The strengthening mechanism of the metallic material is related to the hindrance of the dislocation motion, and it is possible to achieve superior strength by maximizing these obstacles. In this study, the multiple strengthening mechanism-based nanostructured steel with high density of defects was fabricated using high-pressure torsion at room and elevated temperatures. By combining multiple strengthening mechanisms, we enhanced the strength of Fe-15 Mn-0.6C-1.5 Al steel to 2.6 GPa. We have found that solute segregation at grain boundaries achieves nanograined and nanotwinned structures with higher strength than the segregation-free counterparts. The importance of the use of multiple deformation mechanism suggests the development of a wide range of strong nanotwinned and nanostructured materials via severe plastic deformation process.
Strong metals have been exploited indispensably in the manufacturing of tools for architecture, military, and transportation vehicles. Since the high strength is important to sustain under the extreme conditions with a high reliability, various kinds of high strength materials were applied to the specific fields. For example, ultrafine grained titanium alloys were developed to enhance the reliability of permanent implants1, and the nanosteels were applied to manufacture the micro bolts2. These examples represent that there is a demand for high strength materials, and the development of the strongest material in the bulk state is one of the challengeable issues. For years, the highest strength of commercial engineering metallic alloys (often achieved at the expense of introducing costlier elements3) has been screened down to values of 2.0 GPa4, exceeded only in cases of specific alloys such as pearlitic wires and high carbon martensitic steels5,6.
Material strength is determined by the movability of the internal lattice dislocations, which are linear irregularities in the crystal lattice, during plastic deformation7,8,9, i.e., impeding lattice dislocation motion leads to an increase in the material strength and superior strength can be provided by the maximal amount of obstacles. Among the material strengthening mechanisms, a regular or very dense array of deformation twins is a successful strategy to manipulate the internal defect landscape of nanometer-scale materials to improve the strength without ductility reduction10,11,12. This strategy is essential for the face-centered cubic (fcc; austenite) structure in which a high density of coherent twin boundaries act as conventional coherent grain boundaries (GBs) in strengthening materials by impeding lattice dislocation motion and thereby providing strength to materials8,9. Based on this twin boundary-dislocation interaction, the strength of twinned materials increases as the twin thickness decreases10.
An alternative route towards a substructure architecture consisting of nanosized grains is to exploit GB segregation engineering with severe plastic deformation13,14 or via heat treatment15. Structural defects such as GBs or dislocations are prone to attract sufficient solute segregation by means of high transport coefficients for diffusing atoms, enabling changes in energy, structure, and cohesion, and even promoting local solid phase transformation9,16. In particular, trace element concentration (especially carbon; C) segregated at the grain boundary in many Fe based alloys increases the Hall-Petch coefficient17. Based on the dislocation pile-up model, GB segregation of solute atoms increases the emission stress for the mobile dislocations18.
The multiple strengthening mechanisms outlined here are realized by severe plastic deformation (SPD) of high-pressure torsion (HPT)19. Since HPT is based on high torsional shearing strain combined with high hydrostatic pressure, a coarse-grained polycrystalline material is transformed into a nanocrystalline (NC) counterpart with the same chemical composition. Hence, the HPT-treated NC materials can contain high densities of dislocations, coherent nanotwins, and coherent grain boundaries per unit volume. In general, HPT is considered as the most effective model method to produce nanostructures in order to reveal the hardening mechanisms in nanocrystalline steels. Due to the small dimensions of the produced samples, the conventional HPT specimens could not be used in a practical application for material fabrication. However, recent HPT studies represent upscaled or modified techniques to produce large-scale disks and cone-shaped specimen20,21 as well as strips or rods22,23,24. Such a development allows HPT to be considered as a plastic forming method for manufacturing the parts of nanocrystalline materials.
Moreover, applying HPT at elevated temperature (573 K; HT) may be more efficient in terms of trace element segregation to the structural defects as compared to the room-temperature (RT) HPT25. This effect enables grain refinement, nanotwinning, and segregation engineering in the NC solid solutions, particularly in an fcc Fe-based alloy. On the other hand, during the same material processing subject to RT-HPT, superimposed nanotwins on the NC structure results into the formation of either body-centered cubic (bcc; α′-martensite) or hexagonal close-packed (hcp; ε-martensite) crystals via local solid phase transformation, but no solute segregation. Taking a step in this direction, we have performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to resolves solute segregation with near-atomic spatial resolution and high detection sensitivity in 3D9,18,26.
Stepwise strengthening mechanisms manipulate the mechanical properties of both the RT-HPT and HT-HPT samples. Figure 1(a,b) represent the hardness and tensile properties of an HT-HPT and RT-HPT sample material with respect to the amount of shear strain. The amount of applied shear strain was calculated as a function of distance from the center (Df-c) of the materials treated by RT- and HT-HPT. Two distinct features regarding the hardness dependence of the two samples with respect to applied shear strain (hereafter referred to as εs) are observed27. The first is that the hardness of the HPT-treated samples produced here increases with increasing εs. This hardness increment is owing to grain size refinement via SPD, i.e., an increase in the Df-c enables high εs, leading to a decrease in average grain size. The second feature is that the difference in the εs dependence of the hardness between the two samples becomes noticeable at εs ≥ 92 (Df-c ≥ 2.5 mm). In the εs range of 92 to 125, the hardness of an HT-HPT material (red circles) increases to approx. 600 ± 50 Hv, while the values < 550 Hv remain for an RT-HPT sample (blue open circles). Although the extra hardness increment occurs at εs ≥ 140, this enhancement is originated from the geometrical effect of the HPT-treated disk samples28. To exclude this geometrical effect, in this research, only the εs < 140 region is considered.
Mechanical properties of the HPT-processed samples. (a) Microhardness distributions as a function of εs, i.e. distance from the center. Hardness evolution of the HPT-process samples is classified: for εs < 92, the sample strengths of HT- (open circles) and RT-HPT (closed circles) increase with increasing εs; for 92 ≤ εs ≤ 125, a strength difference evolves; for εs = 125, a significant strength enhancement occurs in HT-HPT. (b) The stress-strain curves of the RT-92, RT-125, HT-92, and HT-125 samples.
In addition to the hardness distribution, we demonstrated the significant effects of both RT- and HT-HPT treatments on the uniaxial tensile stress-strain curves of the NC materials with respect to applied shear strains, in particular for εs values of 92 and 125. For simplicity, each RT- or HT-HPT sample is identified by its shear strain; for instance, the RT-HPT-treated sample at εs = 92 is referred to as RT-92. The mechanical properties are characterized by means of ultimate tensile strength (TS) and elongation. As εs increased from 92 to 125, the TS increased from 2.25 GPa for an RT-92 material to 2.3 GPa for an RT-125 sample, while reaching values of 2.6 GPa for the HT-125 sample. The elongation of all HPT samples remained in the 4−6% range (2–3% uniform elongation; see the Supplementary Fig. 1), irrespective of Df-c or the amount of εs caused by the SPD process. Although the elongation of HPT samples is incorrect due to the small tensile specimen, this result shows that the HPT samples maintain plasticity.
The bright-field TEM micrographs of the RT-HPT samples deformed at the εs values of 92 and 125, and corresponding electron diffraction patterns are shown in Fig. 2. At εs = 92, we observed equiaxed fcc host grains with an average size of 45 nm. In addition, hcp ε-martensite product crystals were observed in the local regions of the host matrix. The electron diffraction pattern indexed as the fcc crystal, obtained from the targeted area, shows the diffraction reflections related to the ε-crystal that obeys the orientation relationship with the adjacent fcc phase. This indicates that during RT-HPT at εs = 92, the fcc host solid phase transforms locally to the hard solid phase of ε-martensite, i.e., fcc austenite (γ) → ε-martensite29. Since the ε-martensite is generated by the super-position of stacking faults in the γ-austenite30,31, the strain-induced ε-martensite contains high dislocation density and achieves higher strength than γ-austenite. As a result, the existence of solid phase transformation of γ → ε-martensite provides additional strength to RT-92 by the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect32.
RT-HPT microstructures showing solid phase transformation with respect to applied shear strains. (a) Low-magnification bright-field micrograph of RT-HPT samples. (b) Grain size distribution (average grain size 45 nm) determined from HRTEM images. (c) HRTEM images and corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns with fcc zone axis shown as inset for RT-92 samples. Solid phase transformation occurs from γ to ε-martensite. (d) The HRTEM micrograph for the RT-125 samples shows phase transformation from γ to ε- and ε- to α′-martensite at the intersection point of two ε-crystals (for detailed analysis, see the Supplementary Fig. 2).
The driving force for the formation of ε-martensite in the fcc host matrix of RT-HPT originates from the high excess deformation energy of large shear strains under a hydrostatic pressure, and it becomes sufficiently large that the ε-phase nucleates and grows easily at RT. Though the high Mn steels have high γ stability, Adachi et al. have observed the γ → ε-martensite transformation during HPT33. The TEM image of the RT-125 materials shown in Fig. 2(d) indicates the presence of multiple phases, such as fcc host γ, hcp product ε-martensite, and bcc product α′-martensite. The reflection spots corresponding to the bcc crystal structure are visible in the fcc diffraction pattern (Details of the orientation relationship between the products and the host phase are provided in Supplementary Fig. 2). In the εs = 125, an increase in the transformation frequency of γ → ε leads to a large density of intersecting zones of ε-phase crystals. These zones are known to be effective as conventional nucleation sites that enable the formation of bcc α′-martensite at the expense of ε-martensite (ε → α′)34. Considering the εs dependence of the mechanical behavior in RT-HPT, it is recognized that the ε → α′ transformation in the RT-125 sample may lead to relative softening behavior compared to the γ → ε transformation in the RT-92 material.
Figure 3(a–c) show the bright-field TEM images of two HT-92 and HT-125 samples, as well as the corresponding electron diffraction patterns obtained from the outlined area. The TEM image obtained from the HT-92 sample shows no solid phase transformation associated with the TRIP effect, but a regular or highly dense array of deformation twins. A remarkable observation on HT-125 is the occurrence of nano-sized particles <6 nm along the GBs of the fcc host matrix, as highlighted by a circle in Fig. 3(c). The formation of such nanoparticles is presumably due to solute diffusion along the GBs during the HT-HPT process, especially in εs = 125. Therefore, despite being strained over an extremely short period, the SPD process at ambient temperature may induce solute segregation along GBs in HT-125 as compared to the HT-92 sample. Grain size measurements in Fig. 3(d) shows a similar average size of approximately 45 nm for all HT-HPT samples, which is the same as the RT-HPT samples. Twin thickness measurements in Fig. 3(e) shows a similar distribution and a similar mean thickness of 3 nm for all HT-HPT samples. This observation suggests that strengthening in all HT-HPT samples do not exhibit a linear relationship to twin thickness. This observation on the deformation twin formation in the HT-HPT samples results from an increase in stacking fault energy (SFE). The SFE value is controlled by adjusting the chemical composition and temperature, and is a well-known criterion for the transition in deformation mechanisms from solid phase transformation to deformation twin. Above its critical value, an intermediate quantity of SFE leads to deformation twin formation, and thereby the twined material achieves plasticity through the so-called twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. Given that coherent twin boundaries can hinder dislocation gliding (dynamic Hall-Petch effect), they provide additional strength to the HT-HPT sample. Hence, we suggest that the TWIP effect in the HT-HPT material can offer greater strength at a given εs value than the TRIP effect (γ → ε) in the RT-HPT sample. A high SFE value in HT-HPT may originate from a high temperature compared to that of RT-HPT at the same εs values.
HT-HPT microstructures, showing the formation of deformation twins. (a) Low-magnification bright-field micrograph of the HT-HPT sample. (b) HRTEM images and corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns with a fcc zone axis shown as an inset for HT-92 samples. The formation of nanometer-thick twin. (c) HRTEM micrograph for the HT-125 sample. Both nanometer-thick twins and nano-sized particle on grain boundary, highlighted by a yellow circle. The distributions of (d) grain size and (e) lamellar twin thicknesses, determined from HRTEM images, revealing an average grain size and twin thickness of 45 and 3 nm, respectively.
To better understand the GB segregation, a complementary characterization through combining TEM and APT35 was performed on RT-125 and HT-125 (For RT-125, see the Supplementary Fig. 3). Figure 4 shows the summarization of C segregation to a grain boundary in HT-125 sample. This correlative TEM-APT results clearly show linear nature of structural defects and cross-correlated it with solute C redistribution in the three-dimensional reconstructions (Fig. 4(a)). As outlined by red arrows, the planar C-rich features in the TEM-APT volumes are identified as GBs. As represented in Fig. 4(b), solute C atoms that have strong tendency to segregate into all the GBs are approximately doubled as compared to those in the bulk matrix. Moreover, as represented in Fig. 4(c), not all GBs attract C atoms with an equal concentration to be detectable with APT, supporting the orientation-dependent nature of GBs in polycrystalline materials18. With the exception of C, no apparent elemental segregations can be observed in the APT results (See the Supplementary Fig. 4). Hence, it is plausible that the observed C accumulation at GBs in the HT-125 samples, referred to as GB-C, is the proof of the existence of C diffusion during the SPD process at relatively high temperature.
C segregation to grain boundaries in HT-125 sample. (a) Bright-field TEM image and correlative APT results of C (red) obtained from the same tip. Red arrows and dotted lines mark grain boundaries visible in both TEM micrograph and 3D map. (b) 3D C atom map and corresponding 2D contour map for visual correlation with the APT map of segregation to four different grain boundaries. (c) 1D compositional profiles across matrix-boundary interfaces highlighted in the atom map reveal that not all grain boundaries contain the same chemical composition of C. (d) The sectional Mn (cyan) and C (red) distributions (measured volume = 50 nm X 50 nm X 150 nm). (e) 2D contour map of Mn that is superimposed to C atoms near the line dislocation (the magnified area is marked as a solid line; measured area = 8 × 16 nm2; red: high-quantity of Mn, blue: low-quantity of Mn). (f) 1D compositional profiles show both Mn and C are segregated at the line dislocation.
Besides the GBs, we demonstrate that dislocations can efficiently capture solutes in the HT-125 samples. Figure 4(d) shows the irregular distributions of C (red dots) and Mn (cyan dots) (arrows) in the 3D reconstructions that suggest linearly confined depletion or accumulation around dislocations, an effect referred to as the competing C−Mn migrating interactions at edge dislocations during the HT-HPT treatment as represented in Fig. 4(e)36. Both the 2D contour map of Mn, superimposed to the detected C atoms, and the 1D concentration profile reveal the C−Mn interactions around the dislocations (Fig. 4(f)): C depletion at high densities of Mn (red color region), and vice versa, C accumulation at low densities of Mn (blue color region). As a result, the solute atoms induce short-range ordering in the γ-austenite matrix and interact with dislocations as follows37: (i) when the edge dislocation exists in an fcc structure, the tensile pressure occurs at the vacant region while the compressive pressure induces at the extra-half plane38. (ii) The segregated solutes reduce the dislocation mobility during plastic deformation, hampering the dislocation movement.
The driving force for GB-C in the HT-HPT samples, originating from the substantial excess of temperature and mobile dislocations in nano-sized grains, becomes sufficiently large for GB-C to occur easily, even at an ambient temperature of 573 K. Assuming that this phenomenon is sufficiently pronounced to represent the well-known pipe diffusion theory, the calculated diffusion mean free path of C and Mn at 573 K are 3.65 μm and 53 nm, respectively39. Taking into account the average grain size, the calculated diffusion mean free path suggests that GB segregation is more prevalent in C atoms than in Mn atoms, whereas the dislocation segregation is induced by both C and Mn atoms. These segregated defects suppress the dislocation emission, and the additional strengthening leads to strength enhancement in the HT-125 sample.
The microstructural characterization of two different NC materials (RT-HPT and HT-HPT) from the micrometer to atomic scale provides an accessible pathway for understanding their multi-strengthening mechanisms. As represented in Fig. 5, the stepwise multi-strengthening mechanisms of combining temperature and high shear straining during the HPT treatment are as follows, (i) for εs < 92 (Stage I), the strength of all HPT-treated samples increases with increasing εs values. In this stage, the Hall-Petch effect via grain size refinement from 150 μm to 45 nm is the dominating strengthening mechanism. (ii) For εs = 92 (Stage II), the hardness and strength of the HT-HPT samples are higher than those of the RT-HPT materials. The strengthening mechanisms in each HPT sample is differentiated by the HPT-applied temperature: in the RT-92 sample, solid phase transformation of γ → ε occurs by means of colliding a/6 < 112 > partial dislocations in the fcc host matrix40; in the HT-92 material, high densities of nano-twins with an average thickness of 3 nm are introduced into nano-sized grains, however, no solid phase transformation occurs. Because of the differentiated strengthening mechanisms, the strength difference between the HT- and RT-HPT samples is evolved from this stage. (iii) In the highly-strained state (92 ≤ εs ≤ 125; Stage III), the greatest hardness and strength were obtained in the HT-125 sample, whereas there were no obvious changes in the properties of the RT-125 sample. Because the thickness of deformation twins in the HT-125 sample remains unchanged compared to that of the HT-92 counterpart, the contribution of twin boundaries to strength is not efficient. Instead, both the grain boundary segregation via C migration and the dislocation pinning via C−Mn competing migration behavior hinder the predominant dislocation gliding during plastic deformation. This continuous solute redistribution at crystal defects during the HT-HPT treatment provides extra strength to the HT-125 sample.
Schematic diagram showing dominating strengthening mechanism evolution steps of HT- and RT-HPT samples. For εs < 92 (Stage I), grain refinement occurs in all HPT-treated samples and grain size remains unchanged at a given HPT temperature. (ii) For εs = 92 (Stage II), the RT-HPT sample achieves plasticity by means of solid phase transformation, while nanometer-thick twins occur in the HT-HPT sample. (iii) For εs = 125 (Stage III), multiple phases coexist by means of two-step paths of solid phase transformation for RT-HPT sample, while nano-twins, nano-grains, and solute segregation occur for the HT-HPT sample.
The experimental data obtained convincingly testify that severe straining of the investigated steel by HPT results in its remarkable microstructure transformation. These changes are related to tremendous grain refinement down to nanometer range as well as to phase transformations. Let us attempt to analyze the observed radical increase in strength in terms of contribution of different hardening mechanisms in the UFG materials with complicated microstructure. Traditionally, the additive theory is used to account for every obstacle capable to be a barrier for the dislocation motion so that the total yield stress is calculated as a simple sum of any corresponding hardening contribution. Several attempts were made to estimate the yields stress in a different41, however, the additive theory is commonly used in literature to evaluate hardening induced by different microstructure components.
Thus, we intend to separate and discuss the impact of different nanostructural features to the strength and to analyze if the revealed features are enough to explain its huge increase. According to the present result, the strengthening mechanisms of HT-125 sample can be divided into (i) grain size effect, (ii) dislocation effect, (iii) solid solution effect, (iv) twin boundary effect, and (v) segregation effect. Each strengthening mechanism contributions can be estimated by calculating the proportion of strength in the HT-125 sample.
where KHP is the Hall-Petch constant and d is the average grain size. The KHP of high manganese steel is 0.357 MPa m0.5 and d is measured to 45 nm42. Based on these variables, the strength from the grain size effect is equivalent to 1682.9 MPa.
where M is the Taylor factor, α is a constant, G is the shear modulus, b is the burgers vector, and ρ is the dislocation density. The previous reports revealed that the M of FCC material is equivalent to 3, α is 0.3, the G of present materials is 65000 MPa, and the b is 0.25 nm44. The ρ of HT-HPT sample was measured by the convolutional multiple whole profile method45, and estimated to be 1.57 \(\times \) 1015 m−2. Based on these variables, the σD is equivalent to 579.5 MPa.
where A is the dimensionless parameter, G is the shear modulus, ε is the lattice strain due to the size difference between solute and matrix atoms, C is the concentration of solute atoms. The A is the order of 0.1, G is 65000 MPa, C is 0.15, and the atomic size difference between Mn (atom radii = 161 pm) and Fe (atom radii = 156 pm) is 3%. Based on these variables, the σS of present sample is 17.1 MPa.
where e is the twin thickness. In the present sample, we observed that the l is 43 nm and the e is 3 nm. Based on the observation results, we can estimate that the F is equivalent to 0.122. Therefore, the σTW is 210 MPa.
The GB segregation acts as an additional strengthening mechanism in two ways: (i) The segregated solute atoms improve the grain-to-grain coherency15, and (ii) solute clusters at the grain boundary can act as an obstacle for dislocation gliding14. From these reasons, GB segregation interrupts dislocation near the grain boundary and increases KHP of materials. In the present APT analysis, we found that the C contents at the GB of the nanosteel is 4 at% (equivalent to 0.9 wt%) while the γ-austenite matrix contains 2.6 at% C. Since the present model steel 15Mn-0.6C-1.5Al contains 2.68 at% C, the present APT result is reliable. In the conventional high Mn steel, C segregation was not observed at the GB51. Such result allows making an assumption that the C contents at the GB of conventional high Mn steel are similar to that in the matrix (2.68 at%). According to the previous report, the KHP of austenitic steels has a linear relation with its C wt% contents52. From this result, we can quantify that the KHP of nanosteel (0.9 wt% C @ GBs) is 1.2 times of conventional steel (0.6 wt% C @ GBs). If we apply it to the present Hall-Petch calculation, GB segregation provides 320 MPa to the nanosteel.
Based on the calculated strengthening mechanism contributions, we know that the grain refinement, dislocation density, solid solution, twin boundary strengthening, and GB segregation contribute to the high strength in the HT-125 sample. The summation of strength from each strengthening mechanism is equivalent to 2810 MPa, which is larger than the experimental value (2.6 GPa). Such an overestimated result can be explained in two ways: (i) The KTW is smaller than KHP46. This means that the calculated σTW is overestimated. (ii) The measured C contents at the GBs contains inescapable errors (~0.3 at%) in APT. Therefore, the quantified KHP of the nanosteel also have some errors. Although these two variables produce some errors in the calculation results, the estimated strength shows a good correlation with the experimental results. This means that all of the strengthening mechanisms contribute to the strength of nanosteel. Based on the calculated strengthening mechanism contributions, we conclude that the grain size refinement, dislocation density, solid solution, twin boundary strengthening, and GB segregation contribute to the high strength in the HT-125 sample.
In conclusion, the ultra-strength of the investigated nanosteel has been obtained by adopting stepwise multiple strengthening activities via HPT processes at different temperatures. Based on our analyses, the room temperature HPT-treated material that contains refined domain structures with high-density crystal defects exhibits the 2.3 GPa strength in terms of the deformation-stimulated solid phase transformation. In addition, the strength of the nanograined material can be raised further by employing elevated temperature HPT (by 2.6 GPa). This strength increase can be attributed to a combination of multiple strengthening mechanisms, such as the formation of nanoscale twins, segregation of C to grain boundaries, and the atomic rearrangement of C and Mn around the dislocation. The calculated strengthening mechanism contributions represent that all of the strengthening mechanisms contribute to the strength of nanosteel. Thus, we have provided insight into developing a wide range of advanced high-strength nanotwinned and nanostructured materials.
The model steel is an Fe−15 Mn−0.6 C−1.5 Al by weight percent. The alloy was solution-treated at 1200 °C for 2 h, and hot-rolled in the range of 1100−900 °C from 40 to 2.5 mm thickness. To simulate coiling, the sample was heated at 450 °C for 1 h and furnace-cooled. To adjust the grain size of model alloy, an annealing process was conducted at 1200 °C for 2 h with a cooling rate of 25 °C/s (Detailed mechanical and microstructural properties of the model alloy are represented in Supplementary Fig. 5). The HPT process was performed at 298 K (RT-HPT) and 573 K (HT-HPT) by imposing a pressure of 6 GPa over 10 revolutions (0.2 rpm) to the disk-shaped specimens of 10.0 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness.
The local mechanical properties of the HPT samples were measured using a Vickers microhardness tester (FM-700, Future Tech., Japan). The dwell load and time were 300 gf and 10 s, respectively. Tensile specimens with a gage length of 0.5 mm were cut from a Df-c = 2.5 and 3.5 mm for tensile testing. The tensile tests of all specimens in both the RT- and HT-HPT state were conducted using a universal testing machine (Instron 1361, Instron Corp., Canton, USA) at a quasi-static strain rate of 10−3 s−1 at 298 K.
For TEM observations, samples were prepared using a dual-beam focused ion beam (FIB, FEI Helios Nano-LabTM). Bright-field low- or high-magnified images and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images were obtained with a JEOL-2200FS analytical TEM equipped with an aberration corrector that was operated at an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. To obtain the diffraction patterns of the HPT treated samples, we employed fast Fourier transformation (FFT) to filter the noise from the lattice image, and then performed inverse (IFFT) characterization of the targeted area.
Samples for APT analyses were prepared by electropolishing, followed by treatment with a FIB (FEI, Helios Nano-Lab 600). APT measurements were taken using a local electrode atom probe (LEAP 4000X HR, CAMECATM) in the voltage-pulsing mode. The experimental parameters were set to maintain a 0.2% detection rate, 20% pulse fraction, and 200-kHz pulse repetition. All measurements were performed at 40 K at < 10−7 Pa pressure. A minimum of two successful measurements were performed. The APT data sets were mapped in 3D using IVAS software (version 3.6.10) supplied by Cameca Instruments. Reconstruction was calibrated by determining the APT sample geometric parameters, such as tip radius and shank angle. Statistical errors for measured atom counts were calculated as σ = (Ci × (1 − Ci)/N)−1/2, where Ci corresponds to the measured atomic concentration fraction of the individual element i, and N is the total number of atoms collected in the bin.
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Grässel, O., Krüger, L., Frommeyer, G. & Meyer, L. W. High strength Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels development-properties-application. Int. J. Plast. 16, 1391–1409 (2000).
Adachi, N., Wu, N., Todaka, Y., Sato, H. & Ueji, R. Phase transformation in Fe-Mn-C alloys by severe plastic deformation under high pressure. Mater. Lett. 185, 109–111 (2016).
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Herbig, M., Choi, P. & Raabe, D. Combining structural and chemical information at the nanometer scale by correlative transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 153, 32–39 (2015).
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Seol, J. B., Kim, J. G., Na, S. H., Park, C. G. & Kim, H. S. Deformation rate controls atomic-scale dynamic strain aging and phase transformation in high Mn TRIP steels. Acta Mater. 131, 187–196 (2017).
Hu, S. Y. & Chen, L. Q. Solute segregation and coherent nucleation and growth near a dislocation-a phase-field model integrating defect and phase microstructures. Acta Mater. 49, 463–472 (2001).
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Ganji, R. S., Karthik, P. S., Rao, K. B. S. & Rajulapati, K. V. Strenthening mechanisms in equiatomic ultrafine grained AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy studied by micro- and nanoindentation methods. Acta Mater. 125, 58–68 (2017).
Gutierrez-Urrutia, I., Zaefferer, S. & Raabe, D. The effect of grain size and grain orientation on deformation twinning in a Fe-22 wt.% Mn-0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 3552–3560 (2010).
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Jin, J.-E. & Lee, Y.-K. Effects of Al on microstructure and tensile properties of C-bearing high Mn TWIP steel. Acta Mater. 60, 1680–1688 (2012).
Kang, J.-H., Duan, S., Kim, S.-J. & Bleck, W. Grain boundary strengthening in high Mn austenitic steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47, 1918–1921 (2016).
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIP) (No. 2014R1A2A1A10051322). Also, this work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP) of Korea (NRF-2017R1A2A1A17069427). It was further supported by the Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Center for Creative Industrial Materials (F16SN25D1706). One of the authors (JGK) acknowledges the support from the Global Ph.D. Fellowship funded by the National Research Foundation, Korea (No.2013H1A1032565). RZV and NAE acknowledge the support by Saint Petersburg State University via Lot 2017 Applied (Id:26130576).
Jung Gi Kim and Nariman A. Enikeev contributed equally to this work.
R.Z.V. and H.S.K. designed research; M.M.A., N.A.E. and M.V.K. fabricated samples; J.G.K. conducted mechanical test; J.G.K., N.A.E. observed TEM; J.B.S. and C.G.P. analyzed APT; J.G.K., N.A.E. and J.B.S. wrote the paper. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
Correspondence to Hyoung Seop Kim.


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Конфликт между Движением за национальное освобождение Палестины (ФАТХ) и Исламским движением сопротивления (Хамас) (), называемый также Гражданской войной в Палестине (), — вооружённый конфликт, начавшийся в 2006 году, между двумя основными палестинскими политическими группировками, ФАТХ и ХАМАС, который привел к расколу Палестинской национальной администрации (ПНА) в 2007 году. Процесс примирения и объединения администраций ХАМАСа и ФАТХа остается незавершенным. В основном вооружённые столкновения проходили в секторе Газа, в июне 2007 года полностью взятого под контроль сторонниками ХАМАС. В боевых действиях, в основном, принимали участие вооружённые отряды политических сил — Силы безопасности автономии, полиция, президентская гвардия, а также боевики Бригады мучеников аль-Аксы (ФАТХ) с одной стороны и боевики «Бригад Из ад-Дина аль-Кассама» (Хамас, численностью до 12 тыс.) с другой.

Палестинская независимая комиссия по правам граждан обнаружила, что более 600 палестинцев были убиты в ходе боевых действий с января 2006 года по май 2007 года. В последующие годы в ходе конфликта были убиты или казнены еще десятки человек.

Эскалация конфликта
В мае—июне 2006 года Хамас сформировал новые подразделения полиции и попытался отстранить от власти полицию, подчиняющуюся Махмуду Аббасу — сторонников ФАТХа, а потом отказались увольняться с государственной службы.

20 октября 2006 в секторе Газа было совершено покушение на премьер-министра ПНА Исмаила Ханию (ХАМАС) со стороны активистов ФАТХа. Кортеж был обстрелян боевиками из стрелкового оружия.

Столкновения в Секторе Газа

Предпосылки
В феврале 2007 года между руководителями Фатх и Хамас было достигнуто соглашение и создано коалиционное правительство. Международное сообщество в очередной раз потребовало, чтобы новое правительство ПНА признало Израиль, разоружило боевиков и прекратило насилие. Трёхсторонние переговоры между США, ПНА и Израилем закончились безрезультатно.

Бои в Секторе Газа

13 июня 2007 года боевики Хамас взорвали штаб-квартиру ФАТХ в городе Хан-Юнус на севере сектора Газа. В результате взрыва погибло 13 человек. Затем был уничтожен ретранслятор радиостанции «Голос Палестины», связанной с движением ФАТХ.

В июне Хамас военным путём захватил власть в секторе Газа, заявив о намерении создать там исламское государство. В ответ 14 июня председатель ПНА и лидер Фатх Махмуд Аббас объявил о роспуске правительства, ввёл на территории автономии режим чрезвычайного положения и взял всю полноту власти в свои руки. В результате вспыхнувшей кровопролитной гражданской войны за власть Хамас сохранил свои позиции лишь в секторе Газа, тогда как на Западном берегу реки Иордан власть сохранили сторонники Махмуда Аббаса. М. Аббас создал на Западном берегу новое правительство и назвал боевиков Хамас «террористами». Тем самым ПНА раскололась на два враждебных образования: Хамас (Сектор Газа) и ФАТХ (Западный берег реки Иордан).

Расформирование правительства
14 июня 2007 года Президент Палестинской автономии Махмуд Аббас объявил о расформировании правительства национального единства и введении чрезвычайного положения. Хания оказался отстранён с поста премьер-министра. Член Хамас, Сами Абу Зухри, объявил это решение «практически бесполезным», заявив, что Хания продолжит руководить правительством, несмотря на президентский декрет.

Репрессии ХАМАСа против активистов и сторонников ФАТХа
Представитель ФАТХ Фахми аз-Захир утверждал, что во время израильской операции «Литой свинец» хамасовцы убили 16 и ранили более 80 активистов ФАТХ, использовав боевые действия для сведения счётов.

Представители правозащитной организации Amnesty International подтвердили эти обвинения в адрес Хамас и заявили, что располагают доказательствами причастности ХАМАС к убийству двадцати человек с 27 декабря 2008 до 10 февраля 2009 года.

Руководство движения ФАТХ в секторе Газа опубликовало детальный отчёт, в котором содержатся сведения об учинённых ХАМАСом расправах над политическими противниками, перечислены имена 120 политзаключённых и подвергшихся арестам на политической почве.
Приведены фамилии 210 активистов ФАТХа, арестованных в разное время. Многие из них томятся за решёткой несколько месяцев, другие заболели в тюрьме и срочно нуждаются в медицинской помощи.

Ещё 1013 сторонникам движения Абу-Мазена были вручены повестки с требованием явиться на допрос в штаб-квартиру разведки ХАМАС.

Перемирия с ФАТХ

Первое
3 мая 2011 года в Каире было подписано соглашение о межпалестинском примирении, участие в котором приняли функционеры ФАТХ и Хамас и представители ещё 11 политических движений и группировок ПНА. Позже договорённость о примирении была остановлена из-за разногласий по формированию кабинета ПНА, а также по вопросу освобождения заключённых.

Второе
23 апреля 2014 года глава правительства сектора Газа, один из лидеров движения ХАМАС Исмаил Хания объявил об окончании семилетнего конфликта с движением ФАТХ. Стороны заявили, что в течение пяти недель будет сформировано временное правительство национального единства, а в течение полугода после того, как новое правительство получит одобрение парламента, будут проведены всеобщие выборы; по другим источникам — в течение полугода председатель Палестинской национальной администрации Махмуд Аббас должен издать указ о сроках проведения парламентских и президентских выборов. Последствием заключения мирного соглашения стало прекращение мирных переговоров между Израилем и Палестиной. 2 июня 2014 года в Рамалле было приведено к присяге новое, совместное, правительство ФАТХа и ХАМАС; премьер-министром стал Рами Хамдалла.

Продолжение переговоров и реализация договорённостей
5 мая 2014 года стартовал новый раунд переговоров между политическими группами — глава ФАТХ и палестинской администрации Махмуд Аббас встретился с председателем политбюро ХАМАС Халедом Машалем в столице Катара Дохе. В тот же день с Машалем встретился и специальный представитель президента России по Ближнему Востоку, заместитель министра иностранных дел РФ Михаил Богданов. В ходе переговоров было отмечено, что восстановление единства палестинских рядов отвечает интересам палестино-израильского урегулирования.

13 мая вечером в сектор Газа прибыл член центрального комитета ФАТХ Аззам аль-Ахмед, курирующий вопросы урегулирования разногласий с ХАМАС, для обсуждения состава будущего правительства национального единства. В ходе переговоров, завершившихся ночью, были предложены первые кандидатуры членов кабинета и была достигнута договоренность, что министры будут «неаффилированными технократами», не входящими ни в ФАТХ, ни в ХАМАС.
14 мая началась передислокация штаба одной из силовых структур в соответствии с решением управления внутренних дел сектора Газа, из дома Махмуда Аббаса, экспроприированного ХАМАС в 2007 году. В доме планируется разместить официальное представительство президента Государства Палестина.

27 мая на пресс-конференции в городе Газа представители обоих движений сообщили о завершении согласования кандидатур министров—"неаффилированных технократов" в будущем правительстве национального согласия до проведения президентских и парламентских выборов на палестинских территориях, которые должны состояться через полгода после формирования правительства. Член Центрального комитета ФАТХ Аззам аль-Ахмед сообщил, что президент Махмуд Аббас официально объявит о завершении формирования нового кабинета уже на этой неделе, так как «точка зрения движений ФАТХ и ХАМАС будет представлена президенту с тем, чтобы он принял окончательное решение по составу кабинета». По некоторым данным, состав правительства президент объявит в Рамалле на Западном берегу реки Иордан 29 мая, и, что премьер-министр действующего правительства Рами Хамдалла возглавит и новое правительство. Позже, Аззам аль-Ахмад в Газе сказал журналистам, что «Хамдалла возглавит новое правительство. Нет никаких разногласий по этому вопросу».

31 мая в субботу президент Государства Палестина Махмуд Аббас заявил на встрече в Рамалле с пропалестинскими активистами из Франции, что общее «правительство будет объявлено в понедельник», добавив, что власти Израиля уведомили палестинскую администрацию о немедленном начале бойкота нового правительства. Премьер-министр Израиля Беньямин Нетаньяху призвал международное сообщество не торопиться с признанием нового правительства национального единства. По его мнению, это правительство будет поддерживать терроризм, так как в него войдут представители ХАМАС. Глава Палестинской автономии Махмуд Аббас опроверг эти опасения, заявив, что новый кабинет будет состоять из министров, не имеющих партийной принадлежности, и сказав, что «Израиль хочет наказать нас за достижение согласия с ХАМАС по вопросу о новом правительстве. На каждый шаг Израиля будет дан соответствующий палестинский ответ».

2 июня в резиденции «Мукатаа» в Рамалле Махмуд Аббас привёл к присяге новое «правительство национального единства» под руководством премьер-министра Рами Хамдаллы.

См. также
 Бои в секторе Газа (2007)

Примечания

Газа

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Edwyna Ho has spent her entire career guiding people to more productive paths. As a social worker for 25 years, she provided front-line support to those struggling with drug addiction, mental health issues and difficult family situations.
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This is the personal blog for Eve Rickert, the co-author of More Than Two: A Practical Guide to Ethical Polyamory, Polyamory and Jealousy, and Black Iron, the co-founder of Thorntree Press and Tacit Pleasures, and the founder of Talk Science to Me.
I am a Gen X nonmonogamous queer woman in Canada. I set up this blog in 2012 to share my random thoughts on life and love. In 2013, my now ex-partner and I founded a blog to promote our first book together, and for three years, I blogged there. After we broke up in 2018, he removed my access to that blog and to my content there. That content has now been ported over here, as well.
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La Coppa dell'Esercito sovietico 1958-1969 è stata la 14ª edizione di questo trofeo, e la 19ª in generale di una coppa nazionale bulgara di calcio,  terminata il 2 maggio 1959. Il Levski Sofia ha vinto il trofeo per l'ottava volta.

Primo Turno

Replay

Ottavi di finale

Quarti di finale

Semifinali

Replay

Finale

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 A Republikanska futbolna grupa 1958-1959

Collegamenti esterni

Calcio nel 1958
Calcio nel 1959
Edizioni della Coppa di Bulgaria


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Report: Jimmy Garoppolo's Surgery Dashed Offseason Trade To Commanders Sunday, September 25, 2022 | Time: 8:56 PT | Reported by ESPN.com
The Facts: The 49ers had the parameters of a trade agreement in place that would have sent Garoppolo to the Washington Commanders at this year's scouting combine, but the deal fell apart once the quarterback decided to have shoulder surgery, sources told ESPN's Adam Schefter.
Diehards Line: The deal would have involved multiple draft picks, according to Schefter's sources, but was disrupted by the surgery to Garoppolo's throwing shoulder, which prompted the Commanders to move on from their talks with the Niners and trade two third-round picks and a fourth-round pick to the Colts for Carson Wentz. The 49ers were fortunate that Garoppolo had the surgery and didn't wind up in Washington. They now will need him to replace Trey Lance, who is out for the season after suffering a fractured fibula and ligament disruption -- the same injury that both Derek Carr and Marcus Mariota suffered on the same day during the 2016 season. Based on their recovery timelines, Lance is expected to return in time for the 2023 season.But for now, Garoppolo takes over at quarterback for the 49ers, whose players have noticed and commented in recent weeks that the nine-year veteran "has been throwing dimes in practice." Garoppolo and the Niners visit the Denver Broncos on Sunday night.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When Cindy Lo started Red Velvet Events, Inc. (RVE) almost 15 years ago, she did so with the mission to Outplan, Outplay and Outparty! Cindy has grown the firm into delivering just that and more in meeting planning, event production, DMC services, and creative. RVE has earned multiple International Special Events Society Esprit Awards (now International Live Events Association), Gala Award, MPI-THCC Planner of the Year, McCombs School of Business Alumni Rising Star Award, Meetings & Conventions Best Places to Work, ADMEI President's Award and most recently Global DMC Partners US Partners of the Year award. Cindy calls Austin home with her husband of 12 years and their 2 children.
Always be open to learning every time you go on-site and never assume just because you're an experienced planner (vs. a green planner) that you've seen it all because you haven't!
I once was asked by a client to plan an event in a shopping mall. Now a shopping mall isn't that unusual, rather it's the elements that you can't control within the mall that make the environment more challenging. The event was multiple days, AND there was a surprise element within the event activation as well. Think of it as a cross between hidden camera and a marketing activation. We were dealing with noise and lighting challenges, so I had to get very creative with the solutions proposed. One of the creative solutions that I had to come up with on the fly earned me the moniker "Cindy can control the sun" for the remainder of the event. It's times like these that remind me of how much I love the challenges that clients throw my way.
Make sure you are entering the business for the right reason - meaning you love serving people, being creative, and love the adrenaline from planning different events. If you are in it because you enjoy to attend parties, then you are in it for the wrong reason.
I think the hardest challenge is that this business is still very much undervalued, which means it's a lot of hard work for little pay. It's going to take a shift in the business mindset to get it where we need the pay to reflect the amount of work. I am personally trying to change the perception of the DMC (Destination Management Companies) as they have evolved over the last 40 years. It is time to recognize that we are professionals, providing a valuable service to both marketing departments and executives worldwide, and not just transactions or task doers.
I am hoping that the industry will be more in tune with accepting the use of technology as I have personally found folks are slow to adopt new processes and technology.
I think it's the people who I get to engage with each day that have allowed me to grow as a planner. Clients that end up trusting us with their events have taught me so much over the past 15 years; event partners that rely on us for direction reassure me that I am solid planner; and for me personally I have learned a ton from our own team of planners.
Ooh this one is a tough one to answer.
Best Industry Trend: I still continue to hear from corporate clients wanting new and better ways to get engaged at corporate meetings...for example, having an interactive break is better than just having a normal coffee break.
Worst Industry Trend: I have to say the doughnut wall but it may be because I'm over it (sorry to my friends that do a beautiful job in displaying them); I just question if they are actually getting eaten at the event, and I hate wasting food.
Reflections of a Successful Wallflower by Andrea Michaels.
Definitely my iPhone and iPhone charger; third would have to be my MacBook.
Interviews with Planners - Claus Raasted.
Interviews with Planners - Maureen Sojka.


text:
package com.amazonaws.services.directory.model.transform;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.List;

import com.amazonaws.AmazonClientException;
import com.amazonaws.services.directory.model.*;
import com.amazonaws.transform.Marshaller;
import com.amazonaws.util.BinaryUtils;
import com.amazonaws.util.StringUtils;
import com.amazonaws.util.IdempotentUtils;
import com.amazonaws.util.StringInputStream;
import com.amazonaws.protocol.json.*;

/**
 * TrustMarshaller
 */
public class TrustJsonMarshaller {

    /**
     * Marshall the given parameter object, and output to a SdkJsonGenerator
     */
    public void marshall(Trust trust, StructuredJsonGenerator jsonGenerator) {

        if (trust == null) {
            throw new AmazonClientException(
                    "Invalid argument passed to marshall(...)");
        }

        try {
            jsonGenerator.writeStartObject();

            if (trust.getDirectoryId() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("DirectoryId").writeValue(
                        trust.getDirectoryId());
            }
            if (trust.getTrustId() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("TrustId").writeValue(
                        trust.getTrustId());
            }
            if (trust.getRemoteDomainName() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("RemoteDomainName").writeValue(
                        trust.getRemoteDomainName());
            }
            if (trust.getTrustType() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("TrustType").writeValue(
                        trust.getTrustType());
            }
            if (trust.getTrustDirection() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("TrustDirection").writeValue(
                        trust.getTrustDirection());
            }
            if (trust.getTrustState() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("TrustState").writeValue(
                        trust.getTrustState());
            }
            if (trust.getCreatedDateTime() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("CreatedDateTime").writeValue(
                        trust.getCreatedDateTime());
            }
            if (trust.getLastUpdatedDateTime() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("LastUpdatedDateTime").writeValue(
                        trust.getLastUpdatedDateTime());
            }
            if (trust.getStateLastUpdatedDateTime() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("StateLastUpdatedDateTime")
                        .writeValue(trust.getStateLastUpdatedDateTime());
            }
            if (trust.getTrustStateReason() != null) {
                jsonGenerator.writeFieldName("TrustStateReason").writeValue(
                        trust.getTrustStateReason());
            }

            jsonGenerator.writeEndObject();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            throw new AmazonClientException(
                    "Unable to marshall request to JSON: " + t.getMessage(), t);
        }
    }

    private static TrustJsonMarshaller instance;

    public static TrustJsonMarshaller getInstance() {
        if (instance == null)
            instance = new TrustJsonMarshaller();
        return instance;
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Version 1.7 is here! This release of Driver Fusion focuses on improving the interface and user experience. The release notes below contain more specific details about the updates, changes and fixes that Driver Fusion 1.7 introduces.
Driver family - Driver inspection and driver overview have been combined into a single completely redesigned screen named driver family (named driver family because all driver versions are combined into one group, e.g. AMD display drivers). The redesigned interface includes a more spacious layout, icons and better navigation.
Category view - Instead of listing all drivers the driver family screen just shows the categories. This makes it easier to find the driver that you want to delete instead of having to search through the list of all driver families.
Details view - This view provides the list of all driver families just like you were used to but now with the new design of the driver family screen.
Notification bar - Hints and notifications have been combined into one simple notification bar at the top of the screen.
Steam - If you use Driver Fusion on Steam you can now launch Driver Fusion without having the Steam client running. To do so you need to run the Driver Fusion executable with the parameter "-nosteam" (without the quotes).
Hint navigation - It is now possible to pause hints. Previous and next buttons can be used to browse all the hints manually.
Installed filter - Driver overview has been integrated with the new driver family screen. Installed drivers can now be filtered from the complete list by selecting the option to only show installed drivers.
No items available - Added an empty item text to lists that do not contain any items yet.
Manual and credits - Buttons have been added to the general settings to open the manual and view the credits screen.
Updated hints - Most of the texts have been updated, this also includes several new tooltips.
Verification - Resend verification will now return the user to the verification screen instead of returning to the main Driver Fusion window.
Multi removal - It is no longer possible to select multiple driver families by default. Experienced users can re-enable the selection of multiple driver families in the cleaning settings.
Progress indication - Backup and removal of driver family entries now indicates its progress in percentages.
Monitor - Support has been added for more hardware. This includes Samsung SSDs, Intel Haswell and AMD Jaguar CPUs.
Device control - Device control has been moved to the maintenance section instead of the computer section.
Device driver backup - Backups made with device control now better adhere to the file structure as originally defined by the vendors.
Horizontal scrolling - Improved horizontal scrolling support, fixing certain settings being partially unreadable on small window sizes and devices having unnecessary horizontal scrollbars in device control.
Desktop backup - Fixed desktop backup showing '0 icons'.
Faulty log - Fixed a potential crash on Windows Vista when trying to load a corrupted log in the log screen.
In-app update - Temporary update files would sometimes not be deleted. Driver Fusion now checks on startup if all temporary files from the last update were deleted properly.
Device driver backup - Some files would not be incorporated in the restore procedure due to incorrect naming.


text:
info@fieldsnaturalhealth.com
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These words are here to provide the reader with a basic impression of how actual text will appear in its final presentation. Think of them merely as actors on a paper stage.
These words are here to provide the reader with a basic impression of how actual text will appear in its final presentation. Think of them merely as actors on a paper stage, in a performance devoid of content yet rich in form.
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The sleek packaging of The Soap Co caught our eye, but it turns out this ethical beauty brand has substance as well as style. Lather up and read on!
As I type, my hands smell so delicious, I have to keep stopping to sniff them. Which is a bit weird, admittedly, but that's because they're slathered in The Soap Co's gorgeous white tea hand lotion, which also comes in citrus or black poppy and wild fig and contains a hefty hit of moisturizing cocoa butter.
What, don't you ever balance your beauty products on your garden branches?
Their ethics are pretty fragrant too – 80 percent of The Soap Co's 105 employees are disabled or disadvantaged, with the company part of social enterprise, Clarity. How brilliant is that? Many are visually impaired – hence the Braille lettering that's incorporated into the minimalist black and white packaging design.
They also source all their ingredients in the UK, don't add colourings or parabens, and use recycled materials to make their bottles and packaging, which can then in turn be recycled. It's unusual to find a beauty brand that's as stylish as it is ethical, so it's a big (and well-moisturized) thumbs up from us.
It's a bijou range – hands only thus far, with soaps, washes and lotions in chic monochrome graphic packaging that looks cool on your bathroom sink. Nothing is scarily expensive – £12 for a big 300ml hand lotion and £7 for a bar of soap. What's not to like? Anyway, I'm off to, um, smell my fingers some more.


text:
Fracturing costs drive technology
As wells grow more complicated, innovation becomes key to profitability
By Jennifer Hiller Aug. 17, 2013 Updated: Aug. 17, 2013 12:49 a.m.
1of3BUSINESS Robert Drummond, President of Schlumberger North America, (left) talks about his company as Jeremy Aumaugher, South Division Operations Manager,listens to questions about expansion of their business to support clients in the Eagle Ford Shale venture. March 7, 2012 Tom Reel/ San Antonio Express-NewsPhoto: TOM REEL, STAFF
2of3Robert Drummond, president of Schlumberger North America, says his company buys about one niche technology company a month.Photo: TOM REEL, STAFF
3of3BUSINESS Oil field services company Schlumberger executive, Robert Drummond (President of Schlumberger North America) talks about expansion of their business to support clients in the Eagle Ford Shale venture. March 7, 2012 Tom Reel/ San Antonio Express-NewsPhoto: TOM REEL, STAFF
The Eagle Ford Shale is considered the most profitable onshore oil field in the country.
But even there, as many as 40 percent of the wells are money losers if oil sells at $90 a barrel or less.
As companies zero in on the best, most profitable acreage in the field, engineering and science also are improving oil and gas production - and profits - and changing the way that companies approach hydraulic fracturing, said Robert Drummond, North American president for oil field services giant Schlumberger.
"Technology got us to where we are today in the unconventionals, and we believe very much technology will take us to the next stage," Drummond said. "Always in the industry we take care of the easiest stuff to get to first. As it gets more difficult, technology is going to make it cost-effective."
Hydraulic fracturing uses a mix of water, sand and chemicals pumped at high pressure to crack open dense shale rock, releasing trapped oil and gas. Although in the Permian Basin in West Texas many wells are fractured vertically in thick shale formations, it's more common for companies to drill down and then horizontally, fracturing in several stages along long laterals, as is done in the Eagle Ford.
Drummond, who spoke recently in San Antonio at the Texas Independent Producers & Royalty Owners Association summer conference, said that the company has partnered with four large operators in the field to look at improving the quality of fracturing and completing wells at minimal cost and disruption.
Drummond said that as many as 36 percent of the perforations that had been fractured were not contributing production at all.
So, instead of spacing the fracturing stages geometrically, with a prescribed number of feet between each stage, Schlumberger is looking at the rock to determine the best places for fracturing, and then pulsing the fluid into place. Drummond said the process improves oil and gas recovery 20 percent and uses as much as 60 percent less water.
"All we had to do was move these stages very minorly," he said.
Wells in the Eagle Ford are becoming longer and more complex, with the average length of a well's lateral reach stretching from 2,455 feet in 2008 to 5,881 feet now.
The number of fracturing stages has gone up from 10 to 17.
"Operators are drilling more reservoir and putting more frack in," Drummond said.
Oil field services companies have been racing to improve technology. Drummond said Schlumberger buys about one niche technology company a month.
At the same conference, Greg Powers, senior vice president of technology for Halliburton, said technology is improving time to get product to sales, fluid recovery and initial production rates. Halliburton is looking to fields such as sensor physics, fiber optics, organic chemistry and telemetry.
"This massive energy boom in Texas and the United States is driving technology," Powers said.


text:
One The Trade Desk, Inc. (NASDAQ:TTD) insider upped their stake by 20% in the previous year
Looking at The Trade Desk, Inc.'s (NASDAQ:TTD ) insider transactions over the last year, we can see that insiders were net buyers. That is, there were more number of shares purchased by insiders than there were sold.
While insider transactions are not the most important thing when it comes to long-term investing, we would consider it foolish to ignore insider transactions altogether.
See our latest analysis for Trade Desk
Trade Desk Insider Transactions Over The Last Year
Over the last year, we can see that the biggest insider purchase was by Independent Non-Employee Director David Wells for US$802k worth of shares, at about US$45.81 per share. That implies that an insider found the current price of US$49.39 per share to be enticing. That means they have been optimistic about the company in the past, though they may have changed their mind. We do always like to see insider buying, but it is worth noting if those purchases were made at well below today's share price, as the discount to value may have narrowed with the rising price. The good news for Trade Desk share holders is that an insider was buying at near the current price. David Wells was the only individual insider to buy shares in the last twelve months.
You can see a visual depiction of insider transactions (by companies and individuals) over the last 12 months, below. If you want to know exactly who sold, for how much, and when, simply click on the graph below!
Trade Desk is not the only stock that insiders are buying. For those who like to find winning investments this free list of growing companies with recent insider purchasing, could be just the ticket.
Insider Ownership Of Trade Desk
Looking at the total insider shareholdings in a company can help to inform your view of whether they are well aligned with common shareholders. A high insider ownership often makes company leadership more mindful of shareholder interests. It's great to see that Trade Desk insiders own 9.8% of the company, worth about US$2.4b. This kind of significant ownership by insiders does generally increase the chance that the company is run in the interest of all shareholders.
So What Do The Trade Desk Insider Transactions Indicate?
It doesn't really mean much that no insider has traded Trade Desk shares in the last quarter. However, our analysis of transactions over the last year is heartening. With high insider ownership and encouraging transactions, it seems like Trade Desk insiders think the business has merit. Of course, the future is what matters most. So if you are interested in Trade Desk, you should check out this free report on analyst forecasts for the company.
Of course, you might find a fantastic investment by looking elsewhere. So take a peek at this free list of interesting companies.
Israel strikes Hamas rocket factory in retaliatory attack
Cyber Warfare Market [2023] | Size Estimates & Projections, Market Dynamics, Trends, Challenges, Type & Application, Key Players, Revenue & Gross Margin, Recent Developments, Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans & SWOT Analysis Research
The Global Automotive Charge Air Cooler Market size is expected to reach $15.6 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 7.2% CAGR during the forecast period
Food Enzymes Market Size to Worth Around USD 4.94 Bn by 2032
What is the future of COVID boosters?
Israel launched air strikes on the Gaza Strip on Friday in response to a series of rocket attacks from the Palestinian enclave, the day after a major Israeli raid in the occupied West Bank killed nine.
Prior to entering the engine's intake manifold or combustion chambers, compressed air is cooled using a charge air cooler. The turbocharger's compressed air has a high temperature, which lowers its density and causes less oxygen to be present during combustion.New York, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Automotive Charge Air Cooler Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Product Type, By Fuel Type, By Vehicle Type, By D
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia-Ukraine War Influence, the global market for Cyber Warfare estimated at US$ 26610 million in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size of US$ 61550 million by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 15.0% during the forecast period 2022-2028.Pune, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Global Cyber Warfare Market 2023-2028 [New Research] report represents a detailed overview of the current market situation and forecasts till 2028. The study is perhaps a perfect mi
The food enzymes market size is expected to be worth around USD 4.94 billion by 2032. It is expected to accelerate at a CAGR of 4.7% over the forecast period 2023 to 2032, according to new study by Precedence Research.Ottawa, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The global food enzymes market size was estimated at USD 3.12 billion in 2022. Enzymes are proteins that start or speed up biological processes. They are frequently used to accelerate and/or target certain chemical processes. Enzymes are ob
FDA vaccine panel moves toward simplifying shots.
Oscar-nominated All Quiet On the Western Front fails to win over Germany
Critics accuse film of straying too far from much-loved Erich-Maria Remarque's 1928 anti-war novel
The Week in Canadian Press Releases: 10 Stories You Need to See
With thousands of press releases published each week, it can be difficult to keep up with everything on Cision. To help journalists and consumers stay on top of the week's most newsworthy and popular releases, here's a recap of some major stories from the week that shouldn't be missed.
Global Brain Health Supplements Market Report 2023: Market to Reach $11.5 Billion by 2030 from $7.5 Billion in 2022 - Natural Molecules to Account for $6.8 Billion
Global Market for Brain Health Supplements Global Market for Brain Health Supplements Dublin, Jan. 27, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Brain Health Supplements - Global Strategic Business Report" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.Global Brain Health Supplements Market to Reach $11.5 Billion by 2030In the changed post COVID-19 business landscape, the global market for Brain Health Supplements estimated at US$7.5 Billion in the year 2022, is projected to reach a revised size
UPDATE 1-Russian banks' profits slumped around 90% in 2022 - central bank
The West blocked several key Russian banks' access to the international SWIFT payments system soon after Moscow sent tens of thousands of troops into Ukraine 11 months ago, with dominant lenders Sberbank and VTB forced to shutter operations across much of Europe. The central bank said banks had managed to offset a first-half loss of 1.5 trillion roubles to post a profit by year-end. Provided there are no new shocks in 2023, banks' financial results will be significantly better this year and profits could exceed 1 trillion roubles, said Alexander Danilov, director of the central bank's banking regulation and analytics department at a briefing.
An investigation by the global chemical weapons watchdog established there are "reasonable grounds to believe" Syria's air force dropped two cylinders containing chlorine gas on the city of Douma in April 2018, killing 43 people. A report published Friday by a team from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons offered the latest confirmation that the regime of Syrian President Bashar Assad used chemical weapons during his country's grinding civil war. "The use of chemical weapons in Douma – and anywhere – is unacceptable and a breach of international law," OPCW Director-General Fernando Arias said.
A surge of 'soft landing' hopes for the U.S. economy on Thursday got sideswiped overnight after a dire industry readout from chipmaking giant Intel decimated its stock price after the bell. Intel dropped a whopping 10% after the firm said it expects to lose money in the current quarter, surprising investors with a bleak outlook for both the PC market and its key data center division. "We stumbled... we lost share, we lost momentum," said Chief Executive Pat Gelsinger as the company flagged a glut of chips in the PC industry, cratering demand for consumer electronics, and a drop in recession-wary business investment.
Novak Djokovic sees off Tommy Paul to reach Australian Open final
The Serbian will take on Stefanos Tsitsipas for the title on Sunday.
A state of emergency was declared in Auckland, New Zealand, on Friday, January 27, as severe flooding followed near-record rainfall in the city.Mayor Wayne Brown said the declaration would better allow emergency services to assist locals.This footage from Lis Gallant shows floodwater running down Queen Street, a major commercial thoroughfare.Newly appointed Prime Minister Chris Hipkins tweeted that "all relevant government agencies are working flat out to help in an extraordinary set of circumstances."Auckland's MetService said that over 15 cm of rain fell between 9 am and 8 pm on Friday, coming close to breaking the previous rainfall record. Credit: Lis Gallant via Storyful
Ayrshire College said it had no prior knowledge of charges against the trans woman.
Donald Trelford, former editor of The Observer, dies aged 85
The veteran journalist helmed the paper from 1975 to 1993.
Algeria country profile
Provides an overview of Algeria, including key events and facts about this north African country.
Tensions rose over Rivera's characterization of the far-right congressman to his face.
The 5 best Amazon deals you can get this Friday — save up to 75%
Grab bestselling UGG slippers for under $35 (42% off), a fan-favorite iRobot Roomba at a $95 discount and more savings.


Boundaries that once separated the Technology, Media & Entertainment and Telecommunications (TMT) industries are rapidly disappearing, seemingly in real-time while we watch, due to unrelenting digital disruption.
Competition is constantly emerging from new places, customer expectations are evolving, and the range of issues TMT companies face are multiplying exponentially at warp speed.
Technology has gone from a business enabler to a driver of disruptive business models. Well-understood baby boomers are giving way to millennials, Generation Xers and younger professionals with new priorities, preferences and behaviors.
Global centers for physical and virtual collaboration.
The TMT Convergence Network is one way EY can provide adaptive services of lasting value to help solve your most complex business problems.
To reflect our TMT clients' complex business challenges – and to help them thrive despite disruption – EY has created the TMT Convergence Network. It's an alignment of our global centers and virtual infrastructure of people, ideas and capabilities, combined with a vast community of enterprises, entreprenuers, start-ups and EY alliances.
The TMT Convergence Network reflects your need for collaboration and speed in addressing your disruptive business challenges and provides the right capabilities you need to help solve each one. This, along with EY's world-class TMT solutions and services, can help you expand in this changing market, gain competitive advantage and grow profitability.


text:
CHEVRON CHEMICAL TO BOOST LLDPE PRODUCTION CAPACITY
BAYTOWN, TEXAS - Chevron Chemical Co. announced Dec. 19 it will expand production capacity for linear low density polyethylene at its Cedar Bayou Plant in Baytown. Chevron said debottlenecking the plant will add 340 million pounds of LLDPE production capacity by the end of this year. The company said it will begin selling the new product from the plant in January 1996.
Chevron operates two reactors at Cedar Bayou, using the BP Chemicals fluid-bed reactor process. Each reactor can produce high density PE or LLDPE. One currently is dedicated to producing about 250 million pounds of HDPE a year; the other makes about 250 million pounds of LLDPE a year. Chevron also makes 600 million pounds of LDPE at Cedar Bayou, using a high-pressure autoclave process.
Robert F. Buesinger, business manager for LLDPE products, said Chevron will change the reactor mix between HDPE and LLDPE production after the expansion to meet market demands, but the firm is not disclosing its specific intentions.
When the expansion is completed, the plant will be able to produce 1.4 billion pounds of PE annually. Chevron also makes about 1.3 billion pounds of HDPE and LDPE in Orange, Texas.


HABCO Manufacturing offers full turnkey manufacturing. We are able to work with our customers whether it's assisting with design, prototype, or finished product. We have a seasoned engineering staff well versed in many areas of new product development. Our supply team will assist in sourcing product should you need this service.
As a contract manufacturer in South Florida, we have worked with our customers to develop and produce thousands of new products. Our multiple customer base has helped us to develop a flexible and diverse production system. We are able to meet your most demanding schedules and requirements.


Aluminum case protects your valuable equipment.
Custom foam interior cushions contents and helps preserve alignment.
Interior is pre-cut to match your Meade telescope dimension.
Case locks for added security.
This Meade hard telescope case features an exterior made from circular patterned brushed aluminum and sports the Meade logo. Inside you'll find a custom-cut foam interior that's pre-cut to precisely match the shape and size of your Meade Telescope. What's more, Meade Aluminum Telescope Cases also include additional cut-out spaces for your favorite eyepieces and areas to keep your normal accessories.
If you're looking for durability and security, you'll love this lockable Meade Telescope case. It has reinforced handles and edges, as well as metal hinges meant to last the lifetime of your Meade telescope.


text:
Filipino Chess Prodigy Alekhine Nouri
Nine-year-old Filipino chess prodigy Alekhine Nouri beat the March 31 deadline and will compete in the 2015 Millionaire Chess Open scheduled in October at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino. The child prodigy from Escalante, Negros, created a sensation last year when he jumped two sections to finish strongly in the Under 1900 Section. He has moved up to the U2000 this year. First place offers $30,000 in this section, but focus will be in the Open Section, in which grandmasters Hikaru Nakamura and Wesley So are anticipated to battle for the $100,000 top prize.
OFWs not to sacrifice their safety in exchange for a better pay
The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines Episcopal Commission on Migrants and Itinerant People (CBCP-ECMI) has asked the faithful to pray for the safety and immediate release of the four Filipinos workers who were recently abducted in Libya. "I ask all to join us in praying for the safety of the abdicated Filipinos and for their immediate release," Balanga Bishop Ruperto Santos, chairman of the CBCP-ECMI, said in an interview.
Supreme Court eases rules on Marriage Annulment
MANILA — The Supreme Court (SC) has relaxed its own rules regarding the annulment of marriage on the ground of psychological incapacity, describing the rules it had in place for 18 years now as "rigid." In a 25-page decision penned by Associate Justice Lucas Bersamin, the high court, through its First Division, reversed a September 2011 ruling in an annulment case where it had affirmed a Court of Appeals (CA) decision upholding the marriage of two individuals.


A recording leaked from a Labour Party meeting reveals the depth of the party's depravity, and the challenges it will face as it attempts to correct course.
The democrats still have a little way to go to catch up to their British brethren in terms of overall dirtbaggery.
Looking for somewhere different to go for a pint this year? These brand new pub and bar launches are bound to give you some food for thought.
The left is becoming more antisemitic by the day.
Looks like another big #BDSFail!
Is this really a surprise? I think that much of Europe has been showing its true colors lately.
Today, the National Union of Students in Britain voted to adopt a policy of Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions. Perhaps when universities re-start in the autumn, we should return with yellow stars sewn onto our clothes.