One of the main aims of a firm is to grow. To assist this process, firms use a range of techniques including those examined in earlier sections - planning, setting strategic and corporate objectives and SWOT and STEEPLE analysis. In this section we move on to look at the impact of this growth and ways in which it can be achieved. We also consider the driving and restraining forces for growth and evolution of different businesses.


text:
Traktat z Guadalupe Hidalgo – traktat pokojowy kończący wojnę amerykańsko-meksykańską podpisany 2 lutego 1848 roku w Guadalupe Hidalgo (obecnie część miasta Meksyk).

Negocjacje nad traktatem podjęte zostały po zajęciu przez wojska amerykańskie meksykańskiej stolicy – we wrześniu 1847 roku. Ze strony amerykańskiej prowadził je Nicholas Trist, wyższy urzędnik Departamentu Stanu, reprezentujący prezydenta Jamesa Polka.

Na mocy traktatu Meksyk zrzekał się terytoriów Nowy Meksyk i Kalifornia Górna (tzw. cesja meksykańska), a także Teksasu (od 1836 roku niepodległego, a w 1845 roku anektowanego przez Stany Zjednoczone, wciąż jednak uznawanego przez rząd Meksyku za część tego kraju). Obszar ten, odpowiadający współczesnym stanom Kalifornia, Arizona, Nowy Meksyk, Nevada, Utah, Teksas oraz fragmentom stanów Kolorado, Oklahoma, Wyoming i Kansas, stanowił ponad połowę całkowitego terytorium Meksyku. W zamian Stany Zjednoczone zobowiązywały się do zapłaty 15 mln dolarów.

Traktat zapewniał ochronę praw obywatelskich i własności Meksykanów zamieszkujących anektowane terytoria. Mieli oni prawo do pozostania na nich przy zachowaniu obywatelstwa meksykańskiego lub przyjęciu obywatelstwa amerykańskiego, jak i do opuszczenia kraju i osiedlenia się w Meksyku. Artykuł X, obiecujący honorowanie wystawionych przez rząd Meksyku tytułów nadania ziemi na przejętych terytoriach został wykreślony podczas ratyfikacji traktatu przez Senat Stanów Zjednoczonych.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

 Treść traktatu

1848 w Ameryce Północnej
Traktaty międzynarodowe Stanów Zjednoczonych
Traktaty pokojowe
Wojna amerykańsko-meksykańska

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After years of working with toxic products in the paint industry, Gerry Monty, was introduced to American Clay. He was excited about the material right away and felt it was the time to replace the toxins with a quality natural alternative. Claymasters was started.
Claymasters is the sole dealer for American Clay in the Okanagan Valley. Gerry has taken his knowledge and skill of paint and texture and applied this to earth plaster finishes. We work with nature not against it. We believe in the superior quality of the American Clay product where sustainability is an attitude.


text:
Visiting New York on a budget
New York's long been one of my favourite cities. I first visited 20 years ago and it made a huge impression. It was my first trip outside Europe and felt a million miles away from home. Seeing iconic sights like yellow cabs, steam through subway grilles, towering skyscrapers and Times Square's neon lights felt like walking onto a film set. I couldn't get enough of it, and still can't – I've been back five times since and need another New York fix soon. But like many world-class cities it can be expensive. So here are my tips on making the most of New York on a budget.
The Oculus at the World Trade Center
Things to do in New York on a budget
A big part of what makes New York so great is its atmosphere, and you can soak it up for free by walking the city streets. The changing feel as you move through the city's neighborhoods – Harlem, the Upper East Side, Soho, Chinatown, Greenwich Village, Little Italy and the Meatpacking District – makes it feel like visiting lots of different cities in one. And that's before you get out of Manhattan and start exploring the city's other boroughs.
There are plenty of famous New York sights you can visit for free – Times Square, New York Public Library, Grand Central Station and St Patrick's Cathedral. There are also the parks. As well as enormous Central Park there's the High Line on a old elevated railway track, Brooklyn Bridge Park and lots of small neighbourhood parks. NYC Parks hold free or low-cost events throughout the year, like concerts, exhibitions and films. Friends of the High Line also run free guided walks about the park's history, design and horticulture – check their calendar for dates.
For other New York tours, Free Tours by Foot run a variety of walking and cycling tours. They cover lots of different city neighbourhoods as well as themed tours like a Greenwich Village food tour, a graffiti and street art tour or a Broadway ghost tour. Tours are free but you tip your guide what you think it's worth. Grand Central Partnership also run a 90-minute free walking tour of the area surrounding Grand Central Station at 12:30pm every Friday.
You can get your own private guide through the Big Apple Greeter scheme, which matches tourists with local volunteers who show you around their personal New York highlights. It's free – with a no-tipping policy – but you do need to book around 3–4 weeks in advance.
If you want to visit the big-name – and most expensive – attractions like the Statue of Liberty and Empire State Building, it might be worth investing in city pass. There are several different versions available. The New York City Pass covers entry to six top attractions for $132 ($108 for children aged 6–17), including skip-the-line access. The same company also do a C3 Pass where you choose three places to visit from a list of 11 for $84/$62. There's also the New York Explorer Pass which covers 3–10 attractions for $94–$229 ($70–$170 children). Or the the New York Pass with entry to over 100 attractions over 1–10 days from $134 ($101 children).
Autumn in Central Park
Money-saving museums and culture
Entrance fees to New York's big museums are normally around $20–$25 per person, but there are ways to save. Some museums have certain times when you can pay what you wish – like the Guggenheim (5pm–7.45pm on Saturdays) and the Frick Collection (2pm–6pm on Wednesdays).
There's also free entry to some museums on certain days of the week. The 9/11 Memorial and Museum is free after 5pm on Tuesdays, the Museum of Modern Art and the Museum of the Moving Image are free from 4pm–8pm on Fridays, and the grounds of the New York Botanical Gardens are free to visit on Wednesdays and from 9am–10am on Saturdays. Many smaller museums are free all or part of the time too – you can find a full list here
The 9/11 Memorial
Some of New York's other museums have a suggested donation rather than a fixed entry price. So if you're happy to brazen it out and offer less, you can save on the usual entry cost for the American Museum of Natural History, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of the City of New York and the Queens Museum. You can also see art for free by browsing the galleries that fill converted lofts and warehouses in Chelsea and the Lower East Side.
For Broadway on a budget, pick up discounted theatre tickets at TKTS booths which sell same-day seats for up to 50% off. Their Times Square booth has big queues, but there are quieter branches at South Street Seaport and in Brooklyn. Or check out the next generation of actors, dancers and musicians at free performances by students from Juilliard performing arts school.
The observation deck of the Empire State Building might be New York's most iconic viewpoint, but it's pricey at $68 to go right up to the 102nd floor. The Top of the Rock viewpoint at the Rockerfeller Centre might not be quite as tall but it's a bit more reasonable at $38 and you get the bonus of a great view of the Empire State Building while you're up there.
Or get a drink to go with your view at one of the city's rooftop bars. Many are attached to fancy hotels, so you have to fork out for a room or run the gauntlet of bouncers and cover charges. But 230 Fifth has a big roof terrace bar on Fifth Avenue that's open to anyone. It's the city's largest rooftop patio, overlooking the Empire State Building with patio heaters and blankets in winter.
The Top of the Rock
There's also a rooftop terrace at the Metropolitan Museum of Art with great views over Central Park. The Cantor Rooftop Garden Bar is open from mid-April until October, 11am–4pm on Sunday to Thursday and until 8.15pm on Fridays and Saturdays, serving cocktails and light food.
Nearer to the ground, there are spectacular views across the water to lower Manhattan from the Brooklyn Bridge and the park at the end of the bridge. Or you can look out over the Statue of Liberty from the esplanade at Battery Park City down at the tip of Manhattan. If you want to get a closer view of Liberty you need to get out on the water, but you can have a free boat trip across the harbour by taking the Staten Island Ferry. This service shuttles between Manhattan and Staten Island 24 hours a day, taking 25 minutes to travel each way.
Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry
Budget food and drink
If you're looking to eat out on a budget, here's 40 places to get you started, spread across the city. You can also save by getting food to go – from breakfast bagels and pretzels to pizza slices and deli sandwiches. The food truck scene is also really big in New York, serving street food from around the word. They move around but you can track them down is on using this site
You can also find plenty of food trucks at the city's food markets. The biggest is Smorgasburg in Brooklyn with over 100 stalls, which takes place between April and October from 11am–6pm at the East River Park in Willamsburg on Saturdays and in Prospect Park on Sunday. There's also the Hester Street Fair in the Lower East Side, which also takes place on Saturdays from 11am–6pm between April and October, as well as smaller Urbanspace markets around the city.
If you like beer, you can take a free tour at the Brooklyn Brewery. Tours run every half hour from 1pm–6pm on Saturdays and Sundays. You can also buy their draft beers for $6, and can bring your own food or order takeaway in for delivery to the brewery. Or on Monday to Friday there are more in-depth, 45-minute small group tours at 5pm, 5.45pm, 6.30pm and 7.15pm for $18, including four beers and a souvenir glass – make sure to book in advance.
Low-cost New York transport
New York is a great city to walk around, but it's big, so the best way to get around is on the subway. It runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week and costs $2.75 for a single journey or $33 for a seven-day MetroCard, with unlimited subway and bus journeys. You can also use your Metrocard on the Roosevelt Island Tram – a cable car which has fantastic views across East Manhattan and the East River. It leaves from the station at 59th Street and Second Avenue.
Travel to and from the airport can be expensive, but there are lots of public transport options. You can get to JFK using a MetroCard – take the A train to Far Rockaway to the Howard Beach/JFK Airport stop (about an hour) then the AirTrain to the airport (15 minutes). You can get to Newark and La Guardia airports using subway, bus and train combinations too.
A more energetic way to see the city is with a Citi Bike. You can borrow bikes from over 750 docking stations around the city. It costs $12 to access the bikes for 24 hours – or $24 for a three-day pass – then you can make as many journeys under 30 minutes as you like for free.
So those are my tips for seeing New York on a budget – do you know of any more New York bargains or have any money-saving tips?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Traditionalist and Change – KnowledgePath Consulting, Inc.
Think about the oldest and the youngest employees in your company and how they work. Do they approach work the same way? Probably not. They won't approach or deal with change the same way either.
In the last few posts I have discussed Change Management as Risk Management around generations in your workforce; you will mitigate your risk significantly when you address change successfully with your people. Since change happens at the pace of the individual, how do you help hundreds or even thousands of people change effectively in your organization with up to five generations working within any given organization?
Last time, I wrote about the Baby Boomers and how to help them experience successful Organizational Change Management (OCM). Today, I'm discussing the oldest generation currently in our workforce: the Traditionalist.
Born before 1945, many in this generation have retired, but not everyone! This generation has seen more significant change in the world than any other group, and younger generations often dismiss the idea that Traditionalists will be willing or able to change in their work environment. By extension, younger generations also tend to dismiss the value that Traditionalists bring. But, it's amazing how a little information can change that thought and help people work together.
They believe the top-down approach to leadership is the most effective. They trust their leaders to know where the organization is going and what needs to be done to get there.
Based on this trust of leaders, they may not require significant detail or depth of explanation on the change initiative as a relates to the overall strategy.
They respond to an emphasis on transition.
So, what do you do with this information? Here are a few quick thoughts to help the Traditionalist make a successful change, so they can make a valuable contribution to the changes ahead.
First, present the vision and make sure that it is communicated from the top. This should be part of any change initiative, and there is no exception here.
It is very important to validate the work the Traditionalist has done in the past. Acknowledge the value they have brought and then help them separate from the old way of doing things. Create safety in the uncertainty of the in-between. A roadmap is helpful here. Show them point A to point B and what the road can look like in between. It can take the fear and guesswork out of the fuzzy middle when everything seems in an uproar, and it may feel like the direction is lost.
Include Traditionalists in your project teams. This will make them be part of the change while positioning the company to benefit from their organizational knowledge. They have knowledge and a background that is missing in the younger workforce. Traditionalists were often there when certain company cultures were formed or remember which mistakes were made during previous transformations. If they can be reminded that they have this background and expertise so to speak, it will help them see that they still have a place in the changing environment.
One quick note to keep in mind on this point: because change of this significance is always hard, it is a common occurrence for those with longevity in your company to become vocal naysayers. When they have seen a lot of change through the years, they will most likely have examples from the past of a similar initiative that failed. While doubt is understandable, it is important to remind everyone that you will learn from those failure points. Doing so will acknowledge the past and the Traditionalist's experiences. Then encourage your team with the present reality: much has changed in the past few years alone. Just because something was a failure in the past should not dictate its preoperative demise. You will need to strike a balance between bringing in the value of learning from the past and preventing a derailment of the project over a naysayer perspective.
In some cases, a Traditionalist may choose to work on the periphery of the project because of retirement plans, however because of their knowledge and first-hand experiences, it is important to involve them in the change you are seeking for your company. Doing so not only allows you to capture valuable and often undocumented knowledge, but it also means they won't feel left behind- something which is unfortunately a common situation in the face of the ever-changing workplace of today.
Remember, change with your ERP modernization or transformation will only be as successful as your people who work there, so give all members of your workforce the opportunity to be part of the change.
Next time, I'll complete this series on generations and change at the other end of the generation spectrum, Generation Z. Sign up to receive notifications when we post, so you don't miss anything.


The Quebec Counselling Association (QCA) exists to be the anglophone voice for Quebec counselling professionals. We are affiliated with the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA) to offer services to counsellors and those in the helping profession at large.
We also strive to raise awareness of mental health initiatives and provide professional development/ workshops for counsellors etc.


A presentation made by the 7th-graders: Djurdjina Djurdjevic, Aleksandra Kovanovic and Bojana Popovic.
Sa desne strane imate još vežbanja, a odgovore proverite sami u rešenjima.
MARIJA JOVIĆ I am an English teacher and I have been teaching in a primary school "Sveti Sava" in Badnjevac, Serbia for over 7 years. I have also held a workshop in Jagodina during the 2nd International Conference: CLIL in Teaching Young Learners and a workshop in British Council, Challenges of Teaching Gifted Students – Challenging But Fun. Apart from teaching, I successfully participate in running different educational Facebook groups, teachers' forums and websites. Being techy, I use many different technologies and I like browsing in search for useful ideas for my lessons. I also write articles for Microsoft Serbia newsletter, about using technology in teaching. I love my job and my students and I am very interested in further professional development. I wish to travel a lot and learn about other cultures, too.


Our nation remembers the tragic events of September 11, 2001. As chaplains in the fire service we are often asked to participate in 9/11 services. The New York State Association of Fire Chaplains, Inc. sends the attached files and the resources listed below in hopes of serving the members of our association.
The 9/11 Facebook page with memorials, pictures, etc.
Director Lundy sent the second attached file ("911 Memorial by Chaplain Lundy").
The last file is from Chief Billy Goldfeder and discusses the lingering effects of 9/11 based on a New York Post article ("911 Lingering Effects from The Secret List").
Again, we hope these will be helpful as you prepare to remember the events of September 11, 2001.


The Enchi project is being advanced by Pinecrest Resources. Key shareholders in Pinecrest include Kinross and Sandstorm Gold. A preliminary economic assessment (PEA) study on the project was completed in Q2, 2015 and updated in December 2015 to reflect a contractor-operated operation. The study is based on an 9 year open pit operation with an ore throughput capacity of 3Mt/a. The ore will be treated via heap leaching with the final product being a gold doré.
A detailed analysis of the Sleeper gold mine project.
A detailed analysis of the Boungou gold mine project.
A detailed analysis of the Sigma-Lamaque gold mine project.


Since last fall, engineers have been testing a 3D printer that builds horizontally, allowing for larger objects.
Print laterally, though, and you can have an opening at the back of the printer that pushes out parts on a track in back of the chamber. By the time the parts exit the oven, "they are already quite dimensionally stable," says Lee.
Since last fall, engineers at Ford have been testing a 3D printer that builds objects horizontally. The printer, called the Infinite Build, is developed by the Israeli additive manufacturing company Stratasys. For prototypes, it can produce objects that fit within the print volume of 30"x 48"x infinite. Boeing is also testing the technology.
The industrial-sized printer sets the usual configuration on its side—the platform is set North-South instead of East-West—and builds out instead of up.
VIDEO: See the 3D printer in action.
The material is also different than conventional 3D printing: Instead of a continuous filament, the printer uses thermoplastic micropellets, and the refilling process is automated, "so if we have very, very large parts, we have automatic material handling that allows continuous operation for days," says Lee.
Ford, of course, isn't the only automaker devoting considerable R&D to the latest in additive manufacturing: BMW recently committed venture capital to Desktop Metal, a 3D printer that melts layers of metallic powder with lasers. And Delphi (as well as Ford and BMW, in separate projects) has been working with the Carbon printer that pulls objects out of a pool of resin rather than building them up layer by layer. That printer lends itself well to smaller parts that require a nice surface finish or materials beyond your typical brittle prototyping resins.
Lee says Ford's strategy is to partner with 3D printing innovators early in the technology's development to modify it "specifically for our automotive needs. There are a lot of new and established 3D printing companies that we are in discussions and partnering with to understand what the potential for their technologies are," she said.


text:
Right Now – Human Rights in Australia
Work and education
Encountering modern slavery in Lebanon
By Anika Baset
Within a few hours of arriving in Beirut I notice the migrant domestic workers, all of Asian and African descent, walking along the street, as upper class Lebanese drive by in expensive sports cars. As I walk around the upscale neighbourhood of Achrafieh, I encounter a woman of Asian heritage with a black eye walking a French bulldog. Later, I spot a Lebanese man aggressively dragging a brown-skinned woman by the wrist. He catches my eye and sneers. Suddenly, I become hyper-aware of both my ethnicity and the racial violence in this deeply divided city.
My South Asian heritage made my six-week stay in Lebanon a deeply uncomfortable experience because of a system of modern day slavery called 'Kafala'. The Kafala system regulates the arrival and stay of migrant domestic workers across the Middle East. According to the International Labour Organisation, an estimated 250,000 migrant domestic workers live in Lebanon. Most are women and arrive from South Asian and African countries, such as Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Ethiopia and Bangladesh.
The Lebanese slang word for housemaid is "Sri Lankiye", which signifies the entrenched racism that exists as a result of Kafala. I was constantly stared at in cafes and restaurants, as though people were confused by how a "Sri Lankiye" could afford to occupy space delineated for middle class Lebanese. A man on a bus insisted I was an African migrant even when I said I was an Australian tourist. Another man aggressively yelled "Where are you from?" in Arabic as I walked down the street. Most chillingly, a policeman followed me home one day because he assumed I was a domestic worker who had run away without her papers.
Other non-Caucasian tourists told me of similar experiences. A French friend of mixed heritage had two people refuse to ride in a shared taxi with her because they assumed she was a Filipino maid. She was also told that her eyes were too small and her skin too dark to be 'really French'.
Migrant domestic workers and sports cars on the streets of Beirut
A 2019 Amnesty International report "Their Home is My Prison" found that domestic workers in Lebanon face extreme working hours, a lack of rest days, severe restrictions on freedom of movement and communication, food deprivation, verbal and psychological abuse and physical violence. Some workers have their wages withheld for months or years. Human Rights Watch have also claimed that a domestic worker commits suicide every week.
According to the Amnesty report, all migrant, domestic workers have their residency status in Lebanon tied to the consent of their specific employer under the Kafala contract. They are unable to resign, change jobs or return home without their employers' permission. They will often have their passports held by their employers to ensure their inability to leave. They are also excluded from the protections under the Lebanese labour law, such as standardised working hours and minimum wage.
Advertisement for a "Housemaids Agency" in Beirut which brings in migrant women under the Kafala system
My visit to the Lebanese General Security office to extend my tourist visa confirmed the reality of the Kafala system. Domestic workers will only be granted permits if they have a de-facto owner to claim them. Well-dressed Lebanese women, or 'Madams' as they are called, sit in the waiting room beside their domestic workers, who are waiting for residency permits. They are all young women of colour.
I am later informed that domestic workers of certain ethnicities are considered more prestigious than others and are worth more accordingly. Women from the Philippines, for example, are the most highly prized because their skin is lighter than the women from Ethiopia or South Asia.
The structural racism towards domestic workers is also entrenched in Lebanese societal attitudes. An Al-Jazeera report on the perception of domestic workers in Lebanese society, found 27 per cent of survey participants considered them "unclean", 36 per cent considered them "stupid" and 51 per cent considered them "untrustworthy". Many of the city's beach clubs are racially segregated and in 2018 a two year old toddler of Sudanese heritage was expelled from a kindergarten after parents threatened to remove their children if a "black kid" was enrolled.
In an attempt to understand the counter-movement to abolish the Kafala system, I contacted an anti-racism, activist group called This is Lebanon. The group is founded by a former migrant worker, now based in Canada, who aims to assist those still trapped in dangerous situations in Lebanon.
After an initial conversation, the group administrator asked me if I would be willing to assist with "cases" brought against any Lebanese-Australian dual nationals. Soon after, I was informed about an Australian citizen who sexually harassed two Ethiopian women and attempted to coerce them into performing sexual acts. A flurry of messages followed. "We have obtained his name and address. Could you please let me know if he has breached any Australian law and if so, what we might do about it".
This is Lebanon have come under fire for using these "name and shame" tactics to force abusive employers to give domestic workers their basic rights. However, it is difficult to judge these tactics when there is no proper redress for victims who exist outside of the rule of law. I asked the group how difficult it was to obtain justice using ordinary legal mechanisms, such as reporting to the police or filing a case in the Lebanese Courts. They told me they had never seen or heard of it happening.
Political inertia and a host of other social and economic problems in Lebanon makes reform of the Kafala system unlikely in the immediate future. But groups such as This is Lebanon are continuing to shed light on a cruel system and are driven by the hope of change:
"Our hearts fill with hope when we see people moved into action in the face of these injustices. In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., "Freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." Supporters around the globe raising their voices and demanding change is what gives us hope. That being said, this is going to be a very long process."
Employment Women
Anika Baset
This one weird old fat joke will make you disappear completely
Genesis 1:26-28 and Environmental Rights
The economic cost of Australia's asylum policies
#MeToo and human rights language in the social media era
Does government spying violate human rights law?
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Quantum Words Perth: Reflections on Language, Science and Ways of Knowing
By Sarah Yeung
Sarah Yeung reflects on the Quantum Words festival, investigating the ways in which science and language interact through colonial discourse and Indigenous knowledges.
Climate change Indigenous People
Reconnecting with a Precolonial Heritage: An Interview with Kim Scott
Sharen Bart in conversation with Kim Scott
Sharen Bart speaks to award-winning Noongar writer and scholar Kim Scott about Indigenous trauma, cultural recovery and what it means to be sustained by a pre-colonial heritage.
Growing Up Queer in Australia: a review
By David Branigan
Edited by Benjamin Law, Growing Up Queer in Australia brings together a diverse and moving array of voices that spans the identity spectrum.
After the Flames – A fortnight of frustration, fury and fatigue
By Cate Tregellas
I don't know whether to be intensely irritated, that he is telling me the reality I don't want to hear, or profoundly grateful that I can tell him my darkest thoughts and he responds with love.
Room service or the nation's service? It's a tough time to be a leader
By Angus Smith
The government was armed with rhetoric for a climate change debate, but not prepared for any disaster a changed climate brings.
Climate change Environment
Olarotimi Onayemi
Thank you. I hope they be free someday.
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Many astrophysical and cosmological observations have shown that cold dark matter (DM) particles
make up $25.8\%$ of the Universe, while baryons only make up $4.8\%$ \cite{2016A&A...594A...1P}. Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are
a popular candidate for cold DM \cite{1996PhR...267..195J,2000RPPh...63..793B,2005PhR...405..279B}.
WIMPs can annihilate or decay to standard model particles, such as electrons/positrons, photons, neutrinos, etc.
These processes provide an indirect way to probe the DM properties.
Compared with charged particles, photons are not affected by the Galaxy's magnetic field and suffer from
less energy loss in the propagation process. Therefore, probing gamma-rays is a very promising approach for indirect DM  detection.

DM annihilation can directly produce photons at loop level, or indirectly produce photons through cascade decays,
final state radiation, and inverse Compton scattering processes. It is possible to observe $\gamma$-rays from regions with high DM densities  using high precision detectors, such as the space-borne $\gamma$-ray detector Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) \cite{2009ApJ...697.1071A}.
Many studies have been performed to probe the DM signatures in the Fermi-LAT data from large astrophysical systems, such as the Galactic halo \cite{2011PhRvD..84l3005H,2012ApJ...761...91A,2012PhRvD..86h3511A,
2010PhRvL.104i1302A,2012PhRvD..86b2002A,2012JCAP...08..007W,2013PhRvD..88h2002A}, galaxy clusters \cite{2010JCAP...05..025A},
and Galactic DM substructures \cite{2012A&A...538A..93Z,2012ApJ...747..121A,2012JCAP...11..050Z}.
However, the contribution of DM annihilation to the reported GeV $\gamma-$ rays has not been confirmed \cite{2009arXiv0910.2998G,2009arXiv0912.3828V,2011PhLB..697..412H,
2011PhRvD..83h3517H,2012PhRvD..86h3511A,2013PhRvD..88h3521G,
2013PDU.....2..118H,2016PDU....12....1D,2015JCAP...03..038C,
2015PhRvD..91f3003C,2015PhRvD..91l3010Z,
2015JCAP...12..056G,2016PhRvL.116e1102B,2016PhRvL.116e1103L}.

Nearby dwarf spheroidal satellites (dSphs) are
another promising candidate for detecting gamma-ray emission from DM annihilation, due to the lack of astrophysical $\gamma$-ray sources \cite{1998ARA&A..36..435M,2009ApJ...696..385G}.
Recently, more than twenty dSphs have been discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) \cite{2000AJ....120.1579Y},
which has a deep and systematic coverage of the northern celestial hemisphere.
Numerous studies have been performed to search for the $\gamma$-ray emission from these dSphs in the Fermi-LAT data,
but no significant signal has been found \cite{2010ApJ...712..147A,2011PhRvL.107x1302A,2011PhRvL.107x1303G,
2012APh....37...26M,2014PhRvD..89d2001A,2015PhRvD..91h3535G,2015PhRvL.115w1301A}. The ongoing Dark Energy Survey (DES) \cite{2005astro.ph.10346T,2016MNRAS.460.1270D}, which is an optical instrument working on the southern hemisphere,
has also reported $16$ new dSphs in $2015$ \cite{2015ApJ...807...50B,2015ApJ...805..130K,2015ApJ...813..109D}.
Among these new candidates, there seem to be slight excesses at GeV level in the directions of Reticulum II (DES J0335.6-5403)
and Tuc III (DES J2356-5935) \cite{2015PhRvL.115h1101G,2015JCAP...09..016H,2015arXiv151109252L}.
However, the excess of Reticulum II from the the latest analyses of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data is less significant than that from the previous analyses of Pass 7 data. \cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D,2017ApJ...834..110A}.
This difference may be caused by the improvement of the data, as declared by the Fermi-LAT collaboration \cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D}.

Due to the lack of  information about the spatial extension of DM halos, the newly discovered dSphs have usually been treated as point-like sources in previous gamma-ray searches. In Ref. \cite{2015ApJ...808L..36B}, the authors analyzed the density profile of Reticulum II, and calculated
the $J$ factor for DM annihilation within some typical extended angles. By using these results, we search for $\gamma$-ray emission in the Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data from the direction of Reticulum II, which is taken to be an extended source. No significant signature has been found in our analysis. We set constraints on the DM annihilation cross section for several DM annihilation channels.

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we analyze the Fermi-LAT data in the direction of
Reticulum II for some typical spatially extended angles and set upper-limits on the $\gamma$-ray flux.
In Section 3, we set constraints on the DM annihilation cross section by the Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray observation of Reticulum II,
and discuss the main element which may influence the results.
Section 4 gives our conclusion.

\section{Data analysis}
In our study, we use Science Tools version v10r0p5 to analyse approximately 7 years of Fermi-LAT data, recorded from
August 2008 to June 2015, with the Pass 8 photon data selection. Events from the Pass 8 SOURCE-class
at energies between 500 MeV and 500 GeV are used. In order to reduce the $\gamma$-ray
contamination from the earth's limb, events with zenith angles larger than $100^{\circ}$ have been rejected,
and the recommended filter cut $(DATA\_QUAL>0, LAT\_CONFIG==1)$ is applied. We create a $10^{\circ} \times 10^{\circ}$
square region as the ROI around the dSph center with pixels of $0.1^{\circ}$, and consider 8 logarithmic energy bins from
500 MeV to 500 GeV. We use the Galactic $\gamma$-ray diffuse model $gll\_iem\_v06.fit$ and
the isotropic extragalactic $\gamma$-ray diffuse spectrum $iso\_P8R2\_SOURCE\_V6\_v06.txt$ as the diffuse background.
The third LAT source catalog (3FGL) \cite{2015ApJS..218...23A} is used to deal with the known point sources. In the analysis,
we carry out a global fit in the entire energy range and then fix all backgrounds (both point-like and diffuse backgrounds)
in each energy bin. The instrument response functions (IRFs) $P8R2\_SOURCE\_V6$ are taken according to the above
data selection.

In each energy bin the putative $\gamma$-ray signal from dSph Reticulum II is modeled as a power-law
($dN/dE \propto E^{-\Gamma}$) with a spectral index of $\Gamma=2$. The spatial map for the extended source
is indispensable, and is modeled by the DM density profile here.
The $J$ factor is defined as the integration of the squared DM density along the line-of-sight over the solid angle
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:zy1}
J = \int J_{\Omega} d\Omega =\iint \rho^{2}(l,\Omega) dld\Omega.
\end{eqnarray}
The solid angle $\Delta \Omega$ can be expressed as $\Delta \Omega = 2\pi \times [1-cos(\alpha_{int})]$,
where $\alpha_{int}$ is the integral angle.
In Ref. \cite{2015ApJ...808L..36B}, the DM density profile of Reticulum II is reconstructed by performing an optimized spherical
Jeans analysis for the kinematic data obtained from the Michigan/Magellan Fiber System. The authors provided the
$J$ factors for different integral angles $\alpha_{int}$, of which the typical values are listed
in Table \ref{tab:zy1} \cite{2015ApJ...808L..36B}. Although these values are derived by the choice of the Einasto profile, the choice of other DM profiles, such as the NFW profile, would result in very similar $J$ factors in the same procedure of the Jeans analysis ~\cite{2015MNRAS.446.3002B}. Therefore, such a choice would not significantly impact our final results.

\begin{center}
\tabcaption{$J$ factors for Reticulum II.}
 \begin{tabular}{lcc}
  \hline\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
   $\alpha_{int}$  &\qquad\qquad\qquad    & $\log_{10}(J(\alpha_{int}))$  \\
   $(deg)$         &    & $(\log_{10}[GeV^{2}cm^{-5}])$   \\
  \hline\noalign{\smallskip}
  0.1     &    & $18.8^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$      \\
  0.5     &    & $19.6^{+1.0}_{-0.7}$      \\
  1       &    & $19.8^{+1.2}_{-0.9}$      \\
  \noalign{\smallskip}\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:zy1}
\end{center}

By using these results,
we show the relation between $\alpha$ and $J_{\Omega}$ in Fig. \ref{fig:zy1}, which represents the information of the spatial extension.
Note that $J_{\Omega}$ is an un-integrated astrophysical factor
within an solid angle $\Delta \Omega$, as denoted in Eq. \ref{eq:zy1}.
Then we can construct three spatial maps of
Reticulum II for three typical extended angles of
$0.1^{\circ}$, $0.5^{\circ}$, and $1^{\circ}$.

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-alpha_j.eps}
\figcaption{The un-integrated astrophysical factor of Reticulum II as a function of the angle.}
\label{fig:zy1}
\end{center}

Following the procedure of Ref. \cite{2016PhRvD..93h3513Z}, we fit the $\gamma$-ray signature in each energy bin
separately and then derive limits on the $\gamma$-ray flux, which are independent of the specific spectral model.
We set a range of $\gamma$-ray flux in each energy bin, and are then able to get the corresponding likelihood for each flux.
By using this flux and likelihood information, we are able to get the upper limits on the $\gamma$-ray flux at
$95\%$ confidence level (CL).
We consider the cases where
Reticulum II is modeled as a point-like source or an extended source with three extended angles, and show the corresponding upper-limits on the $\gamma$-ray flux at $95\%$ confidence level (CL) in Fig. \ref{fig:zy2}. It can be seen that there seems to be a slight $\gamma$-ray excess in the third energy bin, between 2.8 GeV and 6.7 GeV.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-source.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-01profile.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-05profile.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-1profile.eps}
\figcaption{The upper limits on the $\gamma$-ray flux of Reticulum II at $95\%$ CL for the point-like assumption and spatially extended source assumption for three extended angles.}
\label{fig:zy2}
\end{figure*}

The test statistic (TS) value of the $\gamma$-ray signature is given by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:zy1}
TS=-2\log \left(\frac{\mathcal{L}_{max,0}}{\mathcal{L}_{max,1}}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\mathcal{L}_{max,1}$ and $\mathcal{L}_{max,0}$ are the maximal likelihoods of the cases with and without exotic signals, respectively.
We consider a set of DM masses from 2 GeV to 10 TeV
for six DM annihilation channels (when the final states are kinematically allowed), namely $e^+e^-$, $\mu^+\mu^-$, $\tau^+\tau^-$, $u\bar{u}$, $b\bar{b}$, and $W^+W^-$.
We find that an annihilating DM with a mass of 25 GeV to $\tau^+\tau^-$ final states contributes the most
significant excess, while the corresponding significance is only about $2\sigma$. The significances of the other channels are smaller than that of the $\tau^+\tau^-$ channel. For example, the best TS values in the point-like source case for the $e^+e^-$, $\mu^+\mu^-$, $u \bar{u}$, and $b\bar{b}$ channels are 3.73, 5.34, 4.28, and 4.43, respectively.

Although different extended angles result in different TS values, as listed in Table \ref{tab:zy2}, these values do not vary very much. This result indicates that the extended angle of Reticulum II does not have a significant impact on the TS value. We show the residuals of a $2^{\circ} \times 2^{\circ}$  ROI centered on Reticulum II in Fig. \ref{fig:zy3},
which has been smoothed with a $0.2^{\circ}$ Gaussian kernel. Although it is difficult to recognize any obvious structure from this residual map, the residuals are not uniformly distributed. This means that the variation of the TS value with the extended angles may be affected by fluctuations.

\begin{center}
\tabcaption{TS values for different spatial extensions.}
 \begin{tabular}{lcc}
  \hline\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
   Spatial type  &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad    & TS value  \\
  \hline\noalign{\smallskip}
  Point-like            &   & 5.46     \\
  Extend $0.1^{\circ}$  &   & 5.96     \\
  Extend $0.5^{\circ}$  &   & 6.46      \\
  Extend $1^{\circ}$    &   & 4.85      \\
  \noalign{\smallskip}\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{tab:zy2}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-residual_2x2degree.eps}
\figcaption{The residual map of a $2^{\circ} \times 2^{\circ}$ ROI centered on Reticulum II, smoothed with a $0.2^{\circ}$ Gaussian kernel.}
\label{fig:zy3}
\end{center}

Note that our results are consistent with those given by the Fermi-LAT collaboration based on the Pass 8 data. In Refs.~\cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D,2017ApJ...834..110A}, only a slight excess from Reticulum II with a significance smaller than $2.5\sigma$ (TS$=6.8\sim7.0$) for the $\tau^+\tau^-$ channel was reported. However, Refs. \cite{2015PhRvL.115h1101G,2015JCAP...09..016H} found a significant $\gamma$-ray excess with a significance larger than $3 \sigma$ in the Pass 7 data. The main difference may be caused by the different versions of the data, as explained by the Fermi-LAT collaboration. For instance, compared with the Pass 7 data, the Pass 8 data improves the point source sensitivity by a factor of $30\%-50\%$ \cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D}.

\section{Constraints on the DM annihilation cross section}

In this section, we set upper limits on the DM annihilation cross section from the Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray observation of Reticulum II.
The expected integrated $\gamma$-ray flux from DM annihilation
is given by
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:zy2}
\Phi(E) = \frac{\left<\sigma v\right>}{8\pi m_{DM}^2}\times \int \frac{dN_\gamma}{dE_\gamma} dE_\gamma \times J ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\left<\sigma v\right>$ is the thermally averaged DM annihilation cross section,
$m_{DM}$ is the DM mass, $\frac{dN_\gamma}{dE_\gamma}$ is the differential
$\gamma$-ray spectrum from one DM pair annihilation, and $J$ is the astrophysical factor
expressed as Eq. \ref{eq:zy1}.
Note that $\frac{dN_\gamma}{dE_\gamma}$ should be a sum of the photons from all possible DM
annihilation final states according to the detailed DM model. Here we only consider the $\gamma$-ray
contribution from a sole annihilation channel, including $e^+e^-$, $\mu^+\mu^-$, $\tau^+\tau^-$, $u\bar{u}$, $b\bar{b}$, and $W^+W^-$, by using the initial spectra given by PPPC \cite{2011JCAP...03..051C,2011JCAP...03..019C}.
Note that more stringent constraints should be derived
from a combined analysis including all the dSphs, or at least including those with large $J$ factors.
Here we attempt to find the impact of varying spatially extended angles of Reticulum on TS values and constraints, and hence only
consider the Reticulum result in our analysis.

We use the method in Ref. \cite{2013JCAP...03..018S,2016PhRvD..93h3513Z} to derive constraints on DM annihilation from dSph observations.
First, we construct the likelihood map corresponding to the different
integrated fluxes $\Phi(E)$ in each energy bin. For a certain input set of $m_{DM}$, $\left<\sigma v\right>$
and $J$ factor, the combined likelihood in all energy bins for Reticulum II can be estimated as
the following equation
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eq:zy3}
L&&=\prod_{i}L_{i}(\Phi_{i}|D) \nonumber\\
&&\times \frac{1}{\ln(10)J_{obs}\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}e^{-[\log_{10}(J)-\log_{10}(J_{obs})]^{2}/2\sigma^{2}},
\end{eqnarray}
where the subscript $i$ denotes the $i$-th energy bin, $\Phi_i$ is the $\gamma$-ray signature flux from DM,
and $J_{obs}$ and $\sigma$ are the mean value and deviation of the $J$ factor respectively. In our analysis for Reticulum II, the values of $J_{obs}$ and $\sigma$ are taken to be the mean values and lower uncertainties shown in Table~\ref{tab:zy1}, respectively. For given $m_{DM}$ and $\left<\sigma v\right>$,
the value of $J$ is chosen to make the likelihood value $L$ reach a maximum. Then we obtain a ``cross section-likelihood" table
for Reticulum II. By using this table, we are able to calculate the upper limits on $\left<\sigma v\right>$ at $95\%$ CL,
where the corresponding log-likelihood decreases
by a factor of $2.71/2$ from its maximum \cite{1953Biometrika.40.306,2005NIMPA.551..493R}.
For three typical spatially extended angles, the constraints on the DM annihilation cross section for six
annihilation channels are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:zy4}.
The limits on the DM annihilation cross section for the point source case are stronger than those for the extended source case with a small extended angle $0.1^\circ$ by a factor of $\mathcal{O}(1)$, while they are comparable to those for the extended source case with an extended angle of $0.5^\circ$ or $1^\circ$ at high DM masses.

\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-tau.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-bb.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-ee.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-uu.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-mumu.eps}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-ww.eps}
\figcaption{Constraints on the DM annihilation cross section at $95\%$ CL for six annihilation channels
from about 7 years of Fermi-LAT observation of Reticulum II. This dSph is modeled as a point-like source
and a spatially extended source for three extended angles, respectively.}
\label{fig:zy4}
\end{figure*}

We also compare our constraints with those set by the Fermi-LAT collaboration in Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D,2017ApJ...834..110A}. We find that the differences are mainly caused by the $J$ factor. For the point-like source case, the $J$ factor of Reticulum II within $0.5^\circ$ is taken to be $\log_{10}J=19.6 \pm 0.7$ in the estimation. This $J$ factor is derived by an optimized Jeans analysis of stellar kinematic data \cite{2015ApJ...808L..36B}. In Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D}, the $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=19.3 \pm 0.4$ is simply derived by a scaling relation between the distances and spectroscopically determined $J$ factors of known dSphs. In Fig. \ref{fig:zy5}, the red and green lines represent our constraint and that given in Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D} for the $\tau^+\tau^-$ channel, respectively. Although the mean values of the two $J$ factors are different, these two constraints are comparable due to the uncertainties of the $J$ factors. In order to perform a cross-check, we also reproduce the constraint (dark blue line) for the point-like source case with a $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=19.3 \pm 0.4$ in Fig. \ref{fig:zy5}. We can see that although the analysis details slightly differ, our result is consistent with the Fermi-LAT result for the same $J$ factor.

The Fermi-LAT and DES Collaborations have updated the constraints from the newly discovered dSphs in Ref.~\cite{2017ApJ...834..110A}. In that work, the $J$ factor of Reticulum II is taken to be $\log_{10}J=18.9 \pm 0.6$ within $0.5^\circ$, which is estimated by modeling the velocities through the spherical Jeans equation in Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...808...95S}. Flat uninformative priors for the DM halo parameters and a constant stellar velocity anisotropy are adopted in that calculation of the $J$ factor, while  different parameterizations of DM and light profiles and anisotropy are used in Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...808L..36B}. Therefore, the $J$ factors derived from these two groups are different. The constraint on  DM annihilation cross section to $\tau^+\tau^-$ for Reticulum II given by Ref.~\cite{2017ApJ...834..110A} \footnote{http://www-glast.stanford.edu/pub\_data/1203/}
is represented by the pink line in Fig. \ref{fig:zy5}. We can see that this constraint is weaker than the previous one given by the Fermi-LAT collaboration by a factor of $\mathcal{O}(1)$. This discrepancy is mainly caused by the different mean values and uncertainties of the $J$ factors adopted in these works. For a cross-check, we also reproduce the constraint (light blue line) for the point-like source case with the same $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=18.9 \pm 0.6$ in Fig. \ref{fig:zy5}. We can see that our result is again consistent with the Fermi-LAT result.

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth, angle=0]{eps-compare-tauFermi.eps}
\figcaption{Upper limits on the DM annihilation cross section at $95\%$ CL for the $\tau^+\tau^-$ channel
for different $J$ factors of Reticulum II. Reticulum II is treated as a point-like source here. The red line represents the constraint set by this work with a $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=19.6 \pm 0.7$ within $0.5^\circ$. The green (``a") and dark blue (``b") lines represent the constraints set by this work and Ref.~\cite{2015ApJ...809L...4D} with a $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=19.3 \pm 0.4$, respectively. The pink (``c") and light blue (``d") lines represent the constraints set by this work and Ref.~\cite{2017ApJ...834..110A} with a $J$ factor of $\log_{10}J=18.9 \pm 0.6$, respectively.}
\label{fig:zy5}
\end{center}

\section{Conclusion and discussions}

After the discovery of $16$ new dSphs by the DES,
many studies \cite{2015PhRvL.115h1101G,2015JCAP...09..016H,2015ApJ...809L...4D,2015arXiv151109252L}
have been performed to probe the $\gamma$-ray emission in the
Fermi-LAT data from these candidates. Some studies reported
that there seem a slight excess in Reticulum II and Tuc III,
which are usually treated as point-like sources.
In this work, we probe the $\gamma$-ray emission in the Fermi Pass 8 data from the direction of Reticulum II, which is
assumed to be a spatially extended source. We find that
there is a slight excess at energies between 2.8 GeV and 6.7 GeV with a small TS value like those derived under
the point-like source assumption. An annihilating DM with a mass of $\sim25$ GeV to $\tau^+\tau^-$ final states show
the largest TS value of $\sim 5$-$6$. Different spatially extended angles result in comparable TS values.

Based on above results, we set constraints on the DM annihilation cross section for several channels. We also compare our
constraints under the point-like source assumption with those derived by the Fermi-LAT collaboration. Although the analysis details may slightly differ, our results are consistent with the Fermi-LAT result for the same $J$ factor. We find that the different
$J$ factors derived from different techniques may affect the constraint by a factor of $ \mathcal{O}(1)$.

Finally, it is worth noting that the Fermi-LAT and DES collaborations have probed the $\gamma$-ray emission from all the newly discovered dSphs \cite{2017ApJ...834..110A}.
They found that another two dSphs, namely Indus II and Tuc IV, also have slight excesses,
with a significance of $\sim$2$\sigma$. All the new dSphs are modeled as point-like sources because
the extension properties of their DM halos are not well determined yet. In order to discover the $\gamma$-ray emission from DM annihilation in these dSphs, careful studies on the structures of their DM halos will be necessary.

\acknowledgments{This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grants Nos. 11121092, 11033005, 11375202, 11475191, 11475189, by the CAS pilot B program (No. XDB23020000),
and by the National Key Program for Research and Development (No. 2016YFA0400200).}

\end{multicols}

\vspace{10mm}

\begin{multicols}{2}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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"Bill McKibben was one of the first voices to raise the alarm about climate change with his 1989 book The End of Nature," said Ms. May. "He went on to co-found 350.org which has become the biggest climate campaign in the world.
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If you're a regular visitor to the Royalty.nu News page, you've probably noticed that the format has changed recently. Instead of carefully editing and organizing lists of news links myself, I have posted a widget that automatically updates itself with some links.
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The widget lets me post some news links in a timely fashion without spending hours every day on it. But I know it's not as good as the old news page format, and I apologize. You deserve better. I hope you will bear with me till I figure out what to do next.
2017 UPDATE! Find out what's going on with the Royalty.nu site now.
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YOU HELPED ME A LOT WITH MY PAGE IN THE OTHER ROYALTY SITE NOW LONG GONE WHEN I WAS NEARLY BLIND FROM CATARACTS MY DEAR FRIEND CINDERELLA AND I HAD SOME CATARACT SURGERY FOUR YEARS AGO AND I CAN SEE A LITTLE BIT NOW FROM MY GOOD EYE AND IT IS A LOT CLEARER!
I HAVE BEEN PRAYING FOR YOU EVERY NIGHT CINDERELLA THAT YOU WILL GET BETTER SOME TIME IN THE NEXT COUPLE OF MONTHS!
SO YOU WILL FEEL BETTER, HAPPIER AND HEALTHIER MY DEAR FRIEND CINDERELLA! I UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE GOING THROUGH BECAUSE I HAVE GONE THROUGH IT MYSELF!
IF YOU NEED A FRIEND TO TALK TO WHO UNDERSTANDS WHAT YOU ARE GOING THROUGH PLEASE WRITE TO ME CINDERELLA!
GET WELL SOON MY DEAR FRIEND CINDERELLA FROM YOUR FRIEND LADY JANE GREY (SHARON)!
Thank you for your dedication to your followers and your love of royalty. We have benefitted from your that dedication. Take good care of yourself.
I'm been following you site for over 10 years. It is on my weekly "Must Do" list. Please take care of yourself and get well soon.
I like the old format better. Please get well soon.
I hope you are feeling better. Your website was by far the most comprehensive Royalty news available. You are missed!
I am so sorry you aren't feeling well. This has been an amazing site, and I enjoy coming to it to catch up on news. This new format is horrible, but as others have said, your health comes first. I wish you a speedy recovery!
I never read your comments but noiw for the first time. I have lived in Thailand for 22 years, most of the time for 7 months and 5 in Toronto. I wish you good health. Take it easy!
Not keen on the new format. However your health must come first.
I so much admire your good work. please get well soon.
Thank you all again for the comments. My health is OK — my problems were a combination of annoying things like allergies and a whole lot of stress. Getting some rest has helped a lot.
I've been dragging my feet on making a final announcement about the site, but anyone who takes the time to comment after all this time, or reads this far into the comments, deserves a response! I don't want to say that the news page is never coming back… but it probably isn't. I miss it too, but I'm not as young as I used to be, and I'm worried about my future and need to earn more money than the site provides. Yes, I've thought about going to a subscription format (it wouldn't work) or trying to raise money via donations (it wouldn't work).
I apologize to everyone for being quiet for so long. I'm STILL HERE and still trying to figure things out, but it doesn't look good right now for the future of the Royalty.nu News page. Maybe that will change. THANK YOU AGAIN to everyone who cares about the site's future.


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Cricket fan's lonely wait for England return faces new blow
Rob was on a plane to Sri Lanka when Joe Root's team abruptly ended a practice match
Published: January 12, 2021 15:05 AFP
In this photo taken on January 9, 2021, English member of the Barmy Army fan group Rob Lewis, 37, gestures while posing for pictures during an interview with AFP at the ramparts of the Galle Fort overlooking Galle International Cricket Stadium, in Galle, some 180 km south of Colombo. Image Credit: AFP
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Galle, Sri Lanka: A devoted England cricket fan who has waited 10 months in Sri Lanka for a postponed tour to restart could miss out again as the series goes ahead behind closed doors.
England will play Sri Lanka in a Test match from Thursday in an empty stadium in Galle, 72 miles (112 kilometres) south of the capital Colombo, and Rob Lewis' only hope is that he can watch from atop a local landmark.
The 37-year-old member of the Barmy Army fan group was on a plane to Sri Lanka last March when Joe Root's team abruptly ended a practice match ahead of the two Tests against Sri Lanka and left the country as the coronavirus was declared a global pandemic.
Lewis stayed in Sri Lanka through its virus curfews, working remotely as a web designer 8,700 kilometres (5,400 miles) from his Surrey home, waiting for England to return and play the two Tests.
He even landed a part-time gig as a DJ at a bar in Colombo, calling himself "DJ Randy Caddick", in homage to England fast bowler Andy Caddick.
"I've been in Sri Lanka the whole time on blind faith, on a wing and a prayer," Lewis told AFP at the Galle Fort, which overlooks the cricket stadium.
He had hoped he would get into the ground but, amid a surge in infections, no fans will be allowed in for the matches.
At one point, he had jokingly asked Sri Lanka's coach Mickey Arthur - with whom he has struck up a friendship - if he could be the water boy for the Sri Lankan side, just to get near the action.
However, he may not miss out completely.
"Lucky enough, because it is Galle, we have the beautiful fort to watch (from)," he said on the ramparts of the 16th-century fort.
The imposing fortifications, founded and developed by Portuguese and Dutch colonisers, have become a popular viewing spot for locals who do not want to pay for tickets to matches at Galle.
Lewis hoped to keep up Barmy Army standards by hanging a banner that the players could see from the pitch.
He also planned on "yelling 'Jerusalem' out as loud as I can to support the players", referring to the popular English hymn regularly chanted at the team's matches.
"I'm going to print a few hymn sheets out and try and get as many people to help me sing 'Jerusalem' as possible," he said.
Affordable paradise
After England left Sri Lanka on March 13, the side's fans scrambled to catch flights home, paying several times the usual fare. Lewis thought the pandemic would be quickly dealt with, and decided to stay.
"I thought, 'Oh, this coronavirus will be a month. I'll stay in for that month and then see what happens.' But it rumbled on... there's never been a point where I thought I should go home."
He said he could work remotely and support his stay in Sri Lanka comfortably. "I could get annoyed about the money I spend on rent back home... but it's offset by the cheaper cost of living here."
"There are not many tourists around so things are cheaper. I'm able to stay at nicer villas for half the price... it's been great. I've gone on tours that normally may be not affordable."
Sri Lanka is facing a surge in infections with the number of cases rising to nearly 50,000 from 3,300 in early October. The number of fatalities has risen from 13 in October to 240 on Tuesday.
With London under another strict virus lockdown, Lewis says he is not sure when he will return, but he misses his friends and family.
"It will be great to see them again," he said. "It's been a long time."
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BCCI announces Rs50 million bonus for Team India


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Amy Poehler is My Feminist Spirit Animal
Amy Poehler does womanhood and feminism like a boss, okay? If I saw her on the street, I'd likely her hug for an uncomfortably long time while stroking her golden hair and professing my deep admiration for her (Amy, if you're reading this, you've been warned).
She has often shared her thoughts on feminism and sexual equality and what it means to be a woman and how we should be raising our girls (basically #AllTheImportantThings), and the internet has been floored by her insight. Repeatedly. Because she's eloquent as fuck. But also, she's charming and funny and disarming – and she's not afraid to call bullshit on other female celebrities' renouncements of feminism.
Not only that, but she went and co-founded Smart Girls at the Party – an online resource combining blogs and vlogs aimed at girls and young women.
I could try and paraphrase and reflect on Amy's teachings through my own context, but it really wouldn't measure up. Plus, I want you to experience the wonder of her words, completely unadulterated, for yourself. I've skulked about the web to bring you some of my favourites. I hope you love them – and share them! – as much as I have.
On honesty…
Girls, if a boy says something that isn't funny, you don't have to laugh.
Via Jezebel.
On celebrities distancing themselves from the term 'feminist'…
But then they go on to explain what they support and live by—it's feminism exactly. I think some big actors and musicians feel like they have to speak to their audience and that word is confusing to their audience. But I don't get it. That's like someone being like, "I don't really believe in cars, but I drive one every day and I love that it gets me places and makes life so much easier and faster and I don't know what I would do without it."
Via Elle magazine.
On love…
Being in love is the worst. It's also the best, but it's so hard and scary to open your heart to someone … when you tell somebody you love them or when you realize you're in love, what it means is you're giving yourself over a little bit, you're being vulnerable. But the point is vulnerability is the key to happiness. Vulnerable people are powerful people … celebrate the idea that you're in love and that you love the idea of being in love.
Via Love: Ask Amy.
On being a feminist, and how that informs her work…
Yes, I consider myself a feminist, and it informs my work only in that it's just who I am, in the same way that I'm a woman, or I'm 5'2″ or whatever. I was lucky that I came through a system that had many people who did much more hard work and road clearing before I got there.
Via TimeOut New York.
On embracing your inner boss…
I just love bossy women. I could be around them all day. To me, bossy is not a pejorative term at all. It means somebody's passionate and engaged and ambitious and doesn't mind leading.
Via Huffington Post.
On the over-sexualisation of acts like The Pussycat Dolls
"Once it comes into the adult realm it's like, 'Great, go for it, do your own thing … Sit on cakes. Do whatever the fuck you want.' It's just that I get worried for young girls sometimes; I want them to feel that they can be sassy and full and weird and geeky and smart and independent, and not so withered and shrivelled … More than it being the Pussycat Dolls thing? It's just distracting from what is real power."
Via Bust.
On giving a damn…
Girls have to fight against a lot of the same stuff we did growing up…peer pressure, exploitation, etc. But what worries me the most is this trend that caring about something isn't cool. That it's better to comment on something than to commit to it. That it's so much cooler to be unmotivated and indifferent. Our culture can get so snarky and ironic sometimes and we kind of wanted Smart Girls to celebrate the opposite of that.
On self-assurance…
Figure out what you can do today and go to bed knowing that you've done everything you can – it's going to be okay.
Via Smart Girls at the Party.
Who's your feminist spirit animal?
Your Vagina Is Gross (But Thankfully There is a Billion Dollar Industry Built on Fixing It)
I Saw a Cervix Online and It Startled Me
Ethical Porn, Woman Friendly Porn, and Real Orgasm Pleasure!
Reply	Amy Poehler is my feminist spirit animal | Reddit Spy April 22, 2015 at 7:12 am
[…] by polkadotsi [link] […]


text:
THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY ON THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1915-1918
© IWM Q 64323
By downloading or embedding any media, you agree to the terms and conditions of the IWM Non Commercial Licence, including your use of the attribution statement specified by IWM. For this item, that is: © IWM Q 64323
    THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY ON THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1915-1918 © IWM (Q 64323)
[url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205215224][img]https://media.iwm.org.uk/ciim5/58/177/mid_000000.jpg?action=e&cat=Photographs[/img][/url] [url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205215224]THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY ON THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1915-1918. © IWM (Q 64323)[/url] [url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/corporate/privacy-copyright]IWM Non Commercial License[/url]
Troops of an Austro-Hungarian battalion manning an observation post in a trench in front of Vertoiba (Vrtojba), 30 August 1917.
First World War (production), First World War (content)
Austro-Hungarian Official Photographer
Q 64323
HUBRICH A (CAPTAIN) COLLECTION
Associated people and organisations
Austro-Hungarian Army
Italian Front 1915-1918, First World War
Vrtojba, Šempeter–Vrtojba, Littoral, Slovenia
Associated keywords
Austro-Hungarian Army 1914-1918
Voices of the First World War
Hear the men and women whose lives were shaped by the First World War tell their stories of the conflict in our podcast series, Voices of the First World War.
Lest We Forget?: Objects close up
© IWM (EPH 951)
A Short History Of The Dardanelles Campaign
The Dardanelles, a narrow 60-mile-long strip of water that divides Europe from Asia, has been of great strategic significance for centuries. Carefully secured by international treaty, it was the closing of the Dardanelles that eventually brought the Ottoman Empire into the war as a German ally at the end of October 1914.


text:
For information regarding guest appearances, interviews, etc…
Contact Terry Martin at tmartin419@aol.com
Mailing Contact: 2109 S. Wilbur Ave. Walla Walla, WA 99362
E-mail: Time Machine Collectibles Fax: 509-525-0393
Lou Wagner is a very special individual. He has that unique ability to take very little and turn it into a fortune. Take for example his size. At
5' 2", Lou was told his chances for success in this business were definitely slight. "Everyone said I'd never make it because of my size, " admits Lou, "but I quess I learned to turn that shortage into an asset!"
Upon arriving in Los Angeles from his native San Jose, Lou banged his head against every door in town trying to find an agent, and was always turned down because he was too short or looked too young. "Finally, somone kiddingly said I should get a children's agent, and I thought 'Why Not?'. After all, even though I was 25 at the time, I could easily pass for a teenager. So I strolled into Mary Grady's office (a leading children's agent), talked my way into an interview, and was signed that day!".
Such determination meant Lou was not afraid start at the bottom in search of what he wanted---or afraid to go to the top. After getting an agent, Lou immediately went to the best theatre group in town and asked for a job. "I went to Paul Levit," explains Lou, "who was running the prestigious Players Ring, and told him I'd work seven days a week, twelve hours a day for nothing, just for the opportunity to be around the very best! I got the job."
Lou became a jack of all trades, mailing programs, running lights, painting scenery, selling tickets, and all the while learning. From this initial exposure to the theatre, Lou landed a small part playing leper. "I was thrilled," recalls Lou. "I went from a schlepper to a leper!"
His hard work and tenacity throughout this period began to pay off when Lou began to land a variety of "smart alecky little kid roles" including parts on several successful series such as "Dragnet", "Lost in Space", and "Mayberry R.F.D.". He also landed a choice role in the hit movie "Airport", in which Lou, actually 29 at the time, played a boy 15. "It was a natural, " confesses Lou. "After all, with the countless work rules governing real teenagers, I discovered that every producer would rather work with an older, more mature actor if he could get away with it. I simply showed them how my short size could help them work around these types of rules!."
It was, as Lou recalls, "a crazy way to break into the business", but in the end it worked, for once in the door with a few credits and some experience under his belt, Lou began to land other, more substantial parts, such as starring roles on successful series' such as "Macmillan and Wife", "Columbo, and "Happy Days", and utimately his big breakthrough as "Lucius", the young idealistic ape in the widely hailed "Planet of the Apes" film. "Of all the work I've done, I'm still proudest of that, "admits Lou. ""I really believed in waht they were saying."
During the second stage of his career, Lou devoted every dime he had towards studying. His list of teachers and coaches reads like a who's who of Hollywood including Second City's James Frawley, a master at comedy and improvisational techniques, Lou Antonio, now a successful director, Madeleine Sherwood, and even Lee Strasberg of the famed Actors Studio. "I originally was a caretaker for them in return for room and board and, of course, some lessons," explains Lou. "And I'm still associated with them to this day."
This constant studying plus the continuous work and experience he was receiving, meant that Lou was ready when his next opportunity came along. Riding high in the mid 1970's after completing two more sequels to the "Planet of the Apes" films (one of which featured Lou as a co-star), and having found some financial security through landing a choice commercial role as "the Professor" in the original McDonald Land commercials opposite "Ronald McDonald" (a role he played for over 15 years), Lou landed a small role on a new series called "CHips". As Lou recalls, "it was originally just a small possibly recurring part. They were looking to add other characters to the show and so they were very eager to see what I coud do," Impressed with his work, and the public's response to Wagner's lovable creation "Harlan Arliss", the whiz kid mechanic with the chip on his shoulder because he was too short to become a cop, the producers of "CHips" expanded Lou's part, making him a regular on the show for five years, and eventually building whole stories and subplots around his character. "It was a wonderful time for me as an actor," explains Lou, "Because they were always coming to me for suggestions and ideas regarding my character, and allowing me the freedom to experiment with the role."
Now, having successfully completed five years on a top 10 show, and several box office successes such as "Airport" and the "Planet of the Apes" films, one is tempted to ask "What's next for Lou Wagner?" "Well," smiles Lou, "I may have stopped growing physically some time ago, but I hope I never stop growing as an actor!" There are a million roles left I'd like to play, and for a character actor like myself, I hope a hundred years left to do them!"
It's a dream he seems destined to fulfill, for if there is one thing Lou Wagner has never been short on, it's determination and success!
FILMS (Link to IMDB)
Artificially Speaking (2000) .... Dr. Lionel Bainbridge
Starry Night (1998)
Sunsplit (1997)
Galgameth (1995) .... Zethar
Sodbusters (1994) (TV) .... Shorty Simms
In This Corner (1994) .... Referee
Mirrors (1978) .... Chet
UFO Incident, The (1975) (TV) .... The Leader
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972) .... Busboy
G.O.R.P
Baltimore Bullet
Believe in Me (1971) .... Lucius
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970) .... Lucius
Airport (1970) .... Schuyler Schultz
Pufnstuf (1970)
Planet of the Apes (1968) .... Lucius
Notable TV guest appearances
"Star Trek: Deep Space Nine" (1993) playing "Krax" in episode: "Nagus, The (aka
Friends and Foes)" (episode # 1.11) 3/20/1993
"Star Trek: The Next Generation" (1987) playing "Solok" in episode: "Chain of Command Part 1" (episode #6.10) 12/12/1992
"Hunter" (1984) in episode: "Blood Line" (episode # 5.16) 4/1/1989
"CHiPs" (1977) playing "Harlan" (series regular 5 years)
Matt Helm" (1975) in episode: "Now I Lay Me Down to Die" 1975
Columbo "Mind Over Mayhem" (1974) "Ross"
"Nichols" (1971) in episode: "Man's Best Enemy" (episode # 1.21) 2/29/1972
"Alias Smith and Jones" (1971) in episode: "Fistful of Diamonds, A" (episode # 1.8) 3/4/1971
"Virginian, The" (1962) playing "Aaron Hill" in episode: "Nan Allen" (episode # 9.14) 1/6/1971
"Lost in Space" (1965) playing "J-5" in episode: "Haunted Lighthouse"The" (episode #3.7) 10/18/1967
"Dragnet '67" (1967) playing "Audience Member" "Public Affairs"
Men From Shiloh
Nichols (Man's Best Enemy)
McMillan & Wife
Tad Pole
The Dybuck
The Country Girl
Presence of Mine Enemies
Big Bill
Something to Hide
The Detective Story
Autographed Photos - Orders - Gallery - Time Machine - Links


At Royds School we take pride and value in the Performing Arts. As part of our broad and balanced curriculum within Drama and Music, we enrich the lives of students and prepare them for their future. We passionately believe that all students should have the chance to study these subjects.
As well as timetabled lessons, we offer performance opportunities such as the school production, the Christmas Concert, community events and the Royds Oscars, which showcases and celebrates student achievement within the Performing Arts throughout the year. We are committed to producing whole school productions so that students can build working relationships with others in all year groups and consolidate core British Values. In addition to our varied extra-curricular programmes we also arrange educational visits. Recently, students have been to see Blood Brothers, Tomorrow I'll Be Twenty, Woman In Black and Wicked.
Drama is taught for one hour a week to Years 7 and 8. Students will learn and develop performance skills that they can use in preparation for further study at GCSE level. They will use a variety of stimuli to explore themes and issues using poetry, published plays, scripts and various artefacts. They also learn about genres of theatre.
Students are assessed after each unit of work is completed. They are marked primarily on their response, development and evaluation skills. Students are able to reflect on their learning and receive feedback from staff on their progress.
Students in Year 7 are encouraged to attend extra-curricular activities to enhance their performance skills. Year 8 students are given homework projects which link to the Drama curriculum.
We follow the OCR exam specification for GCSE. Drama provides opportunities for students to understand and create drama as a practical art form. They develop a range of theatrical skills and work collaboratively to generate and communicating ideas and meanings through informed artistic choices.
Unit 1: Exploration of a Theme / Topic– worth 30% of the overall GCSE Grade. Students will practically explore a theme or topic using a variety of dramatic skills and strategies. Students will be expected to produce written coursework called a documentary response. This will cover all of their aspects of learning through this unit and evidence their knowledge and understanding gained on the explored theme or topic.
Unit 2: Exploration of a Published Play – worth 30% of their overall GCSE grade This unit develops an understanding of the ways in which playwrights record their ideas in a play script and how these plays can be interpreted in a performance using a variety of explorative strategies. Again students will be required to write a documentary response of 1,000 words on their experience and exploration of the play. This will be completed as a controlled test in examination conditions within school time. Response to a live theatre production. A trip to the theatre is required where you will be expected to write a written response and evaluation of the performance (2,000 words). This will be completed as a controlled test within school time and under examination conditions.
Unit 3: Practical Examination – worth 40% of their overall GCSE grade. This is externally assessed by a visiting examiner in May. Drama performance to an examiner where students will present as a performer or support worker in a single performance of a play. Students will perform either a devised or scripted performance.
'Devising drama' (01/02) is internally assessed. This component is non-exam assessment and consists of a portfolio and a performance. Students can take on the role of performer or designer (lighting, sound, set or costume). It is worth 30% of the qualification.
'Presenting and performing texts' (03) is externally assessed. This consists of a performance showcase for a visiting examiner. Students can take on the role of performer or designer (lighting, sound, set or costume). It is worth 30% of the qualification.
'Drama: Performance and response' (04) is an examined component. Section A consists of short answer questions relating to the study of Blood Brothers. Section B is an extended response analysing and evaluating a live drama performance. It is worth 40% of the qualification.
We encourage where possible visits to the theatre or experiences of live performances to ensure they can develop their knowledge and understanding of the subject further. In year 11 students need to learn a script in preparation for their practical exam and your support in assisting them to do this is advised. Scripts can be provided by all staff to parents on request. The BBC Drama Bitesize is an excellent resource.
We offer BTEC Nationals Extended Certificate in Performing Arts. Our Performing Arts team offer a high level of training, experience, insight and knowledge within this field. The course will allow students to explore many genres of performance, practitioners and performance methods. The course will give them an insight into the different career paths that are available to them and help prepare students to start a successful career or move onto further study. Aimed at developing both practical skills and theoretical knowledge to underpin these skills, they will take part in workshops, rehearsals, conduct research portfolios, and diarise their development as an on-going process.
Assessment is specifically designed to fit the purpose and objective of the qualification. It includes a range of assessment types and styles suited to vocational qualifications. There are three main forms of assessment: external, internal and synoptic.
performance: learners prepare for assessment over an extended window and demonstrate skills that generate some non-written evidence.
They are assessed through practical workshops and performance work, research projects, the actor's journal and evaluative documents. Assessments are continual throughout the course.
Students at this level are expected to be self-motivated and disciplined. Independent study into influential performing arts practitioners and theatre genres is essential.
We encourage where possible visits to the theatre or experiences of live performances to ensure they can develop their knowledge and understanding of the subject further.