Dr. Mark Stewart is pleased to join the Coastal Plains Education Charter High School team as Regional Director of Operations. He has served K-12 education in Georgia as a teacher/coach, assistant principal, elementary and middle school principal, director, and assistant superintendent. He also has several years of teaching graduate level classes and supervising student teachers as part of his experience.
Dr. Stewart brings over 34 years of experience to his work with Coastal Plains which includes over 15 years in operations. He has worked directly with every classification of employee in K-12 schools including school administrators, teachers, custodians, bus drivers, maintenance workers and school nutrition employees.
Dr. Stewart is married to Susie, a teacher in Camden County Schools, and they have one son currently attending college.


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Temporalités
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Temporalités et sérendipité
Temporal aspects of info-serendipity
Les aspects temporels de l'info-serendipité
Los aspectos temporales de la info-serendipia
Yosef Solomon
https://doi.org/10.4000/temporalites.3523
Abstract | Index | Outline | Text | Bibliography | References | About the author
Time has been explored under many different angles and contexts in the natural and exact sciences, as well as in the social sciences and the humanities. Nevertheless, the study of time and temporal aspects in relation to information serendipity is still in its early stages and quite limited. This article presents the topic of serendipitous information acquisition – i.e., fortuitous and unexpected discovery of valuable information – and highlights its key temporal expressions through a hermeneutic review of the current literature in the field of information science. The article explores and provides novel insights into four fundamental temporal aspects of serendipity: (1) temporal continuity and bi-directionality in the process of serendipity in information; (2) time frames of background concerns that lie at the basis of chance information encounters; (3) the semi-temporal classification of individuals who experience serendipity in information; as well as (4) temporal aspects of the benefits arising from such serendipitous episodes. The author calls for further exploration of temporal aspects involved and consecutive to such opportunistic discoveries of valuable information, within both information and time disciplines.
Le temps a été exploré sous différents aspects et contextes multiples en sciences naturelles et exactes, ainsi qu'en sciences sociales et humaines. Néanmoins, l'étude du temps et des aspects temporels en rapport avec la sérendipité de l'information en est encore à ses débuts et est assez limitée. Cet article présente le thème de l'acquisition d'informations fortuites, c'est à dire la découverte fortuite ou inattendue d'informations précieuses ; pour ce faire, il souligne ses principales expressions temporelles grâce à un examen herméneutique de la littérature actuelle dans le domaine des sciences de l'information. L'article explore et fournit de nouveaux points de vue sous quatre aspects temporels fondamentaux de la sérendipité : (1) la continuité temporelle et la bi-directionnalité dans le procédé de la sérendipité de l'information; (2) des périodes de préoccupations de fond qui établissent les bases des découvertes fortuites d'informations ; (3) la classification semi-temporelle des individus qui font l'expérience de la découverte fortuite en information ; ainsi que (4) les aspects temporels des avantages découlant de tels épisodes de découverte fortuite. L'auteur appelle à effectuer une étude plus approfondie des aspects temporels impliqués et consécutifs à de telles découvertes opportunistes des informations importantes, au sein des disciplines de l'information et du temps.
Tanto en el campo de las ciencias exactas y naturales como en el de las humanidades, el tiempo ha sido explorado bajo lupas diferentes y en múltiples contextos. Sin embargo, el estudio del tiempo y de los aspectos temporales en relación a la serendipia de la información todavía balbucea. Este artículo trata el tema de la obtención de informaciones fortuitas, es decir el descubrimiento fortuito o inesperado de informaciones valiosas, subrayando las principales expresiones temporales gracias a un análisis hermenéutico de la literatura en el campo de las ciencias de la información. El texto da cuenta de nuevos puntos de vista bajo cuatro aspectos temporales fundamentales de la serendipia: (1) la continuidad temporal y la bi-direccionalidad en el proceso de seredipia de la información; (2) los períodos de preocupación en cuestiones de fondo que establecen la base de los descubrimientos fortuitos; (3) la clasificación semi-temporal de los individuos que hacen la experiencia del descubrimiento fortuito de información y (4) los aspectos temporales de las ventajas inducidas por dichos episodios de descubrimiento fortuito. Sostenemos aquí que las disciplinas que estudian la información y el tiempo deberían profundizar el estudio de los aspectos temporales implicados en los descubrimientos oportunistas de informaciones importantes.
Index de mots-clés :
découverte de l'information, rencontre de l'information, sérendipité, temporalités, analyse temporelle, temps
Index by keyword:
information discovery, encountering information, serendipity, temporalities, temporal analysis, time
Indice de palabras clave:
descubrimiento de la información, encuentro con la información, serendipia, temporalidades, análisis temporal, tiempo
Scope of discussion
The role of serendipity in information
The info-serendipity process
Temporal continuity and bi-directionality in the info-serendipity process
Time frames of background concerns in the info-serendipity process
Semi-temporal classification of the individuals experiencing info-serendipity
Temporal aspects of the benefits arising from info-serendipity episodes
Duration of the information's validity
The effective moment of the information
Temporal reference and time-frames
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1When something is discovered accidentally, without prior expectation, and is valuable for its discoverer – it is called 'serendipity' (Merton, Barber, 2004). Prominent examples of serendipitous discoveries are usually from the fields of technology, science, or medicine, such as the discovery of penicillin, x-rays, or the unexpected physical effect of sildenafil citrate on men (Morton, [2007] 2011(. However, serendipity has a foothold and a major influence in many other disciplines as well, from the humanities and social sciences (Hazan, Hertzog, 2012; Martin, Quan-Haase, 2016; Namian, Grimard, 2013; Rivoal, Salazar, 2013), through organizational and business environments (Loosemore, 2014; Mendonça, Cunha, Clegg, 2008), to law (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016; Van Andel, Bourcier, 2001). That is also the case with information. Human information-seeking behavior is not restricted to a deliberate search for information in orderly mannered stages, it also includes the chance discovery of information in a dynamic and non-linear manner (Erdelez, 2005; Foster, Ellis, 2014; Foster, Urquhart, 2012; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015).
2The literature in the field of information science combines a handful of references, some direct and others indirect, to temporal related aspects of serendipity – although they were not the main focus of those studies, they are relevant for a profound and meaningful understanding of the info-serendipity phenomenon. However, the temporal-related discussion on serendipity in information studies is apparently not sufficiently known to time researchers in other disciplines, even though being attentive to researchers with different backgrounds, and considering works that have been done in other disciplines, could likely hold many benefits (Dubar, Rolle, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an overview of the key temporal aspects of serendipitous information acquisition by interpreting and synthesizing findings from pertinent studies on information encountering and serendipity, and to provide novel insights into four fundamental temporal aspects of info-serendipity that could be applicable in future research among both time and information scholars.
3We find this paper to be in line with rising interest in serendipity, as modern technological developments structure communities that are more explorative, open minded and curious (Auray, 2011), and serendipity is gaining a greater heuristic impact in current humanities and social sciences research and practice (e.g., Martin, Quan-Haase, 2016; Namian, Grimard, 2013; Rivoal, Salazar, 2013).
4For many centuries, time has been (and still is) an important topic of research and discussion. Time is a notion of contrasting features – it is abstract yet measurable, static yet in progress, absolute yet relative, with internal as well as external characteristics (Bardon, 2013), and people can grasp and sense expressions of time in an objective and subjective manner simultaneously (Ismael, [2011] 2013; Szeląg, 1997). The study of time includes diverse aspects and contexts in the natural and exact sciences, social sciences, humanities and other fields, as well as an abundance of scholarly attitudes and perceptions (Atmanspacher, Ruhnau, 2012; Weinert, 2013). Moreover, time and various related aspects, such as temporal structures, tools and temporal personalities, are being studied in everyday contexts (Wu, 2010). However, as far as we know, the discourse of time and temporality regarding serendipity is still in its early stages and quite limited, while many diverse and complex questions on different aspects of this issue arise and wait to be addressed and explored (Gallenga, Raveneau, 2016). The current paper will contribute to the development of this professional discourse on serendipity in information by shedding light upon the temporal aspects involved and consecutive to such opportunistic discoveries of valuable information.
5The paper is structured as follows: first, the origin of the term 'serendipity' is presented and the role of serendipity in information is reviewed. Then the paper describes various models of the info-serendipity process, and explores the four key temporal aspects that arise, interpreted and synthesized from the literature on serendipity in the information sciences: (1) temporal continuity and bi-directionality in the process of information serendipity; (2) time frames of background concerns that lie at the basis of chance information encounters; (3) the semi-temporal classification of individuals who experience serendipity in information; as well as (4) temporal aspects of the benefits arising from such serendipitous episodes. The discussion further suggests several original theoretical insights and applicable frameworks regarding these temporal aspects. The last section of this paper summarizes the discussion and offers possible directions for future research.
6This paper utilizes a hermeneutic approach to review pertinent literature on temporal aspects of information serendipity. A hermeneutic literature review is less formalistic in process and more flexible in the analytical approach, compared to a systematic review (Smythe, Spence, 2012), and so does not have to start by identifying all potentially relevant texts (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010; Smythe, Spence, 2012). In fact, the hermeneutic review involves a reflexive and non-linear engagement with selected relevant literature that sets the reviewer thinking (Reed, Smythe, Hocking, 2013). As the early comprehension of the issue studied is refined and extended through additional iterations and encirclement of the discovery of further relevant works, this successfully leads to improved and deeper understanding (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010, 2014). Literature other than on the direct subject, may also be of value if it is capable of 'extending one's horizons' or stimulating fresh thinking on the subject (Smythe, Spence, 2012).
7The hermeneutic framework points to connect, not to perfect. Therefore, for the purpose of this study, texts were included and excluded based on which "particular text calls the reviewer because it resonates, gives vision or adds to understanding" (Reed, Smythe, Hocking, 2013, p. 254). Some deviated literature was also considered, since pertinent ideas emerged through analysis and interpretation of those texts. The concept of inclining toward particular texts is compatible with the hermeneutic methodology (Smythe, Spence, 2012), and the reviewers' connection to such texts may enable them "to see the potential insights that lie within… and [en]courage to make the leap into the space of thinking" (Smythe, Spence, 2012, p. 17). By using the hermeneutic review, we aimed to make the temporal aspects of information serendipity more visible, trigger thinking in meaningful ways on, and provide a better understanding of, this issue of interest (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014; Crowther, Smythe, Spence, 2015; Smythe, Spence, 2012), with some possibly new insights.
8The search for literature was extensive and involved both electronic and printed materials, in a spontaneous and gradual process (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010, 2014). The starting point for the review was the familiar works of several scholars on the subject of encountering information and serendipity (e.g., Erdelez, 1999; Makri, Blandford, 2012), known to be relevant (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010), that have been re-read with a temporal-oriented attunement (see: Smythe, Spence, 2012). From there – through a keyword search on numerous electronic databases, manual in-print and on-screen book browsing, inspection of suggested references, and citations tracking (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010), as well as a few chance discoveries of relevant works – we were intrigued and inclined towards some sources, and moved back and forth between "the understanding of a part (an individual piece of literature) and the understanding of a whole (a body of literature)" and vice versa (Boell, Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2014, p. 285). This process continued until a point of saturation was reached, as additional texts made only a marginal contribution to further understanding of the explored temporal aspects.
9Serendipity is a neologism. The term 'serendipity' is attributed to the British aristocrat, Sir Horace Walpole, who in a letter written to one of his noble friends in the year 1754 referred to a Persian fairytale about three princes of Serendip, and mentioned that "as their highnesses traveled, they were always making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, of things which they were not in quest of: for instance, one of them discovered that a mule blind of the right eye had traveled the same road lately, because the grass was eaten only on the left side, where it was worse than on the right – now do you understand serendipity? …you must observe that no discovery of a thing you are looking for comes under this description" (Merton, Barber, 2004, p. 1-2).
10Almost forty years have passed since Wilson (1977) asserted that "information is in part acquired because it is deliberately sought... It is also found where it is not specifically sought, as an accidental concomitant of routine activities with other purposes or as pure accident..." (p. 36-37). Yet, a single unified and generally accepted definition of serendipity in the context of information does not exist, and indeed serendipity has been explained in the information science literature in several different ways (e.g., Agarwal, 2015; Björneborn, 2008, table 2; Erdelez, 2005, p. 179-180; Makri, Blandford, 2012, p. 684). Nevertheless, the combination of the two definitions that follow may adequately elucidate the essence of the subject: "Serendipity in the context of information-seeking and retrieval involves coming across information that is both useful and unexpected – either when looking for information on a different topic, when looking for information with no particular aim or when not looking for information at all" (Makri, 2014, n.p); namely, this is a case that combines "1) the findings of unexpected information (relevant to the goal or not) while engaged in any information activity. 2) the making of an intellectual leap of understanding with that information to arrive at an insight" (André, Schraefel, Teevan, Dumais, 2009, p. 306(. Thus, chance, information, and an information recipient are the three necessary contributors, and unexpectedness, sagacity and valuable outcome are the three essential elements, for the info-serendipitous experience to take place (cf. Bogers, Björneborn, 2013; Makri, Blandford, 2012).
11Serendipity in information is a complex and difficult to seize phenomenon (André et al., 2009; Erdelez, 2004; Foster, Ellis, 2014; Race, 2012) and usually becomes obvious only after it occurs in retrospective sense-making (McBirnie, Urquhart, 2011; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015). Information science literature has presented a number of models that try to construct and explain the serendipity phenomenon in different contexts.
12Erdelez (1999; 2004; 2005) developed the Information Encountering (IE) model that constitutes a specific case of serendipity in which an opportunistic discovery of valuable information occurs in a task-oriented context (Million, O'Hare, Lowrance, Erdelez, 2013). The IE model includes five stages: unexpectedly noticing information that is deemed to be relevant to a background concern, interrupting the information seeking activity in which the individual was engaged, examining the different aspects of the encountered information, capturing some or all of the information, and returning to the initial information seeking activity that had been stopped. Jiang, Liu, and Chi (2015) modeled an online information encountering three-fold process that includes preliminary activities such as searching or browsing, the main steps of noticing a stimulus, analyzing the encountered content and acquiring useful or interesting information, in addition to post activities of information saving, using and sharing. Based on Cunha's (2005) model, McCay-Peet and Toms (2010) suggested the model of Bisociation, and lately (McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015) also the Process of a Serendipitous Experience model, which starts with a distinct stimulus noticeable by the individual, that creates a connection between the trigger and the individual's prior knowledge and experiences, after which the individual inspects the information and its context and obtains a valuable outcome; the unexpectedness or chance element may be evident in one or more of the stages of the serendipitous experience, while the individual's awareness and comprehension of the entire process is what will determine if it will be considered serendipitous. Makri and Blandford (2012) also established a process model of serendipity that starts with a mental connection sparked by unexpected circumstances and insight; the individual then makes projections on the potential value of the outcome and takes actions to exploit the connection that consequently leads to a valuable outcome. The process may end at this stage and still be considered serendipitous to some extent, but to fully utilize the event and its benefits – an iterative phase of reflecting over previous elements viz. the involvement of unexpectedness of circumstances and insight and on the outcome's value occurs (Makri, Blandford, 2012). Besides these models, several additional progressive descriptions of serendipity have also been presented (see: Rubin, Burkell, Quan-Haase, 2011; Sun, Sharples, Makri, 2011).
13What characterizes practically all these models is the explanation of the serendipitous episode as a sequential development in temporal order, not necessarily as an isolated event. Except for the initial phase, within which a temporal coincidence of information and awareness occurs by chance (Erdelez, 1999, 2005; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2010, 2015; Rubin, Burkell, Quan-Haase, 2010; Rubin et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2011) – the process of serendipity combines a number of additional elements, e.g. connection and valuable outcome, that may occur chronologically at different points in time with temporal interludes between the occurrences (Erdelez, 1999, 2005; Jiang et al., 2015; Makri, Blandford, 2012; McCay-Peet, Toms 2010, 2015), that can have either micro- as well as macro-duration (Kukka, Goncalves, Samodelkin, Ojala, 2015; Makri & Blandford, 2011; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015).
14For instance, some have claimed that even a quick glimpse at a piece of interesting information (De Bruijn, Spence, 2008; Kukka et al., 2015), namely an occurrence that "merely occupies a transitory moment in time" (Jiang et al., 2015, p. 1139), can promptly trigger awareness and lead to the potential solution of a certain concern. Others (André et al., 2009; McCay-Peet, Toms 2010, 2015; Robinson, 2014) have pointed out that a time gap may exist between the notice of the trigger and the subsequent formation of the bisociation and connection; labelled a mental incubation phase (Cunha, 2005; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2010; Mendonça et al., 2008) taking place before a serendipitous connection occurs, because "sometimes the trigger is seen too soon" (McCay-Peet, Toms, 2010, p. 381) or "the trigger sometimes needs time to percolate or bubble into the individual's mind" (McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015, p. 1469). Similarly, a time lag may also exist in a later phase, before labelling the episode as serendipitous; that is, between the creation of the bisociation and the recognition of the potential or actual value of the information discovered (Makri & Blandford, 2011, 2012; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015; see also: Sun et al., 2011, for the difference between short-term impact and longer-term impact). A third temporal interval may occur after realizing the subjective value, and then the individual may adjust the discovered information for use in an immediate or a deferred manner (Pontis, Blandford, Greifeneder, Attalla, Neal, 2015; Solomon, Bronstein, 2016). Using a metaphor from the world of music, it can be said that the noticing, bisociation, and value recognition factors in the process of info-serendipity, as well as the use of the discovered information, may occur in a continuous legato or in a disjointed staccato structure. Although each model may highlight slightly different elements of the process, it is clear across all models that the serendipitous process maintains B-type relations (Zimmerman, 2013), in which some elements are being acknowledged earlier (or later) than, or simultaneously with, other elements in the serendipitous episode.
15The serendipitous episode also combines different time directions, in a temporal duality. That is to say, while the process of serendipity is mainly prospective and its elements exist and are realized along the time stream (Erdelez, 2005; Jiang et al., 2015; Makri, Blandford, 2012; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2010, 2015) – the subjective episteme of the information encounter as serendipitous occurs ex-post factum and in a retrospective manner (Makri, Blandford, 2012; McBirnie, Urquhart, 2011; McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015), as an integration of the process and its elements into a larger perceptual unit (Szeląg, 1997). The process of serendipity may also involve an iterative phase of returning to certain earlier stages, in a limited cyclical temporal course (Makri, Blandford, 2012). Temporal bi-directionality is the case in another matter as well. Besides the chance factor and the aspect of unexpectedness, the info-serendipitous episode combines as an inherent and basic ingredient also two qualities of the 'mind'. The elementary one of them is sagacity (Merton, Barber, 2004) that may lead, in an advancing temporal sequence, to formation of subjective insights by the individual (Bogers, Björneborn, 2013; Dantonio, Makri, Blandford, 2012; Makri, Blandford, 2012; Ryder, Nutefall, 2016); yet, in order to draw such subjective insights, the individual who comes across the information must initially connect the encountered information and their personal knowledge, memories, or experiences (De Bruijn et al., 2008; d'Iribarne, 2013; Solomon, Bronstein, 2016; Workman, Fiszman, Rindflesch, Nahl, 2014), in a backward temporal trajectory towards the individual`s resources of the preceding period. Furthermore, the formation of such personal bisociation and connection based on the individual's prior knowledge, memories, or experiences, may involve an internal bi-directional course of "go[ing] back and forth between the traditionally separated periods of data gathering and analysis" (Rivoal, Salazar, 2013, p. 180).
16The serendipitous episodes in information may have a number of perceived time frames that define the context which they benefit. The literature pointed out that most of the concerns to which the encountered information relates are the object of the present time, "which means that users encountered information from their to-do lists" (Erdelez, 1999; Yadamsuren, Erdelez, 2010, p. 7), and their 'top of mind' needs at the moment of discovering the information (Rubin et al., 2011). However, concerns from the past – "information related to problems they experienced sometime in the past" (Erdelez, 1996, p. 104; Erdelez, 1999), as well as future issues – concerns that the "respondent planned to attend to in the near future" (Erdelez, 1996, p. 104; Erdelez, 1999; Workman et al., 2014; Yadamsuren, Erdelez, 2010), are also pertinent. In a similar and concurrent manner, Solomon and Bronstein (2016) found that unexpected encounters with valuable legal information by Israeli family law attorneys – namely, in their professional sphere – referred to background concerns within the same three time frames: past – the information encounter refers to a closed legal case which the attorney had previously handled , present – it refers to an open legal case currently under way , and future – it refers to a potential legal case the attorney is considering taking on. Their top notice priority appeared to be of present and prospective time frames, i.e. open and potential cases which are their active sources of income (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016).
17Time in this aspect is a key to defining the concerns that stand in the background of such unexpected and valuable encounters of information, and to distinguish between them. It is quite possible that the subjective temporal-locations of contents and experience of succession (cf. Arstila, 2016) in the person's private or professional life, along with their mental state and temporal integration of the self (Fuchs, 2007), may affect the definition, and mere perception, of such temporal frames.
18Individuals who incidentally and unexpectedly encounter information are commonly categorized into four groups (Erdelez, 1999): non-encounterer, occasional encounterer, encounterer, and super-encounterer. These categorizations are based upon a relational semi-temporal criterion (Bardon, 2013), which is used to a typological end and weighs the frequency of information encountering experiences of the individual and their attitude toward them (Erdelez, 1999). Specifically, the non-encounterer is a person who relates to an unexpected information encounter as something they rarely experience; the occasional encounterer is a person who encounters information once in a while but relates to these events as a consequence of fate or luck; the encounterer is a person who encounters information often and uses it to their benefit, but does not understand how the experiences of the incidental encounters are related to their information behavior; and the super-encounterer is a person who encounters information in a recurrent and frequent manner, and relates to it as an important and utilitarian part of their information behavior (Erdelez, 1999).
19In this aspect, we suggest an additional temporal-oriented classification according to the scope of temporal depth attained in the info-serendipity episode. That is to say, characterizing the individuals experiencing serendipitous discovery of information, according to: (a) the temporal depth of their past personal resources (e.g., their recent and near-, moderate-, or far- past experiences) that was realized when the bisociation was created and a novel connection formed; and likewise, (b) the temporal depth of future subjective reflections (i.e., forward projections of potential value and use of the information discovered toward the current and near-, moderate-, or far-future terms), that follow. Thus, nine temporal classes of individuals experiencing info-serendipity can be considered:
[C.P)
Recent and Near Past Connector,
Current and Near Future Projector.
[[C.P)
Moderate Past Connector,
[[[C.P)
Far Past Connector,
[C.P))
Moderate Future Projector.
[[C.P))
[[[C.P))
[C.P)))
Far Future Projector.
[[C.P)))
[[[C.P)))
Table 1: Temporal Classes of Individuals Experiencing Information Serendipity
C: Connector. [ / [[ / [[[: Different temporal depths into past personal resources, when connecting.
P: Projector. ) / )) / ))): Different temporal depths of future subjective reflections, when projecting forward.
20Each of these nine temporal classes may represent an individual in a particular serendipitous occurrence, although a pattern regarding the temporal depth scope may also pertain to groups of people. One should also bear in mind that lack of suitably developed instrumentation (Yaqub, 2016), or some mental states like "a temporal splitting of the self that tends to exclude past and future as dimensions [of identity]... As a result, the patients are unable to draw on the experiences of the past" (Fuchs, 2007, p. 381), may hamper the individual's ability to make such backward connections or forward projections; therefore, this creates three possible additional temporal classes of non-experiencing individuals:
-C.P+
Past Non-Connector,
Future Projector.
+C.P-
Past Connector,
Future Non-Projector.
-C.P-
Table 2: Temporal Classes of Non-Experiencing Individuals - Information Serendipity
C: Connector. P: Projector. +: Attribute exists. -: Attribute does not exist.
21The moment that the surprising connection is formed may be considered a kairological time, a temporal experience of "surfacing hidden meanings… an evanescent sudden seeing which strikes us gifting a moment of grace, meaningful insights and knowing" (see: Crowther, Smythe, Spence, 2015, p. 452-453). Serendipitous information encounters can have different types of utilities and benefits. The discussion within the information science field relates, naturally, to the benefits originating from the content of the accidentally discovered information or its use. The info-serendipitous episode's benefit might be in the perceived value of the encountered information, namely an intangible benefit (Rubin et al., 2011), such as support for an argument claimed, or considered to be claimed, by a lawyer on behalf of a client (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016) or formulation of a new hypothesis (Namian, Grimard, 2013); in presenting, through the information encounter, a solution to an unresolved problem or concern (Rubin et al., 2011), e.g. full or partial settlement of a legal issue under inquiry (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016) or establishment and introduction of a novel theory (Namian, Grimard, 2013); as well as by new actions based on the unexpected encounter with information (Rubin et al., 2011), such as the establishment or expansion of a private collection of court rulings (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016).
22This paper presents a different classification, which is time-oriented. The suggested classification is divided into three temporal features as follows: (a) duration of the information's validity, (b) the effective moment of the information, and (c) temporal reference and time-frames.
23That is the length of time, in universal measurable units, that a particular information retains its power and relevance in an objective widespread manner or for a subjective application. Such an information 'life span' might be short, medium, or long . This aspect may relate directly to the information discovered serendipitously; for example, to the validity duration of its manifested 'additional, or different, thinking course or reasoning' (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016; See also: McCay-Peet, Toms, 2015, p. 1473, for an example of a short validity duration of information on an advancement in scientific research). However, the encountered information may also imply a reinstating, extending, or limiting impact on the validity of a different body of information that is already in the possession of the encounterer; e.g., prior professional knowledge or concepts. Beyond this, the information's validity duration may be unknown or might change suddenly. This is especially the case in the legal field, where the law develops rapidly due to frequent changes in legislation and court rulings – so an applicable law might reverse or its validity terminate or be limited in a later court ruling, that may possibly be the object of a chance information discovery. Likewise, the particular encountered information may also have an unknown validity duration that could extend from a few hours or days up to many years, until becoming obsolete due to a later change in the law.
24The information discovered in a serendipitous episode may have an immediate or postponed effective moment, which creates another temporal dimension of its benefits. To wit, serendipity may present informational benefits with an immediate application potential, as well as with forthcoming or distant usage potential. For instance, an encountered information that contributes to the expansion of a unique personal collection (e.g., Rubin et al., 2010) may illustrate an immediate effective moment of the information that can be relied upon and used straightaway. On the other hand, chance discovered information that contributes to the establishment or expansion of a professional knowledge base (such as of legal decisions; see: Solomon, Bronstein, 2016) may exemplify postponed effective moments of the information, that may realize themselves in due course, but also might remain only as unfulfilled potential (cf. Pontis et al., 2015). In the words of Sun et al. (2011, n.p.), "the impact can be short-term (where the benefits of serendipity can be seen immediately) or longer-term (where the serendipitous experience is only potentially useful and the impact will become clearer in time)". Yet, there is also a third group with both immediate and postponed effective moments. In these cases, a direct and instant benefit arising from the chance discovered information (namely, an immediate effective moment), does not impede the possibility for additional, deferred, effective moments to form. An example of this third type may be a full or partial settlement of a legal issue under inquiry, as well as the manifestation of an additional, or different, thinking course or reasoning (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016; see also: example 3, 'conference connection', in Makri, Blandford, 2012).
25Indeed, the encountered information may refer to background concerns in different time frames: past, present and future (Erdelez, 1996, 1999; Solomon, Bronstein, 2016; Yadamsuren, Erdelez, 2010). We further claim that the benefits arising from information serendipity episodes may also refer correspondingly to a number of time frames.
26Gaining, through the serendipitous event, a guiding inspiration for a current architecture design project (Makri, Blandford, 2012) or support for an argument claimed, or considered to be claimed, by a lawyer on behalf of a client (Solomon, Bronstein, 2016); as well as reversing an existing theoretical model due to the unexpected discovery of a significant fact (Namian, Grimard, 2013), and running (literally) into a rare opportunity to study ethnographically the immediate aftermath of a natural catastrophe (Rivoal, Salazar, 2013). Each of these denotes temporal references of benefits, oriented to present and future time frames. Yet, even though an information encounter sometimes "comes too late to address the user's need" (Erdelez, 1999, p. 27), in legal practice such an encounter is sometimes competent in providing a past referred benefit. An example of this is the Ballpoint Case, where a serendipitous observation had a crucial role in transforming the incrimination of a student, who was already sentenced to imprisonment, into an acquittal (Van Andel, Bourcier, 2001); to wit, both the prior incrimination and guilt found became null and void, in a retroactive beneficial manner.
27By using temporal lenses to explore the serendipity phenomenon in information this paper gains insights into significant temporal aspects of serendipitous information acquisition and provides new paths and viewpoints to study and analyze how temporalities unfold within serendipitous incidents. It is apparent that the notion of time and temporality plays an inherent role in the explanation of serendipity in information, both in the serendipitous process itself, in the classification of background professional concerns underlining such unexpected and valuable encounters, in the classification of individuals who experience information serendipity, and in relation to the benefits arising from the info-serendipitous episodes. This study may hopefully facilitate interdisciplinary discussions on temporal elements of serendipity among both time and information researchers, and offer pertinent theoretical frameworks and insights to guide further inquiry.
28Unavoidably, our study bears several limitations. First, while it covers the temporal related aspects of information serendipity through a fundamental body of scholarship, as a hermeneutic review it is nonetheless selective and not exhaustive. Second, the literature examined is largely concerned with North-American and north-, and west-European research and study populations. A broader coverage and cultural contingent study is beyond the scope of this paper. Future research may inter alia use longitudinal data and mixed-method approaches (as suggested by Lutz, Hoffmann, Meckel, 2016) to explore personal temporal dimensions (e.g., subjective time perception, temporal personality, etc.) of individuals who experience serendipity in information. Furthermore, it can use comparative methodology to study information serendipity in different temporal cultures, since "temporal cultures shape common representations, ways of doing, feeling and acting that bear the mark of here (a group, a society) and now (a period, a generation...)" (Lallement, 2008, para. 30), and the society in which these individuals live may vary from another. In a complementary viewpoint, future research should also consider exploring the notion of serendipity and re-view the temporal analysis, discourse and insights presented, across societies with different temporal foci (De la Fuente, Santiago, Román, Dumitrache, Casasanto, 2014) that attribute "more importance to one pole of the past-future continuum or the other" and practice culture-specific habits of more "focusing one's attention on past- or future-oriented thoughts and activities" (De la Fuente et al., 2014, p. 1689).
Agarwal Naredsh Kumar, 2015, "Towards a definition of serendipity in information behavior," Information Research, 20, 3, paper 675.
André Paul, Schraefel M.C., Teevan Jaime, Dumais Susan T., 2009, "Discovery is never by chance: Designing for (un)serendipity," In Proceeding of the seventh ACM conference on Creativity and cognition - C&C '09, p. 305-314.
Arstila Valtteri, 2016, "The Time of Experience and the Experience of Time," In B. Mölder, V. Arstila, P. Øhrstrøm (eds.), Philosophy and Psychology of Time, Heidelberg/New York, Springer, p. 163-186.
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De la Fuente Juanma, Santiago Julio, Román Antonio, Dumitrache Cristina, Casasanto Daniel ,2014, "When you think about it, your past is in front of you: How culture shapes spatial conceptions of time," Psychological Science, 25, 9, p. 1682-1690.
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Erdelez Sanda, 1999, "Information encountering: It's more than just bumping into information," Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 25, 3, p. 25-29.
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Foster Allen, Ellis David, 2014, "Serendipity and its study," Journal of Documentation, 70, 6, p. 1015-1038.
Foster Allen, Urquhart Christine, 2012, "Modelling nonlinear information behaviour: transferability and progression," Journal of Documentation, 68, 6, p. 784-805.
Fuchs Thomas, 2007, "Fragmented selves: Temporality and identity in borderline personality disorder," Psychopathology, 40, p. 379-387.
Gallenga Ghislaine, Raveneau Gilles, 2016, "Call for papers for the 24th issue of Temporalités (2016/2) «Temporalities and serendipity»," Temporalités, Actualités. Retrieved October 5, 2016. URL: https://temporalites.revues.org/3153
Hazan Haim, Hertzog Esther, 2012, Serendipity in Anthropological Research: The Nomadic Turn, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 320 p.
Ismael Jenann, [2011] 2013, "Temporal experience," In C. Callender (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Time, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 460-484.
Jiang Tingting, Liu Fang, Chi Yu, 2015, "Online information encountering: Modeling the process and influencing factors," Journal of Documentation, 71, 6, p. 1135-1157.
Kukka Hannu, Goncalves Jorge, Samodelkin Alexander, Ojala Timo, 2015, "Opportunistic at-glance information acquisition on interactive public displays," In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, MUM '15, p. 323-327. DOI: 10.1145/2836041.2836074.
Lallement Michel, 2008, "Une antinomie durkheimienne… et au-delà", Temporalités, 8. Retrieved September 30, 2016. URL: http://temporalites.revues.org/72
Loosemore Martin, 2014. Innovation, Strategy and Risk in Construction: Turning Serendipity into Capability, Routledge, 288 p.
Lutz Christoph, Hoffmann Christian Pieter, Meckel Miriam, 2016, "Online serendipity: A contextual differentiation of antecedents and outcomes," Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67 [forthcoming]. DOI: 10.1002/asi.23771.
Makri Stephann, 2014, "Serendipity is not bullshit" [Position Paper], In Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval, EuroHCIR2014, n.p.
Makri Stephann, Blandford Ann, 2012, "Coming across information serendipitously – Part 1: A process model," Journal of Documentation, 68, 5, p. 684-705.
Makri Stephann, Blandford Ann, 2011, "What is serendipity? – A workshop report", Information Research, 16, 3, paper 491.
Martin Kim, Quan-Haase Anabel, 2016, "The role of agency in historians' experiences of serendipity in physical and digital information environments," Journal of Documentation, 72, 6, n.p. DOI: 10.1108/JD-11-2015-0144.
McBirnie Abigail, Urquhart Christine, 2011, "Motifs: Dominant interaction patterns in event structures of serendipity," Information Research, 16, 3, paper 494.
McCay-Peet Lori, Toms Elaine, 2015, "Investigating serendipity: How it unfolds and what may influence it," Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66, 7, p. 1463-1476.
McCay-Peet Lori, Toms Elaine, 2010, "The process of serendipity in knowledge work," In Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Information Interaction in Context, p. 377-382.
Mendonça Sandro, Cunha Miguel Pina, Clegg Stewart, 2008, "Unsought innovation: Serendipity in organizations," Paper presented at the 25th Annual Conference on Entrepreneurship and Innovation Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions, p. 348-359.
Merton K. Robert, Barber Elinor, 2004, The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 313 p.
Million J. Anthony, O'Hare Sheila, Lowrance Nathan, Erdelez Sanda, 2013, "Opportunistic discovery of information and millennials: An exploratory survey," Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 50, 1, p. 1-5.
Morton A. Meyers, [2007] 2011, Happy Accidents: Serendipity in Modern Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century, New York, Arcade Publishing, 400 p.
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Rivoal Isabella, Salazar Noel B., 2013, "Contemporary ethnographic practice and the value of serendipity," Social Anthropology, 21, 2, p. 178-185.
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Electronic reference
Yosef Solomon, "Temporal aspects of info-serendipity", Temporalités [Online], 24 | 2016, Online since 29 March 2017, connection on 19 January 2022. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/temporalites/3523; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/temporalites.3523
Departement des Sciences de l'information
Université Bar-Ilan, Ramat-Gan, Israel 5290002
Yosef.Solomon@biu.ac.il
Les contenus de Temporalités sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International.
Time and Migrations
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Temporal Approaches to Sustainable Development
Social Networks and Temporalities
"Compressed modernity" and Chinese temporalities
Temporalities and sports
Temporalities and Serendipity
Temporalities of Journalism
Temporalities and Mutations in the Russian and Post-Soviet World
Temporalities and Wars
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Research Temporalities
Temporalities and Autobiography
Time conflicts in the organisations
Temporal fragments of the Arabic world
Artistic times and the artists' times
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Utopia/Uchronia
Individual itineraries in context
Social Temporalities and Markets
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Oil smoke is basically something that everyone will come into contact with everyday. After all, people have to eat unless you are a fairy who does not eat human fireworks. But do you know that soot contains several toxic, harmful and even carcinogenic substances? In fact, many people know that oil fume is potentially harmful to the human body. After all, in recent years, the network has developed very rapidly. A large number of information about the harm of oil fume has appeared in every corner of the network. With the gradual recognition of the hazards of oil fumes, a unique view suddenly appeared on the Internet: the hazards of oil fumes are exaggerated, which is the conspiracy of food processors!
Oil smoke is basically something that everyone will come into contact with everyday. After all, people have to eat unless you are a fairy who does not eat human fireworks.
But do you know that soot contains several toxic, harmful and even carcinogenic substances?
In fact, many people know that oil fume is potentially harmful to the human body. After all, in recent years, the network has developed very rapidly. A large number of information about the harm of oil fume has appeared in every corner of the network.
With the gradual recognition of the hazards of oil fumes, a unique view suddenly appeared on the Internet: the hazards of oil fumes are exaggerated, which is the conspiracy of food processors!
This view is not unreasonable, China has a thousand years of food culture, and foreign countries also have a long-standing eating habits; far from it, take our own life as an example, many people have their own cooking habits, daily exposure to a large number of lampblack, but there is no serious respiratory disease.
Of course, this statement is not a complete denial of the potential hazards of oil fumes. It is an indisputable fact that oil fumes do contain unsaturated hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and other toxic and carcinogenic substances in the detection of scientific instruments.
So, is the harmfulness of soot really exaggerated?
As ordinary people, can we really ignore the oil fumes rolling out in the pot?
In fact, the reason for purifying oil fume is not only to protect human health, but also to protect the natural environment.
WHO has made a statement: in China, one of the main sources of air pollution from cooking fume purifiers is fume purification.
As early as 2013, when Beijing was still full of haze, a scientific survey was conducted. In Beijing, where haze was serious and PM2.5 burst, the contribution of PM2.5 from catering sources has reached 13%. This figure has been comparable to the ground dust and industrial PM2.5 emission in Beijing. In addition, the PM2.5 emission of motor vehicles and coal-fired has reached 25% and 19%.
So in recent years, in order to pursue a better quality of living environment and urban outlook, both Beijing and large cities have begun to reduce emissions, restrict travel, rectify food and beverage emissions, and promote low-carbon travel and other measures.
Although the cooking fume produced by people's daily cooking does not cause much harm to the human body, after all, the cooking time will not be too long, but for some cooks who need to work in exhaust gas all the year round, the amount of fume they face is unimaginable.
According to statistics, taking a small and medium-sized hotel in Beijing which operates six hours a day as an example, according to Beijing's smoke emission standard of 2mg/m, the smoke emission of this hotel can easily exceed 100 kg a year!
If the hotel fails to comply with the regulations and emit oil fumes at will, its annual oil fume emissions are calculated at a multiple of 1,000 kg. There are tens of thousands of such small and medium-sized hotels in Beijing. Without restriction, these hotels alone will bring tens of millions of tons of oil fumes into the outdoors in a year, and the staff in the kitchen will be covered with oil fumes every day. In the environment, it is a terrible sight.
China's catering industry is also changing with each passing day, and the smoke discharged outdoors will only be more and more. Nature's self-purification ability is limited. Once beyond this limit, the ecosystem of nature will collapse. Finally, it's the human itself that is unlucky.
In addition, with the deterioration of the global environment, countries have also carried out various degrees of environmental remediation measures. Obviously, the development theory of pollution first and then pollution control is not in line with our development strategy, so our country has also increased the efforts to control the environment and prevent environmental deterioration, among which, lampblack control is one of the links.
So, how to rectify the problem of lampblack?
Although the number of families is large, but each family produces a limited amount of oil fume every day, and supervision is difficult, so at present our country has not paid too much attention to the treatment of family oil fume.
For restaurants and food processing factories, which produce a large amount of oil fume every year, China has issued several laws and regulations to restrict their production behavior, which should not have too great impact on the environment.
The emergence of indoor appliances is just an industry equipment that conforms to this trend, so there is no conspiracy.


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Mayiladuthurai Islamic Date Today, Hijri Date Today in Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Find what is Hijri date today in Mayiladuthurai? Islamic date as of today Sunday, 29 January 2023 in Mayiladuthurai, India as per time zone of Mayiladuthurai Asia/Kolkata.
Islamic Date Today in Mayiladuthurai 2023
What is Islamic Date Today in Mayiladuthurai, India?
As of today Sunday, 29 January 2023 CE, the current Islamic year in Mayiladuthurai, India is 1444 AH. Islamic Calendar 2023 Today Date in Mayiladuthurai is 06 Rajab 1444 AH. Hijri date 2023 – Muslim Year 1444. Check the exact Islamic date today as "Hijri Date" or "Arabic Date" with complete month Islamic calendar, which is updated all the time to give the accurate Islamic dates.
Mayiladuthurai, 2:14 am (Asia/Kolkata)
What is today's date in Islam? Islamic date today in Mayiladuthurai is 06 Rajab 1444 and the Gregorian date is Sunday, 29 January 2023.
Islamic date on this page is converted with Gregorian date and updates daily at midnight 12 o'clock in Mayiladuthurai, India local timezone (Asia/Kolkata).
What prayer is now in Mayiladuthurai
What prayer is it now in Mayiladuthurai?
Right now in Mayiladuthurai, it's 2:14 am today. The time for prayer in Mayiladuthurai has already started. You can pray Salat al now. The upcoming prayer is Fajr and the count down for Salat al Fajr in Mayiladuthurai is shown just below. So you know the time remaining to the Adhan e Fajr:
Current Local time in Mayiladuthurai: 2:14 am
Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Magnolia Creek is a 27-hole Links inspired championship facility featuring rolling hills, deep bunkers, and high native grasses reminiscent of courses found in the Brittish Isles. Great conditioning and service halp make this one of the most popular golf facilities in the Houston area.
On property is a beautiful clubouse with restaurant/lounge and outdoor patio, and full service pro shop. Comprehensive practice facilities include a targeted grass/mat range, short game area with sand bunker and putting greens. For a pictorial review of this course, click on the review link near the top of this page.
From the north: Take I-45 South to FM 518 in League City. Travel west on 518 to Bay Area Blvd. Turn left on Bay Area Blvd and travel 1 mile to the course on the left.


Structured cabling is a standard way of managing and utilizing your enterprise building's connectivity to facilitate moves, adds and changes on your network without causing unnecessary downtime or interruptions. It's also a smart, easy-to-manage network infrastructure that supports applications such as sensor-driven technologies, Wi-Fi, cloud computing and much more.
Structured cabling systems (SCS) include all the cables, wire, and associated equipment and apparatus necessary to provide service from the network interface to the information outlet at the work location—or to any communication device within the customer premise.
This system provides a structured, systematic way of doing things and established standards for deploying cabling within a building, including cross-connects and outlet terminations. The structured cabling system typically serves a building or group of buildings.
Structured cabling has evolved to support today's ultra-high speeds and complex network architectures for the intelligent building, the campus, and the data center. The mission remains the same, however: helping our customers meet their bandwidth demands; simplifying the planning, design, and construction of complex networks; and staying ahead of their technology needs. With a properly designed and deployed structured cabling, customers enjoy a standardized way of implementing a network that is application independent and can scale with their needs.
While SYSTIMAX® SCS started out using basic 25-count twisted-pair cable and 110 systems, it has evolved into a broad portfolio of copper and fiber cable and connector products. Today, the CommScope portfolio includes all cable and apparatus associated with its PowerSUM®(Category 5e), GigaSPEED® XL® (Category 6), GigaSPEED X10D® (Category 6A), InstaPATCH® 360, OptiSPEED®, LazrSPEED® (OM3, OM4, OM5) and TeraSPEED® products.
We know that structured cabling isn't just for data centers or IT departments. That's why you can trust CommScope to help you realize a truly connected and efficient building. Together, let's unlock your building's potential.
Ordering guide for SYSTIMAX Solutions products available in Asia-Pacific.
This white paper is authored by industry leading manufacturers and explores the best cabling practices for wireless access points.
Search and identify the right SYSTIMAX solution for your structured cabling needs. Whether you are looking for fiber connectivity or copper solutions, CommScope's SYSTIMAX Solutions Ordering Guide is the resource to find it all.
A guide for designing campus fiber networks and ordering the components for a complete fiber backbone.
Ordering guide for SYSTIMAX Solutions products available in Europe, Middle East, and Africa.
The preferred NETCONNECT ordering guide for the APAC region contains the most commonly used copper and fiber products.
Your physical infrastructure is just as important in an emergency as an ambulance or fire truck. So how do you protect your building – and the people inside? Ricardo Diaz has some tips.
CommScope had the opportunity to practice what we preach with "Smart Building Connectivity" when we opened a new office in Madrid, Spain. The building utilizes automated infrastructure management, Cat6A cabling, a dedicated in-building wireless system and LED lighting. See this blog by Dave Tanis and the related case study for more information.
The development of Power over Ethernet is creating a lighting revolution in office buildings. CommScope is collaborating with Philips Lighting so we can best help our customers to prepare for and deploy PoE lighting. We'll be co-hosting a PoE lighting webinar on March 15 to explain this trend in detail. Check out this blog by Ronna Davis for more information and to register.
Smart buildings are the way of the future. So many technologies will connect to one network. There is one constant when deploying solutions for a smart building: structured cabling and an automated infrastructure management solution. In this blog, LeaAnn Carl discuss how imVision provides real-time information and also why deploying structured cabling is needed for any smart building.
CommScope delivered a comprehensive cabling solution that connects students, faculty and resources—and sets the stage for an all-digital future.
CommScope and Zhongshan Securities (based in Shenzhen, China) partnered together to create a strong, secure network and technical backbone, taking innovative solutions and services to the market.
CommScope's SYSTIMAX 360 solutions were used to implement and maintain a secure network infrastructure at a major research facility where connectivity performance is critical to research efficiency.
The public utility State Grid Hunan leverages 900,000 meters of state-of-the-art CommScope cabling to provides electricity to millions of local residents.
A high-performing network infrastructure is increasingly important in the financial services sector. At its new headquarters, Standard Bank wanted to improve each aspect of connectivity to meet the growing demands of its banking operations.
The new head office needed an A+ energy label that was 100 percent carbon neutral.
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Q: How to apply in page style to different divs I need to apply styles dynamically when the page is served and as I am not applying the style directly to the element I use an in-page

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    more content

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A: If you can modify the markup, use different classes to modify each element.

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If you cannot modify the markup, use pseudo-classes.

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A: ID's are supposed to be unique, just changing the name would be enought:

[...]

but the question is more about how browser render style, so please check this answer. It worth a read:
How is CSS applied by the browser, and are repaints affected by it?
UPDATE
An ID cannot start with a number (html4 specs)

ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be
  followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"),
  underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").

More info: https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/types.html#type-id
Fiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/2k7c0qto/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


24 gifts to discover: make your child's holidays special with the Paw Patrol Advent calendar! Packed with 24 gifts, there's a new surprise waiting every day!
Collectible figures: behind each door is a tiny, holiday-themed collectible! As the holidays get closer, kids can build out the world of adventure bay!
Encourage creative play: with these tiny Collectibles in hand, your child can let their imagination run wild as they create all new missions for their favorite Pups!
The Paw Patrol Advent calendar is a great gift for kids aged 3+.
Open a 'door' each day to reveal the day's present. Collect all the minifigures to add to your sets.


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Who is nicole hoopz alexander dating Chatfrench sexroulette
Nikki or Hoopz became known to all of us when she was crowned the winner of the season one of Flavor of Love in March, 2006, two years after that she won VH1's VH1 reality show, I Love Money. The minute you're like no, I'm just going to focus on me, career, and that's it. You meet someone and then one thing leads to another.Before Nicole Alexander landed on VH1, she worked at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport as a transportation security administration agent. I took a chance on love again, even after the past, which is really hard.To stand on that podium with 19 other girls, not knowing who was going to walk through the door was crazy.I will never ever forget, and I just remember, "3, 2, 1" and then boom here it rolls and Flav comes through the door and I'm about to die because we had no idea who it was going to be so it was great.Both are seen so contented with one another and intended to get in a beautiful relationship soon. Eventually with gap of two year, she again made a petition for divorce.Before Shaunie's children, he was also a father from his previous girlfriend.
This former basketball player is now a prominent face of the entertainment sector. Because of this, he has made a place in the industry as an actor and a rapper.
Owns eight second knockout victory over UFC vet Jason Day in 2010 Holds a bachelor's degree in Sociology from the University of Tennessee.
What about Ovince Saint Preux's wife or girlfriend?
Till now he has launched one compilation and five studio album.
Moreover, he was featured as an actor in Blue Chips and thereafter acted in Kazaam.
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Home #newagemusic Shaparoa – Stay
Shaparoa – Stay
"Music is the language of emotions," Emmanuel Kant said. At the same time though, music seems less capable of describing rapid changes in emotions. Other art forms, like movies or paintings, can more easily portray different emotions – sometimes even on the same canvas or image. But my perception of what music can do changed when I heard Shaparoa's debut single "Stay". First it is a sad, almost desperate piece – and then, like magic, the atmosphere turns in less than five seconds. Shaparoa has delivered a different and thought-provoking single, which seems to answer one of the biggest questions in rock history: "Should I stay or should I go?"
Shaparoa is a German artist, guitarist, bassist, and composer living in Berne, Switzerland, and Madrid, Spain. After a long musical journey through jazz, pop, funk, and soul, Shaparoa now produces tracks based on acoustic guitar somewhere between electro, ambient, and film music.
Shaparoa ha just released a new EP called "Pelarte". Listen to it here.
"Stay" starts with an in medias res effect. When you push play, you are suddenly in the middle of something. Based on the title, it is natural to think that it is a painful goodbye. There's an utter sadness to the piano melody. It has the structure of improvisation, while the strings are dark and surprisingly sharp. We also understand the gray cover artwork, which is very in tune with the overall atmosphere at this stage. Also, notice the textures; Is it rain? Or tears dripping?
Then out of nothing comes the sound of a guitar. It cuts thought and drives away the darkness. From one moment to the next, the whole atmosphere shifts effortlessly. The guitar is easygoing and light – and there is even a gentle rhythm, underlining the new vibe. Intuitively we understand that the staying part has been settled. Now there is not a cloud in the sky, and happiness is restored. I like how the piece develops while at the same time staying true to the ambient guitar vibe. It has a lovely meditative atmosphere.
Don Marquis said that "Happiness is the interval between periods of unhappiness." That is very true when talking about "Stay" too. Nearer the end, the guitar melody changes a bit before the sad piano and strings from the beginning are back in force. Complete darkness seems to swallow the melody, drowning the guitar and everything else. Spoiler alert; "Stay" does not end on a high note.
Shaparoa has delivered a well-made, interesting, and bold first single. It is not easy listening, mainly due to the beginning and end. But in this is something existential; beginnings and endings are rarely happy. Is "Stay" about asking someone to stay, or is it about life and death? You decide. Shaparoa's music makes you think. That is, I'm sorry to say, quite rare these days.
For more information and music samples, visit shaparoa.com
Shaparoa


Gouverneur Health has embarked on a $180 million modernization project that includes renovation of the existing building and an additional 108,000 square feet of new construction for a new ambulatory care pavilion and bed tower.
The project will transform the ambulatory care center into The Center for Community Health and Wellness and the nursing facility into The Residence at Gouverneur Court.
Gouverneur Health provides the largest number of ambulatory care visits in the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. The expanded ambulatory care center is designed to accommodate a 15% increase in patient demand.
The Modernization Program will result in the creation of the "Residence at Gouverneur Court," representative of the next generation of rehabilitative and long term care. The Residence will more closely resemble a luxury apartment building or hotel than a nursing home. Moreover, the residents will have greater control of their lives and surroundings than in conventional settings, while still receiving the high quality healthcare services they require and deserve.
The new design includes private rooms and suites, several recreational and dining areas, resident/family meeting areas, on-floor spa/beauty salon, WI-FI and cable capabilities, private bathrooms and increased natural light.
The Residence at Gouverneur Court utilizes the "culture change" model, a transformation in the way that services are provided to long term care residents. Culture change is a model developed by advocates for the aged and nursing home administrators to overcome problems in nursing homes associated with institution-like design and work practices. In general, the culture change facility embraces a resident-centered approach that fosters a sense of community.
Residents will benefit by the proximity to Gouverneur Health's ambulatory care center and be able to receive primary care, dental, imaging, podiatry and ophthalmology services without leaving the building. New services will also include an on-site Dialysis Center and additional short-term rehabilitation services.


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UWM alum helps veterans get back on their feet
By Amanda Niebauer June 23, 2020 Business & World AffairsPolitics & Social Science
Jake Patten (right) is the coordinator for the Milwaukee County Veterans Treatment Court, a program that gives veterans who commit nonviolent crimes a second chance. He works with Milwaukee County Circuit Judge Cynthia Davis (center) and mentor coordinator Mark Flower (left) to provide treatment for veterans in the justice system. (UWM Photo/Elora Hennessey)
UWM alumnus Jake Patten is an advocate of second chances – especially for veterans who struggled to adjust to civilian life and now serve jail time for nonviolent crimes. But the path to a new life doesn't come easily. First, the veteran has to plead guilty.
Patten is the coordinator of the Milwaukee County Veterans Treatment Court, a specialized court that aims to help jailed veterans by diverting them from the traditional justice system. It focuses on treatment and rehabilitation for these veterans, who are more at risk for substance abuse or mental illness. In 2017, nearly one in every seven suicides in the U.S. was a veteran, though veterans only make up about 8% of the country's population.
As coordinator, Patten often visits eligible veterans in jail to talk with them about the program and its benefits. For a veteran to participate, he or she must have received a discharge other than dishonorable from the U.S. Armed Forces, face only nonviolent criminal offenses in the Milwaukee County Circuit Court and accept responsibility by pleading guilty. From there, Patten and his team work alongside a judge to devise a treatment plan.
"Once we ensure that those requirements are met, then it's really up to the veteran if they want to participate or not because this program is pretty rigorous," Patten said. "There's absolute sobriety; they're tested pretty frequently. It's not easy by any means, but at the end of the day it's about getting them the treatment and the services that are provided by the VA (Veterans Affairs) so they can get past that and live their lives."
Providing resources, incentives
The team provides resources to improve veterans' employment opportunities, housing, social situations and other factors that would cause them to re-offend. Participants can also receive awards, gift cards, bus passes or reduced court appearances in recognition of their achievements in the program.
From 2018 to 2019, the court's graduation rate rose from 72% to 78%, which often led to reduced charges or a complete dismissal of the case. While Patten notes that graduation rates vary by program, the Milwaukee County Veterans Treatment Court's graduation rate is on the rise compared to some states such as Missouri, whose veterans treatment courts saw a graduation rate of 73% in 2017.
Not only does the court see a high graduation rate but many of the graduates do not become repeat offenders after graduation. The court's recidivism rate in 2019 was 8%, a fair achievement compared to the national average of 14%, as a recent study of veterans treatment courts found.
"Rather than sit in jail, we get them the treatment they need," Patten said. "It keeps them from the same lives they were in before they started the program."
The program hits close to home for Patten. He served in the Army until 2011 before coming back home to Milwaukee and continuing his education. With UWM's military-friendly atmosphere, it was a natural choice for him.
"UWM just had the right feel."
He graduated from UWM in 2013 with a degree in criminal justice and a few internships under his belt. From there, he worked with case management at Wisconsin Community Services in Waukesha and later the Department of Defense, providing job services for National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers. Then, he turned his eyes to the veterans in his community.
"Just knowing that we were once doing the same thing overseas, it just hits you pretty hard, seeing them on that side and me on this side," he said. "There's a brotherhood there. You understand where they came from and the process that took them to where they went."
A second chance for veterans
Patten isn't the only one trying to give back. Mark Flower, a mentor coordinator for the Veterans Treatment Court and a veteran from the Cold War era, sees the program as a second chance for veterans.
"It's an opportunity to help them redirect where they're going instead of having veterans keep falling backwards, which is usually what happens," Flower said. "This process allows them to make a choice, which is in my mind very important, because now at least they chose to participate. In a lot of ways, it makes it easier to participate because they decided."
One judge oversees all cases. Milwaukee County Circuit Judge Cynthia Davis is grateful for the opportunity to see each case through to the end.
"It's all about connection," she said. "I really do get to know the veterans and we can establish a connection. And I think that connection ultimately makes them feel more cared for."
Rewarding for everyone
These close relationships are part of what helps veterans succeed and what makes the graduation ceremony so fulfilling, the team said. Veterans who successfully complete the program receive gift cards, praise from Davis and the team and a coin to remind them how far they've come.
"You can see the change they made, the progress that they've made, so that's definitely one of my favorite parts of the job," Patten said.
Flower agrees, saying that he loves to see the happy endings to the veterans' stories. His favorite part of the graduation ceremony? "The smiles."
UWM ROTC cadet tops in the nation
By Kathy Quirk February 22, 2021
UWM named a top military-friendly university
By Lauren Breunig February 17, 2021
UWM Army ROTC students qualify for international military skills competition
By Genaro C. Armas November 15, 2019
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Media Services at UW-Milwaukee
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Bouquets & Brickbats
Theatre – Film – Comedy – Food
Richard Curtis
Welcome to Richard Curtis Land – a magical place where famous film stars can fall in love with meek bookshop owners; where smitten young men can write their declarations of love for recently married women on a series of cue cards; and where, in this latest iteration, the Beatles never existed. Yes, that's right. Imagine if you will, a world where the names John, Paul, George and Ringo mean absolutely zilch.
Aspiring singer/songwriter Jack Malik (Himesh Patel) is scratching a precarious existence playing a series of dead-end bookings by night, and working at a cash and carry by day. His gigs are arranged for him by his 'manager,' Ellie Appleton (Lily James), who works days as a secondary school teacher and who quite clearly fancies the pants off Jack, something he appears to be entirely oblivious to. But, after his last disappointing show, Jack is about ready to give up his dreams and 'go back to teaching…'
He is blissfully unaware that his career is about to take an unexpected leap in an upward direction. Riding home on his bike one evening, he is struck by a bus, at the same moment a sudden loss of electricity hits the entire world for a full twelve seconds. Once recovered from his accident, Jack discovers that there have been some baffling changes to the world he knows – and when he sings Paul McCartney's Yesterday to a bunch of friends, they react very strangely. 'When did you write that?' asks Ellie, incredulously.
A bit of surfing on the internet reveals the incredible truth. In this new alternate reality, the Beatles have never existed – and yet Jack knows most of their songs! So he starts to perform and record them, passing them off as his own work and – perhaps not surprisingly – after a few false starts, his career shoots upwards into the stratosphere. But we know, don't we, that there's always a price to pay for such deceit? And what true happiness can ever be achieved through an act of plagiarism?
Yesterday is a typical Curtis vehicle, amiable, and eminently watchable – but the film is directed by Danny Boyle, who displays none of the distinctive, visual flourishes I've come to expect from him, leaving me with the conviction that this could have been directed by just about anybody. While the earlier stretches are surely the funniest (there's some nice interplay between Jack and his parents, played by Meera Syal and Sanjeev Bhaskar), later developments, where Jack falls under the influence of heartless record executive, Debra Hammer (Kate McKinnon), are not quite as assured.
And… there's something that this film has in common with Curtis's earlier effort, About Time: the story's internal logic doesn't always add up. Occasionally, I find myself thinking 'Really?' as some new revelation comes lurching out of the woodwork. Am I supposed to believe, for instance, that Jack manages to walk around for months without ever noticing that cigarettes no longer exist?
Still, this isn't meant to be high art. Curtis is a talented storyteller, and for the most part this affable mix of comedy and music is perfectly entertaining. And, naturally, it has a soundtrack to die for. A shame then that it doesn't give Danny Boyle more of a chance to show off his skills.
That would have been something to make a song and dance about.
Philip Caveney
Posted in Film and tagged Danny Boyle, Himesh Patel, Joel Fry, Lily James, Meera Syal, Paul McCartney, Richard Curtis, Sanjeev Bhaskar, The Beatles, Yesterday on June 21, 2019 by bobthebiker. Leave a comment
Well, we can't say we haven't been warned. Reviewers of Hampstead are mostly unimpressed by this based-on-real-life wannabe rom-com, which tells the tale of Donald Horner (Brendan Gleeson), a vagrant who builds a shack on Hampstead Heath, and his unlikely relationship with Emily Walker (Diane Keaton), an American widow in financial straits. Indeed, Wendy Ide, writing for The Guardian, goes so far as to call it "a ghastly faux-mance," while Peter Bradshaw, in the same newspaper, notes ruefully that "Richard Curtis's style of comedy drama is very difficult to imitate." But it's The Telegraph's Robbie Collins who really skewers the movie with a one-star review and the acerbic observation that "Donald's tumbledown cabin has its own well-stocked lake and an immaculate kitchen garden – when Emily pops around for a cosy diner à deux, there's fresh salad served in a wooden bowl, grilled fish, and wine served in elegant stemware – while his vagrant's beard is so well-conditioned it could win a prize at Crufts." And, while my socialist leanings mean I never thought I'd side with anyone writing for this particular Tory rag, I find I just can't argue with him.
Okay, I can argue a bit. I think the single star is a little unfair. The acting is, for the most part, really very good (Keaton and Gleeson are both extremely engaging, while Lesley Manville somehow manages to transcend her role, which is, it seems, 'under-developed cypher, with a bit of secretly-tragic rich bitch thrown in'). The plot is nicely stitched together, holding our attention throughout. But… oh dear. This is very much an outsider's view of poverty, a romanticised vision of the 'authenticity' that being poor provides. What it reminds me of most is the Noel Streatfeild novels I read as a child, which I both loved and derided, amused as I was by their privileged depiction of what it meant to be poor. "They've got no money," I'd tell my mum, raising my seven-year-old eyebrows. "So they're down to just a couple of servants, a nanny and a cook and some woman who comes in from the village now and again. And they've got to take in lodgers, because they've got this massive house. So there're a couple of university professors and an opera singer all sharing the space. They can't afford their places at ballet school, so they have to get scholarships." And then we'd laugh, putting on 'posh' voices, and braying, "How on earth are we supposed to manage, dahling, with just a nanny and a cook?" Well, we found it funny anyway. Maybe you had to be there.
I understand the comparisons to Richard Curtis, but I think they miss something important. It's not just that he's better at it (funnier, more charming), but that he doesn't pretend to be making a social point. His films are unabashedly about those who have it all: they're frothy, unrealistic depictions of a London that doesn't really exist, but they don't claim to be anything else. Hampstead has pretentions toward social commentary, but it doesn't understand its own material.
It's not just the improbably delightful home that Donald has constructed from old windows and planks of wood, it's Emily's so-called money worries that make me pause for breath. "After I've sold the flat and paid off all the debts," she sobs, "I'll be left with a little bit, not much, but enough to get me something small outside London, maybe." Enough, it turns out, to buy a sizeable beamed cottage next to a river on the outskirts of a picturesque Cotswolds village. Ah, that kind of 'little bit.' Poor Emily. And after all the hard work she's never done and the jobs she's never had. Surely she deserves more than this? (Actually, she does seem to have travelled back in time to the 1960s – well, it is outside London, so what do I expect? – maybe the property prices hark back to that time too?)
In the end, sadly, Hampstead is just a load of ill-informed nonsense, and there's not much to be said in its defence. The true story it's based on must have been much grimier and more interesting, and it's a real shame we can't get to the nub of it. The rose-tinted worldview we are presented with here is far too shallow to convey the important truths that are hinted at but never properly explored.
Susan Singfield
Posted in Film and tagged Brendan Gleeson, Diane Keaton, Hampstead, Lesley Manville, Richard Curtis on June 25, 2017 by bobthebiker. Leave a comment
Choose a category Select Category Comedy Film Food Theatre Uncategorized


It's that time of year again when Mother Merganser begins touring with her large family in search of food. I am always impressed with the number of young birds she is able to raise to maturity – I've counted as many as 13 or 14 young in our bay but apparently the average is more like 9 to 12. When they are tiny, the little chicks try to squeeze on mom's back but it's almost impossible for them all to hitch a ride, given their numbers. Dad doesn't bother hanging around once incubation of the eggs begins. The males then gather in large flocks to socialize, and begin molting their feathers.
The Merganser nest is built in a tree cavity, sometimes as high as 100 feet above the ground, but always near a lake or river.
If you hear a lot of splashing along the waterfront, there's a good chance it's a Common Merganser family foraging for food. They can be quite comical. In their search for food, they like to dip their bills and eyes below the surface of the water, just as though they are snorkeling. Mostly they feed on minnows, chubs, suckers, frogs, crustaceans and salamanders.
On a rare occasion, a whole family has spent the night on our dock and the next morning it will look as though it has been whitewashed! We really don't mind the mess though.
The only thing Common about the Common Merganser is the fact it is so widely distributed across North America. The name "merganser" actually means "diving goose" and the British name for the species is "goosander" meaning "goose-duck". They are certainly almost as large as geese, with bodies up to 27" long.
It's interesting to note that the male and female Mergansers look very different from each other – so much so that you'd think they're from different species entirely. The female has the familiar red head with shaggy feathers which look as though she's just had a ride in a convertible with the top down! Both birds have white breasts but the male has a dark green head with white flanks and a black back. They are often referred to as "sawbills" because the edges of their bills are serrated in order to better grip their prey.
Like the loons, the hardy Mergansers remain here as long as possible, braving the oncoming ice and diving for fish in frigid waters. In fact, also like loons, they are able to swim high or low in the water, disappearing without a ripple. Like other diving ducks, this largest of the Mergansers must taxi across the water to take flight.


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Rest Rules Changed for Commercial Drivers
NTSSAdmin October 28, 2018 UncategorizedLeave a Comment
Last year, the Government announced new changes to rules for commercial drivers in a bid to crack down on driving while tired.
The Drive and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) has the power to fine commercial drivers up to £300 if they are caught breaking the rules on how many hours they can drive and the breaks they need to take.
Currently the DVSA can only fine drivers for offences committed that day and ongoing offences, like manipulating tachograph records, which record drivers' hours.
Under the new changes, DVSA traffic examiners will be given new powers to issue on-the-spot fines for any drivers' hours offences committed in the last 28 days.
British drivers can be fined if the offences took place abroad and the rules will also apply to drivers caught breaking the rules in Great Britain even if they are from other countries.
From 1st November 2017, DVSA started to fine drivers up to £300 if they spend their full weekly rest break in their vehicle in places where it causes a problem, for example, if a lorry driver spends their full break in the cab of their lorry in a layby.
The change is designed to ensure that drivers get a proper rest and are not exposed to poor living conditions, DVSA said.
Around 40% of sleep-related accidents involve commercial vehicles and almost a quarter of injuries in accidents involving lorries are fatal or serious.
According to RoSPA, driving while tired may be responsible for 1 in 5 (20%) of all accidents and up to a quarter of serious and fatal crashes.
DVSA Chief Executive, Gareth Llewllyn, said: "DVSA's priority is to protect you from unsafe drivers and vehicles. These tougher fines will help us to take stronger action against any drivers or operators who break drivers' hours rules and will help make our roads safer.
"There's no excuse for driving while tired. The results of falling asleep at the wheel of 40 tonne lorry can be devastating to families and communities. Any driver breaking these rules is putting other road users at risk and could face losing their licence and livelihood."
James Firth, the Freight Transport Association's Head of Licensing Policy and Compliance Information, said:
"For some years, DVSA officers have been virtually powerless to take effective action against non-UK HGV drivers who may have committed a string of offences in the days and weeks before the vehicle is stopped.
"These new powers mean the enforcement authorities will be more able – and more likely – to take action against all drivers who are found to have repeatedly flouted these critical road safety laws."
Tags:changes, commercial, drivers, dvsa