text:
Kosovars Vote In Mayoral Runoffs
Voters in 19 cities and towns in Kosovo headed to the polls on November 19 to cast ballots in mayoral runoffs. The first round of Kosovo's local elections was held on October 22. (RFE/RL's Balkan Service)
Kosovo Voters Go To Polls In Local Election Runoffs
Voters in Kosovo are heading to the polls for the second round of local elections that are seen as another step in the young republic's effort to solidify its democratic credentials.
Four Sentenced In Kosovo For 2016 Parliament Attack
A court in Kosovo has sentenced four opposition figures, including a lawmaker, to prison terms after their convictions for taking part in an attack last year on the parliament building in Pristina.
Top Judge In EU's Kosovar Mission Resigns Amid Allegations Of Wrongdoing
The top judge in the European Union mission that oversees Kosovo's justice system has resigned and is under investigation for unspecified offenses, the EU mission said.
Serbian Court Hands Down Suspended Sentences Over 2008 Attack On U.S. Embassy
A Serbian court has sentenced four men to suspended prison terms for their involvement in an arson attack on the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade in 2008.
Analysis: Kosovo's Bridge To Russia
Bridges are meant to connect people, but the one over the Ibar River in Kosovo has long been a tool of separation, used by ethnic Serbs to maintain isolation from the Albanian majority in southern Mitrovica. (The views expressed in this blog post do not necessarily reflect those of RFE/RL.)
Albanians Protest Court Verdicts On 2015 Shoot-Out
Dozens of protesters marched in Macedonia's capital, Skopje, on November 5 to decry guilty verdicts against 33 men issued three days earlier in the case of a deadly shoot-out with police that took place in 2015 in the town of Kumanovo. (RFE/RL's Balkan Service)
Kosovo Calls For Investigation After Macedonia Convicts Group For Deadly Gunbattle
Kosovo has called for an international investigation over the conviction of several of its citizens by a Macedonian court for taking part in a gunbattle with police.
U.S. Charges Man Extradited From Bosnia With Supporting Terrorism
The United States leveled terrorism charges on November 1 against a man extradited from Bosnia who had joined the Islamic State extremist group to allegedly help disseminate propaganda and recruit suicide bombers.
EU Warns Serbia On War Criminal Teaching At Military Academy
The European Union has warned Serbia that the appointment of a general who was convicted of war crimes as a military academy lecturer is against the principles of the EU, which Belgrade wants to join.
Preliminary Results Show Need For Mayoral Runoffs In Kosovo
Preliminary results in Kosovo's municipal elections indicate that runoffs will be needed to decide the winning candidates in mayoral races in major cities throughout the Balkan country.
Kosovars Vote In Mayoral, Council Elections
Voters in Kosovo headed to the polls on October 22 to cast ballots in municipal elections. RFE/RL filmed early voters in the capital, Pristina, including Kosovo's Central Election Commission chief, Valdete Daka. (RFE/RL's Balkan Service)


The activists' claim that companies somehow hid scientific facts about climate change is a laughable idea for something as widely covered as the climate, studied by innumerable universities, research groups, and governments. Nevertheless, cities have signed up, from New York City to Boulder, Colo., turning this West Coast legal fad into a national movement. Florida city leaders, for the sake of their constituents and the environment, should reject the urge to enlist in these suits.
First among the reasons to denounce this effort is that oil and gas companies, in fact, are leading the way — through innovation — to find better and cleaner sources of energy. They invest billions of dollars researching and developing alternative fuels and solar power. They are the very centers of expertise we need to find and develop new forms of reliable, available, and clean energy to provide Americans with affordable electricity and fuels.
The proposed lawsuits will do nothing more than divert money and attention away from innovation and exploration. Natural gas and nuclear options already provide environmentally-clean sources of energy. These sources, and the efforts to increase their availability, allow Americans to pay much less than the rest of the world for energy. Until renewable sources of energy such as solar or wind become reliable and storable, oil and gas companies should be thanked and supported for their work.
The second reason to not jump on the "secret science" bandwagon is simple — these lawsuits are both illogical and unfair. Apportioning blame for something as wide and global as climate change is an impossible task. Further, being successful and "winning" these lawsuits will not affect the climate one iota. At present, energy companies are operating in ways that are ever-cleaner and less carbon intense. Companies are producing abundant and available amounts of natural gas, thus helping to reduce our reliance on less clean fuels.
Finally, Florida's cities should not join a movement that would harm the economic interests of their own communities. In our state alone, the oil and gas industry supports more than 266,000 jobs. This translates to a total value-added economic impact of $22 billion for our state; money that flows into wages and taxes that support schools, teachers and law enforcement.
It should also be remembered that Florida is built on tourism, and energy transports and powers every aspect of that industry — from the jets that land in airports around the state to the air conditioning at Orlando theme parks and luxury hotels of Miami Beach. Cleaner and cheaper energy also helps small boat owners and other hardworking Floridians who make this state the premier vacation destination in the United States.
For all these reasons, Florida municipal leaders should think before joining these politically-motivated lawsuits. Becoming a plaintiff in these lawsuits would cost Florida jobs and divert dollars from industry research and environmental improvement. Man-made climate change is still a theory. But, for those who are convinced of its anthropological foundations, there are better ways to face the uncertainties of climate change than pointless litigation.
Daniel Peterson is the director for the Center for Property Rights at The James Madison Institute and a resident of Orlando, Florida.


Updated | The founder of the media company that owns Newsweek has stepped down as chairman two weeks after investigators raided the company's headquarters as part of a long-term financial fraud probe.
Etienne Uzac, co-owner of Newsweek Media Group, is joined by his wife, Marion Kim, the company's finance director, who will also step down, the company said.
The announcement comes amid an ongoing grand jury investigation by the Manhattan District Attorney's office that started at least 17 months ago and appears to include an examination of the company's finances, according to sources familiar with the matter.
Uzac did not respond to requests for comment, and Kim declined to comment.
Investigators from the Manhattan DA's office raided Newsweek's offices in downtown Manhattan on January 18 and seized 18 computer servers as part of the probe. Authorities are not looking at Newsweek's editorial operation but its parent company's finances, including loans the company took out to purchase the servers, according to sources with knowledge of the investigation.
The probe is also focused on a potential "money trail" between former Newsweek Media Group executives and Olivet University, a California-based Christian college with close ties to company officials, according to the New York Post. Uzac is among four top executives with connections to the school, which has denied any link to the DA's investigation. According to federal tax records, he was the treasurer of Olivet from 2006 to 2010 and served as the school's vice chairman in 2011.
In recent years, IBT Media Inc., later renamed Newsweek Media Group, paid the school more than $2.8 million for licensing and research-and-development agreements, tax records show.
On Thursday morning, BuzzFeed News published a story that claimed "the publisher of Newsweek and the International Business Times has been engaging in fraudulent online traffic practices that helped it secure a major ad buy from a US government agency." BuzzFeed based some of its reporting on an outside study by a fraud-research consulting firm, Social Puncher. Newsweek Media Group later said in a statement that it has not engaged in the fraudulent activity described in the story. "The report cited by BuzzFeed News mischaracterizes Newsweek Media Group's business behavior as unethical and distorts the truth," the statement said.
Uzac grew up in France and South Africa and got the idea to launch a digital publication called International Business Times while studying at the London School of Economics, according to his LinkedIn page. He and Johnathan Davis, a UCLA engineering major, whom Uzac reportedly met through a campus Christian fellowship, started the IBT website in 2006 using money from family and friends. Uzac sold ads, while Davis was the programmer and writer, and the site was making $2 million a year by 2010, the pair told The New York Times.
IBT grew quickly from that point as Uzac and Davis sharpened their search engine optimization strategy, and traffic grew by 1,200 percent in 2010, they have said. "We can immediately see how people are finding the content, whether it's through the websites, whether there's better positioning on the front page or on the section pages," Davis told Editor & Publisher in 2012. Today, the rebranded company, Newsweek Media Group, claims to have 80 million unique visitors to its 19 websites, according to the company's website.
But questions about the company's finances have long dogged IBT Media, which bought Newsweek from IAC, an internet and media company, in 2013. The company missed payroll and laid off large numbers of employees in 2016, and in May 2017, the company was hit with a federal tax lien for failure to pay the IRS more than $400,000 in taxes. Uzac stepped down as chief executive and became chairman in July 2016, while Dev Pragad, who owned and ran Newsweek International in London, took over as chief executive of Newsweek Media Group.
Both Uzac and Davis, who still own parts of Newsweek Media Group, also appear to have large debts, public records show. The IRS filed a $1.2 million lien against Uzac in December 2017, while it filed an $800,000 lien against Davis in October that year, according to public records. Both men also have large debts to other creditors, according to the records.
In a sign of the financial struggles faced by Uzac and Newsweek Media Group, public records also show Uzac, along with the company, owe about $180,000 to a firm called Kings Cash Group LLC, which offers loans to companies with "bad credit or other blemishes on their financial histories," according to its website.
Newsweek Media Group is also facing personnel challenges. On Monday, the company placed its chief content officer, Dayan Candappa, on an immediate leave of absence in response to a news report that he was dismissed from his previous job after a subordinate filed a sexual harassment complaint against him.
This story has been updated to reflect a BuzzFeed News article on the publisher of Newsweek and the International Business Times, as well as Newsweek Media Group's statement.


text:
Taliban unveils new Afghanistan 'interim government'
Source: TOLOnews
The Taliban declared victory over Afghanistan after capturing Panjshir on Monday, the last area to resist the militant group.
The Taliban announced a new caretaker government on Tuesday, with Mullah Mohammad Hassan Akhund serving as the new prime minister and the group's co-founder Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar assuming the position of his deputy.
US working to provide aid to Afghanistan despite sanctions: Blinken
In a televised announcement, Taliban spokesman in Kabul Zabihullah Mujahid said Mohammad Yaqub Mujahid will act as the defence minister, Amir Khan Mottaki as the foreign minister with Mohammad Abbas Stanekzai as his deputy, and Sirajuddin Haqqani as the minister of interior.
Haqqani is sanctioned by the UN and the US and is also on the FBI's most wanted list, with the agency offering $5 million bounty for his arrest.
Other members include: Hidayatullah Badri as the minister of finance, Sheikh Allah Munir as minister of education, Abdul Haq Watheq as the head of intelligence, Muhammad Idris as the head of the central bank, and Fasih Al-Din as the army commander.
Speaking at the announcement on Tuesday, Taliban spokesman Mujahid, who is also the deputy information and culture minister, said there are other seats in the administration whose ministers have not yet been appointed yet.
Despite promises by the Taliban to form an inclusive government amid international calls to ensure all Afghan parties are included, the newly-announced administration consists of mainly Taliban and Haqqani members.
However, Zabihullah noted that the group will "strive" to include all segments of the Afghan society" in the next government.
There were no statements made regarding the inclusion of women in the new administration.
The latest development came almost a month after the insurgents took control of Kabul, forcing former President Ashraf Ghani to flee to Tajikstan before then transferring to the United Arab Emirates.
The formation of the new cabinet comes at a critical time as concerns over a worsening humanitarian crisis make global headlines.
Follow Doha News on Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Youtube
Qatar's schools, psychologists warn of dangerous impact of 'Squid Game' on children
Mini Dohans
How blended learning has impacted children and parents over the pandemic
Chereen Shurafa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Christian Holtermann Knudsen (15 July 1845 – 21 April 1929) was a Norwegian typographer, newspaper editor, publisher, trade unionist and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party. He is known as chairman of his party in three non-consecutive periods, and also founded what would become the main party newspaper. He served three terms in the Norwegian Parliament.

Career

Media and trade unions
He was born in Bergen as the son of a cooper. He finished a typographer's education in 1865, and worked for several printing presses in Kristiania. Most notably he worked for the weekly newspaper Almuevennen, as typographer for six years and manager for eight years. In 1872 he was among the co-founders of the trade union Oslo Typografiske Forening. He chaired this organization from 1876 to 1878, 1879 to 1882 and 1883 to 1885, and in 1883 he co-founded the first trade union center in Norway, Fagforeningernes Centralkomité.

In 1884 Knudsen established the newspaper Vort Arbeide ('Our Work'), on behalf of the central committee. The first issue was released on 10 May 1884, and led to Knudsen being fired from Almuevennen. He also had to establish his own printing press since none of the existing printing presses wanted to be affiliated with a labourer's newspaper. The fledgling project was marred by economic problems, and the burden of both writing, editing and printing lay chiefly on Knudsen. In 1885 he founded the association Socialdemokratisk Forening, which formally took over the newspaper. The name was changed from Vort Arbeide to Social-Demokraten ('The Social Democrat') in 1886. At the same time, Carl Jeppesen took over as editor-in-chief, although Knudsen would return as editor from 1892 to 1893.

Knudsen expanded the printing press, and published several books, many of which were frowned upon by the establishment. Kristian Stenrud's books were controversial, and Hans Jæger's book Fra Kristiania-Bohemen, published in 1885, was instantly banned upon publication. Jæger was sentenced to eighty days in jail, appealed to the Supreme Court and had it reduced to sixty days. Jæger's defender, Ludvig Meyer, later became both editor-in-chief of Social-Demokraten and leader of the Labour Party. Jæger and Knudsen later tried to circumvent the law and sell the banned book in Sweden, brandishing a fake name Julefortællinger af H.J. ('Christmas Carols by H.J.') on the cover, but this was discovered and the book banned in Sweden as well. Knudsen also received a jail sentence, of eleven days, for publishing a piece about contraception in Social-Demokraten in 1887. Nonetheless, Knudsen became the official stamp printer in 1895.

Political party
Knudsen, inspired by German theories, argued that "socialism [is] the only means" to "help the working estate". He became a co-founder of the Norwegian Labour Party in August 1887 in Arendal. Like the trade unions, the early Labour Party contained both socialist and non-socialist elements. The most important political demand was universal suffrage. Knudsen was a member of the central committee from the beginning, and then became party leader from 1889 to 1890 and 1900 to 1903. From 1899 to 1926 he was a member of Kristiania city council. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1906, representing the constituency of Grünerløkken, and was re-elected in 1909 and 1912. For the first two terms he was the leader of the parliamentary party group.

Knudsen was a deputy member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1913, and served his third term as party leader from 1911 to 1918. His leadership came to an end when the radical wing, spearheaded by Kyrre Grepp and Martin Tranmæl, took over at the 1918 national party convention. He left the central committee, but returned in 1920. When the less radical wing broke out to form the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1921, Knudsen did not follow; he continued in the central committee until 1924. In 1923 the name of the newspaper Social-Demokraten had been changed again, to Arbeiderbladet ('The Labour Paper'). It became the main organ of the Labour Party, undergoing direct control; the editor-in-chief was also represented in the national party board. As the newspapers became independent in the latter quarter of the twentieth century, the newspaper changed its name again, to the current Dagsavisen.

Knudsen died in 1929.

References

Further reading

Members of the Storting
Norwegian book publishers (people)
Norwegian printers
Norwegian newspaper editors
Trade unionists from Bergen
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Politicians from Oslo
Journalists from Bergen
1845 births
1929 deaths
Leaders of the Labour Party (Norway)
Dagsavisen editors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Lariat Kid is a lost 1929 American silent Western film directed by B. Reeves Eason and starring Hoot Gibson. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures.

Cast
 Hoot Gibson as Tom Richards
 Ann Christy as Mary Lou
 Cap Anderson as Scar Hagerty
 Mary Foy as Aunt Bella
 Walter Brennan as Pat O'Shea
 Andy Waldron as George Carson
 Bud Osborne as Trigger Finger
 Joseph Bennett as Pecos Kid
 Jim Corey as Jackknife
 Francis Ford as Cal Gregg
 Joe Rickson as Tony

References

External links

1929 films
Films directed by B. Reeves Eason
Universal Pictures films
1929 Western (genre) films
Lost Western (genre) films
Lost American films
American black-and-white films
1929 lost films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1920s American films


Admission-controllers are used to prevent overload in systems with dynamically arriving tasks. Typically, these admission-controllers are based on sufficient (but not necessary) capacity bounds in order to maintain a low computational complexity. In this paper we present how exact admission-control for aperiodic tasks can be efficiently obtained. Our first result is an admission-controller for purely aperiodic task sets where the test has the same runtime complexity as utilization-based tests. Our second result is an extension of the previous controller for a baseload of periodic tasks. The runtime complexity of this test is lower than for any known exact admission-controller. In addition to presenting our main algorithm and evaluating its performance, we also discuss some general issues concerning admission-controllers and their implementation. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Electronic Law Journals Journal of Information Law & Technology
Picciotto
About JILT
JILT Team
BILETA2010
Submission Standards
JILT 1996 (2) - Sol Picciotto
Towards Open Access to British Official Documents
Professor Sol Picciotto
S.Picciotto@lancaster.ac.uk
1. Introduction (i) | (ii)
2. The Present Legal Framework
2.1 Crown and Parliamentary Copyright
2.2 Court Judgements and Reports (i) | (ii) | (iii)
3. Administrative Arrangements for Official Publications (i) | (ii)
3.1 Free Reproduction Without Prior Request (i) | (ii)
3.2 Photocopying
3.3 Licensing on Request of Free Reproduction
3.4 Licensing on Easy Terms
3.5 General Licensing Policy
4. Towards Open Access and Public Domain
This is a refereed article.
Date of Publication: 7 May 1996
Links Updated: 2 April 1997
Picciotto, S (1996) 'Towards Open Access to British Official Documents', 1996 (2) The Journal of Information Law and Technology (JILT), <http://elj.warwick.ac.uk/elj/jilt/leginfo/2picciot/>. New citation as at 1/1/04: <http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/1996_2/picciotto/>
1. Introduction (i)
The British government has been slow to recognise the implications and potential of the Internet for facilitating access to official government information. It still remains true that
The United Kingdom is not a country in which ideas of free access to, and free use of, government information flourish with any vigour (Cornish, 1989, p. 367).
The situation is greatly exacerbated by the tangled thicket of legal and bureaucratic rules, based on copyright, which control the reproduction of government documents of all kinds. The time is now overdue for Parliament to take action and introduce legislation based on the principle of public domain, which is a significant factor in the much greater openness of access to government information evident in the USA. The Internet now offers an excellent opportunity to create rapid open access at low cost for all official documents and government information. Reform and clarification of the law is necessary to bring this about. It is also necessitated by the government's move to privatise the commercial aspects of HMSO, which includes some as yet unspecified rights and duties in relation to official publication.
A recent Ministerial statement, and related changes to official administrative notices, have made some modifications to existing arrangements while maintaining the broad lines of present policy. Yet the policy is facing increasing problems created for it both by the fragmentation of government and the information explosion. The statement made on 9th February 1996 by Roger Freeman, the Cabinet Office Minister for Public Service, essentially clarified two points. First, that although Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) is being privatised in the summer of 1996, the administration of Crown copyright will not be transferred to the privatised entity. This would be retained in a 'residual body', which could also, with the agreement of Parliament, administer Parliamentary copyright. Secondly, he extended to non-print media the existing open licence allowing free re-publication of legislation (Acts of Parliament and Statutory Instruments). At about the same time, modified versions were issued of some of the circulars and letters governing administration of Crown copyright. As a concession to open government, the texts were quickly made available on the Internet (<http://www.hmso.gov.uk/copy.htm>).
The policy of the government, restated in the Minister's recent formulation, is
to administer Crown copyright with a view to making official information as widely and readily available as possible, taking into account the need to protect the interests of the taxpayer.
This policy is fundamentally contradictory, and therefore flawed. What is intended by 'protecting the interests of the taxpayer' is, apparently, to make use of the property rights, which means treating them as normal commercial property, in order to ensure as much return to the public purse as is compatible with ensuring adequate dissemination of official material. The flaws in the policy make it very difficult to administer, especially as government itself has become fragmented, and each department has been under pressure to cut its costs or generate revenue, including doing so by exploiting its "rights" over information.[1]
1. Introduction (ii)
The policy is justified by the short-sighted Treasury view of the interests of the taxpayer. Yet, most taxpayers would be appalled by the notion that information compiled for the purposes of government should be treated as the property of government departments, to be sold back to the public at a profit. HMSO argue that they are only seeking a return for the taxpayer from commercial profits, and reject the view that if they forego royalties the savings would be passed on. The taxpayer's interests are surely best served by immediate publication by the easiest means possible of as much government information as possible. Electronic publishing now makes this feasible at minimal marginal cost. Word-processed documents can now be very easily formatted for display on a Web page, and released immediately to the world. This seems only partially understood in government circles. Adoption of a policy of open access should be coupled with the legal recognition that official documents are in the public domain. This would create the incentive for publishers to add value by improving delivery and packaging. Now the initial euphoria about the prospects for total access to all information via the Net is over, it has become clear that there is an important role for commercial intermediaries who can facilitate navigation, or repackage material for more convenient access or retrieval. Restrictive, conflicting, and confusing copyright rules can only impede this commercial and competitive process.[2]
Copyright of its nature is an exclusive right, which reduces competition. Its justification is said to be to provide an incentive and reward to authors and artists for their skill and creativity. This is hardly relevant to official documents, and its existence reinforces the tendency for official information to be treated as a scarce and expensive commodity. The privatisation of HMSO also makes it necessary to reassert the nature of the public interest by statute, rather than leave it to private and secretive negotiations between government departments and the owners of the new entity. If publication of official documents remains a property right, there will be inevitable pressures to widen exclusivity, in order to increase the value of the assets and ensure the 'success' of the privatisation.
At the risk of adding further confusion, an attempt to recapitulate the essence of the present legal and administrative arrangements might be in order here.
The 1988 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (CDPA) made a significant change by limiting Crown copyright to any work made ' by Her Majesty or by an officer or servant of the Crown in the course of his [sic] duties' (s.163). In contrast, the previous 1956 legislation had a much broader formulation, covering works either made or published 'by or under the direction or control of Her Majesty or a government department'.[3]
The narrower formulation of the 1988 Act necessitated the creation of a separate Parliamentary copyright, which covers works made by or under the direction or control of either House of Parliament, but excluding commissioned works (s.165). Thus, Bills, reports of parliamentary proceedings, and some other parliamentary documents are Parliamentary copyright, but statutes are Crown copyright. The new formulation also means that works commissioned by the government but produced by a contractor rather than an employee are not Crown copyright, although the Crown may acquire the rights. Works produced as part of the process of government prior to 1988 would normally be Crown copyright, whoever the author was, if first published by the government. This is no longer the case. Whether a report or other document produced as part of the process of government is Crown copyright now depends on the employment status of the author, unless the department commissioning the work obtains a transfer of copyright.[4]
2.2 Court Judgments and Reports
There remains a fog of ambiguity and disagreement as to copyright in court judgments. They may be Crown copyright, if judges are 'servants or officers of the Crown' Cornish says with some diffidence that
While no judge would hold himself to be a servant of the Crown, he or she is appointed by royal authority and is therefore probably an officer of the Crown (Cornish, 1989, p. 367).
Not surprisingly, the Treasury Solicitor agrees with this view. Although no action has yet been taken to enforce it, HMSO states that it intends to issue a policy statement soon. (Laddie, Prescott and Vitoria, 1995 ) hold the contrary view, and point out that in all the debates leading to the passage of the 1988 Act no mention was made that it might have this effect (para 22.39). They point out that in legislation such as the Supreme Court Act the term court 'officers' is used only for various clerks, masters, registrars etc., and not for judges. They conclude that "while it is plain that a judge holds an 'office', this does not thereby make him an 'officer of the Crown' " (para. 22.38). They ingeniously argue that, since judges have never asserted a copyright, and often deliver their judgments in open court where they may be taken down by reporters, judges have either abandoned copyright by dedication to the public, or are estopped from denying the existence of an irrevocable licence to publish (para 22.40). This argument effectively puts the judgments themselves in the public domain.
2.2 Court Judgments and Reports (ii)
The problem is compounded by the various ways in which the production of a judgment, and of a report of the judgment, interact with the principles of copyright. There may be a separate copyright in a report of the judgment, if sufficient skill or judgment have been expended in producing it. Shorthand writers, who traditionally sat in open court, relied on the famous case of Walter v. Lane [1900] AC 539, which decided that a newspaper had its own copyright in a report of a speech made in public. However, under today's conditions it has been argued that there is no separate copyright in the report as such. The aim of law reports today is to render the approved words of the judge, who often writes out the judgment in full or in note form, and generally is given the opportunity to correct the reporter's draft (Picciotto and Ruete, 1985). What law reports offer now is the actual text of the judge's words, as approved by her or him, rather than an account which relies on the skill of an individual reporter. An exception to this is abbreviated or edited reports such as those in daily newspapers, which are written in reported speech and are really a Note of the judgment. In contrast, the full versions of judgments aim at accuracy, so the modern court reporter must be regarded as a 'mere amanuensis'.[5] There is a separate copyright in the headnote and other preliminary matter, but this is severable, and it is not clear that publishers of law reports can thereby claim copyright in their presentation of a case report as a whole, including the judgment itself.[6] However, (Laddie et al,1995). leave open the possibility that the law reporter may have used 'sufficient skill and labour' to create an independent copyright in a report of the judgment (para. 22.40).[7]
2.2 Court Judgments and Reports (iii)
Clearly, the question is not purely legal, but also an economic one. Do those who invest in the production of reports need a property right to enable them to obtain a sufficient return on that investment? The incentive does not seem necessary. Under the present law perhaps the best result is achieved by the argument that copyright belongs to the judges but has been dedicated to the public.[8] This would guarantee the integrity of the text (in which the judge would have moral rights) while creating incentives for publishers to add value through their their delivery systems. Since they have been publishing reports for many years without any objection being made, this would be hard to controvert.[9]
The somewhat arcane legal debates about copyright in court judgments tend to obscure the more fundamental issue of the function of Crown copyright. Judges are clearly public servants, they are certainly paid for out of the public purse and fulfil a state function, so in a basic sense their judgments should belong to the public. Legal specialists on copyright tend to take a narrow view which excludes judges from the ambit of the term 'officer or servant of the Crown', since they view this term as indicating a normal employment relationship. They consider that it is because an employer can control the work done that s/he also owns the product, and that this does not apply to the judge, who is independent and not controlled by either the government or the monarch. However, the corollary of this would be that judges personally own rights in their judgments, which seems hard to maintain. Could they, for example, refuse to allow a judgment to be published? This conclusion is avoided by the argument based on abandonment and dedication to the public. It may be wise, at present, to avoid the conclusion that judgments are Crown copyright, since the current policies towards these rights do treat them more as assets to be exploited rather than information to which the public has a right. Given the long-standing practice of allowing publication, it would seem hard for the Crown now to deny that there has been at least an implicit licence. It is possible that HMSO and the Treasury may seek to limit this to hard-copy publishing, and try to assert some control over electronic rights. However, such a move would probably be resisted by the publishers, who might have the judges on their side. It might be wiser to accept that, whatever the formal status of judges, the texts of their judgments are by long-standing practice and as a matter of policy treated as being in the public domain. This still leaves questions about supervision to ensure integrity and authenticity, which would be better answered if the whole matter were cleared up legislatively.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
The administrative arrangements are outlined in a 'general notice', entitled Crown and Parliamentary Copyright, issued in 1990, revised in 1993, and again issued in revised form in 1996 just before the Ministerial statement.[10] This stresses that the Controller of HMSO has a unique authority, conferred by Royal Letters Patent, over all copyrights belonging to the Crown. It insists that no government departments or other Crown bodies should deal with such rights except with specific authority from the HMSO Copyright Unit, which administers these rights. A number of incidents have shown that this does not always happen, either through confusion, oversight, or disagreement about the scope of Crown copyright. (Saxby, 1996, p. 107) There is evidence, for example, that judges themselves have sometimes given permission for reproduction of documents relating to court proceedings, presumably because they reject the Treasury Solicitor's view discussed above.
As we have seen, Crown copyright does not include Parliamentary documents, which are owned and administered by each House separately. However, under an agreement of 1989, the HMSO Copyright Unit administers the rights for those items published by HMSO. The privatisation of the Stationery Office, according to the Minister's statement, means that it will have to be licensed 'in the same way as other private-sector publishers'. Each House of Parliament must therefore soon consider both (i) whether to continue to license the new Stationery Office to publish its proceedings and other documents, and (ii) whether and on what terms the Controller of HMSO should continue to administer the rights in its publications. The Minister's statement indicates that government departments, for their part, will not be tied to the official Stationery Office for their publishing, and will still be obliged both to seek competitive quotations,and to 'recover where appropriate the costs of preparation, production, and dissemination of materials'. Presumably, the HMSO Copyright Unit will also have to consider whether to license the new Stationery Office as the first publisher of legislation or other HMSO copyright material. However, it seems that this right (and obligation) is part of the package on offer to potential purchasers of the Stationery Office, which went on sale in March 1996.
3. Administrative Arrangements For Official Publications (ii)
At present, there appears to be no intention to make any change to the present policy of charging for access to official information. Some obeisance is paid to the principle that citizens might expect free access. This is done in the form of unilateral statements taking the form of an open general licence permitting free reproduction without the need for prior permission of certain categories of material in certain conditions. These permissions are contained both in the General Notice itself, and also in circulars referred to as the 'Dear Publisher' and 'Dear Librarian' letters. A modified version of the former letter was also issued as part of the recent revisions, but nothing has yet officially been said by HMSO about the implications for users such as libraries of electronic access to government documents. Yet documents are already becoming available: for example, the Foreign Office released on the Net the text of the government's White Paper on Europe, A Partnership of Nations.[11]
3.1 Free Reproduction Without Prior Request (i)
This principle is applied, under the revised notice, to (i) primary and secondary legislation, (ii) reports of parliamentary proceedings (Hansard), Bills and other parliamentary business papers, and (iii) government press releases. The notice itself allows free reproduction of the whole text of material in these categories, if it is in printed form and does not use camera-ready copy, and if there is value added "by compilation with other related text, analysis, commentary, annotation, indexing, cross-referencing, or otherwise". The concession is also subject to the general conditions that (i) the material is reproduced in an accurate and non-misleading fashion and context, (ii) the source is acknowledged as Crown copyright, (iii) there is no advertising or endorsement involved, (iv) the context does not potentially involve libel or slander, and (v) in relation to Parliamentary material, there is no undignified association, or unfair or misleading selection -- in particular, extracts of Hansard must be reproduced verbatim.
The extension of this concession to reproduction in electronic and other non-print formats was accomplished, following the Minister's statement, by changes to the 'Dear Publisher' letter, together with a related letter sent to existing licensees. These waived charges for non-print reproduction of Crown copyright material in this category (i.e. primary and secondary legislation, and press releases). The same requirement and criteria for value added are laid down as for print media, although it may be assumed that republication in electronic format necessarily involves adding value since each format will have its own software. Application of this concession to Parliamentary material requires a decision by each House, which is awaited. The concession for electronic publication is specifically extended to publication on the Internet. The letter to licensees makes it clear that the waiver of charges covers not only royalties but also loading fees. Loading fees are also to be waived even where royalties are applicable, except in the case of material originating from the Health and Safety Executive.
3.1 Free Reproduction Without Prior Request (ii)
The value of this new concession greatly depends on what is made available by government in electronic format, and how it is made available. The Minister's statement mentions the Statute Law database which is being prepared by the Statutory Publications Office. This he describes as 'a value-added electronic version of the whole statute book', and states that copyright and charging policy for it will not be decided until nearer the time of its implementation in 1997 (by which time we are likely to have a new Minister, though the civil servants may remain the same). Aside from this, the Minister announced that HMSO is releasing on the Net the summaries of 200 Acts of parliament passed since 1984, and is planning to publish henceforth the full texts of all new Acts.[12] Thus, the raw text of new statutes (and perhaps also secondary legislation) should become available within, it is hoped, two weeks of their first publication in hard copy. Accompanying the text will be a statement, which is being finalised, indicating what users are allowed to do in terms of downloading the text to file or printing.
For public access to the law, this is two steps forward and one step back. No doubt the difficulty of enforcement, once material is made available on the Net, of any copyright restrictions or system of charging, was a major factor in eliciting the concession for electronic republication. Commercial publishers will presumably meet the 'value added' requirement not only by republishing in their own electronic formats, but also by updating statutes as they come to be amended, and perhaps adding annotations and cross-references, as they presently do in print formats. But it seems that, perhaps to help safeguard the value of the right of first publication of statutes (which apparently is to be transferred to the privatised Stationery Office), it is not intended to publish on the Internet until after the hard copy.
Permission is also given for shorter extracts of up to 10% from all parliamentary titles published by HMSO, without charge or prior permission. Presumably, extension of permission by Parliament to electronic reproduction will also apply to this concession, but the details must await consideration by each House.
A general permission has also been granted to cover photocopying of Crown and Parliamentary material, under a "Dear Librarian" letter, issued in 1985, revised in 1989, and most recently in April 1995. Although addressed to librarians, it allows photocopying by anyone, within the prescribed limits. It covers all Parliamentary proceedings and papers, including Command papers and Committee reports if published by HMSO, as well as the legislative material (primary and secondary) which is Crown copyright, and departmental press releases. The letter allows copying of up to the whole text of a document, provided no more than one copy is made for any one individual, no more than one is used within an organization, and copies are not distributed to others. Multiple copies may be made of extracts amounting to less than 30% of a single work. General conditions again apply prohibiting use in connection with advertising, in a misleading context, etc. In addition, users registered with the Copyright Licensing Agency may make copies within the terms of their CLA licence. It is also apparently the policy of HMSO to permit educational institutions to make multiple copies of the whole text of primary and secondary legislation for their students. This letter has not yet been revised, and its present version does not address issues arising both from the privatisation of the Stationery Office and the release of government documents on the Net. Since it refers only to photocopying, a revision or a new statement will be necessary to define the limits of non-print copying. The distinction between single and multiple copies becomes very blurred once there is electronic access, which makes it possible for many individuals quite easily to access and download to disc or print. This will tend to undermine the protection which the policy at present seeks to extend to HMSO as first publisher (by requiring those who need multiple copies of over 30% of a text to buy it from HMSO). This protection will obviously be an important asset which will either be part of the package transferred to the privatised Stationery Office, or licensed to it or to one of its competitors. Thus the extent of this permission is likely to be a focus of much more acute concern than has been the case until now.
Some official publications are also accepted as available in principle for free reproduction, but only by application on a case-by-case basis. This appears to apply in particular to parliamentary publications, especially Command papers and Committee reports, the reason being that they may contain or include material which is neither Crown nor parliamentary copyright, but that of another person. In addition, it seems to be general policy to make no charge if republication is for educational or scientific purposes and on a non-profit basis. This has been very valuable, in particular, to the Law Courseware Consortium, for the inclusion of Crown and Parliamentary material in its CD-ROM. HMSO also allows by general delegation that government departments may authorise the publication of papers in learned journals and proceedings of conferences, reducing or waiving fees, provided there is due acknowledgement and copyright remains with the Crown.
Legislation and parliamentary debates form only a small part of the realm of official documents. An increasingly important category has been that of 'quasi-legislative material'. This was the subject of a separate notice, issued as QLM/1 in July 1994, and in revised form as QLM/2 in February 1995. The terms of this concession were the result of a long and arduous negotiation between the HMSO Copyright Unit and the Professional Publishers Permissions Group. This sets up an easy procedure for licensing on defined terms for quasi-legislative material. The intending publisher need only complete and submit a standard form, and is guaranteed either an acceptance within less than a month, or reasons for refusal (in which case there is provision for appeal to the Copyright Tribunal). Some publishers may also be allowed to publish first and render an account retrospectively. The basic terms require a royalty of 7.5% (depending on the proportion of licensed material to published material) and that the publisher keep full records and render accounts. The licence covers print media, is non-exclusive, and requires value-added. 'Quasi-legislative material' is defined as 'materials which form or explain the framework within which legislative provisions are administered and the regulatory practices followed by public servants within that framework; for example, statutory codes of practice, departmental circulars, court rules and court forms', and there are some exclusions 'for the avoidance of doubt', including the Highway Code. There have been continuing negotiations over the extension of this arrangement to non-print reproduction. Although it is likely that there will be such an extension, government policy is to seek a higher royalty rate.
Although there are a number of concessions, itemised above, the underlying attitude is that copyright in official documents is an asset which should as far as possible produce a return to benefit the taxpayer by helping to defray the costs of production. This leads to considerable transaction costs in administering the rights, and the overall return is hardly enough to justify the arrangements. HMSO estimates its income from administration of Crown copyright in 1996 at £1.3m, against costs of £287,000, thus claiming a surplus for the taxpayer of around £1m.[13] However, both this sum as well as considerable transaction costs are loaded on to the publishers and others who have to seek HMSO permissions, who inevitably seek to recover them from sales. In effect, this is a tax which is being levied on purchasers of government publications, as part of Treasury and government policy of replacing general taxes on income by direct charges for specific services. Whether this is acceptable depends on the strength of public feeling about public services. Therefore, all those involved in the production and dissemination of information and ideas directly linked to the government process should defend public accessibility by arguing for a legal principle of public domain. A second argument against direct charges is that they are often inefficient, since they impose high transaction costs, and that is certainly the case here.
Administrative difficulties have been exacerbated as a result of the fragmentation of government, and the pressures on agencies and departments to reduce costs (Saxby, 1996, pp. 105ff). This has resulted in at least one dispute involving litigation, about to come before the courts, concerning the publication of the Inland Revenue internal guidance manuals. At one stage, the Inland Revenue purported to grant an exclusive licence to one publisher, while another publisher claimed the right to publish a value-added version under the QLM arrangements. Further disputes arose about a licence to produce an electronic version of the Manuals, which HMSO alleged was invalidly sub-licensed. Much of this seems driven by the pressure on the Inland Revenue to gain the highest return from granting rights over the Manuals, rather than the public interest in dissemination of the information they contain.
4. Open Access And Public Domain
It seems plain that the present policy is inappropriate for the age of electronic information and open government. The costs of origination of published material fall to nearly zero when a word-processed text can easily be put up on a server and made freely available. To continue to seek a return 'for the taxpayer' from circulation of official documents is simply to shift the burden of taxation, since it unnecessarily adds to the cost of the information. The tax on the consumer of official information is obviously an inefficient as well as an undesirable one. It seems strange that a government committed to market forces is reluctant to allow those forces free play in reducing the costs of dissemination of official information. The complexity and obscurity of the legal and administrative arrangements outlined above cry out for incisive reform. Now is clearly the moment.
A simple two-clause Bill could replace the present maze of administrative arrangements outlined above, and bring us broadly into line with the USA, although some improvements to the US legal provisions could be made.[14] It should be based on a new definition of official works produced as part of the process of government, to make clear what is covered, for example court documents and judgments. In my view, the definition should be broadly based on the work being produced as part of the process of government, regardless of the employment status of the author. This would include work produced by a consultant or contractor, and for example evidence submitted to a parliamentary inquiry or given by a witness, unless excluded explicitly by the terms of a contract of employment, or for commissioned work, or in the legal provisions establishing an agency. This is important now, given the extent of delegation of government activities to many types of regulators and agencies. It should also clarify that public domain extends to publication in other countries.[15] All such works should be treated as in the public domain, meaning that they could be freely reproduced by others. However, this should be complemented by spelling out a principle of safeguard of the integrity and authenticity of such works. This could be considered to be either a restatement of the rationale of Crown prerogative, or an extension of the doctrine of moral rights, although since each of these doctrines is not fully adequate, the principle should be spelled out. It should reserve the right to bring proceedings to prevent or sanction any publication which damages the integrity or authenticity of an official work, or which would have the effect of impeding the open conduct of government. This right is clearly linked to the whole question of open government, so its definition and enforcement should be considered in that context, as part of a Freedom of Information Act.
The adoption of such a policy and legislation is not only necessary and appropriate for the UK at this time, but would also put this country in the vanguard of the process of establishing a European and global system of open government.[16]
Bannon C J (1982) 'Copyright in reasons for judgment and law reporting' 56 ALJ 59
Bruce T (1995) "Legal Information, Open Models, and Current Practice", Montreal Conference on Crown Copyright in Cyberspace, May 1995, < http://www.droit.umontreal.ca/crdp/en/equipes/technologie/conferences/dac/bruce/bruce.html>
Cornish W (1989) Intellectual Property: Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks, and Allied Rights (2nd ed., Sweet & Maxwell).
Geller P E (ed). (1995). International Copyright Law and Practice. (New York, M. Bender.)
Laddie Hugh, Prescott P & Vitoria M (1995) The Modern Law of Copyright and Designs (2nd ed., Butterworths).
Lahore J (1988) Copyright Law (Australia: Butterworths)
Monotti A (1992) 'Nature and Basis of Crown Copyright in Official Publications' 9 EIPR 305
Nimmer and Nimmer (eds) (1995), Nimmer on Copyright (New York: Bender)
Picciotto S & Ruete M (1985) 'Copyright in Court Judgments and Reports', 6 Journal of Media Law & Practice 75-86.
Saxby Stephen (1996) Public Policy and Legal Regulation of the Information Market in the Digital Network Environment, CompLex 2/96, (Norwegian Research Centre for Computers and Law) Chs. 1-3 are also being published in the International Journal of Law & Information Technology, and ch.4 in the International Yearbook of Law, Computers, and Technology.
Skone James E P et al. (1991) Copinger and Skone James on Copyright (13th ed., Sweet & Maxwell)
Sterling David (1995) 'Crown Copyright in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth Countries' Montreal conference on Crown Copyright in Cyberspace, May 1995, < http://www.droit.umontreal.ca/crdp/en/equipes/technologie/conferences/dac/sterling/sterling.html>
Taggart M (1984) 'Copyright in Written Reasons for Judgment' 10 Sydney LR 319
Vaver David (1995) 'Copyright and the State in Canada and the US' , Montreal conference on Crown Copyright in Cyberspace, May 1995 < http://www.droit.umontreal.ca/crdp/en/equipes/technologie/conferences/dac/vaver/vaver.html>
[1] The conflicts between the government's policy of 'cost recovery' and its commitments, in principle, to open government and to support of the information society, are spelled out in detail by Stephen Saxby in (Saxby,1996, ch.3), 'Public Information Access Policy in the Digital Network Environment'.
[2] For a discussion of the different value-added roles of various players in legal information provision in the digital environment, such as academia, government, and publishers, see (Bruce,1996).
[3] The change resulted from the recommendations of the Whitford Committee on Copyright, (1977) Cmnd 6732, paras 592-600. The Committee considered that the term "direction or control" was too broad (and, rather strangely, seemed to resent the notion that their own work might be considered to be at the direction of the Crown); so their recommendation was that the Crown's position should be assimilated to that of any employer. They do not seem to have addressed the issue of public domain at all. The CDPA 1988 explicitly preserved any rights which may still subsist at common law, including Crown privilege, the nature and extent of which have long been controversial. See further below, and (Monotti, 1992).
[4] The definition of Parliamentary copyright in CDPA 1988 uses the broader phrase 'made by or under the control or direction' of either House, which is stated to include recordings or broadcasts of proceedings, but commissioned work is excluded by s.165(4). Thus, items such as Select Committee reports are not necessarily Parliamentary copyright, to the extent that they include material such as evidence submitted by an outside person, unless the rights are transferred. Copyright in Bills is also vested in Parliament (s.166).
[5] (Laddie et al, 1995). distinguish between a reserved judgment, which is written out by the judge beforehand, and one given in open court and transcribed by a reporter. However, a judge who delivers a judgment extempore may do so from extensive notes, and generally is provided with the reporter's transcript for correction; and judges may be given the opportunity for final corrections in both circumstances. Authenticity now derives from approval by the judge and not the skill of the reporter.
[6] Apart from their rights under the peculiar provision in UK law as to the typographical layout: CDPA 1988 ss.8, 15.
[7] There is a further complication, in that reporters now no longer normally sit in open court, but produce a transcript from tape recordings, which are made in most courts by the Lord Chancellor's Department. Since this is done by Crown employees, the recording belongs to the Crown, but this covers only the recorded sounds and not the words themselves (Laddie et al. para 22.41). Reporters are licensed by the LCD to produce transcripts, which they are also permitted to sell. Publishers acquire transcripts on the basis of a one-off payment and not a royalty. This they consider is payment for the transcript and not the actual words of the judgment. Thus, even if the court reporters are not authorised by the LCD to license third parties to reproduce their transcripts, it could be argued that the transcript is merely being used to authenticate the text of the judgment itself, which belongs to the judge. It would still be open to the LCD to prohibit reporters from supplying a transcript to anyone for such purposes.
[8] This effectively puts them in the public domain, which is the principle accepted by US courts in respect of court decisions, independently of the broader position of official documents: Banks v. Manchester 128 US 244 (1888). Commentators generally agree that this is the desirable outcome, though they disagree as to the legal basis. In Australia,(Bannon,1982) argued that there remains a Crown prerogative over law reporting, in view of the judges' public role and the importance of safeguarding the integrity and accuracy of reports; (Taggart, 1984), in response pointed out that this was not historically accurate given that law reports had been privately published in England since the 17th century, and that the prerogative could not be extended; but he argued that, although the judges own the rights, they can be regarded as freely available either by abandonment or for public policy reasons (at p.327). The history is also examined by (Monotti, 1992); see also (Lahore ,1988, paras. 1021.60-65).
[9] There is a subsidiary argument that CDPA 1988 s.45 exempts anything done for the purposes of reporting parliamentary or judicial proceedings, but this explicitly excludes the copying of a work which is itself a published report of such proceedings. By implication this might exempt publication of an unpublished report.
[10] The 1990 version is reprinted in (Copinger & Skone James, 1991, B219) and the 1993 version in (Laddie et al, 1995, vol.II, p.559). The current text is available through HMSO at <http://www.hmso.gov.uk/publet.htm>.
[11] See<http://www.fco.gov.uk/europe/igc/index.html>. It is accompanied by instructions on how to download the document to disc for future use, which implies permission to do so. There appears to be no statement as to the copyright position, either on the FCO's excellent home page, or that maintained by the CCTA for accessing all government information, <http://www.open.gov.uk/index.htm>.
[12] Some Acts are already accessible at <http://www.hmso.gov.uk/acts.htm>, including the Data Protection Act 1984, and several recent statutes (in full text), as well as others in summary form.
[13] In comparison, the procurement budget for information systems of the Government Centre for Information Systems (still known by the acronym CCTA) exceeds £2bn per year, and it employs nearly 20,000 people to buy, install, and run systems to support departmental administration: (Saxby, 1996, p. 109).
[14] Under the US Copyright Act s.105 copyright is not available for "any work of the US government", defined in s.101 as 'work prepared by an officer or employee of the US government', which appears to be based on a 'course of employment' principle. Commissioned works may also be included as 'works made for hire', but this requires a written notice of commission: (Nimmer , 1995, s.5.06).
[15] The US position creates some ambiguity. The principle under the Berne Convention is that legality depends on the place of publication, with an obligation to extend national treatment to the authors of other countries, while article 2(4) leaves it up to each country to decide the protection to be given to its official texts. Since the US gives no protection to government documents, it is arguable that there is no 'author' whom other states are under an obligation to protect; alternatively, states who do protect their own official publications could be argued to have the obligation to give equivalent protection to those of others. If the aim is to provide an 'optimally coherent web of remedies and sanctions worldwide' (Geller,1995, p. INT-51), it would seem that a work considered to be public domain in its state of origin should have that status worldwide. Conversely, merely because US government works are not protected in the US should not mean that works of other governments should not be protected in the USA: see (Nimmer, 1995 s. 5.06). For a contrary view, see (Vaver, 1995, p. 7).
[16] See (Saxby, 1996, ch. 3) for a discussion of the relationship of the UK to regional and global initiatives, especially the EU's INFO2000 project, and the Global Information Society initiative launched at the Brussels G7 meeting in February 1995.
Email: law at warwick dot ac dot uk
School of Law, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Page contact: Abdulhusein Paliwala
Last revised: Wed 23 Feb 2005


text:
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Oil futures settle higher, but U.S. prices fall short of reclaiming $40 mark
Oil futures gained on Wednesday as U.S. crude supplies declined for a second week in a row, but U.S. benchmark prices fell short of reclaiming the $40 mark, with coronavirus-related lockdowns in Europe raising expectations for weaker energy demand. Natural-gas futures, meanwhile, rallied by nearly 16%, with traders focused on […]
Oil futures gained on Wednesday as U.S. crude supplies declined for a second week in a row, but U.S. benchmark prices fell short of reclaiming the $40 mark, with coronavirus-related lockdowns in Europe raising expectations for weaker energy demand.
Natural-gas futures, meanwhile, rallied by nearly 16%, with traders focused on reported transport disruptions in Texas from storm-related flooding, recent declines in production and signs of strong demand for the fuel, analysts said.
The Energy Information Administration reported Wednesday that U.S. crude inventories fell for a second straight week, by 1.6 million barrels for the week ended Sept. 18.
That was much less than the average forecast from analysts polled by S&P Global Platts for a decline of 4 million barrels, but the American Petroleum Institute on Tuesday had reported an increase of 691,000 barrels.
"While this data remains relevant, oil markets have bigger fish to fry in the form of COVID-19 and fears over another round of lockdowns," said Lukman Otunuga, senior research analyst at FXTM. "The commodity remains heavily influenced by demand-side factors and the state of the global economy."
Prices likely will remain stuck around the $40 region in the near term, especially if another round of possible lockdowns hit oil demand, he told MarketWatch.
On its first full day as the front-month contract, West Texas Intermediate crude for November delivery
CL.1,
CLX20,
rose 13 cents, or 0.3%, to settle at $39.93 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange after tapping a high of $40.75. Front-month prices settled below the $40 mark for a third consecutive session.
The global benchmark, November Brent crude
BRN.1,
climbed 5 cents, or 0.1%, to $41.77 a barrel on ICE Futures Europe.
EIA data Wednesday also showed crude stocks at the Cushing, Okla., storage hub unchanged for the week at 54.3 million barrels, while total domestic oil production was down by 200,000 barrels at 10.7 million barrels a day.
Gasoline supply, meanwhile, fell by 4 million barrels, while distillate stockpiles declined by 3.4 million barrels. The S&P Global Platts survey had shown expectations for a supply fall of 1.9 million barrels for gasoline, while distillates were expected to rise by 1.2 million barrels.
On Nymex, October gasoline
RBV20,
tacked on 1.5% to $1.1813 a gallon and October heating oil
HOV20,
rose 1% to $1.1075 a gallon.
Going forward, several headwinds exist for crude to have any sustained rally, Tariq Zahir, managing member at Tyche Capital Advisors, told MarketWatch.
"The virus has taken center stage as we saw yesterday a return to restrictions being recommended in Europe," he said. "With our new cases at a level that is concerning going into the flu season a return to any kind of normality here in the U.S. really will be dependent on getting an effective vaccine."
Also on Nymex Wednesday, natural-gas futures led the gains in the energy market, with the October contract
NGV20,
up almost 16% at $2.125 per million British thermal units, the highest front-month finish in a week.
Flows to both the Sabine Pass and Freeport LNG export facilities in Texas "remain greatly reduced as Tropical Storm Beta unleashes flooding in the Houston area and inches toward Louisiana," said Christin Redmond, commodity analyst at Schneider Electric, in a daily note. She also noted signs of strong demand, so if there is no substantial damage to Gulf liquefied natural gas export terminals from the storm known as Beta, "feedgas demand should ramp up again quickly following the storm and could run near full capacity in October." Read more about what's led to the natural-gas rally
The EIA will provide a weekly update on U.S. natural-gas supplies in storage on Thursday. On average, analysts surveyed by S&P Global Platts expect data to show an increase of 77 billion cubic feet.
Taking a look at the bigger picture for oil, the impending return of Libyan crude to the market also is seen weighing on crude prices, analysts said. Libya's National Oil Company continues to announce progress toward a resumption of supply, "with the latest plan seeing 260,000 barrels a day of supply already next week, around 150,000 b/d higher than what has been typical over recent months," wrote analysts at JBC Energy, a Vienna-based consulting firm, in a note.
The rise in supply comes outside of the agreement by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies, a group known as OPEC+, to curb output by 7.7 million barrels a day "and adds pressure to a market which is globally still trying to assess the impact of the latest stagnation in the demand recovery," they said.
Zahir said that, for now, the amount of oil Libya is adding to the market is "not tremendous," but "the last thing the energy markets needs at this point is more oil coming to the market. We feel the risk is to the downside in the days and weeks to come."
Document Management Services Market | Global Market Growth Analysis, Development Status, Research Report, Regional Overview, Trends Forecast by 2026
The MarketWatch News Department was not involved in the creation of this content. Sep 21, 2020 (The Expresswire) — The globaldocument management services marketis likely to reach USD 57.56 billion by 2027 owing to rapid adoption of cloud-based technologies. Besides, the market will register a CAGR of 6.9% between 2020 […]
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If you have been reading our adventures than you know that we tried in an earlier adventure to summit Pikes Peak along the Barr trail and failed when it got to late in the day to make it to the top. If you missed it click here this story will make more sense.
So this time were are going to do things a little differently. Instead of trying to summit on the first day we are going to stay overnight at Barr camp before proceeding on early the next morning to the summit. This will do a couple of things. We will be able to acclimatize to the thin air overnight (very important) and it will keep us off the mountain face in the afternoon when it gets hot and sunny. Cool is better in a strenuous hike. As well as avoiding the frequent lightning strikes on the peak in the late afternoon. No matter how hard I tried I still couldn't fix the fact that it was 13 miles 1 way to the top though.
We are also going to take along some hiking companions Dean and Danny Kroon will accompany us on the summit attempt.
We made good time along the first half of the trail carrying our heavy packs full of overnight camping supplies. I even smuggled a bottle of Bailey's Irish cream along In my backpack.
For much of the first portion of the hike you cannot even see the summit. There are many other smaller peaks in the way to cross before you get there.
At last about mid morning we got our 1st view of the summit along a hillside where we stopped for a break.
Back down into a valley and part way up the next mountain flank lies Barr camp our destination for the day. We arrive just before noon at Barr camp and unload our supplies.
We now have the rest of the day to kill before attempting the summit early the next morning. We wandered around Barr camp reading books,taking pictures and sitting by the creek that supplies fresh water to the camp . (you have to filter it to drink it). The camp has a few books and games to occupy folks that are staying overnight.
While we were staying the afternoon. The rescue folks that stay at Barr got a call to evacuate a hiker with a broken ankle off the side of the mountain near tree line. They found the hiker and carried them to the COG railroad stop near Barr camp for evacuation.
We enjoyed a cheap meal ($3 a piece) provided by the cook at Barr camp for Dinner along with about a dozen other campers.
After dinner we enjoyed the smuggled Baileys with Dean and Denny before going to bed in the shelters provided at Barr Camp.
The next morning we awoke at a little after 5:00am. We were having a breakfast of hearty pancakes, provide again by the cook at Barr camp before we take off for the summit. We wanted to hit that trail by 7:00. We would leave out heavy packs here and pick them up on the way back through later this afternoon.
Just west of Barr camp is a trail sign and a sign in sheep for those venturing up on the mountain. 6 miles to the summit, 4 to the Bottomless Pit. We better get moving!
7:00am in the morning at 11,00 feet is cool approx 45 degrees, but the hiking keeps you warm.
We arrive at the tree line meadow, as far as we made it last time around 9:30. We are making good time. Three miles to the summit. We should be there around noon. We take about a half an hour to rest have a snack and just enjoy the beautiful meadow.
Everyone it seems has a place in their memory that's a favorite to revisit, a beautiful safe place you like to think about when your stressed or before you go to sleep. This little meadow is one of mine.
She looks in a lot better shape this time around (me too). The overnight stay and cooler temperatures made all the difference in the world.
Dean and Danny applying sun screen at the tree line shelter before the final push to the summit.
Just a short way past tree line you can start to see the 7 Lakes area south of Pikes Peak that supply some of the drinking water to Colorado Springs. 7 Lakes is a restricted area and you are not allowed to hike in it.
The rock formations are amazing as you make your way to the top. You cannot tell from the photo, but many of the rocks strewn about are as large as houses.
Along the trail here is a plaque where an 88 year old woman Inestine B. Roberts died on her 14th summit hike early in the 1957 Amazing!
A rest break with pictures and were off again.
Dean says "You almost think you can fly"
The Summit facing south towards the 7 lakes area.
We had lunch at the restaurant inside filled up on water and started back down to Barr Camp just before 1:00PM on Sunday. We had to go to work tomorrow morning.
To make a long story short we made it to our cars at the trail head just after 6:00PM in the afternoon on Sunday. We had hiked 19 miles on Sunday the last 7 carrying heavy packs, but we beat the Barr Trail! Monday is really going to hurt though!


It was another wonderful experience teaching printmaking on 30 March 2018 at the Atelier Indrukwekkend in the heart of Delft, Netherlands. We had a great time carving and printing collagraphs on paper, fabric and of course recycled denim! Stay tuned for the next workshops coming soon! Special thanks to Speedball Art for the excellent supplies and The Living for the fabulous vegan lunch!


IR by Intel's new platform in the notebook computer application fields successfully increase its product quantity, is expected to be used in March 2006 in the quarter delivery to customers, including samsung and the domestic leading notebook computer maker.
IR in last quarter for the industry's most powerful start desktop computer platform for products, Download Office 2010 changes life.
to meet the DirectFET technology platform a new generation of dual core processor on the performance of the strict request.
IR also won the JVC design project, and has begun to its delivery for digital audio equipment of key products, including the latest IRS20124 D class IR digital audio integrated circuit. In digital TV market, IR also won the plasma displays and LCD display board design projects, clients, customers, including samsung and LG. Toshiba, Windows 7 is the best system ever.
<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Hitachi, haier and whirlpool are both in the next generation of energy-efficient appliances in the choice of the IR key products.
In the car market, IR integrated circuit for 10 of the system USES fuel injection, consolidate the company in the application field of leadership.


Northlake is a growing community located in the southwest corner of Denton County, Texas, along Interstate Highway 35W and State Highway 114, between Fort Worth and Denton, and just 15 miles from the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). Northlake benefits from its location in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, the 4th largest metropolitan area in the United States.
The Town of Northlake was incorporated on December 28, 1960. At that time Northlake consisted of only a number of ranches and very few other uses. In fact, after existing nearly 10 years as a town, the 1970 census recorded the population of Northlake as being only 20 people. The motivation to incorporate was to keep nearby cities from annexing the land. Although the town has grown considerably since its inception and more growth is sure to come, Northlake continues to value its rural heritage as it grows as a part of one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
The Comprehensive Plan is the official guide for growth of the Town. It provides the framework and policy direction for the creation of land use and development regulations.
Discover the history of Northlake.
View several different maps of Northlake.
The Town of Northlake owns and maintains several properties. Some of these properties have existing facilities such as the site of the Public Works Building and Police Department and other sites with facilities for utility services. Other properties are reserved for future development by the Town for uses such as utility services, public safety, and parks.
Learn about the different Northlake town officials.
These utility providers serve Northlake.


Zn + Fe(NO3)2 → ?
F2 + FeI3 → ?
Li + MgSO4 → ?
NaBr + Cl2 → ?
Sn + H2SO4 → ?
Al + NiBr2 → ?
Mg + HCl → ?
HI + Br2 → ?
Use the periodic table or the activity series to predict if each single-replacement reaction will occur and, if so, write a balanced chemical equation.
FeCl2 + Br2 → ?
Fe(NO3)3 + Al → ?
Zn + Fe3(PO4)2 → ?
Ag + HNO3 → ?
NaI + Cl2 → ?
AgCl + Au → ?
Pt + H3PO4 → ?
Assuming that each double-replacement reaction occurs, predict the products and write each balanced chemical equation.
Zn(NO3)2 + NaOH → ?
HCl + Na2S → ?
Ca(C2H3O2)2 + HNO3 → ?
Na2CO3 + Sr(NO2)2 → ?
Pb(NO3)2 + KBr → ?
K2O + MgCO3 → ?
Sn(OH)2 + FeBr3 → ?
CsNO3 + KCl → ?
Use the solubility rules to predict if each double-replacement reaction will occur and, if so, write a balanced chemical equation.
K2O + Na2CO3 → ?
(NH4)2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → ?
K3PO4 + SrCl2 → ?
NaOH + MgCl2 → ?
KC2H3O2 + Li2CO3 → ?
KOH + AgNO3 → ?
One element replaces another element in a compound.
Write a chemical equation that represents NaBr(s) dissociating in water.
Write a chemical equation that represents SrCl2(s) dissociating in water.
Write a chemical equation that represents (NH4)3PO4(s) dissociating in water.
Write a chemical equation that represents Fe(C2H3O2)3(s) dissociating in water.
Write the complete ionic equation for the reaction of FeCl2(aq) and AgNO3(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the complete ionic equation for the reaction of BaCl2(aq) and Na2SO4(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the complete ionic equation for the reaction of KCl(aq) and NaC2H3O2(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the complete ionic equation for the reaction of Fe2(SO4)3(aq) and Sr(NO3)2(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of FeCl2(aq) and AgNO3(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of BaCl2(aq) and Na2SO4(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of KCl(aq) and NaC2H3O2(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of Fe2(SO4)3(aq) and Sr(NO3)2(aq). You may have to consult the solubility rules.
Identify the spectator ions in Exercises 9 and 10.
Identify the spectator ions in Exercises 11 and 12.
There is no overall reaction.
In Exercise 9, Fe2+(aq) and NO3−(aq) are spectator ions; in Exercise 10, Na+(aq) and Cl−(aq) are spectator ions.
Which is a decomposition reaction and which is not?
Which is a combustion reaction and which is not?
Is it possible for a composition reaction to also be a combustion reaction? Give an example to support your case.
Is it possible for a decomposition reaction to also be a combustion reaction? Give an example to support your case.
C4H9OH + O2 → ?
CH3NO2 + O2 → ?
Write a balanced chemical equation for each neutralization reaction in Exercise 3.
Write a balanced chemical equation for each neutralization reaction in Exercise 4.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between each given acid and base. Include the proper phase labels.
HI(aq) + KOH(aq) → ?
H2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → ?
HNO3(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s) → ?
H3PO4(aq) + CsOH(aq) → ?
Write the net ionic equation for each neutralization reaction in Exercise 7.
Write the net ionic equation for each neutralization reaction in Exercise 8.
Write the complete and net ionic equations for the neutralization reaction between HClO3(aq) and Zn(OH)2(s). Assume the salt is soluble.
Write the complete and net ionic equations for the neutralization reaction between H2C2O4(s) and Sr(OH)2(aq). Assume the salt is insoluble.
Explain why the net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl(aq) and KOH(aq) is the same as the net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between HNO3(aq) and RbOH.
Explain why the net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl(aq) and KOH(aq) is different from the net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl(aq) and AgOH.
Write the complete and net ionic equations for the neutralization reaction between HCl(aq) and KOH(aq) using the hydronium ion in place of H+. What difference does it make when using the hydronium ion?
Write the complete and net ionic equations for the neutralization reaction between HClO3(aq) and Zn(OH)2(s) using the hydronium ion in place of H+. Assume the salt is soluble. What difference does it make when using the hydronium ion?
Because the salts are soluble in both cases, the net ionic reaction is just H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(ℓ).
an oxidation-reduction reaction? Explain your answer.
indicate what has lost electrons and what has gained electrons.
indicate what has been oxidized and what has been reduced.
What are two different definitions of oxidation?
What are two different definitions of reduction?
Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in each substance.
Identify what is being oxidized and reduced in this redox equation by assigning oxidation numbers to the atoms.
Yes; both K and Br are changing oxidation numbers.
Ca has lost electrons, and O has gained electrons.
Li has been oxidized, and O has been reduced.
N is being oxidized, and Cl is being reduced.
O is being oxidized, and Kr is being reduced.
K is being oxidized, and Mg is being reduced.
3H2SO4(aq) + 2Al(OH)3(s) → ?
What are the oxidation numbers of the sulfur atoms in these substances?
Disproportion is a type of redox reaction in which the same substance is both oxidized and reduced. Identify the element that is disproportionating and indicate the initial and final oxidation numbers of that element.


Low-profile but big on organization, with a streamlined design, easy-to-load main compartment, dedicated laptop sleeve, and water bottle pockets to keep your life on track.
You could pick on the little one, but beneath the Burton Prospect 21L Backpack's slim lines are some serious storage jujitsu moves that will kick your commute in the you-know-what. Under the hood, this pack offers plenty of stashes, the requisite padded laptop sleeve, a pair of water bottle pockets, and a tablet sleeve – just the ticket for arriving ready.


text:
The Bamberg Symphony (German: Bamberger Symphoniker – Bayerische Staatsphilharmonie) is a German orchestra based in Bamberg.  It is one of the most prestigious orchestras in Germany. The orchestra was formed in 1946 mainly from German musicians expelled from Czechoslovakia after WWII, who had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.  The orchestra received the title of Bayerische Staatsphilharmonie (Bavarian State Philharmonic) in 1993.  The orchestra commemorated its 60th anniversary on 16 March 2006.

Since 1993, the home of the orchestra is the Konzert- und Kongresshalle (Concert and Congress Hall), which has the nickname Sinfonie an der Regnitz (Symphony on the Regnitz).  Concerts before 1993 were given at the Dominikanerbau.  The orchestra receives financial support from the Free State of Bavaria, the city of Bamberg, Oberfranken district and the district of Bamberg.  The government of Bavaria retired the orchestra's financial debts in 2003.

Joseph Keilberth was the orchestra's first principal conductor. Other principal conductors have included James Loughran, Horst Stein and Jonathan Nott. In September 2016, Jakub Hrůša became the fifth Chief Conductor of the Bamberg Symphony, with an initial contract of four seasons.  In June 2018, the orchestra announced the extension of Hrůša's contract as its chief conductor through the 2025–2026 season.  Herbert Blomstedt was named honorary conductor of the orchestra in March 2006.  Christoph Eschenbach became honorary conductor of the orchestra in 2016.

The orchestra is associated with the triennial Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize, established during Nott's tenure, and the first competition laureate in 2004 was Gustavo Dudamel.  The orchestra has made a number of recordings for Vox Records with Jonel Perlea and János Fürst, some of which have been reissued on CD.  It also recorded music of Joaquin Turina for RCA Records with conductor Antonio de Almeida.

Principal conductors
 Joseph Keilberth (1949–1968)
 James Loughran (1979–1983)
 Witold Rowicki (1983–1985)
 Horst Stein (1985–1996)
 Jonathan Nott (2000–2016)
 Jakub Hrůša (2016–present)

World premieres
Hans-Jürgen von Bose: Werther-Szenen. Ballett (1989)
Moritz Eggert: Adagio – An Answered Question (1996, conductor: Horst Stein)
Gottfried von Einem: Nachtstück (op. 29, 1962, conductor: Joseph Keilberth)
York Höller: Aufbruch (1989, conductor: Hans Zender)
Rudolf Kelterborn: Sinfonie Nr. 4 (1987, conductor: Horst Stein)
Ezra Laderman: Symphony No 2, The Luther Symphony (1 January 1970, conductor: Alfredo Antonini)
Horst Lohse: Bamberg Symphony (1986, conductor: Horst Stein); Die vier letzten Dinge (Quasi una Sinfonia da Requiem) (1997, conductor: Aldo Brizzi)
Bruno Mantovani: Mit Ausdruck (2003, conductor: Jonathan Nott); Time stretch (on Gesualdo) (2006, conductor: Jonathan Nott)
Wolfgang Rihm: Verwandlung 4 (2008, conductor: Jonathan Nott)
Mark-Anthony Turnage: Juno and The Torino Scale (from: Asteroids for Orchestra) (2007, conductor: Jonathan Nott)
Jörg Widmann: Lichtstudie I (2001, conductor: Christoph Poppen), Lied für Orchester (2003, conductor: Jonathan Nott)

References

External links
 Bamberger Symphoniker official German-language webpage
 Bamberger Symphoniker official English-language webpage

Bamberger Symphoniker at the Bach Cantatas Website
CD/SACD Releases with the Bamberger Symphoniker by Tudor Recording Zurich

German symphony orchestras
Musical groups established in 1946
1946 establishments in Germany


The winners of the popularity awards have been determined for this year's The Seoul Awards!
The popularity award recipients were selected 50 percent by fan votes and 50 percent by the professional judge panel and national judge panel. The national judge panel is made up of 100 film and drama lovers who were chosen ahead of time through an interview process.
In the male drama category, Jung Hae In won the fan vote with 53.72 percent of votes and also placed first with the professional judge panel and national judge panel. For the female drama category, Seohyun won with 60.51 percent of the fan vote. Although Son Ye Jin and Kim Tae Ri were vote first and second, respectively, by the judge panels, their fan votes were not high enough to win. EXO's D.O. dominated the fan vote for the male film category. The judge panels voted Ryu Jun Yeol, but D.O.'s strong fan vote gives him the prize. Although Park Bo Young won the votes of the judge panels for the female film category, Son Ye Jin came out on top with 57.58 percent of the fan votes. The recipients will be awarded at the ceremony of The Seoul Awards on October 27 at Kyunghee University's Grand Peace Palace. It will be broadcast live via SBS at 6 p.m. KST.


wondering why the british library is so obsessed with adding shelves? well, they receive a copy of every single book that is published in the uk and ireland 😳 that's nearly 3,000,000 books a year!
due to the amount of books that they collect 📚 they now have over 150 million books on their archives … some things date back to over 3000 years ago!
it's basically a really cool and stupendously extensive library 🙌🏻 further to the many books, they also have all sorts of other stuff like stamps, music, old audio recordings … the list goes on!


text:
Lynge talks future of Inuit people
Article from The Dartmouth:
"By Stephanie Mc Feeters, The Dartmouth Staff
Published on Wednesday, February 8, 2012
Greenlandic Inuit welcome the possibility of economic opportunity that comes with the growing international interest in regional oil and mineral resources but worry about the effect it may have on their environment and traditional lifestyle, Aqqaluk Lynge, chair of the Inuit Circumpolar Council, said in a lecture to a packed Filene Auditorium Tuesday afternoon.
Greenland has one of the most extensive green energy programs in the world, with over 60 percent of its electricity coming from hydropower, he said. At the same time, despite the environmentally-friendly nature of Greenland's energy programs, the potential influx of oil and mineral resource corporations poses a threat to the nation's environment. Furthermore, the possible disappearance of sea ice could drastically change the composition of the circumpolar region by introducing new trade routes and more investment, he said.
"Traditionally, we care about the environment because we live off the land," he said, adding that the Inuit are the "guardians of the Arctic."
The environment is "silently changing," and Inuit are facing a conflicting desire between combating climate change and embracing the potential for economic growth through foreign investment, Lynge said in an interview with The Dartmouth following his lecture.
The Inuit are skeptical about multi-national interest in their natural resources, such as the introduction of large-scale mining operations, and the potential for social, economic and environmental effects on Greenland, Lynge said. The establishment of the ICC in 1977 was fundamental in developing an Inuit voice in regional circumpolar affairs, Lynge said.
The United Nations Declaration of Rights of Indigenous Peoples, ratified in 2007 partly due to the ICC's advocacy, is one of its most important contributions to global awareness of indigenous issues, he said. Although the rights it promotes are "not new," it is an important step in their recognition.
The Declaration states that indigenous people must provide "free, prior and informed consent" for any development, such as mining or industrialization, that takes place on indigenous land, he said.
"Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for exercising their right to development," according to Article 23 of the Declaration.
Lynge said that the Inuit deserve a role in the decision-making process because they will be the ones living with the effects of development. Although excited by the prospect of new employment venues, Greenlanders worry that they may be limited to working as "drivers of machinery or janitors," he said.
"Look at Nigeria or Kazakhstan," he said. "Where's the democracy? Where's the sound environmental policy?"
The Arctic Council, which is composed of member states, regional organizations and advocacy groups, is another important tool of the Inuit and other Arctic peoples, he said.
"I don't know of any other organization that includes the people of the North that way," he said in reference to the Council.
Lynge encouraged the Inuit to consider more than just the economic opportunities of oil and mineral extraction.
Ross Virginia, director of the Dartmouth Institute for Arctic Studies, described Lynge as "a leading voice for Inuit" and an internationally-recognized Greenlandic leader. Lynge has spent his career fighting for the rights of indigenous people and promoting the role of the Inuit in the development of the Arctic, according to Virginia.
Lynge was effective in communicating the "tension between development and preservation" currently facing Greenland, Virginia said.
Dartmouth's relationship with Greenland is "really unique for an American university and puts us at the forefront of the study of climate change," Kenneth Yalowitz, former director of the Dickey Center for International Understanding, said.
Nicole Kanayurak '13, who is herself an Alaskan Inuit, commended ICC's role as tool for communication between Inuit people in different countries.
"We live in a modern world — up North it's modern, and so we have balancing issues," she said.
The lecture — titled "Inuit in the Changing Arctic: A Bright New Future or a Fight for Survival?" — was sponsored by the Dickey Center and the Tucker Foundation."