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Will The Real Innovators Please Stand Up?
There seems to be a need for people to be more outspoken about their knowledge. Evangelists are hard to find. This seems to be especially true when it comes to innovators. It's a catch-22: the true innovators are busy innovating, while there are hack self-professed "innovators" around every corner.
I've never called myself an innovator, and I don't claim to do so in this post– get back to me later in life, when I've actually innovated to some degree. What I can say is that, ever since I started studying the diffusion of innovations and the role that design plays in a successful diffusion, I have been able to find those who claim to be innovative, those who actually innovate through design, and those who practice design thinking while ignoring the rest of the design process (this is also something I'm not crazy about either).
I'm going to try to explain design thinking and innovation to those who may be unfamiliar to the concepts. I see more and more companies opening up to certain processes and methods of ideation that skew the traditional, endless cycle of meetings.
These processes were developed and/or championed by design thinkers and designers. They are part of the reason why organizations should want to hire more designers.
While you could argue that we should be proud that more organizations are opening up to the methods we developed, the pragmatist in me (who is looking for a job as I write this, by the way) sees it in a very simple way: a Design Management degree loses value if employers and companies don't understand how that added value came from us.
Which brings me to innovation.
I recently had the displeasure of learning that somebody I've had the misfortune of meeting– who I will not name but I will certainly label as an opportunistic lizard of the likes of Grima Wormtongue from the Lord of The Rings trilogy– is now brown-nosing his way around the world by calling himself a "social innovator." This post is inspired by people like him. Sadly, he is not alone in prostituting the I-word into a buzzword used by mediocre businessmen who want to sound modern and edgy.
Innovation is a social process, not an idea or an artifact: Those are inventions and they happen a lot, but the only way they may be called innovations is if they successfully spread amongst the social set they're exposed to. By this logic, the term "social innovator" is redundant.
Innovators make up the first section of a defined set of adopter categories: Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards. As such, Innovators have to meet a specific set of characteristics when it comes to a particular invention in order to fit the bill. Yes, there are people who meet the criteria in more than one area (Steve Jobs was an innovator in terms of personal computing, animation, and entertainment content distribution; Elon Musk is an innovator in automobiles as well as electronic payments; Richard Branson is an innovator in terms of sustainability, air travel, and just about anything else he feels like doing). However, to be called an innovator, you need to be extremely consistent in your opinion leadership and influence. Most of us don't qualify. Most ironically, those who use the term in self-descriptive fashion tend to be laggards to the concept of innovations.
It's almost impossible for somebody who brags about being an innovator to actually be one: Innovators are empathetic and selfless almost by definition. One of the key traits of innovators is that they are willing to share their discoveries with others in their social circle; ego does not serve this well. "But Santiago, you just said Steve Jobs was an innovator and he was an egotistical jerk!" I disagree. Jobs was by most accounts cantankerous and demanding of his employees, and to most outside of Apple, a very private person. This makes it very hard for anyone to assess what he was and wasn't. The one thing you cannot say is that he didn't use his massive influence and exceptional communication skills to share his (and Apple's) discoveries. He understood that innovation is social and thus requires people to communicate in order to properly diffuse. Maybe he was a jerk to his employees, but I'm willing to bet that it came more from a place of wanting to share the absolute best with the world, which is where I would guess his empathy was directed.
Design and Innovation go hand in hand: Using Steve Jobs and Apple as an example here seems to be low-hanging fruit (you bet that was a pun), so I'm not going to. I'm going to focus on the role of design when it comes to solving problems and communication. The job of the designer is to find the problem, define it, and provide a solution. Depending on the area of design the designer is an expert in, the problem may manifest itself differently, as will the solution. Industrial designers use ergonomics way more than graphic designers, who in turn apply principles of typography and legibility way more than an interior designer. The whole point is that design is an aesthetic representation of solutions to problems faced by society. These solutions tend to be creative and come from applying lateral thinking in order to answer questions that have difficult answers. This process can be heartbreaking, frustrating, draining, but mostly exhilarating, because when the product is done, there is something usable in front of you, that deals with a problem, and came directly from you. Those are the inventions that tend to become innovations. Both design as well as innovation deal with finding something original from within the unknown.
It is because most people are not aware of what innovations really are that the word seems to have lost all meaning, kind of how the word "literally" now means what it originally meant as well as the direct opposite. I would be heartbroken if that were to happen to the word "innovation." This is why it is important for evangelists to share their thoughts. Those who have real value to contribute to the conversation should come forward more often and ensure that informed voices are being heard amongst all the noise.
This is a call to action. Trust me, you don't want to leave that task simply up to me.
Side note on the background image: I placed it there because of the reference made in the title of this post to Eminem's Real Slim Shady. However, I think I could successfully argue that Eminem is a bigger innovator than most people who describe themselves using that word.
Design Research, Innovation, & Management.


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Home RxTV Lifestyles & Events THE FOOD PYRAMID JUST GOT WORSE!
THE FOOD PYRAMID JUST GOT WORSE!
Published on Sunday, 15 January 2023 20:05
Dave Palumbo and John Romano are joined by Jimmy Mentis on an all-new episode of "Rips & Rants" - RXMuscle's newest show, featuring the duo of Dave Palumbo and John Romano issuing their no-nonsense takes on everything in and outside of bodybuilding.
Subscribe to the RXMuscle YouTube channel! Never miss an RX TV show, segment, or update. Sign up to become an RXMuscle.com member (free registration):http://forums.rxmuscle.com/register.php
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Posted on December 17, 2016 by Doc
Casey Affleck really knocks this one out of the park.
Manchester By the Sea could be considered a downer of a movie, and, to be fair, there are plenty of parts of this film that are depressing, but when the pieces are all brought together, this is a real somber tale of damaged people and their struggles to survive the pain of their past.
When word reached Boston handyman/janitor Lee Chandler (Casey Affleck) that his brother Joe (Kyle Chandler) had died, Lee headed back to his hometown of Manchester, a town that held devastating memories of loss for him. Discovering that Joe had left Lee as the guardian of Patrick (Lucas Hedges), his son, Lee does not know what he can do.
As he tries to get by, Lee continues to be haunted by the memories of his past, and the reason why he moved away from Manchester in the first place. He has to see his ex-wife Randi (Michelle Williams), Patrick's alcoholic mother Elsie (Gretchen Mol) and his brother's friend and partner George (CJ Wilson).
This story is a real human story. There are none of the manipulative emotional notes like those that are crammed in your face like in Collateral Beauty. The subtlety in this film is perfect and real and hits the audience hard.
Director Kenneth Lonergan is quite the storyteller as Manchester By the Sea spends much of the time using flashbacks to reveal the history of Lee and why he is acting as he is. The tragic circumstances really make you understand why Lee is the unlikable jerk that the film seems to be showing. These flashbacks are seamlessly woven into the fabric of the narrative beautifully, creating a very original feeling story.
Casey Affleck will gain many awards and nominations for his amazingly layered and complex performance in this movie. He could easily have been over the top but his acting choices creates such a rich character that he carries this film. Michelle Williams is also wonderful in a smaller role. Every time Williams is on the screen, you know something powerful is going to happen. And the connection between Lee and Patrick is strong despite actions by both characters that could damage that connection. Lucas Hedges is remarkable here, spending most of his time opposite the stellar Affleck and holding his own.
The dialogue of the film is so true that if you told me that they just filmed real people talking, I would believe it. There are no weak points in the writing of the dialogue or any other aspects of the script.
Manchester By the Sea can be a tough movie to watch because it takes you on such a roller coaster ride of emotions but it also challenges an audience to take that trip naturally, without the manipulations that many tear-jerkers try to use. It is a wonderfully performed film, with realistic dialogue and flawed characters.
← Collateral Beauty
2016 In Memoriam →


You are obligated to follow specific rules and a code of ethical conduct when using the Los Fresnos CISD network and the Internet at school. It should come as no surprise that the Internet contains material that is not appropriate for the K-12 school environment. Some material accessible via the Internet may contain content that is illegal, inaccurate, or potentially offensive to some people. You must become responsible consumers of Web-based information, just as you are with other types of resources. The Internet offers tremendous learning opportunities for you, but it is important that you first clearly understand such issues as netiquette, security, copyright, and acceptable use of network technologies.


'Charge' by CHI&Partners demonstrates the new state-of-the-art Smart Recommendation technology.
Created by Neil Clarke and Jay Phillips, and directed by Somesuch&co's award-winning promo director Romain Gavras, the epic 90" spot features a spectacular, headlong stampede of TV content. Roman Centurions and cheerleaders, police cars and helicopters, Maori Warriers and American footballers – even a whip-wielding albino Minotaur in a chariot.
The commercial ends with the stampede racing towards a man sitting on an armchair, who calmly controls the content with a hand gesture. The camera pans round to reveal that he is watching a Samsung Smart TV.
The music on the commercial is 'Run,' by Kill it Kid.
In the coming weeks, Samsung will roll out the campaign over TV, outdoor, press and online.


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La temporada de 1987 de bolo palma sería la primera en la que se disputaría la Liga Nacional de Bolos, organizada por la Federación Española de Bolos. Comenzaría el día 15 de marzo y la Federación ayudaría a sufragar parte de los desplazamientos al incluir peñas de todo el territorio nacional y no sólo cántabras como había venido ocurriendo con el Torneo Diputación. Por su parte, y a la vez que la Liga Nacional, también se disputaría la Liga Regional (Torneo Diputación).

Liga Nacional

En su primera edición contó con las siguientes peñas:
Cantabria (Éibar)
La Carmencita (Santander)
Montañesa (Ermua)
Páncar (Llanes)
La Ponderosa (San Fernando de Henares)
Puertas Roper (Maliaño)

La Peña Bolística Puertas Roper de Maliaño logró la victoria a falta de dos jornadas para la finalización del campeonato; finalizó segunda La Carmencita, y tercera La Ponderosa.

Efectos de la clasificación: la Peña Bolística Maliaño Puertas Roper se adjudicó su primer título de Liga Nacional.

Liga Regional (Torneo Diputación)

La Liga Regional, que comenzó el 4 de abril, la compusieron las siguientes doce peñas de Cantabria:
Barreda (Barreda)
La Carmencita (Santander)
Casa Sampedro (Torres)
La Cavada Textil Santanderina (La Cavada)
Comercial Gucci (Solares)
Construcciones Rotella (Torrelavega)
Darío Gutiérrez (Puente San Miguel)
Peñacastillo (Peñacastillo)
Pontejos (Pontejos)
Puertas Roper (Maliaño)
Quesos Liérganes
Textil Santanderina (Cabezón de la Sal)

La Peña Bolística Peñacastillo logró la victoria final con 43 puntos. Los santanderinos conquistaron su primer título liguero. Segunda fue La Carmencita y tercera La Cavada.

Copa Presidente de Cantabria
La Copa Presidente de Cantabria, organizada por la Federación Cántabra, se disputó entre peñas de Cantabria, venciendo en la final Puertas Roper de Maliaño a La Carmencita de Santander por un global de 8-4 en la final a doble vuelta.

La Peña Bolística Maliaño-Puertas Roper logró su segundo título consecutivo en esta competición.

Campeonato de España individual
El Campeonato de España individual, en su XLVIII edición, se jugó en Torrelavega por decimocuarta vez en la historia. Tete Rodríguez, de la Peña Bolística Construcciones Rotella, revalidó el título totalizando 666 bolos. Para Rodríguez fue su séptima victoria, después de las logradas en 1973, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1984 y 1986.

Campeonato de España por parejas
El Campeonato de España por parejas, en su XXVI edición, se jugó en Maliaño por segunda vez en la historia. Chiqui Linares y Lucas Arenal, de la Peña Bolística Maliaño Puertas Roper, se llevaron la victoria final totalizando 1257 bolos. Para la pareja fue su tercera victoria como pareja tras las logradas en 1976 y 1978; además Linares había logrado ya otras tres con pareja diferente. Sucedieron en el palmarés a Santos Ruiz y Miguel G.

Campeonato de Cantabria individual
El Campeonato de Cantabria individual, del que se celebraba su XLVII edición, se jugó en Santander por vigesimotercera vez en la historia y terminó con victoria de Chiqui Linares, de la Peña Bolística Puertas Roper, totalizando 634 bolos. Para el campeón esta fue su sexta victoria en el regional, después de las logradas en 1963, 1969, 1971, 1973 y 1985, sucediendo en el palmarés a Tete Rodríguez, campeón el año anterior.

Campeonato de Cantabria por parejas
El Campeonato de Cantabria por parejas, del que se celebraba su XXVI edición, se jugó en La Cavada por primera vez en la historia y terminó con victoria de Chiqui Linares y Lucas Arenal, de la Peña Bolística Maliaño Puertas Roper, totalizando 1316 bolos. Para los campeones esta fue su segunda victoria en el regional como pareja tras su triunfo en 1976, sucediendo en el palmarés a la pareja formada por Calixto García y Rafael Fuentevilla. Con otras parejas ya habían ganado dos títulos más cada uno (aparte del de 1976).

Otros torneos
Torneo de San Isidro (Madrid): victoria de Tete Rodríguez con 379 bolos por los 372 de Pepe Ingelmo.
Torneo de La Patrona (Torrelavega): victoria de Tete Rodríguez, con 291 bolos por los 249 de Pepe Ingelmo.
Torneo de San Mateo (Reinosa): victoria de Paulino Pinta con 376 bolos por los 360 de Calixto García.
Torneo Ciudad de Barcelona: victoria de Pepe Ingelmo (605 bolos) sobre Alfonso (595) en la final en la Ciudad Condal.
Trofeo Bahía de Cádiz: victoria de Lucas Arenal con 256 bolos, sobre Marcos (255).

Véase también
Liga Nacional de Bolos
División de Honor de Bolo Palma
Campeonato de España de Bolo Palma
Campeonato de Cantabria de Bolo Palma
Copa Federación Española de Bolos

Referencias

Modesto Cabello: Mi Paso por los Bolos II. 1986-2000. Edic. Librería Estvdio, Santander, 2006. ISBN 84 95742 54 3

Temporadas de bolo palma en España

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Michael I. Harper, an installer out of the U.K., offers some tips on inexpensive ways to keep indoor areas under surveillance lit well enough for cameras to be effective. While his post pertains to smaller installations, his notes hold true for any organization looking to avoid the expense of infrared cameras.
Significantly, Harper is high on the use of remote control via IP and the Internet, to set up the cameras and the lights to work in tandem. An excerpt follows. The full article can be found at ezinearticles.com.
As already mentioned, infra-red lighting produces black and white images, so if you want crisp, full colour images after dark the best way to achieve this is to add some conventional lighting to the scene. A cheap and effective solution is to have a table lamp or two dotted around the room. These can be fitted with timers so that they come on only during the night, and using low-energy bulbs makes them very inexpensive to leave on. You will have full colour images all night and even if you need to buy several lights it will likely be far less expensive than a camera with infra-red capability. The only thing to watch out for is where to place the lights. They should enhance the scene without dazzling the camera, so if at all possible the lights should be out of shot. If this is not possible, lampshades will help to diffuse the light. A certain amount of experimentation may be required to get the best results.
One of the real benefits of wireless internet CCTV cameras is their capability to communicate intelligently across the internet. This capability can be put to good use when it comes to lighting. You can obtain a very inexpensive kit from a specialist supplier that will enable the camera, unbelievably, to switch the lights on and off, which avoids them being on all night. You can get this set up so that motion detection can cause the camera to switch the lights on and it will then get a better look at any intruders! Of course, a major drawback of this approach is that the camera may not detect movement in the first place if the scene is too dark. Instead of controlling the light switching by motion detection, you can choose to switch the lights on and off manually. You can simply click a button on your camera's web page or, amazingly, even send an SMS text message from your mobile phone to switch the lights on and off in your home, even from the other side of the world! These possibilities have only become a reality thanks to the communication skills of internet CCTV cameras, a far cry from the old analogue CCTV systems.


At ZoomShack, we apply a holistic approach to home decor. We understand that many pieces must work together to contribute to a successful design. Significantly, one of the most essential pieces of the design puzzle are decorating accessories.
Basically, a decorating accessory is a curated object that you place in your home to compliment the design. By definition, decorating accessories are pieces of a whole. And of course, we want them to look cool and add a touch of personal style while doing it.
At ZoomShack we call this Holistic Home Decor.
Almost anything can be considered a decorating accessory. Objects such as vases, pottery, books, candles, throw pillows and even houseplants are some of the most popular. Feel free to let your imagination wander – possibilities are endless. If you feel like you're lacking ideas for decorating accessories, check out this link to find dozens of online sites that offer stylish and trendy pieces for nearly every budget.
Well selected decorating accessories also compliment other design features like shape, color, lines, and texture within the room.
In this blog edition, Zoomy has given you a few examples of his favorite decorating accessories. These are items that are perfect for transforming a living space instantly and contribute to Holistic Home Decor. Consider using these accessories along with the ideas in our previous blogs to take a holistic home decor approach and complete your Living Space Transformation. If you need a little warm-up, our blog on how to Visualize Like an Artist will give you some great pointers on how to get started!
The decorating accessories in this room illustrate the beauty of complimentary shapes, lines and textures.
Incorporate items that you have acquired from your travels, or family heirlooms into your home decor. Handmade items like figurines and pottery celebrate different cultures and add tons of charm!
Help complete your holistic home decor by selecting the proper decorating accessories. Accessories can help balance the textures and colors that are already present in your room.
If you want to instantly add a touch of class and sophistication to your space, consider featuring a nice chess set in your living room or other common area. You don't have to be a Grandmaster to appreciate the classic beauty and symmetry of this ancient game of strategy. The simple contrasting colors of grid squares are a familiar pattern that we all recognize and instantly associate with organization and structure. Both the board and pieces come in countless shapes, sizes and colors to match any home decor theme. Chess sets made from natural materials like wood and stone add beautiful outdoorsy accents to your living space. In contrast, sets made from metal or glass compliment modern industrial and minimalist decor themes.
Wooden chess sets add beautiful, natural tones that bring the soothing effects of the great outdoors into your living space.
You can find chess sets in pretty much any style you can imagine. Find a unique set that compliments your personal style and interior decor theme.
If traveling is your thing, then maybe you should consider incorporating a globe into your home decor. A globe is a classic piece that represents much more than just a decorating accessory. It sends the message that you are a well-traveled, globally aware individual with a respect for nature and knowledge. Place your globe on a bookshelf next to some classic novels in your living room or reading area. Globes with dull, aged color schemes give a classic antique look that help contribute to a tranquil and relaxing environment. Larger standing globes would look great in an unused room corner or next to a comfortable chair or sofa. Try mixing it up from the traditional, and give your globe a custom paint job with unique and interesting colors; it's a easy do-it-yourself project that can have huge results for your living space decor!
A globe is a classic statement piece that radiates sophistication. The smooth, round shape will contrast well against hard lines and contributes to the overall harmony of the living space.
A standing globe can be placed in many different locations.
A musical instrument is one of my personal favorite home decor accessories. Showcasing an instrument in your living space decor sends a laid-back and inviting message to your guests. It shows your appreciation for art and culture, and contributes to your Holistic Home Decor. Almost any instrument will work, but it should reflect the general theme you want to convey throughout your living space. A handmade bongo drum will add great organic vibes from the leather top and natural wood on the base. A wall-mounted acoustic guitar will bring similar energy, whereas a modern electric guitar can give a space an edgy, avant-garde feel. Woodblocks, rain sticks, bells, and tambourines are other great examples of instruments that work great as decor pieces.
Try to collect several different instruments and invite your friends over for a creative jam session!
Everyone needs to light up their living space in the evening hours, so why not make a statement with a cool and interesting lamp? Lamps are the ultimate accessory when it comes to both style and function. There are so many options theses days that it would be almost impossible to find a lamp style that didn't work with your decor theme. For common areas like a living room, floor lamps are a great option. These lamps should stand out and be a focal point of your living space, but be careful not to place them in a position that will obstruct the views of anyone sitting nearby. If floor space is limited, consider a couple of nice table lamps. Select lamps that have unique textures or colors to act as an accent piece in your living space, and also compliment the existing home decor.
Lamps can be a source for your primary lighting or they can act like accent lights to help achieve a calm and relaxing atmosphere.
Floor lamps make great reading lights next to a chair or sofa.
Books are often an underrated accessory piece for home decor. Books are teeming with design potential, and offer layers of aesthetic value. Place a large format book of photographs, artwork, or even an atlas on your coffee table. Usually these book covers are beautifully decorated and can add instant color and balance to your living space. Books placed in common areas encourage guests to read and admire them. This can can lead to many entertaining and stimulating conversations, in addition to improving the room's aesthetics. Try looking for old books at a thrift store or rummage sale to place on your living room bookshelf. Next, pair them with a couple to unique book-ends to hold them up and to add further aesthetic charm.
Books can be decorating accessories to help fill your living space with intellectual energy and wisdom that will instantly transform it into a new place.
Most people enjoy coffee table books with little to no actual reading. Choose one that is heavy on the photos and artwork.
Here at ZoomShack, we want to help you to bring the positive and healing energy of the beach into your living space. One of the easiest ways to do this is to literally bring a small part of the beach and incorporate it into your room's decor. Try featuring a few nice shells or corals in your bathroom to soften it up a bit. Place a few pieces of driftwood on a tabletop to act as a natural centerpiece. Fill some empty glass bottles or a flower vase with beach sand and place them on your bookshelf or side tables for a trendy beach-inspired accent. And remember, your natural decor accessories can come from anywhere in nature! Pinecones, river stones, crystals and other minerals, feathers, and dried plant materials all make excellent home decor accessories. Wherever your "beach" may be, bring it inside to help transform your living space instantly!
Decorating accessories like seashells, driftwood, corals, and sand will instantly send you back to the beach no matter where you currently reside.
A fishbowl filled with sand and seashells is a beautiful reminder of the beach.
When designing our interior home decor, we should attempt to follow the tried-and-true principles of design. These concepts allow us to create beautiful and balanced designs that are pleasing to our senses and to our souls. Using the idea of Holistic Home Decor, we should consider our decorating accessories as being building blocks for a greater purpose. As a result, our designs become stronger and the decor more unified. Now that you have some new ideas and examples, go out and transform your living space today!


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By beatriz losa
It would seem that this year's International Day against Racial Discrimination has lost its force due to the invasion of the coronavirus in our daily lives.
But this daily life is very different for each of us. Today, spending confinement to your home, with food supplies, as much water and soap as necessary, and the coveted access to the internet, is a privilege.
And so, these days I cannot stop thinking about my dear teachers, who do not have these privileges: women who are racialized from different cultures and countries, gender identities, diverse sexual orientations, who live all their diversities with proudness in this territory, so often hostile. They teach me, every day, about resilience, the capacity to resist, about courage, about the need for solidarity and sisterhood, about the need to share a laugh and a meaningful embrace
I am thinking of the two mothers and their two children, who arrived in our territory a year ago yesterday, and who today are confined in a small room in a Humanitarian Emergency Centre where protection measures are practically non-existent. I am thinking of my colleague, who is confined in a rented room alone, with the only company of her mobile phone. I am thinking of the women in prison who live in this kind of confinement while serving a sentence of imprisonment. How crazy it is! In a couple who have been fired these days and who don't know how to pay their room at the end of the month. In the women who are forced to continue sex work because they have to pay their room day by day…
And they all live here because they had to flee their countries to save their lives, because they are diverse, because they are lesbian women, trans women*.
Some of them risked their lives during the trip, because it is very expensive to get to the white "wonderland". Others left all their love people and summed up their lives in cabin bags to avoid attracting attention when they arrived in Spanish territory.
But the "wonderland" they arrived at is not multicolored. The professionals who attend them are white: the police, the social worker, the lawyer, the civil servant, the doctor, the teacher…
And that white is not a neutral color, it is a color full of prejudices that nullifies the richness and light of each of the colors: their experiences, their needs, their expectations, their desires. It is attempted to make their diversities and intersectionalities uniform, giving remote controlled answers from the institutions and the laws. A target full of privileges, almost never conscious.
The health authorities say that no one is safe from this pandemic.
The virus may not detect our race when it invades our bodies. But what about the decreed alarm system? This system, once again, reproduces our discriminatory and racist society by stopping racialized people with non-binary gender identities on the street many more times than white people with heteronormative gender expressions.
It is difficult to know how this global crisis will develop. Some people are already saying that it is going to shake up our value system, that perhaps it is an opportunity to rebuild a more supportive system. But when you look at the few data coming in from the countries of Africa and Latin America, your heart cannot help but shrink.
What real possibilities do they have to contain this pandemic with the situations of poverty, war, famine and lack of health care that most of the people living in these countries are already experiencing? I wonder if this pandemic will not be the perfect excuse for the countries of white and privileged leaders, who today live their confinement with privileges, to close the borders definitively to the people who, once again, will have to flee their countries to save their lives.
Racial discrimination will then have a virus name.


Treasure hunts are fun and my preschooler loves them. Whenever we go to the library this is one of our favorite things to do together.
I created a treasure hunt for kids using famous landmarks of the world and included a couple my son is familiar with. It can be used at different levels, depending on the child's age. While young kids can use it only to search for the monuments, you can turn the hunt into a geography lesson for older ones. Start by talking about the monuments, the countries where they are located and the continents where those countries are.
could you explain how you do this activity? I'd love to do it with my kids!
Could you please try again, Tina. It works for me.
What a wonderful and educational printable. Thanks so much for sharing with Monday's #pinitparty. I have pinned.
Great free printable – Thanks Stef for linking up to Pin Worthy Wednesday, I have pinned your post to the Pin Worthy Wednesday Pinterest Board.


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The design of the silicone trays allows the jaw muscles to remain relaxed and tension free during the entire treatment. Smile Perfected consults with the smartest, most innovative, and most credentialed professionals in the industry. This collaboration has allowed Smile Perfected to create a line of the most effective, safe, and comfortable professional whitening systems available.
The people who work here are kind and enjoyable. Give them your business. You will have a great experience.
Honestly, the best experience that I have ever had at a dentist.
Everyone was friendly and nice!
Professional and courteous front office staff. Respectful technical staff. Everyone seemed happy to see me.
Excellent experience getting my teeth cleaned. The office is very clean and professional. Hygienist Sam was fantastic -very thorough, efficient, friendly and communicative. Would highly recommend!
The staff really care about my kids' dental health. They treat you like family. I'm so glad I started bringing them here.
The staff are great. Very thorough with what i had going on. Definitely would recommend Gentle Dental to anyone that needs a good dentist. THANK YOU!!


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Ask, You're Worth It! Youth Video Contest is now open for submissions!
Create a 2-minute video about staying safe at work for your chance to win!
Every year, tons of young people get their first job, putting them in unfamiliar situations where they might not know how to keep themselves safe. Do you know what to do when you think you're in danger and how you should keep yourself safe at work?
We want you to create a video that will inform and inspire young people like you all over Canada to think about how to stay safe at work.
2022 entry deadline: March 30th, 11:59 PM MST.
What are the prizes?
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text:
\section{Introduction}

The ExoMol project aims to provide comprehensive line lists of
molecular transitions appropriate for molecules in hot atmospheres
such as those found in exoplanets, brown dwarfs and cool stars \cite{jt528}.
Until recently the ExoMol database did not include any information on the
pressure broadening of molecular lines despite the
known importance of pressure effects in these environments
\cite{jt521}. The scope of the ExoMol database is being
extended to systematically provide this additional data and other
supplementary data in order to maximise the usefulness of the line lists
\cite{jt631}. A major new feature is the inclusion, albeit at a fairly
crude level for most molecules, of pressure-broadening parameters
and pressure-dependent absorption cross sections.

H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ is one of the few molecules detected in the atmosphere of an
exoplanet to date \cite{13TiEnCo.exo,15Crossfield.exo}. In particular
it has been identified in the atmospheres of several hot extrasolar
giant planets including HD189733b
\cite{jt400,10SwDeGr.exo,09SwVaTi.exo,13BiDeBr.exo,14McCrDe,14ToDeBu},
GJ 436b \cite{10StHaNy.exo,11KnMaCo.exo}, HD 209458b
\cite{jt488,13DeWiMc.exo}, XO-1b \cite{10TiDeSw.exo,13DeWiMc.exo},
HAT-P-1b \cite{13WaSiDe}, HD 179949b \cite{14BrDeBi.exo}, WASP-19b
\cite{13HuSiPo}, WASP-12b \cite{15KrLiBe} and planets orbitting HR
8799 \cite{13KoBaMa,15BaKoQu.exo}.  Test model calculations have shown
that inclusion pressure broadening of the water spectrum significantly
alters the observed spectrum of transiting hot Jupiter exoplanet
\cite{jt521}.

Prior to the discovery of exoplanets, H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ was already known to be a
component of the atmospheres of cool stars and brown dwarfs
\cite{07ShBuxx.dwarfs,09Bexxxx.exo,12AlHoFr,15MoMaFo.dwarfs}, where it
can dominate the observed spectrum \cite{jt143}. Recent discoveries
have focused very cold brown dwarfs: Faherty \emph{et al}.\
\cite{14FaTiSkMo.coolstar} made a tentative detection of water clouds
in WISE J085510.83-071442.5 and Skemer \emph{et al}.\ \cite{16SkMoAl}

H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ is one of the few molecules contained in the current release
of HITEMP \cite{jt480} which contains a comprehensive set of air-
and self-broadening parameters. These were obtained using a diet based
on physical principles and statistics \cite{07GoRoGa.broad} which
had a strong bias toward near-room temperatures.
As the bulk of the atmosphere of giant exoplanets and cool stars is
composed of a H$_{2}$\ rich H$_{2}$-He mix, molecular opacities in
atmospheric
models for these objects
should incorporate pressure broadening due to H$_{2}$\ and He.

A number of works, reviewed in the next section, have provided
pressure broadening parameters for broadening of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ by H$_{2}$\ and/or
He for this purpose, although the spectral, temperature and pressure
coverage is far from comprehensive.  Altogether, detailed information
for broadening of water vapour lines by H$_{2}$\ and He is available for
around 1100 and 5000 lines respectively, while the most complete line
list for water to date (BT2, \cite{jt378}) contains around half a
billion lines which is sufficientlly complete for temperatures up to
3000 K. The temperature coverage, although appreciable for broadening
by H$_{2}$\ (40 - 1500 K), is more limited for broadened by He (83 - 600
K).  Conversely the pressure coverage for broadening by He (up to 3
atm) is more extensive than for broadening by H$_{2}$\ (up to 1330 mbar
$\approx$ 1.3 atm).

The first aim of this work is to provide H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He
pressure broadening parameters suitable for temperatures up to 2000 K
and pressures up to 10 bar. These parameters can be used to generate a
pressure and temperature dependent Lorentzian half-width for every
line in the BT2 line list, or indeed any water line list with at least
rotational angular momentum ($J$$^\prime$-$J$$^{\prime\prime}$) quantum assignments.

The implementation of full line lists in atmospheric modelling codes,
although ideal, is often not practical due to their sheer size
\cite{jt542}. Hence the second aim of this work is to provide
pressure-dependant absorption cross sections based on
Voigt profiles for H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ in a mixed
H$_{2}$/He (85/15\%) environment for a range of temperatures (T = 300 -
2000 K) and pressures (P = 0.001 - 10 bar) relevant to exoplanet and
cool star atmospheres.

\section{Previous work}

For the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ system the most extensive experimental study was performed
by Brown \& Plymate \cite{Brown1996263} who derived pressure broadened widths
for 630 lines in the range 55-4045 cm$^{-1}$\ at room temperature.
Other exclusively room temperature measurements have been carried out
by Steyert \emph{et al}.\ \cite{Steyert2004183} (39 lines in the range 380-600cm$^{-1}$),
Brown \emph{et al}.\ \cite{05BrBeDe.h2opb} (4 lines around 1540 cm$^{-1}$),
Golubiatnikov \cite{05Goxxxx.h2opb} (1 line at 183 GHz),
Lucchesinia, Gozzini \& Gabbanini \cite{00LuGoGa.h2opb} (15 lines in the range 820 - 830 nm),
and Zeninari \emph{et al}.\ \cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb} (6 lines around 1.39$\mu$m).
The temperature and/or pressure dependence of the collision induced widths
for select (2 - 12) H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ lines has been investigated by a handful studies
\cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb, Dick2009619, Langlois1994272, 93DuJoGo.h2opb}.
The works considering the widest range of temperatures and pressures are
those by Langlois, Birbeck \& Hanson \cite{Langlois1994272} and
Zeninari \emph{et al}.\ \cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb} respectively. Langlois, Birbeck \& Hanson
combined two experimental set-ups, one incorporating a temperature controlled
static cell (limited to 450 K) the other a pressure driven shock tube, to
determine the temperature dependence of the pressure broadened widths of 12 H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\
lines over the range 300 - 1200 K with an expected accuracy of $\pm$25\%. The
dependence could be roughly represented by a power law of decreasing collision induced line width
with increasing temperature. Zeninari \emph{et al}.\ made measurements of six H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\
lines at several pressures between 6 and 1330 mbar (ambient pressure $\approx$ 1000 mbar)
and concluded that the dependence could be described as a linear increase in collision
induced line width with pressure.

Theoretically determined pressure broadened widths and their temperature dependence
are available from Gamache, Lynch \& Brown \cite{Gamache1996471},
Faure \emph{et al}.\ \cite{jt544} and Drouin \& Wisenfeld \cite{12DrWixx.h2opb}.
Drouin \& Wisenfeld focused on three lines at cold temperatures (below 200 K)
while Gamache, Lynch \& Brown and Faure \emph{et al}.\ aimed to provide information for
hundreds of lines suitable for high temperature applications. The maximum
temperature considered by Faure \emph{et al}.\ was hotter (1500 K vs 750 K) though
Gamache, Lynch \& Brown produced parameters for more lines (386 vs 228). All three
works focused on rotational transitions.

Several of the studies already mentioned
\cite{00LuGoGa.h2opb,Steyert2004183,05BrBeDe.h2opb,05Goxxxx.h2opb,Gamache1996471,Dick2009619,93DuJoGo.h2opb,04ZePaCo.h2opb}
also reported parameters for the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He system. Although the most
extensive studies of He-broadening coefficients of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ have been
performed by Petrova and co-workers
\cite{12PeSoSoSt.h2opb,13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb}, and Solodov
\& Starikov \cite{08SoStxx.h2opb,09SoStxx.h2opb}. Each of these works
presented measurements of pressure broadened widths for tens of lines
belonging to strong vibrational bands including $\nu_2 + \nu_3$
\cite{08SoStxx.h2opb,09SoStxx.h2opb,13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb},
$\nu_1 + \nu_2$ \cite{09SoStxx.h2opb,13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb},
$\nu_1 + \nu_2 + \nu_3$ \cite{12PeSoSoSt.h2opb,13PeSoSoSt.h2opb} and $2\nu_3$
and $\nu_1 + 2\nu_1$ \cite{16PeSoSoSt.h2opb} at room temperature and
varying pressures. All found the pressure dependence to be linear (up
to 3 atm \cite{13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb}). Petrova \emph{et al}.\
\cite{13PeSoSoSt.h2opb} combined their own measurements with
literature data to determine the vibrationally and rotationally
dependent intermolecular potential for the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He system. This
potential was used by Petrova \emph{et al}.\
\cite{13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb} to compute, and fit an
analytical expression to, helium pressure broadened width for
transitions belonging to 11 and 13 vibrational bands respectively with
rotational quantum numbers $J$ and $K_a$ up to 14 in the temperature
interval 83 $\leq T \leq $600 K. The temperature dependence in the
model was refined by comparison to previous temperature dependent
studies Goyette \& De Lucia \cite{90GoDexx.h2opb} (1 line at 183 GHz,
80 - 600 K) and Godon \& Bauer \cite{88GoBaxx.h2opb} (2 lines at 183
and 380 GHz, 300 - 390 K). In addition room temperature pressure
broadened widths for H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He have been measured by Lazarev \emph{et al}.\
\cite{95LaPnSu.h2opb} (1 line at 14397.4 cm$^{-1}$), Poddar \emph{et al}.\
\cite{10PoMiHo.h2opb} (14 lines in the range 11,988-12,218 cm$^{-1}$),
Claveau \emph{et al}.\ \cite{01ClHeHu.h2opb} (14 lines in the range 1850 -
2140 cm$^{-1}$) and Claveau \& Valentin \cite{09ClVaxx.h2opb} (10 lines in
the range 1170 - 1440 cm$^{-1}$).  Claveau \emph{et al}.\ and Claveau \& Valentin
also investigated narrowing due to dynamic confinement (Dicke
narrowing \cite{Dixxxx.pb,WiDixx.pb}).

\section{Calculation of H$_{2}$\ and He pressure induced line widths of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ spectral lines}

\subsection{Theoretical techniques used}

Two calculation techniques are used to determine the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and
H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He Lorentzian half-widths. These techniques distinguish between
rigorous quantum numbers, namely total angular momentum $J$ and total
symmetry ($\Gamma_{\rm tot}$), which corresponds to parity and
ortho/para designation, and approximate projections of
the rotational motion ($K_a,K_c$). The techniques are:
\begin{enumerate}
	\item the averaged energy difference (AED) method \cite{14LaDuMa.h2opb} is used in cases where
	the complete set of quantum numbers (both rigorous and approximate) of a transition are known;
	\item the $J$$^\prime$ $J$$^{\prime\prime}$- dependence technique \cite{10VoLaMi.h2opb} has been applied in cases where only
	rigorous (total angular momentum $J$ and total symmetry) were known.
\end{enumerate}
These approaches are described in detail in
the respective papers, thus only the main features are outlined below.

The averaged energy difference method allows the calculation of line widths of
asymmetric top molecules with approximately the same precision as in modern
theoretical and experimental methods without the need for a complicated calculation
scheme. The approach is based on matching the so called coupled energy state difference
with a line broadening value. Based on the modified Robert-Bonamy formalism, the expression
for the half-widths $\gamma_{if}$ is given by \cite{07MaTiBo.pb,06AnGaSz.pb}:

\begin{equation}
\gamma_{if} = \frac{n_b}{2\pi c} \int_{0}^{+\infty} v \, f(v)\, d v \int_{0}^{+\infty} 2 \, \pi\, b\, d b \left[1 - \cos(S_1 + \mathrm{Im} (S_2)) e^{-\mathrm{Re}(S_{2})}\right]
\end{equation}

\noindent
where indices $i$ and $f$ specify initial and final energy states,
$n_b$ is the number density of perturbers, $b$ is the impact parameter
and $v$ is the relative initial velocity and $f(v)$ is the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function
\cite{14LaDuMa.h2opb,07MaTiBo.pb,06AnGaSz.pb}. Real $S_1$ and complex
$S_2 = \mathrm{Re}(S_2) + i \mathrm{Im}(S_2)$ are the first and second order terms in
the expression for the scattering matrix.  These terms depend on
collision dynamics, the intermolecular potential and on the
ro-vibrational states of the molecule (and collision induced
transitions between these states). Expressions for $S_1$ and $S_2$ can
in found in Refs.
\cite{14LaDuMa.h2opb,98LyGaNe.h2opb,98GaLyNe.pb,95Lyxxxx.h2opb}.

The aim is to estimate how values of Re(S$_2$) vary with different
lines of interest.  Coupled energy state differences $\tilde{\omega}_{if}$ between an H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\
line of interest and other coupled lines ($\tilde{\omega}_{if}$ is defined explicitly
in \cite{14LaDuMa.h2opb}) are derived for thousands of lines. The
averaged energy differences for lines with experimentally-determined
collision-induced widths are then used to match averaged state energy
differences to line broadening values using a fitting formula.

The dependence of broadening parameters on the averaged energy difference of
the coupled states is smooth. Figure~\ref{fig:avrE_model} illustrates this
for the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ line widths. This figure demonstrates that one
can estimate corresponding widths with a simple fitting formula.
For other systems such N$_2$ broadening of water the observed data has
been found to lie almost exactly on a smooth curve \cite{jt432}; here
the scatter reflects, at least in part, uncertainty in the experimental data.
 The
reconstructed widths obtained from the fitting formula agree well
with the experimental values as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:avrE_comp_exp}
for H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$. This method requires assignment to normal modes (via quantum
numbers $v_1, v_2, v_3, K_a$ and $K_c$). However, these
quantum numbers are not always known or, indeed, always valid \cite{jt234}.

For cases where only good quantum numbers ($J$ and
$\Gamma_{\mathrm{tot}}$) are defined, the $J$$^\prime$ - $J$$^{\prime\prime}$\ dependence
technique can be applied. Available widths are compiled and averaged
for each value of $J$$^\prime$\ per branch (P, Q and R) and total symmetry
(ortho/para). The resulting values are used to derive functions which
describe the dependence of the averaged width on $J$$^\prime$\ per branch and
per symmetry (if there is appreciable difference for the latter two).
This method applied to H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He is illustrated in
Figure~\ref{fig:JJdep_model}.

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
		\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{Fig1_fin.jpg}}
		\caption{Dependence of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ broadening coefficients on averaged coupled energy state difference at 296 K; experimental data:
rotational band and fundamentals \cite{Brown1996263}, red triangles;
rotational band \cite{Steyert2004183}, black squares; $v_1+v_3$ and $2v_2$ \cite{Langlois1994272},
gray cirles.}
		\label{fig:avrE_model}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
		\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{AEDMfig2.jpg}}
		\caption{Comparison of reconstructed H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ pressure dependent line widths with experimental values for the $v_3$ band \cite{Brown1996263} at 296 K.}
		\label{fig:avrE_comp_exp}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
		\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{JJfig.jpg}}
		\caption{Dependence of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He broadening coefficients on $J$$^\prime$\ at 296 K.}
		\label{fig:JJdep_model}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He line widths}

Both approaches described in the previous section were used to obtain
separate
H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ and H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He Lorentzian half-widths for BT2 lines in the
range 500 - 10,000 cm$^{-1}$\ with an intensity that exceeds $1 \times 10^{-30}$ cm/molecule
in the temperature range 300 - 2000 K. Vibrational dependence is neglected
as it is found to change the value of the half-widths by only a few percent.
Dependence on $K_c$ and total symmetry was found to be much smaller than
dependence on $K_a$ and $J$$^\prime$-$J$$^{\prime\prime}$\ respectively.

Our calculated values range between 0.0208 - 0.0927 cm$^{-1}$\ atm$^{-1}$
for broadening by H$_{2}$\ and 0.0043 - 0.0229 cm$^{-1}$\ atm$^{-1}$ for
broadening by He at 296 K. The average ratio between the H$_{2}$\ to He
pressure induced line widths is 4.2. Broadening of water by H$_2$ is
much stronger than by He because the H$_2$ molecule has a quadrupole
moment. The electrostatic potential is given by an expansion of the
charge distribution in terms of the electric moments of the molecules.
So, the main contribution into H$_2$O -- H$_2$ broadening value is
from the dipole-quadrupole interaction, besides this term there is also a
quadrupole-quadrupole interaction contribution.  Helium does not have
any electric moments, so only the polarization potential (interactions
between induced moments) gives the contribution, which is very much weaker.

Tables~\ref{tab:H2comp} and \ref{tab:Hecomp} present a summary of the
comparison of our calculated values with available experimental and
previous theoretical studies.  The root mean square deviations (RMSD)
between this work and other works is given as a percentage of the
current values.  For the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ system the RMSD is within 20\% or
the uncertainty quoted in the given reference for all studies. It
should be noted that for the comparison to Zeninari \emph{et al}.\, the RMSD
of 19.1~\% is mainly down to the 6$_{60}$ $\leftarrow$ 6$_{61}$
transition which is in fact an unresolved doublet
\cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb}. The RMSD for the remaining five transitions is
8.4 \%.

For the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He system the RMSD is within 26 \% for all studies. Again for the comparison to Zeninari \emph{et al}.\,
the RMSD of 15.0 \% is mainly down to the 6$_{60}$ $\leftarrow$ 6$_{61}$ transition.
The RMSD for the remaining five transitions is 8.6 \%.

\begin{table}
	\caption{Root mean square deviations (RMSD) of calculated values from available data on H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$ broadening; $\gamma$ is the half-width and $n$ the
temperature exponent. In many cases there are no experimental data
available for comparison.}
	\label{tab:H2comp} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
			\hline
			Reference                                              & Number of Transitions & RMSD $\gamma$ & RMSD $n$ \\
			\hline
			\textit{Experiment} & & & \\
			Steyert \emph{et al}.\ \cite{Steyert2004183}                   & 39                    & 10.4 \%       & -        \\
			Brown \& Plymate \emph{et al}.\ \cite{Brown1996263}            & 630                   &  7.4 \%       & -        \\
			Brown \emph{et al}.\ \cite{05BrBeDe.h2opb}                     & 4                     &  8.8 \%       & -        \\
			Golubiatnikov \cite{05Goxxxx.h2opb}                    & 1                     & 13.9 \%       & -        \\
			Zeninari \emph{et al}.\ \cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb}                  & 6                     & 19.1 \%       & -        \\
			Langlois, Birbeck \& Hanson \cite{Langlois1994272}     & 11                    & 17 \%         & 36.9 \%  \\
			Dutta \emph{et al}.\ \cite{93DuJoGo.h2opb}                     & 2                     & 7.3 \%        & -        \\
			\textit{Theory} & & & \\
			Gamache, Lynch and Brown \cite{Gamache1996471}         & 386                   & 6.2 \%        &          \\
	                                                               & 32                    &               & 4.9 \%   \\
			Faure \emph{et al}.\ \cite{jt544}                              & 228                   & 24.1 \%       & 18.2 \%  \\
 			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
	\caption{Root mean square deviations (RMSD) of calculated values from available data on H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He broadening; $\gamma$ is the half-width and $n$ the
temperature exponent.}
	\label{tab:Hecomp} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lrrr}
			\hline
			Reference & Number of Transitions & RMSD $\gamma$ & RMSD $n$ \\
			\hline
			\textit{Experiment} & & & \\
			Petrova \emph{et al}.\ \cite{16PeSoSoSt.h2opb}                 & 103                   & 17.1 \%       &  -              \\
			Petrova \emph{et al}.\ \cite{13PeSoSoSt.h2opb}                 & 150                   & 17.7 \%       &  -              \\
			Petrova \emph{et al}.\ \cite{12PeSoSoSt.h2opb}                 & 105                   & 15.5 \%       &  -              \\
			Solodov \& Starikov \cite{08SoStxx.h2opb}              & 32                    & 14.0 \%       &  -              \\
			Solodov \& Starikov \cite{09SoStxx.h2opb}              & 53                    & 13.9 \%       &  -              \\
			Goyette \& De Lucia \cite{90GoDexx.h2opb}              & 1                     & 1.7 \%        &  42.2 \%        \\
			Godon \& Bauer \cite{88GoBaxx.h2opb}                   & 2                     & 10.3 \%       &  13.6 \%        \\
			Poddar \emph{et al}.\ \cite{10PoMiHo.h2opb}                    & 14                    & 14.0 \%       &  -              \\
			Claveau \& Valentin \cite{09ClVaxx.h2opb}              & 10                    &  25.7 \%      &  -              \\
			Claveau \emph{et al}.\ \cite{01ClHeHu.h2opb}                   & 14                    & 24.7 \%       &  -              \\
			Steyert \emph{et al}.\ \cite{Steyert2004183}                   & 39                    & 23.3 \%       &  -              \\
			Brown \emph{et al}.\ \cite{05BrBeDe.h2opb}                     & 4                     & 11.1 \%       &  -              \\
			Dutta \emph{et al}.\ \cite{93DuJoGo.h2opb}                     & 2                     & 9.2 \%        &  -              \\
			Zeninari \emph{et al}.\ \cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb}                  & 6                     & 15.0 \%       &  -              \\
			Golubiatnikov \cite{05Goxxxx.h2opb}                    & 1                     & 4.0 \%        &  -              \\
			Lazarev \emph{et al}.\ \cite{95LaPnSu.h2opb}                   & 1                     & 7.1 \%        &  -              \\
			\textit{Theory} & & & \\
			Gamache, Lynch and Brown \cite{Gamache1996471}         & 386                   & 6.2 \%        &                 \\
			                                                       & 32                    &               & 4.9 \%          \\
			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\subsection{Temperature and pressure dependence of the H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$/He line widths}

In order to determine the temperature dependence, the half-width
calculations were made at the following temperatures:
$T$ = 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600,
1800, 2000~K. The temperature dependence,
represented by exponent $n$, was obtained by fitting to the standard relation:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Tdep}
\gamma(T) = \gamma_{\textrm{ref}} \times \left(\frac{T_{\textrm{ref}}}{T}\right)^{n}.
\end{equation}
\noindent
where $T_{\textrm{ref}}$ = 296 K is the reference temperature,
$\gamma_{\textrm{ref}}$ is the Lorentzian half-width at reference
temperature and $n$ is the temperature exponent. The temperature
exponents vary from 0.866 to 0.027 for broadening by H$_{2}$\ and from
0.5 to 0.02 for broadening by He. Comparisons with experimentally
derived and previously calculated values are summarised in Tables~\ref{tab:H2comp}
and \ref{tab:Hecomp}.

Recently Wilzewski \emph{et al}.\ \cite{16WiGoKo.pb}
commented that a single power law of the form Eq. (\ref{eq:Tdep}) only works well
within relatively narrow temperature intervals. However they also note
that there is not enough experimental data to characterise an alternative
model at present, and we find Eq. (\ref{eq:Tdep}) reproduces our calculated
values for the temperature range 300 - 2000 K to sufficient accuracy
(within 3\%). For high accuracy treatments other issues arise with use of the
Voigt profile \cite{jt584}.

The pressure dependence of the Lorentzian half-widths in the range
0.001 - 10 bar is assumed to be linear:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:P_dep}
\gamma(P) = \gamma_{\textrm{ref}} \times \left(\frac{P}{P_{\textrm{ref}}}\right).
\end{equation}
where $P_{\textrm{ref}}$ = 1 bar is the reference pressure. This is
indicated by available pressure dependent experimental investigations
up to around ambient pressure for broadening by H$_{2}$\ \cite{04ZePaCo.h2opb},
and up to around 3 atmospheres ($\approx$ 3 bar) for broadening by He
\cite{13PeSoSoSt.h2opb,16PeSoSoSt.h2opb}. Although measurements at the
high end of the pressure range ($\sim$ 10 bar) would be helpful to verify
this; in particular high pressure leads to three-body effects which are
implicitly neglected in our formulation.

\subsection{The .broad files}

In principle parameters were calculated for around 4 million BT2 lines
with an intensity that exceeds $1 \times 10^{-30}$ cm/molecule
in the temperature range 300 - 2000 K. In practice, since vibrational
dependence was neglected and dependence on total symmetry and rotational
quantum number $K_c$ was found to be comparatively small, the results comprise
of around 23,000 widths that depend on $J$$^\prime$, $J$$^{\prime\prime}$, $K_a$$^\prime$ and $K_a$$^{\prime\prime}$,
and 100 widths that depend on $J$$^\prime$\ and $J$$^{\prime\prime}$\ only. This can be
represented in new ExoMol format \cite{jt631} as two \verb|.broad| files:
\newline \verb|1H2-16O__H2__NLAD.broad|, extract shown in Table~\ref{tab:broad_extract_H2}
\newline \verb|1H2-16O__He__NLAD.broad|, extract shown in Table~\ref{tab:broad_extract_He}
\newline These files and Eq.(\ref{eq:TPE_dep}) below can be used to generate
a pressure and temperature dependent Lorentzian half-width for any water
vapour line, with at least $J$$^\prime$ - $J$$^{\prime\prime}$\ quantum assignments, for a pure
H$_{2}$, pure He or mixed H$_{2}$/He environment.

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:TPE_dep}
\gamma(T,P) = \left(\frac{T_{\textrm{ref}}}{T}\right)^{n} \times \left(\frac{P}{P_{\textrm{ref}}}\right) \times \sum_{b} \gamma_{\textrm{ref,b}} p_b.
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $\gamma_{\textrm{ref,b}}$ is the Lorentzian half-width due to a
specific broadener in units cm$^{-1}$/bar (ExoMol convention) and $p_b$ is the partial pressure
of the broadener. Note that to convert from cm$^{-1}$/bar used by ExoMol to cm$^{-1}$/atm
used by Hitran requires $\gamma$ to be mutiplied by 1.01325.

The \verb|.broad| files presented as part of this work differ slightly
from those included in the ExoMol database. The \verb|.broad| files
provided with the ExoMol line lists, described in \cite{jt631},
contain data from multiple sources while the \verb|.broad| files
available as supplementary data to this work contain data from only
one source, the current work. Hence, the file names are appended with
a dataset name NLAD. We recomend the use of the full \verb|.broad|
file presented on the ExoMol website as this includes both
line-by-line parameters where available, which are essential for
detailed and high resolution studies, while the current model which
allows a width to be generated for every molecular line.

\begin{table}
	\caption{\texttt{1H2-16O\_\_H2\_\_NLAD.broad}: Extract of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-H$_{2}$\ broad file: portion of the file (upper part); field specification (lower part).}
	\label{tab:broad_extract_H2} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lllllll}
			\hline
			a3 & 0.0690 & 0.502 & \hsn5 & \hsn4 & \hto1 & \hto3 \\
			a3 & 0.0580 & 0.424 & \hsn6 & \hsn6 & \hto3 & \hto3  \\
			a3 & 0.0754 & 0.541 & \hsn3 & \hsn3 & \hto0 & \hto1  \\
			... & & & & & &  \\
			a1 & 0.0342 & 0.253 & \hsx14 & \hsx15 && \\
			a1 & 0.0328 & 0.241 & \hsx15 & \hsx16 && \\
			a1 & 0.0317 & 0.240 & \hsx16 & \hsx17 && \\
			... & & & & & & \\
		\end{tabular}
		\begin{tabular}{llll}
			\hline
			Field & Fortran Format & C format & Description \\
			\hline
			code & A2 & $\%$2s & Code identifying quantum number set following $J$$^{\prime\prime}$* \\
			$\gamma_{\textrm{ref}}$ & F6.4 & \%6.4f & Lorentzian half-width at reference temperature and pressure in cm$^{-1}$/bar \\
			$n$ & F5.3 & \%5.3f & Temperature exponent \\
			$J$$^{\prime\prime}$ & I7 & $\%$7d & Lower $J$-quantum number \\
			$J$$^\prime$ & I7 & $\%$7d & Upper $J$-quantum number \\
			$K_a$$^{\prime\prime}$ & I2 & $\%$2d & Lower rotational quantum number \\
			$K_a$$^\prime$ & I2 & $\%$2d & Upper rotational quantum number \\
			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
	\noindent
	*Code definitions:
	a3 = parameters presented as a function of $J$$^{\prime\prime}$ (compulsory) and $J$$^\prime$, $K_a$$^{\prime\prime}$ and $K_a$$^\prime$.
	a1 = parameters presented as a function of $J$$^{\prime\prime}$ (compulsory) and $J$$^\prime$.
\end{table}

\begin{table}
	\caption{\texttt{1H2-16O\_\_He\_\_NLAD.broad}: Extract of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O-He broad file: portion of the file (upper part); field specification (lower part).}
	\label{tab:broad_extract_He} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lllllll}
			\hline
			a3 & 0.0213 & 0.269 & \hsn5 & \hsn4 & \hto1 & \hto3 \\
			a3 & 0.0183 & 0.241 & \hsn6 & \hsn6 & \hto3 & \hto3  \\
			a3 & 0.0226 & 0.320 & \hsn3 & \hsn3 & \hto0 & \hto1  \\
			... & & & & & &  \\
			a1 & 0.0092 & 0.179 & \hsx14 & \hsx15 && \\
			a1 & 0.0086 & 0.145 & \hsx15 & \hsx16 && \\
			a1 & 0.0082 & 0.148 & \hsx16 & \hsx17 && \\
			... & & & & & & \\
		\end{tabular}
		\begin{tabular}{llll}
			\hline
			Field & Fortran Format & C format & Description \\
			\hline
			code & A2 & $\%$2s & Code identifying quantum number set following $J$$^{\prime\prime}$* \\
			$\gamma_{\textrm{ref}}$ & F6.4 & \%6.4f & Lorentzian half-width at reference temperature and pressure in cm$^{-1}$/bar \\
			$n$ & F5.3 & \%5.3f & Temperature exponent \\
			$J$$^{\prime\prime}$ & I7 & $\%$7d & Lower $J$-quantum number \\
			$J$$^\prime$ & I7 & $\%$7d & Upper $J$-quantum number \\
			$K_a$$^{\prime\prime}$ & I2 & $\%$2d & Lower rotational quantum number \\
			$K_a$$^\prime$ & I2 & $\%$2d & Upper rotational quantum number \\
			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
	\noindent
	*Code definitions:
	a3 = parameters presented as a function of $J$$^{\prime\prime}$ (compulsory) and $J$$^\prime$, $K_a$$^{\prime\prime}$ and $K_a$$^\prime$.
	a1 = parameters presented as a function of $J$$^{\prime\prime}$ (compulsory) and $J$$^\prime$.
\end{table}

\section{Computation of H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ absorption cross-sections}

\subsection{Method}

The high resolution cross section is calculated on an evenly spaced wavenumber
grid, $\tilde{\nu}_i$, defining bins of width $\Delta \tilde{\nu}$. A Voigt profile is
used to model the joint contributions from thermal and collision induced
broadening:

\begin{equation}
f_{V}(\tilde{\nu}, \tilde{\nu}_{0;j}, \alpha_j, \gamma_j) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}} \frac{\sqrt{\ln 2}}{\alpha_j} \mathrm{wofz}\left(\frac{\tilde{\nu} - \tilde{\nu}_{0;j}}{\alpha_j}\sqrt{\ln 2} + i\frac{\gamma_j}{\alpha_j}\sqrt{\ln 2}\right)
\end{equation}

\noindent
where wofz is the scaled complex complementary error function, also known
as the Faddeeva function. This is calculated using the Faddeeva package
\cite{faddeeva}.
$\tilde{\nu}_{0;j}$ is the line centre, $\gamma_j$ is the Lorentzian half-width
at half-maximum and $\alpha_j$
is the Doppler half-width at half-maximum given by:

\begin{equation}
\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{2 k T \ln 2}{m}} \frac{\tilde{\nu}_{0;j}}{c}
\end{equation}

\noindent
at temperature $T$ in K for a molecule of mass $m$ in kg. Note that in
the limit $\alpha \gg \gamma$, the profile reduces to a Gaussian:

\begin{equation}
f_{G}({\tilde{\nu}}, \tilde{\nu}_{0;j}, \alpha_j) = \sqrt{\frac{\ln 2}{\pi}} \frac{1}{\alpha_j}
\exp\left(-\frac{(\tilde{\nu} - \tilde{\nu}_{0;j})^{2}\ln 2}{\alpha_j^{2}}\right)
\end{equation}

\noindent
whereas for $\alpha \ll \gamma$ the profile reduces to a Lorentzian:

\begin{equation}
f_{L}({\tilde{\nu}}, \tilde{\nu}_{0;j}, \gamma_j) = \frac{\gamma_j}{\pi}\frac{1}{(\tilde{\nu} - \tilde{\nu}_{0;j})^2 + \gamma_j^2}
\end{equation}

\noindent
However a Voigt profile is evaluated for every absorption line in all calculations of
cross sections presented in this work. The cross section for each bin is the sum of
the contributions from individual lines:

\begin{equation}
\sigma_{i} = \sum_{j} \sigma_{ij}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pointwise}
\sigma_{ij} = S_{j} f_{V}(\tilde{\nu}, \tilde{\nu}_{0;j}, \alpha_j, \gamma_j).
\end{equation}

\noindent
$S_{j}$ is the line intensity in units of cm per molecule given by:

\begin{equation}
S_{j} = \frac{A_{j}}{8 \pi c} \frac{g_{j}^{\prime} \exp\left({-c_{2}E_{j}^{\prime\prime}/T}\right)}{\tilde{\nu}_{0;j}^{2} Q(T)} \left(1 - \exp\left(-\frac{c_{2}\tilde{\nu}_{0;j}}{T}\right)\right)
\end{equation}

\noindent
Here, $g_{j}^{\prime}$ and $E_{j}^{\prime\prime}$ are the total upper-state degeneracy and
lower-state energy respectively, $A_{j}$ is the Einstein A coefficient for the
transition and $c_{2} = hc/k_{B}$ is the second radiation constant. $\tilde{\nu}_{0;j}$ and
$A_{j}$ were taken from the BT2 line list while the molecular partition function, Q(T), was obtained
from the tabulated values of Vidler \& Tennyson \cite{jt263}.

When evaluating a Voigt profile it is necessary to select an
appropriate profile grid resolution and evaluation width in order to
adequately sample the contribution from the profile whilst considering
the computational cost.  For the profile grid resolution we adopted
the staggered wavenumber grid spacings of \cite{jt542} (see
Table~\ref{tab:gridv}). These spacings are well below the Voigt width
for the pressure and temperature range considered, which is essential
for Eq. (\ref{eq:pointwise}) to be valid.

For the profile evaluation width we adopted a cut-off of 200 $\times (\alpha_j + \gamma_j)$ either
side of the centroid. We find that this is sufficient to capture the contributions from the wings
in a manner that adapts with both pressure and temperature.

We note Hedges \& Madhusudhan \cite{16HeMaxx} recently
investigated the effect of various factors, including the profile grid
resolution and evaluation width, on pressure dependent absorption
cross sections for application to exoplanet atmospheres. Hedges \&
Madhusudhan proposed a more computationally-efficient grid resolution,
a pressure adaptive grid, than the staggered grid employed by this
work. However, they  comment that the pressure adaptive grid
resulted in a small loss of opacity ($\sim$ 2\%) compared to the
staggered grid at the high end of the pressure range (P $\sim$ 10
bar). Hence we opted for the staggered grid.  For the profile
evaluation width Hedges \& Madhusudhan compared two methods, a
pressure adaptive fixed cut-off and a cut-off evaluated per line as a
multiple of Lorentzian half-widths, to their approach, a cut-off
evaluated per line as a multiple of effective Voigt half-widths.  Their
effective Voigt half-width was defined as \cite{16HeMaxx}:

\begin{equation}
\gamma_V \approx 0.5346\gamma_L \sqrt{0.2166\gamma_L^2 + \gamma_G^2}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $\gamma_G = \alpha_j$, $\gamma_L = \gamma_j$ and $\gamma_V < (\alpha_j + \gamma_j)$ for
comparison to this work. Hedges \& Madhusudhan found that both the fixed cut-off method and
Lorentzian half-width analysis resulted in significant ($>$ 40\%) opacity loss at the low end
of the pressure range (P $<$ 0.01 bar) compared to the Voigt half-width analysis. As our approach
is very similar to Hedges \& Madhusudhan we should also avoid this loss of opacity.

\begin{table}
	\caption{Summary of the grid spacings for the cross sections calculated in difference wavenumber regions}
	\label{tab:gridv} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lc}
			\hline
			Wavenumber range cm$^{-1}$ & Grid spacing cm$^{-1}$ \\
			\hline
			10 - 100       &       10$^{-5}$        \\
			100 - 1000      &       10$^{-4}$             \\
			1000 - 10,000      &       10$^{-3}$              \\
			10,000 - 30,000         &        10$^{-2}$ \\
			\hline
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\subsection{Results}

Pressure dependent absorption cross sections for H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ in a mixed H$_{2}$/He
environment (85/15\%\ by number) are calculated on a fixed temperature
and pressure grid (see Table~\ref{tab:gridTP}) using the BT2
line list, pressure broadening parameters determined as part of this work (Section 1)
and the method described above. However, no attempt is made include contributions
to the opacity from the water vapour continuum or water dimer absorption.

The cross sections were calculated between 10 and 30,000 cm$^{-1}$\ using the staggered
wavenumber grid given in Table~\ref{tab:gridv} and then binned to a common grid
spacing of 0.01 cm$^{-1}$. Each region was calculated to overlap with its neighbours
by at least 1 cm$^{-1}$, which we find to be sufficient to avoid discontinuities when
they are binned to a common grid spacing.

Calculated cross sections for a range of temperatures at a single pressure and a
range of pressures at a single temperature are shown in Figures~\ref{fig:Tdep}
and \ref{fig:Pdep}. A change in temperature predominately influences the shape
of the cross section (Figure~\ref{fig:Tdep}) while a change in pressure results
in a redistribution of opacity (Figure~\ref{fig:Pdep}).

\begin{table}
	\caption{Temperatures and Pressures at which H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ cross sections are calculated}
	\label{tab:gridTP} \footnotesize
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{cccc}
			\hline
			Temperature (K) &&& \\
			\hline
			300  &  400  & 500  & 600       \\
			700  &  800  & 900  & 1000      \\
			1200 & 1400  & 1600 & 1800      \\
			2000 &       &      &           \\
			\hline
			Pressure (bar) &&& \\
			\hline
			0.001 & 0.003 & 0.005 & 0.01    \\
		    0.02  & 0.04  & 0.08  & 0.1      \\
		    0.3   & 0.6   & 0.9   & 1.0      \\
		    1.2   & 1.5   & 2.0   & 2.5      \\
		    3.0   & 4.0   & 5.0   & 6.0      \\
		    8.0   & 10.0  &       &        \\
			\hline

		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
		\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{txsec.jpg}}
		\caption{H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ cross sections in a mixed H$_{2}$-He (85/15\%) environment calculated at 0.01 bar and temperatures in
			the range 300 - 2000K. A cut-off of 200 $\times (\alpha_j + \gamma_j)$ was used (see text).}
		\label{fig:Tdep}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
		\scalebox{0.4}{\includegraphics{pxsec.jpg}}
		\caption{H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ cross sections in a mixed H$_{2}$-He (85/15\%) environment calculated at 1000 K and pressures in
			the range 0.001 - 10 bar. A cut-off of 200 $\times (\alpha_j + \gamma_j)$ was used (see text).}
		\label{fig:Pdep}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Interpolation of cross-sections between temperatures and pressures}

Cross sections are provided for 12 temperatures and 22 pressures between 300 - 2000 K and
0.001 and 10 bar respectively (see Table~\ref{tab:gridTP}). A cross section at intermediate
conditions may be obtained by first interpolating on the temperature
grid using either Eq. (\ref{eq:interp1}) or (\ref{eq:interp2}) below \cite{jt542}, then
interpolating on the pressure grid using Eq. (\ref{eq:interp3}) below. The interpolation
residual is expressed as a percentage of the corresponding absorption cross-section:

\begin{equation}
\delta\sigma^{\%}_{\mathrm{max}} = \mathrm{max}\left(\frac{|\sigma_{i,calc} - \sigma_{i,interp}|}{\sigma_{i,calc}}\right) \times 100
\end{equation}

\noindent
To obtain cross sections at an intermediate temperature $T$, interpolation between cross sections
computed for a higher temperature $T_2$ and a lower temperature $T_1$ may be performed linearly \cite{jt542}:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:interp1}
\sigma_{i} = \sigma_{i}(T_1) + m(T-T_1)
\end{equation}

\noindent
where:

\begin{equation}
m = \frac{\sigma_{i}(T_2) - \sigma_{i}(T_1)}{T_2 - T_1}
\end{equation}

\noindent
Or using a more accurate exponential model \cite{jt542}:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:interp2}
\sigma_{i} = a_i e^{\frac{b_i}{T}},
\end{equation}

\noindent
where:

\begin{equation}
b_i = \left(\frac{1}{T_2} - \frac{1}{T_1}\right)^{-1}\ln\frac{\sigma_i(T_1)}{\sigma_i(T_2)},
\end{equation}

\noindent
and:

\begin{equation}
a_i = \sigma_i(T_1)e^{\frac{b_i}{T}}
\end{equation}

\noindent
The error in the cross sections introduced by the
more accurate interpolation scheme does not exceed 1.64\% which is
less than the estimated uncertainty in the \textit{ab initio} line lists.

To obtain cross sections at an intermediate pressure $P$, interpolation between cross sections
computed for a higher pressure $P_2$ and a lower pressure $P_1$ may be performed linearly:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:interp3}
\sigma_{i} = \sigma_{i}(P_1) + m(P-P_1)
\end{equation}

\noindent
where:
\begin{equation}
m = \frac{\sigma_{i}(P_2) - \sigma_{i}(P_1)}{P_2 - P_1}
\end{equation}

\noindent
This results in interpolation residuals below 2.6\% for the
region 6000 - 30,000 cm$^{-1}$\ for all pressures. However, below 6000 cm$^{-1}$\
for low pressures and below 1000 cm$^{-1}$\ for high pressures, there are
spikes in interpolation residual ($>$ 10\%) for individual wavenumber bins,
notably in the wings of strong features. The wings of strong lines
add appreciable amounts of opacity to wavenumber bins where there previously
was negligible opacity in an non-linear fashion. In reality this effects
only a small fraction of the bins ($\sim$ 0.7\%) and changes the total cross section
in the region 10 - 6000 cm$^{-1}$\ by less than 0.002 \%
at worst, hence this should have negligible effect on practical applications.

\section{Conclusion}

H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\ line widths  pressure-broadened by hydrogen and helium were
calculated using the the averaged energy difference method and $J$$^\prime$
$J$$^{\prime\prime}$-dependence technique. Rotational quantum numbers $J$ up to 50
were considered. The temperature dependence of the widths was derived
from calculations made at temperatures in the range 300 - 2000 K. The
calculated data are in reasonable agreement with available experiment.

The widths and temperature exponents are presented in new ExoMol
format as dataset exclusive \verb|.broad| files and can be used to
generate a temperature and pressure dependent Lorentzian-half width
for every line of the BT2 line list, or any line list with at least
$J$$^\prime$-$J$$^{\prime\prime}$\ assignments.

High resolution pressure dependent absorption cross sections for H$_{2}$$^{16}$O\
have been calculated for a mixed H$_{2}$/He (85/15\% by number) environment and a
range of temperatures (T = 300 - 2000 K) and pressures (P = 0.001 - 10
bar) relevant to exoplanet and cool star atmospheres. The static cross
sections are available from
the ExoMol website (www.exomol.com/data/molecules/H2O/1H2-16O/BT2/).

It is out intention to make the cross sections available through the
ExoMol cross section service, a web-based interface
(www.exomol.com/data/data-types/xsec/) which currently allows astronomers to download
zero pressure cross sections for available molecules at user defined
temperatures and spectral resolution.

The form chosen for representing the pressure-broadening parameters
is based on the quantum numbers of the upper and lower levels. This
means that the parameters are transferable to other extensive water
line lists such as new,  complete and more accurate POKAZATEL line list
\cite{jtpoz} which will be released soon. Furthermore, the differences
in pressure effects between H$_{2}$$^{16}$O, and H$_2$$^{17}$O and  H$_2$$^{18}$O
should be very small. This means that the broadening files presented
here should also be appropriated for the newly computed
H$_2$$^{17}$O and  H$_2$$^{18}$O hot line lists \cite{jt665}

Pressure dependent absorption cross sections for other key species in
the atmospheres of exoplanets and cool stars (for example NH$_3$, CO,
CO$_2$ and CH$_4$) will also be included here in due course \cite{jtdiet}.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

This work was supported by a
grant from Energinet.dk project N. 2013-1-1027, by
UCL through the Impact Studentship Program and the European Research
Council under Advanced Investigator Project 267219 and partly supported
by CNRS in the frame of the International Associated Laboratory SAMIA and
RFBR No. 16-32-00244.

\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Kellogg's Wages War on America's Workers Wages
December 20th, 2021 - by Bernie Sanders / Fox News
Striking Kellogg's Workers Must Get Our Support
Bernie Sanders / Fox News
Kellogg's is the poster child for the
culture of corporate greed that we are experiencing
(December 17, 2021) — I will be in Battle Creek, Michigan this Friday with workers who have been on strike for over two months against Kellogg's. Let me tell you why I'm going.
In America today, we have more income and wealth inequality than at any time in the last 100 years. After adjusting for inflation, the average worker in America is making $40 dollars a week less today than he/she made 48 years ago. The result: millions of working class families are struggling to pay for health care, prescription drugs, housing, child care, higher education or put away funds for retirement. They are also trying hard to maintain their family life amidst irregular work scheduling patterns.
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These workers, members of the BCTGM International Union, have been on strike for over two months demanding better wages, working conditions and an end to a grossly destructive "two-tier" system which provides newer workers substantially lower wages and benefits than long-term employees.
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The workers' struggle against Kellogg's is a lot more than just 1,400 employees on strike in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Nebraska.
It's about what this country and our economy is supposed to stand for.
It's about whether we continue to tolerate the excessive corporate greed that is running rampant throughout our economy and where workers are treated with contempt.
It's about whether we have a stable middle class with a decent standard of living or whether we descend into oligarchy where a small number of people are extremely wealthy while ordinary Americans struggle to survive.
I am proud to join the striking Kellogg's workers in their fight for justice and dignity.
I hope that all Americans, as we sit down at breakfast with our Kellogg's Corn Flakes or Raisin Bran, remember the people who produced those products and join me in demanding that the company return to the negotiating table and work out a fair agreement with the union.
Kellogg's, like other large corporations, must understand that it cannot have it all.
Their workers deserve a fair shake.


My name is Kalisha Hall and I'm a fashion designer. My brand is K. RaShae Collection. I started designing wanting to make a difference because I grew up not loving myself and not wanting to be brown for a long time. All of my friends had very light complexions, and I'd always hear "oh, you're pretty to be dark". I would feel like a shadow or unnoticed. So, I wanted to start a company that celebrated our differences. Celebrated our curves, our complexions, which some of us may still consider as flaws. They aren't.
You really have to be very strategic in how you go about promoting yourself [in the fashion industry]. You can quickly be put into the category of "urban". Like, we can't do anything in the industry of luxury? It's very strategic of how I put myself forward. I couldn't come out and be "oh, I'm Black and I'm proud" because then I'd be put in this box. It's just all in timing. I'll get there to where I can [fully] rep who I am. But the way that this industry is set up, I can't come out so boldly, initially, because then it would hurt the brand and the business.
But I got in and I got scholarships. It was just a no-brainer to move [to New York]. I graduated and did the whole design journey of interning, hustling, and bustling. I finally landed a job in menswear, ironically. Though, I really wanted to design for women. I enjoyed it, but I wasn't as hands on as I wanted it to be. I was doing more visual merchandising for that particular brand. When I got let go, it hurt at the time but it was a blessing in disguise because it kick-started K. RaShae. I would never have taken that leap of faith if I wasn't let go from that job. Hitting rock bottom made me realize I had no choice other than to go for what I wanted. This all happened in 2015 and I launched the first collection in 2016. I got invited to Paris (to show this past March) and this is my third collection.
I feel like the K. RaShae woman is young. But it also depends on the personality of the woman, which isn't really defined by age you know? But it's for that woman who grew up in the shadows and now she wants to come out. I make standout pieces, but not to the point where it's obnoxious.
I talk to my team all the time about the fact that I don't just want to make clothes. I want to make clothes for a purpose. And you'll see that every collection is purpose driven. Every title of a collection has meaning behind it. Like 'No Tux Given' was about me moving to NYC and pulling from a mindset of not caring about what people think. You know coming from the south, there were times when I tried to fall back. I didn't want people to be like "oh, who does she think she is?" and all that stuff. So, 'No Tux Given' was a play on words but also my mindset at the moment. And then I did 'Prettiest Fighter' because I feel like we have to put women at the forefront to let women know they're not alone.
My beauty routine! I've been washing my face with Clean and Clear since I was like 15 [laughs]! I've been so loyal. But I use their Clean and Clear face wash for sensitive skin and I use the Clean and Clear facial moisturizer and the astringent. Literally just those three products.
I'm a more natural person when it comes to makeup. It has to be something going on for me to come with a beat face.
You know, I would tell young Black and brown girls that if they're serious about working in the fashion industry to first get the education. A lot of people can try to tear you away from your dream, but if you're educated, no one can stop you. Fashion is not easy. You have to have a passion for it. It's not about the glam. You have to have a reason for why you're doing what you're doing so that you get up everyday and work at it. Even when the sales aren't coming in or people aren't accepting you.
I would tell her to find her reason for designing and then pursue that.
Follow K. RaShae on the gram and see her latest collections on her site.


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Luke Perry's Had a Pretty Big Influence on Gay Men for Almost 30 Years
March 16, 2019 March 10, 2019 by Ryan Shea
I almost screamed after news broke about Luke Perry's passing. He was only 52.
When word first got out about him having a stroke, I didn't think much of it. I figured he was going to survive and thrive and eventually talk about it in the press and to his fans when he was feeling better. I had no idea the person who helped shape my sexuality (and many others) was going to die.
3rd annual Reed Rondel stunt Enduro 1993 #riplukeperry
A post shared by Ian Ziering (@ianziering) on Mar 8, 2019 at 7:08am PST
I'm an early millennial, so the Beverly Hills, 90210 days weren't something that I initially watched when it premiered in 1990. To be honest, I really had no idea who Luke was until I saw my all-time favorite movie Clueless five years later. The iconic scene where Dionne (Stacey Dash) told Tai (Brittany Murphy) that Cher (Alicia Silverstone) was saving her virginity for Luke made me want to do some investigating as to who this guy was.
I'll never forget finding a photo of him in People or one of those magazines shortly after and sort of being dumbfounded by just how handsome he really was. He had a face that rang similar to several heartthrobs from years before him like Paul Newman and James Dean… only in 90's form. It was from there on that I started to binge-watch 90210 as my quest to finding out what my true sexuality was in full throttle mode at this time in my life.
No words can express what my heart feels hearing today's shocking news. Let us all say a prayer for his speedy recovery.
A post shared by Ian Ziering (@ianziering) on Feb 28, 2019 at 9:42am PST
It was around then that I finally admitted to myself that I was gay, even though I didn't really know what being this way was all about. All I knew was that the math kept adding up for me in terms of being attracted to guys like Luke on television and other factors that led to this understanding.
It's interesting to think of how many people in entertainment shape our sexuality, from music to movies to television and more. The equation for me in this case centered on Luke plus tons of other hot guys I saw on television and movies and my love for divas like Madonna and Taylor Dayne. Yup, I was and am gay.
Rest in Love bro.
A post shared by KJ Apa (@kjapa) on Mar 7, 2019 at 6:18pm PST
In the days since his passing I've seen several social media updates from friends who have echoed similar sentiments compared to mine. I'm not sure if Luke was ever aware of his influence in the gay world, but I would like to think that he was flattered by it given that his status of being an unbelievably good-looking guy has been cemented in our minds long before his passing.
My heart has been weighing heavy. The loss of a man who started as my co-star but quickly became my friend. He welcomed me on my very first day of #90210 with open arms. A day that was not an easy one for me. I was coming in to a show, a family really, that had been together for over 4 years. But this man took me under his wing and made me feel at home. Made me feel like I belonged in his TV family. He was sincere, sweet, warm, kind, professional and funny as all heck. And most of all, the definition of a gentleman. Luke, our world has a hole in it now that you aren't here. But heaven definitely gained you as an angel. #RIP #LukePerry #gonetoosoon
A post shared by Tiffani Thiessen (@tiffanithiessen) on Mar 7, 2019 at 7:20am PST
Rest in peace, Luke.
This is the opinion of one contributing writer and not that of Instinct Magazine or other Contributing Writers.
Tags #90210, #beverlyhills90210, #gayicon, #lukeperry, #Riverdale
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The Dallas Housewife Makes A Pledge To The LGBT Community About Pride & Her Advocacy


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Innovative funding strategies are one way communities can help ensure no one gets left behind in an economic upswing.
From Los Angeles to Boston, more cities are using "linkage fees" as a stable funding source for much-needed resident programs such as affordable housing and workforce training. A linkage fee program attempts to link the production of market-rate real estate to the production of affordable housing. For instance, a community can charge a developer a fee for each square foot of new market-rate construction and use the funds to pay for an affordable housing initiative. These fees provide a sustainable way to ensure residents and workers are not left behind as cities boom and developers profit.
Cities are creating a variety of ways to link the fees to development, and then set aside the funds for different programs. Los Angeles, which passed the linkage fee ordinance in December 2017, hopes to generate between $80 million to $100 million a year and create 1,500 new affordable units annually.
Since 2000, none of the cities examined in the study – San Francisco, Sacramento, Berkeley, San Diego, Seattle and Cambridge – have suffered declines in economic growth. In fact, these communities are facing a lack of affordable housing, as well as racial and income disparities exacerbated by their rapidly growing local economies.
Displacement is a very real issue. In 2015, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti created the Innovation Team (i-team) to understand and prevent the displacement of businesses and residents. The i-team created the Los Angeles Index of Neighborhood Change to measure gentrification and the Los Angeles Index of Displacement Pressure to predict displacement. Important data tools like this combined with a steady and powerful funding stream can go a long way in protecting vulnerable populations.
More cities, including smaller cities, are exploring linkage fees as a way to proactively raise revenue for affordable housing. Wynn Resorts is currently building a $2.1 billion casino in Everett, Mass., and it will be the largest single-phase construction project in state history. Slated to open in 2019 and spur more economic development, the mayor of Everett submitted a request to the City Council to fund a $50,000 study to initiate a linkage fee ordinance. Originally proposed over a decade ago with little traction, the current request passed unanimously. It is a hopeful sign that good things come to communities that wait.


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Sarbanes-Oxley Act Definition:
An American federal law, 2002, which substantially revised and strengthened securities laws and their administration in the aftermath of high profile corporate accounting scandals such as that involving Enron.
The act also gave the US Securities and Exchange Commission more supervisory powers over corporations.
It established a Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to supervise the auditing of public companies.
It also purports to hold chief executive officers and chief financial officers accountable for periodic financial reports, imposes new obligations and responsibilities by corporate audit committees, and prohibits corporate loans to officers or directors.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act also directed the brunt of criminal law to words corporate reporting by creating new offenses and enforcement mechanisms in regards to securities and reporting-related offenses.
The Practitioner's Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2 volumes, Editors Huber, Keller, Tsoganos and Wolfman, American Bar Association, Business Law section.
US Securities and Exchange Commission, Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Frequently Asked Questions, at sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/faqs/soxact2002.htm
Addison-Hewitt Associates, A Guide To The Sarbanes-Oxley Act at soxlaw.com
Cicero (106-43 BC)
Europe is the source - the unique source - of the ideas of individual liberties, political democracies, equality before the law, human rights and cultural freedom. These are European ideas: not Asian nor African nor Middle Eastern, except by adoption. Arthur Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America (1998)