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Victory in the Hungarian Heat
Published July 29, 2013 in Porsche Cup | Kyle Williams
With a confident performance and a controlled victory from pole position, Sean Edwards showed once again in the race in Budapest who is the driver to beat this season. With three out of five victories in the bag in 2013, 'Team Allyouneed by Project 1' can now go into the forthcoming summer break safe in the knowledge that everything is running according to plan. The goals that the team from Lohne set themselves before the race in Hungary have virtually all been achieved. The goal for Edwards was to win, and for Johnston to achieve a top 15 finish.
After a start that resembled a launching rocket from 21st place, Sean Johnston was able to overtake six opponents and to join in the battle for 15th position and one important championship point. Right until the final lap it looked as if Johnston would finish in the top 15, but a mistake and consequent spin resulted in him falling back to finish in 18th position. "It's a shame, I was close to my goal. But the spin at the end meant that I didn't quite manage it. To start the race from 21st place wasn't what we were aiming for but my great start meant that I immediately got into the position I wanted to be in. Right up until the end, everything came together today. The car was unbelievably fast, the tyres held and I know that I can hold my own against the top drivers." Johnston knows who he has to thank: "The heat here in Hungary is brutal and I'm annoyed about the spin. Most of all for my boys and the team who, particularly in these temperatures, gave me a perfect car all weekend." Johnston's performance is particularly strong when we think that, with just one year's motorsport experience, he is competing so well against the field of experienced professional drivers. He is driving for the first time on nearly all the circuits in the racing calendar.
The highlight this weekend was again the perfect performance of championship favourite Sean Edwards; from pole position, through the fastest lap, to victory. After the fifth race in Hungary, Edwards has already bagged his third win and thereby extended his championship lead by a valuable 16 points. "It was a great feeling for me and Project 1 to win here. To crown the perfect qualifying with a win from pole position is huge. It may have seemed easy from the outside, but with these temperatures it was really hard to concentrate in the car. But despite that, I was able to control the whole race and even managed to drive the fastest lap, as demanded by my engineer, Kosta," said the delighted winner after the battle in Budapest in temperatures of over 30°C.
Straight after the start, Edwards had to defend himself for a short time against his pursuer and winner of last year's race, Christian Engelhart. The other championship contenders, Thiim and Ammermüller, finished the race in positions 8 and 14. "The result is great in terms of the championship and I hope we can repeat this performance in the remaining four races. Now all that's left for us to do here is jump into the pool," said Edwards.
Team boss Paul Schlotmann is happy with his team's performance: "We've put in a great performance overall. Even the accident with our team tent on Saturday, when a helicopter that was flying too low caused our tent to lift off, couldn't stop us. The way we dealt with the tyres in these extreme temperatures worked. The car held up and my team delivered a flawless performance. Even Sean Johnston's little set back doesn't weigh too heavily, because we know what he's capable of and we're much more interested in looking forward to what's to come," summed up the good-humoured boss of 'Team Allyouneed by Project 1'.
The Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup is now taking a four week break and will resume again with the next race at the Belgian Spa-Francorchamps on 28th August 2013.
News and background information about the race and about Project 1 can be found on the Project 1 website and on Facebook, and on the partner website, racecam.de.
Racing calendar – Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup:
Spa-Francorchamps	25.08.2013
Monza	08.09.2013
Abu Dhabi	03.11.2013
Looking at the faces of 'Team Deutsche Post by Project 1' in the team tent on Saturday evening, to say that they were disappointed would have been putting it mildly. In qualifying, it was a case of highs and lows for Project 1. On Saturday morning, Sean Johnston achieved his first top-10 starting position in both races and more than achieved his ambitious goals. Jeffrey Schmidt qualified for starting positions 14 and 16. In contrast, championship favourite and second in the current Porsche Carrera Cup leader board, Sean Edwards, had a terrible qualifying session. A material failure in the rear wheel suspension right at the start of qualifying meant that Edwards was unable to put in any fast lap times. He therefore started in positions 34 and 32, right at the back of the field. When the current championship leader then took two confident pole positions, things were looking bleak for Edwards' championship hopes.
The starting position for rookie Sean Johnston was, however, positive. Starting in position 10, his goal of finishing inside the top 10 and of putting in his best performance of the season was tantalisingly close. However, professional motorsport is full of hard knocks. A failure to observe a yellow flag led to a drive through penalty, leaving the 22 year old at the back of the field. "I thought that I slowed down in the sector. It's really annoying for me and the team". In the second race, however, he pulled out all the stops. With a brilliant race and fast lap times he took sixth place and valuable points for the rookie championship.
An overjoyed Johnston was grinning from ear to eat at the end of the race: "Wow, that was a great race. I'm over the moon and could finally show how fast I am. My team did an amazing job and the car was perfect. I've made a lot of work for my boys in the last few weeks and I'm so pleased to be able to deliver such a performance." With 6th place, Johnston grabs ten points for the rookie championship and moves up to 7th position.
The second junior, Jeffrey Schmidt, who had his season highlight to date at the Lausitzring with podium position 3, was not happy with his performance in Nürnberg: "After the Lausitzring, I was obviously hoping for more, but with starting positions 14 and 16 I had to revise my ambitions. With places 9 and 13 I've still gained a couple of important points for the junior championship. At the forthcoming races at the Nürburgring I know my way around better and I should again be much further forward."
Sean Edwards' head hung low after his failed qualifying session. But giving up just isn't something the British driver knows how to do. His performance in Saturday's race, starting in 33rd position and finishing in 10th place, was impressive enough. What Sean Edwards delivered on Sunday, however, was a masterpiece, to which the whole paddock took their hats off. After 34 turbulent laps on the 2.3km long circuit, Edwards found himself on the podium again. With absolutely the quickest car on the track, Edwards devoured his competitors and, with fantastic overtaking manoeuvres, produced real racing and exciting motorsport.
The other drivers really didn't stand a chance, and it's possible he would also have overtaken the two drivers in front of him had the race lasted another couple of laps. Edwards himself was delighted with his performance: "I'm really pleased with today. After qualifying I had nothing to lose and that was my strategy. The first race was good but the second was fantastic. Thanks to my team and my engineer, who gave me a mega-fast car." The damage to his championship hopes was also a lot less than initially feared, as his competitor Kévin Estre finished the second race without any points. Currently, Edwards is in position 3 in the championship, 17 points behind the leader.
The Porsche Carrera Cup is now beginning a 4 week summer break. The next two races will be fought by 'Team Deutsche Post by Project 1' on 17th and 18th August at the Nürburgring, the location of the championship race in the 24h race.
News and background information about the race and about Project 1 can be found on the website and on Facebook.
Racing calendar – Porsche Carrera Cup Germany:
Nürburgring	18.08.2013
Oschersleben	15.09.2013
Zandvoort	29.09.2013
Hockenheim II	20.10.2013
Continuing on Course at Home
Published July 8, 2013 in Porsche Cup | Kyle Williams
In the fourth race of the season at the Nürburgring in the Eifel, Team 'Allyouneed by Project 1' has cemented title favourite Sean Edwards' lead in the championship, and has increased his lead over the driver in second place. In glorious sunshine, 25 drivers set out to drive the 13 laps of the Grand Prix circuit.
Project 1, the team from Lohne in Lower Saxony, was on the attack after the disappointment at Silverstone. The team wanted to recover, at home, the momentum of its two wins in the two opening races. Unfortunately, it wasn`t possible to achieve everything that had been planned. On Saturday in qualifying, bad luck struck favourite Sean Edwards' team. On his quickest lap, which in the first two sectors pointed clearly to pole position, the speed limiter, which controls speeds in the pit lane, suddenly switched on. Edwards' performance was obviously affected accordingly. "On my quickest lap I was clearly heading for pole position and then the limiter switched on. It's really disappointing." Every driver sets the foundation stone of a good result during qualifying. His starting position of 5th was not the end of the world in respect of his battle for the championship, but it makes it harder to win. In the race over the 5.148 km long Grand Prix circuit, there was to be no jump onto the podium.
After a turbulent race, the Project 1 driver was able to bring his racing car home in 4th place, just as at Silverstone. "Even though I always want to win, the result was ok. The car was really fast. Thanks to the team. Even after my fast spin due to Kuba Giermaziak, I was able to make up the 2 or 3 seconds and catch up with the front runners again. One more lap and I may have been able to overtake Kévin Estre. In the next race I'll be giving it everything again." In respect of the championship, everything is currently running to plan for Project 1 and Edwards. The only driver Edwards has lost points to, is Nicki Thiim who is now the runner-up of the championship with four points less.
Team mate Sean Johnston wanted to underline the upward trend which he has been on in the past few weeks with his best result of the season. He qualified on the ninth row of the starting grid, in 18th position, and hoped for a top 15 finish. Unfortunately, the German race was also not to be as hoped. Although the 22 year old American put in a great performance over 12 laps, he couldn`t manage a top 15 finish. "I'm really disappointed. After a crazy first lap, I was able to hold my position behind my team mate Jeffrey Schmidt in the top 15. In the second half of the race, after a collision with a tyre, I had to battle with heavy over steer. Up until the last lap it looked good, but after a braking error in turn 6, I had to let nearly the whole field past. It was really annoying, but motorsport is tough. I can just draw experience from it and learn from it." Johnston finished the race in 19th place and hopes for a top 15 finish in the next race in Budapest.
The third Project 1 driver, Jeffrey Schmidt who, with his second Porsche Supercup guest start has got virtually no previous experience, put in a confident performance. Schmidt turned his strong result in qualifying, securing 13th position, into a 13th place finish. The 19 year old Swiss driver is satisfied with his performance at the Nürburgring: "Right at the start I had a collision; a competitor drove into the back of me, and after that the car was very difficult to drive. Ultimately, 13th place is ok, but with an undamaged car a top 10 finish would have been possible. Thanks to the team, who have supported me perfectly in my two Supercup guest starts. The car was consistently fast and, in Sean Edwards, we rookies have a top driver as a team mate, from whom we can learn and benefit a great deal."
In the team championship, the team of team boss Paul Schlotmann is currently lying in fourth place, five points behind third place. Team boss Paul Schlotmann is content with the season so far. "Clearly, at the home Grand Prix we wanted to recapture our old form, and we had the pace for a win, but sadly luck wasn't on our side on Saturday. That notwithstanding, I view us as working to plan, as long as Sean Edwards can continue building his championship lead. The learning curve of the two junior drivers is also pointing upwards, which underlines Project 1's goal of training top drivers. We're looking forward to the next race in Budapest and we'll do everything to make sure we're on the podium there."
At the race in Hungary, in just under 2 weeks, the Porsche Supercup teams will again be hunting times and points.
News and background information about the race and about Project 1 can be found on the Project 1 website and on Facebook, or on the partner website, racecam.de.
Budapest	28.07.2013
Back Home and Carry On
If you comprehensively win the first two races of the season, it's understandable that you want to achieve a hat trick of three wins in a row, and if at the same time you have the chance to achieve that in your home country, then you are especially motivated. But for the team 'Allyouneed by Project 1' and championship favorite Sean Edwards, things turned out rather differently.
After the perfect start to the season, with the opening race victory in Barcelona and the comprehensive victory from pole position in Monaco, in Silverstone there was a fourth place. Ultimately, however, although just missing a podium place, the race was not too much of a disappointment, as Edwards gained important championship points in a still long season. After gaining third position in qualifying, attacking was the order of the day for Edwards, but unfortunately he had to wave goodbye to the plan right from the start. "Unfortunately, the clutch stuck as we started and I lost a position rather than attacking." said Edwards, whose race after that was rather about damage limitation: "Despite the poor start, the race was ok, even though I wasn't happy with the performance of the car. Starting in third position, we obviously wanted to push forward, but we didn`t have the pace today that we have had in the previous races, and we need to find the reason for that." said Edwards, who is also able to take some positives from his home race: "The atmosphere with all the fans and the crowds here at Silverstone is just great and I'd have loved to give the many fans in England a British victory, but there wasn't anything more I could do today. We'll find the problem quickly and we'll be back in the next race" said Edwards, after the race on his home soil. With 14 points, Edwards holds on to the championship lead and now leads with a gap of 4 points over German driver, Michael Ammermüller.
Team 'Allyouneed by Project 1' rookie, Sean Johnston, has returned after two years to the track where his career in motorsport began in such prominent style. Through a well-known console game, an American TV challenge offered the winner a professional career in motorsport. In the final, which naturally took place at the home of motorsport, Silverstone, it was a case of "every man for himself, only one can win". Although Johnston only finished second, since that time he has not let anything stand in the way of his dream of becoming a professional racing driver.
Johnston would of course have gladly signed up for another second place finish, but all good things come to those who wait and the 22 year old American's plan was very much about gaining experience. Starting in P20, Johnston was able to finish in 18th place and is satisfied with the result: "The race was tough and I gained a lot of experience today. On the second lap I lost four places and then tried to limit the damage. It's huge to drive here at Silverstone in front of all the motorsport fans. All in all, I'm happy with the race and the weekend".
The result of Team 'Allyouneed by Project 1' rookie and guest driver Jeffrey Schmidt was visibly unusable. For the young Swiss driver, who was driving the new Porsche 911 GT3 Cup Type 991 in the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup for the first time, there was also a great deal to learn after his brilliant third place in the Porsche Carrera Cup in Lausitz: "First of all, I'd like to say a big thank you to everyone who made it possible for me to take part in my first Supercup race. The first time in a 991 is something really special and Porsche have developed a great racing car. After the tests last week, I had a good feeling about the new car, but it takes a lot of time to get used to it. Unfortunately, I had a collision at the end of the race and couldn`t finish my first race but even so it was an instructive and a good weekend here in England."
For the team from Lohne it's now a case of packing everything together and travelling home to prepare for the forthcoming race at the Nürburgring. The Formula 1 circus, including the Porsche supporting programme, is travelling without a break to the German Grand Prix, which will take place on 7th July. At home, Project 1 will be gathering all its strength together and will be showing everyone which is the team to beat in the championship. Paul Schlotmann considers himself and his team to be well on track: "It obviously wasn't a perfect weekend for us but we can travel back home satisfied. Three wins in a row would have been great, but you can't win every race. We now need to analyse the mistakes. I'm certain that we'll be right back at the front at the Nürburgring next weekend."
Project 1 is again planning to have three cars on the starting grid at the Nürburgring. The free practice session will take place on Friday at 4.45pm.
Published June 17, 2013 in Porsche Cup | Kyle Williams
Where we say in football that the match lasts for 90 minutes, we say in motorsport that the season is still long. That's pretty much how Project 1's situation could be described. After a moderate degree of success in the first race, we now have our goals clearly in view: driver's title with Sean Edwards and best juniors with Sean Johnston and Jeffrey Schmidt.
At first, it didn't look like Sean Edwards would be able to finish the weekend as the big winner. Achieving positions 3 and 2 in qualifying, and finishing the first race in 5th place, at first he appeared to be losing out to his opponents. However, the good thing about having a second race each weekend is that the drivers get a second chance and this is what Sean Edwards used on Sunday.
After a good start, the only driver who finished the race in front of him was double winner Nicki Thiim. "It was a good race for me and the team. We've worked hard and with second place today we've won a lot of important points for the Championship" said a happy Edwards, who also stayed fair. "An accident and no points are a disaster for any driver. It was me in Spielberg and here at the Lausitzring it was Kévin Estre. You don't wish it on anybody but we'll gladly take it. The competition stays exciting and we're back in business." With a total of 30 points, Sean Edwards has regained 2nd place in the Championship and at the same time has reduced the gap to leader Kévin Estre to 16 points. With ten races still left this season, there are plenty of chances to reach the top of the leader board.
Normally, people's expectations of a rookie, a driver who is new in the Porsche Carrera Cup, are limited. Results inside the top ten are usually declared as goals and are realistic, but Jeffrey Schmidt would never have anticipated a result like he achieved today. His declared goal at the start of the weekend was a top ten finish. On Saturday, he narrowly missed his target, finishing in 12th place. What happened on Sunday, however, was a massive dream come true for the young Swiss driver. In only his 5th Porsche Carrera Cup race he found himself on the podium, finishing in 3rd place. The foundation of this fantastic result was 5th place in qualifying. From there he was on the attack, and gained 2 places during the race. "It's absolutely crazy to have landed in 3rd place here at the Lausitzring in my fifth race. I was the only one in the first seven driving with old tyres, which made driving really difficult. Norbert Siedler, who was behind me, gave me a hard fight but I just did what my mentor Sean Edwards and our engineer Kosta have given me along the way. The car was just perfect and Project 1 have done an amazing job. A huge thank you to the team, it was just huge." said the delighted Swiss driver, driving for 'Team Deutsche Post by Project 1'. On the rookie leader board, Jeffrey Schmidt has gained 20 valuable points and moves to 3rd place, just 8 points behind the leader, American Connor de Phillippi.
Unfortunately, Sean Johnston didn't have quite such a successful weekend. In the first race he finished in 18th place and in the second race the Project 1 junior driver sadly had to retire, although his hopes had been high after qualifying in 7th position: "The first race was really interesting for me and I fought hard. Unfortunately, I spun on oil and could only manage 18th place. In the second race I hoped for a lot more. I wanted to turn my seventh place in qualifying into a top result in the race, but unfortunately a broken radiator meant I had to finish the race early.
I'm really pleased for Jeffrey, Sean and the team, though, they've all had great results. At the Norisring I'll be on the attack again."
Team boss Paul Schlotmann is above all proud of the overall performance of the team and the path which Project 1 is on. "I'm pleased that, after the disappointment in Spielberg, we've been able to come back with a result like this. Jeffrey in particular deserves special praise. To defend himself against someone as experienced as Norbert Siedler and not to make a mistake is amazing. It shows us that Project 1 in on the right path. Sean Edwards together with Kosta is the perfect mentoring team for our two juniors. Today, the outcome of our work was third place for Jeffrey, and I'm sure that there will be many more results like that in the future."
The Norisring in Nürnberg is seen as the Monaco of the DTM. The Porsche Carrera Cup teams and drivers will be battling for championship points there on 13th and 14th July. 'Team Deutsche Post by Project 1' will be on the attack again and looking to continue the improving trend.
The race can be viewed via an internet live stream on the official Porsche website.
Norisring	14.07.2013
Sean Edwards Foundation
Overtaking master class
Run of bad luck continues
Decision postponed
Tension right up to the end
It's Not Over 'Til It's Over
Elizabeth Oser on Interests
Geert on Sean closes in on championship leader in the Zandvoort lottery
Elaine Allen on Interests
Paul Berry on Sean to make his Le Mans 24h debut with ProSpeed Competition!
John Rampton on A weekend to forget in Silverstone


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Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program
Eileen O'Meara, Tim Clayton, Margaret B. McEntegart, John J V McMurray, Ileana L. Pina, Christopher B. Granger, Jan Östergren, Eric L. Michelson, Scott D. Solomon, Stuart Pocock, Salim Yusuf, Karl Swedberg, Marc A. Pfeffer
BACKGROUND - We wished to test previous hypotheses that sex-related differences in mortality and morbidity may be due to differences in the cause of heart failure or in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by comparing fatal and nonfatal outcomes in women and men with heart failure and a broad spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS - We compared outcomes in 2400 women and 5199 men randomized in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program using multivariable regression analyses. A total of 1188 women (50%) had a low LVEF (≤0.40), and 1212 had a preserved LVEF (>0.40). Among the men, 3388 (65%) had a low LVEF, and 1811 had a preserved LVEF. A total of 1216 women (51%) and 3465 men (67%) had an ischemic cause of their heart failure. All-cause mortality was 21.5% in women and 25.3% in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.86; P<0.001). Fewer women (30.4%) than men (33.3%) experienced cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91; P<0.001). The risks of sudden death (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.85) and death due to worsening heart failure (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.89) were reduced to a comparable extent. The adjusted risk of cardiovascular hospitalization was also lower in women (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95), mainly because of a reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.97). Women had a lower risk of death irrespective of cause of heart failure or LVEF. CONCLUSIONS - Among patients with heart failure, women have lower risks of most fatal and nonfatal outcomes that are not explained, as previously suggested, by LVEF or origin of the heart failure.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
Sex Characteristics
Stroke Volume
Fatal Outcome
candesartan
O'Meara, E., Clayton, T., McEntegart, M. B., McMurray, J. J. V., Pina, I. L., Granger, C. B., ... Pfeffer, M. A. (2007). Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation, 115(24), 3111-3120. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure : Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. / O'Meara, Eileen; Clayton, Tim; McEntegart, Margaret B.; McMurray, John J V; Pina, Ileana L.; Granger, Christopher B.; Östergren, Jan; Michelson, Eric L.; Solomon, Scott D.; Pocock, Stuart; Yusuf, Salim; Swedberg, Karl; Pfeffer, Marc A.
In: Circulation, Vol. 115, No. 24, 06.2007, p. 3111-3120.
O'Meara, E, Clayton, T, McEntegart, MB, McMurray, JJV, Pina, IL, Granger, CB, Östergren, J, Michelson, EL, Solomon, SD, Pocock, S, Yusuf, S, Swedberg, K & Pfeffer, MA 2007, 'Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program', Circulation, vol. 115, no. 24, pp. 3111-3120. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
O'Meara E, Clayton T, McEntegart MB, McMurray JJV, Pina IL, Granger CB et al. Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation. 2007 Jun;115(24):3111-3120. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
O'Meara, Eileen ; Clayton, Tim ; McEntegart, Margaret B. ; McMurray, John J V ; Pina, Ileana L. ; Granger, Christopher B. ; Östergren, Jan ; Michelson, Eric L. ; Solomon, Scott D. ; Pocock, Stuart ; Yusuf, Salim ; Swedberg, Karl ; Pfeffer, Marc A. / Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure : Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. In: Circulation. 2007 ; Vol. 115, No. 24. pp. 3111-3120.
@article{00bb24ae60fa451a8f60a10565648155,
title = "Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program",
abstract = "BACKGROUND - We wished to test previous hypotheses that sex-related differences in mortality and morbidity may be due to differences in the cause of heart failure or in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by comparing fatal and nonfatal outcomes in women and men with heart failure and a broad spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS - We compared outcomes in 2400 women and 5199 men randomized in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program using multivariable regression analyses. A total of 1188 women (50{\%}) had a low LVEF (≤0.40), and 1212 had a preserved LVEF (>0.40). Among the men, 3388 (65{\%}) had a low LVEF, and 1811 had a preserved LVEF. A total of 1216 women (51{\%}) and 3465 men (67{\%}) had an ischemic cause of their heart failure. All-cause mortality was 21.5{\%} in women and 25.3{\%} in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95{\%} CI, 0.69 to 0.86; P<0.001). Fewer women (30.4{\%}) than men (33.3{\%}) experienced cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR, 0.83; 95{\%} CI, 0.76 to 0.91; P<0.001). The risks of sudden death (HR, 0.70; 95{\%} CI, 0.58 to 0.85) and death due to worsening heart failure (HR, 0.72; 95{\%} CI, 0.58 to 0.89) were reduced to a comparable extent. The adjusted risk of cardiovascular hospitalization was also lower in women (HR, 0.88; 95{\%} CI, 0.82 to 0.95), mainly because of a reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.87; 95{\%} CI, 0.78 to 0.97). Women had a lower risk of death irrespective of cause of heart failure or LVEF. CONCLUSIONS - Among patients with heart failure, women have lower risks of most fatal and nonfatal outcomes that are not explained, as previously suggested, by LVEF or origin of the heart failure.",
keywords = "Etiology, Heart failure, Mortality, Sex",
author = "Eileen O'Meara and Tim Clayton and McEntegart, {Margaret B.} and McMurray, {John J V} and Pina, {Ileana L.} and Granger, {Christopher B.} and Jan {\"O}stergren and Michelson, {Eric L.} and Solomon, {Scott D.} and Stuart Pocock and Salim Yusuf and Karl Swedberg and Pfeffer, {Marc A.}",
doi = "10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442",
journal = "Circulation",
T1 - Sex differences in clinical characteristics and prognosis in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure - Results of the Candesartan in Heart failure
T2 - Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program
AU - O'Meara, Eileen
AU - Clayton, Tim
AU - McEntegart, Margaret B.
AU - McMurray, John J V
AU - Pina, Ileana L.
AU - Granger, Christopher B.
AU - Östergren, Jan
AU - Michelson, Eric L.
AU - Solomon, Scott D.
AU - Pocock, Stuart
AU - Yusuf, Salim
AU - Swedberg, Karl
AU - Pfeffer, Marc A.
N2 - BACKGROUND - We wished to test previous hypotheses that sex-related differences in mortality and morbidity may be due to differences in the cause of heart failure or in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by comparing fatal and nonfatal outcomes in women and men with heart failure and a broad spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS - We compared outcomes in 2400 women and 5199 men randomized in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program using multivariable regression analyses. A total of 1188 women (50%) had a low LVEF (≤0.40), and 1212 had a preserved LVEF (>0.40). Among the men, 3388 (65%) had a low LVEF, and 1811 had a preserved LVEF. A total of 1216 women (51%) and 3465 men (67%) had an ischemic cause of their heart failure. All-cause mortality was 21.5% in women and 25.3% in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.86; P<0.001). Fewer women (30.4%) than men (33.3%) experienced cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91; P<0.001). The risks of sudden death (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.85) and death due to worsening heart failure (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.89) were reduced to a comparable extent. The adjusted risk of cardiovascular hospitalization was also lower in women (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95), mainly because of a reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.97). Women had a lower risk of death irrespective of cause of heart failure or LVEF. CONCLUSIONS - Among patients with heart failure, women have lower risks of most fatal and nonfatal outcomes that are not explained, as previously suggested, by LVEF or origin of the heart failure.
AB - BACKGROUND - We wished to test previous hypotheses that sex-related differences in mortality and morbidity may be due to differences in the cause of heart failure or in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by comparing fatal and nonfatal outcomes in women and men with heart failure and a broad spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS - We compared outcomes in 2400 women and 5199 men randomized in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program using multivariable regression analyses. A total of 1188 women (50%) had a low LVEF (≤0.40), and 1212 had a preserved LVEF (>0.40). Among the men, 3388 (65%) had a low LVEF, and 1811 had a preserved LVEF. A total of 1216 women (51%) and 3465 men (67%) had an ischemic cause of their heart failure. All-cause mortality was 21.5% in women and 25.3% in men (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.86; P<0.001). Fewer women (30.4%) than men (33.3%) experienced cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (adjusted HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91; P<0.001). The risks of sudden death (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.85) and death due to worsening heart failure (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.89) were reduced to a comparable extent. The adjusted risk of cardiovascular hospitalization was also lower in women (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.95), mainly because of a reduced risk of heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.97). Women had a lower risk of death irrespective of cause of heart failure or LVEF. CONCLUSIONS - Among patients with heart failure, women have lower risks of most fatal and nonfatal outcomes that are not explained, as previously suggested, by LVEF or origin of the heart failure.
KW - Etiology
KW - Heart failure
KW - Mortality
KW - Sex
U2 - 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
DO - 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442
JO - Circulation
JF - Circulation
10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673442

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A system and method for updating packet headers using hardware that maintains the high performance of the network element. In one embodiment, the system includes an input port process (IPP) that buffers the input packet received and forwards header information to the search engine. The search engine searches a database maintained on the switch element to determine the type of the packet. In one embodiment, the type may indicate whether the packet can be routed in hardware. In another embodiment, the type may indicate whether the packet supports VLANs. The search engine sends the packet type information to the IPP along with the destination address (DA) to be updated if the packet is to be routed, or a VLAN tag if the packet has been indentified to be forwarded to a particular VLAN. The IPP, during transmission of the packet to a packet memory selectively replaces the corresponding fields, e.g., DA field or VLAN tag field; the modified packet is stored in the packet memory. Associated with the packet memory are control fields containing control field information conveyed to the packet memory by the IPP. An output port process (OPP) reads the modified input packet and the control field information and selectively performs additional modifications to the modified input packet and issue control signals to the output interface (i.e., MAC). The MAC, based upon the control signals, replaces the source address field with the address of the MAC and generates a CRC that is appended to the end of the packet.
The system and method of the present invention relates to the area of packet field replacement in a packet switched network; more particularly the present invention relates to the hardware implementation of packet field replacement of packet header fields of a packet within a switch coupled to a network.
Local area networks (LANs) have become quite sophisticated in architecture. Originally, LANs were thought of a single wire connecting a few computers.- Today LANs are implemented in complicated configurations to enhance functionality and flexibility. In such a network, packets are transmitted from source device to destination device; in more expansive networks, this packet can travel through one or more switches and/or routers. Standards have been set to define the packet structure and layers of functionality and sophistication of a network. For example, the TCP/IP protocol stack defines four distinct multiple layers, e.g. the physical layer (layer 1), data link layer (layer 2), network layer (layer 3), transport layer (layer 4). A network device may be capable of support in one or more of the layers and refer to particular fields of the header accordingly.
Today, typical LANs utilize a combination of Layer 2 (data link layer) and Layer 3 (network layer) network devices. In order to meet the ever increasing performance demands from the network, functionality that has been traditionally performed in software and/or in separate layer 2 and layer 3 devices have migrated into one multi-layer device or switch that implements the performance critical functions in hardware.
One performance critical function is routing. Software that implements routing can impact performance. Therefore, it is desirable to implement the routing in faster hardware. However, routing requires certain header fields of an incoming packet to be modified prior to output from the device. Although perhaps straightforward to perform in software, in a hardware implementation, it is critical to minimize additional hardware while not compromising performance.
Recently, the concept of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) was introduced to Layer 2. The Layer 2 header has been modified to add bits that provide VLAN capability VLANs enable the logical partitioning of network nodes independent of physically partitioning or arrangement in the network topology. Based upon the state of the packet, VLAN bits, e.g., VLAN tags may also need to be modified. Although software-based techniques are usable, it is desirable to provide an efficient hardware approach.
There is known from EP-A-O 742677 a header converting system provided with a plurality of input ports receiving a fixed length packet for converting routing information in a header of the packet having an information field and a header including routing information. The system includes header analyzers coupled to the input ports for analyzing the header of the packet and extracting a first routing information from the header. The system includes a conversion information store, which is accessed by each of the header analyzers, for collating the first routing information included in the header of the received packet with a second routing information to be converted from the first routing information of the header. The system further includes a converter coupled to at least one of the header analyzers, for converting the first routing information into the second routing information from the conversion information store. The converter also provides the second routing information to the header field of the packet.
From a paper entitled "A TCP/IP Tutorial" by T. Socolofsky and C. Kale of Spider Systems Limited, IETF Standard, Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, CH January 1991 (1991-01), XP 015006 125 ISSN = 0000 - 0003, it is known that for direct communication between two computers having a TCP/IP protocol stack, both the source IP address and source Ethernet address can be that of the sender, and the destination IP address and the destination Ethernet address be that of the recipient. For indirect communication, in which computer A must use a computer D to forward an IP packet to a computer E, the IP address and Ethernet addresses do not pair up in this way. If A sends an IP packet to E, the source IP address and the source Ethernet address are A's. The destination IP address is E's, but because A's IP module sends the IP packet to D for forwarding, the destination Ethernet address is D's. At D, the source IP address is A, while the source Ethernet address is D, and the destination IP and Ethernet addresses are E.
an output interface coupled to receive the at least one control signal and the packet, the output interface being configured to transmit an output packet corresponding to the selectively modified packet, in response to the at least one control signal, and the output interface being further configured to selectively modify at least one header field and the CRC prior to transmission of the output packet.
The input port process (IPP) buffers the input packet received and forwards header information to the search engine. The search engine searches a database maintained on the switch element to determine the type of the packet. In one embodiment, the type may indicate whether the packet can be routed in hardware. In another embodiment, the type may indicate whether the packet supports VLANs. The search engine sends the packet type information to the IPP along with the destination address (DA) to be updated if the packet is to be routed, or a VLAN tag if the packet has been identified to be forwarded to a particular VLAN. The IPP, during transmission of the packet to a packet memory selectively replaces the corresponding fields, e.g., DA field or VLAN tag field; the modified packet is stored in the packet memory. Associated with the packet memory are control fields containing control field information conveyed to the packet memory by the IPP. In one embodiment, the control field information consists of a flag to indicate that the source address needs replacement In another embodiment, the control field information consists of flags to indicate whether the packet came in tagged, the packet came in tagged but the tag was modified or that the packet is not to be tagged.
Figure 1 is a simplified block diagram of a high speed switch which operates in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a simplified block diagram of a high speed switch element which operates in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a simplified block diagram of one embodiment of the system of the present invention.
Figure 4a illustrates a packet format and Figure 4b illustrates a packet format with VLAN support.
Figure 5 is a simplified flow diagram of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
Figures 6 is a simplified flow diagram of one embodiment of the method for packet field modification in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figures 7a and 7b are simplified flow diagrams of another embodiment of the method for packet field modification in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
An overview of one embodiment of a network element that operates in accordance with the teachings of the present invention is illustrated in Figure 1. The network element is used to interconnect a number of nodes and end-stations in a variety of different ways. In particular, an application of the multi-layer distributed network element (MLDNE) would be to route packets according to predefined routing protocols over a homogenous data link layer such as the IEEE 802.3 standard, also known as the Ethernet. Other routing protocols can also be used.
In one embodiment of the MLDNE, a network element is configured to implement packet routing functions in a distributed manner, i.e., different parts of a function are performed by different subsystems in the MLDNE, while the final result of the functions remains transparent to the external nodes and end-stations. As will be appreciated from the discussion below and the diagram in Figure 1, the MLDNE has a scalable architecture which allows the designer to predictably increase the number of external connections by adding additional subsystems, thereby allowing greater flexibility in defining the MLDNE as a stand alone router.
As illustrated in block diagram form in Figure 1, the MLDNE 101 contains a number of subsystems 110 that are fully meshed and interconnected using a number of internal links 141 to create a larger switch. At least one internal link couples any two subsystems. Each subsystem 110 includes a switch element 111 coupled to a forwarding memory 113 and an associated memory 114. The forwarding memory (or database) 113 stores an address table used for matching with the headers of received packets. The associated memory (or database) stores data associated with each entry in the forwarding memory that is used to identify forwarding attributes for forwarding the packets through the MLDNE. A number of external ports (not shown) having input and output capability interface the external connections 117. In one embodiment, each subsystem supports multiple Gigabit Ethernet ports, Fast Ethernet ports and Ethernet ports. Internal ports (not shown) also having input and output capability in each subsystem couple the internal links 141. Using the internal links, the MLDNE can connect multiple switching elements together to form a multigigabit switch.
Figure 2 is a simplified block diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture of the switch element of Figure 1. The switch element 200 depicted includes a central processing unit (CPU) interface 215, a switch fabric block 210, a network interface 205, a cascading interface 225, and a shared memory manager 220.
Ethernet packets may enter or leave the network switch element 200 through any one of the three interfaces 205, 215, or 225. In brief, the network interface 205 operates in accordance with a corresponding Ethernet protocol to receive Ethernet packets from a network (not shown) and to transmit Ethernet packets onto the network via one or more external ports (not shown). An optional cascading interface 225 may include one or more internal links (not shown) for interconnecting switching elements to create larger switches. For example, each switch element may be connected together with other switch elements in a full mesh topology to form a multi-layer switch as described above. Alternatively, a switch may comprise a single switch element 200 with or without the cascading interface 225.
The network interface 205, the CPU interface 215, and the cascading interface 225 are coupled to the shared memory manager 220 and the switch fabric block 210. Preferably, critical functions such as packet forwarding and packet buffering are centralized as shown in Figure 2. The shared memory manager 220 provides an efficient centralized interface to the external shared memory for buffering of incoming packets. The switch fabric block 210 includes a search engine and learning logic for searching and maintaining the forwarding and filtering database with the assistance of the CPU.
Figure 3 is a simplified block diagram of the structure for implementing high speed field replacement in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The following elements are used: an input Media Access Control (MAC 305), input port process (IPP) 310, search engine 315, database 320, packet memory 325, output port process (OPP) 330 and output MAC 335. As is readily apparent from the prior overview of the switching element (Figure 2), many of the elements are multi-purpose and provide additional functionality. Thus the present structure is not only time efficient but also cost effective, adding a minimum amount of additional logic to the structure in order to support field replacement.
Furthermore, the present invention preserves end-to-end error robustness by modifying or updating header information only when necessary. For example, in prior art systems, whether implemented in hardware or software, the receive MAC is configured to always strip the CRC off the packet regardless of whether the header of the packet is modified. Thus, the transmit MAC in such prior art devices is configured to always generate the CRC. As will be explained below, the CRC is only stripped when the header is modified, if the header is not modified, the original CRC remains untouched and end-to-end error robustness is preserved.
For purposes of simplifying the present discussion, the additional functional details of the different elements not directly related to the field replacement process described therein are not discussed in detail. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the structure described herein can be applied to other switching elements having similar structures. Finally, although field replacement for VLAN packets and hardware routing is described, it is contemplated that other types of packets similarly requiring header field replacement can benefit from the teachings of the present invention.
Referring to Figure 3, the input MAC 305 receives the input packet and directs the input packet to the IPP 310. The IPP includes a first in first out (FIFO) buffer 312 to buffer the input packet. Logic 314, which preferably includes multiplexing circuitry and the associative select logic, is also included to forward control information and also replace predetermined fields of the header as the header is transmitted out of the IPP 310 and into the packet memory 325. The IPP 310 forwards a copy of the header to the search engine 315 which searches the database 320 to determine if there is information relevant to the packet such as the type of packet, e.g., VLAN supported or whether the packet can be routed. It is contemplated that a variety of configurations of search engines and databases may be used. In one embodiment, the search engine 315, in conjunction with the database 320, determines whether the input packet can be routed in hardware. A variety of search criteria may be used to determine this, including whether a route already exists for the input packet. In another embodiment, the search engine returns information regarding VLAN support.
The search engine 315 returns the information to the IPP 310. If the information indicated that the header is not to be updated, the header is output via the packet memory 325, OPP 330, and MAC 335 unchanged. Otherwise, the IPP 310 outputs the header from the FIFO and selectively performs on the fly field replacement for predetermined fields of the header. The search engine provides an offset which identifies the location of the time to live (TTL) field in the packet. In addition, for unicast routing, the IPP 310 replaces the destination address (DA) field with a DA supplied by the search engine 315. For example, this can simply be done using multiplexor logic to select either the original value found in the DA field or the DA value received from the search engine 315 based upon a DA replacement control signal issued by the search engine 315. For VLAN support, the IPP 310 selectively replaces or inserts the value in the VLAN tag field.
A counter is preferably used in the IPP 310 to count the bytes output and thus determine which field of the packet is currently being output such that the replacement is timely performed. In addition, it is preferred that the IPP 310 adjusts the time to live (TTL) value in the TTL field and the checksum value in the checksum field of the header. The location of the TTL field is identified by the offset provided by the search engine. The checksum field is immediately following the TTL field. The TTL value output to the packet memory 325 is the TTL value found in the input packet header decremented by one. Similarly, the checksum output is the checksum value from the input packet header decremented by a constant (due to the decrement of the TTL value).
In addition to selectively performing header field replacement, the IPP 310 outputs control field information which is stored in a control field 327 in the packet memory 325. For example, for hardware routing, the control field information consists of an indication (replace_sa) to replace the source address. For VLAN support, the control field information consists of indicators orig_tag, mod_tag and dont_tag. The orig_tag indicator indicates that the packet originally arrived tagged. The mod_tag indicator indicates that the packet originally arrived tagged but it is to be modified. The dont_tag indicator indicates that the packet is not to be tagged.
The packet memory 325 receives the modified input packet from the IPP 310 and the associative field control information. The packet memory functions as a buffer to minimize dropped packets during the movement of packets into and out of the switch.
The OPP 330, retrieves the packet and associated control field information from the packet memory 325 and, in response to the associated control field information, selectively modifies the input packet further as it is output to the MAC 335 and provides control information to the output MAC 335. For example, for hardware routing, the OPP 330 strips the last 4 bytes of the packet containing the CRC and sends control signals to the MAC 335 to insert its address in the SA field and generate a CRC. In one embodiment, the OPP 330 provides instruction to the output MAC 335 by clearing the NO_CRC bit in the MAC control word subsequently sent to the MAC 335 to tell the MAC 335 to append a CRC. CRC generation and insertion is a typical function found in MACs as well as other devices and will not be discussed in detail herein. Furthermore, in one embodiment the OPP 330 further issues a control signal to the MAC 335 to notify the MAC 335 to replace the SA value with its address. Similarly, for VLAN support, the OPP 330 selectively strips the value in the VLAN tag field, selectively strips the CRC from the packet and clears the No_CRC bit in the MAC control word to notify the MAC 335 to append a CRC.
The output MAC 335, responsive to the state of the control signals received, selectively generates a CRC and, inserts its own address in the source address field, completing the header field replacement process. The modified packet is then output from the switch element.
Figures 4a and 4b are simplified diagrams of two illustrative packet formats that are modified using the system described. Figure 4a shows a packet consisting of data 402, the Layer 4 header (TCP header) 404, Layer 3 header (IP header) 406, Layer 2 header (data routing or MAC header) 408 and CRC 410. The Layer 2 header includes the DA field, 412, SA field 414, and packet type/length field 416. The Layer 3 header includes the time to live field 418 and the checksum field 420. Figure 4b illustrates a VLAN supported packet. In this format the Layer 2 header, 408 is modified to include additional 4 bytes 422 that form the VLAN tag.
The process performed will now be generally described with reference to Figure 5. As described earlier, the process is applicable to field replacement, including field replacement required for hardware routing and VLAN support. At step 510, the IPP receives an input packet and buffers the packet in the IPP FIFO. A copy of the header is forwarded to the search engine. At step 515, the search engine searches the database and determines the type of the packet. The type information and certain field replacement values are returned to the IPP. At step 517, if the information supplied by the search engine indicates that the header is not to be modified, the packet is output unchanged from the switch element. Thus, end-to-end error robustness is maintained as the CRC is regenerated only when the header is changed. If header field replacement is needed, at step 520, the IPP selectively performs initial field replacement as the data is transmitted from the FIFO to the packet memory. The fields replaced are replaced with values provided by the search engine and those computed (e.g., TTL, Checksum) in accordance with known techniques. In addition, the IPP forwards certain control field information to be stored in a control field associated with the particular location in the packet memory the modified input packet is stored in.
At step 525, the OPP accesses the packet memory and associated control field information, selectively further modifies the packet and forwards the packet and control information to the MAC. The MAC, at step 530, selectively modifies certain fields of the packet as the packet is output from the switch element.
Figure 6 illustrates one embodiment of the process that performs header field replacement for input packets that are hardware routed. At step 605, the input packet is received by the IPP and the packet header is stored in the IPP FIFO. As the header is stored in the FIFO, step 610, a copy of the header is forwarded to the search engine, step 615, which searches the database to determine if the packet is to be routed. The IPP then waits for the search engine to return information regarding the packet, step 620. If the search engine determines that the input packet is a unicast route, step 625, the search engine, sends a replace_DA (destination address) control signal and replace_SA (source address) control signal to the IPP, provides the replacement DA and further provides a time to live (TTL) field offset. The IPP, in response to the replace_DA control signal, replaces the DA field value with the value received from the search engine computes an updated TTL value and checksum value and replaces the computed values in the corresponding fields as the fields are output to the packet memory. The IPP further responds to the replace_SA signal by inputting corresponding control field information in the packet memory to indicate that the source address is to be replaced with the source address of the output MAC. If at step 645, the search engine indicates that it is a multicast route, the search engine provides the TTL offset and sends a replace_SA signal to the IPP, step 650, and the IPP updates the TTL and checksum values and generates control field information that is stored in the control field associated with the packet memory, step 640.
At step 655, the modified packet output and associated control field information is stored in the packet memory. At step 660, the OPP receives data and control field information from the packet memory and if the OPP detects the replace_SA control field, step 665, the OPP asserts a replace_SA control signal to the output MAC. At step 670, the OPP strips the last 4 bytes of the packet corresponding to the CRC and clears the NO_CRC bit in the MAC control word. At step 680, the MAC detects the replace_SA control signal and replaces bytes 7-12 of the_packet with its own MAC address during output packet transmission. Furthermore, in response to the state of the control word, the MAC generates the CRC for the packet. If at step 665, the replace_SA control field information does not indicate replacement, the MAC transmits the packet unmodified, step 675.
Figures 7a and 7b illustrate the process for VLAN support. At steps 705, 710, 715 the IPP receives the input packet, buffers the packet and forwards the header to the search engine. The search engine determines and returns information regarding tagging to the waiting IPP, step 720, regarding whether the packet is tagged, the nature of the tagging and how to tag the packet before it is output from the switch element. A number of possible scenarios exist, including that the packet arrived untagged, the packet arrived tagged valid and the packet arrived tagged invalid. The invalid tag, in certain circumstances, is used to convey only priority information for the packet, rather than VLAN grouping of end nodes.
If, at step 725 the packet is tagged, and the packet is tagged invalid, step 730, control signals are sent to the IPP from the search engine that the insert_tag indicator is to be cleared indicating that no new tag is to be inserted and the replace_tag indicator is to be set, indicating that the tag is to be replaced, step 735. If, at step 730, the packet is tagged valid, and VLAN routing is supported, step 740, at step 745, the insert_tag indicator is cleared, the replace_tag indicator is set and a new VLAN tag representative of the VLAN routing determined by the search engine is provided to the IPP. If at step 740, VLAN routing is not supported, at step 750, signals are sent to the IPP to indicate that the insert_tag is cleared and replace_tag is cleared indicating that a tag is not to be inserted or replaced.
Returning back to step 725, if the packet arrives untagged, at step 755, signals are issued to the IPP indicating that the insert_tag indicator is to be set and the replace_tag indicator is to be cleared. Following the process flow, for the scenarios of untagged packets and packets that are tagged invalid, it is determined whether the tag to be provided by the search engine is one that is defined in the database, step 760. If the tag is defined in the database, the tag is provided to the IPP, step 765. If the tag is not defined in the database, a default tag is provided, step 770. The default tag is a programmable value; typical values follow those specified in current standards.
The IPP, in response to the state of the insert_tag, replace_tag and the VLAN tag value selectively provided by the search engine, will selectively modify the packet header and generate control field information; the modified packet and associated control field information are then respectively stored in the packet memory and associated control fields. At step 772, if the insert_tag indicator was set, at step 774, the following control field information is generated: clear both orig_tag and mod_tag. Orig_tag indicates that the packet has arrived as tagged. Mod_tag indicates that the packet arrived tagged but the tag has been modified. Furthermore, at step 774, the tag provided by the search engine is inserted at the appropriate place in the header by the IPP, preferably as the packet is output to be stored in the packet memory.
Returning back to step 772, if the insert_tag indicator is not set and the replace_tag indicator is set, step 776, at step 778, the IPP replaces the tag in the header with the tag provided by the search engine and generates the following control field information: set orig_tag and set mod_tag, step 780. If at step 776 the replace_tag indicator is not set, the IPP generates the following control field information: set orig_tag, clear mod_tag, at next step 780.
In the present embodiment, the CPU of the network switch can communicate packets through the switch elements. If the packet arrived through this port, the packet may not be tagged regardless of the state of the packet. Thus the indicator dont_tag is provided as control field information to the packet. Referring back to step 782, if the packet arrives through the host transmit process (HTP), dont_tag is set to equal the packet control information provided by the CPU; otherwise, at step 786, dont_tag is cleared.
Thus at step 796, if the tag is to be stripped, the OPP removes the tag, preferably as the tag is transferred to the MAC, step 798. At step 800, if no CRC is to be generated, the OPP sends a signal indicating that no CRC is to be generated (e.g., set no_CRC), step 802, and the MAC transmits the packet as it is received. If the CRC is to be generated, at step 806, the last 4 bytes are removed from the packet by the OPP, a signal to generate the CRC is sent to the MAC, (clear no-CRC), step 808, and at step 810, the MAC transmits the packet and generates the CRC to append to the end of the packet.
The process for field replacement has been described. Other variations are also contemplated. For example, the present switch consists of multiple switch elements wherein packets can be transferred between switch elements. When packets are transferred between switch elements, certain fields are selectively modified.
an output interface (335) coupled to receive the at least one control signal and the packet, the output interface (335) being configured to transmit an output packet corresponding to the selectively modified packet, in response to the at least one control signal, and the output interface (335) being further configured to selectively modify at least one header field and the CRC prior to transmission of the output packet.
a search engine (315) coupled between the IPP and the database, the search engine being coupled to receive the header and configured to search the database (320) to determine information regarding a type of the input packet.
An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the type comprises an indication of whether the input packet is to be routed, wherein if the input packet is to be routed, the search engine is configured to notify the IPP (310) that the input packet is to be routed and the destination address (DA) of a next hop.
An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the IPP is configured to replace a DA field of the header with a DA provided by the search engine (315) if the search engine notifies the IPP (310) that the input packet is to be routed.
An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the control field information comprises a field set by the IPP (310) to indicate that the source address field of the header is to be replaced prior to output of the modified input packet, the field being set when the input packet is to be routed.
An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the at least one control signal comprises control signals to selectively indicate generation of a CRC and a replacement of a source address.
An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the output interface is configured to insert the address of the output interface in a source address field of the header in response to the receipt of the at least one control signal indicating replacement of the source address, and to generate a CRC in response to the at least one control signal indicating regeneration of the CRC.
An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the header is a Layer 3 header and comprises a time to live (TTL) field, the IPP being further configured to decrement a value in the TTL field by one prior to output.
An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the header is a Layer 3 header and comprises a checksum field, the IP further configured to update a value in the checksum field prior to output.
An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the destination address is replaced when the packet is a unicast packet.
An apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the OPP (330) is further configured to strip off the CRC during transmission of the modified input packet to the output interface if the output interface is to generate the CRC.
An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the output interface is a MAC (335).
An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the at least one control signal comprises a replace_sa signal to indicate that the source address field of the header needs replacement.
An apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the at least one control signal comprises a state of a NO_CRC bit in a control word transmitted to the MAC by the OPP, wherein the NO_CRC bit indicates that no CRC is to be generated.
otherwise the search engine is configured to notify the IPP of at least one indicator that indicates no insertion or replacement of the VLAN tag.
otherwise, the IPP is configured to generate control field information of a third state.
An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the OPP is further configured to selectively remove the VLAN tag field in the modified input packet based on the state of the control field information.
An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the OPP is configured to selectively generate a control signal to regenerate a CRC based on the state of the control field information.
An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the output interface is configured to generate a CRC in response to the at least one control signal indicating regeneration of the CRC.
An apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a packet memory configured to store a selectively modified input packet received from the IPP, the packet memory further configured to store control field information, the OPP coupled to the packet memory and configured to receive the selectively modified input packet and the control field information from the packet memory.
the output interface outputting the modified input packet further selectively modified in response to the at least one control signal received from the OPP by selectively modifying at least one header field and regenerating the CRC based upon the modified input packet.
A method according to claim 21, further comprising the step of storing the modified input packet and control field information in a packet memory; the OPP further reading the modified input packet and control field information from the packet memory.
A method according to claim 21, wherein the type comprises an indication of whether the input packet is to be routed, wherein if the input packet is to be routed, the search engine notifying the IPP that the input packet is to be routed and the destination address (DA) of a next hop.
A method according to claim 23, wherein the step of the IPP selectively replacing comprises the step of replacing a DA field of the header with a DA provided by the search engine if the input packet is to be routed.
A method according to claim 23, wherein, the control field information comprises a field (replace _SA) set by the IPP to indicate that the source address field of the header is to be replaced prior to output of the modified input packet, the replace_SA set when the input packet is to be routed.
A method according to claim 23, wherein the step of generating at least one control signal comprises the step of generating control signals to selectively indicate generation of a CRC and a replacement of a source address.
generating a CRC in response to the at least one control signal indicating regeneration of the CRC.
otherwise the search engine notifying the IPP of at least one indicator that indicates no insertion or replacement of the VLAN tag.
otherwise, the step of selectively outputting control field information comprising the step of generating control field information of a third state.
A method according to claim 29, further comprising the step of the OPP selectively removing the VLAN tag field in the modified input packet based on the state of the control field information.
A method according to claim 29, wherein the step of selectively generating at least one control signal comprises a control signal to regenerate a CRC based on the state of the control field information.
A method according to claim 31, wherein the output interface further selectively modifies the modified input packet by generating a CRC in response to the at least one control signal indicating regeneration of the CRC.
if the information determined by the search engine indicates that at least one portion of the header changes, the header of the input packet is updated by the IPP, the CRC is stripped by the OPP and regenerated by the MAC based upon the updated packet and the updated packet is output from the packet switch.


This day starts off with a Multimedia, live band, Youth led presentation for the WHOLE SCHOOL designed to to help students focus on Positive Change.
The presentation is built on the three key concepts: Value, Purpose and Hope. These are then used to focus in on current, relevant issues for our students.
Students will then be able to visit the information table at lunch to access other resources, ask questions, etc.
180 IRHS students will also be participating in workshops throughout the day to address the specific goals for IRHS and how to work with Absolute Leadership to achieve our school goals.
This is designed to launch "A year of making a difference" for our students.


text:
America's Cup teams continue legal wrangling
Soundings Staff
After the Golden Gate Yacht Club, Challenger of Record for the 33rd America's Cup, requested the New York Supreme Court to reject Ras al-Khaimah (RAK) in the United Arab Emirates as the venue for the 33rd Americas Cup and replace it with Valencia, Spain, their rival fired back.
Brad Butterworth of team Alinghi issued the following response:
"Larry Ellison, Russell Coutts and their yacht club, the Golden Gate, seem to believe that the 33rd America's Cup can be won in court as their seventh legal challenge demonstrates. Our team is ready to compete in Ras al Khaimah, UAE, the official venue for the 33rd America's Cup and will begin four months of intensive training before the start of the America's Cup Match on 8 February 2010.
BMW Oracle's latest lawsuit is further proof of their unsportsmanlike behaviour. We will only return to the legal process to show that it is sporting character and sailing strategy that wins races, not litigation. Meanwhile our Cup preparations and training will continue in Ras al Khaimah where we hope they will deign to join us for the America's Cup Match.
As Trustee of the America's Cup, we are convinced that Ras al Khaimah is the perfect and legitimate venue for the 33rd edition of sport's oldest trophy. New York Supreme Court Justice Cahn's order of 2008 stated that 'the location of the match shall be in Valencia or any other location selected by SNG'.
Their claims regarding the Deed of Gift prevailing over the order of the Court are in conflict with previous submissions on the date of the match. Their complaints as to safety are not truly held by them, demonstrated by the fact that they have relocated personnel to Ras Al Khaimah, and have equipment at the venue in preparation for the Match.
We believe this lawsuit is yet another tactic employed by Larry Ellison and BMW Oracle to avoid racing us for the Cup on the water."
America's Cup legal wrangling continues
America's Cup legal fights near the end
America's Cup legal squabbles settled
Down to the wire: America's Cup squabbles continue
Team New Zealand will race for America's Cup
Team Australia pulls out of America's Cup
America's Cup team turns to aviation
America's Cup challengers continue to duel


The Reigning Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler, from Venezuela, was one of many celebrities walking the red carpet at the annual Latin Billboard Awards held in Miami on April 24th. The event, televised by Telemundo (affiliate of NBC/Universal) recognizes the contribution of latino artists to the international scene.
During the ceremony, Isler confirmed the realization of "Miss Latina Universe": A new reality-type beauty pageant to be presented by Telemundo, and whose winner will represent the Latino community in the 2014 Miss Universe pageant.
The project, originally called "Miss Latina USA" was renamed to "Miss Latina Universe" to allow the participation of contestants from all over the American Continent and Spain, who will wear the "Latina Universe" sash at the Miss Universe pageant. It is the first time that such a special participation will be allowed.
Telemundo will soon confirm the dates of airing of the reality-show, expected to take place during the late summer. The Miss Universe Organization has not announced yet the date and host country of the 2014 edition. This information might be made public during the Miss USA 2014 telecast to take place in Baton Rouge on June 8th.


The Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center (MSKTC) is charged with strengthening the work of NIDILRR Model Systems (MS) Grantees in Knowledge Translation (KT). This page provides resources and information designed specifically to assist model system grantees in this effort.
The Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center (MSKTC) to provides knowledge translation (KT) support to Model Systems Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and Burn Injury (Burn) Model Systems Grantees.
You will be redirected to electronic form where you will submit additional information.


text:
Forside / Bandshops / Tygers Of Pan Tang / TYGERS OF PAN TANG – Majors & Minors (LP) (marble yellow)
TYGERS OF PAN TANG – Majors & Minors (LP) (marble yellow)
Varenummer (SKU): PMZ347LP4 Kategorier: Tygers Of Pan Tang, Featured, LP, VINYL
Very limited marble yellow vinyl LP – 100 copies only!
Release date: May 28 – 2021
On May 28th 2021 Tygers of Pan Tang will release [worldwide] their album 'Majors and Minors' which continues the band's legacy with a fine selection of songs that were written and recorded over the last eight years. Not just a 'Best of' compilation because the band wanted to offer something special to both loyal fans, collectors and those who have missed our latest records. "It's like your best Tygers tracks, but all in one place!"- Robb Weir.
And once again the stunning artwork will make the products and merchandise associated with the album things of beauty to behold.
The band chose songs on the album which they believed to be classics and to represent the Renaissance of the Tygers boosted by having a Florentine on vocals! Partially written on the road, the tracks not only have killer riffs, balls and power pushing performances to the limit, but express the band's creativity and musical chemistry for songwriting. Not afraid to even add Spanish Guitars and castanets if a track demands it this band are never boring!
Party songs, heavy songs, Rock anthems, groovy Rock n Rollers, catchy songs cleverly constructed with accessible melodies, the band has packed all of this in to this meaty package. The contribution of Chris Tsangarides able to pull the best out of the band was instrumental. The band feel that this 'new' period of the band which has in fact lasted longer than the original line up has produced songs which are indispensable to the history of the band. "It's been a lot of fun putting this together, so get yourself comfy, press play and let the Tygers do the rockin." -Robb Weir
The compilation includes 'Plug Me In' never released on CD, a new orchestral version of 'Spoils of War', 'What You Say' never released in an album format before and a live version of 'Keeping Me Alive' recorded in 2018.
Known for their incendiary hit version of 'Love Potion no.9' from 'The Cage' album in 1982 which sold over 200,000 copies and gave the band two top 50 songs in the UK Tygers remain a much loved hard rock band with their NWOBHM legacy and many loyal fans.
TRACKLISTING (LP)
1. Only The Brave
2.White Lines
3.Destiny
4.Damn You!
5.Keeping Me Alive
1. Hot Blooded
2. What Yo Say
3. Plug Me In
4. Spoils Of War (Orchestral Mix)
5. Keeping Me Alive (Live 2016)
Vær den første til at anmelde "TYGERS OF PAN TANG – Majors & Minors (LP) (marble yellow)" Annuller svar
FREDDY AND THE PHANTOMS – Decline Of The West (LP)
REJECT THE SICKNESS – Chains Of Solitude (LP)
BLACK OAK COUNTY – Black Oak County (LP)
A ROAD TO DAMASCUS – In Retrospect (CD)


White Label Teespring! Scam or Not?
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text:
est une chanson de l'artiste américaine Mariah Carey. Elle sort en  le 20 juillet 2000 sous le label  en double face A avec . Elle est écrite par Carey et Snoop Dogg puis produite par la chanteuse et Damizza pour son septième album studio, . Snoop Dogg chante tout au long du pont et la chanson est construite autour de l'échantillonnage de , une chanson de Guy écrite par Teddy Riley, Aaron Hall, Timmy Gatling et Gene Griffin. Tout au long de la chanson, Carey parle des troubles d'insomnie et de ses pensées sur une ancienne relation la nuit, elle devient hors de contrôle et déclare : .

La chanson est au centre d'une polémique entre Carey et son label  et son label  à cause de sa faible promotion. La chanson et  ne peuvent pas entrer dans le  à cause des règles du magazine à cette époque. Cependant, elle est capable d'atteindre la , le premier  de Carey à ne pas atteindre le top 20. Le clip montre Carey passant la nuit dans son appartement, buvant du vin et mangeant des céréales tout en essayant de dormir. Snoop Dogg fait une apparition à la télévision. Carey interprète la chanson durant le  en 2000.

Genèse et structure musicale

Carey enregistre  durant l'été 1999 à Capri en Italie. La chanson se situe dans la tonalité de Fa majeur et présente une guitare et un piano. La gamme vocale de Carey se situe entre Mi3 à Fa5.  présente un passage de rap de Snoop Dogg et utilise beaucoup de chœurs. Les paroles parlent d'une personne atteinte d'insomnies à cause de son ex petit ami à qui elle repense chaque nuit et cela l'empêche de dormir. Selon Carey, la chanson a un message plus personnel, et se rapporte à la difficulté de se reposer avec un emploi du temps très chargé. Elle déclare qu'en ayant écrit et produit sa musique, en plus des apparitions médiatiques, il est devenu difficile pour elle de dormir. À un moment, elle chante :  avant de terminer la chanson.

Polémique

Comme pour  deux ans auparavant,  devient le centre d'une polémique entre Carey et son label. Après le divorce de Carey avec le directeur de Sony et de  Tommy Mottola, la relation entre Carey et son label se détériore. Après les deux premiers , Carey en veut un troisième. Elle propose que ce soit  à cause de ses paroles. Cependant, Sony estime que l'album a vraiment besoin d'un  plus urbain et plus rythmique pour attirer les audiences. Cela débouche sur une dispute publique entre eux quand Carey commence à poster des messages sur son site internet mi-2000, informant ses fans sur le scandale et leur demande de réclamer  sur les radios. L'un des messages que Carey a laissé est :

Les actions de Carey sont critiquées, certains soutiennent son acharnement envers une chanson qui a besoin d'être écoutée tandis que d'autres critiquent le fait qu'elle ait rendue le scandale public. Peu après, Sony change d'avis et décide, après avoir vu les messages de Carey, de trouver un accord avec elle. Craignant de perdre leur meilleure artiste et la meilleure artiste de la décennie, Sony décide sortir la chanson en double face A avec . Carey est d'abord contente d'avoir obtenu gain de cause mais découvre que la chanson n'obtient pas une énorme promotion, n'entrant pas dans le classement américain ni dans les autres hit-parades.

Accueil

Critique
 reçoit généralement de bonnes critiques. Danyel Smith d' trouve la chanson  et écrit : . Arion Berger de  complimente  et spécialement le couplet de Snoop Dogg et la voix de Carey. Berger les couplets de rap . Robert Christgau de  commente que la chanson  mais écrit : . Tout en critiquant , Dara Cook de  écrit que  dans la chanson et trouve que la collaboration . Cook écrit : .

Commercial
 est le troisième  de  et sort en double face A avec . Cette dernière est envoyée aux radios du top 40 et  aux radios urbaines. Normalement, la première devait arriver dans le  et la seconde dans les hit-parades R'n'B. Les chansons ont une promotion très faible et les règles du magazine stipulent que la chanson qui reçoit le plus de radiodiffusions (ici ) peut entrer dans le classement principal. Les double face A sont ensemble dans le classement jusqu'en 1998 où le  passe d'un classement de  à un classement de chansons. Par conséquent, chaque chanson apparait individuellement.  n'apparaît pas dans le classement des diffusions radiophoniques. Elle débute à la  du  seulement après sa sortie mais sa faible promotion l'empêche de grimper dans le hit-parade. Elle reste dans le top 40 pendant deux semaines et dans le classement pendant sept semaines, devenant le premier  de Carey à ne pas atteindre le top 20.

Clip vidéo

Le clip est réalisé par Sanaa Hamri qui a réalisé le clip de . Les deux vidéos sont filmées l'une après l'autre et sont diffusées simultanément sur les chaînes et les programmes musicaux. La vidéo commence avec Carey allongée sur son lit qui reçoit un message de Snoop Dogg :  auquel Carey répond : . Alors que la vidéo continue, 5 heures approchent et Carey ne dort toujours pas. Elle reste allongée et pense à son ex petit ami jusqu'à ce qu'elle prenne un bain. Ensuite, elle va vers la cuisine, et commence à boire du lait avec des céréales, les balançant sur la table de rage. Lorsque la scène se termine, on peut voir Snoop Dogg dans la télévision et chante son couplet à Carey. Lors du dernier refrain, Carey prend une coupe de champagne près d'une grande fenêtre et marche dans son salon. La vidéo se termine avec Carey qui se couche et essaie encore une fois de dormir.

Interprétations scéniques

Carey interprète  durant le . Pour les prestations, lascène présente un lit avec des oreillers ainsi qu'un petit bureau. Carey, habillée en pyjama, chante et refait les scènes de la vidéo. Durant son interprétation au  le 11 avril 2000, elle donne des ours en peluche à son public et continue la chanson en s'allongeant sur le lit. Après le pont, le couplet pré-enregistré de Snoop Dogg est diffusé.

Versions

CD  É.U.
  – 4:31
  – 5:19

Crédits

Crédits issus de l'album .

 Mariah Carey – écriture, coproductrice, chant
 Snoop Dogg – écriture, chant
 Damizza – coproducteur
 Teddy Riley – écriture
 Aaron Hall – écriture
 Timmy Gatling – écriture
 Gene Griffin – écriture

 Nicki Richards – chœurs
 Ronnie King – Moog
 Michael Scheshingen – mixage
 Ashburn Bernie Miller – ingénieur
 Brian Nolen – éditeur MIDI
 Jeff Burns – assistant ingénieur
 Pete Karem – assistant ingénieur
 Bob Ludwig – mastering

Classements

Compléments

Références

Références bibliographiques

Bibliographie

Chanson interprétée par Mariah Carey
Single musical sorti en 2000
Chanson écrite par Mariah Carey
Chanson écrite par Snoop Dogg
Single publié par Sony Music Entertainment

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Welcome to our wedding photography and videography blog. For the latest news and information on capturing your wedding, bookmark this page. Below you will find a list of our latest blogs and a frequently asked questions section.
Do you need a professional photographer on your wedding day?


This is the latest painting from my studio. Things Left Undone. We all have those things in our lives. "Man may work from sun to sun, but a woman's work is never done" ....so the old saying goes.
My friend Rachel said it sweetly in a comment on my FaceBook post when I shared this image..."Makes me think of things left undone.  not being sarcastic. Just that in life there are things more important than laundry, dishes, cleaning. Time with the Lord, spouse, children, parents. In the end, what counts in eternity? I'm fine leaving things undone if needed. Love your work!" She was 'spot on' with her comment and the thoughts in my head as I painted this.
Going one step further, there are things that should not be "left undone" in our lives.


text:
Hem / Klassiskt / Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 - Manze, Andrew
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4 - Manze, Andrew
Andrew Manze's interpretations of Vaughan Williams' Symphonies have met with acclaim from audiences and critics alike. This second volume in the cycle from the RLPO and Andrew Manze feature Nos 3 & 4: two works heavily influenced by the Great War and its aftermath. A repressed seething rage and sorrow at the futility of the war pervades No.3, "It is really wartime music - a great deal of it originated when I used to go up night after night in the ambulance wagon at Ecoivres" said the composer. The 3rd has been called RVW's 'War Requiem'. The 4th is a violent and turbulent work, reflecting the post Great War world and the political turmoil of the 1930s. The audience was perplexed by the nature of the music "I don't know if I like it, but it's what I meant" he said after the premiere.
ONYX4161
Dirigenter Manze, Andrew
Kompositörer Vaughan Williams, Ralph
Orkestrar Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
Om du tycker om Symphonies Nos. 3 & 4, berätta det gärna för dina vänner! Du kan snabbt och enkelt dela denna sida direkt på Facebook, Twitter och via e-post här nedanför.
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Symphonies Nos. 7 (Antarctica) & 9 - Manze, Andrew
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Sea Symphony; The Lark Ascending - Ehnes, James
Beethoven, Ludwig van - Violin Concerto, Romances & Rondo - Ehnes, James
Elgar, Edward - Symphony No. 2 - Petrenko, Vasily ONYX4165 2017-05-26 159 kr
Köp +
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr - Symphonies Nos. 3, 4 & 6 - Petrenko, Vasily ONYX4162 2017-02-03 229 kr
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - The Lark Ascending, Suite of Six Short Pieces, The Solent, Fantasia - Pike, Jennifer (violin) 8573530 2016-11-11 89 kr
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis; Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge; Introduction and Allegro - Simovic, Roman LSO0792 2016-11-11 119 kr
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr - Symphonies Nos. 1, 2 & 5 - Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra ONYX4150 2016-06-17 229 kr
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Symphonies, Vol. 1 - Manze, Andrew ONYX4155 2016-04-29 159 kr
Andra kunder har även köpt:
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Sinfonia Antartica; Concerto for Two Piano and Orchestra; Four Last Songs - Davis, Andrew
Vaughan Williams, Ralph - Symphonies, Vol. 1 - Manze, Andrew
Stenhammar, Wilhelm - Stråkkvartett 1,2
Köp + 89 kr


The MetalJet X-ray tube is a conventional microfocus tube with the solid-metal anode replaced by a liquid-metal jet. This type of anode is continuously regenerated and already in the molten stage. Thereby, the classical power limit of an X-ray source, when the anode is permanently damaged by the electron beam, may be disregarded. Especially in the microfocus X-ray spot size range, from about 5 µm diameter to a few tens of µm, a source based on a liquid-metal-jet anode significantly outperform a classical solid anode X-ray source.