To discuss how the demand for labor depends on the marginal value product and the real wage rate, and how labor unions affect the supply of labor, wages, and economic efficiency.
The additional number of units of output a firm can produce because it has hired one more worker is the marginal physical product of that worker. The marginal value product of labor is the dollar value of the marginal physical product.
If a firm hires more and more workers (but does not increase or improve the equipment those workers can use), each additional worker's marginal physical product will be less (diminishing returns to labor).
A profit-maximizing firm will not pay more for a worker than he/she contributes to output. A firm that is not buying more equipment will maximize profits if it expands production (hires more workers) up to the point at which the marginal value product of the last worker hired equals the going wage.
Labor unions can raise wages by artificially restricting the supply of labor available to the firm. In the long run this reduces the number of workers the firm will employ.
Unions can contribute to economic output by reducing labor turnover and by improving communication between workers and management. Unions can reduce economic output by obstructing technical change, restricting work rules, and exacerbating inflation.
Educator and an architect of the 1955 merger of a divided trade union movement into the AFL-CIO.
A leader in the U.S. trade union movement, where he rose to the highest ranks of the United Auto Workers (UAW).
Union advocate, organizer in the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), and author who wrote about that union's history.
Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, Editor of the quarterly journal Regulation, and expert in the regulation of housing, land, energy, the environment, transportation, and labor.
demand curve to the left.
supply curve to the right.
supply curve to the left.
Demand curve to the right. This is so because it will increase output per worker, thus making each worker more valuable to an employer.
delegates to the union convention.
W4. This is the point at which the demand and supply curves intersect.
no worker in this market will work for less.
a higher wage would produce an excess supply; a lower wage, an excess demand.
no employer in this market will pay a higher wage than this.
any higher wage will result in a backward-bending supply curve.
the fact that unions are no longer as strong as they once were.
the fact that about half of all American workers now belong to unions, thus management is more inclined to listen.
the lack of urgency in meeting demands, since most workers now enjoy comfortable wages and working conditions.
a desire to survive in a highly competitive economy under increasing pressure from foreign competition.
they were already paying all that their firms could afford and still remain solvent.
they could get all the workers they wanted at the wages they were paying.
most workers were highly unskilled and thus could not command a higher wage.
workers were compensated in other ways.


text:
On Diffie-Hellman-Merkle
Exchanging shared keys is not easy to do. In days gone by, these keys (oftentimes one-time pads) had to be exchanged in person - think of the spy in the movie with the briefcase handcuffed to the wrist - and this made the process unwieldy and generally unusable.
What was needed was a way to generate a symmetric key over a public channel, in scenarios where the parties wishing to communicate did not have any prior knowledge of each other. In doing so, some bits used to create the key could be publicly known, but mixed together with a private key that only the intended parties were privy to. The key was then used to securely encrypt the communications using a symmetric cipher. For a long time it was considered academically possible to publicly exchange keys for subsequent private communication, but it wasn't until Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman and Ralph Merkle published their public key exchange algorithm in 1976 that the problem was considered "solved" (see the patent). Incidentally, it has since become known that the GCHQ had demonstrated the viability of public key cryptography in 1969.
Diffie-Hellman-Merkle (DHM) is commonly used to generate a shared symmetric key when using public key cryptography and is used by authenticated protocols such as TLS to provide for forward secrecy.
When I first read a (simplified) version of the DHM algorithm, I thought that it would be fun and educational to create a small project where parties could each create a shared key and then use a simple algorithm using XOR to encrypt and decrypt their communication. At the time, I was writing a lot of JavaScript, and you can find that project on my GitHub.
Here is the simplified DHM algorithm:
Alice computes A, which is a calculation of a (small) prime number g raised to Alice's private key a, modulo a very large prime number p. Generally, the larger the prime p the more secure the key (the modulus is the key space):
A = ga (mod p)
Bob computes B, using the same primes g and p, with his own private key b:
B = gb (mod p)
Each party then sends the other the result of their computations, i.e.:
Alice sends Bob -> A = ga (mod p)
Bob sends Alice -> B = gb (mod p)
Alice then does the same computation in Step 1 using modular exponentiation, raising Bob's calculated result B to her private key:
s = Ba (mod p)
Bob then does the same computation in Step 2 using modular exponentiation, raising Alice's calculated result A to his private key:
s = Ab (mod p)
Alice and Bob have now generated the same number s, a shared key! They can now safely encrypt and decrypt their communications using this shared key with some symmetric key cipher.
I find this to be absolutely beautiful. It's math, not magic. And you can trust it.
Incidentally, before DHM, the only groups that had access to military-grade encryption was, well, the military and the government. By putting the ability to encrypt our communications into the public domain, Diffie, Hellman and Merkle enabled citizens spanning the globe to retain a sense of privacy that is seen as a bug, and not a feature, of the Internet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Override single tap of Photoview I have an ImageView inside of a view pager with an ActionBar at the top. I would like to be able to single tap to hide the action bar, and I would also like to be able to pinch zoom and pan on each ImageView.
To implement the single tap to hide the action bar I have a simple OnClickListener that hides it.
To implement the pinch zoom and pan on each ImageView I am using the PhotoView Library Project.
I am having issues because only one touch event listener can be associated with an ImageView, and the implementing the PhotoView Library project overwrites my OnClickListener to hide the ActionBar with,
parent.requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent(true);

I am not sure how to go about getting both implemented at the same time. It seems like the only solution is to create my own Pinch Zoom ImageView in order to control touch events myself.

A: Found out that the PhotoView library actually allows me to set onViewTap for the PhotoViewAttacher object which is exactly what I wanted.
To create the PhotoViewAttacher in the current Fragment/Activity have it implement PhotoViewAttacher.OnViewTapListener, create the attacher,
PhotoViewAttacher mAttacher = new PhotoViewAttacher(imageView);
mAttacher.setOnViewTapListener(this);

and add the following function,
public void onViewTap(View view, float x, float y) {
    // your code here
}

Source

A: You'll have to override the PhotoView library itself. If you look at the source code, the PhotoViewAttacher class is the one that handles the onTouch events.
You'll have to add the special funcionality you're looking for at this part of the code (specially, the ACTION_DOWN) event:
@Override
    public final boolean onTouch(View v, MotionEvent ev) {
        boolean handled = false;

        if (mZoomEnabled && hasDrawable((ImageView) v)) {
            ViewParent parent = v.getParent();
            switch (ev.getAction()) {
                case ACTION_DOWN:
                    // First, disable the Parent from intercepting the touch
                    // event
                    if (null != parent)
                        parent.requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent(true);
                    else
                        Log.i(LOG_TAG, "onTouch getParent() returned null");

                    // If we're flinging, and the user presses down, cancel
                    // fling
                    cancelFling();
                    break;

                case ACTION_CANCEL:
                case ACTION_UP:
                    // If the user has zoomed less than min scale, zoom back
                    // to min scale
                    if (getScale() < mMinScale) {
                        RectF rect = getDisplayRect();
                        if (null != rect) {
                            v.post(new AnimatedZoomRunnable(getScale(), mMinScale,
                                    rect.centerX(), rect.centerY()));
                            handled = true;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
            }

            // Check to see if the user double tapped
            if (null != mGestureDetector && mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)) {
                handled = true;
            }

            if (!handled && null != parent) {
                parent.requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent(false);
            }

            // Finally, try the Scale/Drag detector
            if (null != mScaleDragDetector
                    && mScaleDragDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)) {
                handled = true;
            }
        }

        return handled;
    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
'use strict'

import StrictMatcher from './strict'
import { hasOwn } from '../util/utils'

export default class CustomMatcher extends StrictMatcher {

    match (actual, comparator) {

        if (typeof this.expected !== 'function') {
            return new StrictMatcher(this.expected).match(actual, comparator)
        }

        const result = this.expected(actual, comparator)

        if (!result) {
            return {
                match: false,
                actual: actual,
                expected: '[custom]',
            }
        }

        if (result === true) {
            return {
                match: true,
                actual: actual,
                expected: actual,
            }
        }

        const match = !!result.match

        const expectedIfNotMatch = hasOwn(result, 'expected')
            ? { '[custom]': result.expected }
            : '[custom]'

        const expected = match ? actual : expectedIfNotMatch

        return {
            match: result.match,
            actual: actual,
            expected: expected,
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Spring into your local Home Depot for a fresh, new Feather River entryway door!
That Spring cleaning time is upon us! What better way to help refresh and revitalize your home than with a beautiful new front entryway? We have so many different styles and options to choose from! Stop by your local Home Depot to see our Feather River Doors in-person! Or, click the links below to browse our catalogs!


What comes after interpretivism, dichotomisation of the social and technological, is sociomaterialism, ANT, activity theory, or something else the answer to the theoretical headache of trying to figure out what happens out there with different types of things, independent of them being something or non-something, or attempting to hold back the lure of making dichotomies, merely something.
Read more about Beyond interpretivism but where?
I am glad to be part of the team together with Meena Daivadanam (Nutritional Science, Uppsala University), Åsa Cajander (Department of IT, Uppsala University), my colleague from the DOME consortium, and others, organising a workshop Empowering positive behaviour change in complex food environments at Uppsala Health Summit.


text:
Pollution possible cause of fish found dead at Swanpool Lake in Falmouth
Officials believe 'undetected surface water pollution' may explain the deaths of a number of bass and mullet
Ginette Davies
Dead fish were found in the lake (Image: Google maps)
Officials have been investigating reports of dead fish at Swanpool Lake in Falmouth and believe it may have been caused by pollution.
A number of fish were discovered on Monday morning and the matter was reported to the Environment Agency, which sent a team to the site.
Although it could not find a cause, the agency believes one of the tributary streams that feed into the pool in Falmouth had been polluted in some way a few days before.
Esther Lochrie, from Swanpool Beach Ltd, which leases the top half of the beach, the cafe, crazy golf, nature reserve and the car park, said it was a tragedy the fish had died, but tests reveal the lake and sea are now fine.
Appeal for information on seal badly injured by boat's propeller in St Ives harbour
She said: "Sadly we've found some dead fish in Swanpool over the last few days. We contacted the Environment Agency immediately who came to test the water in the pool and in the sea yesterday. Both of which were absolutely fine.
"We'd like to highlight the fact that whilst the water is now completely fine, everyone is responsible for what goes into storm drains and feeds into our streams – anything that goes in has a follow-on effect.
"This is a tragedy in that the fish that have died (bass and mullet) are slow growing species and the population will take some time to recover. If there can be one take away from this unfortunate event it's that people should think twice about what they are disposing of and where."
Croc spotted basking in the sunshine by a lake
A spokesman for the EA said the officer found eight dead mullet, but did not know cause of death.
"The fish were decomposed so had been dead for some time. Tests showed that dissolved oxygen levels in the lagoon were normal, with no signs of ammonia, pollution or algal bloom."
Mullet are marine/estuarine fish which enter the lagoon from the sea. A number of live, active fish were found by the officer at the point that the freshwater stream enters the lagoon.
"It is possible that an undetected surface water pollution entered the stream at some point, impacting fish before diluting. There is no conclusive proof as there are no reports of any pollution events on the stream."


There are many types of payday loans that are designed to supplement one's income in case of an emergency. However, with the ever-increasing cost of living, generating enough income to ensure financial stability has been difficult in the past. Today the limit has been raised with new payday loans 1500 BBB approved without a credit check. However, caution should always be exercised when requesting any funding which must be paid back.
One thing that those not familiar with this system need to understand is that these are short-term loans which usually carry a 200% to 800% interest rate. If used as designed this is often not a problem as it is a once in a great while request. Also known as paycheck advance, cash advance, short-term loans, installment loans, and by many more names, most are contracted under very comparable terms and conditions and the money can be used for anything.
Perhaps the car broke down or a child needs to go to a doctor. This is what this system was designed to help with. By using it only for that once in awhile emergency, it is easy to pay back as agreed and will not put on into deeper financial trouble.
Many of these requests can be completed online in a limited amount of time. The result is that, sometimes, they are too convenient which is why caution should always be exercised. After entering personal information a pre-qualification evaluation will be conducted and, if approved, banking information can be input. The money is transferred via direct deposit. This online banking system is also utilized to repay loans and the money transfer occurs within a matter of hours.
For those evaluating the use of payday loans it is recommended that research be conducted prior to any request as terms may vary. Fortunately, today the BBB has approved loans with higher limits than ever in order to help people during these times of crisis. As with any loans, however, it is always recommended that caution be utilized in order to ensure that the loan does not turn into a source of deeper trouble.
Devin Dozier offers more information on payday loans at 1 Hour Payday Loan Lenders and RV Financing.
How Do I Get My Absolutely free FICO Credit score Score?


The method chosen for any specific application is based on the type of equipment being inspected and the type of data that is required. Each of the following methods can be successful if used for the appropriate application.
In comparative thermography, thermographers scan similar components under similar conditions and compare the results. The differences typically provide useful information on the condition of the equipment.
Within this method there can be two types of comparisons—quantitative thermography that includes radiometric temperatures and qualitative thermography that does not. Quantitative inspections involve measuring precise temperature or temperature distribution, which can often be very difficult and require additional time, training, and effort. Qualitative inspections focus on temperature differences rather than actual temperatures. This is sufficient to indicate most potential problems in electrical and mechanical equipment. In fact 90% of industrial commercial applications for modern thermography is qualitative.
A baseline inspection establishes a reference point for equipment that is in good working order and is operating under normal operating conditions. All later images captured are compared to this baseline signature to identify potential problems at an early stage. Managers can use software tools such as Fluke Connect® Assets to view the real-time status of equipment and compare them to baseline and historical views to quickly spot anomalies as they emerge.
Thermal trending inspections are used to compare how temperature is distributed in the same component over time. It is especially helpful for inspecting mechanical equipment where normal thermal signatures may be complex. It is also useful when the thermal signatures that detect failure often develop slowly. For example, thermal trending can be used to monitor the performance of high-temperature refractory insulation in a specialty railroad car over time to determine optimum maintenance downtime scheduling. It is important to remember, however, that trending only implies, rather than predicts, future performance.


Social Security Benefits Will Keep Coming throughout Shutdown – Williams & Swee, Ltd.
The Social Security Administration is funded through September 2019. This means retirement and disability benefits will continue to be paid and disability hearings will be held as scheduled.


Although I would say he is about 50/50 for recipes that look truly delicious vs. recipes that look like cardiac arrest on a plate, when he posted this one on my wall last week, I knew I would make it, and soon.
Fall is coming, September is tomorrow, and I am so excited. I baked up a loaf of this delicious bread, which is chock full of sweet gala apples and cinnamon sugar, and I saved some of it for my husband, and I will take the rest over to my Nanny (my English grandmother) tomorrow morning.
This bread tastes EXACTLY like an apple fritter, or, at least, exactly what an apple fritter would taste like if it was baked into a bread. I guess it is definitely more of a cake, but since we baked it in a loaf pan, I will call it a bread. Not only does it taste amazing, it looks pretty darn appetizing too.
Bake this one up, my friends. You probably have all the ingredients in your pantry already, and you will not be disappointed.
Let cool for about 15 minutes before drizzling with glaze. Then, enjoy!
Hah, I already have a Cinnamon Roll Quick Bread (http://www.ourtableforseven.com/2013/07/cinnamon-roll-quick-bread.html) in the oven right now, but I can't wait to make this one!
I made it, it's in the oven and smells heavenly!I made it to take to my co-workers- teachers. I think we will ALL love it! Thanks for the recipe!!
I see there isn't any salt in this bread???
Anonymous- I used salted butter.
Thanks for sharing. It must be delicious.
Feipeng- thank you for visiting!
Star gazer, hope you all enjoyed it! Thanks for visiting!
This sounds so good! Very creative way of baking with apples!
Lily- it is wonderful, hope you try and enjoy! Thanks for the comment!
Sounds delish! Do you think it could be doubled into a 9×13 for truly "cake"?
What type of apples did everyone use? Also what is better, milk or cream for the glaze?
Jessie- I used Gala apples, but any apple should work just fine. I prefer cream when making a glaze.
I just put it in the oven Thanks for sharing the recipe !!
Hope you enjoy it, Pattie! Thanks for visiting!
it's in the oven right now… making it for my husbands birthday, I will let u know how it turns out!!
Hope you both enjoy it, Cindi! Thanks for visiting!
Always check a quick bread with a toothpick in the center before removing it from the oven- if it comes out clean, the center shouldn't sink while it is cooling. How long did you have it out before you stuck it back into the oven? It will probably be okay, but the center probably won't rise back up so it might not look pretty. When the outside of a bread is browning before it is done baking, just cover it with a foil tent. That should keep it from burning. Hope this ended up okay for you and at least tasted wonderful!
Colleen, I'm so glad you enjoyed it. Thanks for visiting!
This bread is crazy good! Thank you so much for sharing the recipe. I'm going to make a few loaves for my daughter's birthday brunch. Do you think they would freeze well?
Hi Jill, so glad that you liked this bread! I would imagine that it freezes very well. Thanks for the comment, and for visiting!
Yes. 🙂 This is good for a few days. cool it to room temp, and keep it in the fridge, wrapped tightly.
The family fell in love with this bread! Gave away 1/2 the loaf to the neighbors and kept half for us. Will be making another loaf (all for us) today.
Yummy recipe and easier than the roll out kind that are MESSY! Question abt the timing tho, needed more than 40 minutes as it was quite doughy but then I seemed to overcook it….will try again and take it out at abt 45 min. thanks!
Hi Bonnie! Cook times are always going to depend on your individual oven. My gas oven tends to cook hot. The best way to gauge done-ness with a quick bread is to insert a knife into the center of the loaf. It it comes out wet with batter, it's not done. If it comes out completely clean, it's too done. I like to pull it out when the knife comes out with some very moist-looking bits on it still, and then set it on top of the stove, where it will continue to cook. 🙂 After 30 minutes, I start checking every 3-4 minutes. Thanks for visiting!
Has anyone tried substituting some of the sugar and butter with Apple sauce?
So glad you enjoyed this, thanks for visiting!
My daughter and I just made this bread and popped it in the oven. The house smells amazing, we can't wait to try it!
I have this bread in the oven right now. It smells terrific, but the time has been 60 minutes already and it still isn't done in the middle. Could be my oven…things usually take longer than stated, but not quite this long. I hope it will be worth the wait. We love apple fritters, but this will be healthier than a fried fritter.
My apples all sunk to the bottom. What did i do wrong??
I doubled the recipe and baked in a bunt pan for about an hour and fifteen minutes. Turned out great. Thanks for sharing this yummy, yummy recipe!
Does this bread freeze well without the glaze? I would like to make it ahead.
Hi Kim, these come out pretty soft, but if you want to make sure they are the right consistency for you, I'd suggest tossing the apples in a pan over medium heat for about 5 minutes before adding them to the batter. Enjoy!
TY Shannon… will definitely be making this!!
My oven cooks at temperature. It has been in there for 45 minutes and is still very very soupy. Recipe does not work as written. I will update with final baking time if it every does bake.
I have made this 2 times already. Ate within an hour both times. My daughter is entering it into her 4-H show. Thanks for this great and easy idea!!!!
I'm are particular fussy foodie and am always on the search for a really good homemade bread. We have a bed & breakfast and I like to share the recipes with our guests. The Apple Fritter Bread is a REAL keeper! I ended up chopping coarsely 2 whole apples and left the skin on for more texture/color. I think the bread reminded me of a jewish apple cake…….yummy! You don't even need the glaze.
Try it! You won't be disappointed!!
I too have been leaving at least part of the peel on the apple, very pretty! The baking time usually is 45-50 minutes for me also and if you take bread out and leave on rack in the paper it seems to set up nicely…just wonderful!
Made this today with a couple of changes: coconut oil instead of butter, 1/2 granulated sugar instead of 2/3 cup and halved the glaze recipe. One word: AWESOME!
My oven doesn't cook hot so I started checking at 45 minutes and it took a total of 55.
Thanks for the recipe. It's a keeper.
Hi Julie, hope it turned out well for you. 🙂 Thanks for visiting!
Thanks Shannon…after 70 min, it came out good. Can't wait for my hubby & kiddos try it.
Just finished making this… Made according to recipe… Except substituted 1/4 cup whole wheat flour for 1/4 cup white. I think next time I will cut the sugar to 1/2 cup and add 1 more Apple, and maybe add some nuts…. Very delicious! Thanks for sharing.
Making this for my husband and I to enjoy this afternoon! Thank you!
I made this bread for an essay discussion with my classmates and professor a few years ago, (I was single at the time) and everyone absolutely loved it. My professor told me to stand outside the dining hall with samples of the bread because he was sure it would land me a husband 😉 .
So glad you like this! Thanks for reading!


text:
Efficiency Wages in Premier League
By Stephen Brosnan
This post explores the relationship between Premier League club's spending on both salaries and transfers and the number of points won during the current Premier League season.
Since 2015, Man United have had the highest annual player salaries amongst Premier League clubs. This year total salary paid out to players at Old Trafford topped £148 million. This includes the Premier Leagues top earner Alexis Sanchez, often founding warming up the United bench while picking up a hefty £315,000 p/w.
Cardiff City have the lowest wage bill in the Premier League this season. The newly promoted Bluebirds remained conservative in their approach to top flight survival. Cardiff's summer transfer spending (£29m) was a fraction of the other promoted team's spending. Fulham spent a hefty £105m during the summer while Wolves brought in £65m worth of talent. Only Tottenham (£0), Crystal Palace (£9.5m) and Newcastle (£23.2m) spent less than Cardiff last summer.
The question remains who have been the most efficient club in terms of spending on annual salaries? The figure below shows Premier League team's total points and spending on salaries.
All the teams above the line can be considered 'efficient'. Wolves rank first for points per £m spent on player's salaries. So far this season, Wolves have accumulated 40 points in the Premier League having spent £39 million on player's salaries. This represents 1.02 points per million pounds spent on player's salaries. Other 'efficient' teams include Manchester City, Liverpool, Tottenham, Watford and Brighton.
Manchester United are the most inefficient team in terms of points per £ spent on player's salaries. The team has only won 0.37 points per million pounds spent on player's salaries. This may be surprising given their recent form under Ole Gunnar Solskjaer but also may go a long way in explaining why they replaced former manager Jose Mourinho.
The other 'inefficient' teams include relegation candidates Huddersfield and Fulham along with Southampton, Crystal Palace, Everton, Leicester and West Ham. Over half of these teams have changed manager throughout the season which suggests that the team's inefficiencies were no secret. Meanwhile, none of the managers of the ten 'efficient' teams have lost their jobs.


What a great time to be reunited with the Santa Clara University Women's basketball team and share some inspirational words with them at their team breakfast as they prepare for the game against Gonzaga today. This is my 3rd year associated with this team and I am so proud of these ladies and all that they have accomplished! Look forward to the game!


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text:
The Amateur Plans a City
by Wallace S. Ballinger
February 1943 (Vol. 12, No. 1), pages 3 to 13.
Transcribed by lhn;
digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society.
MUCH has been written of the father of the Santa Fe railroad. There can be no question that his achievement in railway pioneering justifies it. When the full stature of Cyrus K. Holliday is finally taken, however, much of it may be found to depend upon his genius in an art for his day nearly forgotten and almost unrecognized.
The planning of cities in some form or another had been practised ever since men first gathered to build communities; at certain periods, such as those of the Roman empire or the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries in Europe, the art assumed the proportions of a super-architecture. L'Enfant's plan for Washington had already established a precedent on American soil. Paradoxically, however, the era of America's westward expansion, one unprecedented for city-founding, had only novices and surveyors to determine the form of its projected cities.
Cyrus K. Holliday was a novice at city planning. So were his collaborators in the founding of Topeka, a handful of youthful farmers, merchants, and craftsmen from the East. All played their indispensable parts in the furthering of the enterprise. On the other hand, when Holliday in the fall of 1854 stood with his companions upon a low hill overlooking the Kansas river and dreamed with youthful exuberance of the metropolis he would fashion there, he bore an endowment destined to make him their leader in giving to the city some degree of artistic form.
The farm of Holliday's boyhood near Carlisle, Pa., had bestowed upon him an acute sense of the soil, of wind, water, and drainage. The time of his birth, April 3, 1826, was one bright with the promise of a newborn nation, filled with the pioneering spirit of men who sought in ancient Athens the precedent for their enterprise. The boy Cyrus was alive to the spirit of his time; with increasing eagerness he yearned to follow Horace Greeley's counsels to seek his fortunes in the West. His education at Allegheny College in Meadville had equipped him with a professional knowledge of law, invaluable to one destined the rest of his life to deal with men and affairs. Encouraged by the trust of the bride left behind until he could prepare a home for her somewhere on the frontier, himself
4 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
brimful with confidence over the success of his first business venture, the development of a small railroad in western Pennsylvania, and his pockets bulging with the twenty thousand dollars he had received for the sale of his share in that venture, Cyrus Kurtz Holliday was ready at the tender age of twenty-eight to conquer the frontier.
Young Holliday was keenly alive to the merits of the spot upon which he and his companions had come. Below them lay the Kansas river and the Shunganunga creek, ample for water supply, potential arteries for flatboat trade. The hill on which they had stopped was fully adequate for drainage; it was sure to catch the summer breezes. Fertile farming land stretched along the river valley, ideal for potatoes. Bountiful grazing soil extended beyond the river over the uplands. Timber was scarce on the surrounding prairie, to be sure, but clay for brick was close at hand, and sand and building stone as well. Best of all, for these were the early days of Romanticism, the "pure and picturesque" view from the hilltop seemed fit to inspire an Emerson or a Kensett. Thirty years afterward, in fact, one of the pioneers who stood with Holliday that day was moved still to comment that "Topeka was a beautiful place before there were houses here, whether it be since or not." [2] And Holliday himself, glowing with the warmth of his hopes, wrote back to his wife in Meadville:
...in a few years when civilization by its magic influence shall have transformed this glorious country from what it now is to the brilliant destiny awaiting it, the sun in all his course will visit no land more truly lovely and desirable than this. Here, Mary, with God's kind permission, we will make our home. [3]
It was no mere accident that led to the choice of site for the city that was to become the home for Holliday's railroad and the capital of the new state of Kansas. Neither was it accident that determined the initial layout for the project. As president-elect of the new Topeka Association, organized December 5, 1854, Holliday's first task was to make the survey for the city. Available for the purpose were only the crudest of instruments-a pocket compass, two pieces of rope, and several sticks torn from bales of supplies-but little more
BALDINGER: AMATEUR PLANS CITY 5
was needed, since in the course of platting the streets the founding fathers under Holliday followed simply the lay of the land over which they walked.
The initial plat under Holliday provided the basis for a regular survey begun two weeks later by A. D. Searl of Lawrence, fixing with greater exactitude what the members of the Topeka Association had already platted and laying out additional blocks in conformance with it. The main artery, Kansas avenue, was made to follow the gentle rise of the ridge of the hill itself, and each parallel or intersecting street to lie only where the grade was easy and the drainage free. When a year later the federal survey came to be made, the professional surveyors disclosed triumphantly what they declared had been a serious error in the original plats by Holliday and Searl: Instead of drawing the streets due north to south and east to west to accord with the federal division of the land into mile-square sections, Holliday had traced the longitudinal axes with a deviation of no less than 18°40' east of true north, or a point about midway between north by east and north northeast. Too late then to start anew, since many settlers had arrived during the interim and much building begun, the Holliday design remained the basis for all real estate developments in the original town and even the first additions. However convenient for the surveyor the federal practice might have been, the truth of the matter was that Holliday cared more for the immediate realities of the site than he did for the mechanical accuracy of a government plat; and the practical consequences of the founder's acumen account for two of the city's foremost distinctions today. The first distinction is excellent drainage. Under the downpours which drench Topeka every spring, the newer additions, laid out mechanically according to the cardinal points of the compass in order to parallel the federal section lines, [5] suffer badly flooded streets, but the original nucleus of the town sheds the surplus water with constant efficiency.
The second distinction is favorable orientation, an advantage which becomes readily apparent when one notes the climatic features of the locality. Sunlight is abundant, no less than sixty-two percent of a hypothetical maximum. Characteristic of the latitude is the course of the sun in winter, farther to the south than during
the summer months. Prevailing winds come from the south and are usually moderate in temperature, but hot winds originate in the southwest and during June and July bring severe heat waves with them. A cold wave in January or February, on the other hand, nearly always descends from the northwest.
We know that Holliday with the background of his boyhood on a farm was keenly conscious of the local peculiarities of the weather. In a letter to his wife, dated January 7, 1855, he commented upon the sunniness of the Kansas winter and Speculated over the probable warmth of the summer, observing that a constant breeze which people had assured him would continue to blow through the summer months would do much to relieve the heat. [6]
With all of this weather wisdom, Holliday perhaps wrought better than he knew in determining the orientation of the principal streets. Modern practice in the planning of housing developments and individual residences finds the original nucleus of Topeka ideal for exploiting the local climate for maximum living comfort. Built on the westerly side of any street which follows the north-northeasterly axis and facing it, or on the easterly side of the same street and facing away from it, a modern house can be so designed as to open mainly towards some point south of east, thus gaining a major share of the winter sunshine and the summer breezes. Insulated on the opposite side, the same house has full protection against the winter winds and the summer sun. The consequent economies in fuel consumption would be considerable. Such subtleties of orientation were probably unknown or merely guessed at in Holliday's time, but the facts remain that the Chase cabin, first building on the site of the town, was made to open on what became the westerly side of Kansas avenue, with an orientation thus approaching the modern ideal, that the westerly side of Kansas avenue and other parallel streets in the city has always been considered the preferable side of the two, and that such streets have always been favored for building frontages over streets following the west-northwesterly axis.
The blocks defined under the direction of Cyrus K. Holliday were generous in their areas, each occupying three and one-third acres; the twelve lots contained by each block were similarly spacious, seventy-five feet to the front and one hundred and fifty feet to the side; but the most liberal specification of all was that for the width of the streets: seven main arteries of traffic with a right of way of one hundred and thirty feet; other streets on a north
northwesterly axis, with one hundred feet; and the remainder, with eighty feet. The bigness of Holliday's units made him the butt of ridicule. People failed to see why a town on a prairie needed to spread out so when there was already too much open space around. As the town expanded and the traffic increased, they soon came, on the other hand, to see the wisdom of Holliday's provision for the streets. After the first World War motor traffic assumed such unforeseen proportions that even the expanses of Holliday's avenues became increasingly inadequate, until finally one by one most of these arteries had to be widened at great cost.
It was this very amplitude of the right of way in the early days, however, which provided occasion for making Topeka one of the shadiest cities in the whole region of treeless prairie. The city's first settlers were drawn mainly from Pennsylvania and New England, where the heavily wooded environment and the relatively milder summers had conditioned them to favor an active city-wide campaign of tree-planting in an effort to approximate as far as possible the homes from which they had come. This movement culminated in an ordinance of 1883 requiring a full quarter of each right of way to be set aside for flanking parkways, on which trees should be set out and tended by the owner of each abutting lot. Vigorous enforcement made it possible as early as 1905 to describe the entire residential district as "an umbrageous forest of stately elms and glowing maples." [7]
One feature of Holliday's plan for Topeka none the less remarkable for the possibility that it was suggested by the presence of a park in Lawrence, that city founded in the summer of 1854 from which Holliday and his companions had embarked upon their municipal enterprise, was its provision for a town on the fenceless prairie of two reservations of twenty acres each to be used as "public gardens." There can be no question of the original purpose of such tracts, since Holliday at the very outset planned that they should be planted with shade trees and kept open for the free use of the community. [8] Not private estates nor the sites of city walls, which recent revolutions in Europe had converted to public pleasure grounds, [9] not "commons" for pasturage and marketing as utilized by the sev-
enteenth-century villager of New England, [10] not ornamental public squares such as Penn had inserted in his plan of 1682 for Philadelphia [11] nor "Palace Greens" and monumental "Malls" such as Wren had planned for Williamsburg in 1699 [12] and L'Enfant for Washington, D. C., in 1791, [13] not beer gardens such as Philadelphia sported as early as 1783, [14] not rural cemeteries which as recently as in Holliday's own lifetime had been converted by popular demand from weedy neglected abodes of the dead to embellished "picnicgrounds for the living," but community pleasure-grounds included in the plan of a town from its very inception-such formed the essence of Holliday's contribution to Topeka.
The idea of a "public garden" of this nature was new to Americans, especially pioneering Americans struggling to conquer the frontier. [16] The idea seems to have originated with William Cullen Bryant, as recorded in a remark to his family in 1836. [17] A campaign in the periodicals of New York, waged largely by Bryant and the landscape architect, Andrew Jackson Downing, eventuated in 1851 in the projection of New York's Central Park, the first of its kind in America, in 1856, nearly two years after the founding of Topeka, in the purchase of a site for Central Park, and, in 1858, in the final adoption of a design by Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr., and the commencement of actual work under him to apply that design to the site. [18] Topeka stood thus with the vanguard in the nineteenth-century park movement in America.
The wisdom of including parks in the plan of Topeka was amply vindicated. The availability of one of the parks for state-house
grounds played in 1861 a prominent role in persuading the legislature to make Topeka the capital of the state-an eventuality which Holliday had actually anticipated from the start and had sacrificed his political prospects to attain. [19] When it was offered by the city for use as a campus, the other park became that same year the major inducement in attracting to Topeka a projected Episcopalian seminary for women. [20]
However admirable its plans for housing, circulation, recreation or any other aspect of urban life, no city can endure without secure economic roots. This principle Holliday followed in his successful efforts to make the city which he had helped to create the seat of county government, the seat of state government, and the home of a college. This principle, as we have remarked, governed his advocacy of the site selected-the juncture of two waterways and two farming belts. It is true that river traffic lasted only ten years. It is true that there was insufficient drop in the bed of either stream to do much with waterpower. But a good supply of water for other purposes was always at hand, and the very gentleness of the grade in the valleys of both the river and the creek made ideal beds for railroads to build along. From the very beginnings of farm settlement the crops from the river valley and the livestock from the uplands seemed to demand a railroad through Topeka to carry them to their markets. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railway was thus from the outset not only inevitable but certain of success.
It is one thing to establish the roots for a city's economic prosperity. It is quite another to so plan the sites and functions of urban industry as to integrate them with the rest of the city's life. Colonel Holliday did both. From the very beginnings of his city until his death in 1900, he never ceased to push the fortunes of the second project of his dreams, a great railroad stretching from Chicago to the west coast of the country. He chose Topeka for its home, and in that choice guaranteed to his city the major basis for its future.
Railroads often become as much of a curse as a blessing to any community they serve-cutting through its heart, disturbing its peace with the whistle and roar of passing trains, shutting out sunlight with their smoke, drenching the residential areas in soot, befouling the streams with waste from the yards and shops. Not so
10 KANSAS HISTORICAL QUARTERLY
the Santa Fe as its founder and president intended. The tracks he laid not through the town but along its eastern limits, where the prevailing winds would tend to carry the noise and smoke away from the community. The shops and yards he located similarly at the northeast corner of the city, on the edge of the Kansas river well below the city, where the current of the water would likewise carry waste away from the town.
The planner of Topeka had envisioned an ultimate population of thirty to forty thousand and had planned for it in the initial areas included: 127 blocks occupying 684 acres, to which by 1870 had been added 122 blocks occupying 658 more acres. Again was Holliday's genius made manifest. By 1889 Topeka had reached his expected figure in population, with 35,622. Six years later, due to the depletion of tillable land in the vicinity, the Oklahoma rush, and the intervening depression, the population had declined to 30,I51.
This loss, however, was not a serious one. Already the city had survived a civil war, two frenzied booms (1857-1858, I886-1888), and a catastrophic drouth. The thirty thousand formed a stable population which attested to the soundness of Colonel Holliday's judgment. Properly distributed, it would have composed within the area laid out for it by 1870 an ideally compact community; after deducting the average third of the area required for all other urban purposes, the remaining 895 acres would have accommodated the dwellings of the thirty thousand with a density per acre of only 33 persons, or, according to the average size of 4.42 persons to the family in Topeka in 1890, a density per acre of only 71/2 families. Topeka would have had at least in this respect the character of a modern garden city: Radburn, N. J., model "town for the motor age," has a predetermined density per acre of only half a family less.
Cyrus Kurtz Holliday was an exceptionally able individual whose ideas of city planning were well in advance of their time. Thanks to him, no nineteenth century community enjoyed a more promising start than the Kansas capital nor came nearer to realizing in its later history the promises of its origin. Even Colonel Holliday, however, was "a child of his time." On August 12, I855, only nine months after the founding of Topeka, he wrote to his wife:
I am offered a claim near Topeka with a good house upon it. I may buy it upon my return to Topeka and go to farming. I have rented my house
BALDINGER: AMATEUR PLANS CITY 11
that I have in Topeka. You remember I told you last winter that it cost me some 35 or 40 dollars. I rent it for six dollars per month, or at the rate 0f 75 dollars per year. Pretty good investment. [21]
The speculative impulse thus reflected colored every undertaking in nineteenth century America, and the development of Topeka, even at the hands of its founder, was certainly no exception. The area of the town in 1870 was far from being its area in 1895 when the population seemed stabilized at thirty thousand. During the great inflation of the later 1880"s speculative subdividers ran riot: The boom started with 23 new additions in 1886 and ended in 1888 with an all-time high for a single year of 69 more. It is true that many of these additions returned speedily to their original status as farmers' fields. But no one, not even Colonel Holliday himself, dreamed of limiting Topeka's size by law, a practice taken for granted in the modern garden city. Although the first president of the town association had anticipated a modest population and a modest area, he soon joined with the rest in welcoming every means by which the city could be enlarged.
Under this gambling fever the form of Holliday's original creation steadily disintegrated. Subdivisions were laid out on the open prairie, hastily, carelessly, so that when the city came out to join them the streets rarely corresponded; awkward jogs were the result, and triangular waste spaces too small to build upon or even to make into usable parks.
In the free-for-all scramble attending the city's expansion, some owners held their lots vacant for speculative prices; others, barred by no restriction, eager to increase the revenue on their lots, filled their 75-foot frontages with as many extra houses as they could introduce. Soon the numbering of the houses fell into great confusion; citizens were much exercised over the difficulty, and various solutions were proposed. A dentist who had bought his share in the city corporation with his lime-kiln, Dr. Franklin L. Crane, proposed the scheme which in 1887 was finally adopted. The blocks were replatted: Each original lot was divided longitudinally into three, and the new 25-foot frontages so created were each given a number. [22]
Doctor Crane was proud of his solution to the problem. Actually through it, however, he put the stamp of official approval upon a scheme for unprincipled exploitation of land which produced in Topeka the typical curse of every American city: The 25-foot lot. Houses three rooms deep, dark, close, lacking in privacy, subject to fire, difficult to rent with anything better available, and consequently neglected in upkeep-such are the progeny of the narrow lot in Topeka as elsewhere in the country.
Frye W. Giles, first treasurer of the Topeka Association and later its historian, touches another potential sore spot when he relates how, while he was on an extended visit, to Chicago during the first spring of the city's history, his colleagues on the town association induced a merchant to establish a general store in Topeka by presenting the newcomer with three lots adjoining that which Giles had selected for his home. When the unsuspecting city father returned "and for the first time looked upon the important accession of Mr. Jones' store, in the locality of his future home, it were idle to say his emotions were not somewhat stifling." [23] Already in 1855 the townsman knew the disastrous effects upon residential property values of proximity to a commercial or an industrial establishment. Zoning ordinances were not to make their advent, however, for another sixty years.
Neither has a master plan for the whole city and the power to enforce it even yet been imposed. If everyone had been as able as Cyrus K. Holliday at helping to shape the city in which he dwelt, Topeka might have preserved much of its original organic form. Instead, under the anarchy practiced in the name of democracy during the closing decades of the century, industrialists built along both sides of the river, through the city and above it; they invaded the residential areas, even the city's "Park avenue," Topeka boulevard; the business district expanded, not compactly in all directions at the heart of the city, but in straggling fashion along two main thoroughfares, inviting the spread of blight; the city broke all bounds, piling out over the prairie in shapeless confusion, building on the low floodlands north of the river, hemming the Santa Fe shops with dwellings, bordering the railroad tracks with residences, tolerating squatters' shanties around the ragged edges of the town, over the open municipal dumps, along the banks of the river. Such conditions menace the existence of any city, however promising its beginnings.
It is to the credit of Topeka's citizens today that they have consulted experts at the art of city planning which Cyrus K. Holliday and his fellow-founders practiced only as amateurs. These planners have been engaged to make a detailed survey of the city of Topeka. Perhaps through that survey and the consequent designing of a master plan to be followed in its reshaping, Topeka can achieve a form even more organic than that conceived by its founders in the closing days of 1854.
1. Lela Barnes, ed., "Letters of Cyrus Kurtz Holliday, 1854-1859," The Kansas Historical Quarterly, v. VI, pp. 246-248 (letters dated December 10, 17 and 24, 1854).
2. F. W. Giles, Thirty Years in Topeka: A Historical Sketch (Topeka, George W. Crane & Co., 1886), p. 20. Frye W. Giles was Topeka's first treasurer, first postmaster, and first banker.
3. Barnes, ed., loc. cit., p. 246.
4. Giles, op. cit., pp. 46-49.
5. With the single exception of Westboro, which was platted romantically in 1926 to form winding drives, containing terraces, and secluded courts. 6. Barnes, ed., loc. cit., pp. 250-252.
7. James L. King, History of Shawnee County, Kansas, and Representative Citizens (Chicago,-Richmond & Arnold, 1905). p. 157.
9. Mrs. M. G. van Rensselaer, "Frederick Law Olmsted," The Century Magazine, New York, N. Y., v. XLVI, No. 6 (October. 1893), p. 865.
10. Warren H. Manning, History of Village Improvement in the United States, quoted by Thomas Adams, Outline of Town and City Planning (New York, Russell sage Foundation, 1935), p. 120; Lewis Mumford, Sticks and Stones (New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 1924). pp. 14, 29; Lois Kimball Mathews Rosenberry, The Expansion of New England (Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1909), pp. 1-13, 28-29.
11. Adams, op. cit., p. I24; "The Voyage, shipwreck and Miraculous Escape of Richard Castelman, Gent." (1710), reprinted by Albert Bushnell Hart, ed., American History Told by Contemporaries (New York, The Macmillan Co., 1900-1929), v. I1, pp. 74-77.
12. Fiske Kimball. et al., The Restoration of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia (New York, The Architectural Record and F. W. Dodge Corp., 1935), pp. 360, 361.
13. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., "Landscape in Connection With Public Buildings in Washington," Papers Relating to the Improvement of the City of Washington (Senate Document No. 94, Washington, D. C., Government Printing Office, 1901), pp. 28-34.
14. Manasseh Cutler's description, 1783, quoted by Sarah Lewis Pattee, "American Parks a Century Ago," Landscape Architecture, v. XVII, No. 1 (October, 1926), pp. 29, 30.
15. Andrew Jackson Downing in editorials published in The Horticulturist, 1848 and 1849; republished in George William Curtis, ed., Rural Essays (New York. Leavitt & Allen, 1853 and 1857), pp. 144, 154-157.
16. William Solotaroff, Shade Trees in Towns and Cities (New York, John Wiley & sops. 1911), pp. 1, 2.
17. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and Theodora Kimball, eds., Frederick Law Olmsted: Landscape Architect 1822-1905 (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1922). v. 11, p. 23.
18. The Encyclopedia Americana, 1937, v. VI, p. 209; Samuel Parsons, Jr., Landscape Gardening (New York. G. P. Putnam's sons, 1896), pp. 255-294.
19. Giles, op. cit., p. 258; letters written by Cyrus K. Holliday from Wyandotte to his wife. July 14 and 24, 1859, Barnes, ed., loc. cit., p. 294.
20. Giles, op. cit., p. 184.
21. Barnes, ed., loc. cit., p. 264.
22. Note written by Dr. Franklin L. Crane under two clippings from the Commonwealth, date not indicated, one a letter to the editor protesting against the proposal to follow the "Philadelphia plan" in the renumbering of the streets, the other an editorial supporting Crane's alternative.-Clippings mounted in "scrapbook of Dr. Franklin L. Crane" (unpublished; presented to Kansas Historical Society, May 8, 1880), pp. 6, 7.
23. Giles, op. cit., p. 76.
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His video, "Land is My Connection," brings us closer to three people in his community and explains how and why they connect to the land. Ben co-owns a video production company, Capture the Action, which inspires others to laugh and spread positive stories. He is also the content marketing manager for Vail Valley Partnership, a regional community development organization in his home town.
Ben wins $2,000 for his entry. In addition, Ben has designated the accredited Eagle Valley Land Trust in Edwards, Colorado, to receive the contest's grand prize of $10,000 from the Land Trust Alliance.
Second place goes to Scott Rulander of Sandpoint, Idaho, for his video, "Land Is My Sasquatch," about growing up in nature and how his experiences shaped who he is today. Scott receives $1,000 for his entry, which was inspired in its story line and involvement of kids. Scott had designated the accredited Kaniksu Land Trust in Sandpoint as his land trust.
Third place is awarded to Grant Korte of Fremont, Indiana, for his video, "Land Is My Adventure," about how land allows him to do the things he loves and how that helps him see life in a new light. His land trust is the Clear Lake Township Land Conservancy, also in Fremont. Grant's video demonstrated subtle artistry and his passion for being out in nature. Grant will receive a prize of $500.
A big thank you to all who entered and promoted the contest! And congratulations again to our big winners, including the Eagle Valley Land Trust!


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Do You Know about the SHIELD Act in NY State?
The SHIELD Act takes effect in NY State on March 21, 2020. Do you know what it is and how it applies to your company?
SHIELD Act in NY State
When working with a managed IT provider on Long Island, it's important to choose the right company to work with. Companies such as Network Outsource work with clients on more than just repairing and maintaining their IT network. In today's market, it's just as important to secure the data that your business uses from theft and corruption. Recent mega-breaches have heightened concern about the security of data including personal information. Since it doesn't seem as if the federal government is providing a solution, New York joined the growing list of states that are requiring security obligations on businesses.
What is the SHIELD Act in New York?
On July 26, 2019, New York's governor signed the Stop Hacks and Improve Electronic Data Security (SHIELD) Act which requires businesses in New York to implement safeguards for any private information belonging to New York's residents, and broadens New York's security breach notification requirements. Any business or organization that has employees in New York must comply with the SHIELD Act, because the private information used by human resources departments includes employee names and Social Security numbers.
Does the SHIELD Act Apply to Other States?
Businesses without a New York office may still be required to comply with the SHIELD Act, because the law applies to any business that has the private information of New York residents. This information includes driver's license numbers, credit or debit card numbers, bank account numbers, biometric information, medical information, and user name or email addresses. Since the SHIELD Act is so broad, and that the requirements it imposes are relevant to human resources professionals as well as in-house employment counsel, every employer needs to learn about the SHIELD Act and its implications for their business.
What is Human Resources' Role?
Employers that are in possession of any New York residents' private information are required to "develop, implement, and maintain reasonable safeguards to protect the security, confidentiality and integrity of the private information," according to the new law.
The SHIELD Act doesn't mandate specific safeguards for employers to implement but instead provides that businesses will "be deemed in compliance with" the standard if it puts in place a data security program that includes the elements listed in the new law. Some of these elements that are relevant to HR are:
Designating employees to coordinate the data security program
Training and supervision of employees in the security program procedures and practices
Assessing risks and implementing controls to reduce them
Vetting service providers and binding them contractually to also safeguard private information
Destroying private information securely within a reasonable amount of time after is no longer needed
The HR team can play a crucial role in the implementation of the data security program and must ensure that anyone designated to administer the program has enough bandwidth to perform these responsibilities. All employee training is generally overseen by the HR department, so adding information security training would be a natural topic for HR professionals.
What Should Be Included in a Risk Assessment?
Risk assessments should focus on the technical threats, but also add any threats from negligent and malicious actors within the company. It's typical for an HR department to outsource functions that include private information, so these vendors' data security programs should be vetted as well as ensuring that contracts include information security terms. HR is also responsible for the secure destruction of private information belonging to any New York employees when appropriate.
Businesses with fewer than 50 employees or less than $3 million in gross annual revenues only are required to ensure that their data security safeguards are appropriate for the complexity and size of the business, the scope and nature of the business' activities, and how sensitive the personal information handled is.
All businesses of any size that are in compliance with other regulations requiring information security including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Security Rule, or the New York State Department of Financial Services' Cybersecurity Requirements for Financial Services Companies, are deemed compliant with the SHIELD Act.
The SHIELD Act specifically states that it does not confer a private right of action but provides for enforcement by the New York state's attorney general. The SHIELD Act's data security requirements take effect on March 21, 2020.


First I made a fabric covered button, from one of the sets I found at the thrift store. Then I made some backs. Added some crocheted flowers from this pattern (which is brilliant, and my favourite flower to crochet)…. and turned them into fun flower brooches. I am loving these and with changing up your yarn and buttons, they can be made to be springy, wintry, for your clothing… or to gussy up a string bag. These flowers are gorgeous, the pattern is flawless, they are fairly quick to whip up and brilliant every time. They would make perfect gifts, and are fantastic for embellishing lots of things. Have a go, you won't regret it.
Such a perfect way of using up those precious scraps and one-off buttons that you just can't bear to throw away!
Sooo cool, I love them. I might actually have a go at these.
Thanks, I really do love them, good for so many things.
The brooches are lovely, think I may have to have a go myself.
How brilliant! Thanks for sharing!
Too clever. Very cute. Especially like the white one with the brown button. Something about it makes me feel very good.
I'm going to have a go at these with some of the left over cotton yarns I now hve!
These are very sweet – nicely done!
They're beautiful. I'm going to have to try those too. Thanks for sharing.
cute! thanks for that pattern link. My girls so love a crochet flower!
What cute little flowers! I love em and I love the fabric covered buttons too!


Most smartphone and tablet flatrates imply that you get a certain data volume per month. Once it's been used up it will take a lot longer for data to transmit. In order to make sure that your data volume lasts you all month it's worth monitoring how much is actually being consumed, and by what.
Traffic Monitor Plus is a tool that helps monitor data transfer. Find out more below.
Traffic Monitor Plus is a tool that monitors data traffic via WiFi, mobile network and phone usage. It also provides detailed statistics as well as tests the network speed so long as the app remains active. In doing so it records how much data is being used by what, where and in which way. Over time this provides a good means for figuring out how much data volume is used by which network. Furthermore, the application will tell you which other applications and network points use up data, listing stats by fixed time references (week or month). Network points are defined with the help of the mobile cells of a WLAN/WiFi network. The app also displays the data relation between upload and download.
The application can also do so-called speed tests to test the quality of a given connection and thus the expected data consumption. Speed tests check the current network's speed (download and upload) and the Ping. Results are then compared with other providers from the same region. Our jury's out on how effective or reliable these comparisons are.
You can set up warning notifications for whenever a certain data volume has been reached within a set time frame.
Monitoring phone usage works in a similar way: call durations and frequency of calls are analysed and displayed in a week/month view. Statistics reveal how available the mobile network is as well as the call success rate.
So far so good, but the app also harbours a few completely useless features, IMO: the Traffic Manager, for instance, can shut down active apps, which is something that will only very rarely come in handy on Android devices.
On a more positive note: the widgets are well made and render important infos easily accessible.
Traffic Monitor Plus manages its core function (i.e. monitoring data traffic) very well indeed. It also supplies users with useful stats, but we found some of the terminology to be too specialised, making it almost cryptic at times.
While the speed test is a fun gimmick, we would like to see the results listed as statistics.
We're not impressed by the Task Manager, but then again it doesn't affect the other functions in a negative way and thus can simply be ignored.
Traffic Monitor Plus is set up to display information in list format. This helps keep the overview simple and understandable. What we found problematic at times are the abbreviations and terms used for data (some of them mathematical), and we had to stop and think as to what some of them stand for.
The design is simple and adequate, globally speaking. Some of the tabs should be highlighted in a way that sets them apart more from the rest of the text.
Traffic Monitor Plus performed nicely and without any delays. The Task Manager takes a few seconds to display the current traffic.
Traffic Monitor Plus can be downloaded free of cost from the AndroidPIT App Center. There are no ads. Great!
What's that for a tablet?


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This Cookie Policy explains how OBK HOLDINGS LIMITED, doing business as SharingOS ("Company", "SharingOS", "we", "us", or"our") uses cookies and similar technologies to recognize you when you visit our website as ("Websites"). It explains what these technologies are and why we use them, as well as your rights to control our use of them.
In some cases we may use cookies to collect personal information, or that becomes personal information if we combine it with other information.
Cookies are small data files that are placed on your computer or mobile device when you visit a website. Cookies are widely used by website owners in order to make their websites work, or to work more efficiently, as well as to provide reporting information.
Cookies set by the website owner (in this case, OBK HOLDINGS LIMITED) are called "first party cookies". Cookies set by parties other than the website owner are called "third party cookies". Third party cookies enable third party features or functionality to be provided on or through the website (e.g. like advertising, interactive content and analytics). The parties that set these third party cookies can recognize your computer both when it visits the website in question and also when it visits certain other websites.
We use first and third party cookies for several reasons. Some cookies are required for technical reasons in order for our Websites to operate, and we refer to these as "essential" or "strictly necessary" cookies. Other cookies also enable us to track and target the interests of our users to enhance the experience on our Online Properties. Third parties serve cookies through our Websites for advertising, analytics and other purposes. This is described in more detail below.
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You have the right to decide whether to accept or reject cookies. You can exercise your cookie rights by emailing sayhello@sharingos.co.uk. Please remember that if you choose to disable cookies, certain sections of our Sites may not work properly.
For more information about cookies and how to manage them, please visit:
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Mosquito-borne viruses are among the topics that will be discussed at the fourth annual conference of the Washington University Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease.
Scientists from around the globe will meet April 15 to discuss live-saving drugs and vaccines at the fourth annual conference of the Washington University Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease.
Experts will offer talks on topics ranging from HIV to Zika virus to cancer drugs and global access, among others. The event also will include a panel discussion, a poster session and lunch with the speakers.
The conference, at the Eric P. Newman Education Center (EPNEC) on the Medical Campus, is open to all. There is no charge to attend, but attendees who would like lunch need to register by April 8.
Presenters will include experts from Washington University, the University of Liverpool in England and Harvard University. A full list of speakers with brief bios and abstracts is available here.
In addition, students and junior investigators will present their research in global health and infectious disease at the Trainee Oral Symposium April 14 in in Erlanger Auditorium in the McDonnell Medical Sciences Building on the Medical Campus. Also, the Forum for International Health and Tropical Medicine will hold its 18th Annual Global Health Symposium April 16 in Connor Auditorium in the Farrell Learning and Teaching Center on the Medical Campus.
The conference is co-sponsored by the Global Health Center at the Washington University Institute for Public Health, and the School of Medicine's departments of medicine, molecular microbiology, and pathology and immunology.


Arranged into thirty-three series, all of which have been further arranged into six subseries types. The series are arranged chronologically with the exception of the General Files [Please see, Processing Information for more details on General Files arrangement. The series and subseries arrangement of the archive material is as follows: Series: 1st Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Series: 2nd Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Series: 3rd Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Series: 4th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 5th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 6th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 7th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 8th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 9th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 10th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: Traveling Red Cross Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 11th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 12th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 13th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 14th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 15th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 16th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 17th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 18th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 19th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 20th Ceramic International Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 21st Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 22nd Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 23rd Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 24th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 25th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: Ceramics 70 Plus Woven Forms [26th Ceramic National Exhibition] Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 27th Ceramic National Exhibition  Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 27th Ceramic National Exhibition  Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 28th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: 29th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Publicity/Publications Subseries: Video recordings Series: 30th Ceramic National Exhibition Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Publicity/Publications Series: General Files Subseries: Exhibition Records Subseries: Photographic Materials Subseries: Scrapbooks Subseries: Slides (Photographs) Subseries: Video Recordings Processing Information: Originally processed in the 1980s. Processing continued circa 2008 with the 28th-30th Ceramic National Exhibitions. During 2014-2016, the archive was processed, rehoused, and scanned by Jennifer Peters, Metadata Specialist & Project Archivist; Anna Chovanec, Archive Assistant; Trudi J. Antoine, Archive Assistant; Dania Souid, Archive Assistant; Caroline Mae Chatterton, Archive Assistant; and Jennifer Turner, Photographer and Project Assistant. Between these years, the archive was reassessed, rehoused, and in some cases further processed to improve access, arrangement, and description of the archive. The original arrangement of the collection has been maintained in most cases. Exceptions include actions to confirm what Ceramic National Exhibition each object belongs to and/or what subseries [Exhibition Records; Photographic Materials; Slides (Photographs); Publicity/Publications; Scrapbooks; or Video recordings] was most appropriate [see Descriptions of Subseries for further detail on contents]. Archive material was kept in original order throughout each subseries with the exception of some interfiling. In some cases, photographic materials, exhibition records [correspondence, budgets, etc.], and/or publicity/publications were left in folders that are predominantly of another subseries type. This is because of a desire to maintain original order as much as possible to avoid alteration of context. These occurrences have been noted in the folder titles as (contains photographs, publicity, etc.) It is important to note that General Files may describe several Ceramic National Exhibitions in a folder. Therefore, General Files serve as a series to accommodate miscellaneous files such as "History of Ceramic National Exhibition" or "Slide Lists for 10th - 14th Ceramic National Exhibitions" that could not be placed into one or any Ceramic National Exhibition series'. Slides (photographs) boxes and cabinet drawers were not processed. Boxes and cabinets are arranged chronologically according to a pre-existing labeling system. Therefore, each slide may NOT be housed in chronological order. Handwritten box and folder numbers on individual items are not correct. They are from a past processing project. For the correct box and folder numbers, please refer to the new folder and box labels. Please note that Box 078 is physically out of order for the 29th Ceramic National Exhibition. The contents of the box were located and processed after the initial system of arrangement was imposed. To maintain a chronological list of Ceramic National Exhibitions in the Finding Aid, Box 078 was placed after Box 072 [see Container List]. Individual and organization names were indexed when possible and entered into our CollectiveAccess database. To further increase access points in the database, it is advised to continue identifying and indexing individuals and organizations noted on archive material. Descriptions of Subseries: Subseries: Exhibition Records: •	Includes archive material such as, financial records; exhibition checklists; lists of artists, prizewinners; contact information for artists, jury members, prize donors, etc.; damage reports/claims; condition reports; exhibition contracts for circuit institutions; entry forms; entry remarks; installation instructions; packing instructions; shipping invoices; and most correspondence between artists, cultural institutions, prize donors, jury members, and so on. Subseries: Photographic Materials: •	Includes archive material such as, photographs of artists, objects, events, exhibition installations, and so on. Some slides, negatives, photograph transparencies, and CD-RW's of digital images are also located in these folders. Subseries: Slides (Photographs): •	Includes loose slides; sleeves of slides; slides in envelopes; slide reels; and slide drawers. Subseries: Publicity/Publications: •	Includes archive material such as, exhibition catalogs; drafts of exhibition catalogs; press releases; publications; newspaper clippings; magazine article clippings; fliers; posters; exhibition prospectus; drafts of exhibition prospectus; invitations to events; brochures and bulletins from cultural institutions; and correspondence between artists, cultural institutions, publication companies, printing companies and so on discussing topics related to designing and advertising the Ceramic National Exhibition. Subseries: Scrapbooks: •	Includes scrapbooks containing newspaper clippings; magazine article clippings; written history of the Ceramic National Exhibition; and some photographs. Subseries: Video recordings: •	Includes archive material such as, U-matic tapes and DVDs.


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Miquel Corominas Quelart (Barcelona, España, 8 de enero de 1955) es un exjugador y entrenador de fútbol español.

Trayectoria

Como jugador
Como jugador los clubes más importantes en los que estuvo fueron el FC Barcelona, la UD Salamanca y el RCD Espanyol.

Como entrenador
Entrenó en Tercera División a equipos de Cataluña como el CE Mataró, CE Premià y el CE Europa, entre otros, en Segunda B al CE L'Hospitalet y el Hércules CF, y en Segunda al UE Figueres y al UE Lleida, dentro de una larga carrera por los banquillos y un paso por la secretaría técnica del RCD Espanyol.

Clubes

Como jugador

Como entrenador

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ficha como entrenador en BDFutbol

Futbolistas de Barcelona
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona Atlètic
Futbolistas del Fútbol Club Barcelona en los años 1970
Futbolistas del Real Club Deportivo Espanyol en los años 1980
Futbolistas de la Unión Deportiva Salamanca en los años 1970
Futbolistas de la Unión Deportiva Salamanca en los años 1980
Entrenadores de fútbol de Cataluña
Entrenadores de la Unió Esportiva Figueres
Entrenadores de la Unió Esportiva Vilassar de Mar
Entrenadores de la Unió Esportiva Lleida
Entrenadores del Centre d'Esports L'Hospitalet
Entrenadores del Hércules Club de Fútbol
Entrenadores del Club Esportiu Europa
Nacidos en Barcelona

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Though industry growth has slowed, tracking firm NPD reports that the game industry is still seeing more revenue than ever before, with December 2008 logging the highest single-month revenues in video game history.
December sales were up 9 percent year-over-year, reaching $5 billion -- a figure that roughly matches industry revenue for the entire year of 1997.
Still, sales for 2008 overall were up 19 percent year-over-year, meaning December technically underperformed growth-wise compared to mid-year sales.
NPD analyst Anita Frazier also points out that the record sales are helping some companies in a considerably disproportionate manner to others. "We get asked a lot why there are so many layoffs and studio closings occurring in the industry when it has just realized another record-breaking year," she says. "This is not a case of the rising tide lifting all boats. The increases are not being enjoyed equally by all manufacturers and publishers."
Wii, the frequent monthly hardware champ, was unseated in December by Nintendo's other current system, the Nintendo DS, which moved 3.04 million units and became the first console to break the 3 million unit barrier in a month.
Nintendo's motion-sensing system came in second with 2.15 million units, followed by Xbox 360 with 1.44 million.
As it did last month, Sony's PSP outsold its PlayStation 3 with 1.02 million sales to PS3's 726,000. PlayStation 2 brought up the rear with 410,000 units.
Frazier points out that even as we are well into the current console generation, the rate of hardware adoption has continued to rise: "38 months into this generation of hardware, the three new systems have sold a combined 38.2 million units, whereas at the same point last generation, in December 2003, the three systems had sold 36.9 million units," she writes.
Nearly two years after its debut, Nintendo's Wii Play and Wii remote bundle topped the December chart with 1.46 million sales, also topping the full-year chart.
The Japanese publisher dominated the top 10, laying claim to half of its spots -- an achievement it replicated in the full-year chart, which included the same Nintendo-published games with the exception of Super Smash Bros. Brawl taking the place of Animal Crossing: City Folk, and the DS version of Mario Kart replacing its Wii counterpart.
Activision Blizzard turned in the second-strongest performance in December, charting with the Xbox 360 and PS3 SKUs of Call of Duty: World at War as well as the Wii version of Guitar Hero: World Tour.
However, Take-Two Interactive beat out Activision for the second-place finish in the yearly chart, with Rockstar's two SKUs of Grand Theft Auto IV.
Heavy-hitter Electronic Arts had one entry on the December list -- Valve's Left 4 Dead -- and one on the 2008 list -- the Xbox 360 SKU of Madden NFL 09.
Though analysts have suggested rhythm games like Rock Band 2 and Guitar Hero: World Tour have passed their prime fad period, Frazier points out that "both properties realized their best month yet in dollar sales, and combined represent 16% of total software dollar sales this month."
Looking at the year in aggregate, the analyst also notes, "Software sales reached nearly $11B, which is more than total industry revenues were in 2005."