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Archie Umberger
The Myth of Insulation Values
Author: David B. South
One of the fairy tales of our time is the "R-value." The "R-value" is touted to the American consumer to the point where it has taken a "chiseled in stone" status. The saddest part of the fairy tale is the R-value by itself is almost a worthless number.
It is impossible to define an insulation with a single number. It is imperative we know more than a single "R" number. So why do we allow the R-value fairy tale to be perpetuated? I don't know. I don't know if anybody knows. It obviously favors fiber insulation. Consider the R-value of an insulation after it has been submersed in water or with a 20 mile per hour wind blowing through it. Obviously the R-value of fiber insulations would go to zero. Under the same conditions, the solid insulations would be largely unaffected. Again R-value numbers are "funny" numbers. They are meaningless unless we know other characteristics.
None of us would ever buy a piece of property if we knew only one dimension. Suppose someone offered a property for $10,000 and told you it was a seven. You would instantly wonder if that meant seven acres, seven square feet, seven miles square, or what. You would want to know where it was -- in a swamp, on a mountain, in downtown Dallas. In other words, one number cannot accurately describe anything. The use of an R-value alone is absolutely ridiculous. Yet we have Code bodies mandating R-values of 20's or 30's or 40's. A fiber insulation having an R-value of 25 placed in a house not properly sealed will allow the wind to blow through it as if there were no insulation. Maybe the R-value is accurate in the tested material in the lab, but it is not even remotely part of the real world. We must start asking for some additional dimensions to our insulation. We need to know its resistance to air penetration, to free water, and to vapor drive. What is the R-value after it is subjected to real world conditions?
The R-value is a fictitious number supposed to indicate a material's ability to resist heat loss. It is derived by taking the "k" value of a product and dividing it into the number one. The "k" value is the actual measurement of heat transferred through a specific material.
Test to Determine the R-Value
The test used to produce the "k" value is an ASTM test. This ASTM test was designed by a committee to give us measurement values that hopefully would be meaningful. A major part of the problem lies in the design of the test. The test favors the fiber insulations -- fiberglass, rock wool, and cellulose fiber.
Very little input went into the test for the solid insulations, such as foam glass, cork, expanded polystyrene or urethane foam.
The test does not account for air movement (wind) or any amount of moisture (water vapor). In other words, the test used to create the R-value is a test in non-real-world conditions. For instance, fiberglass is generally assigned an R-value of approximately 3.5. It will only achieve that R-value if tested in an absolute zero wind and zero moisture environment. Zero wind and zero moisture are not real-world. Our houses leak air, all our buildings leak air, and they often leak water. Water vapor from the atmosphere, showers, cooking, breathing, etc. constantly moves back and forth through the walls and ceilings. If an attic is not properly ventilated, the water vapor from inside a house will very quickly semi-saturate the insulation above the ceiling. Even small amounts of moisture will cause a dramatic drop in fiber insulation's R-value -- as much as 50 percent or more.
Vapor Barriers
We are told, with very good reason, that insulation should have a vapor barrier on the warm side. Which is the warm side of the wall of a house? Obviously, it changes from summer to winter -- even from day to night. If it is 20 F below zero outside, the inside of an occupied house is certainly the warm side. During the summer months, when the sun is shining, very obviously the warm side is the outside. Sometimes the novice will try to put vapor barriers on both sides of the insulation. Vapor barriers on both sides of fiber insulation generally prove to be disastrous. It seems the vapor barriers will stop most of the moisture but not all. Small amounts of moisture will move into the fiber insulation between the two vapor barriers and be trapped. It will accumulate as the temperature swings back and forth. This accumulation can become a huge problem. We have re-insulated a number of potato storage's which originally were insulated with fiberglass having a vapor barrier on both sides. Within a year or two the insulation would completely fail to insulate. The moisture would get trapped between the vapor barriers and saturate the fiberglass insulation to the point of holding buckets of water. Fiber insulation needs ventilation on one side; therefore, the vapor barrier should go on the side where it will do the most good.
We understand air penetration through the wall of the house. In some homes when the wind blows, we often can feel it. But what most people, including many engineers, do not realize is that there are very serious convection currents that occur within the fiber insulations. These convection currents rotate vast amounts of air. The air currents are not fast enough to feel or even measure with any but the most sensitive instruments. Nevertheless, the air is constantly carrying heat from the underside of the pile of fibers to the top side, letting it escape. If we seal off the air movement, we generally seal in water vapor. The additional water often will condense (this now becomes a source of water for rotting of the structure). The water, as a vapor or condensation, will seriously decrease the insulation value -- the R-value. The only way to deal with a fiber insulation is to ventilate. But to ventilate means moving air which also decreases the R-value.
Air Penetration
The filter medium for most furnace filters is fiberglass -- the same spun fiberglass used as insulation. Fiberglass is used for an air filter because it has less impedance to the air flow, and it is cheap. In other words, the air flows through it very readily. It is ironic how we wrap our house in a furnace filter that will strain the bugs out of the wind as it blows through the house. There are tremendous air currents that blow through the walls of a typical home. As a demonstration, hold a lit candle near an electrical outlet on an outside wall when the wind is blowing. The average home with all its doors and windows closed has a combination of air leaks equal to the size of an open door. Even if we do a perfect job of installing the fiber insulation in our house and bring the air infiltration very close to zero from one side of the wall to the other, we still do not stop the air from moving through the insulation itself vertically both in the ceiling and the walls.
The best known solid insulation is expanded polystyrene. Other solid insulations include cork, foam glass and polyisocyanate or polyisocyanurate board stock. The latter two being variations of urethane foam. Each of these insulations are ideally suited for many uses. Foam glass has been used for years on hot and cold tanks, especially in places where vapor drive is a problem. Cork is of course a very old standby often used in freezer applications. EPS or expanded polystyrene is seemingly used everywhere from throw away drinking cups and food containers to perimeter foundation insulation, masonry insulations, and more. Urethane board stock is becoming the standard for roof insulation, especially for hot mopped roofs. It is also widely used for exterior sheathing on many of the new houses. The R-value of the urethane board stock is of course better than any of the other solid insulations. All of the solid insulations will perform far better than fiber insulations whenever there is wind or moisture involved.
Most of the solid insulations are placed as sheets or board stock. They suffer from one very common problem. They generally don't fit tight enough to prevent air infiltration. It does not matters how thick these board stocks are if the wind gets behind it. We see this often in masonry construction where board stock is used between a brick and a block wall. Unless the board stock is actually physically glued to the block wall air will infiltrate behind it. In this case as the air flows through the weep holes in the brick and around the insulation it is rendered virtually useless. Great care must be exercised in placing the solid insulations. The brick ties need to be fitted at the joints and then sealed to prevent air flow behind the insulation.
The only commonly used solid insulation that absolutely protects itself from air infiltration is the spray-in-place polyurethane. When it is properly placed between two studs or against the concrete block wall or wherever, the bonding of the spray plus the expansion of the material in place will effect a total seal. This total seal is almost impossible to overestimate. In my opinion most of the heat loss in the walls of the home have to do with the seal rather than the insulation.
For physical reasons, heat does not conduct horizontally nearly as well as it does vertically. Therefore, if there were no insulation in the walls of the homes, but an absolute airtight seal, there would not necessarily be a huge difference in the heat loss. This would not be the case if the insulation was missing from the ceiling. Air infiltration can most effectively be stopped with spray-in-place polyurethane. It is the only material (properly applied) that will fill in the corners, the cripples, the double studs, bottom plates, top plates, etc. The R-value of a material is of no interest or consequence if air can get past it.
During the 1970s my firm insulated a bunch of new homes in the Snake River Valley of Idaho with 1.25 inches of spray-in-place polyurethane foam in the walls. In 1970 the popular number for the R-value of one inch of urethane foam was 9.09 per inch. Using this value, we were putting an R of 1.25 x 9.09 = 11.36 in the walls. This was much less than the R = 16 claimed by the fiberglass insulators. Today, using the charts from an ASHRAE book, we would only be able to claim an R-value for the 1.25 inches of 7.5 to 9. Neither of these numbers make for a very big R-value. The reality is that the people for whom we insulated their homes invariably would thank us for the savings in their heat bills. They would tell us their heating bill was half of their neighbor's. They felt as if they saved the cost of the polyurethane in one, or at most two, years. This is anecdotal evidence, I know, but anecdotal evidence is also compelling and very real in our world. Most of these customers were savvy people. They would not have paid the extra to get the urethane insulation if it had not been better.
About mid 1975 I received a call from a division manager of one of the major fiberglass insulation manufacturers. The caller asked, "I understand that you are spraying polyurethane in the walls of homes?" I told him that was true. He was calling because we were cutting into the fiberglass insulation sales in our area. He asked, "How can you do it?"
I knew what he meant. He wanted to know how I could look somebody in the eye and sell them a more expensive insulation than the cheap old fiberglass. I told him the way I did it is with a spray gun. Of course, that wasn't the answer he wanted. He wanted to know how I could not feel guilty. I told him of insulating one of two nearly identical houses built side by side. We insulated the walls of one with 1.25 inches of urethane. The other house was insulated with full thick fiberglass batts put in place by a reputable installer. Not only did we use only 1.25 inches of urethane as the total wall insulation, but we had the builder leave off the insulated sheathing. At the end of the first winter, the urethane insulated home had a heating bill half of their neighbor's. I know that is not terribly scientific, but it is very real. I am not sure he was convinced, but it should be noted that same company jumped into the urethane foam supply business the next year.
One and a quarter inch of polyurethane sprayed properly in the wall of a house will prevent more heat loss than all the fiber insulation that can be crammed in the walls -- even up to an eight inch thickness. Not only does it provide better insulation, but it provides significant additional strength to the house.
One of my early clients was Brent. I had insulated several potato storages for Brent. He knew what spray-in-place urethane insulation could do. When he decided to build his new, very large, very fancy new home, he asked me to come insulate it. I told him I would be delighted. The builder pitched a fit. He "didn't need any of that spray-in-place urethane in his buildings. He made his buildings tight, and fiberglass was just as good."
Brent explained to the builder, "I know who is going to insulate the building. It is not as definite as to who is going to be the contractor. You can make up your mind. We are going to have the urethane insulation and you build the building, or we are going to have the urethane insulation, and I will have someone else build the building." It didn't take the contractor long to decide he wanted to use urethane insulation.
We sprayed a lot of foam in Brent's house, and it was a large home. Afterwards, whenever I would meet him, he would tell me his heat bill was less than any of his rental houses or the homes of anyone else he knew. Of course, his home was two or three times larger. Also, the builder started having me insulate most of his new custom-built homes. He explained to his clients that the best insulation was the spray in place urethane. It would cost a little more, but it would save money in the long run. Most owners opted for urethane.
Never have I had a customer tell me that he did not save money by using the urethane spray-in-place insulation. You can spend all the time you want with R-values and "k" factors, and "prove" on paper there is no way the urethane can do the insulation job that the fiberglass will. In the real world, I can assure anyone there is no way fiber insulation can be as effective as spray-in-place urethane — not even close.
R-value tables are truly part of the "Fairy Tale." They show the solid and the fiber insulations side by side, implying they can be compared. The fact is, without taking installation conditions into account, comparisons are meaningless. Spray-in-place urethane foam provides its own vapor barrier, water barrier, and wind barrier. None of the other insulations are as effective without special care taken at installation. The fiber insulations must be protected from wind, water and water vapor. Again the tables need a second table to state installation conditions.
Consider the following anecdotes:
Meadow Gold Company was going to build a freezer in Idaho Falls, Idaho. Chet, the plant manager, was a friend of the local Butler dealer. A Butler building does not lend itself very well to a freezer if you are going to insulate the freezer with expanded polystyrene. The three of us got together and planned a freezer that would accommodate the needs of Meadow Gold, yet be built of a Butler building and be properly insulated. This was my first year of spraying polyurethane foam, and at that time I believed all of the literature. Reality turned out even better. The (then current) R-value table showed one inch of urethane was equal to 2.5 inches of expanded polystyrene. So, I suggested we spray the metal building with four inches of urethane to replace the 10 inches of expanded polystyrene normally used by Meadow Gold for freezers. I sprayed 4" under the slab, 4" on the walls, and 5" on the underside of the roof (the fifth inch was added as a safety margin). Chet, the plant manager, was pretty worried because he had stuck his neck out going with non-traditional insulation and a non-traditional building for Meadow Gold Company. Well, the building progressed on schedule, but the equipment to cool the building did not arrive on time. By summer, only one of the two refrigeration compressors had arrived. Two compressors were needed (per the Meadow Gold engineers) to handle the needs of the building based on using 10" of expanded polystyrene.
Chet considered one alternative to his predicament was to turn one of the older freezers that had been used as a cooler back into a freezer. Then maybe he could make a cooler out of the new building with the just the one compressor. It was not a satisfactory arrangement, but it maybe could work. The other thing Chet kept telling us was that he would know as soon as he turned on the freezer equipment whether or not the building would work. When I pressed him, he said that normally it takes five days to bring a freezer down to 10 F below zero -- needed for ice cream. When he turned on the new freezer, with only the one compressor, the temperature dropped to 18F degrees below zero by the second morning. They had their freezer. It ran the entire summer using only the single compressor.
A few weeks after start up of the freezer, I was visited by a Meadow Gold engineer from Chicago. He wanted to know exactly what we had done to insulate the freezer. One compressor should not be able to hold the temperature as it was doing. I explained to him exactly what we had done. He seemed satisfied and he left. A few weeks later he showed up again with his boss. We went to the plant and verified with an ice pick the thickness of the foam. It was indeed four inches in the walls and five inches in the ceiling. Here again they reiterated that the building should not be operating as it was. What they were telling me was that even though I had used one inch of urethane to replace 2.5 inches of expanded polystyrene, the building was still requiring only 50 percent of the normal compressor power for cooling. As you can imagine, the experience made me a lot more bold, and I used the information to sell more freezer insulation jobs.
One of our largest freezer insulation projects was a sixty thousand square foot freezer at Clearfield, Utah. I was able to talk the general contractor into letting us insulate with spray-in-place polyurethane foam the brand-new all-concrete freezer he was building. This building was the 12th in a chain of freezers. My friend Bob, the contractor, had taken it upon himself to make the switch from the ten inches of expanded polystyrene to four inches of urethane with a fifth inch on the roof. The building was built with tilt up concrete insulated on the interior side of the concrete with spray-in-place urethane. We then sprayed on a three-fourths of an inch thick layer of plaster as the thermal barrier. Over the pre-stressed concrete roof panels, we put five inches of spray-in-place urethane and then covered it with hot tar and rock. (This is an old CPR-specification).
Urethane Conserves Energy
Excellent thermal resistance is the primary performance benefit of urethane foam insulation, but it is not the only one. Urethane also has these advantages as a construction material:
a) Its closed cell structure makes urethane most effective initially and in the long run.
b) When protected by skins or other covering, urethane will not absorb water. Consequently the x-factor (thermal conductivity) is virtually constant.
c) Sprayed-on foam has the advantage of no seams or joints.
d) Urethane's thermal resistance means that only one thickness of material is need for most jobs.
e) It has a low moisture permeability (1-3 perms).
Where circumstances demand thinner walls or roofs, urethane — with its superior insulating capability — makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the insulation component with no loss of thermal resistance. Or the thermal resistance of an assembly can be increased without enlarging the size of the member. Urethane helps to offset the design restrictions imposed by the fact that most building materials are constant in thickness and weight.
"Urethane Foam as an Energy Conserver," How to Conserve Energy: in commercial, institutional and industrial construction, Mobay Chemical Corp. Pittsburgh, PA: 1975, p 3
I was on the job the last day. As we finished up the owner showed up. He had expected to see ten inches of expanded polystyrene, and here was four inches of urethane. I told him he would like the four inches of urethane as it would be even better than the expanded polystyrene, based on my previous experience. He told me he was sicker than a dog because he felt like there was no way that could be true. It was too late for him to do anything about it. If he could have, he would have changed the contract instantly, but he was stuck and felt stuck.
They had 12 other similar size freezers, except the others were insulated with expanded polystyrene. The normal way of operating them was to use three large compressor assemblies. Two of the compressors would be needed all summer to keep the building cold, and the third one would be a standby unit, in case one of the other two had problems.
About a year later, I received a phone call from one of the managers. He asked me if I had time to insulate another sixty thousand square foot freezer in Clearfield, Utah. I assured him we had the time, the inclination, and the excitement to do it, but I thought the owner wanted nothing to do with urethane foam insulation. The manager explained to me that not only had the Clearfield freezer operated better than any other freezer in their line, it had operated for less than half the costs of any others. They were adding another sixty thousand square feet without adding more compressors. The compressor power available to them because of the urethane insulation efficiency allowed them to do it. The building had run very nicely through the hot part of the summer with just one compressor. Now they would be able to run two buildings off of two compressors and still have a spare.
Again, this is anecdotal evidence, but let me assure you that you will get the same results if you do the same thing as we have. I have insulated too many buildings now to know that this will happen in every case. Never can you use an R-value from a fiber insulation and compare it to the R-value of a foam insulation. Nor can you use the R-value of a foam insulation if it is in sheet form and compare it to the R-value of the foam insulation if it is spray-in-place. Spray-in-place polyurethane is an absolute minimum of three to ten times as effective as any other insulation available today.
During the late 1970s, the FTC went after the urethane foam suppliers for misleading advertising especially with regard to fire claims. A consent decree followed. It destroyed a tremendous amount of confidence in the use of urethane. Up to that point, Commonwealth Edison would give Gold Medallion approval for homes insulated with 1.25 inches of spray-in-place urethane in the side walls of masonry constructed homes. True, that was anecdotal evidence, but also true, it worked. Much work was done in the early 1970s using a 1.25 inches urethane as a replacement for wall insulation in a home. Not only did it replace the wall insulation, it also replaced the exterior sheathing. The buildings are stronger and better insulated when sprayed with the 1.25 inches of urethane.
Understanding the two purposes of insulation gives a standard to measure the insulations:
I. Heat loss
There is a little understood part about insulation that needs to be covered. There is a substantial difference between insulation for temperature control and insulation for heat loss control. For instance, the graph (below) shows the heat loss control of the spray-in-place urethane foam insulation. Any insulation will have a similar graph but with thicker amounts of insulation. This graph points out that more insulation is not necessarily cost effective. There is a point where more insulation is pointless from a total heat loss perspective.
The graph shows that 70% of heat loss from conductance is stopped by a one inch thickness of spray-in-place urethane foam. Remember we are going to stop nearly 100% of the heat loss from air infiltration with the first one-fourth of an inch of urethane foam. The second inch of spray-in-place urethane stops about 90% of the heat loss and the third inch 95% and so forth.
Thermal Diffusivity and Heat Sinks
It should be noted that when the urethane is used on the exterior of a heat sink, such as concrete, the actual effective R-value is approximately doubled. This is why with the Monolithic Dome, we are able to calculate effective R-values in excess of 60. A heat sink is any substance capable of storing large amounts of heat. Most commonly we think of concrete, brick, water, adobe and earth as heat sink materials used in building. The property of a heat sink to act as an insulation is called thermal diffusivity.
The simple explanation for the way it works is: As the temperature of the atmosphere cycles from cold to hot to cold to hot the heat sink absorbs or gives up heat. But because the heat sink can absorb so much heat it never catches up with the full range of the cycle. Therefore, the temperature of the heat sink tends to average. Large heat sinks will average over many days, weeks or even months.
An example is the adobe hacienda with its 2 to 6 foot thick walls. By the time the adobe walls begin to absorb the daytime heat it is night time and the same heat then escapes into the cooler night. Therefore the temperature would average. Because the mass of the adobe is so large the temperature averages over periods of months. Adobe acts as an insulation even though adobe has a minimal "R" value.
You can see from the graph that urethane thicknesses beyond four or five inches is practically immaterial. We use three inches for most of our construction. Two inches will do a very superior job. We have insulated many metal buildings with one inch of urethane and the drop in heat loss is absolutely dramatic. Obviously the first quarter inch takes care of the wind blowing through the cracks. (It usually takes an inch to be sure the cracks are all filled.) The balance of the inch adds the thermal protection.
II. Surface temperature control
Surface temperature control is the second reason for insulation. In many cases it is the most important reason for the insulation. I noticed this phenomenon first while insulating potato storages. We had various customers ask us to insulate the buildings anywhere from two to five inches of urethane. The building insulated with two inches would hold the temperatures of the potatoes properly, just as well as the building insulated with five inches. The difference came in the condensation. Potato storages are kept up at very high humidity levels. The buildings with the two inches of urethane would have far more condensation than those with the five inches.
An engineer from the Upjohn Company explained this. He drew for me a graph as shown here. It shows that thicker insulation is absolutely necessary to maintain higher interior surface temperatures. One and a half inches of urethane on the walls and ceiling of a potato storage would control the heat loss from the building, but it took a minimum of three inches of urethane to control the interior surface temperature. Four inches was even better. With five inches the difference is practically negligible. The only place where we have felt the need for five inches of urethane was insulating the roof or ceiling of a sub-zero freezer.
Underground housing — surface temperature control vs. heat loss control.
Most underground housing is in trouble from mold and mildew growth. The cause is not enough insulation to control interior surface temperatures. Rarely is there a problem with total heat loss. Water vapor condenses on the surface allowing mold to grow. Mold makes people sick. The only solution is lots of insulation for temperature control and ignore total heat loss.
My experience is that R-value tables can be used as indicators. They need modifications to make them equal to real world conditions. There needs to be allowances made. They must show equivalents. These equivalents will be more like one inch of spray-in-place urethane equal to four inches of fiberglass in a normal installation. Footnotes to the table will need to define degradation of insulations in real world conditions. Only then will the "R-value" Fairy Tale become a real world success story.
Blog Posted: Jun 17, 2012
Posted by: Archie Umberger
President Foam Kote, Inc.
Sprayed Polyurethane Foam is a combination of isocyanate and polyol. These two components are fed through a proportioner which heats then pumps the two separate components to the spray gun, where they are mixed and sprayed onto the substrate. Because it is sprayed onto the roof as a liquid, it forms a single continuous structure that is seamless and very stable. SPF requires a clean surface for proper application. It must be dry, free of contaminants like oil, and properly fastened to the substrate in accordance with the proper building codes.
Polyurethane Foam Services
Foam Kote Inc. will facilitate an estimate and provide advanced insulation for your individual needs. We specialize in such industrial needs as tanks, tanker trailers, coolers, vans, rail cars, buoys, barges, and skids. Polyurethane spray foam provides superior thermal performance to minimize hot and cold spots that can influence the efficiency and comfort of a building or home. It also contributes to the structural integrity of your walls while acting as a secondary moisture vapor barrier to assist in the minimization of the risks of moisture intrusion in the wall cavity.
Benefits of Spray Foam Insulation
Stops air and moisture infiltration
Makes your home more comfortable
Saves on energy costs
Adds strength to the building structure
It is permanent and will not sag
Keeps dust and pollen out
Eliminates Ice Daming
Improves Air Quality
Reduces capacity requirements, maintenance and wear of HVAC equipment
Meets all building codes
Closed Cell vs. Open Cell Foam
What is the Difference between Open-cell and Closed-cell Polyurethane Foams?
This may be one of the most important pages on the website if your interest is in spray foam insulation. When it comes time to actually put the foam product in your home or commercial building structure, you must identify whether you will use 0.5 lb./cu. ft., open cell foam, or 2.0 lb./cu. ft. closed cell foam. This makes a big difference in cost, application methods, and performance.
With the open-cell vs. closed-cell issue, there are two major factors to understand and consider. The first is the nature of the foam. It is either open-cell foam, where the tiny cells of the foam are not completely closed. They are broken and air fills all of the "open" space inside the material. This makes the foam weaker or softer feeling than closed-cell foam.
Closed-cell foam differs in that all of its tiny foam cells are closed and packed together. They are filled with a gas that helps the foam rise and expand and become a greater insulator. These cells can be formulated to obtain many characteristics, the most common being size and density.
by David B. South
Spray Foam Roofing Benefits
SPF adheres to just about everything so it can be installed over concrete, wood, steel, and most existing roof systems which saves on the expense of roof removal and landfill fees. SPF Roofing installers can spray apply a tapered roof system with the foam which eliminates the need for costly tapered insulation systems. The cants and vertical wall terminations are also spray applied making them an integral part of the roof system and minimizing additional component costs.
Sprayed Polyurethane Foam is applied as a liquid using plural-component spray equipment to fill cracks and crevices. It then expands approximately 30 times its original liquid volume to form a hard, closed cell monolithic roof surface.
The Polyurethane Foam dries within seconds after applied to the roof surface. Its expansion results in a weather tight roofing membrane that is fully adhered to the substrate. Because of polyurethane's lightweight it adds little additional weight to the structure and is often used in remedial applications.
Polyurethane Foam has a history of more than 48 years as a maintainable roofing medium. Polyurethane Foam adds excellent insulation value to the structure and utility bills can reflect the difference.
Once the SPF has been applied to the proper thickness and finish specifications, a protective layer of elastomeric coating or gravel is applied. This protective layer produces a durable weather resistant surface and that can be walked on for normal maintenance.
Durabilty: When most people hear of a "foam" roof, they automatically think of the type of soft foam similar to that used for seat cushions and are concerned that they won't be able to walk on it without causing problems or damaging the roof. Foam roofs are very durable and can handle foot and construction traffic as well as other roofs. They are still susceptible to damage from dropped tools just as any other roof but the damage is more easily seen and can most often be repaired with some simple polyurethane caulking.
Lifespan: If the coating for an SPF roof is properly maintained, then an SPF roof can last a very long time. Every ten or fifteen years, depending on the type and amount of coating installed, the roof will need to be cleaned, primed, and recoated. If this is done, then a quality SPF roof could last 50 years or longer.
Cost: As with all other roof systems, cost depends on several factors. Some of which include building accessibility, complexity of project, foam thickness, foam coating system, and geographical location. Costs may start at about $2.50 per square foot for a cheap system and go up from there.
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Family therapy, also referred to as family counseling, is a type of psychotherapy that involves several members or all members of a nuclear, blended, or extended family. The therapist, or team of therapists, conducts multiple sessions in an effort to assist families manage important issues and stressors that may interfere with the functioning of the family and the home environment.
In a therapy session, therapists seek to analyze the process of family interaction and communication as a whole and do not take sides with specific family members. Therapists who work as a team can model new behaviors for the family through their interactions with each other during a session.
The goal of family therapy is to help family members improve communication, solve family problems, understand and handle special family situations (for example, death, serious physical or mental illness, parenting, or child and adolescent issues), and create a better functioning home environment.
Based on Family Systems Theory, family therapy views the family as a living organism rather than just the sum of its individual members. Family therapy evaluates family members in terms of their position or role within the family. Challenges, stressors, or problems are addressed by changing the way the family system works rather than trying to fix a specific member.


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//   contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
//   this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL ARISTA NETWORKS
// BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
// CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
// SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
// BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
// WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
// OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
// IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
package module

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
	"testing"

	"github.com/aristanetworks/goeapi"
)

// Acl
var AclParseEntries = (*AclEntity).parseEntries

// IpInterface
var IPIntfParseAddress = (*IPInterfaceEntity).parseAddress
var IPIntfParseMtu = (*IPInterfaceEntity).parseMtu

// Vlans
var VlanParseName = (*VlanEntity).parseName
var VlanParseState = (*VlanEntity).parseState
var VlanParseTrunkGroups = (*VlanEntity).parseTrunkGroups

// Mlag
var MlagParseDomainID = (*MlagEntity).parseDomainID
var MlagParseLocalInterface = (*MlagEntity).parseLocalInterface
var MlagParsePeerAddress = (*MlagEntity).parsePeerAddress
var MlagParsePeerLink = (*MlagEntity).parsePeerLink
var MlagParseShutdown = (*MlagEntity).parseShutdown

// SwitchPort
var SwPortParseMode = (*SwitchPortEntity).parseMode
var SwPortParseTrunkGroups = (*SwitchPortEntity).parseTrunkGroups
var SwPortParseAccessVlan = (*SwitchPortEntity).parseAccessVlan
var SwPortParseTrunkNativeVlan = (*SwitchPortEntity).parseTrunkNativeVlan
var SwPortParseTrunkAllowedVlans = (*SwitchPortEntity).parseTrunkAllowedVlans

// BGP
var BgpParseAS = (*BGPEntity).parseAS
var BgpParseRouterID = (*BGPEntity).parseRouterID
var BgpParseMaxPaths = (*BGPEntity).parseMaxPaths
var BgpParseShutdown = (*BGPEntity).parseShutdown
var BgpParseNetworks = (*BGPEntity).parseNetworks
var BgpNeighborParsePeerGroup = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parsePeerGroup
var BgpNeighborParseRemoteAS = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseRemoteAS
var BgpNeighborParseSendCommunity = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseSendCommunity
var BgpNeighborParseShutdown = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseShutdown
var BgpNeighborParseDescription = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseDescription
var BgpNeighborParseNextHopSelf = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseNextHopSelf
var BgpNeighborParseRouteMapIn = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseRouteMapIn
var BgpNeighborParseRouteMapOut = (*BgpNeighborsEntity).parseRouteMapOut

// STP
var STPIntfParseBPDUGuard = (*STPInterfaceEntity).parseBPDUGuard
var STPIntfParsePortFast = (*STPInterfaceEntity).parsePortfast
var STPIntfParsePortFastType = (*STPInterfaceEntity).parsePortfastType

// Interface

var BaseInterfaceParseShutdown = (*BaseInterfaceEntity).parseShutdown
var BaseInterfaceParseDescription = (*BaseInterfaceEntity).parseDescription

//var EthernetParseSflow = (*EthernetInterfaceEntity).parseSflow
//var EthernetParseFlowControlSend = (*EthernetInterfaceEntity).parseFlowControlSend
//var EthernetParseFlowControlReceive = (*EthernetInterfaceEntity).parseFlowControlReceive

var PortChannelParseMinimumLinks = (*PortChannelInterfaceEntity).parseMinimumLinks
var PortChannelGetMembers = (*PortChannelInterfaceEntity).getMembers
var PortChannelGetLacpMode = (*PortChannelInterfaceEntity).getLacpMode

var VxlanParseSourceInterface = (*VxlanInterfaceEntity).parseSourceInterface
var VxlanParseMulticastGroup = (*VxlanInterfaceEntity).parseMulticastGroup
var VxlanParseUDPPort = (*VxlanInterfaceEntity).parseUDPPort
var VxlanParseVlans = (*VxlanInterfaceEntity).parseVlans
var VxlanParseFloodList = (*VxlanInterfaceEntity).parseFloodList

const checkMark = "\u2713"
const xMark = "\u2717"

/*
 ****************************************************************************
 *
 * DummyEapiConnection is a Dummy connection object that adheres to the
 * EapiConnection Inteface. The Execute() method below (currently) returns
 * a non-error with allocated JSONRPCResponse so the upper layer API can
 * be tested. Commands received by this DummyConnection are cached and retreived
 * to compare to what would be sent.
 *
 * Note:
 *		Execute() clears the the previous cached list of commands and replaces
 *		with current command list.
 *
 ****************************************************************************
 */
type DummyEapiConnection struct {
	goeapi.EapiConnection
	Commands []interface{}
	retError bool
}

func NewDummyEapiConnection(transport string, host string, username string,
	password string, port int) *DummyEapiConnection {
	conn := goeapi.EapiConnection{}
	return &DummyEapiConnection{EapiConnection: conn, retError: false}
}

func (conn *DummyEapiConnection) Execute(commands []interface{},
	encoding string) (*goeapi.JSONRPCResponse, error) {
	if conn.retError {
		conn.retError = false
		err := fmt.Errorf("Mock Error")
		conn.SetError(err)
		return &goeapi.JSONRPCResponse{}, err
	}
	conn.ClearError()
	conn.Commands = nil
	conn.Commands = append(conn.Commands, commands...)
	resp := &goeapi.JSONRPCResponse{
		Result: make([]map[string]interface{}, len(commands)),
	}

	if encoding == "json" {
		return resp, nil
	}

	for idx := range resp.Result {
		resp.Result[idx] = make(map[string]interface{})
		resp.Result[idx]["output"] = ""
	}

	if encoding == "text" && len(commands) >= 2 &&
		(commands[1] == "show running-config all" ||
			commands[1] == "show startup-config") {
		resp.Result[1]["output"] = LoadFixtureFile("running_config.text")
	}

	return resp, nil
}

func (conn *DummyEapiConnection) setReturnError(enable bool) {
	conn.retError = enable
}

func (conn *DummyEapiConnection) decodeJSONFile(r io.Reader) *goeapi.JSONRPCResponse {
	dec := json.NewDecoder(r)
	var v goeapi.JSONRPCResponse
	if err := dec.Decode(&v); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return &v
}

// Retreive the cached list of commands from the connection.
func (conn *DummyEapiConnection) GetCommands() []interface{} {
	return conn.Commands
}

var runConf string
var duts []*goeapi.Node
var dummyNode *goeapi.Node
var dummyConnection *DummyEapiConnection

func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
	fmt.Println("Export_test.go")
	runConf = GetFixture("running_config.text")
	goeapi.LoadConfig(GetFixture("dut.conf"))
	conns := goeapi.Connections()
	fmt.Println("Connections: ", conns)
	for _, name := range conns {
		if name != "localhost" {
			node, _ := goeapi.ConnectTo(name)
			duts = append(duts, node)
		}
	}

	// Create a Node with a DummyConnection to be used in
	// UnitTests.
	dummyConnection = NewDummyEapiConnection("", "", "", "", 0)
	dummyNode = &goeapi.Node{}
	dummyNode.SetAutoRefresh(true)
	dummyNode.SetConnection(dummyConnection)

	//
	os.Exit(m.Run())
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Search in titles only Search in Air/Rail Links only
Growing Edmonton
Air/Rail Links
Edmonton Air Cargo News
rockyinjapan
First One is Always Free
Hi all, again new to the posting in here bit ran across this while doing some research for bringing business back to Alberta.
When an airport in the oil-rich province of Alberta, Canada, wanted to improve its cargo operations, it turned to the freight community.
So far, Edmonton International Airport has invested 25.5 million euros (US$33.8 million) in enhancing its cargo side, including building the Cargo Village. The Cargo Village includes places for Customs, freight forwarders, air carriers, logistics and warehousing – and it already has buildings running at full capacity.
"Our reason for being is to serve as a catalyst for the economic prosperity of the region we're responsible for," Norm Richard, director of air service development at the airport, says.
That's why when the airport wanted to know what exporting challenges Alberta faces, it went to the Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association (CIFFA), Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters and the Canadian Association of Importers and Exporters.
The airport also did a series of focus groups with about 100 executives from Alberta's exporting community.
"It was very clear from the exporting and shipping community of Alberta, particularly in central and northern Alberta, that improvements in air cargo capacity out of the Edmonton International Airport was seen to be a critical component of their growth," Richard says. "So for us, it's about facilitating what needs to be done in terms of what we call the demand side – which is in fact the manufacturers and exporters – with the supply side, which is of course the air carriers and other intermodal carriers handling cargo."
Though Edmonton Airport is in the early stages of cargo development, it is already reaping the benefits of its expansion. The airport has had three years of consecutive growth in cargo. From January to August, the airport's cargo has grown by 6 percent. Edmonton Airport ships 40,000 tonnes annually.
The investment in the airport is expected to continue annually until 2020, Richard says.
"On it's own, it's not one of the leading airports in terms of volumes in the country by any stretch, but where we are positioned and what we are targeting towards is consistent growth from here right through to 2020," he says. "It's something we work very hard on, but in honesty, it's coming as a result of the work that we're doing with our community, the cargo community."
- See more at: http://bit.ly/19PXf8Q
If anyone knows of people involved in the following areas:
Sample Product Testing
Target Market Reporting (Edmonton/Canada/North America)
Trade Show Set Up and Assistance
Online and SEO Marketing
You can DM me.
TerryH
C2E Hard Core Contributor
CIFFA, Edmonton Airport Roads, Rails, Runways conference looks at growth opportunitie
"EDMONTON, Alta.--The Roads, Rails and Runways conference, hosted by Edmonton and International Airport and the Canadian International Freight Forwarders Association (CIFFA), launched today in Edmonton at the Radisson South, complete with seminar sessions, airport tours and a flyover of the oil sands near Fort McMurray for interested participants.
In her opening address, Ruth Snowden, Executive Director of CIFFA, noted that the association's mission statement is to represent and support members based on three founding pillars of advocacy, membership and education.
"When we look back at the years since we were founded in 1948 who knew we would now be lobbying government on behalf of freight forwarders?" commented Snowden."
http://www.ctl.ca/news/ciffa-edmonto...es/1002618873/
I imagine it's probably over but still wanted to post it.
I'd rather C2E than work!
Edmonton-area CEO a finalist for the Canadian Women Entrepreneur Awards
AOG will be one of the first tenants in the airport's Cargo Village, now under construction, and is one of the fastest-growing freight-forwarding companies in Canada with 28 per cent growth in 2012.
http://www.edmontonjournal.com/busin...001/story.html
"Canada is the only country in the world that knows how to live without an identity,"-Marshall McLuhan
C2E Continued Contributor
DHL has added a new Mon to Friday 767-200F flight from CVG to both YEG and YYC.
JustYeggin
C2E Posting Power
^ Currently, the DHL plane runs from YYC to CVG. The YEG-YYC is a connector flight.
So glad to see, DHL expanding in our market.
I wonder why UPS wouldn't do the same. The UPS plane currently runs the following route: Louisville - Sioux Falls - Calgary - Sioux Falls - Louisville.
^^^ Same plane service, the 767 sits for the day at YEG before turning back to YYC and CVG in the evening.
McBoo
However the 767 is routed - just means yet another airline has found opportunity in Edmonton.
... gobsmacked
Hilman
C2E Stole my Heart!!!!
Tweet from EIA Cargo:
#DHL B767F getting ready for departure to Cincinnati #CVG from @FlyEIA!
https://twitter.com/FlyEIACargo/stat...182912/photo/1
IdriveaSubaru
Magnoblade
Saw the dhl plane on the webcam sitting at a gate not too sure why it would be parked there though.
edmonton daily photo
C2E DNA
^ off loading secret Canadian political prisoners.... DHL they will ship anything.
"Do you give people who already use transit a better service, or do you build it where they don't use it in the hopes they might start to use it?" Nenshi
ctzn-Ed
The paint job is kind of gawdy, but at the same time, i kind of like it.
" The strength of a man is in the stride he walks."
^ you don't see to many full body paint jobs anymore.... too much weight.
(I'm not joking)
Originally posted by ctzn-Ed View Post
Being,err, of a certain age, I immeditaley thought, oooh, CHED sunspot.
Possibly there was an "event" at the main terminal - so needed to park at a gate where the crew could get off/back on?
there was this great paint job...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The damselflies of the genus Polythore are distributed from Venezuela to Bolivia in the Andes and Amazon basin. Twenty-one species are currently described, and the character used most in species description are their vibrant wing colors.


I have been a customer of Carbone plumbing for many years. No matter which service technician comes here, they are always reliable, efficient and professional. No matter if it's day or night, weekday or weekend, Steve always makes sure his customers are well taken care of. If you want a job done right and immediate, call S. B. Carbone Plumbing.
As you know, the success of any company is integrity, honesty, quality and people. An unpleasant experience with a repair person can lead to loss of business even when all other factors are positive. Being in the service industry myself, I would like to acknowledge the prompt attention, fair pricing and in short, the comprehensive job they completed in my home. Thank you again.
I have had Steve come to my plumbing rescue many times..always fast, efficient and reasonably priced! Highly recommended.
The Best. Always there when you need them. Responsive, professional and reasonably priced for high caliber service.
Could not ask for a more pleasant experience. Angelo came when he said he would (thought he was only going to give me a quote) but did the work that day. Fast, professional and a real nice guy. Knew what he was doing. I have used Steve Carbone in the past, would use them again as needed.
We obtained several estimates but selected Steve Carbone because of the time and care he spent surveying our existing boiler and home and talking with us before determining what we needed and giving us an estimate that we thought was good for the work he planned to do. He also was able to start the job within a reasonable amount of time during this busy winter season which was important to us. I ask a lot of questions and Steve Carbone was willing to answer everything to our satisfaction. The two men he sent to install the boiler were experts in the area of gas boilers having done this type of work for many years. They were hardworking and professional. They were very thorough and made sure that everything was working appropriately before leaving. Steve Carbone was also on site frequently ensuring that the installation was going as planned. Happily the boiler is working well now, just in time for the cold weather we are having. Thank you, Steve, Pat, and Juan. I will definitely recommend you to others for this service.
- Stephen and Linda I.
Fast courteous and made everything seem simple. I have used their services for over 9 years and have never had a problem!!! They are very good.
Carbone Plumbing & Heating is the BEST!!! We own a rental property in RI and live across the country in CA. When our water heater needed to be replaced Angelo and Steve Carbone went above and beyond to coordinate the repair with our home warranty company. They were patient with the warranty company's slow communication and best of all they followed through and didn't just disappear as some service providers often do if a job becomes a bit of a hassle. Throughout the whole process they were professional and courteous and assured me that they would get the job done. I highly recommend SB Carbone Plumbing & Heating!!!!!
Carbone plumbers consulted with me on what kind of hot-water heater I wanted, provided, delivered, and installed it. They also removed and disposed of my old tank, which was past its warranty expiration date, but had not yet become defective; by which I mean it was not leaking yet. A Carbone plumber came at the agreed upon date and time, was friendly and polite, did the work quickly and efficiently, and cleaned up after himself. He took the time to answer all of my questions. The water heater works as it should. What more could anyone want!
I have used Carbone Plumbing & Heating a number of times over the past 15 years on a variety of different types of jobs. I cannot recall the dates of the individual jobs nor can I recall the prices. Carbone is not inexpensive but his work is always of the highest quality. One major project several years ago performed by Carbone involved the replacement of all old water pipes in the basement of my home that were becoming clogged with scale. The old pipes were removed and replaced with copper piping, a job that was done with top professionalism, quickly with minimum inconvenience, on the schedule provided, cleanly, and for what I concluded at the time was a reasonable price. Another project last year involved the replacement of a cast-iron sanitary drain pipe that had rotted through. This job was scheduled by Carbone within one day after we discovered the problem and called him; completed quickly with a minimum of wall demolition (the drain pipe was in the wall); professionally and expertly; no mess was left behind and for a reasonable price (I cannot remember the price but that was my clear impression). He has installed our water heater and faucets. He has provided roto-rooting service and most recently, Carbone identified the source of a leak that ruined a ceiling and repaired the faulty toilet that caused the problem. We have never had any problems as a result of any of the work performed by Carbone. In fact, all of the plumbing repairs and/or installations made by the firm have always functioned perfectly. We regard Carbone as highly professional, extremely reliable and trustworthy. He responds promptly and his plumbers are professional, knowledgeable, very competent and efficient. We would not use any other company for our plumbing or heating needs.
S B Carbone is a 'traditional' plumbing organization that holds to tried and true technology. Not necessarily one to embrace new methods and products: ie prefers copper to 'pex'. However, that said we have used their services for 10 years and the work has always been completely satisfactory and serviceable. Last year the water heater that rusted out prematurely due to a manufacturing issue was replaced without question and with no charge to us for the product. Their response time has always been prompt and that is no small consideration when your basement is filling up with water!
I needed to have a gas clothes dryer connected, which also required having the existing gas line extended to the laundry area of the basement. After receiving a quote from another company that left me laughing them out the door, I called SB Carbone and they quoted me over the phone about what it would run. It was significantly less, so I had them do the job. The guys who came out were very polite and explained what they'd be doing and with what materials, then went to work. When all was said and done, the job site was clean, my dryer was connected and they'd even patched up the exhaust tube the movers had ripped when they'd disconnected it from my previous house.
I'll absolutely use them in the future.
When my water heater failed, it was still under limited warranty so I disconnected it myself and exchanged it for a replacement. I called Carbone beforehand to get a quote on connecting the new one, and the owner gave me tips on how to disconnect the old one (saving me the money of having them do it), which was nice. When I was ready, they showed up within a very reasonable time frame and performed the work promptly and well for exactly the amount quoted.
They came to our house as soon as possible after we called them. They had the problem taken care of in a very short time. They always seem to do a good job for us and we have used them for over four years.
Bill arrived right on time and went right to work. He explained what he was going to do for me. I found him courteous and very professional and would use this company again. He also gave me different scenarios for installing heating system for my house, since my radiant pipes ended up leaking in the floor. Walked me through the home showing me how they would install baseboard if that is the way I was going to go.


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I always leave one bullet, either for myself or for my enemy.
Mission Impossible 2, we would have had a much better movie. Now, some folks might be able to dig into the Killer and see that it is nothing more than a typical cop movie, but the fact that it never tries to be anything more is what sets it apart. The movie isn't here to win awards for originality or story or even acting. It is here to show two guys kill about half of Hong Kong wearing pretty white sweat suits. There is a touch of story that mainly deals with cops and killers and their common code of honor, but luckily we aren't ever given enough time to think about this before something explodes and our heroes go crazy, shooting folks with two guns in slow motion. This movie defines two very important rules for action movies. First, the before mentioned 14 minute rule. Second, there should be at least one shot of our hero shooting with two guns in slow motion.
There have been at least two DVD releases of The Killer. The first one I purchased was a Criterion version which is now out of print and runs for three figures on Ebay. The second version just came out and has just about all the same features except for the directors commentary track. Both version are non-anamorphic and only in mono. To be honest, this gives the film a somewhat bootleg like feel that actually adds to the nostalgia. Still, it would be great to get a 16x9 enhanced picture or Dolby Digital sound.
John Woo's The Killer is the de facto standard for all action movies. You will notice a lot of his trademarks in just about every gunslinging action movie today including Lethal Weapon 4, Desperado and Blade. Woo is just about fully responsible for converting old clunky action movies into the blood operas they are today. He should be known as a hero to the industry.


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What Point Should I Hire a Criminal Defense Attorney?
Not many people know when to hire a criminal defense attorney Athens GA This is actually bad for people who are going to need such services. Ideally, it would be nice to have an attorney from the moment you get arrested. But, the best thing to do is to prepare yourself from possible circumstances.


text:
Home » News » EIROforum – renewing facilities for a bright research future
EIROforum – renewing facilities for a bright research future
The eight EIROforum research organisations are all in the vanguard of their respective fields, and constantly innovating in order to stay there. All are currently engaged in preparing new facilities or upgrading existing ones to ensure a bright future for European research in the coming decades. This article takes a look at the range of work going on around the labs.
CERN's newest accelerator, LINAC4, began commissioning in August 2020 as part of the LHC Injectors Upgrade, LIU, project (Credit: Andrew Hara/CERN).
CERN is one of the world's leading laboratories for particle physics. At CERN, physicists and engineers probe the basic structure of matter. To do this, they use large and complex scientific instruments, particle accelerators and detectors, to study fundamental particles, the building blocks of matter, and the forces that shape the universe.
After the spectacular discovery of the Higgs Boson at CERN in 2012, the laboratory's flagship facility, the Large Hadron Collider, LHC, has not been idle. Since that discovery, the LHC's second run delivered over an order of magnitude more data than the first, allowing its experiments to probe the Higgs Boson's properties in detail and explore new avenues in the search for new physics.
Some of the most promising signals for new physics are linked to extremely rare processes. To find those, scientists need to accumulate as much data as possible: the more data, the more likely that rare phenomena will appear. To that end, CERN is preparing the High-Luminosity LHC, HL-LHC, which will increase the total number of collisions the experiments observe by a factor of 10.
Scheduled to begin in 2027, preparations for HL-LHC are already in full-swing. In 2019 and 2020, the full chain of accelerators upstream of the LHC is being upgraded through the LHC Injectors Upgrade, LIU, project to provide higher intensity beams for HL-LHC. This includes commissioning a brand-new linear accelerator, LINAC4, and upgrading facilities, some of which have been in operation since 1959. In parallel, the LHC detectors are also being upgraded to handle the coming data deluge. At CERN, Europe is also leading detector developments for accelerator-based neutrino experiments in the US and Japan.
CERN's accelerator chain will come back into operation starting in 2021, enabling a range of research to begin at new or upgraded facilities such as ELENA, which will provide intense beams of low-energy antiparticles. LHC physics will resume operation in 2022, with one more long shutdown to ready the LHC itself for high-luminosity running. Looking further ahead, CERN is engaged in studies for potential future electron and proton facilities to follow the LHC after 2040.
When it opens its doors in 2021, EMBL's new EMBL Imaging Centre will give researchers access to the most modern microscopy technologies available (Credit: Heidelberg/Render Vision, gerstner architekten)
The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is Europe's only intergovernmental organisation for life science research. Established to advance the study of molecular biology across Europe, to nurture young talent, new ideas, and technologies, EMBL is constantly evolving and innovating. EMBL undertakes pioneering research and provides cutting-edge biological services and infrastructures that are essential for European science.
All six EMBL sites have essential and complex improvement or expansion plans, responding to growth in their scientific activities or innovations. The EMBL Barcelona site continues to develop and expand, and now hosts five research groups exploring how tissues and organs function and develop in health and disease.
EMBL's European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, in Hinxton is enhancing its technical infrastructure supported by funding from UK Research and Innovation, UKRI. This new programme will support EMBL-EBI's existing and emerging biomolecular data resources, including in areas of major interest, such as genomics and bioimaging. EMBL Hamburg participates in the PETRA IV upgrade to the DESY laboratory's veteran synchrotron, allowing PETRA to become a high-resolution 3D X-ray microscope, offering outstanding research prospects for cutting-edge nanoscience and materials science.
The development of the EMBL Heidelberg site continues with the construction of EMBL's Imaging Centre: a dedicated user facility for world-class high-resolution microscopy, due to open its doors in 2021. EMBL Grenoble is looking into a possible extension of its cryo-EM facilities. At EMBL Rome, a large refurbishment of the site is being prepared: major facilities supporting the site's neurobiology and epigenetics research have been or are currently being upgraded.
The upgrades are essential enablers of EMBL's ambitious next five-year Programme, due to start in 2022, which seeks to build on existing strengths and expertise to expand into new research areas. By seeking to better understand life in its natural environments, the next Programme will contribute to European efforts to address urgent societal challenges, such as the breakdown of biological diversity, the impact of climate change, the spread in antibiotic resistance, or the emergence of infectious diseases such as the current pandemic.
Artist's view of the configuration of Ariane 6 using four boosters (A64) (Credit: ESA – D. Ducros)
The European Space Agency provides independent access to space for Europe. It explores the Solar System, the distant Universe and fundamental physics. It monitors climate change, and drives development of new space technologies for a sustainable use of space, strengthening European economy.
ESA operates some two dozen spacecraft gathering scientific data and monitoring Earth, as well as an extensive ground infrastructure including control facilities, spacecraft communication antennas and Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.
In space and Solar System research, Solar Orbiter has opened a new chapter in solar and heliophysics. Juice (to be launched in 2022) will explore Jupiter's icy moons and their potential to host life; past or present life on Mars is a key subject for the Rosalind Franklin rover (launch 2022), and ESA is participating in a future ambitious Mars sample return mission. Launched in 2019, Cheops will be joined by Plato and Ariel to form ESA's leading extrasolar planet programme. The cosmology mission Euclid (launch 2022) will focus on the elusive 'dark matter' and 'dark energy'. Future missions Athena and LISA will address fundamental physics through X-rays and gravitational waves. ESA is a partner in the James Webb Space Telescope.
Together with international partners, ESA contributes to the permanent human presence on the International Space Station and to future human lunar exploration through the Artemis programme.
Through its world-leading Earth Observation programme, in partnership with the European Union's Copernicus programme, ESA remains committed to understanding our planet and mitigating the climate crisis. The regularly updated Sentinel fleet and other Earth-observing spacecraft provide high-quality data on sea levels, soil moisture, melting of glaciers and wind patterns.
Development of next-generation technology is also under way for satellite navigation, another staple of ESA-EU collaboration. Already the current Galileo constellation, jointly with the EGNOS system, delivers the world's foremost accuracy – and drives innovation in public infrastructure and industrial applications.
ESA's Ariane programme has been leading Europe to the forefront of space transportation for over 40 years. ESA is advancing space transportation technology with the flexible Ariane 6 and Vega launchers, and is developing reusable technology, such as the Prometheus rocket engine and the Space Rider spaceplane. CleanSpace-1 (for launch in the mid-2020s) will pioneer the removal of debris from orbit.
Artist's rendering of ESO's future Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) in operation (Credit: ESO/L. Calçada)
ESO, the European Southern Observatory, was established in 1962 to build world-class facilities for astronomical research and currently operates three sites in Northern Chile.
La Silla, ESO's first observatory, produces exciting research, especially on extrasolar planets. HARPS, one of the most successful planet finders in the world, whose construction was led by the Geneva Observatory team awarded with the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics, will soon be joined by NIRPS, extending the capabilities for exoplanet research to the near-infrared.
Paranal Observatory, the most productive ground-based observatory for visible and near-infrared astronomy in the world, hosts the Very Large Telescope (VLT), composed of four 8m-class telescopes. The VLT is equipped with state-of-the-art instruments, including ESPRESSO. This spectrograph is the first capable of combining the light of the four units of the VLT acting as if it were fed by a single 16-meter telescope. The GRAVITY instrument has obtained the best evidence so far of a supermassive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy. VLT capabilities will be further enhanced in the near future with new instruments.
Two major facilities will be added to ESO's Paranal Observatory over the next decade. ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), under construction on Armazones near Paranal, will be the largest optical/near-infrared telescope in the world. The ELT will revolutionise our perception of the Universe. It will allow astronomers to track down and study Earth-like planets around other stars, where life could exist. It will also probe the furthest reaches of the cosmos, unravelling the secrets of the very first galaxies and the nature of the dark Universe. The second facility under construction at Paranal is the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA-S). Built by an international collaboration and operated by ESO, will be the most sensitive ground-based facility for very high energy astrophysics.
In addition, ESO is part of ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), a collaboration with North America and Eastern Asia operating an array of microwave antennas yielding high sensitivity and angular resolution. ALMA , at around 5000m above sea level, was adapted to become the main element of the Event Horizon Telescope, which in 2019 published the first image of the shadow of a supermassive black hole.
A view inside the new ESRf-EBS storage ring, the first high-energy 4th-generation synchrotron (Credit: ESRF/stef Candé)
The ESRF is a centre of excellence for fundamental and innovation-driven research in condensed and living matter science, providing the international scientific community with unique opportunities to tackle global societal challenges. Thirty years ago, the ESRF made history with the first third-generation synchrotron light source. Today, thanks to the support of its 22 partner countries, the ESRF continues to pioneering synchrotron science with a major upgrade project called Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS), that aims to open a brand-new generation of high-energy synchrotron in August 2020.
EBS is a 150 M€ ESRF upgrade programme over 2015-2022, highlighted as a landmark in the ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) roadmap and centred around the construction of a brand-new synchrotron source, based on a brand-new storage ring concept fully developed at the ESRF. State-of-the-art beamlines, an advanced instrumentation programme and a data-management implementation plan – required for the efficient exploitation of the new source – complement the programme.
EBS will be the world's first high-energy fourth-generation synchrotron, with X-ray performance increased by a factor of 100 compared to previous parameters. EBS relies on an important number of key innovative technologies and solves a decades-long puzzle for the implementation of stable and highly performing diffraction-limited high-energy storage rings. EBS programme aims to ensure ESRF remains a pioneer in synchrotron science for the decades to come, efficiently re-uses 90% of previously existing infrastructure, and addresses best practices to lower the ESRF carbon footprint. The new and original EBS concept is based on a Hybrid Multiple Bend Achromat (HMBA) lattice design, which is now paving the way to a new generation of synchrotrons worldwide.
The enhanced X-ray performances of EBS will provide the international scientific community with new tools for the investigation of materials and living matter from the macroscopic world down to the nanometre scale, and to the direct imaging of conglomerates of a few atoms. It will thus allow scientists to probe complex materials in greater detail, with higher quality, and much faster, sparking new research opportunities in fields such as health, energy, environment, new sustainable and innovative materials, but also cultural heritage and palaeontology.
Photon beamlines and photon diagnostics components. (Credit: European XFEL)
The world's largest X-ray free-electron laser, the European XFEL, provides excellent research opportunities, scientific infrastructure and service to the international user community and enables researchers from across the globe to explore the most intricate details of our world. By advancing the frontiers of our knowledge in a wide range of areas, the European XFEL contributes to fundamental science and to solving important societal challenges.
The European XFEL currently has six instruments that are operational, and additional ones are being planned. As a Free Electron Laser (FEL), the European XFEL is unique in that parallel operation at a high X-ray pulse repetition rate of all beamlines is possible. This means that more experiments and users can be accommodated than at any other FEL facility. The unprecedented high repetition rate of X-ray pulses which is based on the superconducting linear accelerator technology also means that more data can be collected in a shorter period of time.
Instrument capabilities are continually improving and expanding, and more time is being made available for user experiments. The European XFEL accelerator can provide 27. 000 X-ray pulses per second and this capability will be available for experiments in 2021. Like other EIROforum organisations, European XFEL is pushing the technological limit in terms of data transfer, storage, on- and off-line analysis.
European XFEL is also dedicated to welcoming a wider community of new users. From pre-submission support through set-up and analysis, user support protocols and systems are being refined, automatized and extended to ensure that both new and experienced users get the most out of their time at the facility.
Assembly of JT-60SA completed. This will be the most powerful superconducting tokamak until ITER is operational. It results from the successful partnership between Europe and Japan (Credit: F4E)
The EUROfusion programme supports and funds fusion research activities on behalf of the European Commission's Euratom programme. All scientific research and technology development adheres to the European Research Roadmap to the Realisation of Fusion Energy and supports the programme's goal of making safe, low-carbon commercially-viable fusion electricity energy a reality for future generations.
30 research institutes, eight European fusion devices, 4,000 scientists and 1,000 Masters and PhD students at over 150 universities are all part of EUROfusion. EUROfusion's flagship device is JET, the Joint European Torus, which is housed at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, near Oxford, UK. JET is currently preparing for Deuterium-Tritium (DT) experiments – the fusion fuel for ITER – scheduled for mid-2021.
Under the Broader Approach Agreement, the joint project between Japan and Europe to upgrade the JT-60SA experimental fusion device located in Naka, Japan is nearing completion. Upon realising its first plasma in early 2021, JT60-SA will be the most powerful tokamak in the world until ITER begins operation thanks in part to its new superconducting coils. EUROfusion will participate in the shared scientific exploitation of JT-60SA, which will be used to study advanced modes of plasma operation.
In step with its sister organisation Fusion for Energy – the EU agency responsible for the European contribution to ITER – EUROfusion is currently focused on preparing for the future exploitation of the ITER research facility currently under construction in Cadarache, France. Together with F4E and industry, EUROfusion's plan is to leverage the findings of ITER into DEMO – a European demonstration fusion power plant.
EUROfusion and F4E are also collaboratively laying the groundwork for IFMIF-DONES, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility – Demo Oriented NEutron Source. This materials research facility will be built in Granada, Spain, and will test reactor materials under realistic fusion conditions.
The Institut Laue-Langevin, the leading global player in the provision of neutrons for society (Credit: Cedrine Tresca)
The Institut Max von Laue – Paul Langevin (ILL), the world's flagship centre for neutron science, has maintained its international leadership by paying constant attention to its capacity for innovative engineering and the construction of ever more powerful instrumentation. The ILL provides scientists with a very high flux of neutrons feeding some 40 state-of-the-art instruments, which are constantly being developed and upgraded.
The latest upgrade programme 'Endurance' started in 2016 and is on-going with an additional injection of by the ILL associates and regional funds in 2018 and through the funding in 2019 of Endurance2, allowing additional upgrade projects to be rolled out.
The selection process by the ILL and its partners has resulted in a plan for Endurance2 that breaks down into three different packages, to be deployed between 2019 and 2023. This new programme will ensure even better performance from the instruments, enhancing the quality of the research users are producing with ILL's neutrons. It is an ambitious programme that will require careful planning to ensure that the new instrument and critical infrastructure construction schedules are coordinated with the reactor operating cycles in order to guarantee an uninterrupted supply of neutrons to the existing instruments.
On average, it is estimated that each project will lead to a factor 10 improvement on each instrument. Performance gains can affect capacity (e.g. flux) and capability. The public imaging instrument, the first of its kind at ILL, which will be created by the IM2020-NeXT project, will provide new capability at ILL. The very high, continuous flux at the ILL will provide world-leading capability in imaging. The performance of the experimental programme at the ILL is influenced by a broader range of factors, including sample environment and data treatment. Both are addressed by Endurance through the New Standards for Sample Environment, NESSE, and Better Analysis Software to Treat ILL Experiments, BASTILLE, initiatives.
EIROforum statement on UNESCO World Science Day for Peace and Development 2020
ILL takes over the rotating presidency of EIROforum


text:
Ullswater, early morning
England, Australia
18 Feb 1767 – 09 Dec 1849
Ullswater from Patterdale
78.5 x 115.5 cm stretcher; 97.0 x 137.5 x 12.5 cm frame
Not signed. Not dated.
Grand Courts
Shown in 7 exhibitions
The second exhibition of the Society of British artists, Royal Society of British Artists, London, 1825–1825
British Institution Spring exhibition (1825), British Institution, London, 1825–1825
Three years on: acquisitions 1978-81, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 15 Oct 1981–01 Dec 1981
John Glover and the Colonial Picturesque, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, 27 Nov 2003–01 Feb 2004
John Glover and the Colonial Picturesque, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide, 19 Feb 2004–12 Apr 2004
John Glover and the Colonial Picturesque, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 24 Apr 2004–18 Jul 2004
John Glover and the Colonial Picturesque, Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia, Melbourne, 13 Aug 2004–03 Oct 2004
Constable: Impressions of land, sea and sky, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, 03 Mar 2006–12 Jun 2006
European Old Masters 16th-19th Century from the Art Gallery of New South Wales, Hazelhurst Arts Centre, , 28 Sep 2017–03 Dec 2017
Grand Courts Collection Rehang, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Nov 2021–2025
Referenced in 14 publications
John McPhee. Australian Collection 1., Art Gallery of New South Wales collection series , 'John Glover: Ullswater from Patterdale', Sydney, 1981, colour illus..
Edmund Capon AM, OBE, I blame Duchamp: my life's adventures in art , 'John Bull and the Little Boy at Manly', pg. 321-333, Sydney, 2009, 327, 328.
Renée Free, Art Gallery of New South Wales catalogue of British paintings , Sydney, 1987, 69 (illus.).
Algernon Graves (Compilator), The British Institution 1806-1867: a complete dictionary of contributors and their work from the foundation of the Institution , 'Exhibitors at the British Institution', Bath, 1969 {reprint}. Under GLOVER, John: 1825. 342 'Ulswater; early morning', 3.6 x 4.9
Anna Gray and John Gage, Constable: impressions of land, sea and sky , Canberra, 2006, 313 (colour illus.). cat.no. A3
David Hansen, John Glover and the Colonial Picturesque , Hobart, 2003, 47 (colour illus.), 172, 180 (colour illus.). cat.no. 48; titled 'Ullswater, early Morning'; dated c.1824
Julia Horne, The pursuit of wonder , Carlton, 2005, 39 (colour illus.).
Terry Ingham, The Australian financial review , 'Saleroom', Sydney, 09 Aug 1979, 17 (illus.).
Barry Pearce, Three years on: a selection of acquisitions 1978-1981 , 'Australian Art', pg. 5-26, Sydney, 1981, 14 (colour illus.). cat.no. 16
Phillips International Auctioneers and Valuers, Catalogue of the late Lord Northwick's Extensive and Magnificent Collection of Ancient and Modern Pictures, cabinet of Miniatures and Enamels. And other Choice Works of Art, and the Furniture, Plate, Wines, and Effects, at Thirlstane House, Cheltenham , London, 1859. probably lot no. 1154, 'View of Ulswater - morning'
Michael Rosenthal, The Burlington Magazine , 'John Glover: Hobart and Adelaide', pg. 289-290, London, Apr 2004, 290 (colour illus.). Review of the John Glover retrospective organised by the TMAG.
Anne Ryan, Australian art: in the Art Gallery of New South Wales , 'Colonial eyes', pg. 17-18, Sydney, 2000, 18, 22 (colour illus.), 300.
Unknown, Sunday Times Culture , 24 Sep 2006, (illus.).
Hours in Lord Northwick's Picture Galleries: being a catalogue with critical and descriptive notices of some of the principal paintings in the Thirlestane House collection, Cheltenham , London, 1854. probably cat.no. 705, 'View of Ulswater [sic]: Morning'
British Institution, 1825, London/England, Most likely exhibited at the Spring Exhibition held at the British Institution in 1825, cat.no. 342, 'Ulswater; early morning', 3.6 x 4.9
John Rushout, 2nd Lord Northwick, pre 1854-1859, Cheltenham/Gloucestershire/England, Described in the catalogue 'Hours in Lord Northwick's picture gallery: being a catalogue with critical and descriptive notices of some of the principal paintings in the Thirlestaine House collection, Cheltenham', published by Henry Davies, Montpellier Library & Hall and Virtue, London, 1854: 705. 'View of Ulswater [sic]: Morning'. Glover. This and No. 713 form a pair. They are accurate deliniations of the scenery represented, with its atmosphere of lights and shadows forthfully preserved - the treatment and manner quite in the style of this once popular artist.
Phillips International Auctioneers and Valuers, 26 Jul 1859-16 Aug 1859, Cheltenham/Gloucestershire/England, Sold through Phillips International Auctioneers and Valuers at the sale 'Catalogue of the late Lord Northwick's Extensive and Magnificent Collection of Ancient and Modern Pictures', at Thirlstaine House, Cheltenham, held 26 July - 16 August 1859, lot no. 1154 'View of Ulswater - morning', to Sir Thomas Phillips, Worcester.
Thomas Phillips, post 16 Aug 1859-pre 1872, Cheltenham/Gloucestershire/England, Purchased by Sir Thomas Phillips from the sale 'Catalogue of the late Lord Northwick's Extensive and Magnificent Collection of Ancient and Modern Pictures', through Phillips International Auctioneers and Valuers at Thirlstaine House, Cheltenham, held 26 July - 16 August 1959, lot no. 1154. Possibly sold at at auction 'Pictures at Middle Hill, 1862' through Phillips International Auctioneers and Valuers, held at Middle Hill, Worcester, 1862, lot no. 40. Sir Thomas's estate of Middle Hill was a modest late 18th-century house situated near Broadway, Worcester, and was Phillipps's home from early childhood until 1863, when an escalating feud with his son-in-law James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps (on whom the estate was entailed) precipitated Sir Thomas's removal to Thirlstaine House, Cheltenham.
James McKinnon, post 1872-pre 1979, London/England, Purchased by the Art Gallery of New South Wales from James McKinnon. McKinnon was unable to provide any further information regarding provenance of the work.
Other works by John Glover
Landscape view in Cumberland John Glover circa 1820 103.2004
Group of cattle by a stream John Glover 191.1985
(A night scene: interior with figures) John Glover 192.1985
View near Llanidloes John Glover 1801 204.1975