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Soenso Solar – Home
Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
Federal and State Clean
Energy Incentives
Residential Solar Thermal Water Heating Systems
Solar thermal is a technology used for harnessing the Sun's energy for water heating, and water heating is the second highest energy cost in a typical household.
The two major parts of a solar thermal system are solar collectors and a storage tank. A non-freezing, non-toxic propylene glycol fluid circulates through the solar collectors, usually on the roof, to capture the Sun's heat. Then the glycol circulates through a heat exchanger to heat water in a storage tank. The storage tank supplies pre-heated water to a conventional gas, propane or electric water heater. Therefore the water heater's make-up water is pre-heated instead of being cold, ground-temperature water. Most of the time the pre-heated water is hot enough to satisfy the water heater's set point, and its heating element never energizes. A properly designed solar thermal system can reduce the cost of conventional water heating by 75-80 percent.
Georgia is considered a very good area for solar thermal installations. In fact we are on par with much of Florida in yearly average solar radiation. The most important requirements for choosing a site for a solar thermal installation are to have a southern exposure to the Sun and no shading issues.
Soenso Solar works with architects, engineers, home builders, home owners, home remodelers, plumbing contractors and other professionals to assist them with incorporating sustainable home building practices such as solar thermal systems. We recommend and encourage energy conservation measures first and then renewable energy such as solar thermal water heating.
Flat Plate Solar Thermal
Soenso Solar is a dealer and professional installer of flat plate solar thermal systems. These flat plate, closed loop systems are ideal for Georgia's relatively moderate climate that is, nonetheless, subject to freezing temperatures during winter months. The non-toxic propylene glycol solution used in our systems can withstand outdoor temperatures to minus forty degrees Fahrenheit. Our solar thermal systems are SRCC OG-300 Certified as specified under the Georgia Clean Energy Tax Incentive of 2008. With modern design, quality engineering, and outstanding performance, our solar thermal systems are the perfect match for quality-conscious Georgia consumers.
Residential solar thermal systems are sized according to the number of occupants in the home. On average twenty gallons of hot water are used per person per day. We design the system to store one day's supply of hot water. For example a family of four would have two solar collectors with an eighty gallon hot water storage tank. A family of six would have three solar collectors and a one hundred twenty gallon hot water storage tank.
No-cost estimates of pricing are available upon request. The ease or difficulty of the installation affects the cost. For example, installation of a solar thermal system during construction of a new home is usually easier than retrofitting into an existing home. However retrofitting solar thermal into an existing home is usually feasible.
"We set out to build an environmentally sustainable residence, from demolition of the prior residence, to site management, construction techniques, construction materials and energy/resource conscious systems. SOENSO helped us evaluate, select and install the right solar hot water and water recovery systems to meet our needs. …We have been very pleased with the performance of our solar hot water system."
Homeowner, Atlanta, Georgia
Soenso Solar is proudly serving these cities in Georgia: Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, Athens, Sandy Springs, Macon, Roswell, Albany, Johns Creek, Warner Robins, Alpharetta, Marietta, Valdosta, Smyrna, Brookhaven, Dunwoody, Mableton, Rome, Martinez, Peachtree City, Gainesville, East Point, Dalton, Newnan, Milton, Douglasville, Kennesaw, LaGrange, Lawrenceville, Statesboro, Tucker, Duluth, Stockbridge, Carrollton, Woodstock, Griffin, Canton, McDonough, Acworth, Cartersville, Union City, Decatur
info@soenso.com | 770-973-6298
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We Share Our Pictures consists of ten triptychs of drawings made on a mechanical digital drawing plotter. The images in the drawings are all sourced from found slide collections made in the 1970's. One of these collections consists of photographs of the artist's family; the rest were bought from the estates of people who have died. Christensen found connections among the collections, and these triptychs depict versions of archetypal images found across slide collections: people standing in front of their new cars, families posing with National Park "welcome" signs, people at the beach. Each triptych contains two images from the strangers' collections, and one from the family collection. The origin of the drawings, however, is not revealed. The juxtaposition of personal and impersonal images flattens them to the collective plane of forgotten photographs, and yet reminds us that all of these images were once personal to someone.


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Twenty One Pilots share music video for 'Levitate'
Twenty One Pilots have unveiled the latest track from their hugely anticipated new studio album Trench.
Trench features the hit singles 'Jumpsuit', and 'Nico And The Niners', and new track unveiled today 'Levitate'. 'Jumpsuit' has already made music history as the decade's fastest-rising #1 single on Billboard's "Alternative Songs" radio airplay chart.
The band also released their new video for 'Levitate' directed by long-time collaborator Andrew Donoho. 'Levitate' concludes the three-part narrative first established in the music video for 'Jumpsuit'.
Twenty One Pilots, the critically acclaimed duo of Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun, will celebrate Trench with 'The Bandito Tour', a massive headline world tour which will reach Auckland's Spark Arena on December 21st.
Trench follows the GRAMMY Award-winning duo's 2015 LP, Blurryface, which went platinum in New Zealand and sold over 6.5 million copies worldwide. Trench finds Twenty One Pilots fearlessly reimagining the possibilities of their music through the same candid expression and genuine identity that helped to cement their place as one of the largest bands in the world.
TWENTY ØNE PILØTS
Friday December 21st: Spark Arena, Auckland
Tickets via Ticketmaster
Trench Tracklisting
1. Jumpsuit
2. Levitate
3. Morph
4. My Blood
5. Chlorine
6. Smithereens
7. Neon Gravestones
8. The Hype
9. Nico And The Niners
10. Cut My Lip
11. Bandito
12. Pet Cheetah
13. Legend
14. Leave The City
New Years Day announce AUS tour
One year on from the success of their potent performance at Download Festival Australia, New Years Day will touch down for their first-ever Australian headline tour in March 2020.
Kirin J Callinan announces NZ shows & special guests, Marlin's Dreaming, and The Chills
Wild and wondrous Australian treasure, Kirin J Callinan announces a four-date New Zealand tour this August to celebrate the release of his triumphant new record Return To Sender. Joined on the road by Dunedin's psychedelic pop quartet Marlin's Dreaming, Callinan returns to Aotearoa to take on both of its major islands. The Dunedin lineup also features very special guests, iconic pop group The Chills.
Jimmy Barnes announce Melbourne venue upgrade due to demand
Australian rock legend Jimmy Barnes has announced that due to extraordinary public demand, the current Melbourne show at Margaret Court Arena, with special guests Jet, will be moved across the road to the Rod Laver Arena on the same night: Saturday 12 October 2019.
Snow Patrol announce Ryan McMullan as support for their Auckland show
Irish artist Ryan McMullan announced as support for the forthcoming sold-out Snow Patrol 'Live and Acoustic' show in Auckland.
U2 announce additional Auckland dates
Due to demand, Live Nation is excited to confirm that a 2nd and final show for U2 THE JOSHUA TREE TOUR 2019 has now been confirmed in Auckland.
Rising star Kian announces 2019 NZ tour
Rising global talent Kian is heading to New Zealand shores for two very special shows at Meow, Wellington and The Tuning Fork, Auckland this July. The Australian teen will be sharing music from his newly-released EP Bliss, with Kiwi fans for his debut New Zealand tour.
BMG re-issues Motörhead catalogue + Scott Ian of Anthrax pays tribute
BMG Music are proud to re-issue all of Motörhead's albums that were originally released via Germany's SPV GmbH.
During his recent time in Australia as part of the Download Festival, major Motörhead fan and Anthrax guitarist, Scott Ian recorded a special 'unboxing' video.
New Single: Misbehaviour. Dead Favours
Dead Favours mark the announcement of their debut album release with the bombastic new single Misbehaviour.
New Single: One of These Days, Palace of the King + AUS tour announcement
Melbourne rockers Palace Of The King have released a brand new rock n roll belter in the shape of One Of These Days. Formed in late 2012, Palace of the King, have become known for their bluesy, soul-infused, riff-heavy, psychedelic rock n roll.
Roy Montgomery is announced as the support for Mary Lattimore & Julianna Barwick
The Great South Pacific Tuning Fork and 95bFM happily announce that experimental guitarist and composer, Roy Montgomery, will open for Mary Lattimore & Julianna Barwick's show
Kiss 'End of the Road' World Tour announces Special Guests
photog. Jen Rosenstein
SAY GOODBYE TO KISS! SPECIAL GUESTS PUSH PUSH ANNOUNCED.
NEW RELEASE TICKETS ON SALE NOW - DOMESTIC TRAVEL PACKAGES NOW AVAILABLE!
Celebrating 40th anniversary of Neil Young's Live Rust 1979 Album - Tribute Tour
To celebrate the 40th anniversary of Neil Young's 1979 Live Rust album that captured the best of his Rust Never Sleeps tour, a super group of New Zealand artists will come together to perform live in concert, the album in its entirety, track-by-track.
Opeth reveals album title & track listing for their 13th album & announce AUS tour dates
Opeth reveal the title and track listing of their newest album, coming soon, and announce an Australian tour.
FLEETWOOD MAC: Production holds released across full range of tickets!
Fleetwood Mac have released an exciting selection of production hold seats across all price categories to all five shows on their 2019 New Zealand tour. This will provide fans with an additional opportunity to secure these highly sought after tickets, including the first few rows at each concert event.
Mardi Gras 2019 just got bigger and better!
Second line-up announcement for sold-out Ohakune and Queenstown (limited tickets available) .
Mardi Gras 2019 - being held in both Ohakune and Queenstown this year - is shaping up to be winter's premiere music event, with more international names just added to the bill.
New Single: Blame It On My Youth, blink-182
Grammy nominated California punk pop heavyweights, blink-182, premiere highly anticipated new music with their single, Blame It On My Youth, out via Columbia Records / Sony Music Australia and produced by Tim Pagnotta.
Tour: Gomez to play Bring It On & Liquid Skin in New Zealand
Britpop legends Gomez are coming to New Zealand for the first time in seven years in celebration of the upcoming re-issue of their second studio album, Liquid Skin. And in a New Zealand exclusive, the band will play their first history-making album Bring it On alongside the platinum Liquid Skin in a first for Kiwi fans!
Bad//Dreems join The Farmer and the Owl label family
Farmer and the Owl are beyond excited to announce, Adelaide's favourite son's Bad//Dreems have joined their Wollongong label family!
With their debut 2013 EP Badlands and two highly acclaimed LPs under their belt, 2015's Dogs at Bay, and 2017's Gutful, Farmer and The Owl are stoked to be delivering Bad//Dreems third studio album to fans towards the end of 2019.
The 1975 add Special Guest, No Rome, to 2019 Australian Tour + Melbourne sold-out!
After delivering mind-blowing performances at Coachella last month, British alt pop-rockers The 1975 have set their sights on Australia. The quartet has enlisted the help of breakout pop visionary No Rome to warm up crowds at their packed-out shows.
NZ Music Month 2019: Discover Live
Aotearoa has an abundance of world-class talent that you can see on stages across the length and breadth of the country. In clubs and pubs, community centres and RSAs, theatres and school halls, and so many other venues, there is no shortage of live music happening every week around New Zealand.
August 09, 2018 / Ben Doy/
Home, News, Rock, Single Release, Album Releases
Twenty One Pilots, Spark Arena, Auckland, New Zealand, Single Release, Music Video, 2018, News, Rock, Levitate, Album Release, Trench
Broods return with new song 'Peach'
The thirteen hand picked artists to ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today we went to Lynn canyon park. We took public transport from the west end of downtown Vancouver. It took just over an hour to get there, wasn't as bad as it sounds we had to take two busses. We got the 240 and the 228. When we got there we started by going to the suspension bridge, it is 50 meters and stretches across a beautiful canyon with waterfalls and pools. It wasn't a very long suspension bridge but it was quite bouncy, not as bad as capillano's though.
There is also a 30 foot pool which is on the way to the pipe bridge, it's pretty cold but there were a lot of people swimming in it. It was quite a busy area, lots of kids around, I suggest hiking down the trails and taking a dip in the river further down If you want somewhere to cool off.
At this point we were getting very tired we just wanted to make it to the NorVan falls. We reached the junction and noticed a big yellow sign that said caution you are now ntering the backcountry…. Uh ohh, under this sign was a map with a you are here pointing to Hanes valley junction. So we turned around and made our way back to the point we went wrong, we should have turned 200 metres to the right instead of one km to the left, whoopsie.
We eventually made it to the falls and it was beautiful! There was a mini rainbow forming at the bottom of it. There is a small pool at the bottom that if you wanted to you could definitely dive in and cool off. We just dipped our feet in though that was enough for us.
The way back you have to go the same way you came all in all we walked over 18km! Pretty tired after that but it wasn't that hard of a hike just the last couple km on the way there was i little tough climbing up and down. I recommend you take bug spray and sun screen plenty of water and snacks!
Also reccommend setting off really early and you can make it all the way to Lynn lake which is 21.4km and takes over 10 hours there and back. We will definitely go back and work our way to the lake next time!


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Отар Китеишвили (; 26 марта 1996, Рустави, Грузия) — грузинский футболист, полузащитник австрийского клуба «Штурм» и национальной сборной Грузии.

Клубная карьера
Отар Китеишвили воспитанник тбилисском клуба «Динамо», но в состав тогдашних чемпионов Грузии попасть было очень сложно. Поэтому профессиональная карьера у Отара началась с аренды в «Металлург» (Рустави). Проведя в Рустави два сезона, Отар вернулся в Тбилиси. В родном клубе Отар отыграл пять сезонов, забил 17 мячей и стал чемпионом, обладателем Кубка и Суперкубка Грузии.

31 июля 2018 года Отар Китеишвили перешёл в австрийский «Штурм».

Национальная сборная
23 января 2017 года Китеишвили дебютировал в составе национальной сборной Грузии в товарищеском матче с командой Узбекистана.

Достижения
 «Динамо» Тбилиси
 Чемпион Грузии: 2015/16
 Обладатель Кубка Грузии: 2014/15, 2015/16
 Обладатель Суперкубка Грузии: 2015

Примечания

Футболисты Грузии
Игроки сборной Грузии по футболу (до 21 года)
Игроки сборной Грузии по футболу
Игроки ФК «Динамо» Тбилиси
Игроки ФК «Металлург» Рустави
Игроки ФК «Штурм»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In 2006, saliva was collected using a mouthwash collection method. In 2008, saliva was collected using the Oragene DNA collection kit (OGR-250). Saliva completion rates were 83% in 2006 and 84% in 2008. The genotyping was performed by the NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR, X01HG005770-01), using the Illumina Human Omni-2.5 Quad beadchip, with coverage of approximately 2.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). For more information about the specific SNPs included on the Illumina Human Omni-2.5 Quad beadchip, please refer to/download the files in the links below. Genotyping Quality Control was performed by the Genetics Coordinating Center at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. A copy of the QC report is available here. The initial data product is available through dbGaP. Specific information on the data can be found on the NCBI website. HRS-dbGaP Cross-Reference File v1 (2006-2008), available from HRS, is required to link HHID/PN (the unique HRS identifier) to the identifier assigned to HRS genetic data stored in dbGaP Genotype Data Version 1. See below for access details.
Current dbGaP data products also include imputation of approximately 21 million DNA variants from the 1000Genomes Project. Imputation will increase the number of available markers and will make possible comparisons across platforms that do not assay the same genome-wide SNP panel. These imputation analyses were performed and documented by the Genetics Coordinating Center at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. A copy of the imputation report is available here.
In mid-2014, we became aware of an annotation issue with the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-v1_D manifest that caused strand flip errors in the annotation for approximately 20,000 SNPs genotyped in the Health and Retirement Study 2006/2008 samples. This manifest also served as the foundation for the 1000 Genomes imputation for those samples. We systematically investigated the problem and identified two issues with the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-v1_D manifest that led to the strand flip errors. The issues are described in detail in HRS1-2_dbGaPUserInfo_v3.pdf In order to correct the flipped strand issue, users should take the following action. SNPs that are affected by the strand swap are flagged as problem.type2.SNP = TRUE in HRS1-2_HumanOnmi2.5v1_D_flaggedSNPs.zip. Users should switch the coded and non-coded allele annotation for the affected SNPs in the annotation files. For example, if coded_allele=A and noncoded_allele=T, then coded_allele should be T and noncoded _allele should be A.
Approximately 3,000 samples, collected during the HRS 2010 field period, have been genotyped and, combined with genotyped samples from 2006-2008, are available from dbGaP as Version 2 of the HRS data. The relationship matrix estimated using the KING Robust Method for these data will also be available with this update. The 2010 sample addition includes half of the new cohort and minority sample expansion with the remaining half to be added with Version 3. The genotyping was performed by the NIH Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR, X01HG005770-01), using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5-8v1 array. Genotyping Quality Control was performed by the Genetics Coordinating Center at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. A copy of the QC report is available here. The initial data product is available through dbGaP. Specific information on the data can be found on the NCBI website. HRS-dbGaP Cross-Reference File v2 (2006-2010), available from HRS, is required to link HHID/PN (the unique HRS identifier) to the identifier assigned to HRS genetic data stored in dbGaP Genotype Data Version 2. See below for access details.
Current dbGaP data products for Version 2 also include genotype imputations from the 1000Genomes Project. These imputation analyses were performed and documented by the Genetics Coordinating Center at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. A copy of the imputation report for the Version 2 data is available here.
The purpose of the HRS Candidate Gene and SNP files is to provide data users access to carefully selected subsets of the HRS genotype data available on dbGaP. These are smaller and more manageable files designed for data users who are interested in a specific gene or SNP. Users must have dbGaP approval before requesting and gaining access to these files from HRS. Currently, there are two sets of files available: Cognition and Behavior; Longevity. The specific SNPs and genes included in each package and file description documents with details on each data package are provided below.
Principal components for all unrelated study subjects as well as principal components calculated within ethnic-specific samples are also provided with each package. For more information on the data collection, genotyping, imputation, and annotation of these files please refer to the Candidate Gene and SNP Data Description.
Exonic variants have been measured using the Illumina Human Exome BeadChip v1 on the approximately 15,500 samples collected from 2006 through 2010. These exome data are available through HRS and dbGaP. These exonic variants are also being measured on the 2012 samples using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5 plus Exome array. For more information on the data collection, genotyping, and annotation of these data please refer to the Quality Control Report for Exome Chip Data.
Complex health outcomes and behaviors of interest to the research community are often highly polygenic, or reflect the aggregate effect of many different genes, so the use of single genetic variants or candidate genes may not capture the dynamic nature of more complex phenotypes. A polygenic score (PGS) aggregates millions of individual loci across the human genome and weights them by the strength of their association to produce a single quantitative measure of genetic risk. To facilitate use of these scores for research, HRS has created a set of PGS for public distribution based on several large, replicated GWAS.
The 2008 Telomere Data release (Final, Version 1.0) includes average telomere length data from 5808 HRS respondents who consented and provided a saliva sample during the 2008 interview wave. Assays were performed by Telome Health (Telomere Diagnostics, http://www.telomehealth.com/). Average telomere length was assayed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) by comparing telomere sequence copy number in each patient's sample (T) to a single-copy gene copy number (S). The resulting T/S ratio is proportional to mean telomere length. Funding was provided by the National Institute on Aging (NIH U01 AGO9740 and RC4 AG039029).
Polygenic Score Data (PGS) is available as public data from the HRS Data Download System, and is not covered by the steps below.
2008 Telomere Data is available as an HRS Sensitive Health Data Product, and is not covered by the steps below. See the Sensitive Health Data page for details.
All other HRS genetic data requires dbGaP Authorized Access. See the YouTube video dbGaP: Apply for Controlled Access Data for a step-by-step demonstration of how the application process works.
After dbGaP Authorized Access is granted, Genotype Data Version 1 and Genotype Data Version 2 are available directly from dbGaP. HRS-dbGaP Cross-Reference Files v1 and v2 (see below) are required to link HHID/PN (the unique HRS identifier) to the identifier assigned to HRS genetic data stored in the dbGaP system.
If you did not attach your Agreement in Step 2 to the Request Form in Step 3, send a signed copy of the Agreement via email to hrsdatareq@umich.edu.
Researchers can view the HRS public data (phenotypes) at any time by registering as an HRS data user. The concordance tool is a convenient way to search for survey content by topic/keyword.
Users wishing to link to HRS restricted data products must submit a restricted data application.
This free, self-paced online course is designed to provide a foundation for understanding genomic advances and identifying the relevance of genomics to public health.


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Paul Holmgren steps down as Flyers president; GM Chuck Fletcher to take over his role
By Matt Mullin
Flyers NHL
Zack Hill/Flyers
Comcast Spectacor Chairman and CEO Dave Scott, left, walks down the hall with Flyers now-former Flyers president Paul Holmgren.
On Thursday, the Flyers announced that team president Paul Holmgren, who has held various roles over his four decades within the organization, will be stepping down from his current position in order to spend more time with his family.
He won't be leaving the organization entirely, however. Holmgren will take on a new role as a senior advisor to Comcast Spectacor Chairman and CEO (and Governor of the Flyers) Dave Scott and general manager Chuck Fletcher, who will now add President of Hockey Operations to the beginning of his title.
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"It's been an honor to serve this franchise in many different roles throughout my life and I look forward to this next chapter," Holmgren said in a team release. "I approached Dave about my idea to step aside to spend more time with my family. I have complete confidence in Chuck in his new role, leading the Flyers to great things. The Flyers have given so much to me and my family over the years, and I have forged life-long friendships with the many players, coaches, employees and fans who have helped me make Philadelphia home for over 40 years. I would like to thank Dave and Chuck for their efforts to lead this franchise into a bright future and for their continued confidence in me as I take on this new role."
While the move came suddenly this week, it's reportedly been in the works for some time, with Holmgren first approaching Scott more than a year ago with the idea of him taking a lesser role, mainly because he wanted to spent time with his eight grand children.
Here's more from Dave Isaac of The Courier Post.
Despite rumblings that a corporate ownership was taking over more and more, both Holmgren and Scott said that the decision to take the advisor role was Holmgren's.
Scott said that Holmgren would still be team president if he hadn't started planting the bug to move into semi-retirement in June of 2018.
"This was Paul. We met when we were out in Las Vegas at the Board of Governors meeting in June (last summer)," Scott said. "We really never had any set time table. I recognized after 40 years Paul had held just about every job in our organization from player to president and everything in between. He's very close with his family and I kind of got it, but we didn't talk about any specific timetable. We said, 'Let's get through the season.'" [courierpostonline.com]
Perhaps this timeline further explains the timing of the Ron Hextall firing just a few months into the 2018-19 season. Prior to the passing of Ed Snider, Holmgren and Hextall had been tasked with taking charge of the organization and, as two proud alums, continuing on in Snider's vision for his franchise. With Holmgren already having decided to step away following this past season, he may not have felt comfortable leaving the organization's future in Hextall's hands, and opted rather to bring in someone with more experience as a GM, much like they did when they brought in Alain Vigneault as the ultimate replacement for Dave Hakstol, after Phantoms coach Scott Gordon got a look as the interim coach.
Either way, it seems as though the arrival of Chuck Fletcher, and the experience Holmgren had working alongside him in recent months, confirmed that this was the right time for a change.
"I think once Chuck got into the role, it became apparent to me [that now was the right time to step aside]," Holmgren told reporters during a conference call following the announcement. "I can't speak for Dave, but Chuck has a really good grab on things. He loves the Flyers, he knows the iconic brand that is out there for the Flyers. He knows how important the Flyers are to the city of Philadelphia and wants to get us back to where we should be. Once I recognized that, and I believe Dave did too, that's when I thought this is a good time for me to let Chuck do his thing.
"He is a good guy. He's good at what he does. I love what he's done with the coaching staff. I love what he did prior to the draft and going out and making a trade to get the rights to a player that we signed. The two trades for veteran defensemen that will help our young kids get better more quickly. I really love all the things that he has done. There is no question in my mind that this is the right time and no question in my mind that the leadership Chuck has, with Dave's help, is going to be great for the Flyers moving forward."
While still maintaining a role within the organization, this seems to be the beginning of the end of what has been an impressive career, regardless of what you think of his decision-making for the Flyers over the years. Holmgren is the only player in Flyers history — and possibly one of the only ones in all of sports history, although we'd have to check — to have held pretty much every title for a franchise and work his way up from a sixth-round pick to the president of the team.
The 2018-19 season marked Holmgren's 40th with the organization, and, since being drafted back in 1975, there is pretty much no job he hasn't done.
Just take a look at his resume with the Flyers...
• Player (1975-1984)
• Assistant coach (1985-88)
• Head coach (1988-92)
• Director of pro scouting (1995-99)
• Assistant general manager (1999-2006)
• General manager (2006-14)
• President (2014-19)
"I feel like I was raised as a Flyer," Holmgren said. "I came here as a 20-year-old kid, right when the Flyers had won two Stanley Cups. I was around when they lost in the Final in my first year with the team. I was raised a Flyer. I'd like to believe I'll always have some kind of ties to the Flyers organization because of how I feel about them, how I feel about the city, how I feel about the people I've worked with in the organization, over the number of years I've been here.
"It's a family to me. It always has been. And I still see it today as a family. Ed Snider, Bob Clarke, Billy Barber and Bernie Parent and all those guys back in the early 70s, that's really when it blossomed into that thing. To me, it is still that. And I feel a big part of that. That's why I stayed. I love the Flyers. I don't know how to get into it any deeper without getting emotional."
Furthermore, Holmgren has been a part of five trips to the Stanley Cup Final with the Flyers, making it twice as a player (1976, 1980), once as an assistant coach (1987), and twice more as a member of the front office (1997, 2010).
"Paul has been an invaluable leader within the Flyers family for more than 40 years, and instrumental in placing the organization in a strong position for future success," Scott said in a team press release. "Paul has earned a place among the organization's all-time greats and certainly fits the role exemplified by our late Chairman, Ed Snider: 'A Flyer Forever.'"
Now, the task of turning this Flyers team around rests squarely on Fletcher's shoulders, as he will take over Holmgren's title of president and report directly to Scott.
"I want to thank Paul for his leadership and passion as we work to build a championship caliber team," said Fletcher. "I've known Paul for many years and it's been a privilege to work with him over the last several months, and I will continue to seek his counsel. The Philadelphia Flyers are a storied franchise and have become an iconic brand since their inception. Paul's service to the organization, in every capacity, is a big reason for that success. I also look forward to working more directly with Dave as we strive to achieve our goal of bringing the Stanley Cup back to Philadelphia."
How this change in leadership is reflected on the roster remains to be seen, and may take some time to fully become apparent as Fletcher has only been on the job for about eight months, while Holmgren has been the main guiding force for some time now.
The Flyers went 37-37-8 last season and missed the playoffs for the second straight season — and they haven't made it out of the first round of the playoffs since 2012 — so perhaps a shakeup atop the organization isn't the worst thing.
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Matt Mullin
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Read more Flyers NHL Philadelphia chuck fletcher Paul Holmgren


Bradley Cooper and Robert DeNiro in a thriller about a man who learns to tap into his entire brain.
Matt Damon, who is everywhere these days, stars in this unusual movie about three people, totally unconnected, who deal with death in their own way. George (Damon) works at a blue collar job because he doesn't want to be a psychic who speaks to the dead any longer; Marie is a French journalist who witnesses sudden death during the tsunami in Thailand, and a British schoolboy loses his twin brother. How they differ and how they are similar is the key here as their lives slowly come together. A very unusual film … but good! Rated PG.
Oscars for Best Supporting Actor (Christian Bale) and Best Supporting Actress (Melissa Leo) won't take the grit out of this hard-scrabble film about a real-life boxer (Mark Wahlberg) looking for the title shot that eluded his older half-brother. Gritty, tough, but remarkable in its portrayals, this one is full value for the Oscars. And watch for Conan O'Brien's sister as one of the family! Rated 14A.
Tanked at the box office despite staring turns by Reese Witherspoon, Jack Nicholson, and Owen Wilson. Witherspoon is Lisa, a softball player all washed up at 27, and stuck in a bizarre triangle between her baseball player boyfriend, and a corporate executive with troubles of his own. Billed as a rom-com, there is a little rom, but not much com. Rated PG.
Although it is not an uplifting picture, the Oscar winners are worth the price of the sale or rental all by themselves!
A lightweight sci-fi movie, animated, for kids!


How did you learn photography ?
I have spent £15 on learning material which was on a book and that's the best £15 I have spent as far as photography is concerned. It gave me the introduction I needed and rest fell into place with practice.
I read all the photography books in the school library. Then read all the photography books in my local library. Then people bought me books. And then I joined 3 camera clubs and subscribed to 2 print magazines. I looked at mountains of pictures, and just soaked it all up.
How did I pick up a bit about photography? I started in the 1960s and read every magazine I could find on photography, every article in them, and every word in every article. Even the parts and articles that didn't interest me. And I read such books as I could find and afford. And I made mistakes. Plus discussions on my photos with a very experienced photographer who lived next door to one of my aunts.
After all that, I came out with a fair idea of the easy part - the technical stuff. Picking up the important stuff came, for me, much later by reading about art and art history, and reading what great photographers had written (and looking at their photographs).
In the 70s, when I was learning the basics of photography unfortunately, all I had available was YouTube and copies of Razzle.
I'm mistaken. Razzle wasn't available in the 1970s.
Much the same here, apart from my "mentor" was initially the Chemistry teacher who ran the schools photography club, then, later, a friend who'd actually gone to Film school to learn to make movies/TV and came back and ended up as a pro photographer.
Now THATS precisely where I actually started to learn about making good images... when I could effectively let the subconscious take care of the technical stuff and I could concentrate my meagre intellect on the artistic side of things.
And after all that did you take a photograph?
And YouTube and the internet were?
OMG I've missed so much!
I started at school using a box brownie my family owned and 120 film.
When I left school I worked for 5 years and 1 week at Kodak in Harrow Weald so got a huge grounding in everything that could go wrong with films etc.
And a few things that coud go right!
Got a C&G first class in Industrial and Commercial photography and the IIP second class pass.
Neither of which I ever used because the money in those days was crap for most photographers.
Guess work with a VERY old camera. Then I upgraded to a Zenit E which had instructions. I also subscribed to the TimeLife Photography series of books. which were a great help. But mostly trial and error.
Once I had a vague idea as to what made a good subject and could hold a camera straight (110 instamatic thing), Dad lent me a Pentax S1 and taught me the basics of shutter speed and aperture choice. Also made me pay for D&P so I learned fairly fast so I didn't go broke (too fast!!!) Learned faster when I had access to a darkroom so could shoot and do my own processing while I could still remember what settings I'd used. Much cheaper than colour D&P via the local chemist!
Pretty sure I've never looked at youtube for photography lessons, learning face to face lets you ask questions and get answers rather than rewinding and still not getting an answer.
As it's getting on track I'll add my journey to the thread!
I started photography at school when a lunchtime club started on photography. That was 41 years ago and I was hooked but had a lot to learn. Began using a Fuji ST605N. Made lots of mistakes and read a lot from books in local library. I then spent some time with two local studios and a lovely lady who took photographs for magazines such as Jackie and patches. I even got in a few as a participant!
I then lost interest due to a lack of time and career but started again this time access to the internet opened up all sorts of learning.
I'm always learning and when I retire next month plan on really developing my photography skills. I may even meet up with like minded individuals too.
My dad interested me in photography, just by always having and using one when I was young. Of course, spending much of my childhood in Hong Kong encourage him and me, added to which in those days (60's/70's) you could get cameras cheaply in the Far East - the top german ones were cheap second hand, and the new Japanese ones were not taxed, hence why all the Yanks out of Vietnam were buying them there. That's how I ended up with a couple of Spotmatic type cameras at a very young age, with a few lenses. How I actually learned about photography though was by making mistakes with exposure, DoF, and composure, and having to pay for film processing and printing before I found out how good/bad my photos were. Teaches you to get it right-ish at the time of shutter release. At least that too was cheap in Honkers though.
For me it was a book and youtube and the meetings from here that I attended.
I've met some really nice people from here and they never got annoyed when I asked them questions.
Nothing beats experience in my opinion and the penny drops quite quickly when talking to someone who knows a lot more.
I spent 3 months looking at Flickr Explore to see if I could work out how people were making these amazing images. Then I got Bryan Peterson's Understanding Exposure and read it from cover to cover. That was the easy bit. Then followed 11 years of practice.
Got the bug at junior school when a teacher picked a handful of us to have a go with his camera and a play in the darkroom. But there wasn't enough money for me to take it up when I was young.
FF to me earning my own money, I bought a cheap camera and burned through hundreds of rolls of film, read magazines and books and it started to make sense, shot the odd wedding, bought a medium format camera, did a night school course - started to join the dots better, started learning how to light.
I started learning much better when I discovered the internet 20 years after I discovered photography.
The joy of the internet is that there's tons of info out there, the downside is that there's tons of stuff out there thats utter s***e.
It's easy when you already have a decent understanding to sort the wheat from the chaff, it's difficult when you don't have that baseline knowledge.
I started just after leaving school in the mid 70s.
Bought a Yashica FR1 and bought Practical Photography every month.
I can't say I made many mistakes at the time, but I never shot anything too difficult. That's when my love affair with Kodachrome 25 and 64 started.
FF to today and I'm learning more, from experienced togs, with more difficult subjects - the Beltane Fire festivals and pole dancing competitions; flash and long exposures for the former and high ISO/no flash for the latter.
I suspect I'll keep on learning each time I pick my cameras up.
Hi Kevin I will answer just as I did in another forum you joined and asked the same question. I read a lot and watched Youtube then I got out and used the camera.
Probably after learning the basics to the extent that the person is getting consistently reasonable (or hopefully good!) results and understands why, a fully manual film camera may be a good way to improve, but I believe an entry or intermediate level DSLR would be the best tool for a beginner (with good quality second-hand cameras around there's no need to spend a fortune on a basic, but expandable, set-up either). This is because they can see their results immediately, not wait a few days to see them (and have to pay for the privilege!) as with film; by which time they may well have forgotten what settings they'd used, what the lighting was like, etc.
I also started (when I was about 14) with a fully manual film camera but had some basic tuition from my Dad to point me in the right direction; I also bought Amateur Photographer and Practical Photography magazine and learnt as much as I could from those. However, it was a much slower and more expensive process to learn in those days than it would have been with something like a modern DSLR and the Internet these days. As Phil has mentioned, there's a wealth of info on the internet, but it could be a bit of a challenge for a beginner to sort the wheat from the chaff out there.
Knowing what I know now, I'd probably start with a good and easily understandable photography book that clearly explains the basics of how, why and when to use different settings and methods. I'd also try to find some good You-Tube tutorials on how to use the basics of Lightroom or other such image processing software, but I'd warn myself to stick to the basics 'tweaks' with that, and to get my photos as right as possible 'in camera', rather than wasting time trying to make a silk purse out of a sow's ear... and to steer well clear of using any tacky 'special effects'!
I bought a cheap camera and burned through hundreds of rolls of film, read magazines and books and it started to make sense, shot the odd wedding, bought a medium format camera, did a night school course - started to join the dots better, started learning how to light.
and what a waste of time and money compared to how quickly people can learn today. Fully manual cameras force you into concentrating on the mechanical process - isn't it much more rewarding to concentrate on the creative process?
I use to always think to be a good photographer YOU had to shoot in Full Manual, after getting some great advice from this forum I now know what a load of rubbish I use to think. I now shoot in Aperture mode and really do enjoy using my cameras more now.
Or you could pay for a course or workshop.
A mixture of Books / Youtube / Forums / Practice.
Well that leaves the field pretty well open, then. But I'm all for being non-prescriptive. The best way to learn might be to just - follow your own path. A mentor or two wouldn't hurt along the way, but these days more than ever the info's out there.
Technique's one thing though and vision's another. Look at lots of photos and learn to self-crit. Review everything all the time. Unless you just want to take snaps - but neither is it necessary to get hung up on being conceptual. Think about feeling, if that's not an impossible oxymoron.
Yes but somehow the understanding of basic stuff often needed to create an image seems to elude some newcommers. I was amazed how many in my photoclub was obsessed with the numbers in cases where they dont matter, then not paying attention when they did. Then I cant help being stubbon and "forget" my settings just to make the point they mostly dont matter, And when they do they are case specific.
Well if you dont have an interaction with someone comunication whats working and whats not simply taking pictures wont teach you much. Its the process of figuring out how to do better next time, what to change to make i work thatl teach you. you can do it on your own if you know what to aim for but mostly the tips, Ideas and knowlegde others give you make it easier and faster.
For the picky and argumentative amongst you I will of course have to add ... "IMHO"
I taught myself for the first 6 years, then in my teens the vast focal encyclopaedia of photography came out, and I bought that. Within a few months I knew it cover to cover. After that it was a question of keeping up with new developments. After three years army service I went tophotographic college, which gave me time to learn about graphic art, art and all those things that make photography come to life. I spent more time in galleries museums and theatres than in the studio. Perhaps the most important thing a photographer can do is learn to see. The tecnicalities are the easy bits.
Well yeah I am thickheaded. I spend a lot of my first years not learning and not understanding why my images was crap.
But being noone special Id figure there are a lot of people out there doing exactly that right now and sometimes you just have to have someone say what seems obvious.
My first paragraph was the path I took, I'm self taught, I first joined a photography forum (not this one), I bought a book on the exposure triangle and composition, watched a few youtube videos on wildlife photography and lighting and then went out and practiced a lot. I have an art and animation background so I like to think I've picked it up pretty quickly.
The web is both wonderful and full of woe.
Sorting the wheat from the tares is impossible for a new comer.
The problem is that the bad information pervades the web.
In the days of film there was almost a complete consensus about what was the best way of doing things.
Today the rubbish is in the majority.
I did everything.... workshops, books, videos, exhibitions, one to one tuition, this forum, when I was learning I devoured information from as many sources as possible.... there's a part of me that misses those days I think I need to start again! Photography is a way to creatively express yourself, we all know that here so I feel using whatever means you can to do that is absolutely fine. Shoot in whatever mode suits you and works for you.
First got interested when I was very small and got inspired by my uncle who was using big medium format cameras and who gave me a book on photography.
I found trying to learn with film cameras difficult, and slow as film and developing was expensive.
Roll on many years and I get first digital camera, take lots more pictures read more and start to make progress but still not happy with the results.
More years pass and daughter gets interested so buy her a dslr for 18th birthday and then decide to get some lessons.
Went to classes for a year - covering theory and practice for many genres, homework assignments, and projects. By far the best way to learn for me. Far faster progress than I was able to make under my own steam. By the end of course I was finally creating images I was happy with.


text:
In vitro study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani (aqueous extract): A polyherbal formulation
Sapna Narasanagi1, Marula Siddaswamy Mallikarjunaiah Kuppur2, M Shreevathsa1, Sunil Kumar Ramesh Channarayapatna3, Kini Ramachandra Kukkundur2, N Geetha2
1 Department of PG Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Studies in Biotechnology, Global Association of Scientific Young Minds, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Date of Web Publication 24-Jan-2019
Dr. Sapna Narasanagi
Department of PG Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Charaka Government Ayurveda Postgraduate Research Centre, Brindavana Extension, GAMC, Mysuru- 570 020, Karnataka
Background: Plants used in Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani (VMD) formulation were investigated individually by many scientists. Most of them have exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities when they have been extracted with the different solvents. Here, an attempt has been made to analyze these activities in aqueous extract of the whole formulation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyherbal formulation VMD. Material and Methods: Phytochemical constituents of VMD extract were analyzed using standardized protocols and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis for functional groups. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride method, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant properties of VMD aqueous extract was screened by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory potency was evaluated with inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). Results: Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin and phenols. The total phenolic content of VMD extract was 50 μg/ml of gallic acid equivalent and the total flavonoids content was 90 μg/ml Quercetin equivalent. It showed higher free radicals quenching capacity with an IC50 value of 34.20 ± 3.03 μg/ml for DPPH and ferric reducing ability by FRAP with an equivalent value of 560 μM (Fe++)/g extract. Significant inhibition of 15-LOX enzyme was prominent with increasing concentration of the sample with an IC50 of 33.62 ± 5.8 μg/ml. Conclusion: VMD has high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory potential and further studies can lead to identification and isolation of more potent therapeutic bioactive compounds from this extract.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, aqueous extract, Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani
Narasanagi S, Kuppur MS, Shreevathsa M, Channarayapatna SK, Kukkundur KR, Geetha N. In vitro study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani (aqueous extract): A polyherbal formulation. AYU 2018;39:81-6
Narasanagi S, Kuppur MS, Shreevathsa M, Channarayapatna SK, Kukkundur KR, Geetha N. In vitro study on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani (aqueous extract): A polyherbal formulation. AYU [serial online] 2018 [cited 2022 Jan 21];39:81-6. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2018/39/2/81/250777
The existence of herbal medicine worldwide has a long history; they were being used and well documented by ancient Indians, Egyptians, Greeks and Chinese for various therapeutic purposes.[1] It has been recorded from predated history that, knowledge about the use of plants for healing purposes was acquired from either folklore or traditional practice.[2],[3] Among the knowledge of ancient medicinal practices, Ayurveda stays unique from a vast variety of healing methods used and discussed in the literature. Increasing interest in the use of natural and traditional medicines worldwide reopened the opportunities to the Ayurvedic practitioners, chemists and pharmaceutical biotechnologists to work together in developing products of herbal formulations authenticated with rational scientific evidence and carefully standardized using authentic botanicals.[2],[4]
The concept of Saundarya (esthetics) is as old age as origin of mankind. As skin and its complexion is said to be one of the manifest forms of beauty or esthetics, it plays a significant role on individual's physical and mental health. Thus, skin and its complexion is one of the ways of expression of beauty as well as health of an individual. In Ayurveda, complexion is referred as Varṇa. It is included among the signs of health as well as measurement of the status of health. Varṇa (complexion) has various physiological and pathological implications.[5] Varṇa includes different parameters of skin. They are color, texture, luster, appearance, nourishment and also dermatological parameters such as skin hydration (dryness-oiliness), skin pigmentation (pigmented-none pigmented), skin sensitivity (sensitive-resistant) and skin wrinkling (wrinkle tight). Hence, disturbance in any of the above components of the skin is considered as Vaivarnya (skin discoloration).[6] Varnya is a classical term given for the task of restoring and retaining the natural hue, texture and tone of the skin, that is, enhancement of complexion.
Varnya Mahakashaya Dravya are the group of drugs which are used to treat and prevent the Vaivarnya related conditions, to maintain and enhance the complexion in healthy. These can be administered both internally and externally. According to Charaka Samhita, Varnya Mahakashaya is the eighth group of 50 Mahakashaya described in fourth chapter of Sutra Sthana of Charaka Samhita and includes viz. drugs: Chandana (Santalum Album), Tunga (Calophyllum inophyllum), Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides), Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides), Madhuka (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus), Payasya (Pueraria tuberosa), Sita (Cynodon dactylon) and Lata (Cynodon linearis)[7] [Table 1].
Table 1: Plants used in the preparation of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani
Thus, in an attempt to understand the mechanism of action of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani (VMD), the present study deals with the preliminary evaluation of antioxidant potential using in vitro antioxidant assays including scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX).
Plant sample extraction
The raw drugs were procured from Government Sandalwood Depot, Mysore, Karnataka and Alva's pharmacy, Moodbidari. VMD powder was prepared after cleaning followed by grinding in pulverizer and fine powder of all the ten drugs taken in equal quantity was prepared using a pulverizer. Dried powder of VMD was extracted with 400 ml of cold distilled water with gentle stirring for 3 days and kept in the dark with intermittent shaking.[8] After extraction, the liquid was filtered through Whatmann No. 1 filter paper and combined liquids were clarified by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 5 mins. The filtrate was collected, lyophilized, transferred to glass vials, and kept at 4°C before use.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani aqueous extract
Preliminary qualitative screening of VMD aqueous extract for the presence of phytochemicals such as phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins was analyzed according to the standard protocols for phytochemicals present in the sample.[9] [Table 1]
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopic analysis
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis is used for the identification of the functional groups which attributes to the secondary metabolites present within the sample. It produces combination of characteristic vibrations to each functional group, based upon the absorption of the infrared radiation.[9] Aqueous extract of VMD was subjected to FTIR to record the presence of various functional groups that attributed to the different secondary metabolites present in the plants. This was achieved by directly placing the sample on the probe of the instrument (Perkin Elmer Spectrum Version 10.03.09) and the spectra were collected over the wave number ranged from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1.[10],[11]
Total phenolic content
Phenolic metabolites in the samples were estimated using a method as described by Ainsworth and Gillespie, (2007) with slight modification.[12] Briefly, 50 μL of each sample and standard were added in a vial. 200 μL of 10% Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (v/v) was pipetted and vortexed to mix thoroughly. To the mixture, 800 μL of 700 mM Na2 CO3 was added and incubated at room temperature for 2 h. After incubation, the absorbance of each sample was measured at 765 nm. Gallic acid concentrations ranging from 0 to 250 μg/mL were prepared and the standard calibration curve was used to calculate total phenolic content. The samples were estimated in duplicate.
Total flavonoid content
Total flavonoids were estimated using aluminum chloride method.[13],[14] In brief, 50 μL of sample and 300 μL of NaNO2(1:20 w/v) were pipetted into a 10 ml test tube as the reaction volume was more than 1 ml. The contents were vortexed for 10s and left at room temperature for 5 min. 300 μL of AlCl3(1:10 w/v), 2 mL of 1M NaOH and 1.9 mL of distilled water were then added to the mixture. After vortexing for 10 s, the absorbance of each sample was measured at 510 nm. Quercetin concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 μg/mL were prepared and the standard calibration curve was obtained using a linear fit. The samples were analyzed in duplicate.
Determination of antioxidant activity
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay
DPPH scavenging potency of VMD was evaluated by employing the modified protocol.[15],[16] DPPH solution (300 μM) was prepared in methanol and 95 μl of DPPH was added to each well of a microtitre plate. Different concentrations of test samples (5 μl) were added to the respective wells. The plate was incubated for 30 min at room temperature and the absorbance was recorded at 517 nm. Ascorbic acid (AA) was used as positive control. The results were expressed as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and a dose-dependent curve was plotted to calculate the IC50 value. The values are represented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The percentage radical scavenging was calculated from the following formula.
% scavenging = ([Ac-As]/Ac) ×100
Where Ac was the absorbance of the control and As was the absorbance of the sample.
Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay
The reactive principle of chemicals in which iron reacts with a colorimetric probe to produce a blue product was used to quantitate antioxidant activity as earlier.[17],[18] An aliquot of 30 μL sample was mixed with 90 μL water and 900 μL ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reagent (2.5 mL of 20 mmol/L of 2, 4, 6-tri-2-pyridinyl-1, 3, 5-triazine in 40 mmol/L of HCl, 2.5 mL of 20 mmol/L of ferric chloride, 25 mL of 0.3 mol/L of acetate buffer (pH 3.6) and incubated at 37°C for 30 min. After incubation, the absorbance values were recorded at 593 nm with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer. Known ferrous sulphate contents ranging from 400 to 2000 μmol were used to generate the calibration curve. From the curve, the ferrous ions reduced by the sample were calculated using regression equation. The antioxidant activity was expressed as the amount of extract required to reduce 1 mmol of ferrous ions.
Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity
Lipoxygenase inhibition assay
Anti-inflammatory efficacy of extracts was assessed by measuring the inhibition of Soybean 15-LOX spectrophotometrically with the minor modifications.[16],[19] The substrate 0.2 μM linoleic acid was prepared in 0.2M borate buffer (pH 9). Different concentrations of plant extracts, that is, 1 μg to 60 μg in duplicate were mixed with 15-LOX enzyme and incubated for 2 min at room temperature. The substrate was added to the mixture and the absorbance was measured at 243 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Beckman Coulter, DU 730 Life Sciences). AA was used as positive control and methanol as a negative control. A dose-dependent curve was plotted to calculate the IC50 value.
Qualitative phytochemicals screening
Preliminary qualitative screening of VMD aqueous extract for the presence of phytochemicals showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin and phenols [Table 2].
Table 2: Phytochemicals constituents of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani extract
The FTIR spectrum of VMD extracts indicates the presence of differential functional groups which will help in predicting the possible phytochemicals present in the extract with reference to the available spectral data of the previous research based on the peak/frequency value in the region of infrared radiation. Extract analyzed showed the presence of different functional groups such as O-H, C-H, C = C and N-H. The slanted bend at the region of 3271.98 cm−1 due to O-H is suggestive of the presence of secondary amines and phenolics in the tested sample. Peaks observed at the frequency of 2967.25 cm−1 and 2881.26 cm−1 may be due to stretching of both strong and weaker aliphatic C-H group. The bend observed at the frequency of 1566.75 cm−1 due to the N-H bending aid in predicting the presence of amides in the extract. Stretching of C = C in the aromatic compounds was noted by observing frequency at 1457.07 cm−1. Although the bends between the frequencies of 1420–990 cm−1, confirm the stretching of S = O due to the presence of sulphoxides or sulphonamides, etc., favors us to predict this as symmetric stretching at frequency of 1390.21 cm−1 due to the presence of Nitro "N" groups in the extract [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani extract showing different spectral bands
Gallic acid as a standard for phenolic content, the VMD extract was examined for the amount of total phenolic content. With the gallic acid standard curve (R2 = 0.9), the phenolic content was recorded to be 50 μg/ml gallic acid equivalent [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Standard gallic acid curve for total phenolic content
VMD extract was analyzed for the quantitative estimation of total flavonoid content, with quercetin as standard for flavonoid content. Total flavonoid content that was determined from quercetin standard curve (R2 = 0.9) was found to be 90 μg/ml quercetin equivalent [Figure 3].
Figure 3: Standard quercetin cure for total flavonoid content
Antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay)
Free radicals play a major role in the skin-related problems as it is well indicated by many findings. Hence, the scavenging of free radicals plays an important role in the management of skin-associated complications.
The antioxidant activity of VMD extract was analyzed through DPPH assay, where it has shown the scavenging of the free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were expressed as IC50 value indicating the concentration of the extract required to scavenge 50% of DPPH. The IC50 value VMD extract was found to be 34.20 ± 3.03 μg/ml, while the standard AA has higher scavenging activity with an IC504.5 μg/ml.
Ferric reducing ability of VMD extract was determined by FRAP with known ferrous sulfate contents ranging from 400 to 2000 μmol to generate the standard calibration curve (R2 = 0.9). The mechanism of FRAP is based on the transfer of electrons to reduce the Fe3+ complex to Fe2+. The extract was prepared in 1 mg/ml concentration and 30 μl of sample was taken for the assay. Based on this, the extract taken was 30 μg (560 μM (Fe++)/g extract). The antioxidants present in the extract had reduced the Fe3+/ferricyanide complex to the ferrous form and thus proved the reducing power. The reducing ability observed was 560 μM (Fe++)/g extract [Figure 4].
Figure 4: Standard FeSO4 cure for ferric reducing antioxidant power
Anti-inflammatory activity: 15-lipoxygenase inhibition assay
Anti-inflammatory activity of VMD extract was evaluated using a contemporary assay, where the inhibition of lipoxygenase was monitored by the formation of hydroperoxylinoleic acid spectrometrically at 234 nm. The extract has shown anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 33.62 ± 5.8 μg/ml, whereas the reference compound AA exhibited IC50 value of 9.60 ± 0.046 μg/ml.
The total phenolic content, flavonoids content, DPPH, FRAP, and 15-LOX values of VMD extracts are shown in [Table 3].
Table 3: Total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, 1, 1diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 15-lipoxygenase values of Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani extract
Due to low cost and high effectiveness, almost 80% of Indian population are found to be dependent on traditional health care system in treating skin diseases.[20] Many studies have been conducted in evaluating the abilities of herbs/formulations toward treating skin abnormalities.[21] Taken together, use of Allium cepa extracts in seborrheic keratosis[22] and the antifungal activity of Allium sativum and A. cepa extracts in inhibiting the growth of Malassezia furfur, Candida albicans, Candida sp, in addition to 35 various dermatophyte species highlights the effectiveness of herbs in treating skin infections.[23] The chemopreventive ability of Azadirachta indica leaves extracts against murine skin carcinogenesis,[24] antiwarts efficiency of Ficus carica latex,[25] in vivo evidence of lavender oil in inhibiting immediate-type allergic reactions,[26] and the significant efficiency of sandalwood oil in decreasing papilloma incidence[27] are some of the other examples of efficacy of plant components for treating skin disorders. Even though attempts have been made to unravel the mechanism of action of some plant components,[26] many herbal remedies are still not completely analyzed.[25],[28] With newer insights, researchers disagree with "one drug fits all" concept due to renewed understanding in multi-ingredient interaction of traditionally designed polyherbal formulations.[2] With this line of interest, in the present investigation; the experiments were designed with the intention of evaluating in vitro bioactive potentials of Varnya Mahakashaya Dravya; a polyherbal formulation in an aqueous extract was used to treat vaivarnya. Several treatment modalities with varying efficacy for skin health have been developed due to esthetic unfavorability.[29] The importance of active radical scavengers in the protection of skin against both the intrinsic and extrinsic environment has been well documented by many researchers worldwide.[30],[31]
Varnya Mahakashaya Dravya as the name of the formulation itself indicates the form of usage, that is, Kashaya (decoction), wherein water is the base or vehicle through which different forms of polyherbal formulations can be prepared such as Kashaya (decoction),[32] Ghanavati (tablets/pills)[33] and Kalka (paste).[34] Thus, generally, VMD is prescribed for application with the water (cold or warm). Thereby, in this experiment, cold water extraction was carried out.
The results of phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and phenols in VMD aqueous extract. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of different predominant functional groups such as O-H, N-H, C-C and N-H in dissymmetric and symmetric fashions. The total phenolic content present in VMD aqueous extract was 50 μg/mg of gallic acid equivalent and the total flavonoids content was 90 μg/mg quercetin equivalent. VMD extract showed free radicals quenching capacity with an IC50 value of 34.20 ± 3.03 μg/ml for DPPH, in comparison with the standard AA (IC504.5 μg/ml). The Ferric reducing ability by FRAP of the VMD extract was 560 μM (Fe++)/g. Significant inhibition of 15-LOX enzyme was observed with the increasing concentration of the sample with an IC50 of 33.62 ± 5.8 μg/ml. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the body may induce DNA damage in melanocytes and also affect its proliferation.[35] Thus, the importance of flavonoids and phenolic components of VMD as active radical scavengers in protection of skin against both the intrinsic and extrinsic environment can be understood.
The results of the present study indicate that VMD has potent antioxidant capabilities which may efficiently scavenge ROS generated by the cells and may also take part in inhibiting secondary messengers that may stimulate melanogenesis, with references to the previous studies.[36],[37],[38] The antioxidant potency of VMD may also influence skin pigmentation by interacting with copper at active site to hold up the oxidative polymerization of melanin intermediates.[31],[36],[37] The result of the present investigation could be a preliminary proof to note, VMD is an effective composition to treat/to prevent skin discoloration by applying to the skin, as it composites the treatment composition containing an effective amount of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents with it.
Varnya Mahakashaya Dravya has high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential and further studies can lead to identification, isolation of the more potent therapeutic bioactive compound/s from this extract.
Pallavi G. A Study on the Concept of Varṇya Vis-à-Vis Clinical Evaluation of Efficacy of Varṇyagaṇale Pain Vyaṅga; 2012. p. 19.
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Narasanagi S. Literary and Applied Research on Ayurvedic Perspective of Aesthetics with Special Reference to the Efficacy of Varnya Mahakashaya on Facial Beauty, GAMC. Mysore; 2016. p. 89.
Narasanagi S. Literary and Applied Research on Ayurvedic Perspective of Aesthetics with Special Reference to the Efficacy of Varnya Mahakashaya on Facial Beauty, GAMC. Mysore; 2016. p. 218.
Handa SS. An Overview of Extraction Techniques for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. ICS-UNIDO. International centre for science and high technology, ICS-UNIDO, AREA Science Park, Bldg. L2, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy; 2008. p. 29-44.
Thamaraiselvi P, Lalitha P, Jayanthi P. Preliminary studies on phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of solvent extracts of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2012;2:115-22.
Maobe MA, Nyarango RM. Fourier transformer infra-red spectrophotometer analysis of Warburgia ugandensis medicinal herb used for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and pneumonia in Kisii region, Southwest Kenya. Global J Pharmacol 2013;7:61-8.
Packialakshmi N, Naziya S. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of various solvent extracts of Caralluma fimbriata. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci 2014;4:20.
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Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem 1999;64:555-9.
Zhang L, Ravipati AS, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Smith PT, et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal plants containing phenolic and flavonoid compounds. J Agric Food Chem 2011;59:12361-7.
Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset CL. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 1995;28:25-30.
Shailasree S, Sampath-Kumara KK, Niranjana SR, Prakash HS. In vitro antioxidant activity, lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and DNA protection properties of Memecylon species. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2013;5:257-62.
Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F. Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:3396-402.
Nagarani G, Abirami A, Siddhuraju P. A comparative study on antioxidant potentials, inhibitory activities against key enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract from different Momordica species. Food Sci Hum Wellness 2014;3:36-46.
Kemal C, Louis-Flamberg P, Krupinski-Olsen R, Shorter AL. Reductive inactivation of soybean lipoxygenase 1 by catechols: A possible mechanism for regulation of lipoxygenase activity. Biochemistry 1987;26:7064-72.
Tabassum N, Hamdani M. Plants used to treat skin diseases. Pharmacogn Rev 2014;8:52-60.
Rasheed A, Shama SN, Joy JM, Reddy BS, Roja C. Formulation and evaluation of herbal anti-acne moisturizer. Pak J Pharm Sci 2012;25:867-70.
Draelos ZD. The ability of onion extract gel to improve the cosmetic appearance of postsurgical scars. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008;7:101-4.
Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Shokoohamiri MR, Amirrajab N, Moghadasi B, Ghajari A, Zeini F, et al. In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia 2006;77:321-3.
Arora N, Bansal MP, Koul A. Azadirachta indica exerts chemopreventive action against murine skin cancer: Studies on histopathological, ultrastructural changes and modulation of NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT1. Oncol Res Featuring Preclin Clin Cancer Ther 2011;19:179-91.
Bohlooli S, Mohebipoor A, Mohammadi S, Kouhnavard M, Pashapoor S. Comparative study of fig tree efficacy in the treatment of common warts (Verruca vulgaris) vs. cryotherapy. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:524-6.
Kim HM, Cho SH. Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:221-6.
Dwivedi C, Abu-Ghazaleh A. Chemopreventive effects of sandalwood oil on skin papillomas in mice. Eur J Cancer Prev 1997;6:399-401.
Joshi AR, Joshi K. Ethnomedicinal plants used against skin diseases in some villages of Kali Gandaki, Bagmati and Tadi Likhu watersheds of Nepal.J. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2007;11:235-246.
Ebanks JP, Wickett RR, Boissy RE. Mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation: The rise and fall of complexion coloration. Int J Mol Sci 2009;10:4066-87.
Bissett DL. U.S. Patent No. 6,051,602. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; 2000.
Biedermann KA, Bissett DL, Deckner GE. U.S. Patent No. 5,833,998. Washington DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; 1998.
Ravindra A. Bhaishajya Kalpana Vijnana. Kwatha Kalpana. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan; 2016. p. 71.
Chandra SD, Devendra C, Kumar SH, Meena MS. A scientific study on Rakta Dhatu and its related disorder and effect of Varnya Mahakashaya Ghanvati and Chandra Prabha lepa in the management of Yuvan Pidika (acne vulgaris). Int J Ayurveda Pharma Res 2014;2:33-390.
Ravindra A. Bhaishajya Kalpana Vijnana. Kalka Kalpana. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan; 2016. p. 68.
Karg E, Odh G, Wittbjer A, Rosengren E, Rorsman H. Hydrogen peroxide as an inducer of elevated tyrosinase level in melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:209S-13S.
Briganti S, Camera E, Picardo M. Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmentation. Pigment Cell Res 2003;16:101-10.
1 A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF VARNYA MAHAKASHAYAGHANA VATI AND SHALMLYADI LEPA ON MUKHADUSHIKA
Ankita Dahiya
International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. 2021; 09(3): 549
2 Use of standardized units for a correct interpretation of IC50 values obtained from the inhibition of the DPPH radical by natural antioxidants
Flavio Martinez-Morales,Angel J. Alonso-Castro,Juan R. Zapata-Morales,Candy Carranza-Álvarez,Othoniel H. Aragon-Martinez
Chemical Papers. 2020; 74(10): 3325
Narasanagi S
Kuppur MS
Shreevathsa M
Channarayapatna SK
Kukkundur KR
Geetha N
Anti-inflammatory activity
antioxidant activity
aqueous extract
Varnya Mahakashaya Dashemani


Growing up in Kansas City has been an influence on my music. Even though my family loves to travel, I am always amazed by my hometown's beauty each time I return from a trip. Known for its fountains, elaborate Plaza Christmas lights, and barbecue, Kansas City is a pretty amazing place! Kansas Citians are big supporters of the arts and we have a lot of live theatre. I have had the opportunity to be exposed to a large range of music. I have performed in many musical theatre productions, and I think my original music has been influenced by this as well. I characterize my debut album called, "Just a Dreamy Idea," as alternative, delicate pop, but it does have a variety of musical influences. This album is available on Spotify (https://open.spotify.com/album/6USEdwGTpa5W1J2tJGebLs?si=ypN4uaodRx6-M_VxMWaKNA), iTunes (https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/just-a-dreamy-idea/1441598393), YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_mrNyXZJhE-lvadRdOScwu6fmx_sqS2R24) and more!
How important was music to you? Can you recall the moment when you decided that you wanted to be a musician? Was it an easy or difficult choice to make?
Music has been my biggest passion for as long as I can remember. My two sisters are a lot older than me and I always thought that I could do anything that they could do. I remember being four years old watching one of my sister's voice lessons and thinking, "I can do that!" I think it was in that moment that I knew I wanted to be a singer. Anything involving music is never a difficult choice for me. It's how I love to spend my time and what I look forward to most.
What's your favorite lyric from your track Alice?
What's your favorite way keep in touch with your fans?
Whats on the agenda for 2019?
The agenda for 2019 looks pretty exciting! I started off the year with the release of my first music video. I am currently working on a new single which I hope to share soon. It is an upbeat song with a nu-disco feel, and the lyrics are about accepting cultural differences. I hope to make a music video for this song too. On March 31st, I will be playing a live show in Kansas City. In addition to being a singer/songwriter, I am also an actor and dancer and am currently rehearsing for two musicals and a play. I plan to continue to write and record new music and am looking forward to seeing all that 2019 has in store!


Europe installed a total of 6.9 gigawatts of new solar power in 2016, a 20% decrease over the previous year's figures, a decrease which flies in the face of a global increase in installations of more than 50%, according to new figures from SolarPower Europe.
New figures from the European solar trade body, SolarPower Europe, showed that Europe's solar industry backslid while the rest of the world powered forward in 2016. European countries only installed 6.9 gigawatts (GW) of new solar capacity in 2016, compared to the 8.6 GW installed in 2015 — a 20% decrease. However, while Europe fell backward, the rest of the world — led by Asia and America — saw their installations over the same period increase by around 49%, from 51.2 GW in 2015 to 76.1 GW in 2016.
In reality, these figures are not entirely surprising. Policy support for renewable energies of any kind has recently been fluctuating in several major European countries, and the demand for solar in Asia, particularly, has skyrocketed over the past few years as the demand for non-fossil fuel-based electricity generation has increased (backed by government initiatives and policies).
Unsurprisingly, therefore, China was the largest solar market in 2016, installing 34.2 GW according to official reports — a 125% increase over 2015. The United States followed behind, installing 14 GW in 2016, up from only 7.3 GW in 2015. Japan ranked third, installing 8.6 GW, and India fourth with 4.5 GW.
"2016 will be remembered as the year that the first solar power purchase agreements were signed at levels that have made solar the lowest-cost power in many regions of the world," explained James Watson, CEO at SolarPower Europe.


Round nine for the year was an endurance race for Scalextric V8 Supercars. This consisted of 15 minute heats across the four lanes. Not only was it the first time for this class this year but also the first time for a new track.
This time we raced on Scalextric classic track with a few SCX pieces thrown in at the Joe's house. It was up to Joes usual high standard well thought out and not requiring as many marshalls as usual which meant some of us could just wander around and chat or put s#!t on each other. Hard to get a full pic of it though.
Glenn with the Tander Commodore did a great job on the night. He drove consistently well all night and finished up third overall on the night. Al owned the race taped Ingall car which he had obviously let his son Daniel drive. There were a few of these on the night which either showed that Rusty is not popular as knowone cared about smashing up the car or he has a few supporters. Bo had the Richo VY and drove to his usual 5th place.
Same cars and the rolling Ingall in the background. Behind is Greg in the Greg seat. He shared this over the night with Greg 2 who became quite relaxed there at times.
Chris did one race with the BA Ingall car and put it away. Need a bit of work those BA Fords.
Camerons great looking Skaife Commodore with Patto decals. His and my Ambrose BA Ford equalled each others lack of popularity.
A final pic to show of Devious Daves Team Brock Commodore once again.
Then came Greg, Rob, Chris Cameron and Greg 2.
I noticed that you got photos of the dreaded double inners, now called R1's in Sport. I was very surprised how well the V8's got through there. I was dreading that spot as too easy to crash and a potential nightmare for an off taking out the field, but it wasn't so bad.
The results show how close the pack was, other than Joe and Dave battling each other way out in front. those guys were in a class of their own. For the rest, the difference was just a deslot either by the driver or by another car blocking a lane. Once everyone got into a rhythm, the marshalls had little to do except for the occassional late braking duels. Racing these on a track with squeeze sections will be a hoot And someone asked about racing these as digital.... hmmmmm, that could be very interesting.
V8's proved to be a great class and would be a good series for 2006 (he says getting his bid in early for the AGM).
We have the V8 host class coming up next too. Oh well it is getting to the pointy end of the 1:1 V8 series so the more the merrier.
There were a few if onlys there too. If only I had have stuck with my original setup. If only Joe and Dave weren't so quick. The gauntlet is down now and all bets are off for the NC1 Classics which also run next time as well as the Open Sports class.
The Ninco track setup is out the window now and setting up for two classes with no practice over the next two weeks will be interesting. Can't find that ace up my sleeve now.
Just wondering what set up for the cars as I race at Luddenham with Steve and we are having a bit of fun with the V8 after we race our Flexi's.
Steve: Down here we run them weighted to about 115/125 grams,but our tracks are much shorted than Luddenham I think. These cars are pretty easy to set up.
Get your body rocking. Trim the 2 locating tabs off the front of the chassis.Sand the chassis so its clear of the body. File off a little of the thread from the screws so they don't catch the body when it rocks (Vinno has posted photos elsewhere). When you refit the screws, back them off a little at the front and about a turn at the rear.
I lowered the body a bit. Sand off some of the body posts, make sure the body doesnt touch the tyres though when rocking. Note that the chassis posts have a lip and sanding these doesn't do a lot (D'oh! it took a while to work that one out). Reinforced the posts with some plastic tubing.
Check the ride height of the guide. I sanded the fronts to get the guide nice and deep and have the fronts bearing no weight. Just put the front onto the rear wheels and use sandpaper. I also tapered the profile of the fronts using an emery board after truing, with the added advantage that the car looks like a V8.
Replaced rear tyres with Ninco soft racing. Others used Slot.It P2 or P3's. Just a light truing and make sure to round off the edges. Ninco tyres (20x11) are treaded to so I removed the outside tread to help the car to slide smoothly. I keep the rest of the tread while others used slicks. Didn't need to glue the tyres.
Trim the guide to suit. We race on plastic so its fussier than routed. I rounded the front of the guide's leading edge to stop it catching on slot rail joins. I also bevelled the front of the guide flag for the same reason. As a series 1 car, the self centre spring is too strong so I tossed it away. I trim off the sides off the guide leading edge so that it can turn a bit more. Check the contact strip springs were bent down to keep contact wth the guide. Trim the braid so it sits within the notches and doesn't push the braid down,which in turn lifts the guide up. I go so far as to file the braid to get it nice and smooth, then just spread out the end and bend it down a little. Doesn't need much and not enough to lift the guide or car, just enough so it will spring down if the car hits a bump.
I found the motor and bearings did not need gluing in place so I didn't. But the bearing/axle fit was sloppy so I oiled the axle then wicked SuperGlue into the bearing and turned the axle until the glue dried. Now its noticeably quieter and smoother.
Added weight into the side channels of the chassis and same underneath. Added double strip of lead under rear axle, but may remove this. Added a piece under the chassis just behind the guide. All up 100g, others went up to 120g but then some seemed to have a bit too much grip at the rears and were tippy.
When you've got a few weeks free can you detail how you modify your other quick cars too?
I have found that after sometime and cleaning the rear tyres they " Grow" and come loose on the wheels. we use WD40 and shellite to clean them. Once this has penetrated the tyre it is harded to glue so if you clean your tyres a lot or work them for routed tracks it is a good idea to glue them on first. I also found that my Lownes Falcon had the motor fitting looser that the other cars and would often come out,i don't know if this is common or not!