text:
On the Street -- MSU Licenses Plant Oil Enhancement Technology
September 25/East Lansing, Mich./US Fed News -- Technology that could enhance plants' seed oil content for food and animal feed applications has been licensed to BASF Plant Science under an exclusive commercial agreement with Michigan State University.
Following a long-term collaboration, a plant gene that regulates oil accumulation in plant seed was licensed to BASF Plant Science by MSU Technologies, Michigan State's technology transfer office. The gene is a transcription factor that produces a protein, dubbed Wrinkled1, which was isolated in the laboratory of professor of biochemistry and molecular biology Christoph Benning. It is being licensed by the plant biotechnology company for further development of enhanced soybean and canola varieties.
"The technology can be used in the development of new oil crops that have this transcription factor turned up to produce more oil in their seeds, and farmers can earn a bonus," MSU Technologies technology manager Thomas Herlache said. "This can improve production of vegetable oil in general, but also the oil used for biofuels."
The transcription factor can be used to turn gene expression up or down, like a tap on a faucet, he said. It was discovered in Benning's lab as a mutation causing wrinkly seeds of the Arabidopsis plant -- a mustard species commonly used for genetic research.
"Photosynthesis produces sugars," said Benning, who is internationally recognized for his research into plant lipid metabolism. "The Wrinkled1 protein controls the conversion of sugars into fatty acids and thereby affects carbon partitioning between carbohydrates and lipids. Enhancing this process is a viable strategy to increase the oil content in seeds."
"The worldwide license applies to development of Wrinked1 in canola and soybean for the life of the patents, approximately 20 years," Herlache said. The license does not cover application of the technology to other widely used oil-producing plants such as sunflower, safflower, peanut and palm.
Genetically engineered oilseed crops including soybean and canola already have been developed to resist insects and the effects of herbicides, but industry analysts say huge potential remains untapped in boosting nutritional value, fuel content and other commercial prospects.
"Beyond the application in seeds as currently licensed by BASF Plant Science, we believe that MSU can use this transcription factor to convert a starch storage organ into an oil storage organ in plants such as rutabaga," Benning said. "Moreover, we are confident that we can use Wrinkled1 to produce oil in straw of different grasses to enhance their energy density.
"Thus," he said, "Wrinkled1 is an important tool in the engineering of novel biofuel crops and, in addition, the enhancement of existing seed oil crops."
From the September 28, 2009, Prepared Foods E-dition
On the Street: Omega Protein Names SVP of Corporate Development; Comments on Impact of Gulf Oil Spill
On the Street -- New Technology from Danisco promises Better Probiotic Stability
On the Street -- Flax Council of Canada's Findings on Flax Oil Capsules


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Laing, O. (2018, November 20). What Do You Do When You're Alone.IAI News. https://iai.tv/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-lonely-auid-1172
Laing, Olivia. "What Do You Do When You're Alone." IAI News, 20 November 2018. https://iai.tv/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-be-lonely-auid-1172
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What Do You Do When You're Alone
Art, obsession and intimacy, according to the psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott
Issue 70, 20th November 2018
Olivia Laing
| Author of The Lonely City, Crudo and former deputy books editor of The Observer
1,173 words
Read time: approx. 6 mins
Loss is a cousin of loneliness. They intersect and overlap, and so it's not surprising that a work of mourning might invoke a feeling of aloneness, of separation. Mortality is lonely. Physical existence is lonely by its nature, stuck in a body that's moving inexorably towards decay, shrinking, wastage and fracture. Then there's the loneliness of bereavement, the loneliness of lost or damaged love, of missing one or many specific people, the loneliness of mourning.
Loneliness as a desire for closeness, for joining up, joining in, joining together, for gathering what has otherwise been sundered, abandoned, broken or left in isolation. Loneliness as a longing for integration, for a sense of feeling whole.
It's a funny business, threading things together, patching them up with cotton or string. Practical, but also symbolic, a work of the hands and the psyche alike. One of the most thoughtful accounts of the meanings contained in activities of this kind is provided by the psychoanalyst and paediatrician D. W. Winnicott, an heir to the work of Melanie Klein. Winnicott began his psychoanalytic career treating evacuee children during the Second World War. He worked lifelong on attachment and separation, developing along the way the concept of the transitional object, of holding, and of false and real selves, and how they develop in response to environments of danger and of safety.
In Playing and Reality, he describes the case of a small boy whose mother repeatedly left him to go into hospital, first to have his baby sister and then to receive treatment for depression. In the wake of these experiences, the boy became obsessed with string, using it to tie the furniture in the house together, knotting tables to chairs, yoking cushions to the fireplace. On one alarming occasion, he even tied a string around the neck of his infant sister.
"Loneliness as a longing for integration, for a sense of feeling whole."
Winnicott thought these actions were not, as the parents feared, random, naughty or insane, but rather declarative, a way of communicating something inadmissible in language. He thought that what the boy was trying to express was both a terror of separation and a desire to regain the contact he experienced as imperilled, maybe lost for good. 'String,' Winnicott wrote, 'can be looked upon as an extension of all other techniques of communication. String joins, just as it also helps in the wrapping up of objects and in the holding of unintegrated material. In this respect, string has a symbolic meaning for everyone,' adding warningly: 'an exaggeration of the use of string can easily belong to the beginning of a sense of insecurity or the idea of a lack of communication'.
The fear of separation is a central tenet of Winnicott's work. Primarily an infantile experience, it is a horror that lives on in the older child and the adult too, returning forcibly in circumstances of vulnerability or isolation. At its most extreme, this state gives rise to the cataclysmic feelings he called the fruits of privation, which include:
1) going to pieces
2) falling for ever
3) complete isolation because of there being no means for communication
4) disunion of psyche and soma
This list reports from the heart of loneliness, its central court. Falling apart, falling forever, never resuming vitality, becoming locked in perpetuity into the cell of solitary confinement, in which a sense of reality, of boundedness, is rapidly eroded: these are the consequences of separation, its bitter fruit.
What the infant desires in these scenes of abandonment is to be held, to be contained, to be soothed by the rhythms of the breath, the pumping heart, to be received back through the good mirror of the mother's smiling face. As for the older child, or the adult who was inadequately nurtured or has been cast backwards by loss into a primal experience of separation, these feelings often spark a need for transitional objects, for cathected, loved things that can help the self to gather and regroup.
One of the most interesting things about Winnicott's account of the small string-obsessed boy is that though he's at pains to insist the behaviour is not abnormal, he does perceive dangers associated with it. If contact was not renewed, he thought the individual could potentially topple from grief into despair, in which case the object play would become instead what he called perverse. In this unwelcome state of affairs, the function of the string would change 'into a denial of separation. As a denial of separation string becomes a thing in itself, something that has dangerous properties and must needs be mastered'.
"Art, Winnicott thought, was a place in which this kind of labour might be attempted, where one could move freely between integration and disintegration, doing the work of mending, the work of grief, preparing oneself for the dangerous, lovely business of intimacy."
When I first read that statement, I immediately recalled the big wicker bin in Henry Darger's room that I'd visited in Chicago. It was filled with the salvaged coils and snippets of string that he gathered from gutters and trash cans across the city. Back home, he spent hours each day unravelling them, smoothing out the strands before tying them together. It was an occupation that he found deeply emotional, to judge from his journal, in which he records not much more than attendance at mass and tangles and difficulties with cord and brown twine.
29 March 1968: 'Tantrums over tangles and tied knots slipping in twine. Threaten to throw ball at sacred images because of this difficulty.' 1 April 1968: 'Over tanglement of twine, difficult to do. Some severe tantrums and swear words.' 14 April 1968: 'From 2 to Six P. M. undid tangle of white twine to wrap around ball. More tantrums because sometimes the two ends of twine won't stay tied together.' 16 April 1968: 'Had trouble again with twine. Mad enough to wish I was a bad tornado. Swore at God.' 18 April 1968: 'Lots of twine and cord. Not tough tangles this time. Did singing instead of tantrums and swearing.
There is in this record such emotional intensity, such profound swells of anger and distress, that one gets a visceral sense of what it might be like to regard string as a dangerous material: to see it as something that must be subdued, something into which larger anxieties could be channelled, something that if handled wrongly could unleash an outpouring of overwhelming grief or rage.
But according to Winnicott, this kind of activity could do more than simply deny separation or displace feeling. The use of transitional objects like string could also be a way of acknowledging damage and healing wounds, binding up the self so that contact could be renewed. Art, Winnicott thought, was a place in which this kind of labour might be attempted, where one could move freely between integration and disintegration, doing the work of mending, the work of grief, preparing oneself for the dangerous, lovely business of intimacy.
This is an extract from The Lonely City: Adventures in the Art of Being Alone by Olivia Laing, published by Canongate
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Intellectual property (IP) is the umbrella term for the intelligence behind products that makes them unique and functional. It is increasingly the driver of wealth creation in the economy.
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economic factors such as the likelihood of being paid if the outcome is successful and the value of compensation likely to be received.
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Q: How to efficiently evaluate or approximate a road Clothoid? I'm facing the problem of computing values of a clothoid in C in real-time.
First I tried using the Matlab coder to obtain auto-generated C code for the quadgk-integrator for the Fresnel formulas. This essentially works great in my test scnearios. The only issue is that it runs incredibly slow (in Matlab as well as the auto-generated code).
Another option was interpolating a data-table of the unit clothoid connecting the sample points via straight lines (linear interpolation). I gave up after I found out that for only small changes in curvature (tiny steps along the clothoid) the results were obviously degrading to lines. What a surprise...
I know that circles may be plotted using a different formula but low changes in curvature are often encountered in real-world-scenarios and 30k sampling points in between the headings 0° and 360° didn't provide enough angular resolution for my problems.
Then I tried a Taylor approximation around the R = inf point hoping that there would be significant curvatures everywhere I wanted them to be. I soon realized I couldn't use more than 4 terms (power of 15) as the polynom otherwise quickly becomes unstable (probably due to numerical inaccuracies in double precision fp-computation). Thus obviously accuracy quickly degrades for large t values. And by "large t values" I'm talking about every point on the clothoid that represents a curve of more than 90° w.r.t. the zero curvature point.
For instance when evaluating a road that goes from R=150m to R=125m while making a 90° turn I'm way outside the region of valid approximation. Instead I'm in the range of 204.5° - 294.5° whereas my Taylor limit would be at around 90° of the unit clothoid.
I'm kinda done randomly trying out things now. I mean I could just try to spend time on the dozens of papers one finds on that topic. Or I could try to improve or combine some of the methods described above. Maybe there even exists an integrate function in Matlab that is compatible with the Coder and fast enough.
This problem is so fundamental it feels to me I shouldn't have that much trouble solving it. any suggetions?

A: about the 4 terms in Taylor series - you should be able to use much more. total theta of 2pi is certainly doable, with doubles.
you're probably calculating each term in isolation, according to the full formula, calculating full factorial and power values. that is the reason for losing precision extremely fast.
instead, calculate the terms progressively, the next one from the previous one. Find the formula for the ratio of the next term over the previous one in the series, and use it.
For increased precision, do not calculate in theta by rather in the distance, s (to not lose the precision on scaling).
your example is an extremely flat clothoid. if I made no mistake, it goes from (25/22) pi =~ 204.545° to (36/22) pi =~ 294.545° (why not include these details in your question?). Nevertheless it should be OK. Even 2 pi = 360°, the full circle (and twice that), should pose no problem.
given: r = 150 -> 125,  90 degrees turn :

  r s = A^2 = 150 s = 125 (s+x)

  =>  1+(x/s) = 150/125 = 1 + 25/125       x/s = 1/5

  theta = s^2/2A^2 = s^2 / (300 s) = s / 300  ;   = (pi/2) * (25/11)  = 204.545°
  theta2 = (s+x)^2/(300 s) = (6/5)^2 s / 300  ;   = (pi/2) * (36/11)  = 294.545°
  theta2 - theta = ( 36/25 - 1 ) s / 300 == pi/2

  =>  s = 300 * (pi/2) * (25/11) = 1070.99749554    x = s/5 = 214.1994991

      A^2 = 150 s = 150 * 300 * (pi/2) * (25/11)

      a = sqrt (2 A^2) = 300 sqrt ( (pi/2) * (25/11) ) = 566.83264608

The reference point is at r = Infinity, where theta = 0.
we have x = a INT[u=0..(s/a)] cos(u^2) d(u) where a = sqrt(2 r s) and theta = (s/a)^2. write out the Taylor series for cos, and integrate it, term-by-term, to get your Taylor approximation for x as function of distance, s, along the curve, from the 0-point. that's all.
next you have to decide with what density to calculate your points along the clothoid. you can find it from a desired tolerance value above the chord, for your minimal radius of 125. these points will thus define the approximation of the curve by line segments, drawn between the consecutive points.

A: I am doing my thesis in the same area right now.
My approach is the following.

*

*at each point on your clothoid, calculate the following  (change in heading / distance traveled along your clothoid), by this formula you can calculate the curvature at each point by this simple equation.

*you are going to plot each curvature value, your x-axis will be the distance along the clothoid, the y axis will be the curvature. By plotting this and applying very easy  linear regression algorithm (search for Peuker algorithm implementation in your language of choice)

*you can easily identify where are the curve sections with value of zero (Line has no curvature), or linearly increasing or decreasing (Euler spiral CCW/CW), or constant value != 0 (arc has constant curvature across all points on it).
I hope this will help you a little bit.
You can find my code on github. I implemented some algorithms for such problems like Peuker Algorithm.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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One of the first tasks of the Galle-Velsen twinning programme was to uplift the living standards of the shanty dwellers in Galle Municipal Area . The citizens of Velsen raised funds to develop infrastructure facilities of a selected area of Galle city, then known as Galwalawatta on Wakwella road. After effective improvements, the name Galwalawatta was changed to Velsenpura.
After the Tsunami, the Trade and Industry in the city of Sneek in Friesland had formed a Foundation in the name of "Handel en IndustrieSneek"HIS (Tradeand Industry Sneek) assit need people in this region.
A swimming pool located in front of Light House Hotel was declared open by Julian Bolling one of the greatest swimmers produced in Sri Lanka on 29th June 2008.
Few Committee members traveled to the north on 15th of August 2011 for the inauguration ceremony of the Micro Credit Project for IDPs in Vavuniya, Mannar and Mullaittivu Districts.
Netherlands Alumni Association of Lanka (NAAL) has been implemented various social development projects in Southern part of the country under the Galle-Velson twin City program and various other sources.


Cube replaces slice-by-slice, plane-after-plane, 2D acquisitions with one single 3D volume scan. You can easily reformat sub-millimeter, isotropic 3D Cube volume data into any plane—without gaps, and with the same resolution as the native plane. The new self-calibrating, parallel-imaging engine ARC helps to speed the sequence up and minimize artifacts. And you'll appreciate the exquisite tissue contrast.


text:
U.S. county in Illinois
U.S. county
St. Clair County Courthouse in Belleville
Location within the U.S. state of Illinois
Illinois's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 38°28′N 89°56′W / 38.47°N 89.93°W / 38.47; -89.93
Named for
Largest city
674 sq mi (1,750 km2)
16 sq mi (40 km2) 2.4%
380/sq mi (150/km2)
UTC−6 (Central)
UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district
www.co.st-clair.il.us
House in Lebanon, Il historic district
Mermaid House Hotel, Lebanon, Illinois
St. Clair County is the oldest county in Illinois; its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, bordering Missouri. It is a part of the Metro East in southern Illinois. According to the 2020 United States Census, it had a population of 257,400, making it the eighth-most populous county in Illinois and the most populous in the southern portion of the state. Its county seat is Belleville.[1] The county was founded in 1790 by the government of the Northwest Territory, from the western half of Knox County, before the establishment of Illinois as a state as the base for the Illinois Territory. Cahokia Village in the county was founded in 1697 and was a French settlement and former Jesuit mission.
St. Clair County is part of the American Bottom or Metro-East area of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
In 1970, the United States Census Bureau placed the mean center of U.S. population in St. Clair County.[2]
This area was occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous peoples. The first modern explorers and colonists of the area were French and French Canadians, founding a mission settlement in 1697 now known as Cahokia Village. After Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War in 1763 and absorbed its territory in North America east of the Mississippi River, British-American colonists began to move into the area. Many French Catholics moved to settlements west of the river rather than live under British Protestant rule.
After the United States achieved independence in the late 18th century, St. Clair County was the first county established in present-day Illinois; it antedates Illinois' existence as a separate jurisdiction. The county was established in 1790 by a proclamation of Arthur St. Clair, first governor of the Northwest Territory, who named it after himself.
The original boundary of St. Clair county covered a large area between the Mackinaw and Ohio rivers. In 1801, Governor William Henry Harrison re-established St. Clair County as part of the Indiana Territory, extending its northern border to Lake Superior and the international border with Rupert's Land.[3]
When the Illinois Territory was created in 1809, Territorial Secretary Nathaniel Pope, in his capacity as acting governor, issued a proclamation establishing St. Clair and Randolph County as the two original counties of Illinois.
St. Clair County as it was re-established in 1809. This diagonal border line had been drawn by the Indiana Territorial government in 1803.[3]
St. Clair County between 1812 and 1813
St. Clair County from 1827 to present
Originally developed for agriculture, this area became industrialized and urbanized in the area of East St. Louis, Illinois, a city that developed on the east side of the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. It was always strongly influenced by actions of businessmen from St. Louis, who were initially French Creole fur traders with western trading networks.
In the 19th century, industrialists from St. Louis put coal plants and other heavy industry on the east side of the river, developing East St. Louis. Coal from southern mines was transported on the river to East St. Louis, then fed by barge to St. Louis furnaces as needed. After bridges spanned the river, industry expanded.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the cities attracted immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and from the South. In 1910 there were 6,000 African Americans in the city. With the Great Migration underway from the rural South, to leave behind Jim Crow and disenfranchisement, by 1917, the African-American population in East St. Louis had doubled. Whites were generally hired first and given higher–paying jobs, but there were still opportunities for American blacks. If hired as strikebreakers, they were resented by white workers, and both groups competed for jobs and limited housing in East St. Louis. The city had not been able to keep up with the rapid growth of population. The United States was developing war industries to support its eventual entry into the Great War, now known as World War I.
Main article: East St. Louis riots
In February 1917 tensions in the city arose as white workers struck at the Aluminum Ore Company. Employers fiercely resisted union organizing, sometimes with violence. In this case they hired hundreds of blacks as strikebreakers. White workers complained to the city council about this practice in late May. Rumors circulated about an armed African American man robbing a white man, and whites began to attack blacks on the street. The governor ordered in the National Guard and peace seemed restored by early June.
"On July 1, a white man in a Ford shot into black homes. Armed African-Americans gathered in the area and shot into another oncoming Ford, killing two men who turned out to be police officers investigating the shooting."[4] Word spread and whites gathered at the Labor Temple; the next day they fanned out across the city, armed with guns, clubs, anything they could use against the blacks they encountered. From July 1 through July 3, 1917, the East St. Louis riots engulfed the city, with whites attacking blacks throughout the city, pulling them from streetcars, shooting and hanging them, burning their houses. During this period, some African Americans tried to swim or use boats to get to safety; thousands crossed the Eads Bridge to St. Louis, seeking refuge, until the police closed it off. The official death toll was 39 blacks and nine whites, but some historians believe more blacks were killed.[4] Because the riots were racial terrorism, the Equal Justice Initiative has included these deaths among the lynchings of African Americans in the state of Illinois in its 2017 3rd edition of its report, Lynching in America.[5]
The riots had disrupted East St. Louis, which had seemed to be on the rise as a flourishing industrial city. In addition to the human toll, they cost approximately $400,000 in property damage[6] (over $8 million, in 2017 US Dollars [7]). They have been described as among the worst labor and race-related riots in United States history, and they devastated the African-American community.
Rebuilding was difficult as workers were being drafted to fight in World War I. When the veterans returned, they struggled to find jobs and re-enter the economy, which had to shift down to peacetime.
In the late 20th century, national restructuring of heavy industry cost many jobs, hollowing out the city, which had a marked decline in population. Residents who did not leave have suffered high rates of poverty and crime. In the early 21st century, East St. Louis is a site of urban decay. Swathes of deteriorated housing were demolished and parts of the city have become urban prairie. In 2017 the city marked the centennial of the riots that had so affected its residents.
Other cities in St. Clair County border agricultural or vacant lands. Unlike the suburbs on the Missouri side of the metro area, those in Metro-East are typically separated by agriculture, or otherwise undeveloped land left after the decline of industry. The central portion of St. Clair county is located on a bluff along the Mississippi River. This area is being developed with suburban housing, particularly in Belleville, and its satellite cities. The eastern and southern portion of the county is sparsely populated. The older small communities and small tracts of newer suburban villages are located between large areas of land devoted to corn and soybean fields, the major commodity crops of the area.
According to the St. Clair County Historical Society, the county flag was designed in 1979 by Kent Zimmerman, a senior at O'Fallon Township High School. Zimmerman's flag won first place in a contest against submissions by more than 40 grade school and high school students from throughout the county. The winning entry features the outline of St. Clair County with an orange moon, a stalk of corn, and a pickaxe against a background of three stripes alternating green, yellow, and green.
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 674 square miles (1,750 km2), of which 658 square miles (1,700 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (2.4%) is water.[8]
Climate chart (explanation)
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[9]
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Belleville have ranged from a low of 22 °F (−6 °C) in January to a high of 90 °F (32 °C) in July, although a record low of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded in January 1977 and a record high of 117 °F (47 °C) at East St. Louis, Illinois was recorded in July 1954.[10][11][12] Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.02 inches (51 mm) in January to 4.18 inches (106 mm) in May.[9]
Major highways
U.S. Highway 40
Illinois Route 3
Illinois Route 13
Illinois Route 111
St. Clair County is home to 11 St. Louis MetroLink stations on the Red and Blue Lines.
East Riverfront
5th & Missouri
Jackie Joyner-Kersee Center
Memorial Hospital
Shiloh-Scott
St. Clair County is also served by Metrobus and Madison County Transit.
Adjacent counties and city
Madison County (north)
Clinton County (northeast)
Washington County (east)
Randolph County (south)
Monroe County (southwest)
St. Louis, Missouri (west)
St. Louis County, Missouri (west)
%±
1820 5,253 —
1830 7,078 34.7%
1840 13,631 92.6%
1890 66,571 7.7%
1910 119,870 38.3%
1940 166,899 5.8%
US Decennial Census[13]
1790-1960[14] 1900-1990[15]
In the 2020 United States Census the racial makeup of the county was 59.6% White, 29.7% black or African American, 1.4% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 2.1% from other races, and 6.8% from two or more races. 4.9% were of Hispanic or Latino origin.[18]
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 270,056 people, 105,045 households, and 70,689 families residing in the county.[19] The population density was 410.6 inhabitants per square mile (158.5/km2). There were 116,249 housing units at an average density of 176.7 per square mile (68.2/km2).[8] The racial makeup of the county was 64.6% white, 30.5% black or African American, 1.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 27.5% were German, 11.1% were Irish, 7.4% were English, and 4.6% were American.[20]
Of the 105,045 households, 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.7% were non-families, and 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 36.9 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $48,562 and the median income for a family was $61,042. Males had a median income of $47,958 versus $34,774 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,770. About 12.3% of families and 15.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.[21]
The Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center, operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections, is near East St. Louis.[22]
Also located in St. Clair County is Scott Air Force Base, which is home to U.S. Transportation Command, the Air Force's Air Mobility Command, and the Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command.
St. Clair County is a reliably Democratic county, having voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every presidential election since 1928, with the exception of the 1972 United States presidential election.
United States presidential election results for St. Clair County, Illinois[23]
2020 57,150 44.62% 68,325 53.34% 2,616 2.04%
2004 50,203 44.35% 62,410 55.14% 576 0.51%
1992 31,951 29.71% 57,625 53.58% 17,965 16.71%
1964 28,226 27.61% 74,005 72.39% 0 0.00%
1920 21,681 51.34% 14,032 33.23% 6,518 15.43%
1912 8,156 31.53% 10,826 41.85% 6,884 26.61%
1904 11,926 55.31% 8,200 38.03% 1,435 6.66%
1900 9,764 48.67% 9,827 48.98% 472 2.35%
Cahokia Heights
Mascoutah
Caseyville
Dupo
East Carondelet
Fairmont City
Freeburg
Hecker
Millstadt
New Athens
New Baden
Sauget
Smithton
St. Libory
Census-designated places
Floraville
Rentchler
Scott AFB
Unincorporated communities
Imbs
North Dupo
State Park Place
Engelmann
Prairie du Long
Shiloh Valley
Stites
Stookey
Former Township
Belleville[24]
Former Communities
Alorton
Bloody Island
Here is a list of school districts with any territory in the county, no matter how slight, even if the schools and/or administrative offices are located in other counties:[25]
K-12 school districts
Brooklyn Community Unit School District 188
Cahokia Community Unit School District 187
Collinsville Community Unit School District 10
Columbia Community Unit School District 4
Dupo Community Unit School District 196
East St. Louis School District 189
Lebanon Community Unit School District 9
Marissa Community Unit School District 40
Mascoutah Community Unit School District 19
New Athens Community Unit School District 60
Red Bud Community Unit School District 132
Waterloo Community Unit School District 5
Wesclin Community Unit School District 3
Secondary school districts
Belleville Township High School District 201
Freeburg Community High School District 77
O'Fallon Township High School District 203
Elementary school districts
Belle Valley School District 11
Belleville School District 118
Central School District 104
Harmony Emge School District 175
Freeburg Community Consolidated School District 70
Grant Community Consolidated School District 110
High Mount School District 116
Millstadt Consolidated Community School District 160
O'Fallon Community Consolidated School District 90
Pontiac-William Holliday School District 105
Shiloh Village School District 85
Signal Hill School District 181
Smithton Community Consolidated School District 130
St. Libory Consolidated School District 30
Whiteside School District 115
Wolf Branch School District 113
Illinois portal
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Clair County, Illinois
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "Mean Center of Population for the United States: 1790 to 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2001. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
^ a b White, Jesse. Origin and Evolution of Illinois Counties. State of Illinois, March 2010. [1]
^ a b Alison Keyes, "The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise", Smithsonian Magazine, 30 June 2017; accessed 26 May 2018
^ "Lynching in America/Supplement by County, 3rd ed. (2017) p. 4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 23, 2017. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
^ "The Negro Silent Protest Parade organized by the NAACP Fifth Ave., New York City July 28, 1917" (PDF). National Humanities Center, Research Triangle Park, NC. National Humanities Center. 2014. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ "Calculate the value of $400,000 in 1917". www.dollartimes.com.
^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
^ a b "Monthly Averages for Belleville IL". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
^ Westcott, Nancy E. (July 2011). "The Prolonged 1954 Midwestern US Heat Wave: Impacts and Responses". Wea. Climate Soc. 3 (3): 165–76. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-10-05002.1.
^ "Lessons Learned from 1950s' Heat Wave Show Planning Needed for Future Severe Events" (Press release). Illinois State Water Survey. May 18, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
^ Westcott, Nancy (January 19, 2010). "Impacts of the 1954 Heat Wave". 18th Conference on Applied Climatology. Atlanta GA: American Meteorological Society.
^ "US Decennial Census". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ "State & County QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
^ "St. Clair County, Illinois". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
^ "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
^ Southwestern Illinois Correctional Center. IL Dept of Corrections. Retrieved on July 10, 2010.
^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ "Belleville officially takes over township's duties". bnd.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: St. Clair County, IL" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 19, 2022. - Text list
A Brief History of St. Clair County, Illinois from rootsweb.com
St. Clair County Historical Society & Research Library
Places adjacent to St. Clair County, Illinois
Madison County Clinton County
City of St. Louis, Missouri and St. Louis County, Missouri
St. Clair County, Illinois
Monroe County Randolph County
Greater St. Louis
(over 50,000 in 2020)
O'Fallon (Missouri)
Medium-sized cities
Affton CDP
Mehlville CDP
Oakville CDP
O'Fallon (Illinois)
Webster Groves
Largest towns
and villages
Bellefontaine Neighbors
Concord CDP
Dardenne Prairie
Lake St. Louis
Lemay CDP
Old Jamestown CDP
St. Ann
Spanish Lake CDP
Troy (Illinois)
Troy (Missouri)
Missouri counties
St. Francois
Illinois counties
Macoupin
Metro East
Westplex
Municipalities and communities of St. Clair County, Illinois, United States
County seat: Belleville
Collinsville‡
Columbia‡
Madison‡
Fairmont City‡
Hecker‡
New Baden‡
unincorporated
Birkner
State Park Place‡
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Illinois Metro-East region
Major cities (25,000+)
Cities (5,000-25,000)
East Alton
Pontoon Beach
Communities (1,000-5,000)
Albers
Aviston
Beckemeyer
Benld
Breese
Rosewood Heights
St. Jacob
South Roxana
Valmeyer
Wamac
MidAmerica St. Louis Airport
St. Louis Downtown Airport
St. Louis Metro-East Airport
St. Louis Regional Airport
Scott Air Force Base
Kaskaskia College
Blackburn College
McKendree University
Gateway Grizzlies (baseball: Frontier League)
Alton River Dragons (baseball: Prospect League)
Massac
Mid-sized cities (25,000+)
Small Cities (10,000-25,000)
Mt. Vernon
Small Cities (5,000-10,000)
Carmi
Carterville
Du Quoin
Murphysboro
Pinckneyville
Airports/Military bases
Williamson County Regional Airport
Kellums
Cache River Airstrip
Pinckneyville Duquoin Airport
Harrisburg-Raleigh Regional Airport
Mt. Vernon Outland Airport
Southern Illinois Airport
Southern Illinois University (Carbondale)
Southeastern Illinois College
Rend Lake College
John A. Logan College
Shawnee Community College
Wabash Valley College
East St. Louis Community College Center
Morthland College
Olney Central College
Sports teams based in
the Southern Illinois
Gateway Grizzlies (baseball, Frontier League)
Southern Illinois Miners
Springfield (capital)
Census areas
American Bottom
Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area
Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area
Collar counties
Corn Belt
Forgottonia
Illinois–Indiana–Kentucky tri-state area
Metro Lakeland
Mississippi Alluvial Plain
Northwestern Illinois
Peoria metropolitan area
River Bend
Rockford metropolitan area
Wabash Valley
Alton/Granite City/Edwardsville
Arlington Heights/Palatine
Aurora/Naperville/Oswego/Plainfield
Bartlett/Hanover Park/Streamwood
Belleville/East St. Louis/Collinsville/O'Fallon
Berwyn/Cicero
Bloomington/Normal
Bolingbrook/Romeoville
Buffalo Grove/Wheeling
Carol Stream/Glendale Heights
Champaign/Urbana
Charleston/Mattoon
Crystal Lake/Algonquin
DeKalb/Sycamore
Des Plaines/Mount Prospect/Park Ridge
Downers Grove/Woodridge
Effingham
Elgin/Carpentersville
Elmhurst/Lombard/Addison
Evanston/Skokie
Glenview/Northbrook
Kankakee/Bradley/Bourbonnais
Marion/Herrin
Moline/East Moline/Rock Island
Orland Park/Tinley Park
Ottawa/Streator/LaSalle/Peru
Peoria/Pekin/East Peoria/Morton/Washington
Rockford/Belvidere/Machesney Park/Loves Park
Schaumburg/Hoffman Estates/Elk Grove Village
Sterling/Rock Falls
Waukegan/North Chicago/Gurnee
DuPage
Jo Daviess
Piatt
MusicBrainz area
1790 establishments in the Northwest Territory
Illinois counties on the Mississippi River
Populated places established in 1790


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Dr. Thomas Lönngren, former head of the EMA and today a pharmaceutical consultant, provides some insights on the aftermath of Brexit, describes current challenges the industry is facing and takes a short walk down memory lane on his career journey.
The summer of 2016 will be remembered for many things; record temperatures, terrorist acts in several European cities and a historic shock vote by the Brits, deciding to leave the European Union after 43 years. Brexit shook up the entire world, affecting markets in all areas, and the global pharmaceutical one was no exception. What the larger effects of Brexit will be on the life science industry are yet to be revealed. The consequences depend on how Britain will initiate article 50 (the piece of legislation allowing a country to exit the European Union) and how the negotiations will go with the European Union. But this separation will for sure have consequences for the European regulatory system, which subsequently affects the pharmaceutical industry, Thomas Lönngren, former Executive Director of the European Medicines Agency, notes.
"Such a big change of course creates uncertainty – and no industry wants to live with uncertainty. But it all depends on how the different stakeholders can deal with this uncertainty and continue to run their operations, and there are of course always those that are successful and less successful in these situations," says Thomas Lönngren.
"The UK is now facing a huge shift with the process of upgrading the British agency MHRA and creating their own laws and systems. For the companies there is a great deal of regulatory administrative work that awaits in order to fulfill the obligations towards both the UK and the EU as dual applications must be made," says Thomas Lönngren. One of the biggest changes that the European pharma industry is facing is the relocation of the London-based European Medicines Agency, EMA, which Thomas Lönngren headed for ten years.
Officials in Italy, Denmark and Sweden have expressed interest in taking over as hosts. Placing the agency in Sweden would be of great importance for the Swedish life science sector, Thomas Lönngren points out, but he also knows that the location of a European agencies is far from a clear-cut predictable process. During his time at the EMA he was involved in the job establishing new European agencies. One such complex example was during the establishment of the European Food Safety Agency, EFSA. The plan was to locate the new government body in Finland but then protests came from Silvio Berlusconi, the Italian president at the time, arguing that such an organization should be placed in the food mecca Parma, (using the argument that if was located in Finland it would be a frozen food Agency) where the EFSA was indeed established in 2002.
"This shows the difficulty of predicting where EU agencies are placed. These matters end up in the hands of the heads of government, which means that current negotiations with other member states are included in the equation," Thomas Lönngren explains.
Regardless of which member state will take over, the new location of the EMA will have consequences for the organization and not least for its near 900 employees, Thomas Lönngren's former colleagues.
"The majority of the staff members come from other member states. What is still unknown is what will happen to them and their families. Hearing about Brexit was of course really sad news for me. During my final years at EMA we worked for a new building that we finally moved into. This feels like a setback now that the agency will have to move, a process that takes careful planning and back up from the member states," says Thomas Lönngren.
Thomas Lönngren started out his career as a pharmacist. An interest in chemistry led him to further studies at a technical high school in Stockholm and then to academic studies in Pharmaceutical Faculty at Uppsala University. He got his degree in 1976 and after a few years of lecturing he was recruited to the National Board of Health and Welfare where he became a regulator, focusing on traditional medicines. In the 1990s he also spent several years in Vietnam where he acted as pharmaceutical advisor for SIDA and WHO. He was involved in developing drug policies, GMPs, antibiotic policies, new pharmaceutical factories and creating better access to medicines.
"It was a very interesting and challenging time that gave me a lot of international experience and insight. The country was very closed at the time and then when the market forces came in the healthcare system was shattered, resulting in a transition to private clinics and pharmacies on every corner," explains Lönngren.
After a time he was appointed Director of Operations of the Swedish Medical Products Agency and later on Director General. In 2001 he took over the position as Executive Director of the European Medicines Agency, a post he would hold over a decade of many transitions.
"It was great fun and a lot of challenges , I had outstanding colleagues and it was an amazing journey to be part of the work that took this smaller, unknown authority to the position of one of the world leading ones," Lönngren states.
In ten years the agency staff increased from 170 to 850 employees, handpicked from 27 different EU countries. Despite the size of the organization, Thomas Lönngren set out from the start to lead it in a non-hierarchical manner.
"I decided early on to remove the titles and adapted, for this context, a very Scandinavian diplomatic type of style of leadership. To create a consensus in the organization and develop it further," Lönngren explains.
He remained in his position for two five-year terms and then made a swift career shift, setting out on his own. Through a sole proprietorship he work and advice within regulatory and market accesses strategy for various clients, mainly as a strategic advisor for the NDA Group a leading global regulatory, market access and pharmacovigilance consultancy. After 16 years of living abroad, Thomas Lönngren moved back to Sweden this spring. A lot of his time is still spent in Boston/Cambridge and in Australia where he is non-executive board member in two medtech companies. NDA group has an office right next to Cambridge Square, Boston, an area that hosts a large biotech community. Even though the US life science is very US focused he notes some interest in Europe and the Nordic region.
"Science is highly reputable in Scandinavia. The knowledge within the Swedish pharmaceutical industry has always had an international influence and Swedish R&D at universities has for a long time been at the forefront," Lönngren states.
What will be crucial for the Nordic countries to remain strong on the global market is maintaining that fierce position in science but more importantly improving the business mindset.
"What is needed is to bring about an entrepreneur spirit, as well as more people who understand the global pharmaceutical development. The management at the biotech firms need to have that global perspective," Lönngren says.
The financial part is in the end one of the most important issues to focus on, he emphasizes. The key for the companies is to identify where the money is. A great deal of it is located in the United States.
"In Sweden and Europe there is not the same access to money and in Australia I see the same thing. The capital of smaller Australian firms barely covers a phase I trial, with the result that they have to move the operations to the US to get by. Some companies however have tried a different strategy. Instead of moving the whole business to the US, only part of the firm is transferred. Together with the recruitment of an American CEO, the companies have been able to attain some finances. Perhaps Swedish firms have to go somewhat in the same direction, with a strategic semi establishment in the US," Lönngren suggests.
Thomas Lönngren's years from the regulatory side and the last five years as a consultant have provided him with a proper overview of what the pharmaceutical sector is facing. In general, the industry, including small to large companies, is dealing with same kind of obstacles, he says. According to Thomas Lönngren, there are five important hurdles to identify. Mother Nature is the first, as understanding the complexity of the human body has become one of the biggest challenges today. Number two is the constant main concern; financing.
"Even though there have been some setbacks on the US market, the preconditions are still relatively good. Nevertheless, financing is often a tough issue for many companies, especially among smaller biotech firms where CEOs or others in the management have to devote much of their valuable time to raising money," Lönngren states.
A third difficulty is making the regulatory affairs work. According to Thomas Lönngren the companies that get it right from the beginning and have a transatlantic EMA, FDA point of view in drug development often tend to hit good results in the regulatory process, says. But there is still a great gap between those that manage to attain that success and those that don't.
"When it comes to small and mid-size biotech firms there are few that understand the global challenge from a regulatory perspective. Often, the mistakes are made on fundamental levels, like conducting inadequate studies and research and based on that making the wrong decisions," Thomas Lönngren believes.
The fourth challenge, and one that Thomas Lönngren has been highlighting for some time now, revolves around health technology assessment. To constantly include the added value and the payers' demands to generate evidence early in the development process. Remaining competitive is today to a great degree a matter of meeting the multiple needs of payers, he notes.
"This has become well established in Europe now and is starting to spread to the rest of the world, including the United States, where I am closely following the development. The US is now going through the process that European Union member countries did ten years ago; selecting pharmaceuticals based on their health economic value. The large pharmaceutical companies in Europe have understood the importance of developing drugs at an early stage for payers – patients and healthcare – and have thus created the right competence to manage it. A health economic analysis has to be included from the start of clinical trials, where regulatory demands and payers' demands are considered, to distinguish if it's worth taking a candidate to the market," Thomas Lönngren explains.
The fifth and final hurdle is about beating the odds, to go all the way and succeed in an establishment on the market.
"I have seen several new pharmaceuticals that have been approved but didn't get the expected market share at that time, due to various reasons. The benefit of the drug was perhaps minor, it was to costly or other competing companies stepped up their activities and gained market shares. Even if you get everything right with financing, regulatory affairs and convince payers of the added value, it's not given that you'll be successful on the market," Thomas Lönngren states.
These five hurdles are all connected, Thomas Lönngren concludes, and highlights the importance for pharma and biotech companies of maintaining a comprehensive life cycle view in drug development.
Something that Thomas Lönngren has become concerned about is the changes on the larger, global scale and the recent price development in pharmaceuticals. The difficult equation of ensuring that companies can get return investment for future R&D and finding a way for society to pay for it.
"When I started at EMA there was a crisis on how to come up with new pharmaceuticals. Through the recent developments in science there are now entirely new possibilities. What we are starting to see today is the ability to develop drugs that are disease modifiers, especially within the oncology field and where gene technology and immune technology is going. Should this have a continued positive outcome a possible scenario could be the emerge of a new type of disease modifiers and combination treatments within the next four to five years, making some cancer a chronic disease. The big question is how the healthcare sector will deal with the costs that this brings? This will be a huge challenge for society and I'm not sure that the health care authorities and politicians have understood this, nor have prepared for this development," Thomas Lönngren states.
After five years of working as a consultant, Thomas Lönngren is still happy with his decision to stride out on his own, although he sometimes misses the leadership role. The regulatory knowledge and understanding is of course still there. Being on the other side has provided him with new insights about drug development and the pharmaceutical industry.
"After five years of working with different pharmaceutical and biotech companies, from SMEs to big pharma, I have been able to get a new perspective of the pharmaceutical sector that I didn't have – and perhaps could have needed – during my time at EMA," Thomas Lönngren concludes.
There are no plans for retirement in sight, he says. Thomas Lönngren's plans for the future are to continue work his with NDA Group and other commitments and to keep up the regular US visits, with conferences in New York and San Francisco ahead. Later he will divide his time between Australia and Sweden, hoping to both enjoy the warmer summer period in Scandinavia and reestablish contact with the Swedish biotech industry.