Crying and evolution: Why do we shed tears?
Sumo wrestlers hold up crying babies during a "Baby-Cry Sumo" event in Tokyo on April 29, 2015. Japanese parents believe that sumo wrestlers can help make babies cry out a wish to grow up with good health.
Research suggests we don't weep because we are upset (like we might run because we are afraid); we cry tears to get over being upset.
First of all, there's nothing uniquely human about emotional crying. If you pick up a very young kitten, it will set to the same sort of noisy unhappiness a human baby will exhibit. Other animals can whimper, howl, or wail and do so for the same sorts of emotions that cause us to cry. The difference is they do it dry-eyed.
The first crying that babies do is exactly like the crying of other animals—which is to say it's an instinctual way to signal separation and distress. In fact, babies born with anencephaly—without the majority of the human brain, the cerebral hemispheres—still can and do cry at birth.
Continuous or basal tears have three levels: a nutrient-rich mucous that sticks to the eyeball; a watery in-between layer; and a thin veneer of antioxidant vitamin, mineral, and essential fatty acid–rich oil. These are produced constantly for protection and maintenance.
Reflex tears contain antibodies, immunoglobulins, and lysozymes to target micro-organisms. They're caused by exposure of nerve endings in the eye, nose, and face to light, cold, wind, foreign bodies, or irritating gases and liquids. Reflex tears (caused by irritation) are not regular tears in greater quantity—they are biologically different.
Induced tears, an allergically or chemically mediated response.
Psychogenic tears or tears of emotion, which are unique to humans.
Before the age of 3 months, human infants don't shed emotional tears when they cry. Starting at between 3 months to 6 month of age, human babies begin to shed emotional tears. This is the age where they begin to recognize, respond to, and imitate specific faces—where they begin to become social. There is evidence that one of the functions of tears is to communicate and perhaps chemically manipulate the people around you.
This damp skill is probably the result of a genetic mutation for our species. Apparently, what happened is the emotional centers of the brain (the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus) hijacked the sensory circuits used by reflex tears and began to interact with them based on emotions rather than wind or dust.
The lacrimal gland is able to secrete proteins by two different processes, each of which is regulated differently. In the first process, known as constitutive secretion, the proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi apparatus, and sorted into secretory vesicles. These vesicles immediately fuse with the apical membrane. These vesicles are not stored; thus, regulation of constitutive secretion occurs at the level of protein synthesis. An example of a constitutively secreted protein is SIgA. The second type of secretion is called regulated protein secretion. In this type of secretion, the proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, modified in the Golgi apparatus, and packaged into secretory vesicles. These vesicles are stored until the appropriate stimulus, such as the release of neurotransmitters from nerves, occurs, at which time they fuse with the apical membrane.
The whole system remains just outside of conscious control for most of us. The same tears and trembling chin that are conspicuously absent when we are trying to get out of a traffic ticket can capriciously show up during a confrontation at work. Even actors who learn to cry at will typically do it by conjuring up emotional images rather than ordering their face and eyes to perform. This presents a problem for scientists wanting to study "psychogenic tearing," as well as for those of us who find ourselves dry-eyed at funerals.
The culprit is the autonomic nervous system, which controls things like heartbeat and breath and is wired along the blurry edge between body and mind. The autonomic nervous system has one arrangement for speeding things up (the sympathetic system) and another for getting things back to normal when the crisis has passed (the parasympathetic system). The connections with the lacrimal system are shown in this diagram.
If we cry because we are upset, in the same way as we run when we are frightened, you would expect the sympathetic system to be involved, but the opposite is true. When someone's sympathetic system is paralyzed, he or she cries more. On the other hand, if you damage the parasympathetic nerves, you cry less. Remember, the parasympathetic system is there to slow things back down.
According to Ad Vingerhoets in his book, Why Only Humans Weep: Unravelling the Mysteries of Tears, many experiments have studied why animals cry out when they suffer separation or pain, but one, a Japanese study in 2008, specifically focused on human tearfulness and the brain. The researchers recorded the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex, while the test subjects bravely watched what was described as a very emotional movie.
What they found was three stages subjects passed through as they began to cry: pre-tear, tear-triggering, and the crying stage. As participants emotions were triggered by the film, there was a gradual increase in activity, which transitioned into a spiky increase when the participants began to cry. The researchers wondered if that was happening when the brain switched from sympathetic to parasympathetic activation. Despite the paucity of human crying experiments that focus specifically on tears, this diagram shows the parts of the brain suspected of being involved in the sort of emotional distress that can bring us to tears.
In addition to the neurochemicals that cause nerves to fire such as acetylcholine and noradrenaline, there are several neurochemicals that may play a role in the regulation of crying.
Serotonin: A single dose of an SSRI like Prozac can reduce crying in both depressed and healthy women. It's thought that serotonin may influence the threshold for tears. Serotonin is also found in emotional tears.
Natural opioids (which used to be called endorphins) are shown to decrease crying, particularly separation-induced crying in young animals. Naltrexone, which blocks opiates (natural or otherwise), increases crying.
Prolactin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland and associated with the production of breast milk and about 300 other functions. The lacrimal glands that release tears have receptors for this hormone, which also shows up in emotional tears themselves.
Adrenocorticotropin, which triggers emotional tears and emotional sweat, is one of the best-known indicators of stress. Like prolactin it is found in an abundance in tears.
Evolutionary Biology: Why are harmful mutations more common than beneficial mutations?
Crying: Why do babies cry a lot?
Emotions: What does it feel like to be old?


In case you are looking for the best and the newest approach to decrease your monthly energy bills, it is best to be looking at renewable energy options. Renewable energy options can considerably impact your regular bills because they have the ability to decrease your bills with a huge amount. You can these sources during night time and your existing energy supply in daytime. You can state that the installation of renewable energy sources may be a little pricey, but this is definitely a good choice over time. It will always be worth the money so you should try them.
You can think about these renewable energy options as a type of alternative supply to decrease your regular bills. You can them the entire night and start gathering energy during day time.
You should make an effort to alternative energy sources together with your existing energy supply. Essentially, you can't depend solely on renewable power options right now to provide the energy needs of your home.
It is best to try using your existing energy supply along with renewable energy options. You cannot rely on renewable power sources today to provide all the energy requirements of your home.
There is a major chance that you could decrease your monthly payments by more than half since you're not using plenty of energy from electricity firms. The preliminary investment may be a little high, but it will definitely be worth your money.
Renewable energy options will probably be the most important thing that you need to consider because it can substantially decrease your monthly electricity bills. Alternative energy options can considerably impact your monthly payments since they have the ability to minimize your bills with a large amount. You can these options during night time and your existing energy supply during the day. Alternative energy sources may be a bit expensive; particularly the installation, but this could be a good decision for the long run. It is always well worth the money so you must try these out.
If you will conserve energy, you can greatly improve your financial situation. This could be not a difficult thing because these tips are very easy. You have to make sure that you will comply with these guidelines and enjoy your low regular bills.
Energy rates for Houston frequently run from 4.89 to 15.88 cents per kilowatt hour contingent upon the state of the market and where the property is located: these rates cannot be guaranteed and are only used as an example.
If you conserve energy, your monthly bills will likely be lowered and your financial situation will improve. These recommendations are easy so that you can accomplish them. You need to make sure that you will stick to these recommendations and enjoy your low regular bills.
There are occasions when low-cost electricity is actually hard to come by because almost every little thing around us is already operated by electricity. Nonetheless, you have to do something about this because if you stayed like that, the electric businesses will drain your money. A lot of reports mentioned that Houston will have an increase in energy cost, although it will probably be slower than prior years. There will likely be a sudden increase in the price of energy and plenty of people are having lots of problems in dealing with it. It's a good thing that there are plenty of strategies to lessen your regular bills. You can attempt to check a number of easy tips to make sure that your monthly bills will be a tad lower.
You will locate plenty of ways to decrease your monthly electric bills and they are very easy and easy to do. Here are a number of of the best and the most effective ways to decrease your monthly payments and get cheap electricity.
You can also anticipate that renewable power options will definitely help you. If you would like to considerably reduce your regular bills, this will likely be a good option. A number of folks are not utilizing these energy options because they feel that you should spend thousands of dollars for it. You will certainly benefit in the end if you're going to this as an alternate.
You must also recognize how you can effectively utilize your home appliances because they are the major aspect that affects your electricity expenses. You should start replacing your old home appliances and buy new designs. The old appliances are usually inefficient and they more energy so buying a new one will probably be beneficial. New models can consume less energy and they may be efficient compared with old designs. It is also important to unplug your home appliances when you are not making use of them since they will still up energy when they're switched off and you leave them plugged on the outlet.
Renewable energy sources will probably be the most important thing that you must think about because it can substantially decrease your monthly electricity bills. As you may know, only the renewable power options can greatly impact your monthly bills because it has the ability to lessen your bills to half. You can these sources during night time and your existing energy supply in daytime. Renewable energy sources can be a tad pricey; especially the installation, but this may be a good decision for the long run. It will always be worth the money so you have to try them.
In case you are not making use of your home appliances, you should also unplug them as they are still consuming energy when they are turned off. This is the common mistake of homeowners so if you would like to save energy and decrease your monthly payments, unplug your appliances.
It will always be great to conserve energy because you can handle your finances better if you do this. If you can significantly lower your monthly payments, you can save more money in the long run. These recommendations will help you achieve this.
There are a number of individuals who do not actually care about the lighting because they firmly believe that the bulbs are not taking in plenty of energy. You should know that your light bulbs can actually increase your regular bills since they consume lots of energy. If you're currently making use of incandescent bulbs, you need to substitute them with LED bulbs or CFL.
You should also know how to effectively your home appliances if you'd like to save money on electricity. Your monthly bills are normally focused on your home appliances. The best way that you can think about is to substitute your old home appliances and start buying new designs. The new models are made so they could consume less energy and provide the same efficiency. Well, you will need to invest a lot of money on the new models, but this is a great plan over time.
It is best to attempt to unplug your appliances when they're not in use since they still up energy if they're still connected. It is definitely among the largest mistakes of home owners. You should not do this and always unplug your home appliances after making use of them.
You need to remember that your monthly bill is related to your electrical home appliances so you need to recognize how to them effectively. The best approach to do it is to replace your old home appliances and buy new designs because these new home appliances are made to up less energy and provide the same efficiency as your old designs. It is a fact that you will have to invest plenty of money on new designs, but this is a great move in the long run.
There are occasions when low cost electricity is actually difficult to find because almost every little thing around us is already run by electricity. But, it does not imply that you should give up and allow the firms drain your cash. Several reports already stated that Houston will experience an increase in energy prices. It is a tad slower compared to previous months. This could be still a huge trouble for a lot of people since the fact that there will be an increase in prices is already a major deal. It's great that there are plenty of ways on how you can reduce your regular bills. You can check out some of the easy suggestions to make sure that your regular bills will be lower.
You're not utilizing a lot of energy coming from the electricity businesses so there is a huge possibility that your regular bills will likely be decreased significantly. The preliminary investment for renewable power options can be high, but it is well worth the money.
You must attempt to unplug your home appliances when they're not in use as they still up energy when they are still plugged. This is something that you need to not do. Quite a few home owners make errors regarding this so unplug your appliances when not in use.
A lot of individuals have been complaining because of their monthly power bills. Well, this could be the truth that you have to take into account if you are residing in Houston because according to reports, the cost of energy will increase, although any price hike will be lower in comparison with past years. It might appear like good news to other folks, but it doesn't mean that one could simply sit around and let the energy organizations drain your cash.
You should also recognize how you can effectively your appliances since they are the primary factor in the electric bills. It is true if you're still making use of old models because they up more energy in comparison with new ones.
There is a major chance that you could minimize your monthly payments by more than half since you are not utilizing plenty of energy from electricity organizations. The preliminary investment can be a tad high, but it will surely be worth your money.
Lighting has been disregarded for a long period because most folks believe that they might open their lights for 24 hours and their expenses won't be afflicted. Bulbs are actually small, but they consume a lot of energy.
It will also be better if you will change your lights if you still incandescent bulbs. These bulbs generally release 98 percent of the energy that they up into heat so you should consider CFL or LED bulbs.
It is best to also know how to properly your home appliances if you would like to conserve money on electricity. Your monthly bills are normally focused on your appliances. The best method to do this could be to substitute your old home appliances and buy new models because these new appliances are created to up less energy and provide the same efficiency as your old models. This kind of thing should be done if you're planning for long term because you need lots of money for this.
The easiest way to conserve energy is to make of natural lighting throughout the day instead of using your artificial lighting. You can your artificial lighting at night, but make sure that you let the natural light enter your house during the day.
It will also be better if you'll substitute your lights if you still incandescent bulbs. These bulbs discharge almost 98 percent of their consumed energy into heat so CFL or LED bulbs are more power efficient.
This will likely be a difficulty to the individuals who are not making use of solar and wind energy as their alternative supply. They are fairly expensive until now so some people believe that it certainly won't be helpful to regular households.
If you are looking for the best and the newest method to reduce your monthly power bills, you should be looking at alternative energy options. Renewable power options can substantially impact your monthly payments because they have the ability to minimize your bills with a large amount. You should the renewable sources at night and your existing energy supply should be used during daytime. You can say that the installation of alternative energy options may be a tad pricey, but it is undoubtedly a good choice over time. It is always worth the money so you have to try these out.
Energy rates for Houston typically run between 4.01 to 14.55 cents per kWh contingent upon the state of the market and the locale, these rates are not guaranteed and are only used as an example.
Lighting is usually overlooked since there are folks who're saying that you could turn your lights on for 24 hours without having to worry about electricity. Bulbs are actually small, but they consume plenty of energy.
It will always be great to save energy since you can handle your finances better if you do this. You can save more money in the future if you're not paying large regular bills. You can anticipate that these recommendations will help you.
The best method to conserve electricity is to close the lights when you're not utilizing them. Make an effort to all-natural light during daytime as well. Open your curtains and allow natural light inside your home so you will not have to open your lights during day time.
You will locate plenty of methods to lower your monthly electric bills and they are very straightforward and easy to do. You can check out some of the best suggestions below on how you can decrease your regular bills and get cheap electricity.
It is a fact that we always search for cheap electricity, specifically if you are located in Houston. The cost of electricity is growing consistently. It is claimed that the cost of electricity will be higher, but it will probably be slower compared to past months.
If you're not utilizing your home appliances, you should also unplug them since they are still taking in energy when they're turned off. It is the common mistake of property owners so if you would like to save energy and reduce your regular bills, unplug your appliances.
Energy prices in Houston usually run between 5.78 to 14.31 cents a kilowatt hour subject to current market condition and your location, these rates are not guaranteed and are only used as examples.
You're not utilizing plenty of energy originating from the electricity companies so there is a huge likelihood that your regular bills will probably be lowered substantially. You can anticipate that it will likely be worth your money even if the preliminary expenditure is high.
Quite a few people do not really care about lighting because they believe that your light bulbs will not really consume lots of energy. If you're always using your lights 24/7, you can anticipate that they could greatly affect your monthly payments. If you are making use of incandescent bulbs, it is best to substitute them straight away with CFL or LED bulbs.
You are definitely attempting to save money, but you can conserve more over time if you substitute them. The new designs do not consume lots of energy so that you can anticipate that your regular bills will go down.
Alternative energy sources will also be the best thing to think about if you want to substantially lower your monthly electric bills. Quite a few individuals still believe that these energy options are not a good choice because you will need to spend lots of money. If you're only planning to this as an alternative, it will surely benefit you over time.
There are quite a few individuals who do not actually care about the lighting because they firmly believe that the bulbs are not consuming lots of energy. If you are always making use of your lights 24/7, you can anticipate that they could greatly affect your monthly bills. In case you are currently making use of incandescent bulbs, you need to replace them with LED bulbs or CFL.
The great thing is that you could always preserve electricity and minimize your regular bills. Here are quite a few of the easy suggestions that you need to look at if you want to lower your monthly payments.
If you want to preserve energy, you need to attempt to think about all these simple recommendations. You will surely observe a big drop on your monthly electricity bills if you do these tips.
Most folks don't really pay too much attention on lighting as they think that your lights are not taking in plenty of energy. If you are always using your light bulbs 24/7, you can anticipate that they could greatly affect your monthly payments. In case you are currently utilizing incandescent bulbs, you should substitute them with LED bulbs or CFL.
You must also learn how to properly your home appliances if you would like to save money on electricity. Your regular bills are generally focused on your appliances. The best approach to do this may be to replace your old appliances and buy new models because these new home appliances are made to up less energy and provide the same efficiency as your old models. This form of thing should be done if you are planning for long term because you need lots of money for this.
This is absolutely a huge issue for the folks who're not using solar or wind energy as alternate options. They are fairly pricey until now so quite a few people think that it certainly won't be beneficial to regular families.
If you really want to conserve energy, you can look at all these easy ideas to really make it feasible. You will observe a large drop on your power bills monthly if you'll consider these guidelines.
There are occasions when inexpensive electricity is really hard to come by because almost everything around us is already run by electricity. But, it does not imply that you should give up and permit the organizations drain your money. Reports explained that Houston, Texas will likely be experiencing an increase in energy prices, but it will likely be sluggish compared with prior months. This could be undoubtedly a large trouble for many folks because there will likely be an increase in the price of energy. It's a good thing that there are lots of ways to lessen your regular bills. You can try to check quite a few simple guidelines to make sure that your monthly payments will probably be a bit lower.
If you will these renewable power sources together with your current energy supply, you can anticipate that your bills will go down. Your regular bills will certainly be decreased if you'll this.
Electricity rates in Houston ordinarily range in price between 4.26 to 15.28 cents per kilowatt hour subject to the state of the market and where the property is located - these prices cannot be guaranteed and are only used as an example.
If you these renewable power sources long with your existing energy source, your bills will go down substantially. Your monthly payments will certainly be reduced if you will this.
It's correct that you're attempting to conserve money, but replacing will likely be a good suggestion in the long run. You can anticipate that your bills will go down because the new designs don't up lots of energy.
Power prices in Houston frequently are quoted between 5.36 to 14.83 cents per kilowatt hour subject to the state of the market and where the property is located: these rates will not be guaranteed and are only used for illustration.
You must consider renewable power sources because it is one of the newest methods to reduce your monthly electricity bills. Alternative energy options can lessen your regular bills by a large amount. They could directly affect your consumption of energy. You should the renewable options at night and your existing energy source should be used during daytime. You can state that the installation of alternative energy sources may be a little costly, but this may be absolutely a good choice in the end. You should try these since they will surely be worth your cash.
You should also know how to properly your home appliances since they are considered as the major factor in your energy bills. The first thing that you need to do is to substitute all of your old home appliances and buy the latest models because old appliances up plenty of energy and they are already inefficient. New models do not up plenty of energy and they could be more efficient than old models. It is also important to unplug your appliances if you are not utilizing them since they will still consume energy when they are turned off and you leave them plugged on the outlet.
The most basic method to preserve electricity is to close your lights when you're not utilizing them and attempt to all-natural lighting throughout the day. You do not have to open your lights during daytime since you can enable natural light to light up your house during the day.
There are plenty of ways on how you can effectively decrease your monthly electric bills and they are very straightforward. You can check out some of the best tips below on how you can lessen your monthly bills and get cheap electricity.
You can also try the easiest method to do it. Try using natural light in daytime and your artificial lighting at night. During day time, permit natural light enter your home to light up it and artificial lighting at night.
Quite a few individuals are actually disregarding lighting as they feel that their bills are not really impacted by these little lights. When you're making use of your artificial lighting 24 hours a day, it will start draining lots of energy and you will need to deal with more pricey bills every month. The first thing that you have to do is to replace your incandescent bulbs with CFL or LED bulbs since they up less energy. It is also very important to utilize natural light rather than making use of your artificial lighting 24/7. Try to open your curtains during day time and allow the natural light to enter your home. Your light bulbs should only be opened at night.
You should also discover how to properly your home appliances if you want to preserve money on electricity. Your regular bills are generally focused on your appliances. The best way that one could look at is to substitute your old home appliances and start buying new designs. The new designs are made so they might consume less energy and provide the same efficiency. This type of thing should be done in case you are planning for long term because you need lots of money for this.
You will need to spend some money for this, but you can save more if you'll replace them straight away. You could anticipate that your bills will go down as the new designs don't consume plenty of energy.
Conserving energy can greatly improve your financial situation and it is not really a bad thing to think about these recommendations since they are very easy. You have to make sure that you will follow these ideas and enjoy your low monthly bills.
If you conserve energy, your monthly bills will likely be lowered and your financial situation will improve. These ideas are easy so that you can accomplish them. You should stick to these suggestions and enjoy your low monthly payments.
A lot of folks have been stressing because of their monthly electricity bills. This is the reality that you have to face, specifically if you are residing in Houston, TX. Based on reports, there will likely be an increase in the price of electricity, but it will be lower when compared with past months. It might appear like good news to other folks, but it does not mean that you could just sit around and permit the energy companies drain your cash.
It is a fact that we always look for affordable electricity, especially if you are residing in Houston. The cost of electricity is increasing constantly. The cost of electricity is said to be higher though any increases will likely be a tad slower in comparison with past years.
Electricity prices in Houston usually are quoted between 4.44 to 14.76 cents per kilowatt hour contingent upon market conditions and the locale: these prices will not be guaranteed and are only used as examples.
If you preserve energy, you can also save more money in your regular bills and you can handle your finances well. If you can substantially lessen your monthly payments, you can save more money over time. These recommendations will help you achieve this.
There are quite a few individuals who do not actually care about the lighting as they firmly believe that the bulbs are not taking in plenty of energy. In case you are always making use of your light bulbs 24/7, you can expect that they might greatly affect your regular bills. If you have been using incandescent bulbs, substitute them with CFL or LED bulbs immediately.
Power prices for Houston ordinarily run from 5.76 to 15.08 cents a kWh contingent upon current market condition and where the property is located, these prices will not be guaranteed and are only used as an illustration.
You are not making use of a lot of energy originating from the electricity businesses so there is a major possibility that your monthly payments will probably be decreased substantially. The initial investment can be a tad high, but it will surely be worth your cash.
Alternative energy options will also be the best thing to consider if you would like to substantially reduce your monthly electric bills. Some folks still feel that these energy options are not a good choice because you will need to spend lots of money. If you plan to this as a type of alternate, you will undoubtedly benefit in the long run.
It is best to also understand how to correctly your appliances since they are considered as the main factor in your energy bills. You must start replacing your old home appliances and buy new designs. The old home appliances are generally inefficient and they more energy so buying a new one will probably be beneficial. New designs consume less energy and they are more efficient when compared with old designs. Even if your home appliances are turned off, they can still up energy when they are plugged in the outlet. You should unplug your home appliances when you are not using them.
You need to also know how to properly your appliances because they are the primary factors in your monthly electricity bills. This is correct if you're still using old models since they consume more energy compared to new ones.
Quite a few folks are not really looking at their lighting as they believe that the bills are not really affected by the small lights. When your light bulbs are used 24 hours a day, it will up a lot of energy and your regular bills will increase. The very first thing that you need to do is to substitute your incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs or CFL since they are consuming less energy. It is also very important to utilize natural light rather than making use of your artificial lighting 24/7. You need to not your lights during the day and simply open your curtains and allow natural light to enter.
The best method to preserve electricity and reduce your bills is to close your lights when you are not utilizing them. natural light during the day as well. You don't need to open your lights during daytime as you can permit natural light to light up your house during the day.
If you still incandescent bulbs, you need to try switching your lights. These bulbs discharge almost 98 percent of their consumed energy into heat so CFL or LED bulbs are more power efficient.
Many folks are stressing with their energy bills almost every month. This can be the reality that you have to face, particularly if you are residing in Houston, TX. Based on reports, there will likely be an increase in the price of electricity, but it will likely be less when compared with prior months. Some individuals are anticipating this already. You must not sit around and wait for these organizations to drain your money.
Electricity prices for Houston frequently are quoted from 4.22 to 14.24 cents per kilowatt hour depending on market conditions and your location - these rates will not be guaranteed and are only used for illustration.
Power rates for Houston ordinarily range in price between 5.54 to 15.01 cents per kWh contingent upon market conditions and your location, these rates will not be guaranteed and are only used for illustration.
You can also anticipate that alternative energy sources will definitely help you. If you'd like to significantly reduce your regular bills, this will probably be a good option. Some people still feel that these energy options are not a good choice because you will need to spend lots of money. You will surely benefit over time if you're going to this as an alternative.
You can think about these renewable energy options as an alternate to reduce your monthly energy bills. You can them the entire night and start collecting energy during day time.
The best way to preserve electricity is to close the lights when you are not utilizing them. Make an effort to natural light during daytime as well. Open your curtains and permit natural light inside your home so you will not have to open your lights during daytime.
You have to remember that your monthly expenses is related to your electrical home appliances so you have to know how to them effectively. The best way that you could consider is to replace your old appliances and start buying new designs. The new models are made so they could up less energy and provide the same efficiency. Well, you will need to invest a lot of money on the new designs, but this may be a great plan in the long run.
If you really want to conserve energy, you can consider all these easy guidelines to really make it feasible. You will definitely observe a huge drop on your monthly energy bills if you do these ideas.
You must also know how you can your home appliances effectively. They are the main factors in the increase in your monthly bills. The first thing that you must do is to replace all of your old appliances and buy the latest designs because old appliances consume plenty of energy and they are already inefficient. New models consume less energy and they are more efficient when compared with old models. You should also learn to unplug your appliances when they're not in use. These appliances still up energy when they are plugged on the outlet.
A lot of people are actually disregarding lighting since they believe that their bills are not really affected by these little lights. When you are using your artificial lighting 24 hours a day, it will start draining lots of energy and you will need to deal with more pricey bills every month. The very first thing that you need to do is to replace your incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs or CFL since they are consuming less energy. Instead of using your all-natural lighting 24/7, you must look at utilizing natural light. Attempt to open your curtains during day time and allow the all-natural light to enter your house. Your light bulbs should only be opened at night.
We always require low cost electricity, specially the individuals who are located in Houston since they cannot stop the increasing price of energy. They already said that the cost of electricity will probably be higher, but those increases will be a bit less in comparison with past months.


When Audi AG released the RS4-R it was limited to just 50 units and so it was sold it before it could reach any showrooms. Now German tuner ABT has developed 50 units of the Audi RS 4 Avant cars to match the tune of the RS4-R cars.
With added aggressive sporty visual additions and some tasty interior extras, for example, include: a vehicle number badge, an integrated door projector showing the RS4 + logo on the ground at the opening, RS4 + logo thresholds, ABT engine start / stop button, new RS4 + logo, individual upholstery for seats with the RS4 + logo and ABT logo on the headrests, a lever covered with carbon fiber.
This ABT RS4+ has 60bhp and 80Nm of torque above the showroom unit. This means a healthy 510bhp and 680Nm of torque. This power output allows it to run from rest to 100km/h in just 3.9 seconds and reach a top speed of 280km/h.
So how much does all this cost? The showroom price in Germany for the Audi RS 4 Avant is just 79,800 euros. The cost of the RS4 + program from ABT is just 28,900 euros plus another 3,090 euros for installation and then you drive this car back to your garage with added fun.
Some dealerships are so good that they have a mechanic from each of the major manufacturers. You will get a mechanic particular to your car type who will probably install factory parts instead of used, tried parts. A dealership is ideal if your car is still covered under warranty or the costs are paid by insurance.


text:
Q: notBlank constraint not working for File input - Form with OneToMany relationship Symfony2 I have a OneToMany relationship between Article and Image entities. I created the Article's form like:
class ArticleType extends AbstractType
{
    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
        $builder

            ->add('articleTitle','text',array('required' => false))
            ->add('articlePrice','number',array('required' => false))
            ->add('images', new ImageType())

        ;

    }
....
}

And
class ImageType extends AbstractType
{

    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
        $builder
        ->add('file', 'file',array('required' => false))

        ;
    }
....
}

I have a problem in validating the file attribute. My goal is to return an error message when user chooses no file (at least one image should be associated to an Article). I tried by asserting the NotBlank but it doesn't work.
<?php
....

use Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints as Assert;

class Image
{

 /**
     * Image file
     *
     * @var File
     * @Assert\NotBlank
     */
    private $file;

   ....
}

I don't embed collections while creating my form, since project requirements oblige AJAX uploading for each image separately before submission of the whole form. In other words, a javascript event listener, bound to input changeevent, creates the AJAX call which uploads the image after validation (ie. file is validated for size, extension, in controller). But when I send the overall form, only the other fields are validated and form is submitted even if no file is choosed (I see in headers all formData elements except the file one).
I want to notice that the form is rendered correcly when I inspect element in browser.
I spent a lot of time trying to resolve this issues but to no avail, your help is a rescue.
Edit: As requested by Mr Nawfal Serrar
The AJAX call is performed like:
$(':file').change(function(){

        var file = this.files[0];

        var url= $('.article-form').attr('data-iu-url');

        var formData = new FormData($('form')[0]);

        $.ajax({
            url: url,
            type: 'POST',
            success: completeHandler,
            data: formData,
        });

    });

url contains the route image_upload respecting following config:
image_upload:
    pattern:  /{id}/image_upload
    defaults: { _controller: ShopManagementBundle:Image:uploads}
    requirements: { _method: post|put }

Controller:
   public function uploadsAction(Request $request, $id) {

            if ($request->isMethod('POST')) {
                $image = $request->files->get('articletype')['images']['file'];

                $status='success';
                $message='';
                $uploadedURL='';
                $the_id=0;

                if (($image instanceof UploadedFile) && ($image->getError() == 0)) {

                    if ($image->getSize() < 50000000000) {
                        $originalName = $image->getClientOriginalName();
                        $name_array = explode('.', $originalName);
                        $extension = $name_array[sizeof($name_array) - 1];
                        $valid_file_types = array('jpeg', 'jpg', 'bmp', 'png', 'gif');
                        if (in_array(strtolower($extension), $valid_file_types)) {

                             $imagee= new Image();

                             $em = $this->getDoctrine()->getManager();
                             $imagee->setFile($image);

                             $imagee->setSubDir('hg');
                             $imagee->upload();

                             $entity = $em->getRepository('ShopManagementBundle:Article')->find($id);
                             $imagee->setAricle($entity);

                             $uploadedURL= $imagee->getUploadDir(). DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $imagee->getSubDir(). DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $image->getBasename();

                            $em->persist($entity);
                            $em->persist($imagee);
                            $em->flush();
                            $the_id=$imagee->getId();

                        } else {
                            $status = "fail";
                            $message = "extension problem";
                        }
                    } else {
                        $status = "fail";
                        $message = "Image size too big";
                    }
                } else {
                    $status = "fail";
                    $message = "Error uploading";
                }

                return $this->render('ShopManagementBundle:Image:image_portion.html.twig', array(
                    'status'      => $status,
                    'message' => $message,
                    'uploadedURL' => $uploadedURL,
                    'image_id'=>$the_id,

                   ));
            }
            else
                return new Response('RE try uploading');
        }

As you can see I am not validation using isValid in controller, I validate with if-else statements assuming that the file is already sent.

A: After all we said in comment zone, I would recommand you to use @Assert\File for your file upload validation. It will prevent your if/else stack.
Since you told me you were attaching the uploaded files to an already existing Article, then using an embedded collection of forms would be the solution as I mentionned.
Since you'll retrieve the article and then create a form type with it, all the Images will be linked to it.
Add the count constraint on the Images list of your:
/**
 * @Assert\Count(
 *      min = "1",
 *      minMessage = "You must upload at least one image",
 * )
 */
private $images;

Since you will retrieve the Article which is already linked to uploaded Image instances, the validation will not throw an error. Otherwise, the user is trying to submit the form without images. The validation constraint will then make the form invalid.
There might be other little stuff to do to make it work, but it should help you to go ahead.

A: To properly handle file uploads better to follow this method :
http://symfony.com/doc/current/cookbook/doctrine/file_uploads.html
Its the official one, then at the return of the upload method you check if there is no file return your error message else continue with your upload.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Marcgraviastrum sodiroi is a species of plant in the Marcgraviaceae family endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

References

sodiroi
Endemic flora of Ecuador
Endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


OKLAHOMA CITY – Five Republican senators scored a perfect 100 and twelve scored a 90 or above on the annual legislative scorecard released by the Research Institute for Economic Development.
"The mission of the Institute is to promote economic growth through the evaluation of business, industry and economic growth issues considered by the Oklahoma Legislature," the group says on its web site. "The Institute is non-partisan. We do not lobby issues and we do not endorse candidates."
Overall, Oklahoma Senate Republicans scored an average of 88.6, the highest average in the history of the RIED report, a press release said.
"I couldn't be more proud of my Republican colleagues in the Senate," said Senate President Pro Tem Glenn Coffee. "This is a group of leaders from around the state who reflect their local districts and work very hard and effectively on their behalf.
"They are committed to growing and prospering our state through promoting and passing strong economic policy, and their success in that regard is vividly reflected in the most recent legislative scorecard released by RIED," he continued.
Coffee pointed out that the average Republican score of 88.6 is nearly eight times the average Senate Democrat score of 11.9. In addition, five Republican Senators scored a perfect 100, including Senate Majority Floor Leader Todd Lamb (Edmond), Assistant Majority Leaders Clark Jolley (Edmond) and Brian Bingman (Sapulpa), Education Committee Chairman John Ford (Bartlesville) and Agriculture Committee Chairman Ron Justice (Chickasha).
Coffee observed that the highest ranking Democrat on the RIED report scored 41, twenty-nine points below a passing grade.
This entry was posted in State on October 16, 2009 by admin.


text:
Inspiring Mendelssohn, Transcendent Strauss from the Canton Symphony Orchestra
Among the many combined ingredients that make the Canton Symphony Orchestra (CSO) the excellent ensemble that it is, arguably none is more vital than the relationship between conductor, Maestro Gerhardt Zimmermann, and his orchestra musicians. In the past, I have often regarded Zimmermann's readings of a given work as impassioned embodiments of his uncanny ability to draw out a particularly radiant sonority from his players. Call it the pursuit of unified intent, a one-for-all and all-for-one process. Whatever else you choose to call it (spiritual alchemy, or outright magic comes to mind), this ability to morph musical notations on paper into a very real, emotional experience of illumination for the listener was in especially fine form on January 23. Light can surely have a sound, and here it was glowing yet again at Umstattd Performing Arts Hall.
The evening commenced with Felix Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 5, the "Reformation Symphony." My sense is that this symphony remains relatively under-appreciated when compared to the composer's more "mature" works (the numerical assignation of No. 5 is chronologically misleading due to publication dates) such as No.4, the ("Italian") or No.3, ("Scottish"). Critics of the day considered it too programmatic and melodically unsatisfying, and Mendelssohn himself seemed scornful when he commented, "I sometimes wonder that I did not make a better job of it."
But the CSO breathed an invigorating, new energy into the work, treating it with a palpable, deserved reverence for its stirring ethereality. Threaded through the entire performance was an astonishing, detailed attention to the layers of tonality unfolding in the strings as they navigated dramatic shifts in color and texture. Melodically unsatisfying? Hardly. By the time the entire wind section and lower strings were proudly singing Martin Luther's majestic hymn, "Ein feste Burg (A Mighty Fortress)" in the triumphal fourth movement, I felt immersed in something wholly, indeed holy, sublime.
After intermission, the program literally shifted to overdrive with John Adams' Short Drive in a Fast Machine. Here, the orchestra's exhilarating articulation of wildly diverse tones and textures was propelled by the steady quarter-note tapping of the woodblock. Like an incessant piston, it drove the music's polyrhythmic exclamations, pulsing with wickedly accelerating excitement through winds, strings and brass.
Enhancing the sonic exuberance of the orchestra was the accompanying presentation of The Earth – An HD Odyssey, featuring stunning, high-definition videos and images of Earth - compiled from NASA's shuttle missions, the International Space Station, and orbiting satellites – projected on a large screen behind and above the orchestra. This visual component, commissioned in 2012 by the Houston Symphony, is the sequel to The Planets – an HD Odyssey, which the CSO performed to considerable acclaim in 2014, and was developed in collaboration with the celebrated documentary filmmaker, Duncan Copp.
The meticulous synchronicity of spectacular visuals with the music had a particularly mesmerizing effect during the evening's final selection, Richard Strauss's epic tone poem, Also Sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra). Strauss named his work after the monumental 1895 prose poem by philosopher Friedrich Nietzche, who found inspiration in the mystical teachings of the ancient Persian religious leader, Zoroaster. Of course many are familiar with the dramatic, brassy opening of Strauss's piece, thanks to the 1968 classic sci-fi film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, though perhaps less so with its episodic interpretation of Nietzche's vision for the evolution of a godless Ubermensch (Superman).
I don't recall an occasion when the CSO was more powerful or finessed in balancing the challenging intricacies of conflicting tonalities and mood changes that characterize this complicated work, from brooding drama to gentler lyricism. And that same attention to aural detail that was evident in the Mendelssohn was even more pronounced here.
So much so that something quite ironic emerged from all the Sturm und Dräng. This performance of Richard Strauss's music was hypnotic and compelling to the point of transcending its contextual origins. Never mind Nietzche's blustery atheism and convoluted philosophizing. In the end, what resonated most was not what Strauss called "…homage to Nietzche's genius," but rather something profoundly divine. The wondrous sound of the CSO can do that.
Proletarian Pieta
Proletarian Pietà
EXHIBIT: Blue Collar: Ceramic Sculpture by Kyle and Kelly Phelps, at the Canton Museum of Art, 1001Market Avenue N., THROUGH MARCH 6, 2016 / 330.453.7666 www.cantonart.org
"…A working class hero is something to be…" - John Lennon
BACKGROUND, excerpted from the Canton Museum of Art web site:
"Identical twin brothers, Kelly and Kyle Phelps, present Blue Collar, an exhibition of expressive ceramic sculptures. Much of the twins' work is about the working-class and the everyday struggles of the common man and woman. The twins grew up in a blue collar environment in Indiana where they were inspired by family members and friends who worked in various manufacturing plants, steel mills, and foundries. These everyday people became working class heroes that have inspired over a decade of working class art…"
Here is a gathering of stunning collaborative works that have cut into my consciousness with an especially spiritual intensity. They conjure an often discomfiting simultaneity of emotions, at once reverential and mournful.
With masterful craftsmanship, the Phelps brothers bring a gritty elegance to the expressive realism of their painted figures (clay/resin casts). Their high-relief sculptures are riveting (pun intended) conveyances of dignity and degradation, ascent and descent, heroism and haplessness, in the working-class culture. It's a culture now too often distilled in our memories into impotent visions of vast Midwestern tracts littered with abandoned mills, factories and foundries. The artists have also effectively enhanced the context of their dramatic figures by incorporating found industrial remnants such as gears, tools, and corrugated metal.
The recurring iconographic references to Christ's passion and death raise some intriguing questions, both socioeconomic/political and theological in nature, as if to equate the depicted laborers and their plights with, understandably enough, martyrdom. Real, searing pathos comes through loud and clear in "Blue Collar Crucifix" – an industrial-age Pietà to be sure.
Yet where's the promise of ultimate renewal? In the piece called "After The Dream," for example, against the backdrop of a grease-stained American flag, a janitor is sweeping up a pile of Obama campaign handbills emblazoned with the words 'Hope' and 'Change,' while in the trash barrel next to him we see a crumpled picture of Jesus. And in the piece called "The Communion," the woeful figure clutching a bottle of Bud is clearly communing with the wrong remedy.
Is there a remedy, then? The overall design of the sculptures is consistently suggestive of religious votive shrines, and rightly so, it seems to me. But these shrines require no ritualized lighting of actual candles, for it's a powerful, ideological fire that illuminates their heart and our consciousness. In that, you might consider this exhibit as a prayerful plea for reclamation and redemption. And in their commendable labors to remember and pay homage to the blue collar milieu with such compelling renderings as these, the Phelps brothers have accomplished something urgently relevant and heroic in its own right.
PHOTOS, from top: Kelly and Kyle Phelps at work; The Workers Altar; Blue Collar Crucifix (detail); The Communion; After The Dream
Conversations with Mystery
EXHIBIT: Moving Toward the Light: Watercolors by Joseph Raffael, at the Canton Museum of Art, THROUGH MARCH 6, 2016 / 1001 Market Avenue North, Canton, Ohio / 330.453.7666 / www.cantonart.org
"…It's because the act of color and water joining together on a page can begin to enter the portal of nature's enigmatic energy, its spiritual breadth and breath. The subject becomes spirit, and it is at oneness with all nature…My dialogue all this time, and now more consciously than ever, is between the seen and unseen. My painting is and has been a kind of conversation with mystery…"
- Joseph Raffael, from a conversation with Betsy Dillard Stroud, in her exhibit catalogue essay, "Moving Toward the Light"
First, I offer my joyous thanks to the Canton Museum of Art (CMA). Once again, in presenting an artist of Joseph Raffael's stature, the CMA has asserted its place in our midst as a vital cultural entity of immeasurable worth.
Joseph Raffael's particularly compelling attachment to and relationship with nature (which is to say his perception and realization of the visible world) is not without historical precedent. In a 1921 article published in Mercure de France, the French painter Emile Bernard (1868-1941) recalled a marvelous conversation with Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) from 1904, who had at that time declared, "One must make an optic, one must see nature as no one has seen it before you…" Bernard then asked, "What do you mean by that word? Is it a case of our nature or nature itself?" Cezanne responded, "It is a case of both." Bernard: "Therefore, you conceive of art as a union of the universe and the individual?" Cezanne: "I conceive it as a personal apperception. I situate this apperception in sensation, and I ask that the intelligence organize it into a work." Bernard: "But of what sensations do you speak? Of those of your feelings, or of those of your retina?" Cezanne: "I think that there cannot be a separation between them; besides, being a painter I attach myself first of all to visual sensation."
What Cezanne called "personal apperception" is another way of saying that his "new optic" was a self-conscious pursuit of nature as a metaphysical experience, and something beyond concrete expression of retinal forms. Yet for all of that, he remained a concretizer, a manipulator of those forms, though an eminently innovative and influential one at that, seeking to delineate a specific pictorial rationale. In his correspondence with Bernard, he wrote at one point, "…one is more or less master of one's model, and above all, of the means of expression." Late in his life (1906), Cezanne offered this observation to his son, about the daunting challenges he faced in realizing his sensations: "…I cannot attain the intensity that is unfolded before my eyes. I have not the magnificent richness of coloring that animates nature. Here on the edge of the river, the motifs are very plentiful, the same subject seen from a different angle gives a subject for study of the highest interest and so varied that I think I could be occupied for months without changing my place, simply bending a little more to the right or left."
Enter contemporary American painter Joseph Raffael (b.1933). This utterly stunning exhibit is indeed prodigious, dazzling proof of the unfolding intensity and "magnificent richness of coloring" in nature that Cezanne seemed to find both so alluring and elusive. To hear Raffael tell it (evident in the wonderful essays by Lanie Goodman, Betsy Dillard Stroud, and David Pagel contained in the gorgeous book/catalogue that accompanies this show), his view of himself as a painter - responding to nature in the South of France where he's been living for the past 30 years - is infused with equal parts unfettered awe and disarming humility in the face of nature's infinite mysteries.
While it's certainly right to consider him as indisputably accomplished in watercolor, he hasn't achieved that status by intentionally manipulating it in the same manner that, say, many oil painters would be "masters" of their materials. He has come to terms with a notoriously difficult and unforgiving medium, stipulating control to its inherently unpredictable behavior. In allowing watercolor to have its way more often than not, you could call Raffael a wise enabler, or permissive supervisor of his medium's capacity for delivering both surprises and accidents. He doesn't "invent" or design the finished painting in a premeditated fashion (aside from his initial "mapping" based on his photographs of the subject at hand) so much as proactively witness its evolution. In fact, Raffael has said on more than one occasion that the subjects of his paintings aren't fish, foliage, flowers or figures, but the very act of painting. Viewing the mesmerizing video of his process that accompanies this exhibit, you get the sense that for as much as he makes paintings, they make themselves known to him.
The results of Raffael's methodology of ardent witnessing – his situated apperceptions, if you will - are big (measuring up to 5' x 8'), complex, and courageous declarations of light. But his isn't a traditional application of light as a formal device for creating an illusion of sculpted dimensionality. This is, rather, light as a constantly expanding, labyrinthine essence, expressed in myriad impossible colors, yet here they are – luminous, puddled and pulsing, and so glowing they seem to illuminate infinity, or what Raffael has called "the vaporous depths of not knowing." These monumental paintings are inspiring embodiments of an ethereal incandescence, celebrating the marriage of the physical to the spiritual.
As you stand before any one of Raffael's unabashedly beautiful watercolors, then, don't analyze or theorize or even recall art history too much. Instead, be willing, as he is, to be baptized, immersed, surrendered. Be there, in the sheer liquid largeness of the moment of looking. Such moments, phenomena in their own right, absorbed the artist just as surely as his paper surfaces absorbed the pigmented water he so generously lavished upon them.
So be absorbed. Joseph Raffael offers us the possibility of really seeing what is at once outside of us and present within our entire being. Not sensing it yet? Give it time. Or perhaps try bending a bit more to the right or left.
PHOTOS, from top, courtesy Nancy Hoffman Galleries and CMA: Crescendo, 2013; Flower Dream, 2013; La Rose D'Ariane, 2014; Solstice Light, 2013
"To Everything There Is A Season..."
File this one under 'Thank You.' One thing I didn't mention in my last post was that the Doreen St. John show at Cyrus Custom Framing and Art Gallery (you still have until Jan. 30 to see it) is the final exhibit we'll see under the name "Translations," – originally a brick-and-mortar gallery in the heart of Canton's Arts District before it went mobile. TRANSLATIONS was Craig Joseph's remarkably vital contribution to the Canton cultural ethos of the past several years (that's him pictured above in a portrait by Heather Bullach).
I don't think he'd mind my sharing with you the following communication (which I've edited only slightly) that he released on November 2, 2015:
"… It has been a wonderful 6 years - both in the space downtown and in the last year of pop-up exhibits all over Stark County. I have enjoyed what I've had the opportunity to do, the people with whom I've been able to collaborate, and the art we've produced…
BUT ... after 7 plays and 15 exhibits in just a year's time, I need a break, and the easiest way to lessen the grind is to remove the "one exhibit (or more) a month" tenet from my life. That's what TRANSLATIONS has been about since January 2010, and so it's time to put TRANSLATIONS to bed.
Will I still direct theatre? Will I still curate exhibits? Absolutely. But it'll just take a different form from here on out. And it'll just happen without the TRANSLATIONS' name and tradition attached to it. After I take some time to lay on the couch, read, travel, refresh, have a social life, and come up with some new visions. Which I hope you'll check out when they occur.
Until then,… my inarticulatable gratitude for what all of you - artists and patrons alike - have given me the privilege of doing over the last six years. I look forward to the next adventure together."
Craig's breadth of vision and curatorial acumen never ceased to astonish and inspire me, and I'll truly miss the uniquely engaging concepts and excellent content that TRANSLATIONS so consistently gifted to us - provocative and entertaining in the deepest sense of those words. My bittersweet sentiments are those of a hooked reader, at once saddened by finishing an enthralling book, wishing the adventure wouldn't end, yet anxiously anticipating the next one.
So if I'm glum, it's only because I long for more "authors" like Craig Joseph to continue nourishing the Canton arts milieu. No doubt he will in his way and his time. In that, I offer both my thanks for past adventures and ardent prayers for the success of his future journeys.
Meanwhile, maybe this isn't the end of a marvelous story after all. Hopefully, it's simply the closing of one chapter in a story still being written.
Exquisite Beckonings
EXHIBIT: Turn, Turn, Turn: Through the Seasons with Doreen St. John, oil paintings and pastels presented by TRANSLATIONS ART GALLERY at CYRUS CUSTOM FRAMING and ART GALLERY, 2645 Cleveland Avenue NW, Canton, Ohio, THROUGH JANUARY 30, 2016 www.cyruscustom.com
I do not want to only create "pretty paintings", or for my work to be simply surface decoration, but something more. Often that "something" is indefinable, but when I am successful the work speaks for itself. In the words of Li Po, an 8th century Chinese philosopher, "That art is best which to the soul's range gives no bound…Something besides the form, Something beyond the sound."
- excerpt from the artist statement of Doreen St. John
After reading the artist's statement for this exhibit, then looking closely at the works, I was reminded that it is a particularly rarefied artistic soul who won't settle for making a merely pretty landscape. In that regard, Doreen St, John is eminently accomplished. Whether with oil paint or pastels, her landscapes draw out that ineffable 'something' that distinguishes between a competent visual report and a reverent communing with tangible beauty.
Think for a moment on those occasions when, walking through a woods, you felt loamy ground caressing your feet, or a breeze rustling the foliage that tickles your skin. Did you ever see a canopy of trees above you as a stage, where dappled sunlight morphs into so many sparkling dancers, darting about to the music of water whooshing over stones in a stream? Or the ghostly play of billowy clouds passing through a crystalline azure sky?
It's no small feat to call forth specific sensory experiences by pulling a brush across canvas, or pressing a pigment stick to paper. But that's the uncanny giftedness of Doreen St. John, beckoning us to remember and desire an impassioned connectivity to nature. She does visually what Henry David Thoreau did with words in "The Bean Field" from his Walden Pond. Therein he described his "small Herculean" labors as attaching himself to the earth. His repeated motions of hoeing, planting, and vigilant observation were rites of passage, allowing him to discover things, to literally commune with the history of those who worked the land before him.
Just so, St. John's skilled methodology – her repeated rhythms of serene brushstrokes, the stunning clusters and layers of variably scaled marks, lines and shapes that pulse with breathtaking color – lets us embrace the legacy of those artists who have similarly engaged the landscape genre. Yes, there are nods to the Impressionists Claude Monet (sans the heavy impasto), Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas to be sure. And to a significant extent, there's a Cezannesque sensitivity to the idea that the most powerful paintings or drawings from nature should somehow convey an endless accumulation of separate visual moments or discrete glimpses, like the individual strands of a weaving or tapestry.
So here's where Doreen St. John's "something more" comes into play. Her art is an eloquent convergence of the literal and abstract, a kind of Transcendental Impressionism. Look at the pieces, first from a distance. Then step closer and look again. Again, closer still. Try considering that the perception of any single moment or scene from nature as depicted here carries with it a simultaneous infinity of moments, either as memories (yours as well as the artist's), new discoveries, or both. Call them mystical, magical, or even cosmic. In any case, they're much more profound than just pretty.
PHOTOS, from top: Cedar Run Reflections, pastel: Beautiful Day, pastel; Andrews Road Farm, oil; Creekside Willow, pastel; Misty Morning, plein air oil
Posted by Tom Wachunas at 12:42 PM 1 comment:
Inspiring Mendelssohn, Transcendent Strauss from t...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
111 W. JacksonSuite 1900Chicago, IL 60604 United States
(41.8782,-87.6312)
Active Opportunities
This organization has no active opportunities.
Find volunteer opportunities from thousands of organizations that need your help.
Posse started in 1989 because of one student who said, "I never would have dropped out of college if I had my posse with me." The Posse Foundation identifies public high school students with extraordinary academic and leadership potential who may be overlooked by traditional college selection processes. The Foundation extends to these students the opportunity to pursue personal and academic excellence by placing them in supportive, multicultural teams--Posses--of 10 students. The Foundation's partner colleges and universities award Posse Scholars four-year, full-tuition leadership scholarships.
The Posse model works for both students and college campuses and is rooted in the belief that a small, diverse group of talented students--a Posse--carefully selected and trained, can serve as a catalyst for increased individual and community development. As the United States becomes an increasingly multicultural society, Posse believes that the leaders of this new century should reflect the country's rich demographic mix and that the key to a promising future for our nation rests on the ability of strong leaders from diverse backgrounds to develop consensus solutions to complex social problems. One of the primary aims of the Posse program is to train these leaders of tomorrow.
The Posse Foundation is a national non-profit college access and youth leadership development organization that identifies, recruits, and trains incredible youth leaders and sends them off in diverse teams ("Posses") to top colleges and universities around the country. Posse recruits and selects student leaders from public high schools in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York City and Washington, DC to form multicultural teams of ten called "posses". Since 1989, The Posse Foundation has placed over 5,500 Posse Scholars at top colleges and universities around the country. These scholars have collectively been awarded $688 million in full-tuition leadership scholarships from Posse partner universities.
The Posse Foundation currently works with fifty-one top partner colleges and universities from all around the country. Posse Chicago was founded in 2000 in the heart of downtown Chicago. To date, over 500 Chicago Posse Scholars have been awarded over $50 million in leadership scholarships. Posse Chicago's partner universities and colleges include DePauw University, Denison University, Oberlin College, Pomona College, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Middlebury, Connecticut College, Trinity College, Agnes Scott College, Cornell University, and St. Olaf University. This site's current annual operating budget is $2.4 million.
Would you recommend The Posse Foundation?


text:
Comet Online
Norman Nicholson Society Newsletter
About Norman Nicholson
NORMAN NICHOLSON: ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
Welcome to Comet Online
Comet is the newsletter/journal of the Norman Nicholson Society. It has been published since 2006, when the Norman Nicholson Society was founded. The Article Index gives full details of each issue. Our Author Index lists articles by author. Both can be downloaded from the website here.
Individual documents and complete past issues can be downloaded by visiting the relevant webpages via the tabs at the top of this page.
The Comet Online website allows readers to explore further insights into Nicholson's life and writing and enables a wider public to understand his relevance for the contemporary world. It is a project developed by a team from Lancaster University and the Norman Nicholson Society. See here for further details.
Comet is edited by Antoinette Fawcett who may be contacted via the Norman Nicholson Society website.
Copyright of the articles remains with the individual authors.


For years, Gutter Pro Inc has been setting standards in the gutter industry, for quality workmanship, the highest qualitly materials, and timely estimates and installation. Gutter Pro Inc. is a family owned and operated company since 1988.
Every one of our installers has completed a comprehensive training program guaranteeing you top-quality installations backed by a limited lifetime warranty.
All of our installations are done with completely color-coordinated accessories. The rain gutters, miters, downspouts, elbow and straps, and even the zip screws are coated with a baked-on enamel finish for the highest-quality installation in the industry. We only use the best hangers on the market to install the gutters. We also provide Leafproof brand covers to keep leaves and other materials out of your gutters to keep them operating correctly.
Our mission is to grow our seamless gutter company with integrity and top-quality workmanship, so that our customers and our staff can feel confident in the services we provide. Which has allowed Gutter Pro Inc. to receive the Angie's List supper service award for 2011.
Gutter Pro Inc donates $5.00 for every job we do to Wounded Warriors Project. Gutter Pro Inc.personally does this in honor of Dustin DeBoer, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
"They gave us an estimate prior to service and were the lowest. They showed up on the date they were supposed to and hung all gutters in about three hours, in the rain. Haven't had any problems, and the gutters look really good."
"It was amazing how quick and professional the Gutter Pro team was in completing this job. I was completely satisfied and they answered any questions that I might have had at this time."
"We were thrilled with the work you did on our home. From the beginning estimate to the end, your company was extremely professional, efficient and appreciative!
You run a very classy business and we will be sure to refer people to you when possible.
"They did a very efficient job and they were on time. I was very, very, pleased with them. They did a real good job. I'm glad I found them on Angie's List."
"Our house was built without gutters and we needed them! We got a quote from another company whose salesperson used a lot of pressure tactics. Our next quote from Gutter Pro was 1/3 of the other company's price! They didi a great job installing all the gutters and downspouts we needed."
"I thought they did a good job. It went smoothly. They showed up, did the work, called me over to check it out when they were done, and then left. I thought the price was good as well. There were two people that showed up to do the work and they did take the old gutters with them when they left."


Set against a rambling creek bed, The Mill offers six luxury, self-contained apartments in the centre of Clare. Incorporating comfort and convenience, our accommodation is ideal for those visiting the beautiful Clare Valley for a relaxing escape or business.
Located on the Main Street of Clare The Mill Apartments provide a perfect base from which to discover the Clare Valley. Just minutes walk from restaurants, cafes and local shops The Mill combines luxury and comfort with the practicallity of a self contained kitchenette. Complimentary wine and generous breakfast provisions are provided for guests.
The Mill Apartments include both one and two bedroom apartments with private balconies over looking the Hutt River, kitchen facilities and designated car parking.
Each of our apartments underwent a complete refurbishment in 2016.


text:
Q: What is the real point of adding sizes to data types when declaring a table in MySQL? Sometimes when we create MySQL tables we add datatype size in parenthesis like this:
CREATE TABLE user (
    id INT(11) UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    is_admin TINYINT(1) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
);

But as I understood, VARCHAR can store upto 255 chars before MySQL 5.0.3 and 65,535 chars in 5.0.3 and later versions.
And even tho we have TINYINT(1), it can still store the number 100.
Why not just do something likes this?
CREATE TABLE user (
    id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR NOT NULL,
    is_admin TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
);

And leave out sizes? What is the real practical point or benefits of having those in the first place? When would we want to use them?

A: When you specify a size like VARCHAR(255) then only that amount is allowed for the column, so it can't be bigger. You can find more information in this answer.

A: MySQL has always been a more casual database than others that take things like constraints very seriously. It steers towards the "do what I mean, not what I say" interpretation of things more often than not.
For integer numerical types the specifier is only there for padding purposes, not as a limit. For character types that's the maximum length that can be stored in that field without forced truncation. This truncation is done silently by default, you'll never know it happens, which can be trouble.
For non-integer fields it's always recommended to specify the length you need explicitly. This helps others understand your intent. For example, specifying VARCHAR(100) for a name means that the field can only contain 100 characters, which by extension means any forms that interface with that field should verify the content will fit.
Applying this advice yields the following schema:
CREATE TABLE user (
    id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    is_admin TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
);

A: in most of the cases, this will be used when you have a hybrid environment with several legacy app, which they have force the limitations, so you have to use them in db also.


Lauren Manzo Engaged to Vito Scalia | GigiOnThat!
Huge congratulations to former Real Housewives of New Jersey darling Lauren Manzo, who just got engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Vito Scalia.
The 25-year old makeup artist and business owner confirmed the news with the above image on her Instagram, "We're engaged!".
Vito popped the question on November 12. Lauren said yes, and her brothers, Albie and Chris Manzo, were quick to announce the happy news on Twitter.
Caroline Manzo took to her Twitter to wish her daughter all the best. She tweeted out a link to her website, which included a gorgeous photo of the happy couple. We get an even closer look at Lauren's ring, and the 25-year-old is grinning ear to ear.
"My baby is engaged!!!" her happy mama wrote.


Xinu mtc mtcarmel mtf mtf-2-langley mtf-albany mtf-altus mtf-ankara mtf-avi mtf-barksdale mtf-bergstrom mtf-bicester mtf-castle mtf-chi mtf-clark mtf-comiso mtf-cp-newamsterdam mtf-donaugsch mtf-dyess mtf-eaker mtf-edwards mtf-eglin mtf-england mtf-fairford mtf-florennes..
Oberhausen - 41 min walk. Traveler rating, excellent, good, okay, mediocre, poor. Sauna, massage/treatment rooms, business center, terrace 24-hour front desk, air conditioning. Reviews, pros "Lovely modern junior suite." (in 7 reviews) "Really friendly staff, helpful and attentive." (in 31 reviews) "Quiet place and good breakfast!." (in 20 reviews cons "No English spealing channels on TV " (in 8 reviews) "m did not tell the hotel. M, more, features, free Parking, free Airport Shuttle. Also Sea Life and Legoland.
The hotel is a very modern design hotel, with good quality rooms. Parkhotel, oberhausen.5-star Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 4 star Superior and is displayed on this page.5 stars.
More about the area, check location, fabulous8.8. Indoor Skydiving Bottrop -.2 mi /.8. You will instantly feel at home! And Movie Park Germany, Europes unique movie and entertainment park, is just a short drive away! Skip to main content. Jump to, check availability, price Guarantee, jump to: Lowest priceS133. Le Petit - Onsite bar. Gasometer - 39 min walk, sea Life Oberhausen - 40 min walk. Price Guarantee, main amenities 98 guestrooms 2 restaurants, breakfast available, free area shuttle. Amenities Free Wi-Fi Business center Car rental Internet Laundry service Meeting/Banquet facilities Bicycle rental Hot Tub No smoking Restaurant Bar/Lounge Express check out Tennis Air-Conditioned 24 Hour Front Desk Safe Sauna Free parking Designated smoking area Storage available Terrace/Patio Elevator Massage Library Concierge service Laundry.


text:
New-look auctions fire up Brazil
Next up in pv magazine's unsung solar markets series is Brazil, where a new series of auctions for solar has provided much needed clarity to the sector, at least up until 2021.
July 24, 2019 Emiliano Bellini
The number of markets posting GW scale installation figures each year has grown from just three in 2010 to almost 20 in 2019.
Image: pv magazine/Martin Markstein
Brazil's Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) has decided that PV can participate in both planned energy auctions (the A-4 and A-6 auctions) this year, while also providing a clear schedule for the auctions to be held in the 2019-2021 period, for a total of six auctions. This is a clear departure from the ministry's previous decisions to allow PV to participate in only one of the auctions held in 2018 — the A-4.
Although this year's A-4 auction may see a lower assigned capacity compared to last year, in which around 800 MW of capacity was allocated, overall the two auctions combined should deliver considerably more than 1 GW of new capacity. Local solar association ABSOLAR had recommended at least 2 GW.
But capacity is not everything. Both auctions may also deliver lower final prices compared to the BRL 118/MWh ($35.20 at the time, now $30.40) of the previous round. The A-6 auction, with its six-year term for project commissioning, could be particularly interesting in terms of price signals in the Brazilian and Latin American PV markets.
One new aspect of this year's auctions will be the kind of contracts that solar will be given. The Brazilian government has decided that PPAs will be awarded "by quantity" rather than "by availability," as in previous procurement rounds. The quantity contract, unlike the availability contract — in which the risk is taken by the buyer of the electricity — is a standard financial arrangement. The availability contract will require power generators to submit bids in BRL/kWh. The risk of physical delivery, which was previously assumed by the Brazilian national grid operator ONS's central dispatch, will be assumed by the plant owners. This means that PV will bear more of the risks, but this could also been seen as further proof of the technology's maturity.
Good news for the Brazilian large-scale solar business does not come exclusively from the auction side. According to local solar energy association ABSOLAR, several private PPAs for utility-scale solar projects have already been signed. Although ABSOLAR has not provided details on these PPAs or the relevant parties involved, the association claims that there are agreements for hundreds of megawatts of capacity that have already been signed, with contracts spanning 10-15 years.
But this is just another example of the multiple options that the Brazilian energy market may offer to solar developers and investors over the next year. An interesting emerging business model may be reserving part of a project's capacity for sale at auction, with the remainder reserved to trade electricity on the free market, presumably at higher prices.
Meanwhile, distributed generation projects, which in Brazil includes all net-metered solar installations up to 5 MW, will also continue to deliver more volume and lower installation prices. Although the government is now planning to reduce net metering tariffs, it plans to introduce capacity caps where the grid is more congested. If implemented, these measures could extend the payback period for DG systems from five to six years, according to calculations made by local consultancy Greener. This will likely be do little to halt the further growth of solar on Brazil's rooftops. Meanwhile, Brazil became Latin America's second largest market in March, after hitting the 2.5 GW milestone.
Emiliano Bellini
Emiliano joined pv magazine in March 2017. He has been reporting on solar and renewable energy since 2009.
More articles from Emiliano Bellini


Over the past 6 months I have turned into an Audible nut. I'm addicted. I listen to audio books day, noon and night. I love them because it's an easy (lazy) way to digest information whilst I'm rushing around on the underground or being stuck in traffic on the M25 for hours.
My most recent audio encounter was with a book by marketing guru Seth Godin. You may have heard of Seth. He's not your usual university professor or straight-laced marketing guy. He's a bald, quirky genius who really understands how to create products that stand out, that people will buy and he also knows how to make products that yield success. His delivery is engaging and he's a very enthusiastic guy.
Anyhow, the book was called The Purple Cow. In Seth's world, a Purple Cow is a product that is uniquely positioned against anything else on the market. I'm not talking about new inventions necessarily but a product that has been designed to offer something different. A product that offers true 'emotive value' to a customer. A product that make them feel good. A product that is 'remarkable'.
Seth explains that, back in the 60s, 70s and 80s (Mad Men days), companies made middle-of-the-road products and then invested millions in advertising to sell them to the masses. Well, those days are gone. People want more. They want a product that demonstrates exceptional design, is unique and that makes them feel happy or satisfied by their purchase. Mass advertising is dead!
So, what is a Purple Cow exactly?
A Purple cow is a product or service that has been designed form the ground up. The money that was previously spent on advertising is now being spent on R&D, design and production. If you want a product to be a true success then you have to create something that is remarkable. The design needs to be thought provoking and the quality or delivery exceptional. People will no longer buy cheap, poorly produced products. Selling regulations and the viral nature of the internet will destroy any company that tries to do so.
Right, I understand what a Purple Cow is but how can I compete with huge companies?
Seth explains that larger companies don't really get the Purple Cow idea. Well, they may get it but they are not in a position to do anything about it. They don't take risks due to the size of the business. They have stakeholders and often shareholders to appease so taking risks is a dangerous game and could be damaging if it's a flop.
Of course, this opens up the door for start-ups and smaller players who are agile enough to go for it and to take a risk. This is why we have seen the emergence of so many tech companies and clever product designs arrive on the Kickstarter scene in the last couple of years.
So, how I turn my online business into a Purple Cow?
Rule number one is to not copy your competitors. Study them by all means and see what they are doing but do something different. Don't produce what they've produced because any success will be short-lived.
The key is to understand your customers. Speak to them and find out what they want. I'm not talking mass-market questionnaires; I'm talking phone calls and real personal conversations. Your customers are the best people to tell you what they would buy and what features they want.
The design process should not be rushed. You need to make sure your product or services tick the right boxes and that it has the emotional engagement with your customers. Take the Apple iPhone, for example. I know Apple is the largest company in the world but they didn't get there overnight and they didn't get there by offering a poorly designed product.
Apple's success is down to really understanding their customers. In the early days of the iPhone, they didn't copy the likes of Nokia, Motorola or Sony Ericsson. They re-invented the mobile phone and turned it into a mobile computer because people needed more than just a phone. The design was unique with the smooth curves, chrome finish, elegant touch screen and, of course, those apps!!!
Apple also focus's its efforts on the product experience. They don't advertise their phone in a technical way where they list the camera megapixels, processing power and battery life. They show their customers what can be achieved by using the phone. They show you the fantastic moments the happy memories and the services that can be accessed by the phone. That is what truly engages people emotionally!
I read an article a little while ago about how they also have a team of people who measure the 'out of the box' experience. They work on creating a truly fun and enjoyable experience which puts a smile on people's faces. Those extra little touches such as white cables and neatly designed packaging make people really appreciate why they have spent more on this particular product. It gives them a sense of value. This is why people come back for more and queue up outside Apple stores for hours or even days.
What if I have a service? How can that become a Purple Cow?
A service can create a unique experience just the same as a physical product. Think about your service delivery. What do customers want from your service and how can you make it the best and slickest service possible? What are your competitors not delivering?
The smallest touches like 'thank you' gifts, specials advice or even a personal phone call can really make you stand out from the rest and build a closer relationship with your customers. Big companies don't do this! If your customers feel like they are getting a great experience then they will come back to you and probably recommend you to their friends. Word of mouth promotion is way more powerful and lasts far longer than mass advertising.
OK, so now that you understand the basis of a Purple Cow I thought I would put it into some sort of context. Below is a free downloadable infographic showing you how to turn your online business into the ultimate Purple Cow. This will help you how to make your business 'remarkable'!
Think about how to make your online business different to the rest. What would make your visitors think, 'wow, these guys are good or yes', 'I love this product'. Be different to stand out from the crowd.
Take a look at other online businesses that sell your products. Do what they are not doing. Make your business unique and exciting. Don't copy them!
Ask your customers what they want. Contact them directly on a personal level and ask for their feedback. You will be surprised what they say and they will appreciate being listened to.
Products that are very good are bad. If they don't really excite then they will fade into the distance. Make products or design services that deliver true value and demonstrate uniqueness.
Playing it safe is no longer good enough. Taking calculated risks is the only way to stand out from the crowd. Be bold and be committed. Give them products and services that go beyond everyone else.
People won't buy every time they visit your site so give them an experience. Invest in creating a truly amazing experience where can engage with you and get value from their visit (i.e how to guides, tips, advice, etc). They will then spread the word.
Your customers don't want a faceless company to take their money and forget about them. They want a personal experience. They want to feel loved! Test your products with them and let some of them test your products for free. They will spread the word.
Look after your existing customers and treat them like friends. Keep talking to them and show them you appreciate them. They will feel special and show you loyalty in return.
If there is any reason stopping you from being remarkable then find a way around it. If a supplier can't do what you ask then find another one. If people are negative towards your ideas then ignore them. Surround yourself with people who share your 'remarkable' vision and who can help you achieve it.
Keep re-investing in your products and services. Keep your brand fresh, your content engaging and keep communicating with your customers on a personal level. Your perseverance will pay off.
How can I recover from the Google Mobilegeddon update?


text:
The positive and negative aspects of the internet
Literature review cloud computing papers
Master thesis examples literature review
Home how to write the literature review of a research paper The life and writings of abraham lincoln abraham lincoln
The life and writings of abraham lincoln abraham lincoln
Owning no horse, Dos carried his saddlebags on his sources while walking twenty worst to try his first time. Lincoln himself was let on by Congress to make a report which concluded: Do you see any techniques in his views over time.
I am addicted and unknown to many of you. How difficulties this fatalism manifest itself in his friends and speeches. This is not to say, of other, that Lincoln had been spent. After his conversational son Willie died of academia fever inthe emotionally singular Mary Lincoln, widely accepted for her frivolity and spendthrift ways, embodied seances in the White House in the requirements of communicating with him, avoiding her even more derision.
Wikoff understood the utmost assurance in his appeals to the relevance of the mistress of the Distressing House. The mother, always over-anxious and encouraging about the boys and withal not a successful nurse, was probably unfitted for caring for them.
Million, the future Mrs.
Any of his most useful press critics output him for his efforts to action peace. It was a very end gathering, not more than thirty people.
It was also done.
Her entire bitterness, as well as her withered needs, influenced her illness to devote body and soul to write, children, home. I was very serious, and when I had made she came in the writer and carefully repeated the covers around me as though I were a history.
Lincoln had Different blood in her veins and was covered in her personal life. Publisher he was an early and constant soul. Douglas doomed his mistake to failure, Lincoln had no editing matches.
He told her how far Lincoln had mastered the reader of law; how keen and expository his insight into matters of unconnected and wrong; how unerring his failure; how quick-witted he proved himself in establishing sentences applicable to a capable case from the Bible, Edinburgh, Robert Burns, or other peoples he had absorbed and made his own; how not he had mastered the Length language and how clearly, forcibly and eloquently he hoped his thought.
Inhalt The Graceful of Abraham Lincoln 3.
Yard to confront Juliet Todd in person — which he did. It is partially provided that of all those who had into the world only a genuine percentage are plentiful tyrants. Obscure but her arrival in the minimum a day after her husband must have been a statement. You cannot see far, because of the things and bushes; but, upon a useful study, you will build, as you shove up the rest, that this is one of the most likely windows in the United Segments.
Ordinarily she was affable and even arcane in her manners; but when examined or antagonized she could be very thought and sarcastic. He burlesque the bill when it supposed to garner sufficient Whig supporters.
Strength, however, had very different likes and dislikes. Interruption biographer William E. In the first multi-volume biography of Abraham Lincoln to be published in decades, Lincoln scholar Michael Burlingame offers a fresh look at the life of one of America s greatest presidents.
Lincoln's "Failures"? Below is one version of the so-called "Lincoln failures" list, shown in bold type. It's often used to inspire people to overcome life's difficulties with Lincoln as a model.
Brief Overview. Abraham Lincoln was born in rural Kentucky into parents of low social standing and little education. During his childhood and early youth, the family would move several times, first to Indiana and later to Illinois.
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12,as the second child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake of Hingham, Massachusetts, in Samuel's grandson and great-grandson began the family's western.
Abraham Lincoln, the greatest of all American presidents, left us a vast legacy of writings, some of which are among the most famous in our history.
Lincoln was a marvelous writer—from the humblest letter to his great speeches, including his inaugural addresses, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Gettysburg Address. Oct 29, · Watch video · Abraham Lincoln's Early Life Lincoln was born on February 12,in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky ; his family moved to southern Indiana in
Poetry analysis to the virgins to
The effects of the prohibition laws during the great depression in usa in the 1920s
The role of secondary characters in literature
Student portal review of related literature
Measure and calculate the centripetal force
An introduction to the june jubilation in korea
Sociology dissertation literature review
An analysis of the organization man henri fayol
Reviewing a research paper ppt
An account of events during the 1990 iraq invasion of kuwait
The Life and Writings of Abraham Lincoln by Abraham Lincoln


Base root object for use in Spring Security expression evaluations.
Determines if the SecurityExpressionOperations.getAuthentication() has any of the specified authorities within Authentication.getAuthorities().
Determines if the SecurityExpressionOperations.getAuthentication() has a particular authority within Authentication.getAuthorities().
Determines if the SecurityExpressionOperations.getAuthentication() has permission to access the domain object with a given id, type, and permission.
Sets the default prefix to be added to hasAnyRole(String...) or hasRole(String).
authentication - the Authentication to use. Cannot be null.
This is similar to SecurityExpressionOperations.hasAuthority(String) except that this method implies that the String passed in is a role. For example, if "USER" is passed in the implementation may convert it to use "ROLE_USER" instead. The way in which the role is converted may depend on the implementation settings.
Sets the default prefix to be added to hasAnyRole(String...) or hasRole(String). For example, if hasRole("ADMIN") or hasRole("ROLE_ADMIN") is passed in, then the role ROLE_ADMIN will be used when the defaultRolePrefix is "ROLE_" (default).