text:
It's That Time
Posted: Jun 27, 2007 12:01 AM
Homegrown tomatoes, homegrown tomatoes,What'd life be without homegrown tomatoes? Only two things that money can't buy - That's true love and homegrown tomatoes. - Guy Clark
This year we had two springs here in Arkansas, one before and one after the Easter frost. Which means we had two winters, too, even if the second didn't last more than 24 hours.
The frost also meant that, once again, the Bradley County Pink Tomato crop missed the Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival.
It happens from time to time -- a pretty much tomato less tomato festival.
Arkansas tomatoes just have a mind of their own, or at least a growing season of their own. It's one of the quirks of living in a state with four seasons. At least.
The seasonal change here in The Wonder State is particularly tricky when it's winter-to-spring. Winter sometimes refuses to go quietly. But it makes life interesting. What could be more boring than having the same, perfectly boring season all year 'round?
It was a fellow columnist here in Arkansas, Richard Allin, who once suggested the perfect name for a spring festival in these contrary parts:The annual Frozen Daffodil and Snow Tire Festival. It never caught on, but it should have. It still could. Maybe the local tire dealer and florist insome Mayberry-like town here abouts could sponsor it jointly.
An annual daffodil-and-snow-tire festival might not have the panache of another Arkansas festival, Toad Suck Daze, but it would reflect the fickle realities of springtime in these latitudes.
This year, like the spring foliage in northern Arkansas, the tomato crop had to start all over again. Not that our farmers enjoy it, but they are used to that kind of thing. Or at least willing to put up with it, for there's noreward for persistence so succulent as a perfect, vine-ripened Arkansas tomato.
Even when winter makes a 24-hour comeback, tomatoes delayed need not mean tomatoes denied. And they're worth the wait, especially if they're Bradley County pinks. Every year many of us in Arkansas await their appearance like a Frenchman anticipating that year's Beaujolais.
Wine tastings are pleasant enough events, even if they verge on the pretentious. Scotch tastings are better, especially when they get around to the single malts from the Isle of Islay with their smoky, peaty flavors. But best of all would be a tomato tasting at the height of the season.
One day I'd like to work my way through all the great tomato varieties - one thin slice at a time. There'd be only the occasional salty cracker on hand to cleanse the palate between the Big Rainbow, White Wonder, Red Plum, Evergreen, Carmello, Golden Jubilee, Ultra Pink, Ultra Boy, Red Gold Stripe, Early Cascade, Red Peach.
It would be hard to wait till I got to Arkansas' own distinctive variety, which comes into perfection only in the vicinity of Warren, Ark. - the Bradley County pink. Maybe it's something in the soil or the weather that does it. Or just the sheer grace of God. But the Bradley pink has never been duplicated elsewhere - the irregular, even ugly shape, the perfect heft, the way it fits in your hand as if custom-made for your palm, its sharp yet pleasant taste. It's the fresh taste of summer in a blushing skin.
Whatever the explanation for their pastel color, tenderness yet firmness,and their piquant, distinctive flavor, Bradleys would be my favorite variety. They're like some fine local vintage maybe known abroad butdefinitley cherished at home. Bradleys may not travel well, but they taste best. Perhaps because, like all things truly Southern, they have a sense of place. And time.
One taste and you're carried back to the years before those reddish, mass-produced little softballs made for shipping, not eating, were sold in supermarkets under the assumed name of tomato.
In this all-too-modern age, innocent American consumers who've grown up on instant everything may never have tasted a real tomato. Instead they've been fed those simulacra that come in cellophane and taste about the same.
Now the first Bradleys have started to show up at last. It's too early to pronounce judgment on this year's crop. One shouldn't rush into thesematters, skip extensive tasting, and risk an early, in cautious opinion. Time is the essence of both a summer tomato and its enjoyment. There's no sense rushing a delight. So I can wait for that first, perfect tomato of the season. I know it's out there. I can almost hear it calling. I'm sure it's a Bradley County pink.


text:
import {
    createServerHost,
    File,
    libFile,
} from "../virtualFileSystemWithWatch";
import {
    baselineTsserverLogs,
    checkNumberOfConfiguredProjects,
    checkNumberOfInferredProjects,
    checkNumberOfProjects,
    createLoggerWithInMemoryLogs,
    createProjectService,
} from "./helpers";

describe("unittests:: tsserver:: searching for config file", () => {
    it("should stop at projectRootPath if given", () => {
        const f1 = {
            path: "/a/file1.ts",
            content: ""
        };
        const configFile = {
            path: "/tsconfig.json",
            content: "{}"
        };
        const host = createServerHost([f1, configFile]);
        const service = createProjectService(host);
        service.openClientFile(f1.path, /*fileContent*/ undefined, /*scriptKind*/ undefined, "/a");

        checkNumberOfConfiguredProjects(service, 0);
        checkNumberOfInferredProjects(service, 1);

        service.closeClientFile(f1.path);
        service.openClientFile(f1.path);
        checkNumberOfConfiguredProjects(service, 1);
        checkNumberOfInferredProjects(service, 0);
    });

    it("should use projectRootPath when searching for inferred project again", () => {
        const projectDir = "/a/b/projects/project";
        const configFileLocation = `${projectDir}/src`;
        const f1 = {
            path: `${configFileLocation}/file1.ts`,
            content: ""
        };
        const configFile = {
            path: `${configFileLocation}/tsconfig.json`,
            content: "{}"
        };
        const configFile2 = {
            path: "/a/b/projects/tsconfig.json",
            content: "{}"
        };
        const host = createServerHost([f1, libFile, configFile, configFile2]);
        const service = createProjectService(host, { logger: createLoggerWithInMemoryLogs(host) });
        service.openClientFile(f1.path, /*fileContent*/ undefined, /*scriptKind*/ undefined, projectDir);

        // Delete config file - should create inferred project and not configured project
        host.deleteFile(configFile.path);
        host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();
        checkNumberOfProjects(service, { inferredProjects: 1 });
        baselineTsserverLogs("configFileSearch", "should use projectRootPath when searching for inferred project again", service);
    });

    it("should use projectRootPath when searching for inferred project again 2", () => {
        const projectDir = "/a/b/projects/project";
        const configFileLocation = `${projectDir}/src`;
        const f1 = {
            path: `${configFileLocation}/file1.ts`,
            content: ""
        };
        const configFile = {
            path: `${configFileLocation}/tsconfig.json`,
            content: "{}"
        };
        const configFile2 = {
            path: "/a/b/projects/tsconfig.json",
            content: "{}"
        };
        const host = createServerHost([f1, libFile, configFile, configFile2]);
        const service = createProjectService(host, {
            useSingleInferredProject: true,
            useInferredProjectPerProjectRoot: true,
            logger: createLoggerWithInMemoryLogs(host),
        });
        service.openClientFile(f1.path, /*fileContent*/ undefined, /*scriptKind*/ undefined, projectDir);

        // Delete config file - should create inferred project with project root path set
        host.deleteFile(configFile.path);
        host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();
        baselineTsserverLogs("configFileSearch", "should use projectRootPath when searching for inferred project again 2", service);
    });

    describe("when the opened file is not from project root", () => {
        const projectRoot = "/a/b/projects/project";
        const file: File = {
            path: `${projectRoot}/src/index.ts`,
            content: "let y = 10"
        };
        const tsconfig: File = {
            path: `${projectRoot}/tsconfig.json`,
            content: "{}"
        };
        function openClientFile(files: File[]) {
            const host = createServerHost(files);
            const projectService = createProjectService(host, { logger: createLoggerWithInMemoryLogs(host) });
            projectService.openClientFile(file.path, /*fileContent*/ undefined, /*scriptKind*/ undefined, "/a/b/projects/proj");
            return { host, projectService };
        }

        it("tsconfig for the file exists", () => {
            const { host, projectService } = openClientFile([file, libFile, tsconfig]);

            host.deleteFile(tsconfig.path);
            host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();

            host.writeFile(tsconfig.path, tsconfig.content);
            host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();

            baselineTsserverLogs("configFileSearch", "tsconfig for the file exists", projectService);
        });

        it("tsconfig for the file does not exist", () => {
            const { host, projectService } = openClientFile([file, libFile]);

            host.writeFile(tsconfig.path, tsconfig.content);
            host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();

            host.deleteFile(tsconfig.path);
            host.runQueuedTimeoutCallbacks();

            baselineTsserverLogs("configFileSearch", "tsconfig for the file does not exist", projectService);
        });
    });

    describe("should not search and watch config files from directories that cannot be watched", () => {
        function verifyConfigFileWatch(scenario: string, projectRootPath: string | undefined) {
            it(scenario, () => {
                const path = `/root/teams/VSCode68/Shared Documents/General/jt-ts-test-workspace/x.js`;
                const host = createServerHost([libFile, { path, content: "const x = 10" }], { useCaseSensitiveFileNames: true });
                const service = createProjectService(host, { logger: createLoggerWithInMemoryLogs(host) });
                service.openClientFile(path, /*fileContent*/ undefined, /*scriptKind*/ undefined, projectRootPath);
                baselineTsserverLogs("configFileSearch", scenario, service);
            });
        }
        verifyConfigFileWatch("when projectRootPath is not present", /*projectRootPath*/ undefined);
        verifyConfigFileWatch("when projectRootPath is present but file is not from project root", "/a/b");
    });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Neda called me for the first time around 8 or 9 o'clock on a Friday night last Winter. She was calling my Oregon cell number from Seattle so maybe she thought I was on the west coast too. But she knew we worked in PA, she loved our style and she wanted us to be part of her day.
The couple chose to host their Kutztown wedding and reception at Kyle's family's 19th century stone barn nestled next to a creek that borders Moselum Springs Country Club. It turned out to be a sweet space to host an event. The family pitched in to decorate the barn from floor to ceiling for Neda and Kyle's big day, using peacock feathers, candles, paper lanterns and doilies, among other things. Bar None Weddings and Entertainment provided decorative lighting that tied it all together in addition to their killer video and DJ services.
The Kutztown Inn provided a great backdrop for Neda's getting ready photos, so much so, I didn't mind at all that Neda was running a half hour late. I could've shot there all day. The water-side ceremony site was lovely too and the ceremony was full of touching moments and surprises. It was sweet to see Kyle get choked up as Neda and her parents approached and equally as heart warming when Neda kissed Kyle's hands in a spontaneous show of affection at another point in the ceremony. At the end of the ceremony, guests errupted into cheers and applause when the couple pantomimed the opening lines of "Dirty Bit" by the Black Eyed Peas and created an instant party-like atmosphere for their recessional. We captured some great stills, but check out Bar None's highlight reel for the full effect.
A couple notes: This is wedding was toward the beginning of a crazy year for us, one filled with gorgeous, exciting weddings which I am committed to blogging about (however long it may take me to get around to each of them). I am happy to say that this wedding will get a little more attention since it will be featured in the January 2012 Weddings In Style.
Credits: Wedding guest accomodations by Main St. Inn in Kutztown. Catering by Moselum Springs Golf Club. Bride's orchid bouquet by Jackie and Daughter. Brides gown by San Patrick. Wedding cupcakes by Kupcake Koutour. Wedding DJ and Video by Bar None Weddings. Bridal jewelry by Sorrelli. Hair and Makeup for bridal party by Jennifer Petko.
What a beautiful wedding . . I agree love the natural settings and beauty of the barn . . so cozy, personal and unique. Great photos as always and congrats on being featured in LV Style Weddings!!!
Josh and Amber - We LOVED working with the two of you. From the very first phone conversation we connected and we could not have asked for more. The moments Josh captured Kyle with his family and Amber with mine are absolutely perfect all the way to the ceremony (every moment perfectly captured as a story) and on to the party, dancing and so much more. Thank you both. We could not have asked for a more professional, artistic and very relaxing photographers to have shared in our special day.
This is beautiful. My parents own the Main Street Inn and I just want to thank you so much for the beautiful way you captured the Inn and the bridal party as well. The pictures are fantastic and we will definitely put your name in our recommendations to future guests. I am not sure what the policy is for using photos, but I was hoping to show some of your photos on our website/social media, etc. for future guests to see what is possible at the Inn. Let me know what you will need if it is possible to use the photos. My email is ktownmainstinn@gmail.com and my name is Shena Corrado.


text:
package main

import (
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"time"

	"github.com/facebookgo/httpdown"
	"github.com/jessevdk/go-flags"
	"github.com/lyobzik/go-utils"
	"github.com/lyobzik/leska/storage"
	"github.com/op/go-logging"
)

type Config struct {
	Upstreams     []string      `short:"u" long:"upstream" required:"true" description:"group of servers of final destination"`
	Address       string        `short:"a" long:"address" required:"true" description:"listen address of this server"`
	Storage       string        `short:"s" long:"storage" default:"storage" description:"path to directory to store failed requests"`
	RepeatTimeout time.Duration `short:"t" long:"repeat-timeout" default:"0s" description:"timeout between repeated tries"`
	RepeatNumber  int32         `short:"n" long:"repeat-number" default:"1" description:"maximum number of tries"`
	Verbose       []bool        `short:"v" long:"verbose" description:"write detailed log"`
	LogLevel      logging.Level `hidden:"true"`
}

func ParseArgs() Config {
	config := Config{}
	parser := flags.NewParser(&config, flags.Default)
	_, err := parser.Parse()
	if err != nil {
		if !isFlagsHelpError(err) {
			parser.WriteHelp(os.Stderr)
		}
		os.Exit(1)
	}
	config.LogLevel = convertVerboseToLovLevel(config.Verbose)
	return config
}

func isFlagsHelpError(err error) bool {
	flagsError, converted := err.(*flags.Error)
	return converted && flagsError.Type == flags.ErrHelp
}

func convertVerboseToLovLevel(verbose []bool) logging.Level {
	for _, value := range verbose {
		if !value {
			return logging.ERROR
		}
	}
	logLevel := logging.ERROR + logging.Level(len(verbose))
	if logging.DEBUG < logLevel {
		return logging.DEBUG
	}
	return logLevel
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////
// TODO: возможно в эту задачу хорошо подойдет fasthttp. Нужно будет посмотреть
// TODO: на сколько все станет сложнее.
func main() {
	//go RunTestServer(":8088")
	//go RunTestServer(":8089")
	//go RunTestServer(":8090")

	config := ParseArgs()

	logger, err := CreateLogger(config.LogLevel, "leska")
	utils.HandleErrorWithoutLogger("cannot create logger", err)
	logger.Debugf("start leska with config: %v", config)

	// TODO: прокинуть Repeate-настроки куда нужно
	forwarder, err := CreateForwarder(logger, config.Upstreams)
	utils.HandleError(logger, "cannot create forwarder", err)

	storer, err := storage.StartStorer(logger, config.Storage, config.RepeatNumber,
		5*time.Second, 100000)
	utils.HandleError(logger, "cannot create storer", err)
	defer storer.Stop()

	repeater, err := StartRepeater(logger, forwarder, storer,
		config.RepeatTimeout, config.RepeatNumber)
	utils.HandleError(logger, "cannot create repeater", err)
	defer repeater.Stop()

	err = httpdown.ListenAndServe(
		&http.Server{
			Addr:    config.Address,
			Handler: NewStreamer(logger, storer, forwarder),
		},
		&httpdown.HTTP{
			StopTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
			KillTimeout: 1 * time.Second,
		})
	utils.HandleError(logger, "cannot start server", err)
}


Will troubled times end smiles for managers?
Managers remain positive and upbeat despite uncertain times – according to a report by the Chartered Management Institute.
A staggering 92 per cent of respondents - across various sectors including construction, manufacturing and engineering - said "they can't wait to get up in the morning" and 83 per cent claimed they find it easy to "keep positive".
But, the institute was alarmed two thirds of those surveyed do not believe preparing for problems in the future is a priority.
The survey of 1,175 employers found only 34 per cent believed risk management was their most important concern.
The survey also discovered only 23 per cent prioritised the "reputation of their organisation", 11 per cent valued "keeping abreast of technological change" and only four per cent said IT and communications was a "major challenge".


text:
Kwadèbouke kan syfta på:

Haiti

 Arrondissement de Croix des Bouquets, arrondissement, Ouest,
 Croix des Bouquets (kommun), Ouest,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
You are here: Home Page > Social Sciences > Politics > Comparative Politics > Who Speaks for Nature?
Who Speaks for Nature?
Indigenous Movements, Public Opinion, and the Petro-State in Ecuador
Todd A. Eisenstadt and Karleen Jones West
Studies in Comparative Energy and Environmental Politics
The most methodologically rigorous book on "comparative environmental politics" in any single nation to date
Juxtaposes arguments of vulnerability with post-materialist and ethnic politics claims
Provides a national survey and hundreds of ethnographic interviews
Argues that stakeholders' sense of vulnerability to environmental degradation matters more than their political/ideological predispositions or ethnic identities, thus providing greater opportunities for activists to unite across political and ethnic lines
In 2009, Ecuador became the first nation ever to enshrine rights for nature in its constitution. Nature was accorded inalienable rights, and every citizen was granted standing to defend those rights. At the same time, the government advanced a policy of "extractive populism," buying public support for mineral mining by promising that funds from the mining would be used to increase public services.
This book, based on a nationwide survey and interviews about environmental attitudes among citizens as well as indigenous, environmental, government, academic, and civil society leaders in Ecuador, offers a theory about when and why individuals will speak for nature, particularly when economic interests are at stake. Parting from conventional social science arguments that political attitudes are determined by ethnicity or social class, the authors argue that environmental dispositions in developing countries are shaped by personal experiences of vulnerability to environmental degradation. Abstract appeals to identity politics, on the other hand, are less effective. Ultimately, this book argues that indigenous groups should be the stewards of nature, but that they must do so by appealing to the concrete, everyday vulnerabilities they face, rather than by turning to the more abstract appeals of ethnic-based movements.
Chapter 1: Beyond Multiculturalism: Vulnerability Politics and the Environment in Latin America
Chapter 2: Multiculturalism Versus Polycentric Pluralism: Vulnerability Challenges Post-Materialist Values on Ecuador's Oil Extraction Frontier
Chapter 3: Does Prior Consultation Diminish Extractive Conflict or Channel It to New Venues? Evidence from Ecuador and the Andes
Chapter 4: Crude Bargaining: Indigenous Ambivalence Regarding Oil Extraction in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Chapter 5: How Science, Religion, and Politics Influence Indigenous Attitudes on Climate Change in Ecuador
Chapter 6: Exploring the Contradiction of Extractive Populism between Domestic and International Politics in Ecuador
Chapter 7: How to Effectively Speak for Nature?
Todd Eisenstadt is Professor of Government at American University. He has worked on six continents, publishing multiple award-winning books and dozens of articles. He studies development with research that focuses on democratization and environmental politics, as well as the relationship between constitution-making processes and democratization.
Karleen West is Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Relations at SUNY Geneseo. She researches how historically marginalized groups gain representation in Latin America and around the world. Her work has been published in the Latin American Research Review, Comparative Political Studies, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Comparative Politics, and Party Politics, among others.
"Who Speaks for Nature is a landmark study of the cultural, political, and economic dimensions of environmental conflicts in the Andean and Amazonian regions of South America. Eisenstadt and West skillfully demonstrate how local vulnerabilities to oil and mineral extraction shape public attitudes toward the environment and varied civil society efforts to protect livelihoods and communities. This book offers unparalleled insights into the clash of interests and values between extractivist models of development and an ethos of environmental rights. " -- Kenneth Roberts, Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government and Director of Latin American Studies, Cornell University
"This book masterfully tackles one of the most important issues of our time. The authors marshal forward a breathtaking and compelling mix of analyses of original survey data, insights from interviews, and case-specific details to demonstrate that those exposed to negative externalities that accompany resource extraction are often the most resolute advocates for the environment. Who Speaks for Nature? shifts the paradigm in political science from a focus on education, wealth, values, and indigeneity to a focus on direct exposure to environmental vulnerability and the potential for broad-ranging coalitions of ordinary individuals to exert a powerful influence over future policy initiatives." -- Elizabeth Zechmeister, Cornelius Vanderbilt Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University
"Eisenstadt and West have given voice to many indigenous people in Ecuador's Amazon region to convey their own views about the environmental degradation human rights lawyers have helped try to stop for decades. Drawing on meticulously gathered evidence and a well-reasoned approachÂWho Speaks for Nature?Âconcludes that people care about the environment when it is integral and pristine; once the environment is destroyed people concern themselves with problems derived from this degradation, such as public health hazards, unemployment, and migration. This is a finding many of us have suspected but which has never to my knowledge been shown, until now.Â" -- Mario Melo, Director of Center of Humans Rights, Pontifical Catholic University (PUCE) of Ecuador
"Who Speaks for Nature? is a groundbreaking book on environmental activism, attitudes about the environment, and indigenous political behavior. ÂUsing an unprecedented national survey from Ecuador, the authors directly compare individual and group behaviors. They find, contrary to conventional wisdom, that individuals' perceptions of environmental vulnerability are more relevant than ethnic identities or post-material values.ÂThis is an exceptional example of research that takes individuals seriously, as well as the context in which they live. In the process, the authors of this innovative study identify the vital agency of actors experiencing great environmental vulnerability, especially on the "front lines" of extractive conflicts and climate change." -- Carew Boulding, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Colorado-Boulder
Democracy in the Woods
Prakash Kashwan
Meet the Food Radicals
F. Bailey Norwood and Tamara L. Mix
Dying to Be Normal
Brett Krutzsch
Japan and the Shackles of the Past
R. Taggart Murphy
P.K. Newby
Suzanne Staggenborg
A Good Life on a Finite Earth
Daniel J. Fiorino
Passing on the Right
Jon A. Shields and Joshua M. Dunn Sr.
Dwelling in the Age of Climate Change
Elaine Kelly
On Race
George Yancy
The US-India Nuclear Pact
Harsh V. Pant
Beyond Greenwash
Hamish van der Ven
Down Girl
Kate Manne
Social Sciences > Politics > Comparative Politics
Social Sciences > Politics > Environmental Politics
Social Sciences > Sociology > Social Movements & Social Change

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Terahertz (THz) optics and technologies are rapidly evolving areas of research now that reliable methods to generate broadband pulses are available. Among the many unusual characteristics of terahertz optics is the characteristics wavelength λ=300μm, the vast range of wavelengths in a unique pulse (30μm-3mm), and the ability to directly measure temporally evolving electric fields with synchronous detection. Yet, designing basic optical setups for the complete pulse spectrum still requires new developments. In particular, polarization control is required to achieve functional imaging/optics/telecommunication setups and applications.
The authors of this Optics Letters article propose new designs for terahertz achromatic quarter- and half-wave plates based on phase retardation by total internal reflection. Exploiting well-known Fresnel phase difference between s- and p-polarized light due to total internal reflection, the authors use rhomb prisms to achieve the required polarization control. The phase difference between the components depends only on the angle of incidence and the refractive index of the prism, so as long as the index does not vary significantly with frequency the effect is achromatic. Thus, by adjusting the number of internal reflections in the prism, the authors can control the plate to be either a half-wave plate or a quarter-wave plate. As the prism does not rely on birefringence to achieve quarter/half wave retardation, there is no time delay, hence leading to identical waves for ±λ/4 polarization except for the rotation direction.
In terahertz optics, large aperture beams are often required for propagation or imaging, the consequence being the need of using very large prisms. The authors resolve this issue by using Multi Stacked Prisms (MSP) and adjusting them to produce the desired plate. Finally, the authors apply their setup to a toy experiment by imaging two bundles of hair overlaid in the shape of a cross, proving the efficiency of a MSP to image selectively the two directions of the hair bundles.


text:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "FirebaseInAppMessaging/Sources/Private/Analytics/FIRIAMClientInfoFetcher.h"
#import "FirebaseInAppMessaging/Sources/Private/Data/FIRIAMFetchResponseParser.h"
#import "FirebaseInAppMessaging/Sources/Private/Flows/FIRIAMServerMsgFetchStorage.h"
#import "FirebaseInAppMessaging/Sources/Private/Runtime/FIRIAMFetchFlow.h"
#import "FirebaseInAppMessaging/Sources/Private/Runtime/FIRIAMSDKSettings.h"

NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN

// implementation of FIRIAMMessageFetcher by making Restful API requests to firebase
// in-app messaging services
@interface FIRIAMMsgFetcherUsingRestful : NSObject <FIRIAMMessageFetcher>
/**
 * Create an instance which uses NSURLSession to make the restful api call.
 *
 * @param serverHost API server host.
 * @param fbProjectNumber project number used for the API call. It's the GCM_SENDER_ID
 *                         field in GoogleService-Info.plist.
 * @param fbAppId It's the GOOGLE_APP_ID field in GoogleService-Info.plist.
 * @param apiKey API key.
 * @param fetchStorage used to persist the fetched response.
 * @param clientInfoFetcher used to fetch iid info for the current app.
 * @param URLSession can be nil in which case the class would create NSURLSession
 *                   internally to perform the network request. Having it here so that
 *                   it's easier for doing mocking with unit testing.
 */
- (instancetype)initWithHost:(NSString *)serverHost
                HTTPProtocol:(NSString *)HTTPProtocol
                     project:(NSString *)fbProjectNumber
                 firebaseApp:(NSString *)fbAppId
                      APIKey:(NSString *)apiKey
                fetchStorage:(FIRIAMServerMsgFetchStorage *)fetchStorage
           instanceIDFetcher:(FIRIAMClientInfoFetcher *)clientInfoFetcher
             usingURLSession:(nullable NSURLSession *)URLSession
              responseParser:(FIRIAMFetchResponseParser *)responseParser;

@end

NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END


Although we are making great strides to stop the majority of fraudulent activity with new payment technologies such as EMV, you may still encounter it. Should you suspect fraud, there are several steps you can take to minimize your risk and manage the situation.
Sometimes fraud happens even with strong preventive measures in place. Keep contact information for reporting fraud easily accessible, and make sure your employees know how to use it.
Our e-learning program helps you understand the dispute resolution process, standards and compliance.
Understanding the Mastercard rules can help you make the most out of accepting payments.


text:
Terry Crews Shares That His Wife Once Left Him Because Of His Prior Addiction to Porn
Wed, July 3, 2019 at 8:35 PM
Brooklyn Nine-Nine star Terry Crews has never had a problem sharing intimate details of his life with fans. The actor was met with both support and ridicule when he admitted to being sexually assaulted by a male agent back in 2016. "The assault lasted only minutes, but what he was effectively telling me while he held my genitals in his hand, was that he held the power," Crews stated. "That he was in control."
The Michigan native also has been candid about his previous addiction to pornography and how he overcame his obsession. Crews once again spoke about his battle with his porn addiction when he sat down with Andy Cohen on Watch What Happens Live and was asked when he realized that pornography had become a problem. "When my wife walked out," Crews said. "She was like, 'I'm done with you,' and it was something...the porn use led to me being unfaithful years earlier. What happened was, after years of hiding and not saying anything, she confronted me."
He continued, "She was like, 'What is it that I don't know about you Terry Crews?' And I told her. She was like, 'That's it. I'm out.' I was like, 'Then go on, bye!' Then what happened [was], I was literally thinking, 'It's her. It's her fault,' but then I realized, it was me. And all of a sudden, I knew I had to change." The actor had a friend who told him it was time that he got better for himself, and that's when Crews decided to go to rehab."It was a stronghold, but I thank God I'm out of it."
"You learn that you've learned a lot of wrong things," he said of what he took away from time in treatment. "I learned to correct them. Now, my wife and I are better than ever. We're back together. Super strong and it's wild because you can't keep secrets in a relationship. You can't do it."
via: https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/terry-crews-shares-that-his-wife-once-left-him-because-of-his-prior-addiction-to-porn-news.84822.html
article, Terry Crews Shares That His Wife Once Left Him Because Of His Prior Addiction to Porn
2013 ESPY Awards - Los Angeles, CA
DJXTC FREE MIXES


text:
SN 2010lo – supernowa odkryta 15 grudnia 2010 roku w galaktyce NGC 4495. W momencie odkrycia miała maksymalną jasność 17,30.

Przypisy

Supernowe zaobserwowane w 2010 roku


text:
25th NSFC Awards
January 6, 1991

Best Film:
 Goodfellas
The 25th National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 6 January 1991, honored the best filmmaking of 1990.

Winners

Best Picture
1. Goodfellas
2. The Grifters
3. Reversal of Fortune
4. Sweetie

Best Director
1. Martin Scorsese – Goodfellas
2. Stephen Frears – The Grifters
3. Jane Campion – Sweetie

Best Actor
1. Jeremy Irons – Reversal of Fortune
2. Danny Glover – To Sleep with Anger
3. Robert De Niro – Goodfellas and Awakenings

Best Actress
1. Anjelica Huston – The Grifters and The Witches
2. Joanne Woodward – Mr. & Mrs. Bridge
3. Jessica Lange – Men Don't Leave
3. Debra Winger – The Sheltering Sky and Everybody Wins

Best Supporting Actor
1. Bruce Davison – Longtime Companion
2. Joe Pesci – Goodfellas
3. Al Pacino – Dick Tracy
3. John Turturro – Miller's Crossing

Best Supporting Actress
1. Annette Bening – The Grifters
2. Uma Thurman – Henry & June and Where the Heart Is
3. Dianne Wiest – Edward Scissorhands

Best Screenplay
1. Charles Burnett – To Sleep with Anger
2. Tom Stoppard – The Russia House
3. Donald E. Westlake – The Grifters

Best Cinematography
1. Peter Suschitzky – Where the Heart Is
2. Ian Baker – The Russia House
3. Philippe Rousselot – Henry & June

Best Foreign Language Film
1. Ariel
2. Life and Nothing But (La vie et rien d'autre)
3. May Fools (Milou en mai)

Best Documentary
1. Berkeley in the Sixties
2. For All Mankind
3. The Big Bang

Special Citation
Renée Furst
Jean-Luc Godard

References

External links
Past Awards

1990
National Society of Film Critics Awards
National Society of Film Critics Awards
National Society of Film Critics Awards


text:
News | November 1, 2009
Enceladus Flyby - Nov. 2, 2009
This perspective view of Damascus Sulcus was generated using high resolution images of Enceladus acquired in August 2008 at 12 to 30 meters (40 to 100 feet) resolution, together with a new topographic map of the region produced by Dr. Paul Schenk at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, TX.
E7: Cassini Returns to the Plumes
Cassini flew by Enceladus at an altitude of 100 kilometers and a speed of 7.7 km/sec. Closest approach occurred at 89 degrees S latitude and at 306T07:42 SCET. To convert this to Pacific Time, subtract 8 hours and add one-way light time from Saturn to Earth. It was a little after midnight on Nov. 2.
Information provided by the AACS team after the flyby will be used to understand how much torque the plume exerted on the spacecraft. E9, an Enceladus flyby to occur in orbit 130, will have a trajectory similar to E7. The data from AACS will be used to determine whether thrusters or wheels will be used for E9 attitude.
The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) performed compositional and thermal mapping of Enceladus' surface and plumes. The data will be used to understand water ice grain size and ice crystal structure, and to map out the distribution of CO2 and organics on the surface, and to search for other compounds.
The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) performed an experiment to measure the plume gas density by observing the plume in front of the disk of Saturn. In the past, UVIS has performed stellar occultations to measure plume gas density; in this experiment the disk of Saturn will be used in place of the star, and UVIS will investigate whether plume gas occults the Saturn signal.
With E7 being the first direct flyby through the Enceladus plume, and at a lower velocity than earlier inclined flybys, the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) was able to achieve very high signal-to-noise measurements of the gases in the plume, and looked for structure in the gases associated with the jets seen by ISS, UVIS and the Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA). Measurements should provide high enough signal-to-noise to allow INMS to discriminate between N2 and CO; distinguishing between these two species has been difficult in the past.
During the inbound leg RADAR took scatterometry measurements to determine cm-scale roughness and radiometry measurements to understand the energy balance. RADAR also targeted the instrument at Enceladus to execute a raster scan to obtain simultaneous scatterometry and radiometry data.
Magnetospheric and Plasma Science instruments took measurements to investigate interactions between Enceladus and its plume gases and the magnetospheric environment. The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument in particular studied the field-aligned particles to explore connections to the Enceladus footprint in Saturn's auroral region. The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) took measurements to map nanometer-sized charged particles and cold-water group ions. CDA explored the spatial alignment of the jets along Baghded and Alexandria sulci, and investigated the particle sizes of the ice grains in the jets.
Enceladus Flyby at a Glance
64 miles (103 km)
17,200 mph (7.7 km/sec)
Moon in Utah's Turret Arch
Desert Moonset
What's Up: September 2020 [Video]
more resources ›
NEA Scout will visit an asteroid estimated to be smaller than a school bus – the smallest asteroid ever to be studied by a spacecraft.
NASA Solar Sail Mission to Chase Tiny Asteroid After Artemis I Launch
An international research team will survey the stars, star clusters, and dust that lie within 19 nearby galaxies.
Capturing All That Glitters in Galaxies With NASA's Webb
The lander has taken measures to conserve energy; engineers aim to return to normal operations next week.
NASA's InSight Exits Safe Mode
Europa Clipper will need to know its orientation while traveling from Earth to Jupiter and in orbit around Jupiter. To accomplish this, it will use the stars.
Europa Mission Dispatch: Tracking the Stars
Scientists have announced that samples collected by Curiosity are rich in a type of carbon associated with biological processes on Earth.
NASA's Curiosity Rover Measures Intriguing Carbon Signature on Mars
The lazily winding spiral arms of the spectacular galaxy NGC 976 fill the frame of this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
Hubble Views a Tranquil Galaxy with an Explosive Past


This listing is courtesy of Myrna De Leon from Exp Realty LLC.
Beautiful two story on large corner lot. Spacious backyard with patio and wood burning fireplace, raised garden beds with drip system. Interior features are great for entertaining with the open kitchen to family room along with a media room upstairs.


Hey troops, your Friday episode of HOTWAB. Basically still setting up the Universe and all the players in it and probably will be for some time to come. I've been working hard at a lot of art for many issues to come and hope you enjoy the show. Also how's the new lick of paint looking on the main page?
Have a good weekend, hope to chat to some of you on the new ComicBookHour forum this Sunday!


Me: Where is Cosmo? Has Cosmo seen this? Is Cosmo safe? Ask the readers. Yes, Cosmo is safe, but this is part of a larger struggle and Cosmo needs to lay low for a while. All will be made clear when the time is right.
"They call it 'going to ground'" Cosmo says.


Olivera Abogados is also dedicated to providing advice to different public entities and international organizations that trust our experience, professional and legal career.
• Advice for the drafting of numerous Law Projects.
• Study, as well as consultation and reports on current regulations in a certain sector of Uruguayan regulation.
• Advice to the National Government.


At Bulun, we had no electricity. Six months night, total, polar. There was one month of continuous day, June. At night, white bears prowled around the house, scavenging… Instead of panes in the windows they put in sheets of ice, because glass could not stand a cold of -60°C. We got water by melting snow, we brought river ice back to the children's home. If they needed to run a bath or anything, they brought lumps of ice. Once a month they ran a bath… In summer we had to fetch fuel. Nothing grew out there, nothing except little bushes, there were no trees. They floated logs down river from the Yakutsk region. The biggest boys in the home pulled them out of the river, sawed them up on the bank and we carried them up the hill to have a few reserves for the winter. There was no electricity, we had oil lamps. We used to go to school, but when a blizzard blew up, we couldn't set foot outside. They sometimes rigged up ropes from the home to the school. You'd go outside and things seemed to be all right, but suddenly you couldn't see where to go. By holding onto the ropes, either we got to school or we went back home.


text:
Life? Or Theater? An abbreviated Charlotte Salomon biography
Affinities, Women Artists & Hybrid Forms
An excerpt from Charlotte Salomon's Life? Or Theater? A Song Play is a cornerstone of Siglio's 2011 publication It Is Almost That: A Collection of Image+Text Work by Women Artists & Writers. One of my aims in editing and publishing the book was to bring attention to artists and writers who have been overlooked or too tightly categorized and thus are known to a only a very particular audience. Salomon is certainly case in point. While the inclusion of her work in It Is Almost That may help to remedy that, this blog post—authored and organized by Siglio intern Niyati Shenoy—pulls together disparate sources of information to serve as a kind of hub and to serve as resource for readers looking for ways to navigate (sometimes sparse) material on artists and writers who are not (or not yet) as well-known as we think they should be. We've posted on Unica Zürn already, and look for another post soon on Dorothy Iannone.
—Lisa Pearson
"I will live for them all."
On the 10th of October 1943, Charlotte Salomon, a German Jew from Berlin, was executed upon arrival at Auschwitz after being deported from her exile in France. Before her death, Salomon had completed an epic visual autobiography entitled Life? Or Theater? (Leben? Oder Theater? Ein Singespiel) comprised of more than 1300 pages of drawings with text. The work was dedicated and later entrusted to Otillie Moore, an American woman who owned the garden cottage where Salomon lived in France and who returned it to Salomon's father and stepmother who survived the war. The work is now in the care of the Jewish Historical Museum in Amsterdam.
Structured in three parts—a prelude, the main section, and an epilogue—Life? or Theater? traverses three generations of Salomon's family's history during the decline of Weimar Germany and the Nazis' rise to power. It employs sophisticated narrative techniques (both visual and textual) to create shifts in perspective and time as the stories unfold, double-back, and are re-envisioned from varying points of view. The text is, in the beginning, often written on overlaying tracing paper in ways that mirror the painting beneath. Later, much more of the text is actually painted on the page or, if written on the overlays, Salomon's scrawled cursive suggests both the emotional urgency of the work as well as the pressure of bringing it to completion. Her visual composition also evolves through the course of the work, using methods of the Modernists, the Old Masters, as well as Medieval illuminated manuscripts.
Source: Introduction to Charlotte Salomon, "Excerpt: Main Section, Chapter 7: A Young Girl," from Life? Or Theater? A Song Play in It Is Almost That: A Collection of Image+Text Work by Women Artists & Writers, edited by Lisa Pearson, Siglio, 2011.
The entirety of Life? Or Theater? A Song Play can be found in jpegs online at Jewish Historical Museum of The Netherlands. All excerpts from Life? Or Theater? included here are from that archive.
The Salomon's home. From the Jewish Historical Museum.
"This play is set in the period from 1913 to 1940 in Germany, later in Nice."
Salomon was born to a well-to-do assimilated Jewish family in the wealthy Charlottenburg district of Berlin on 16 April 1917. Her happy, early life consisted of grammar school, governesses, and holidays to the Alps. Then at the age of nine, Salomon lost her mother. While she was told it was influenza that had killed her, her mother had, in fact, committed suicide.
In September 1930 her father Albert Salomon, a surgeon, married his second wife, Paula Lindberg, a highly regarded singer. When the National Socialist Party came to power in 1933, Salomon's life changed dramatically again as her family endured restrictions on their professional lives. Dr. Salomon could now practice medicine only at the Jewish Hospital, having lost his right to practice surgery as well as his professorship. Lindberg was permitted only to sing at the theaters and synagogues of the Kulturbund deutscher Juden, an organization that became the center of Jewish cultural life. Lindberg's circle of friends in this period included artists and scholars such as Paul Hindemith, Kurt Singer, Erich Mendelsohn, Albert Einstein, and Rabbi Leo Baeck, and Salomon was often silent witness to their discussions. Salomon left school due to increasing anti-Semitic hostility and was increasingly confined to her home as she began to take private drawing lessons in preparation for entrance to art college. She was admitted to the State Art Academy in 1936 under a rule that stipulated 1.5 per cent of students could be Jews provided their fathers had served at the front during World War I (Albert Salomon had been an army doctor).
One of the first people to take Salomon's art seriously was the music theorist Albert Wolfsohn. Paula Lindberg hired him as her music teacher as he needed a job to be protected from arbitrary deportation. He soon became a fixture in the Salomon home, not only working with Lindberg, but also engaging and critiquing Salomon's work. He was also the object of Salomon's intense fascination and infatuation.
In 1938, during a period of particularly intense anti-Semitic persecution following Kristallnacht, Albert Salomon was arrested and temporarily interned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Once Paula was able to procure his release, she and her husband decided to send their daughter to Villefranche in southern France to live with her grandparents who had left Germany in 1934 and rented a house from a sympathetic American landlady, Otillie Moore. Soon after Germany invaded Poland and the war began in 1939, Salomon's grandmother committed suicide. Once Germany and Italy declared war on France in May and June 1940 respectively, French authorities of the Vichy regime began interning immigrants and Jews in particular. Salomon and her grandfather were sent to a camp in the Pyrenees but allowed to return to Nice after only a month. When she was released, after the crisis of her grandmother's suicide as well as learning that her mother had ended her own life as well, Salomon began working obsessively on Life? Or Theater?, rarely eating or sleeping, until it was complete by the end of the summer of 1942. Her grandfather passed away of natural causes about six months later.
By then the Mediterranean coast of France had been occupied by Italy, and in September 1943, by Germany. Life since 1942 was increasingly perilous and difficult for Jewish refugees who were forced to conceal their identities; but Salomon had help; as she wrote when her American landlady departed, 'Mrs Moore left me a friend. I didn't know quite what to do with him.' When Salomon fell in love with and married this man, Alexander Nagler, an Austrian businessman, in June 1943, they made the mistake of registering their marriage, which alerted the Germans to their presence. On the evening of September 24 that year, a Gestapo truck drew up outside their house in Villefranche and took them away to their deaths. Salomon was twenty-six years old and four months pregnant.
Abridged from Life: Biography 1917-1943, by Christine Fischer-Defoy and Judith C.E. Belinfante, p. 15-26, from Life? Or Theater?, Charlotte Salomon, Waanders Publishers, Zolle, 1998.
(Left image from Life? Or Theater? / Right photograph: source unknown)
"I will create a story so as not to lose my mind."
At a transport camp on the way to Auschwitz, Salomon listed her occupation as 'graphic artist'. During her detainment at the previous camp in the Pyrenees in 1940, following the terrible revelation of suicides in her family, she had observed many artists produce work amid wretched conditions. Upon her release from that camp she had written to her parents, 'I will create a story so as not to lose my mind'.
In Life? Or Theater?, writing herself in the third person from the departure point of this moment of choice between 'whether to take her own life or to undertake something eccentric and mad', Salomon narrates, 'with dream-awakened eyes, she saw all the beauty around her, saw the ocean, felt the sun, and knew: she must disappear for a time from the human surface, and sacrifice everything for this – to recreate herself from the depths of her world. And from that emerged Life? Or Theater?.' When the work was finished she gave it to a friend of her husband-to-be, Doctor Moridis, saying, 'Keep this safe. It is my whole life.' He passed it on to Otillie Moore after the war was over.
Salomon had depicted in her work all those who were closest to her. She writes in her introduction to it, "The varied nature of the paintings should be attributed less to the author, than to the varied nature of the characters to be portrayed. The author has tried…to go completely out of herself and to allow the characters to sing or speak in their own voices. In order to achieve this, many artistic values had to be renounced, but I hope that, in view of the soul-penetrating nature of the work, this will be forgiven."
Source: Charlotte Salomon: 1917-1943, by Mary Lowenthal Felstiner, Jewish Women's Archive online.
"Do you really love me?"
In 1961 the first exhibition of Life? Or Theater? was undertaken by Amsterdam's Stedelijk museum. Paula Lindberg sent a brochure of the exhibition to another character who had appeared prominently in the work – Albert Wolfsohn. Wolfsohn had emigrated to England in 1939 and enlisted in the army. He was completely devastated to see pictures of himself with her [Salomon] and to realize how much he had in fact misunderstood the impression he had made on her. He was deep in thought for two days.
Albert Wolfsohn is given the pseudonym Amadeus Daberlohn in Life? Or Theater? – a reference both to Mozart and to Wolfsohn's impoverished state. Of the 769 paintings that ended up in the final version of Salomon's work, almost four hundred of them relate to or contain him, and are entitled 'The Main Section'. He leaves Salomon with the benediction, 'May you never forget that I believe in you.'
Wolfsohn was born in 1896 in Berlin, and studied literature, art and music. He played the piano, violin and viola. In 1914, before he could enroll to study law he was conscripted into the army, and fought on both the French and Russian fronts. A painful experience in battle where he was unable to save the life of an injured comrade crying out for help left Wolfsohn scarred for life with guilt and emotional trauma. Eventually he was able to find solace in the study of art and music, and became preoccupied with helping other people to express themselves artistically and find fulfillment – he has been quoted saying that all his work was the expression of a deeply entrenched saviour complex, 'bound up with the need to help people, almost to an idiotic degree.'
By the time Wolfsohn returned to Berlin in 1930, his interests had coalesced around the human voice and its capacity to express the soul – a concept that had intrigued him even as a child. To support his sick mother, Wolfsohn played the piano for silent films, tutored schoolchildren at math and worked in a bank; on the side, he was a voice teacher. He had begun to write a work, entitled Orpheus, Or the Way to a Death Mask, which Salomon liberally excerpts and quotes verbatim in Life? Or Theater?. Orpheus derived its title from the mythical Greek figure, who must descend into the despair of the Underworld, into the depths of his own psyche, in order to find his lost wife, his anima or soul, his voice.
"Death and the Maiden" by Charlotte Salomon. This drawing is not in Life? or Theater?. It can be found here.
Salomon was a puzzle to Wolfsohn—he wrote to a friend of hers after the war that he had found her 'extraordinarily taciturn, quite unable to break through and emerge from the barrier she had built around herself. I felt compelled to attack this barrier but when I talked to her, trying to break it down, she would gaze at me with such a challenging look which spurred me on to even greater activity, forcing me to play the clown…I always felt I had to bring her closer to reality, there was such an air of unreality about her.'
"Whatever induces me to play this ridiculous role?" he asks. "What forces me to go on talking in a never-ending torrent of words? What makes me speak about every deep realization? Only because I want to help a little? – a bit embarrassing, isn't it?"
Source: Albert Wolfsohn alias Amadeus Daberlohn: The Man and his Ideas, by Sheila Braggins, a lecture at the Jewish Historical Museum, Amsterdam, September 2007, accessed online.
"A tune suddenly enters her mind."
Various scenes and chapters of Life? or Theater? are "accompanied" by music or have notations as to which dialogue should be sung. It was intended as a Gesamtwerk. Salomon's work makes references to several kinds of music – Carmen by Bizet, Orpheus & Eurydice by Gluck, lots of Bach, Schubert, folk songs and popular film tunes – and contains many musical themes that are often used and repeated in different sections to melt together scenes of joy and tragedy, irony and comedy. Salomon was introduced to much of this œuvre by her stepmother, Paula Lindberg-Salomon, and uses them to set a mood that becomes integral to her work.
She narrates, 'The creation of the following paintings is to be imagined as follows: A person is sitting by the sea. She is painting. A tune suddenly enters her mind. As she starts to hum it, she notices that the tune exactly matches what she is trying to commit to paper. A text forms in her head, and she starts to sing the tune, with her own words, over and over again in a loud voice until the painting seems complete. Frequently, several texts take shape, and the result is a duet, or it even happens that each character has to sing a different text, resulting in a chorus.'
Life? Or Theater? is best appreciated in conjunction with its musical score. The Jewish Historical Museum's archive has clips of music appended to the paintings in which they are mentioned.
Quotes by Charlotte Salomon at the beginning of each section:
1. From Charlotte Salomon: 1917-1943, by Mary Lowenthal Felstiner, Jewish Women's Archive online.
2. From Life? Or Theater?, Charlotte Salomon, Waanders Publishers, Zolle, 1998: pg 43
4. From Life? Or Theater?, Charlotte Salomon, Waanders Publishers, Zolle, 1998: pg 508


text:
\section{Introduction}

Detection of single electron transfers through
quantum systems such as quantum dots
has become experimentally
feasible.\cite{Lu03422,Fuj042343,Gus06076605,Fuj061634}
Theoretical investigations on the underlying statistics
were mostly obtained in terms of higher cumulants,
e.g.\ noise and skewness, by using generating function
techniques.\cite{Lev964845,Lev04115305,Wab05165347,Ram04115327,%
She03485,Fli05475,Uts06086803, Ped05195330,Bac011317,Kie06033312}
Expansion of the higher cumulants
in non-Markovian corrections has revealed significant memory
effects in quantum dots \cite{Eng04136602} when
strong Coulomb interaction,\cite{Bra06026805}
phonon bath \cite{Bra081745} or initial
correlations \cite{Fli08150601} are present.

Statistics based on waiting time distribution (WTD) provides additional
information on the system. Higher cumulants can be
derived from the WTD \cite{Bra08477}, but not vice versa.
Waiting times were recently utilized to analyze single electron transfers
in the Markovian regime, for example, in double quantum
dots,\cite{Wel08195315} single molecules,\cite{Koc05056801,Wel081137}
single particle transport \cite{Bra08477} and Aharonov-Bohm
interferometers.\cite{Wel0957008}
Non-Markovian treatment of WTD has shown significant
features in photon counting statistics.\cite{Zai873897}

Non-Markovian effects are induced by a small bias voltage
or a finite bandwidth of the system-electrode coupling.
While the former can be eliminated
easily, the latter scenario is given by the setup of experiment.
In order to explore both regimes, a non-Markovian Pauli rate equation
based on a microscopic description of the electrode-system coupling using a
Lorentzian spectral density is derived. It can be utilized
for a variety of system, such as single molecule and quantum dots.

A formal connection of the WTD
with the shot noise spectrum of electron
transports through quantum junctions has been established in the
Markovian regime.\cite{Bra08477} The non-Markovian shot noise
spectrum \cite{Jin0806,Eng04136602} provides a more accurate
description of the signal
and its relation to the physics of the
junction than a Markovian version,
since it reveals several distinct intrinsic system frequencies.

In this paper we derive a non-Markovian theory for the WTD
of single particle transfer trajectories based on the derivation
of a non-Markovian microscopic Pauli rate equation.
It provides a general framework to study non-Markovian electron transport through many-body systems
and allows us to distinguish between non-Markovian effects due to intrinsic properties of the
system, finite electrode-system coupling band-width and small bias voltage.
The WTD is evaluated in time domain by
perturbation theory leading to non-Markovian corrections.\cite{Bra06026805}
We shall analyze the effect of memory on consecutive electron
transfers through double quantum junctions (DQD), see \Fig{fig:0},
and demonstrate the influence of many-body Coulomb coupling
on memory landscapes displaying the memory that is preserved in the system for several consecutive
electron transfers. The non-Markovian spectrum is obtained from a Laplace transformation.
The results reveal that the non-Markovian spectrum of the WTD
provides similar information content which qualifies it as an alternative method
to the non-Markovian shot noise spectrum.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=7.0cm,clip]{fig0.eps}
\caption{Illustrated set-up of the DQD in series and notation
of the important parameters. The charge state of the DQD is measured
by the quantum point contact (QPC) which provides an electron transfer trajectory.
\label{fig:0}}
\end{figure}

The paper is organized as follows.
In section \ref{thrate}, we present the derivation of the
non-Markovian rate equation. The expressions for the
non-Markovian WTD are shown in
section \ref{secWTD}. The formalism is applied to the DQD system
and the results are given in section \ref{demo}.
We conclude with a summary and outlook.

\section{Non-Markovian rate theory of quantum transport}\label{thrate}

\subsection{Hamiltonian}

Consider a junction consisting of a DQD in
series as the system, two electron reservoirs,
and the respective system--reservoir coupling, as shown
in \Fig{fig:0}. The total Hamiltonian assumes
$H_T=H_S+H_R+H_{SR}$.
The system part describes the DQD which is modeled by
\begin{equation}\label{eq1}
H_S=\sum_{s=1}^2 E_{s} \hat n_s +U {\hat n}_1{\hat n}_{2} - \Delta (c_1^\dagger c_{2} + c_2^\dagger c_{1}).
\end{equation}
Here, $\hat n_s=c_s^\dagger c_{s}$ is the
electron number operator of quantum dot $s=1$ or $2$ with orbital energy $E_s$,
and $U$ specifies the Coulomb interaction between two
dots.
The reservoirs of left and right ($\alpha=l$ and $r$)
electrodes are described by
\begin{equation}\label{eq2}
 H_R = \sum_{\alpha=l,r} H_{R_\alpha}
  = \sum_{\alpha=l,r}\sum_q \epsilon_{\alpha q} c_{\alpha q}^\dag c_{\alpha q} .
\end{equation}
The system--reservoirs coupling responsible for
electron transfer between the system and the electrodes is
\begin{equation} \label{eq3}
H_{SR}=\sum_{\alpha=l,r} \sum_{q}
 \left[T_{1q}^{(l)} c^\dag_1 c_{l q} + T_{2q}^{(r)} c^\dag_2 c_{r q} + {\rm H.c.} \right].
\end{equation}
The electron creation (annihilation) operators
$c^\dag_s$ $(c_s)$ and $c^\dag_{\alpha q}$ $(c_{\alpha q})$
involved in \Eqs{eq1}--(\ref{eq3})
satisfy the anti-commutator relations.
In this system, single electron transfer trajectories can be obtained
from the charge state of the DQD that is constantly measured by a
quantum point contact (QPC). Such a configuration was employed in
experiment \cite{Fuj061634} operated at a small bias voltage.

\subsection{Generalized non-Markovian rate equation}

We now turn to the non--Markovian rate equation.
Let $\rho(t)\equiv \mathrm{tr}_R\,\rho_T(t)$ be the reduced
system density operator.  The total density operator
is assumed to be initially factorisable into a system and a
reservoir part, $\rho_T(t_0)=\rho(t_0)\rho_R(t_0)$,
and the system--electrode couplings are assumed to be weak.
Using the standard approach,
one can readily derive a non-Markovian quantum master
equation.\cite{Wei99,Yan05187,Wel06044712}
For the present study, we adopt
$T^{(\alpha)}_{sq}=T^{(\alpha)}_s T^{(\alpha)}_q$ for simplification.
A rotating wave approximation to the cross
coupling terms between the system orbitals is not required here since each electrode
is coupled to one orbital site only.\cite{Wel08195315}
We denote the system Liouville operator $\mathcal L_{S}\cdot\equiv[H_{S},\cdot]$
and set $\hbar =1$.
The resulting quantum master equation
in the time-nonlocal form
reads \cite{Wel06044712,Wel08195315}
\begin{align}\label{equ:master2local}
\dot{\rho}(t)
= &  -i \mathcal L_S(t) \rho(t)
- \sum_{\alpha s} \int_0^t \mathrm d \tau \,\vert T^{(\alpha)}_s \vert^2 \nonumber \\\quad
& \times \Bigl\{C^{(+)}_{l}(t-\tau)
  \big[c_s, e^{-iH_S(t-\tau)} c_{s}^\dagger \rho(\tau) e^{iH_S(t-\tau)}\big]
 \nonumber \\
&\ \  - C^{(-)}_{l}(t-\tau) \big[
   c_s, e^{-iH_S(t-\tau)} \rho(\tau)  c_{s}^\dagger e^{iH_S(t-\tau)} \big]
\nonumber \\\quad &
+ \mathrm{H.c.} \Bigr\}.
\end{align}
The reservoir correlation functions,
\begin{equation}\label{equ:correl+}
C^{(+)}_{\alpha}(t)=\sum_{q} \vert T_{q}^{(\alpha)} \vert^2
  \langle c^{\dag}_{\alpha q}(t)c_{\alpha q}(0) \rangle_{R_\alpha},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{equ:correl-}
C^{(-)}_{\alpha}(t)=\sum_{q} \vert T_{q}^{(\alpha)}\vert^2
\langle c_{\alpha q}(0)c^{\dag}_{\alpha q}(t) \rangle_{R_\alpha},
\end{equation}
contain the properties of the electrodes.
Here, $c^{\dag}_{\alpha q}(t)\equiv
  e^{i H_{R_\alpha} t}  c_{\alpha q}^\dagger  e^{-i H_{R_\alpha} t}$
and $\langle O \rangle_{R_\alpha}\equiv \mathrm{tr}_{R_\alpha}
\lbrace O \rho_{R_\alpha} \rbrace$,
with $\rho_{R_\alpha}$ being the
density operator of the bare electrode $\alpha$
under a constant chemical potential $\mu_{\alpha}$.
Physically, $C^{(+)}_{\alpha}(t)$
describes the process of electron transfer
from the $\alpha$--electrode to the system,
while $C^{(-)}_{\alpha}(t)$ describes the reverse process.
These two correlation functions are not independent; they
are related via the fluctuation--dissipation
theorem.

Electron counting experiments are operated either
in the large--bias limit in order to achieve a {\em directional}
trajectory of single transfer events\cite{Lu03422,Fuj042343,Gus06076605}
or at small bias in order to realize transfer against
the direction of the bias.\cite{Fuj061634}
Non-Markovian effects are either due to small
bias or finite band-width.
In order to study both regimes, we derive a rate equation by
projecting the master equation (\ref{equ:master2local})
into the Fock space of system and by considering
only the population part $p_{m}\equiv \rho_{mm}$.
Some simple algebra leads from Eq.\,(\ref{equ:master2local}) to
the non-Markovian Pauli rate equation
\begin{align}\label{ratecom}
\dot{p}_{m}(t) &= \sum_{\alpha n}\!
 \int_0^t \! \mathrm d \tau \big[
     \Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)} C^{(+)}_\alpha(t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{mn} (t-\tau)}
     p_{n}(\tau)
\nonumber \\&\quad
 + \Gamma_{nm}^{(\alpha)} C^{(-)}_\alpha (t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{nm} (t-\tau)}
       p_{n}(\tau)
\nonumber \\&\quad
  -\Gamma_{nm}^{(\alpha)} C^{(+)}_\alpha(t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{nm} (t-\tau)}
    p_{m}(\tau)
\nonumber \\&\quad
  -\Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)} C^{(-)}_\alpha (t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{mn} (t-\tau)}
    p_{m}(\tau)  \big] + {\rm c.c.}
\nonumber \\ &\equiv
 \sum_n \int_0^t \! \mathrm d \tau K_{mn}(t-\tau) p_n(\tau).
\end{align}
Here, $\omega_{mn}\equiv E_m-E_n$ is
the transition frequency between two Fock states;
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Gamn}
\Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)} = \vert T_s^{(\alpha)}
 \vert^2 \vert \bra{m} c^{\dagger}_s \ket{n}\vert^2,
\end{equation}
with $s=1$ or $2$ for $\alpha=l$ or $r$, respectively,
is the state--dependent non-Markovian system--reservoir coupling strength.
As inferred from \Eq{eq:Gamn}, $\Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)}\neq 0$ only if
$\vert m\rangle$ has one more electron than $\vert n\rangle$.
We can therefore identify the {\it rate kernel}
elements involved in \Eq{ratecom} with
three physically distinct contributions
\begin{equation}\label{eq13}
K(t) \equiv \sum_{\alpha}[K^{(\alpha +)}(t)+ K^{(\alpha -)}(t)] + K_0(t).
\end{equation}
$K^{(\alpha +)}(t)$ and  $K^{(\alpha -)}(t)$ realize an electron
transfer in and out of the system through the
$\alpha$--electrode, respectively.
They summarize the off--diagonal matrix
elements of the transfer rate kernel $K(t)$
in \Eq{ratecom},
\begin{equation} \label{eq9}
K^{(\alpha +)}_{mn}(t)= \Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)}
  C^{(+)}_\alpha(t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{mn} t} +{\rm c.c.},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eq10}
K^{(\alpha -)}_{mn}(t)=\Gamma_{nm}^{(\alpha)}
 C^{(-)}_\alpha (t-\tau)e^{-i \omega_{nm} t} + {\rm c.c.}
\end{equation}
$K_0(t)$ summarizes the diagonal matrix elements of $K(t)$
and leaves the number of electrons in system unchanged.
These diagonal elements satisfy
\begin{equation}\label{K0}
 (K_0)_{nn}=-\sum_{\alpha,m} \, \big[K^{(\alpha +)}_{mn}(t)+ K^{(\alpha -)}_{mn}(t)\big].
\end{equation}

 For the Lorentzian spectral density model
[\Eq{Lorent_J}], where the reservoir
spectral density assumes the form
$J_{\alpha}(\omega)=
\gamma^2_{\alpha}/[(\omega-\Omega_{\alpha})^2 +\gamma_{\alpha}^2]$,
we obtain for the off--diagonal rate kernel
elements the following expressions,
\begin{align} \label{KmnLoren}
K^{(\alpha \pm)}_{mn}(t)
&= 2 \Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)} \Big\{ e^{- \gamma_\alpha t}
 [a_\alpha^\pm \cos( \Omega^\alpha_{mn} t)
    - b_\alpha^\pm \sin( \Omega^\alpha_{mn} t)]
\nonumber \\ &\quad
  + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} e^{ -\varpi_k t}
 [c_{\alpha k}^\pm \cos( \mu^\alpha_{mn} t)
  - d_{\alpha k}^\pm  \sin( \mu^\alpha_{mn} t) ]\Big\}.
\end{align}
Here, $\varpi_k = (2k-1)\pi/\beta$
is the fermionic Matsubara frequency,
while $\Omega^\alpha_{mn}\equiv \Omega_\alpha-\omega_{mn}$ and
$\mu^\alpha_{mn}\equiv \mu_\alpha-\omega_{mn}$.
The coefficients $a_\alpha^\pm$,
$b_\alpha^\pm$, $c_\alpha^\pm$, and $d_\alpha^\pm$
are all real, given explicitly in Appendix\,\ref{Appendix1}
by \Eq{coef_all}.
The first term in the curly brackets of \Eq{KmnLoren} reflects
the spectral properties of the electrode-system coupling, while
the second term arises from the
decomposition into Matsubara frequencies which induces memory
effects due to small bias voltages. From the expressions one can infer
that large $\gamma_\alpha$, wide bands,
and large $\varpi_k$, high bias,
cause a fast decay of the transfer rates in time.
The decay is responsible
for the memory loss in the system.

The non-Markovian Pauli rate equation (\ref{ratecom}), in terms of
the population vector ${\bm p}(t)=\{p_m(t)\}$
and the involved transfer matrices, is
\begin{equation}\label{rateeq}
\dot{\bm p}(t)=\int_{t_0}^{t} \mathrm d\tau \,
K(t-\tau) {\bm p}(\tau).
\end{equation}
It reads in Laplace frequency domain
\begin{equation}\label{rateeq-laplace}
 s \tilde {\bm p}(s)- {\bm p}_0= \tilde K(s) \tilde{\bm p}(s).
\end{equation}
The corresponding electron transfer rates are
\begin{align}
\tilde K^{(\alpha \pm)}_{mn}(s) &
= 2 \Gamma_{mn}^{(\alpha)} \Bigl\{
  \frac{a_\alpha^\pm ( s+ \gamma_\alpha)- b_\alpha^\pm \Omega^\alpha_{mn}}
    {(s+ \gamma_\alpha)^2 +  (\Omega^\alpha_{mn})^2 }
\nonumber \\ &\qquad\quad
 + \sum_{k=1}^{\infty}
  \frac{c_{\alpha k}^\pm (s+ \varpi_k)
    -d_{\alpha k}^\pm \mu^\alpha_{mn}}
  { (s+ \varpi_k)^2 +  (\mu^\alpha_{mn})^2 }
\Bigr\}.
\end{align}
The derived non-Markovian rate equation formalism
is based
on a microscopic description of the electrode-system coupling,
and is valid for arbitrary bias and temperature.
Compared to the quantum master equation
in the same regime \cite{Yan05187,Wel06044712},
the exclusion of the coherence makes it numerically
feasible to calculate multilevel
systems such as large molecules.\cite{Wel081137}
This allows to include non--Markovian effects
in large many--body systems,
e.g.\ quantum-chemistry calculations, since the properties
of the molecular-junction enter only through the couplings
$\Gamma_{nm}^{(\alpha)}$ and the fitting
parameters of the Lorentzian spectrum.

To rate equation (\ref{rateeq}), the Born-Markov approximation
can be applied by separating the integration variables and
extending the upper limit to infinity in \Eq{rateeq}.
The resulting integration over time,
\begin{equation}
  W^{(\alpha \pm)}_{mn} = \int_{0}^{\infty}\!{\mathrm d}t\,
  K^{(\alpha \pm)}_{mn}(t)
   =\tilde K^{(\alpha \pm)}_{mn}(s) \vert_{s=0} ,
\end{equation}
gives the Markovian electron transfer rates. The second identity
is via the Laplace domain rate equation (\ref{rateeq-laplace}),
by which the Born-Markov approximation amounts to the zero frequency
contribution.

\section{Non-Markovian waiting time distribution}
\label{secWTD}

\subsection{Statistics analysis}
We consider two consecutive electron transfers contained in a time
series as illustrated in \Fig{fig:0}. An electron entered the system
from the left electrode at an earlier time $t_0$ is detected at
time $t$ leaving the system through the right electrode. No other
electron transfers are detected in between.
The joint-probability for the consecutive electron transfer events is
\begin{equation}\label{joint1}
 P(t)=\langle \langle  W^{(r-)} G(t,t_0) W^{(l+)} {\bm p}(t_0) \rangle \rangle.
\end{equation}
Here, $\langle \langle\cdots\rangle \rangle$ denotes the sum over the final system states.
We assume that the transfer events are instantaneous compared
to the time-scale of the system propagation
in between as shown in \Fig{fig:0}.
Therefore we have used the Markovian forms of rate matrices,
for the ascribed two consecutive events.
This assumption is reasonable in accordance with electron
counting experiments,
where typical waiting times are long
compared to the fast transfer
events.\cite{Lu03422,Fuj042343,Gus06076605,Fuj061634}
The memory of the system is contained in
$G(t,t_0)$, the non-Markovian propagator of the system from $t_0$
to $t$ in absence of transfers.
It is therefore associated with the diagonal
rate matrix $K_0$ of \Eq{K0}, satisfying
\begin{equation}
\frac{d}{dt} G(t,t_0) = \int_{t_0}^{t} \mathrm d\tau'\,
 K_{0}(t-\tau') G(\tau',t_0) .
\end{equation}
For the given two--event case, the joint--probability
is equivalent to a waiting time distribution.\cite{Wel08195315,Wel081137}

Now consider the event of an electron transferred into the system and
the subsequent
waiting time before any other transfer takes place,
also referred to as survival probability.
In the present notation it is given by
$
\langle \langle G(t,t_0) W^{(\alpha\pm)} {\bm p}(t_0) \rangle \rangle.
$
While the joint probability is subject to the nature of the second transfer,
the specific form of the second event is
irrelevant to the survival probability.
Consequently, we introduce the survival time operator
\begin{equation}
Z^{(\alpha\pm)}(t,t_0)= G(t,t_0) W^{(\alpha\pm)}.
\end{equation}
If memory is absent, the
survival probability is indifferent from the previous
waiting times. To study the
memory of a previous survival time that carries on into the following
survival time, we introduce two--time joint survival probabilities
of the form
\begin{equation}\label{equ:twotimes}
 Q(\tau_2,\tau_1)=  \langle \langle   Z^{(r-)}(\tau_2 , \tau_1)
   Z^{(l+)}( \tau_1, t_0) {\bm p}(t_0) \rangle \rangle.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Non-Markovian corrections}

The formal solution to the propagator in Laplace domain is given by
\begin{equation} \label{prop1}
\tilde G(s)=\frac{1}{s-\tilde K_{0}(s)}.
\end{equation}
The complex Laplace frequency $s= \gamma + i \omega$ is
associated with the system residing in its state.
The bilateral Laplace transformation reduces to a Fourier transformation
by setting $\gamma=0$.
Since $\tilde K_{0}(s)$ is strictly diagonal in the many-body eigenspace
of the system, the matrix inversion required in \Eq{prop1}
can be efficiently carried out for large systems.

The technique of expanding the propagation into
non-Markovian corrections
has been applied to electron transport
recently.\cite{Bra06026805,Bra081745,Fli08150601}
Here we apply it to the WTD.
Let us first express \Eq{prop1} by its series
\begin{equation}
\tilde G(s) =\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{ [\tilde  K_{0}(s) ]^n} {s^{n+1}}.
\end{equation}
Assuming the derivative
$\partial^m_s [\tilde K_{0}(s) ]$ exists for all $m$,
the kernel can then be expanded into a Taylor series
$[\tilde K_{0}(s)]^n=\sum_{m=0}^\infty \partial^m_s
[\tilde K_{0}(s)]^n\vert_{s=0} \frac{s^m}{m!}$.
Thus,
\begin{equation}
\tilde G(s)= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \sum_{m=0}^\infty \frac{\partial^m_s
[\tilde K_{0}(s) ]^n\vert_{s=0}}{m!\, s^{n+1-m}}.
\end{equation}
Now we apply the inverse Laplace transform
$
x(t)=\frac{1}{2 \pi i} \int_{\gamma - i\infty}^{\gamma+i \infty}
\mathrm ds \, e^{st} \tilde x(s)
$
to switch back into time domain.
One can simplify the poles by using $m=n$
which neglects the transient terms.\cite{Bra06026805,Bra081745,Fli08150601}
We obtain
\begin{equation}\label{eq18}
G(t) = \!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\! \frac{1}{n!}
\left[
  \frac{\partial^n}{\partial s^n}\!\!
  \left([ \tilde K_{0}(s) ]^n
    e^{\tilde K_{0}(s) t}
  \right)\right]_{s=0} \!\!
 \equiv \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} G^{(n)}(t),
\end{equation}
with $G^{(n)}(t)$ denoting
the individual term involved,
where
$G^{(0)}(t)=e^{\tilde K_{0}(s) t} \vert_{s=0}$
describes the Markovian dynamics.
The first identity of expression (\ref{eq18})
is asymptotically exact since the dynamics
is reduced to the poles $m=n$.
The WTD
can also be expressed in terms
of $P(t)=\sum_n P^{(n)}(t)$,
with $P^{(0)}(t)$ denoting the Markovian contribution;
so can the survival probabilities.

\section{Demonstration and discussion}\label{demo}

We employ a non-Markovian rate equation to calculate the two--electron
system as illustrated in
\Fig{fig:0}. This system resembles the counting experiment
conducted in Ref.\,\onlinecite{Fuj061634}.
Here, the DQD provides a total number of four eigenstates:
the unoccupied ($\vert 0 \rangle$)
two single--occupied ($\vert 1 \rangle$ and $\vert 2 \rangle$),
and one double-occupied ($\vert 3 \rangle$),
with the energies of $\epsilon_0=0$,
$\epsilon_{1/2} =  \frac{1}{2}(E_1 + E_2)
 \mp \sqrt{\frac{1}{4}(E_1-E_2)^2 +  \Delta^2}
$, and $\epsilon_3=E_1+E_2+U$, respectively.
The equilibrium of the chemical potential of the electrodes
is set to $\mu^{\rm eq}=(E_1+E_2)/2$.
For numerical demonstrations, we use the numbers in
accordance with recent electron
counting experiments of electron transfers through
quantum dot systems at small temperatures.\cite{Gus06076605}
A coupling strength of $\Gamma= 10^4$\,Hz serves as the
unit for all values. This is equivalent to an
energy unit of $[E]=10^4 h= 6.63 \times 10^{-30}$\,J,
and a time unit of $[t]= 0.1$\,ms,
which is the typical time scale of waiting times in quantum dot counting
experiments.\cite{Fuj061634} We also use a low temperature of
$T=2 \times 10^{4} [E] = 10$\,mK.
If mentioned, we set a small energy
detuning of $\Delta E=E_1-E_2$ in order
to deduce specific frequencies of the systems.
The bandwidth $\gamma$ is set  sufficiently large in order
to neglect the finite bandwidth effects; thus
the non--Markovian effect is studied
in the wide band region.
In addition, the Lorentzian spectral densities are aligned
to the orbitals of the system.

\subsection{Transients and Fourier spectrum of WTD}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,clip]{fig2.eps}
\caption{The relative non-Markovian spectrum $F(\omega)$
of the WTD. The parameters used for
the four panels are given as follows.
Upper left panel (a): $U=0$, $\Delta E=0$, $V=1.0$, $\Delta = 1.0,5.0,8.0$.
Upper right panel (b):  $U=0$, $\Delta E=0$, , $\Delta = 5.0$. $V=1.0, 2.0, 5.0$.
Bottom left panel (c):  $\Delta E=0$, $V=1.0$, $\Delta = 5.0$ , $U=1.0, 2.0, 4.0$.
Bottom right panel (d):  $V=1.0$, $\Delta = 5.0$ , $U=0.0$,  $\Delta E=0.1, 1.0, 2.0$.
\label{fig:2}}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig:2} shows the relative non-Markovian spectrum of the WTD represented by
\begin{equation}
  F(\omega)=\frac{1}{\Gamma}
 \frac{\vert P(\omega)-P^{(0)}(\omega)\vert }
   { P^{(0)}(\omega)}.
\end{equation}
It is noteworthy that $F(\omega)$ is independent of
the system reservoir coupling strength parameter $\Gamma$.
The WDT spectrum reveals several
frequencies that are present in
the transient oscillations.
These depend only on the
internal transfer rate $\Delta$,
Coulomb coupling $U$,
and bias voltage $V$.
The specific values of the parameters
are given in the caption of the figure.
Figure \ref{fig:2}(a) shows the main characteristics
of $F(\omega)$, consisting of
two overlapping sub-peaks centered around the value of $\Delta$.
Changing the value of $\Delta$
leads to the shift of both sub-peaks equally by
$\Delta$. In \Fig{fig:2}(b), $\Delta$ is kept constant
and the bias voltage is varied. We find that
the splitting of the two sub-peaks
is determined by the applied voltage.
Labeling the two peaks with $\pm$, respectively, we can
deduce the following relation for the
corresponding characteristic frequencies.
$\omega_{\pm}= \vert \Delta \pm V/2 \vert$.
In the presence of Coulomb interaction,
we observe an additional double--peaks
feature at $\vert U -\Delta \pm V/2 \vert$,
as demonstrated in \Fig{fig:2}(c).
This is similar to a non-Markovian shot noise
spectrum,\cite{Jin0806}
where a
finite Coulomb interaction $U$ induces also additional peaks
due to the
energy gap between the two-particle occupation state
and lower states.
On the other hand,
the orbital detuning does not induce additional
peaks in the double quantum dot in series
as shown in \Fig{fig:2}(d).

 Oscillations of Rabi frequency, which
were observed in parallel DQD
systems,\cite{Wel08195315,Wel0957008,Bra08477}
are however absent in the present series DQD system.
In the parallel cases, the transport proceeds
via two channels, and the Rabi oscillations
in the WDT can be observed
as the consequence of quantum
mechanical interferences.\cite{Wel08195315,Wel0957008,Bra08477}
It is also noted that the information
contained in the spectrum of the non-Markovian
WDT is mostly equivalent
to a measurement of the
non-Markovian shot noise spectrum.
For this purpose, the WTD can be
considered as an alternative approach
to the shot noise spectrum measurement.

\subsection{Memory landscape of consecutive waiting times}

The expansion in non-Markovian corrections, \Eq{eq18},
 can be readily employed to
calculate the two propagators involved in
the two-times joint probabilities
defined by \Eq{equ:twotimes}.
Denote
\begin{align}
 Q^{(n)} (\tau_2,\tau_1) &=
 \sum_{k=0}^{n} \sum_{j=0}^{n} \langle \langle
 G^{(k)}(\tau_2-\tau_1) W^{(r-)}
\nonumber \\ &\qquad\ \ \times
 G^{(j)}(\tau_1-t_0) W^{(l+)}
 \bm p(t_0) \rangle \rangle.
\end{align}
A memory landscape of the system
can be calculated by the difference
between non-Markovian and Markovian
two-times joint probabilities
\begin{equation}\label{mem-land}
L^{(n)} (\tau_2,\tau_1)=
 \frac{ Q^{(n)} (\tau_2,\tau_1)
 - Q^{(0)} (\tau_2,\tau_1) }
  {Q^{(0)} (\tau_2,\tau_1)}.
\end{equation}
The order $n$ of the perturbative expansion in non-Markovian
corrections has to be chosen in accordance to the parameters
in order to assure satisfactory convergence.
We find that the summation to the fourth non-Markovian contribution already converges
sufficiently for the given parameters.
As the memory in \Eq{mem-land} decays,
the relative non-Markovian landscape
$L^{(n)} (\tau_2,\tau_1)$ converges to zero.
Figure\,\ref{fig:3} shows the memory landscape of two survival times
related to two consecutive electron transfers through the left
electrode.
It visualizes how memory of the waiting time $\tau_1$
after the first transfer
is carried over into the waiting time $\tau_2$
following the second transfer.

We find that the non-Markovian effects
are small for the given parameters in case the DQD is coupled symmetrically
to the electrodes. This is due to the relatively weak coupling of the DQD to the electrodes
which is required in present counting experiment in order to
resolve single electron transfers on the measurable timescales.
It is observed that a stronger coupling to only one electrode
induces significantly larger non-Markovian
effects as shown in the left panels of \Fig{fig:3}.

In general, fast electron transfers
are necessary in order to observe significant non-Markovian effects.
The deviations for $\tau_1$, $\tau_2$ approaching zero from the Markovian
value are due to the truncation of the transients in the derivation
of the expansion. The expansion follows the general trend
of a numerically exact solution. Both solutions
overlap after the transients have decayed. However this causes
relatively large inaccuracies for $\tau_1$ and $\tau_2$ close to zero.

There is an interesting dependency of the non-Markovian effects in
the memory landscape on the Coulomb repulsion $U$.
By comparing the upper panels of \Fig{fig:3} where Coulomb repulsion is absent,
with the bottom one, where a large $U$ induces a Coulomb blockade regime,
we observe that memory decays faster with $\tau_2$
in the Coulomb blockade regime. This can be explained as follows.
In the second regime, only a single electron can
occupy the DQD and the double occupancy state does not provide memory
for the second survival time leading to an overall smaller non-Markovian
contribution. In this case, only one possible trajectory in the left to right direction is
possible. An electron enters the unoccupied DQD at time $\tau_1=0$ and leaves it at time $\tau_2=0$.

The memory is preserved during $\tau_1$ by the single electron inside the DQD.
However, after the electron has left a junction, the memory of its trajectory is lost rapidly
since no other electron can serve as a messenger inside the DQD
thus leading to comparatively short survival times $\tau_2$ where memory is present.
In the regime where Coulomb repulsion is neglectible, a second electron can occupy the
junction along the described trajectory, which is represented in the model by the presence
of an occupied double occupancy state. The presence of the second electron preserves
the memory during $\tau_2$ after the other electron has left the junction.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm,clip]{fig3.eps}
\end{center}
\caption{$L^{(4)}_{l,r}$ memory landscape of
consecutive survival times.
The bandwidth is large and a finite bias of $V=0.1 k_b T$ is applied.
The left coupling strength is $\Gamma^{(l)}=10^{4} Hz$.
The upper panels are calculated in absence of Coulomb coupling, $U=0$, bottom
panels display the Coulomb blockade regime, $U= \infty$.
Left panels are calculated for
a symmetric system, $\Gamma^{(l)}=\Gamma^{(r)}$. In the right panels,
a stronger coupling strength is applied to the right electrodes
$\Gamma^{(r)} = 10^{6} Hz$.
\label{fig:3}}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

We find that non-Markovian effects are small in the regimes
of recent single electron counting experiments.
The sampling rate of current experiments is slow, a requirement which is
imposed by the detection process of single electron transfers with currently available
technology. This verifies the reason that the Markovian approximation of
previous studies considering FCS or WTD
is reasonable for the previously investigated systems.

Non-Markovian effects in the electron transfer statistics
have to be taken into consideration for stronger
electrode-DQD couplings, which then also requires faster sampling
rates or a strongly asymmetric system.
For example they affect the decay rates of the WTD
which are directly related to the electronic
structure of the system in junction.\cite{Wel081137}
Non-Markovian effects also induce several oscillations with
characteristic system frequencies.

{Note that the form of Pauli rate equation remains valid
itself in the strong coupling limit. In the present paper
we employ a perturbative approach to the rate
equation and observe that the non-Markovian
effects increase with the coupling strength. This observation
is expected to remain true based on general Pauli rate equation
dynamics. In other words, the non-Markovian effects
are mainly visible for stronger couplings.}

The employed microscopic non-Markovian rate equation provides
a general framework to study similar systems and allows us to distinguish
between non-Markovian effects due to intrinsic properties of the
system, finite electrode-system coupling band-width and small bias voltages.
It can be combined with quantum chemistry calculations that can
calculate the employed parameters for molecules and their binding to
the electronic bands of the metal electrodes.
The approaches derived for the non-Markovian WTD are general
and can be applied to a variety of processes in physics,
chemistry and biology that are described by rate equations.

\acknowledgments
 Support from the RGC (604007 \& 604508) of Hong Kong
is acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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We are a client-centric, targeted team of professionals providing a comprehensive set of core and specialised testing services. End-to-end QA and testing services through our testing facilities and very extremely talented pool of experienced testers on any of the popular platforms with best low-cost-high-quality advantage to our customers. We have a tendency to facilitate IT, vendors, to succeed with their software application testing products within the market still, we serve enterprises and investors to make sure that innovative IT solutions meet necessities and work properly.
In developing product & services, quality assurance is systematic method of checking to see whether a product or service being developed to meet specified requirements. Several companies have a separate department dedicated to quality assurance.
A quality assurance system is claimed to extend client confidence and a company's credibility, to boost work processes and efficiency, and to enable a company to better compete with others.
Today's quality assurance systems emphasize grasping defects before they get into the ultimate product.
Purpose of QA is to produce confidence to the customers by constant delivery of product in line with specification.
The main aim of SQA is to provide correct and accurate visibility of software project and its developed product to the administration.
Software quality Assurance (SQA)is a technique that embraces procedures and tools applied by the software professionals to confirm that the software met the desired standards for its intended use and performance.
Ooi solution Systems could be a one stop resolution to any or all the software development, application development, quality analysis services and software testing services. Our step by step resolution includes software/application development, implementation, quality analysis services & testing services, upgrades and customizations of application, strategies, and tools. Our solutions are tailored to satisfy client specific needs and are centered on delivering results that give real business value.
Our specialised services will give a grip over your competitors and extends the strategic advantage to your customers through software testing practices and frameworks. OOI Solutions Systems offers a full vary software Quality Assurance and Testing and facilitate clients to take care of software application quality and their performance. OOI Solutions Systems does not solely keep its keen focus on latest technology and quality, however, is dedicated to supplying a price effective and customised solution to the client's business.


Welcome to Phi Beta Lambda (PBL) Club!
Phi Beta Lambda (PBL) promotes mutual understanding and cooperation among businesses, industry, labor, religious and family and educational institutions to improve tomorrow's world.
Membership is open to students with business, computer information systems or other business-related majors or students interested in the world of business.
We meet once a month to plan our activities, service projects, plan guest speakers, fun and fellowship.


We enroll year round, please call for availability!
Creative Years friendly and knowledgeable directors and owners (photo below) are proud to show you the infant/ toddler, or preschool programs. We welcome a visit by you and your child to the classroom and review the curriculum. The activities we have for your child will build a strong foundation of lifelong skills.
Please give us a call (661) 254-0718 or e-mail us to schedule a time to visit.
Located in the heart of Santa Clarita Valley, Creative Years Infant Center & Preschool serves the entire community: Santa Clarita, Saugus, Valencia, Castaic, Canyon Country, Fair Oaks Ranch, Stevenson Ranch, Newhall, Agua Dulce and Acton.
All of our programs, Full Time Infants & Toddlers, Full Time Preschool and Part Time Preschool, provide an experience that prepares your child for future success, both in school and in life. By teaching your child how to get along with others, solve problems and be a competent and responsible individual he/she will be more successful in life.
Full Day Program opens at 6am and closes at 6pm, giving your family the flexibility to bring your child to school at the time that best fits your needs.
Half Day Program is 9am-12pm, with an additional 2 hour Lunch Bunch program for children who wish to have extra curricular activities. This extended day helps your child prepare for a longer elementary school day.
Copyright 2013. Creative Years. All rights reserved.


text:
Lelystad is een in 2008 verschenen boek van de Nederlandse schrijver Joris van Casteren. Het in twee delen uiteenvallende boek vertelt de geschiedenis van Lelystad, en parallel de jeugd van de schrijver. Hij vertelt over de mislukte planning van de stad, hoe de utopie van Cornelis van Eesteren ongedaan wordt gemaakt door ambtenaren van de Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders en verwerd tot een oord waar de hoop van de gelovers in een maakbare samenleving (verpersoonlijkt in de figuur van de vader van de verteller) wordt ingehaald door de rauwe werkelijkheid van een stad die beheerst wordt door de marginalen in de samenleving.

Het boek is in 2009 genomineerd voor de AKO Literatuurprijs.

Controverse
In september 2010 is de auteur door een aantal bewoners van Lelystad aangeklaagd wegens belediging. Het betrof vroegere buurtgenoten, die menen dat zij en hun gezinnen met onfeitelijke en ongunstige beweringen zijn geportretteerd, terwijl het boek volgens hen pretendeert het waargebeurde te vertellen.

Roman uit 2008
Cultuur in Lelystad
Dystopie


Our plane falls towards a stretch of river dark as charcoal and very still we nosedive down it's disappointing I wake up.
Sudden godlessness in the dark a screeching sound a plane overhead.
A small stone turtle swims against a current of pale grey pebbles towards a slab of rock.
An open space of pebbles is raked and raked by monks, the eternal sea they're never allowed to forget, and the glossy bamboo feels like madness and plastic.
High school kids with their eyes closed fumble their way between two lucky stones and here's my translated fortune, You will misunderstand one another.
What happens if I crack hard the spine of my Bible ha, like this and snapping the pages scream with anger searching for an appropriate verse, Be sober-minded; be watchful.
During last night's deep-fried everything on sticks they numbed my mouth with heat and oil and finally spoke.
and the wrong ways to think and live in chewy gold, with an oily gold crust, and do I accept with a godly gold crust can I gulp that, will I gulp it, gulp it down.
I wake up godless, or I wake up and experiment with waking up godless, or waking up thinking I'm godless which would mean the same thing, if I actually thought it.
Bare-shouldered on the balcony with pencil-coloured light and godlessness like suddenly taking off headphones – silence.
How we came to the thatched yellow house at the edge of the yellow field and stepped inside gently, a tidy poem.
These decisions take time she says in the doorway putting a hand to my shoulder beginning to wrap my neck in gold string winding it down and down my torso it's inescapable I wake up.
northern sea, fresh fish, knife to cut a question out.
Annie Katchinska was born in Moscow in 1990 and grew up in London. After graduating from university she spent two years living and working in Sapporo, Japan, before returning in 2013 to London, where she is now working towards a diploma in child counselling. She was a Faber New Poet in 2010.