10 (2): 37-51.
42. Sharafati Chaleshtori F, Taghizadeh M, Rafieian‐kopaei M & Sharafati‐chaleshtori R 2016. Effect of Chitosan Incorporated with Cumin and Eucalyptus Essential Oils As Antimicrobial Agents on Fresh Chicken Meat. Journal of food processing and preservation. 40 (3): 396-404.
43. Shepherd R, Reader S & Falshaw A 1997. Chitosan Functional Properties. Glycoconjugate journal. 14 (4): 535-542.
44. Soultos N, Tzikas Z, Abrahim A, Georgantelis D & Ambrosiadis I 2008. Chitosan Effects on Quality Properties of Greek Style Fresh Pork Sausages. Meat science. 80 (4): 1150-1156.
45. Terbojevich M & Muzzarelli R 2000. Chitosan//Handbook of Hydrocolloids.
46. Tsai G, Su W-H, Chen H-C & Pan C-L 2002. Antimicrobial Activity of Shrimp Chitin and Chitosan from Different Treatments. Fisheries science. 68 (1): 170-177.
47. Vasilatos G & Savvaidis I 2013. Chitosan or Rosemary Oil Treatments, Singly or Combined to Increase Turkey Meat Shelf-life. International journal of food microbiology. 166 (1): 54-58.
48. Wan VC-H, Lee CM & Lee SY 2007. Understanding Consumer Attitudes on Edible Films and Coatings: Focus Group Findings. Journal of sensory studies. 22 (3): 353-366.
49. Yen M-T, Yang J-H & Mau J-L 2008. Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan from Crab Shells. Carbohydrate polymers. 74 (4): 840-844.
50. Yingyuad S, et al. 2006. Effect of Chitosan Coating and Vacuum Packaging on The Quality of Refrigerated Grilled Pork. Packaging technology and science: An international journal. 19 (3): 149-157.
51. Young DH, Köhle H & Kauss H 1982. Effect of Chitosan on Membrane Permeability of Suspension-cultured Glycine Max and Phaseolus Vulgaris Cells. Plant physiology. 70 (5): 1449-1454.
52. Yu D, Jiang Q, Xu Y & Xia W 2017. The Shelf Life Extension of Refrigerated Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) Fillets by Chitosan Coating Combined with Glycerol Monolaurate. International journal of biological macromolecules. 101: 448-454.
53. Zheng L-Y & Zhu J-F 2003. Study on Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights. Carbohydrate polymers. 54 (4): 527-530.


After making it through the auditions and cutthroat Academy rounds, the Top 10 are revealed and get to perform LIVE for the first time on the SYTYCD stage. The best of the best will dance with their All-Star in hopes of impressing the judges and America. Don't miss thrilling dance numbers.