text:
The Second Coming of Jesus Christ
In our Last Things series, we have thus far seen that every member of the church, whether living or deceased, will be lifted from the earth and given a glorified body in an event called the Rapture. At some point after the Rapture, the Lord will bring judgment upon the earth during a seven-year period of time called The Great Tribulation, which the prophet Daniel described as a time of distress such as never occurred since there was a nation until that time (Daniel 12:1), and which the Lord described as great tribulation, such as has not occurred since the beginning of the world until now, nor ever will (Matthew 24:21). During this period, the Lord will destroy every ungodly human institution, and all who will not repent will be killed. Multitudes from all over the world will repent in response to the preaching of 144,000 Israelites, and multitudes from among that multitude will be martyred. In mid-Tribulation, Antichrist will claim divinity, prohibit all Temple worship, and engage on a campaign to destroy every believer still alive, every Jew, and even the Lord Himself. His persecution of the Jews will continue almost until the end of the seven years by which time he will succeed in killing two-thirds of them. (Psalm 2:2; Jeremiah 31:33-34; Ezekiel 20:36-38, 36:22-27; Zechariah 13:8; Matthew 24:15-28; Acts 4:26; Romans 11:26-27; Revelation 12:1-17, 17:14)
We'll review our AMC Statement*, and then pick up from there.
AMC STATEMENT
We believe that upon physical death believers enter into the joyous presence of God, whereas non-believers enter into conscious suffering apart from God. We believe in the personal, bodily, visible, and pre-millennial return of the Lord Yeshua. At that time He will lift the corruption which now rests upon the whole of creation, totally restore Israel to her own land, give her the realization of God's covenanted promises and bring the whole world to the knowledge of God. We believe in the bodily resurrection of all men. Believers shall be resurrected to enjoy eternal life with God. Non-believers shall be resurrected to experience judgment and then eternal suffering/separation apart from God. (Jeremiah 30:7; Daniel 9:24-27; Ezekiel 20:33-40; Matthew 24:30; Acts 1:11; Romans 8:19-23; 11:25-27; 1 Corinthians 15:51-53; 1 Thessalonians 1:10; 4:13-18; 5:1-11; Titus 2:13; Revelation 3:10)1
Excerpt Relevant to The Second Coming of Jesus Christ
We believe in the personal, bodily, visible, and pre-millennial return of the Lord Yeshua. (Jeremiah 30:7; Daniel 9:24-27; Ezekiel 20:33-40; Matthew 24:30; Acts 1:11; Romans 11:25-27) *(Full AMC Statement)
I. The Term "Second Coming"
"Second Coming" is not a term that is found in Scripture. For that reason, a theological definition of the term cannot be found there. It is a term whose meaning must be agreed upon by those engaging in conversation about the event or events that they have in mind. Unfortunately, many use it to include two significant future events, and many use it to refer only to the second, breeding confusion.
There are at least three good reasons for viewing the coming of the Lord in the air for the Rapture (1 Thessalonians 4:17), and the actual feet-on-the-ground Return of the Lord to Earth, as two aspects of the Second Coming:
1. The Lord comes to the earth in each event, though only into the atmosphere in the first.
2. The word coming is used in reference to both. For the Rapture: 1 Thessalonians 4:15; 2 Thessalonians 2:1. For the feet-on-the-ground Return: Malachi 3:2; Matthew 24:27, 29; 26:64; Luke 21:27; 2 Thessalonians 2:8; Revelation 1:7; 3:11; 22:20. In 2 Thessalonians 2, notice how Paul uses coming twice in the same context; once in reference to the Rapture (verse 1), and once to the Lord's feet-on-the-ground Return (verse 8).
3. The Rapture and the feet-on-the-ground Return are as bookends to the Great Tribulation, and relevant to it. With the Rapture, the Lord rescues us from the wrath to come (1 Thessalonians 1:10). With His Return, He brings the Great Tribulation to a close.
Dr. Chafer takes this view:
"Thus it may be seen that this period of unsurpassed trial upon the earth, when the blasphemous claims of Satan and man are to be proven and God's testimony is to be vindicated, is bounded by the two events in the Second Coming of Christ: when He comes for His saints (I Thes. 4:16, 17), to gather to Himself His heavenly people, and when He comes with His saints (Rev. 19:11-21) to be the complete fulfillment of all the covenants of God with His earthly people."2 (Italics by N. Manzon)
There is also good reason for viewing only the second of the two events as the Second Coming because it is the only event of the two in which the Lord will actually touch down on earth as He did for His first advent. It also conveniently distinguishes it from the Rapture.
For clarity's sake, then, let it be known that for this study what will be referred to as the Second Coming will solely be the actual feet-on-the-ground Return of the Lord.
It is not the intent of this study to parse every scripture relevant to the Second Coming. However, we will examine its prophetic placement, situational trigger, manner, location and significance.
II. The Prophetic Placement of the Second Coming
With the Law of Moses, the Lord chose to highlight seven epochal events from the cross to the Kingdom in the seven annual prophetic feasts of Leviticus 23, namely, Passover, Unleavened Bread, Firstfruits, Pentecost, Trumpets, Day of Atonement and Tabernacles. The first four have been fulfilled by the crucifixion, the sinlessness of the sacrificed Lamb of God, the Lord's resurrection, and the formation of the church on the Day of Pentecost. Yet to be fulfilled are Trumpets by the Rapture, the Day of Atonement by the Great Tribulation, and Tabernacles by the Millennial or Messianic Kingdom.3 Inasmuch as the Lord's Return will bring the Tribulation to an end, it will, of necessity, be "pre-millennial," as our Statement declares.
III. The Trigger of the Second Coming
We have seen that the Lord will Return very near or at the conclusion of the Great Tribulation; but what specific event will be His cue, the "trigger," for His Return?
A. Theological Groundwork
1. The Promise of Salvation to All Israel
The Lord made a covenant with Israel that has come to be known as the New Covenant.
31. "Behold, days are coming," declares the LORD, "when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, 32. not like the covenant which I made with their fathers in the day I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, although I was a husband to them," declares the LORD. 33. "But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days," declares the LORD, "I will put My law within them and on their heart I will write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 34. "They will not teach again, each man his neighbor and each man his brother, saying, 'Know the LORD,' for they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them," declares the LORD, "for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more."
~ Jeremiah 31:31-34 ~
The New Covenant was not made with mankind in general, but specifically, with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah, that is, with all Israel. Even after the crucifixion and the formation of the church at Pentecost, Paul spoke of my kinsmen according to the flesh who are Israelites, to whom belongs - present tense - the covenants . . . and the promises (Romans 9:3-4). Though God opened the door of salvation and membership in the body to individual Gentiles as Paul explained in Ephesians 2:12-13 and 3:16, there can be no question that, in Romans 9:3-4, that same Paul was speaking specifically of the physical descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Israel.
There is a promise in the Jeremiah passage that God has not extended to the Gentiles in general or to any Gentile nation: they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them," declares the LORD (Jeremiah 31:34), which Paul reiterated in Romans 11:26-27:
26. and so all Israel will be saved; just as it is written, "THE DELIVERER WILL COME FROM ZION, HE WILL REMOVE UNGODLINESS FROM JACOB." 27. "THIS IS MY COVENANT WITH THEM, WHEN I TAKE AWAY THEIR SINS" (cf. Isaiah 59:20-21).
Speaking specifically of Israel, Paul declared to the Romans believers in the next verse, 28. From the standpoint of the gospel they are enemies for your sake, but from the standpoint of God's choice they are beloved for the sake of the fathers.
Why were they, at that late date, still beloved for the sake of the fathers? Verse 29: for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable - speaking specifically of Israel.
To sum up, there is a promise that God made solely to Israel that He has yet to fulfill: they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them. See also Ezekiel 11:19-20; 36:25-29.
2. The Offer of the Kingdom to Israel
Matthew 3:1-2: 1. Now in those days John the Baptist came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, saying, 2. "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand."
Mark 1:14-15: 14. Now after John had been taken into custody, Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of God, 15. and saying, "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel."4
Both John and Jesus announced to Israel that the Kingdom is at hand, or as other translations have it, is near.
a. The Nature of the Promised Kingdom
The kingdom that they preached at that time was not the kingdom that is within (Luke 17:21, KJV) or among you (NASB). The only prophesied kingdom that Scripture had revealed until that time - and copiously, at that - was the earthly, physical Kingdom of God on earth that Israel was looking forward to, where Israel would be delivered of her enemies and during which
2. Many nations will come and say, "Come and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD and to the house of the God of Jacob, that He may teach us about His ways and that we may walk in His paths." For from Zion will go forth the law, even the word of the LORD from Jerusalem. 3. And He will judge between many peoples and render decisions for mighty, distant nations. Then they will hammer their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift up sword against nation, and never again will they train for war. 4. Each of them will sit under his vine and under his fig tree, with no one to make them afraid, for the mouth of the LORD of hosts has spoken.
~ Micah 4:2-4 ~
It was this literal, physical Kingdom of God on earth that John and Jesus preached to Israel, and it was offered to Israel on condition.
b. The Condition for the Kingdom
What was the condition? Repentance and belief in the Gospel.
Matthew 3:2: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.
Mark 1:14-15:The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.
Jesus offered to establish His Kingdom if only Israel would receive Him as their Messiah. This is brought out clearly in Matthew 23:37-39 in His rebuke to the spiritual leaders of Israel:
37. Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, the way a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were unwilling. 38. Behold, your house is being left to you desolate! 39. For I say to you, from now on you will not see Me until you say, "BLESSED IS HE WHO COMES IN THE NAME OF THE LORD!"
~ Matthew 23:37-39 ~
They were unwilling to allow Him to gather them, and their house, their temple, their heart and hearth of national life, would be left desolate until they receive Him as Messiah, saying, "BLESSED IS HE WHO COMES IN THE NAME OF THE LORD!" And indeed, instead of Jesus establishing His Kingdom, He allowed the Romans to destroy both the Temple and the political nationhood of Israel in the dual military blows of 70 and 135 AD.
What did Peter say to Israel in his sermon shortly after Pentecost?
20: Therefore repent and return, so that your sins may be wiped away, in order that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord; 20. and that He may send Jesus, the Christ appointed for you, 21. whom heaven must receive until the period of restoration of all things about which God spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets from ancient time.
~ Acts 3:19-21 ~
He called upon Israel to repent of its sin of having rejected Jesus so that their personal sins may be forgiven in order that times of refreshing may come from the presence of the Lord, that is, so that the Kingdom would be established for which purpose God will send Jesus . . . whom heaven must receive until the period of restoration of all things, that is, until it was time for Him to establish His earthly Kingdom. However, Israel as a nation did not repent. Chapter 4 begins with the priests and the Sadducees arresting Peter for preaching Jesus.
The condition for the Lord's Return is brought out again in Hosea 5:15, where the preincarnate Son prophesied, I will go away and return to My place until they acknowledge their guilt and seek My face.
To sum up, the condition that Israel must meet for the Lord's Return to establish His Kingdom is the acknowledgment of their guilt in rejecting of Him, and in their plea for His forgiveness and favor.
c. When Israel Will Meet the Condition
The full Hosea 5:15 passage reads, I will go away and return to My place until they acknowledge their guilt and seek My face; In their affliction they will earnestly seek Me.
In their affliction. During the terrible time of Jacob's Trouble (Jeremiah 30:7, ASV) they will earnestly seek [His] face.
In mid-Tribulation, Antichrist will launch a furious campaign to annihilate all Jews once and for all, and will succeed in killing two-thirds of them. They will be the rebels of Ezekiel 20:36-38 who will reject the spiritual insight that the Lord will offer in regard to the seven-year treaty of protection that Antichrist will propose to make with Israel. They will successfully lobby for its passage in the Knesset (Parliament) and, in mid-Tribulation, take the number of the Beast (Antichrist). The remaining third will receive the insight that the Lord will offer, lobby against the treaty, though unsuccessfully, and will refuse the number of the Beast. Whereas the Lord will allow Antichrist to kill the rebels, He will protect the non-rebels from Antichrist's slaughter, and will, near the end of the Tribulation, reveal His messiahship to them, and they will believe in Jesus. They will acknowledge Israel's guilt in their rejection of Him at His first advent, and will earnestly seek [His] face. (Ezekiel 20:36-38; Zechariah 13:8-9; Matthew 24:22. Also, The Great Tribulation.)
Immediately following Hosea 5:15 is 6:1-3:
1. Come, let us return to the LORD. For He has torn us, but He will heal us; He has wounded us, but He will bandage us. 2. He will revive us after two days; He will raise us up on the third day, that we may live before Him. 3. So let us know, let us press on to know the LORD. His going forth is as certain as the dawn; and He will come to us like the rain, like the spring rain watering the earth.
~ Hosea 6:1-3 ~
Also Zechariah 12:10:
I will pour out on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the Spirit of grace and of supplication, so that they will look on Me whom they have pierced; and they will mourn for Him, as one mourns for an only son, and they will weep bitterly over Him like the bitter weeping over a firstborn.
And their lament shall be:
2. For He [Yeshua] grew up before Him [God the Father] like a tender shoot, and like a root out of parched ground; He has no stately form or majesty that we should look upon Him, nor appearance that we should be attracted to Him. 3. He was despised and forsaken of men, a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief; and like one from whom men hide their face He was despised, and we did not esteem Him. 4. Surely our griefs He Himself bore, and our sorrows He carried; yet we ourselves esteemed Him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. 5. But He was pierced through for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; the chastening for our well-being fell upon Him, and by His scourging we are healed. 6. All of us like sheep have gone astray, each of us has turned to his own way; but the LORD has caused the iniquity of us all to fall on Him.
~ Isaiah 53:2-6 ~
He who spared them physically from the wrath of the Beast will now save them spiritually.
In that day a fountain will be opened for the house of David and for the inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin and for impurity (Zechariah 13:1).
He will save every last one of them: "for they will all know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them," declares the LORD, "for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more"; and He will return.
Let us return to the Zechariah 12:10 passage. The clause, they will look on Me whom they have pierced implies that they are looking on the Lord's physical Person, meaning that He had already returned. But the Lord said He would not return until after they repent - so how could they look on Him before they repent? The answer is in the translation of the word often translated on (as in the NASB) or upon (as in the King James). Dr. Fruchtenbaum points out that it should be translated unto,5 which does not necessitate His presence on earth; and indeed, that is how the acclaimed American Standard Version and the Revised Version have it: they shall look unto me whom they have pierced. Also Young's Literal Translation: they have looked unto me whom they have pierced. The Jewish Publication Society Bible: they shall look unto me because they have thrust him through. The Complete Jewish Bible, the Easy to Read Version and the International Standard Version render it they will look to me, which also does not necessitate His presence on earth.
Thus, the "trigger" that will move the Lord to return to earth will be the national repentance of Israel for having rejected Him at His First Coming, and their longing for Him to return and be reunited with Him. He left when they rejected Him, and He will return when they embrace Him. They will look unto Him in repentance, and He will return.
IV. The Manner of the Second Coming
Manner is a rather tame word; yet it is used in certain translations of Acts 1:11 to describe certain aspects of the Lord's Return. However, the word lacks the drama and the passion that so many passages exude when describing His Return. Manner, though, seems to be the best English word to cover all the bases. In our use here, it will certainly include the "mechanics" of His Return, but my prayer is that, by the grace of God, through the descriptions of His Return in the passages presented, the reader may be captivated by those intangible aspects of Scripture that theological studies often fail to convey. May this presentation impress upon the reader the dignity, the deportment, the regality, the glorious bearing, the divine demeanor of the Lord upon His Return. May we not smother ourselves in the dry nuts and bolts of this amazing event and render ourselves impervious to its vigor, its vibrant life and its fiery spectacle. The anticipation of the Lord's Second Coming should move us to our core.
Grasping the "mechanics" of the Lord's Return is important. It's like locking oneself into a roller coaster. As one must not allow himself to be thrown out of a roller coaster, neither must he allow himself to be thrown out of the safety of sound theological thinking. For this, the nuts and bolts are important. Yet, one rides a roller coaster for the enjoyment of it. As servants of the Lord our priority is not enjoyment, but service. Nevertheless, Scripture does say, for the joy set before Him [He] endured the cross (Hebrews 12:2). Therefore, in our effort to grasp the "mechanics" of the Second Coming, let us also be swept above the mundane cares of our present world system by the drama and the passion of the Lord's Second Coming and by its song of hope.
A. Acts 1:9-11
Before the Lord's Ascension, He met with His disciples on the Mount of Olives and gave them their final instructions before His departure.
9. And after He had said these things, He was lifted up while they were looking on, and a cloud received Him out of their sight. 10. And as they were gazing intently into the sky while He was going, behold, two men in white clothing stood beside them. 11. They also said, "Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This Jesus, who has been taken up from you into heaven, will come in just the same way [manner] as you have watched Him go into heaven."
The Lord will return from Heaven in just the same way that His disciples saw Him ascend into Heaven.
In what way (or manner, ASV, KJV, etc.) did He ascend?
He ascended in a real body with substance, not as a spirit or in some wispy, spirit body.
After His resurrection, He also presented Himself alive after His suffering, by many convincing proofs, appearing to [His disciples] over a period of forty days and speaking of the things concerning the kingdom of God (Acts 1:3).
He appeared in a body of flesh and bones, as He Himself stated, one capable of eating physical food (Luke 24:39-43). He also proved His bodily presence to Thomas by bidding him put his hand into his side (John 20:27-28). If there were no substance for Thomas to feel, how would he have been convinced?
It was a flesh and bones body that He rose in, and it will be in a flesh and bones body that He will return in.
He ascended in a flesh and bones body, but in a heavenly, glorified, immortal flesh and bones body.
20. But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who are asleep. . . . 42. So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown a perishable body, it is raised an imperishable body; 43. it is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44. it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body. . . . 49. Just as we have borne the image of the earthy, we will also bear the image of the heavenly.
~ 1 Corinthians 15:20-57 ~
The Lord will not be returning in any allegorical, symbolic or figurative sense. His Return will be "personal, bodily, visible," as the Statement reads, but in a glorified, imperishable, heavenly, flesh and bones body.
He ascended gradually, slowly enough so that His disciples were able to observe His ascent, and will return gradually enough for, every eye will see Him (Revelation 1:7).
A cloud received Him out of their sight. It seems certain that this cloud will not be the kind of cloud we normally see, but a cloud of the Shechinah Glory as a number of the passages describing His Return speak of His Coming in great glory. (Matthew 24:30; Mark 13:26; Luke 21:27)
One thing to note is that the passage makes it clear that the Lord ascended from the Mount of Olives, but it does not say that He will touch down on the Mount of Olives. It merely says that He will come in just the same way. He will, indeed, stand upon the Mount of Olives, but it will not be the location at which He will touch down. Where He will touch down will be examined shortly.
B. Other Passages
The following passages will be presented in groups. At the end of each group comments will be made.
Malachi 3:2-3:
2. But who can endure the day of His coming? And who can stand when He appears? For He is like a refiner's fire and like fullers' soap. 3. He will sit as a smelter and purifier of silver, and He will purify the sons of Levi and refine them like gold and silver, so that they may present to the LORD offerings in righteousness.
The Lord will come for the purpose of fiery purging and purification. One of the objects of His purifying fire will be the members of the tribe of Levi, those Levites who are among the non-rebel survivors at the end of Jacob's Trouble, so that when the new order of Temple worship is instituted in the Kingdom, the Levitical priesthood will be in place to serve. (cf. Isaiah 66:20-23; Ezekiel 40:1-46:24)
Parallel Passages Matthew 24:27-30 and Luke 21:25-27:
27. For just as the lightning comes from the east and flashes even to the west, so will the coming of the Son of Man be. . . . 29. But immediately after the tribulation of those days THE SUN WILL BE DARKENED, AND THE MOON WILL NOT GIVE ITS LIGHT, AND THE STARS WILL FALL from the sky, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 30. And then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the SON OF MAN COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF THE SKY with power and great glory.
~ Matthew 24:27, 29-30 ~
25. "There will be signs in sun and moon and stars, and on the earth dismay among nations, in perplexity at the roaring of the sea and the waves, 26. men fainting from fear and the expectation of the things which are coming upon the world; for the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 27. "Then they will see THE SON OF MAN COMING IN A CLOUD with power and great glory.
~ Luke 21:25-27 ~
Matthew 25:31: But when the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the angels with him . . . .
Matthew 26:64: You will see THE SON OF MAN SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF POWER, and COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF HEAVEN."
Revelation 1:7: BEHOLD, HE IS COMING WITH THE CLOUDS, and every eye will see Him, even those who pierced Him; and all the tribes of the earth will mourn over Him. So it is to be. Amen.
In the midst of terrible and fearful cataclysms in nature, both earthly and celestial, the Lord will come SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF POWER, meaning, with the full authority of God the Father. All the holy angels will be in His train. All of them. A countless number. Revelation 5:11 describes the number of angels around the throne of God as myriads of myriads, and thousands of thousands.
His entry will be as dramatic and obvious as a flash of lightning across the sky, and it will capture the attention of everyone on earth. Every eye will see Him as He will be coming with power and great glory in a cloud of the Shechinah Glory of God that will fill the sky around the planet. This all-pervasive, overwhelming cloud of glory will be the sign of the Coming of the Son of Man. It is no wonder that All the tribes of the earth will mourn over Him - not in repentance (Revelation 16:9,11), but in perplexity and fear of the great and apocalyptic judgments He will yet bring. One "tribe" alone will mourn in repentance, even those who pierced Him - but their mourning triggered His return. According to the passage, they will yet be mourning, though their mourning will, no doubt, be overtaken by joy.
Revelation 16:16-21:
16. And they gathered them together to the place which in Hebrew is called Har-Magedon.17. Then the seventh angel poured out his bowl upon the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple from the throne, saying, "It is done." 18. And there were flashes of lightning and sounds and peals of thunder; and there was a great earthquake, such as there had not been since man came to be upon the earth, so great an earthquake was it, and so mighty. 19. The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell. Babylon the great was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of His fierce wrath. 20. And every island fled away, and the mountains were not found. 21. And huge hailstones, about one hundred pounds each, came down from heaven upon men; and men blasphemed God because of the plague of the hail, because its plague was extremely severe.
11. And I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse, and He who sat on it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and wages war. 12. His eyes are a flame of fire, and on His head are many diadems; and He has a name written on Him which no one knows except Himself. 13. He is clothed with a robe dipped in blood, and His name is called The Word of God. 14. And the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, were following Him on white horses. 15. From His mouth comes a sharp sword, so that with it He may strike down the nations, and He will rule them with a rod of iron; and He treads the wine press of the fierce wrath of God, the Almighty. 16. And on His robe and on His thigh He has a name written, "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS." 17. Then I saw an angel standing in the sun, and he cried out with a loud voice, saying to all the birds which fly in midheaven, "Come, assemble for the great supper of God, 18. so that you may eat the flesh of kings and the flesh of commanders and the flesh of mighty men and the flesh of horses and of those who sit on them and the flesh of all men, both free men and slaves, and small and great." 19. And I saw the beast and the kings of the earth and their armies assembled to make war against Him who sat on the horse and against His army. 20. And the beast was seized, and with him the false prophet who performed the signs in his presence, by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast and those who worshiped his image; these two were thrown alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone. 21. And the rest were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse, and all the birds were filled with their flesh.
Zechariah 14:1-4:
1. Behold, a day is coming for the LORD when the spoil taken from you will be divided among you. 2. For I will gather all the nations against Jerusalem to battle, and the city will be captured, the houses plundered, the women ravished and half of the city exiled, but the rest of the people will not be cut off from the city. 3. Then the LORD will go forth and fight against those nations, as when He fights on a day of battle. 4. In that day His feet will stand on the Mount of Olives, which is in front of Jerusalem on the east; and the Mount of Olives will be split in its middle from east to west by a very large valley, so that half of the mountain will move toward the north and the other half toward the south.
2 Thessalonians 2:8: Then that lawless one will be revealed whom the Lord will slay with the breath of His mouth and bring to an end by the appearance of His coming.
From the vantage point of Antichrist's will, it will be he who will gather the world's armed forces on the vast plain known today as the Jezreel Valley near Mount Megiddo (Hebrew: Har-Magedon), some sixty miles north of Jerusalem (Revelation 19:16), and it will be for the purpose of destroying the Jews; but from the vantage point of the divine will, it will be God who will gather Antichrist's forces (Zechariah 14:2), and it will be for a different outcome altogether. It will be God, not Antichrist, who will orchestrate the outcome. The Lord will come as a conquering king to strike down the armies of the nations gathered against Israel and Himself. He will be coming not only with the entire company of the holy angels, but with His raptured saints, as well: And the armies which are in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, were following Him on white horses. Though myriads of angels and saints will accompany Him, Scripture provides no description of them assisting Him. There will be no "contest" between the combined forces of puny man and the omnipotence of God, and He will handle Antichrist like a rag doll. He will slay him with the mere breath of His mouth. And the rest were killed with the sword which came from the mouth of Him who sat on the horse. He will resurrect Antichrist, and throw him and the False Prophet alive into the lake of fire which burns with brimstone. He will rain down great hailstones on human populations to the accompaniment of lightning and thunder, and will strike the planet with an earthquake so great that the cities of the nations will be leveled. Jerusalem itself will be split in three, and Antichrist's world capitol, Babylon the great, was remembered before God, to give her the cup of the wine of His fierce wrath. When the forces of Antichrist are vanquished, the Lord will ascend the Mount of Olives in victory.
Thus, with the outpouring of this last series of Tribulation judgments, the Great Tribulation comes to an end. Then the seventh angel poured out his bowl upon the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple from the throne, saying, "It is done," a cry that is reminiscent of the Lord's final cry on the cross: It is finished (John 19:30). Though the Greek words are different, the basic concept is the same: In each case, the Lord declares the completion of an epochal work for which He had waited and prepared for millennia of earth time. Indeed, the first purchased the second, and the second will constitute a major portion of the fulfillment of the purposes of the first.
V. The Location of the Second Coming
We are now in a position to examine where the Lord will first touch earth upon His Return.
To the east of Israel across the Jordan River is a long series of mountain ranges that extends far beyond Israel's northernmost and southernmost points and passes through the territories that touched Israel's eastern biblical border, namely (from north to south), they are Bashan, Ammon, Moab and Edom. In regard to the prophesied destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, the Lord warned, But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then recognize that her desolation is near. 21. Then those who are in Judea must flee to the mountains (Luke 21:20-21). It was to these mountains that the Judean believers fled in 68 AD during a break in the Roman siege of Jerusalem, specifically to Pella, a city of the biblical Decapolis in northern Jordan, between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. In a manner similar to which He warned that former generation of Israelites, the Lord also warned the Tribulation generation through His apostles,
14. This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come. 15. Therefore when you see the ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), 16. then those who are in Judea must flee to the mountains.
It will be to these same mountains to which the Judean non-rebel Jews will flee for refuge from Antichrist, but it will not be to Pella. It will to be to a place called, in Scripture, Bozrah. It is known today as Petra, in southern Jordan, half way between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Eilat (Israeli name) or Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic name). It is here to which the Lord will return to save the believing Israelites from the hand of Antichrist. (Isaiah 34:1-7; 63:1-6; Habakkuk 3:3; Micah 2:12-13 and Judges 5:4-5)
VI. The Significance of the Second Coming
Three major points come to mind.
A. The Deliverance of the World System
Since the Fall, the whole world lies in the power of the evil one (1 John 5:19). Satan has been the ruler of this world (John 12:31; 14:30; 16:11), the god of this age (2 Corinthians 4:4); but the Second Coming of the Lord will mark the deliverance of this world system with all of its grievous evils from the hand of the evil one. When this happens it will be joyously declared, The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ; and He will reign forever and ever (Revelation 11:15).
B. The Demonstration of the Lord's Faithfulness
With the Lord's Second Coming, God will prove to be a keeper of His promises to Israel, to the church, and to every believer from Adam to the last believer in the Millennium.
C. The Preparation of the Way For the Kingdom
His Coming will prepare the way for the establishment of His thousand-year Millennial or Messianic Kingdom on Earth, for the form of this world is passing away (1 Corinthians 7:31).
VII. Summary Passage
1. Why are the nations in an uproar and the peoples devising a vain thing? 2. The kings of the earth take their stand and the rulers take counsel together against the LORD and against His Anointed, saying, 3 ."Let us tear their fetters apart and cast away their cords from us!" 4. He who sits in the heavens laughs, the Lord scoffs at them. 5. Then He will speak to them in His anger and terrify them in His fury, saying, 6. "But as for Me, I have installed My King upon Zion, My holy mountain."
7. "I will surely tell of the decree of the LORD: He said to Me, 'You are My Son, Today I have begotten You. 8. 'Ask of Me, and I will surely give the nations as Your inheritance, and the very ends of the earth as Your possession. 9. 'You shall break them with a rod of iron, You shall shatter them like earthenware.'"
10. Now therefore, O kings, show discernment; Take warning, O judges of the earth. 11. Worship the LORD with reverence and rejoice with trembling. 12. Do homage to the Son, that He not become angry, and you perish in the way, for His wrath may soon be kindled.
How blessed are all who take refuge in Him!
~ Psalm 2:1-12 ~
VIII. Concluding Passage
He who testifies to these things says,
"Yes, I am coming quickly."
Amen. Come, Lord Jesus.
The grace of the Lord
Jesus be with all.
~ Revelation 22:20-21 ~
1. The entire We Believe statement of the Association of Messianic Congregations may be found at http://www.messianicassociation.org/believe.htm.
2. Dr. Lewis Sperry Chafer. Satan (1909: In the Public Domain), Chapter 8. http://readcentral.com/massappealnews//chapters/Lewis-Sperry-Chafer/Satan/009
3. See author's study, The Prophetic Feasts of Israel.
4. Matthew's kingdom of Heaven and Mark's kingdom of God are one and the same: the Messianic or Millennial Kingdom. Mark took the liberty of using "God" as he was writing to the Romans, but that was a liberty that Matthew couldn't take as using "God" would offend the Jews, to whom he wrote.
5. Dr. Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Footsteps of the Messiah, p. 310. Also Dr. Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum, Messianic Bible Study 003: The Basis of the Second Coming of the Messiah, p. 12.
By Dr. Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum
1. The Footsteps of the Messiah: A Study of the Sequence of Prophetic Events. Many consider Footsteps a landmark work in the piecing together of end-time prophecy.
2. Messianic Bible Study 002: The Jews and the Tribulation
3. Messianic Bible Study 003: The Basis of the Second Coming of the Messiah
4. Messianic Bible Study 004: The Campaign of Armageddon
5. Messianic Bible Study 010: The Rise and Fall of the Antichrist
6. Messianic Bible Study 017: The Messianic Kingdom
7. Messianic Bible Study 018: Israel and the Messianic Kingdom
8. Messianic Bible Study 028: The Olivet Discourse
9. Messianic Bible Study 034: The Bible and Divine Revelation
10. Messianic Bible Study 038: The Sequence of Pretribulational Events
11. Messianic Bible Study 039: The Rapture of the Church
12. Messianic Bible Study 062: The Feasts of Israel
13. Messianic Bible Study 067: The Seventy Sevens of Daniel
14. Messianic Bible Study 075: The Resurrection of the Messiah
14. Messianic Bible Study 084: The Four Women of Revelation
15. Messianic Bible Study 113: The Jewish Wedding System and the Bride of the Messiah
* All of Dr. Fruchtenbaum's publications are available at Ariel Ministries in various formats, many for free listening and reading.
The Great Tribulation
First Coming, Rapture, Second Coming: Comparisons and Contrasts


text:
Rödles ein Ort im Besengau und ein Ortsteil von Bastheim im unterfränkischen Landkreis Rhön-Grabfeld.

Geschichte
Das Walddorf Rödles wird im Jahre 1143 erstmals in einer Schenkungsurkunde erwähnt. Alte Bezeichnungen waren Timprechtsrode und Rotiges.

Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nahm das Dorf wiederholt am Landeswettbewerb "Unser Dorf soll schöner werden" teil und wurde 1963 als "Blumendorf" ausgezeichnet.

Am 1. Januar 1972 wurde der bis dahin selbständige Ort in die Gemeinde Bastheim eingegliedert.

Kultur
Die katholische Kirche St. Udalricus wurde 1869 erbaut; der Turm stammt noch von der Vorgängerkirche vom Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts.

Kultureller Mittelpunkt des Ortes ist das renovierte Dorfgemeinschaftshaus, entstanden noch zur Zeit der Selbständigkeit des Dorfes. Eine weitere Begegnungsstätte aus privater Initiative ist das LandStadt Haus, das dem kulturellen Dialog dient.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Gemeinde Bastheim

Ort im Landkreis Rhön-Grabfeld
Geographie (Bastheim)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Rhön-Grabfeld)
Ersterwähnung 1143
Gemeindeauflösung 1972
Kirchdorf (Siedlungstyp)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Our free date club is the cool service for meeting and comunicate with divorced woman and fat men from Cuba!
All you need, post your profile with best photos to attract other young female and fat boys from Cuba!
Myfreedate gives nice opportunity to meet for the half of Cuba.
So lets get started. Becouse, thousands big female and broun-haired boy from Cuba are waiting for you on Myfreedate!


Drawing Kit Box Sketching Wooden Case Deluxe Pencil Art Set Easel Draw Artist. Model RSET-ART8100 is a comprehensive 134-piece collection of quality art materials housed in a beautiful multi-tiered wood case, a super gift. Includes 24 color pencils, 12 color sticks, 12 woodless color pencil, 3 watercolor sketch pencils, 12 graphite pencils, and 5 woodless graphite pencils. 6 Graphite sticks, 3 charcoal pencils, 3 woodless charcoal pencils, 6 compressed charcoal sticks, 4 vine charcoal, and 12 pastel pencils. 18 Soft pastels, 5 blending stumps, 1 pencil sharpener, 1 knead able eraser, 1 white eraser, 1 sanding block, 1 mannequin, and 1 6in ruler.
1 Sketching and drawing guide and a strong, rich, dark-tone wood case with self-stowing tiers, front closure hasps and leather look handle. The Premier Sketching and Drawing Set by Royal & Langnickel defines "deluxe" when it comes to art sets for artists and aspiring artists. In this multi-tiered case you'll discover all the drawing and sketching tools you'll need to create graphite, charcoal, color pencil and pastel sketches and drawings even watercolor pencils and a brush to add color to your composition. A comprehensive assortment of materials in a beautiful, dark-tone, wooden case.
Just add your preferred surface and you're ready to create a premier work of art. PO Boxes - Please include a physical street address. All Electrical Products including kitchen appliances, home video, audio systems, power tools, etc. Are USA standard Plug ins and operate at 100-200V Voltage.
If the voltage in your country is not within the 100-200V range, please make sure that you have a power transformer ready before you use the product. Your feedback and DSRs are important to us. Backordered or Out of Stock. We are a clearing house of major retailers. This item ships directly from the warehouse and is in stock at the time of listing, However occasionally an item may become out of stock with the supplier.
The item "Drawing Kit Box Sketching Wooden Case Deluxe Pencil Art Set Easel Draw Artist" is in sale since Monday, August 10, 2015. This item is in the category "Crafts\Art Supplies\Drawing\Other Drawing Supplies".
The seller is "trilvester" and is located in All over USA. This item can be shipped to United States, to Canada, to United Kingdom, DK, RO, SK, BG, CZ, FI, HU, LV, LT, MT, EE, to Australia, GR, PT, CY, SI, to Japan, to China, SE, KR, ID, to Taiwan, ZA, TH, to Belgium, to France, to Hong Kong, to Ireland, to Netherlands, PL, to Spain, to Italy, to Germany, to Austria, RU, IL, to Mexico, to New Zealand, PH, SG, to Switzerland, NO, SA, UA, AE, QA, KW, BH, HR, MY, TR, BR, CL, CO, CR, DO, PA, TT, GT, SV, HN, JM.


There is provided an aqueous foamable composition having a delayed foaming action on expulsion from a pressurised container, the composition comprising: (a) a major amount by weight of water; (b) a foaming agent in the form of a water-immiscible liquefied gas; (c) at least one foam-stabilising and emulsifying surfactant; and (d) a water-soluble polymer. The compositions of the invention are of particular use for rectal or vaginal administration of pharmaceuticals. For medical use, the composition will also contain a pharmaceutically active ingredient. If desired, a muco-adhesive ingredient may also be included. Conventional additives for pharmaceutical compositions are optionally also present.
The present invention relates to an aqueous foamable composition suitable for delivery using known aerosol delivery systems. More particularly, the invention relates to foamable compositions which have a delayed foaming action after delivery, and which are especially suitable for rectal or vaginal delivery of pharmaceutically active ingredients.
It is known to use aqueous foams for rectal administration of pharmaceutical substances. Examples of such foams are disclosed in EP-A-0468555 (Giuliani S.p.A.), EP-A-0395329 (Smith Kline & French) and FR-A- 2647344 (Physiopharm) . The compositions taught in these prior art documents are so formulated that the same substance or mixture of substances (namely one or more chlorofluorocarbons) is used as both a foaming agent and a propellant for expulsion of the composition out of a conventional aerosol can. These known compositions exhibit immediate foaming on expulsion from the aerosol container.
Intravaginal contraceptive compositions are also known in the art. U.S. Patent No. 4,588,581 (Schmolka) discloses a liquid contraceptive composition for spraying from a pressurized aerosol container, which is said to form a gel on contact with living tissue. The composition comprises in certain proportions water, propellant, a non-propellant volatile solvent, a sperm function inhibitor and a polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene copolymer as a surfactant.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous foamable composition which exhibits a delayed foaming action on expulsion from a pressurised container. Pharmaceutical compositions exhibiting a delayed foaming action are particularly suitable for rectal or vaginal administration. The two principal advantages associated with a foaming action which is delayed rather than immediate are (1) the likelihood of inducing a defecation or rejection reflex on administration of the composition is much lower; and (2) a better spreading effect is obtained, which leads to increased bioavailability of the active substance.
By "immediate foaming" herein is meant expansion of the foam to its final volume in less than one second following expulsion from the container in question. "Delayed foaming" is obtained when the expansion of the foam to its final volume is achieved after more than one second. Delayed foaming may, however, take place over several minutes. The initial foaming action is partial or negligible.
Pharmacia) . This document teaches the skilled man to exclude water from the compositions with a delayed foaming action. Indeed, it suggests that a delayed foaming action cannot be achieved with aqueous foams. The foamable compositions disclosed in this prior art document contain a liquid polar polyol or polyol mixture as a carrier, particularly polyethylene glycols of low molecular weight (300 to 800) . These polyethylene glycols are readily adsorbed and rapidly excreted. However, although they are considered of low toxicity (see Donovan et al, Pharmaceutical Research 7(8), 863-868 (1990)), they may contain undesirable residual amounts of monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and ethylene oxide. Water is advantageous since it is a safer vehicle, and is also much less expensive. The other essential components of the non-aqueous foamable compos¬ itions disclosed in WO-A-91/11991 are at least one foam- stabilizing and emulsifying surfactant, a pharmaceut¬ ically active ingredient and a suitable propellant. We have surprisingly found that by employing an appropriate combination of materials it is possible to produce an aqueous foamable composition having a delayed foaming action.
(c) at least one foam-stabilising and emulsifying surfactant; and (d) a water-soluble polymer.
As mentioned above, this composition is of particular use for rectal or vaginal administration of pharmaceuticals. For medical use, the composition will also contain a pharmaceutically active ingredient. If desired, a muco-adhesive ingredient may also be included. Conventional additives for pharmaceutical compositions are optionally also present.
The aqueous foamable compositions of the present invention exhibit significant advantages over the known non-aqueous compositions having a delayed foaming action. Firstly, when used for rectal or vaginal administration of pharmaceuticals, an aqueous foam permits one to use in the compositions muco-adhesive polymers, which are usually water-soluble or water- dispersible. These muco-adhesive polymers can substantially increase rectal/vaginal retention time, so leading to increased topical action of the foam and hence of the drug, and increasing bioavailability of the pharmaceutical. Examples of such muco-adhesive polymers are carboxymethylcellulose and carbomers. It is noteworthy that the muco-adhesive force of polyethylene glycol (used in the known compositions disclosed in WO-A-91/11991) is much lower. Furthermore, neither carboxymethylcellulose or carbomer is soluble in polyethylene glycols; in fact, carbomer reacts with polyethylene glycols to give hard, tough complexes.
In addition, the manufacturing process is simpler for aqueous foamable compositions, since the mixture of the vehicle and surfactant does not need to be heated and subsequently cooled, as it does in the preparation of non-aqueous foamable compositions exhibiting a delayed foaming action. In the foamable compositions of the invention, water is the vehicle for the other components. The compositions of the invention comprise preferably 57-97 weight percent of water, more preferably 65-95 weight percent. The presence of another polar liquid (i.e. a water-soluble or water-miscible liquid mixture of polar liquids) in admixture with the water is acceptable provided that the desired foaming properties of the compositions are not destroyed. Examples of polar liquids which can be mixed with the water are glycerol, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycols.
The compositions of the invention typically contain up to 10 weight percent of foaming agent, preferably 0.5 to 7.0 weight percent, more preferably 1.0 to 3.5 weight percent.
The surfactant or mixture of surfactants incorporated in the compositions of the invention can be chosen from those which have an effective emulsifying action in relation to water and the foaming agent.
Preferred are anionic and non-ionic surfactants, e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene fatty esters, alkyl phenoxy ethanols, fatty acid esters, alkanolamides and alkyl sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate. Most preferred are polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters which are liquid non-ionic surfactants, e.g. Polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate, CAS 9005-65-6) and Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate, CAS-9005-64-5) . The compositions of the invention typically contain up to 3 weight percent of surfactant, preferably 0.1 to 2 weight percent.
The precise identity of the water-soluble polymer in the compositions of the invention is not critical, but we have found that water-soluble polysaccharides having none or very few polar groups (such as carboxylates, sulphates and phosphates) are suitable. The water-soluble polymers are preferably selected from xanthan gum, agar, guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methyl cellulose. Xanthan gum is most preferred.
The compositions of the invention typically contain up to 5 weight percent of water-soluble polymer, preferably 0.1 to 3 weight percent.
As mentioned above, the compositions of the invention may be used to deliver pharmaceutically active ingredients. Since the compositions are aqueous, such active ingredients should be insensitive to water.
(f) if desired, a muco-adhesive agent and/or one or more conventional pharmaceutical additives. According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition of the invention as defined hereinbefore for use in therapy.
The compositions of the invention are especially suitable for rectal or vaginal administration of pharmaceutically active substances.
Examples of clinical conditions which can benefit from treatment by xectal administration of pharmaceutical substances are constipation, bowel evacuation, inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome and anorectal disorders. Unwanted gastro-intestinal side effects, for example those which might be caused by - 1 - administering analgesics to children, may also be prevented by rectal administration of suitable pharmaceuticals.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of treatment of conditions of the colon or lower gastro-intestinal tract of the human or animal body, comprising rectal administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention as defined hereinbefore.
Examples of clinical conditions which can benefit from treatment/prophylaxis by vaginal administration of pharmaceutical substances are sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) , i.e. the sexual transmission of fungal, protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases. The invention can also be employed as a contraceptive, by using spermicides as a component of the foamable composition.
According to a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of combating the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases comprising the vaginal administration of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention as defined hereinbefore.
The delayed foaming effect shown by compositions of the invention gives rise to a better spreading effect than can be obtained with known aqueous foamable compositions. This is particularly important in the treatment of distally localised colonic diseases or for intravaginal use to prevent STD's.
According to a yet further aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for combating diseases of the colon or lower gastro- intestinal tract.
According to a yet further aspect of the invention, there is provided the use of a composition of the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for combating the sexual transmission of fungal, protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases. Some active substances must be delivered rectally, either because they act directly on the colon, or because they are metabolised in the liver or decompose as a result of the acidity of gastric juice or by the action of gastro-intestinal enzymes. Other active substances are advantageously administered rectally.
Among active ingredients for treating gastro-intestinal conditions which may be mentioned by way of example only are: a water-soluble complex of bismuth and a polyacrylate, e.g. a bismuth-carbomer complex (as described in WO-A-92/01457) ; laxatives, e.g. bulk laxatives such as methylcellulose and psyllium, stimulant laxatives such as Na+/K+ ATPase blocker, Ricin oil, anthraquinone, bisacodyl and Na+ picosulphate, or osmotic laxatives such as magnesium sulphate, magnesium citrate, lactulose, lactose and sorbitol; antidiarrhoeal agents, e.g. codeine, diphenoxylate and loperamide; anti-inflammatory agents, e.g. 4- and 5-aminosalicylic acid (known as 4-ASA and 5-ASA) , prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate, hydrocortisone, budesonide, cyclosporine, beclomethasone dipropionate, fish oils, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine; local and synergistic analgesics, e.g. morphine; and substances for systemic effect, such as insulin, peptides and enzymes, which are metabolised to a great extent at first bypass in the liver or which are decomposed by the gastro-intestinal enzymes.
Among active ingredients for the prophylactic treatment of STD's which may be mentioned by way of example only are: polysulphated polysaccharides including carrageenans and modified heparin without anti-coagulant activity, which have been shown to block herpes virus and HIV infections in vitro; bile acid derivatives, which have displayed activity against enveloped viruses and chlamydia; spermicides such as nonoxyl-9 (which has been associated with decreased transmission of HIV when used in moderate amounts) and benzalkonium chloride; methyl esters of short-chain fatty acids, which disrupt the membranes of gram- negative bacteria and enveloped viruses; peptide antibiotics such as defensins and protegrins, which are known to attack enveloped viruses as well as protozoa and bacteria; and haloperoxidase, which is known to selectively inhibit pathogenic microbes present in sexually transmitted fluids.
The precise amount of active ingredient used will depend upon inter alia the identity of the active ingredient and the condition against which it is directed. Generally, however, the active ingredient will comprise from 0.001 to 25 weight percent of the composition.
When it is desired to include a muco-adhesive ingredient in the compositions of the invention, known muco-adhesive polymers such as sodium carboxymethyl¬ cellulose, poly(acrylic acid) such as carbomer, tragacanth, poly(ethylene oxide) , sodium alginate, soluble starch, gelatin, pectin, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) , poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) are suitable. The preferred muco-adhesive is carbomer, e.g. that is available under the name Carbopol 934P.
The amount of muco-adhesive agent which may be used in the compositions of the invention is typically up to 3 weight percent, preferably 0.1 to 1.5 weight percent. Other additives which may optionally also be present in the compositions of the invention include those additives conventionally employed in pharmaceutical compositions or in foam formulations, for example suspending agents, dispersing agents, antioxidants, preservatives and foam-stiffening agents. These are typically present in an amount of up to 5 weight percent of the composition, preferably 0 to 2 weight percent. The manufacture of the foamable compositions of the invention is carried out according to the usual techniques used to manufacture formulations to be introduced into pressurised containers. By way of example only, manufacture may be carried out as follows.
The water-soluble polymer is firstly dispersed in the water by means of a high speed homogeniser. The muco-adhesive agent, if required, is also then dispersed in the same way. The optional additives (e.g. foam- stiffening agents, suspending agents, dispersing agents, antioxidants, preservatives) can be added at this stage. The pH of the dispersion may then be adjusted to the desired value using a suitable acid or alkali. For pharmaceutical use, a neutral pH of around 7.0 ± 0.2 is required. Thus, for example, if the pH of the dispersion resulting from the foregoing process steps is too low, neutralisation may be carried out by using a 10% (by weight) aqueous NaOH solution. In some cases, an acid or alkaline pH is required for efficacy of the active ingredient, or to lower its systemic absorption. For example, 5-ASA requires a pH of 4 to 5.
The pharmaceutically active ingredient and the surfactant may then also be dispersed in the mixture. The concentrate thus obtained is then transferred into a pressurised mixing tank, where it is blended with the foaming agent. The resulting blend is transferred to a dosing and filling tank, from where it is used to fill the final packaging, e.g. a pressurised aerosol canister.
Three types of aerosol containers are known for rectal application of foams, and are suitable for use in conjunction with the present invention. The three types of container are the conventional "monobloc" system; the "bag-in-can" system and the "can with piston" system.
These generally require the use of a propellant gas. In connection with the present invention, a "bag-in-can" or "can with piston" system requires a separate propellant. For a monobloc system, the addition of a small amount of propellant in the can with the foamable composition is recommended. Nitrogen is a suitable propellant. The weight of propellant added is generally between 2 and 10% of the weight of the composition, e.g. for 20g of the composition, between 0.4g and 2g of nitrogen may be added to the aerosol can.
A further aspect of the invention is provided by an article for dispensing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, comprising a pressurised aerosol container containing said pharmaceutical composition and, optionally, a propellant.
The ingredients of the compositions discussed above are all pharmaceutically acceptable. As mentioned, the components are mixed in proportions such that a delayed foaming action is obtained, i.e. a stream of liquid is initially released from the aerosol container which liquid is capable of flowing readily at first but then expands at a controlled rate to form a foam, the rate of expansion depending upon the proportions of the basic components (a) , (b) , (c) and (d) defined above. In preferred compositions of the invention, the final volume of the foam is 10 to 20 times the volume of the initial liquid, i.e. the composition has an expansion ratio of 10 to 20.
For a better understanding of the invention, the following non-limiting Examples are set forth. For a number of different formulations, a variety of different properties were investigated: the rate of foaming; the initial volume of (liquid) composition; the final volume of foam; the expansion ratio; and the time required for expansion of the composition to 50% of the final foam volume. All these properties were measured at 37°C. n-Butane was used as the foaming agent. The foaming rate was determined by delivering the foamable composition into a graduated cylinder pre-warmed and maintained at 37"C. The foaming rate is defined as the ratio between 50% of the final foam volume (in ml) and the time (in seconds) required for the composition to reach said 50% volume after expulsion from the container. The units of foaming rate are therefore ml/sec. The initial volume of the foamable compositions can be determined from the weight thereof divided by its density at 37°C. (Generally, the density of the formulations is close to unity.) The expansion ratio is defined as the ratio between the final volume of the foam and the initial volume of the corresponding foamable composition. Viscosities were measured by means of a Brookfield Viscometer Model DV-II, using spindle 64 at 1.5 rpm and 20°C.
Example 1 2g of xanthan gum (water-soluble polymer) were dispersed in 98g of water, lg of Polysorbate 80 (surfactant) was then dispersed in the viscous mixture. In a pressurised tank, 2.5g of n-butane were blended with the dispersion, and the resulting blend was introduced into a pressurised canister (bag-in-can) .
Upon release of the foamable composition from the canister, a white foam was obtained which had a foaming rate of 5.2 ml/sec. 22.5g of the formulation ultimately gave 290ml of foam at 37βC. The expansion ratio was therefore 12.9. 50% of the final foam volume was attained after 28 seconds.
For the purposes of comparison, five other compositions were made in accordance with the above example, but omitting one of the components. The water- soluble polymer was excluded from comparative formulation A; the foaming agent (liquefied gas) was excluded from comparative formulation B; in comparative formulation C the liquefied gas was replaced by a chloroflurocarbon gas, and in comparative formulation D by nitrogen (a non-liquefied gas) ; and in comparative formulation E, the surfactant was excluded.
Comparative formulation A gave an immediate liquefied foam which had no strength. Comparative formulations C and D also gave immediate foams. Comparative formulations B and E did not give rise to a foam at all. This illustrates that all of the components (a) to (d) as defined herein are essential for the delayed foaming action of the compositions of the invention.
A pharmaceutical composition was formulated with prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate as active pharmaceutical ingredient, in accordance with the data shown in Table II below. The basic formulation in accordance with Example 1 is also shown for comparison.
Six compositions were formulated to investigate the influence of the proportion and type of water-soluble polymer on the delayed foaming properties of the compositions. The formulations are shown in Table III below. Examples 3 to 5 contained xanthan gum as the water-soluble polymer, whereas Examples 6 to 8 contained carbomer.
As can be seen from Examples 3 to 5, the rate of foaming is the same between 1% and 2% of the xanthan gum (at a viscosity of 23,000 to 49,000 centipoise) . At 3% by weight (and 97,000 cps) the foaming rate is significantly decreased. A xanthan gum concentration of around 2% by weight appears to be optimal, since it gives a delayed foaming action (5.2 ml/sec foaming rate) in combination with a relatively large expansion ratio (12.9). If a slow foaming rate is required, the concentration of xanthan gum may be increased above 2% by weight. However, we would expect the foaming rate to be very slow above 3% by weight. It can be seen from Examples 6 to 8 that the foaming rate is the same at 0.4 and 0.6 weight percent of carbomer (at which concentrations the viscosity is 130,000 and 180,000 cps respectively). At 0.2 weight percent concentration, the foaming rate is increased slightly from 18.7 ml/sec to 25 ml/sec. A concentration of 0.2 weight percent may be preferred, since it gives the highest expansion ratio of these three Examples.
These Examples are intended to illustrate the effect of varying the surfactant concentration of compositions of the invention. Polysorbate 80 is the surfactant used in these Examples. Examples 9 to 11 employ xanthan gum as the water-soluble polymer, whilst Examples 12 to 14 employ carbomer (sodium salt) . The compositions and properties of the Examples are shown in Table IV below.
It can be seen from Examples 9 to 11 that the foaming rate of a basic formulation can be reduced by decreasing the surfactant content. The expansion ratio also decreases somewhat, although the expansion ratio of around 10 in the range of 1 to 2 weight percent xanthan gum is an acceptable one. When carbomer is used as the water-soluble polymer, decreasing the surfactant content has a relatively smaller influence on the foaming rate, as can be seen from Examples 12 to 14. Also, the expansion ratio exhibits only a small variation in the range of 0.5 to 3 weight percent surfactant. Accordingly, a level of around 0.5 weight percent surfactant will generally be preferred in such a formulation, for reasons of cost.
Xanthan gum 3 3 3 . . .
Six compositions were formulated in order to investigate the influence of the amount of foaming agent on the foaming properties of the composition, using either xanthan gum or carbomer (sodium salt) as the water-soluble polymer. The compositions and properties of these Examples are shown in Table V below.
It can be seen from Examples 15 to 17 that decreasing the amount of foaming agent from 3.5 to 1.5 weight percent decreases the foaming rate and the expansion ratio. Examples 18 to 20 show a corresponding trend. Using either 3 weight percent of xanthan gum or 0.6 weight percent of carbomer (sodium salt) as the water-soluble polymer, a foaming agent content of 2.5 to 3.5 weight percent is seen to give a satisfactory expansion ratio for the compositions.
In this Example, xanthan gum and carbomer (sodium salt) were used in combination as the water-soluble polymer. Details of the formulation are shown in Table VI below, together with details of Examples 5 and 8 for comparison.
As noted above in relation to Examples 3 to 8, xanthan gum produces a more pronounced detailed foaming effect than carbomer. When the two polymers are blended, the viscosity remains essentially unchanged, but the more pronounced delayed foaming effect of xanthan gum is maintained in the blend. As can be seen from Table VI, the expansion ratio of the three Examples is very similar, but the foaming rate of Example 21, which contains the polymer blend, is similar to that of Example 5. By contrast, the composition of Example 8, which has similar viscosity and expansion ratios to the other two blends, shows a foaming rate nearly five times higher. As noted hereinbefore, the carbomer may also act as a muco-adhesive. Accordingly, when a foamable composition of the invention contains carbomer as muco- adhesive, the presence of appropriate amounts of xanthan gum allows one to adjust the foaming rate as desired. This can also be seen from Example 2 above.
Four compositions were formulated in order to investigate the effect of varying the nature and quantity of surfactant. Details of the compositions and their properties are given in Table VII below. Sodium lauryl sulphate is an anionic surfactant, and Polysorbate 80 is a non-ionic surfactant.
At a 2% by weight content, the two types of surfactant have an equivalent effect, the anionic surfactant leading a slightly slower foaming rate (Example 22) . When the level of ionic sodium lauryl sulphate is reduced from 2 to 0.5 weight percent, the foaming rate decreases but the expansion ratio is similar (Example 24) . A corresponding trend is shown as between Examples 23 and 25.
A composition was formulated which had a relatively low viscosity. Details of the composition and its properties are given below.
This Example illustrates that a delayed foaming action may be obtained even with compositions having relatively low viscosity.
The compositions of Examples 1 to 26 all give rise to foams having a satisfactory degree of stiffness, i.e. the foams coalesce only after a couple of hours at 37*C.
The foam produced by this composition does not coalesce even after ten hours or more at 37"C.
The compositions of the Examples 1 to 27 are all formulations for hydrophilic foams. It may happen that some pharmaceutically active ingredients are more easily dispersed in a hydrophobic formulation. An Example of such a formulation having a delayed foaming action is given hereafter.
Examples 29.Comparative, and 30 These Examples illustrate the comparative in vitro behaviour of a formulation having a delayed foaming action with one having an instantaneous foaming action. For this purpose a model colon was used.
The model colon was constructed using an extended soft dialysis tubing of 29 mm in diameter and 1 m in length placed inside a transparent plastic sheathing of 80 mm in diameter and 1 m in length.
The whole system was immersed in a water-bath at 37°C. The dialysis tubing was attached at one end to the plastic sheathing through a circular plastic adapter and both were connected tightly to an opening in the wall of the water bath. The opening bore a plastic tap allowing the system to be closed to the surroundings after application of the foamable composition. The other end of the dialysis tubing was also attached to the plastic sheathing through a circular plastic adapter and then connected to the atmosphere by means of a flexible pipe. Water was circulated gently (by means of a small circulating pump) between the soft flexible dialysis tubing (representing the colon) and the plastic sheathing thereby simulating the peristaltic movements of the colon. The foamable formulations were applied to the dialysis tubing through its inlet connected to the opening in the wall of the water-bath.
The extent of spreading of the foam within the dialysis tubing was measured at different periods of time. The spreading of various foams in this model colon was found to correlate well with the in vivo spreading of the same foam formulations in volunteers as determined by gamma scintigraphy.
23 g of each of the above foam formulations were applied to the model colon, in both cases corresponding to 230 ml of foam volume as measured by the graduated cylinder method at 37°C, described on page 10 hereinabove.
With the formulation of Example 29, an instant foam was obtained, the dialysis tubing being filled over a length of 35 cm immediately. The foam finally spread up to a length of 48 cm after 90 minutes and did not spread further .
With the formulation of Example 30, only a length of 10 cm of the dialysis tubing was filled initially by the formulation (appearing as a gel) . The gel started to foam and the foam expanded slowly to a length of 35 cm of the tubing (reached 8 minutes after the application) . The foam continued to spread further and reached 55 cm along the length of the dialysis tubing after 90 minutes.
These two Examples illustrate the benefit of the delayed foaming action over the instant foaming action in that the former occupies a smaller volume initially as a gel, expands slowly to a foam which then occupies the same volume as the corresponding "instant" foam but then spreads further than the latter does.
(f) if desired, a muco-adhesive agent and/or one or more conventional pharmaceutical additives.
2. A composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active substance is present in an amount of 0.001 to 25 weight percent of the composition.
3. A composition as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the active substance is a water-soluble complex of bismuth and a polyacrylate.
4. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein a muco-adhesive agent is present in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5 weight percent.
6. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims comprising 57 to 97 weight percent of water.
7. A composition as claimed in claim 6 comprising 65 to 95 weight percent of water.
8. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims comprising 0.5 to 7.0 weight percent of foaming agent.
9. A composition as claimed in claim 8 comprising 1.0 to 3.5 weight percent of foaming agent.
10. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the foaming agent is propane, butane, iso-butane, pentane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (134a/P) , 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFA 227) or a mixture of any of these.
11. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims containing 0.1 to 2 weight percent of foam-stabilising and emulsifying surfactant.
12. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the foam-stabilising and emulsifying surfactant is selected from polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene fatty esters, alkyl phenoxy ethanols, fatty acid esters, alkanolamides and alkyl sulphates.
13. A composition as claimed in claim 12 wherein the foam-stabilising and emulsifying surfactant is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester.
14. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims containing 0.1 to 3 weight percent water-soluble polymer.
15. A composition as claimed in any one of the preceding claims having an expansion ratio of 10 to 20.
16. An article for dispensing a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising a pressurised aerosol container containing a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 and, optionally, a propellant.
17. The use of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15 for the manufacture of a medicament for combating diseases of the colon or lower gastro- intestinal tract.
18. The use of a composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15 for the manufacture of a medicament for combating the sexual transmission of fungal, protozoal, bacterial and viral diseases.
19. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4 for use in therapy.
20. A method of treatment of conditions of the colon or lower gastro-intestinal tract of the human or animal body, comprising rectally administering to said body a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4.
21. A method of combating the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases comprising the vaginal administration of a pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4.
22. An aqueous foamable composition substantially as described herein with reference to any one of Examples 2-28 and 30.
MX9700521A MX9700521A (en) 1994-07-21 1995-07-21 Aqueous foamable composition.
DE69020900T2 (en) * 1989-07-28 1995-12-14 Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co Foam aerosol composition.


Passed away on July 30, 2010 .
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Racheal Oluwemimo Oladipo 86 years old , born on September 18, 1923 and passed away on July 30, 2010. We will remember her forever.


Your baby needs lots of physical contact during his or her first months. The Baby Carrier Original is a small carrier that you can quickly put on and take off to carry your baby for short periods of time, at home or outdoors. If your baby falls asleep, it's quick and easy to unbuckle the entire baby carrier and lay your sleeping baby down. The Baby Carrier Original takes up little space and can be easily packed in a changing bag or under the pram.


Marlene has been in the hair industry over 16 years. She's specializes in color, haircuts, stunning special occasion hair, blowouts and various Hair Extensions.
Marlene has studied at Gordon Phillips Beauty School, and has attended various L'Oreal, Redken, and Goldwell courses.
Due to her down to earth demeanor, Marlene believes that it is important to create personal relationships with her clients, so that she is able to truly listen and understand the look/style they'd like to achieve. Marlene delights in enhancing the natural beauty and confidence of a client; especially when it comes to extension clients.
The most fulfilling feeling for Marlene is not only when she is able to execute her client's vision, but when the client looks in the mirror at themselves and cannot stop smiling.
Considering the welcoming atmosphere, top of the line products, friendly, devoted staff, and phenomenal clientele, it is no surprise that Marlene is ecstatic to call Salon Vanity "home".


Adrian Soler drove in all three runs for Palmetto Ridge.
When Archbishop McCarthy manager Aaron Vorachek went to the bullpen late in the fifth inning for reliever Daniel Diaz, there was no intention of that being the last call to the pen on the night. But the way the junior left-hander pitched worked to change his manager's mind. Diaz held off a late rally bid to keep his club in the lead, and Archbishop McCarthy held on for a 6-3 victory over Palmetto Ridge on Wednesday night.
Diaz came on with two outs and runners on the corners with his club up by a pair of runs. The southpaw got a line out deep to right field to end that threat, and went on to put up two more scoreless frames to earn the save. Although Diaz was able to quiet the Bears' final rally bid, Palmetto Ridge manager Kyle Mason was pleased with the strong finish that helped offset a bumpy start.
Diaz preserved the win for starter Daniel Paret, who picked up the win with three solid innings. The left-hander allowed two earned runs on three hits and recorded four strikeouts.
Junior Eric Lewis was the first arm out of the bullpen, and the right-hander continued to be an asset to his club however they need him. Lewis recorded five valuable outs while allowing an unearned run on a hit and a walk. With runners on the corners and a left-handed hitter coming to the plate, the original plan had been to get at least one key out from Diaz.
Cristian Torres singles in the third inning.
Coach Vorachek's offensive approach is a fast-paced and aggressive style, and the Mavericks (4-3) managed exactly that right out of the chutes for all the runs they ultimately needed. McCarthy batted around the order to put five runs on the board, as the first five batters all reached base safely.
Falling behind early on is never good for any team, and it was the scenario the Bears were looking to avoid right now with an offense that has been inconsistent of late. Yet the result of that was the offense put together some quality at bats to get the team back in the game and prove they are never out of the fight.
Palmetto Ridge (4-3) got on the scoreboard to make a game of it with a pair of runs in the third. Cristian Torres lined a two-out single to center and starting pitcher Derek Rascher followed with a base knock of his own, before giving way to courtesy-runner Alejandro Cordoves. Adrian Soler then delivered with a single to center field that drove in both base runners to make it a 5-2 ball game.
The Bears got it going again in the fifth. Noah White bounced a single past the diving shortstop but was then erased at second on a fielder's choice from Torres. Rascher then reached on an infield error that put runners on the corners, and Soler delivered again by lifting a shot to center field for a sac-fly RBI.