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Random sequence
Title: Random sequence
Subject: Infinite monkey theorem, Randomness, Stationary sequence, Statistical randomness, Multivariate random variable
Fortuna, Goddess of chance depicted by Tadeusz Kuntze, 1754 (National Museum in Warsaw).
The concept of a random sequence is essential in probability theory and statistics. The concept generally relies on the notion of a sequence of random variables and many statistical discussions begin with the words "let X1,...,Xn be independent random variables...". Yet as D. H. Lehmer stated in 1951: "A random sequence is a vague notion... in which each term is unpredictable to the uninitiated and whose digits pass a certain number of tests traditional with statisticians".[1]
Axiomatic probability theory deliberately avoids a definition of a random sequence.[2] Traditional probability theory does not state if a specific sequence is random, but generally proceeds to discuss the properties of random variables and stochastic sequences assuming some definition of randomness. The Bourbaki school considered the statement "let us consider a random sequence" an abuse of language.[3] During the 20th century various technical approaches to defining random sequences were developed and now three distinct paradigms can be identified.
1 Early history
2 Modern approaches
Émile Borel was one of the first mathematicians to formally address randomness in 1909.[4] In 1919 Richard von Mises gave the first definition of algorithmic randomness, which was inspired by the law of large numbers, although he used the term collective rather than random sequence. Using the concept of the impossibility of a gambling system, von Mises defined an infinite sequence of zeros and ones as random if it is not biased by having the frequency stability property i.e. the frequency of zeros goes to 1/2 and every sub-sequence we can select from it by a "proper" method of selection is also not biased.[5]
The sub-sequence selection criterion imposed by von Mises is important, because although 0101010101... is not biased, by selecting the odd positions, we get 000000... which is not random. Von Mises never totally formalized his definition of a proper selection rule for sub-sequences, but in 1940 Alonzo Church defined it as any recursive function which having read the first N elements of the sequence decides if it wants to select element number N+1. Church was a pioneer in the field of computable functions, and the definition he made relied on the Church Turing Thesis for computability.[6] This definition is often called Mises-Church randomness.
In the mid 1960s, A. N. Kolmogorov and D. W. Loveland independently proposed a more permissive selection rule.[7][8] In their view Church's recursive function definition was too restrictive in that it read the elements in order. Instead they proposed a rule based on a partially computable process which having read any N elements of the sequence, decides if it wants to select another element which has not been read yet. This definition is often called Kolmogorov-Loveland stochasticity. But this method was considered too weak by Alexander Shen who showed that there is a Kolmogorov-Loveland stochastic sequence which does not conform to the general notion of randomness.
In 1966 Per Martin-Löf introduced a new notion which is now generally considered the most satisfactory notion of algorithmic randomness. His original definition involved measure theory, but it was later shown that it can be expressed in terms of Kolmogorov complexity. Kolmogorov's definition of a random string was that it is random if has no description shorter than itself via a universal Turing machine.[9]
Three basic paradigms for dealing with random sequences have now emerged:[10]
The frequency / measure-theoretic approach. This approach started with the work of Richard von Mises and Alonzo Church. In the 1960s Per Martin-Löf noticed that the sets coding such frequency-based stochastic properties are a special kind of measure zero sets, and that a more general and smooth definition can be obtained by considering all effectively measure zero sets.
The complexity / compressibility approach. This paradigm was championed by A. N. Kolmogorov along with contributions Levin and Gregory Chaitin. For finite random sequences, Kolmogorov defined the "randomness" as the entropy, i.e. Kolmogorov complexity, of a string of length K of zeros and ones as the closeness of its entropy to K, i.e. if the complexity of the string is close to K it is very random and if the complexity is far below K, it is not so random.
The predictability approach. This paradigm was due to Claus P. Schnorr and uses a slightly different definition of constructive martingales than martingales used in traditional probability theory.[11] Schnorr showed how the existence of a selective betting strategy implied the existence of a selection rule for a biased sub-sequence.
In most cases, theorems relating the three paradigms (often equivalence) have been proven.[12]
It is important to realize that for each of the definitions given above for infinite sequences, if one adds a billion zeros to the front of the random sequence the new sequence will still be considered random. Hence any application of these concepts to practical problems needs to be performed with care.[13]
History of randomness
Seven states of randomness
Sergio B. Volchan What Is a Random Sequence? The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 109, 2002, pp. 46–63
^ "What is meant by the word Random" in Mathematics and common sense by Philip J. Davis 2006 ISBN 1-56881-270-1 pages 180-182
^ Inevitable Randomness in Discrete Mathematics by József Beck 2009 ISBN 0-8218-4756-2 page 44
^ Algorithms: main ideas and applications by Vladimir Andreevich Uspenskiĭ, Alekseĭ, Lʹvovich Semenov 1993 Springer ISBN 0-7923-2210-X page 166
^ E. Borel, Les probabilites denombrables et leurs applications arithmetique Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 27 (1909) 247-271
^ Laurant Bienvenu "Kolmogorov Loveland Stochastocity" in STACS 2007: 24th Annual Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science by Wolfgang Thomas ISBN 3-540-70917-7 page 260
^ Alonzo Church, "On the Concept of Random Sequence," Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 46 (1940), 254–260
^ A. N. Kolmogorov, Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information Problems of Information and Transmission, 1(1):1--7, 1965.
^ D.W. Loveland, A new interpretation of von Mises' concept of random sequence Z. Math. Logik Grundlagen Math 12 (1966) 279-294
^ An introduction to Kolmogorov complexity and its applications by Ming Li, P. M. B. Vitányi 1997 0387948686 pages 149-151
^ R. Downey, Some Recent Progress in Algorithmic Randomness in Mathematical foundations of computer science 2004: by Jiří Fiala, Václav Koubek 2004 ISBN 3-540-22823-3 page 44
^ Schnorr, C. P. (1971). "A unified approach to the definition of a random sequence". Mathematical Systems Theory 5 (3): 246–258
^ Wolfgan Merkel, Kolmogorov Loveland Stochasticity in Automata, languages and programming: 29th international colloquium, ICALP 2002, by Peter Widmayer et al. ISBN 3-540-43864-5 page 391
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Random sequence",
Video on frequency stability. Why humans can't "guess" randomly
Randomness tests by Terry Ritter
Probability theory, Regression analysis, Mathematics, Observational study, Calculus
Mathematics, Statistics, Game theory, Combinatorics, Probability
National Museum, Warsaw
Warsaw, Classical antiquity, Christianity, Sudan, Numismatics
European Union, Kraków, Berlin, World War II, Paris
Alonzo Church
Alan Turing, Washington, D.C., Computer science, United States, Logic
Infinite monkey theorem
S, William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Cicero, Statistical mechanics
Statistics, Pi, Chaos theory, Quantum mechanics, Game theory
Stationary sequence
Probability theory, Stochastic process, Random sequence, Joint probability distribution, Invariant (mathematics)
Pi, Randomness, Dice, Gambling, Poker
Multivariate random variable
Statistics, Mathematics, Finance, Probability theory, Probability


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Universal Studios Hollywood vs. Universal Orlando Resort
Sean Pagnotti | November 12, 2019 November 12, 2019
Under my more theme park-oriented hat, I'm often asked by Universal Orlando Resort guests if it's worth visiting Universal Studios Hollywood, and my answer is yes, absolutely. Sure, there are some similarities, but there are plenty of reasons to make it worth visiting – to assume otherwise could cause you to miss out on what may have been an amazing experience.
Therefore, I'm doing my part to bring to light some of the worthwhile differences between Universal's West and East Coast locations. Grab some snacks and buckle in, readers – we're diving into some deep theming waters here.
Universal Hollywood vs. Orlando – the basics
Universal Studios Hollywood's idiosyncratic layout
I'll ease us in with who did it first.
Universal Studios Hollywood is the original theme park, having opened on July 15, 1964. Without getting into the detailed history, I'll just say that Universal dug its first roots into the West Coast with a studio tour, and it blossomed over the years into a fully-fledged theme park. Given these humble beginnings, it's fair to say Universal Hollywood maintains a balanced focus on its park and studios; in contrast, Universal Orlando centers itself more on the rides and attractions. Yes, there are active studios in the aptly named Universal Studios Florida section of the property, but only the cast and crew have access to them when they're being utilized. (The only exceptions being when they're dressed up as haunted houses for Halloween Horror Nights or during productions involving a live audience.)
We should also talk about the size differences of the two. Universal Studios Hollywood is one park that's separated into upper and lower levels due to its mountainside setting. At a count of 21 rides and attractions, this makes the theme park an easy feat to accomplish within a day – there may even be time to catch some amazing views of the area! On the other hand, Universal Studios Florida and Islands of Adventure are two separate theme parks containing 31 different rides and attractions (of course, this is not including Volcano Bay and the upcoming Epic Universe). This makes them the heftier experience to complete in a day without an Express Pass, especially during busier seasons.
Now that we've covered the easier parts, let's venture further into the good stuff.
Universal Hollywood vs. Orlando – differences in the rides
Transformers: The Ride – 3D at Universal Studios Hollywood
If I had to put a finger on the closest examples of attractions that are coastal transplants, they would be Transformers: The Ride – 3D and The Simpsons Ride. Aside from the entrance and queue of Transformers and Hollywood's Springfield facade, Orlando's iterations are near-copies of their Western counterparts. (Technically, we could also count Fast and Furious – Supercharged and Skull Island: Reign of Kong, as these were essentially queues built around the Fast and Furious and King Kong: 360 3D portions of the Studio Tour in California.)
Previously, the same could be said about Jurassic Park; however, Universal Hollywood updated that area with a Jurassic World makeover. The re-theming features a Caribbean-based menu at Jurassic Cafe and Isla Nu-Bar, which is the new bar just across from the restaurant. The ride itself was given its own revision, with the addition of splash effects and new dinosaur encounters, including a few surprise Indominus Rex attacks just before the revamped T-rex drop finale.
A prime example of an attraction bearing the same name with a different execution would be Revenge of the Mummy. We all know the Orlando version involving Brendan Fraser, Imhotep's curse, and the unfortunate fate of a well-meaning intern. Hollywood's adventure exchanges Brendan and the movie set for a 1944 archaeological dig site, and instead of the intern, Warden Gad Hassan from 1999's The Mummy warns you of the curse and is subsequently devoured by scarabs. As the car makes its way to the treasure room, the ride gets creepier as the dead come to life and start reaching out from all angles just before you encounter Imhotep himself.
Revenge of the Mummy at Universal Studios Hollywood
(Personally, I dig both interpretations. As opposed to Florida's tongue-in-cheek take, Hollywood's is a more serious approach – this heightens the ride's intensity to the point that there's no need for that cup of coffee Mr. Fraser demands at the end of the East Coast version.)
Of course, we can't talk about anything Universal without mentioning The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. I can confidently say that Universal Studios Hollywood's Hogsmeade closely mimics its Orlando predecessor with one notable exception that lies in its Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey: the overall experience is nearly the same, until you get to the Chamber of Secrets portion of the attraction – after being attacked by what seems to be the final, soul-sucking Dementor, Harry shouts for it to let you go as he comes to your rescue. The bench makes its tilt back to enter the next scene, only to flash a quick light revealing the looming, physical horde of Dementors you've been surrounded by! By my count, I saw between 15 and 20 Dementors as opposed to the small handful in Islands of Adventure, but I read other accounts that guessed the true number was more.
It brings a chill to me (no pun intended) every time I look back on it, and it's probably my favorite difference between the parks. You seriously cannot miss it.
Universal Hollywood vs. Orlando – differences in the other experiences
Walking(?) the red carpet at Universal Studios Hollywood
The coastal differences are more than just the rides and attractions – they encompass the entire theme-park experience. On a daily basis, Universal Hollywood literally rolls out the red carpet for its guests. As part of the "celebrity experience," it has the entrance to its park manned with team members who'll happily double as paparazzi and photograph your family by its iconic fountain.
Additionally, while guests can meet characters like Beetlejuice, the Minions, and Blue from Jurassic World at either side of the United States, each park does have unique meet-and-greet opportunities. Since Hollywood no longer has its Marvel characters, it's utilized its stable of other licensed and original properties; visitors can snap a picture and interact with Frankenstein's Monster or Dracula, for instance, or, for a limited time recently, meet Toothless from the How to Train Your Dragon franchise and ride him via a virtual experience. Similarly, Universal Orlando debuted She-Rah at Islands of Adventure as one of its characters earlier this year. Her meet-and-greet only happens on select dates, but it's still neat that they'd include such an icon.
WaterWorld's playbill at Universal Studios Hollywood
Fans of Universal's stunt shows won't feel left out, as Hollywood has an awesome one of its own. Based on the 1995 movie Waterworld, this show involves tons of action, explosions, and aquatic chases, and it even sprinkles in some cheesy humor. At times, there's a chance audiences can catch actors and actresses they may have seen in smaller, television roles performing in it; during our viewings, we managed to see a few from programs like General Hospital and NCIS. (When they're present, the actors' headshots will be displayed on the playbill signage at the show's entrance.)
Unfortunately, one of the smaller experiences we weren't able to experience was The Walking Dead Attraction, as it was exclusive to Halloween Horror Nights for the Halloween season. However, I'm keeping this on my list for our next visit, as it's still specific to Universal Studios Hollywood and, from what I hear, worth checking out as a year-around maze.
Universal Hollywood vs. Orlando – the Studio Tour
Universal Studios Hollywood's Studio Tour
While we're talking about the contrasts between parks, we should shift our focus to what truly sets California apart from Florida, which is its Studio Tour! Once boarded on the trams, guests are taken through production sets spanning four acres while being entertained and informed by a live tour guide and your video host, Jimmy Fallon. Even the mildest movie fan will get a kick out of seeing the set where the Grinch was brought to life and passing by the house from Psycho or a wrecked Boeing 747 aircraft from Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds, among other sets and relics. Long-time Universal Orlando fans will be happy to know that nostalgia is alive and well on the tram tour: fans of the former Jaws ride will enjoy taking a trip through Amity to visit our fishy friend or stopping by the film set of Hill Valley, where Doc and Marty's adventures through time took place in Back to the Future.
As part of the experience, the tram flexes some additional muscles along the way. Aside from the aforementioned Fast and Furious and Kong 360 portions, both of which involve a track in a video tunnel, guests may recognize the recreation of a certain "disaster" while they're on the tour, and given that Hollywood is home to highly active studios, there's a chance that one could cross paths with celebrities of any caliber – nothing is guaranteed, but so far I've seen Bob Gale's car parked in front of the studio offices and had our tram greeted by Mariana Tosca, who plays Heather on Superstore.
It's worth mentioning here that guests of Hollywood's VIP Tour have the added perk of a private tour of these production sets with a guide and their personal trolley. They'll also have access to other non-public areas, like the soundstages and the world-famous Property Department. That's in addition to perks similar to Universal Orlando's, like the VIP Lounge, a provided meal, and escorted Express access for the theme-park attractions.
The evidence is clear by anyone's verdict as to why each of the parks is worth visiting – both Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando Resort have similar and unique characteristics equally making them must-dos for die-hard and new Universal fans alike. Hopefully, the wife and I will see some of you out on the West Coast during our next visit. Until then, readers – that's a wrap!
Discuss these differences – and everything else Universal Orlando-related – with 80,000+ vacation-planners and enthusiasts in our OI Community Facebook group. And then don't forget to follow Orlando Informer on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for the latest news and tips at Universal Orlando, Walt Disney World, and other Orlando experiences.
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About Sean Pagnotti
Sean is an Orlando geek of most trades. Growing up with the theme parks as his backyard, he developed a passion not just for the industry, but also for helping others get their best experience from the city. Aside from travelling annually with his wife, Sean can be found sketching in his drawing book, crafting the next cocktail from his bar, and binge-watching his favorite shows.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Punjab government chose to create Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU) as model college in the state, Punjab Additional Chief Secretary and Principal Secretary, Technical Education and Industrial Training P Singh on Thursday went to the college to audit the progressing grounds works.
While tending to the MRSPTU staff, Singh said that specialized training assumes a key part in human asset improvement of the nation by making talented labor, upgrading mechanical profitability and enhancing the personal satisfaction of its kin. He emphasized that Punjab government was resolved to give each conceivable help to the college for giving quality specialized instruction and planning employable specialized HR.
Worrying on the requirement for making magnificence in scholarly research and ability improvement, Singh said specialized training holds more noteworthy guarantees for national development to get ready skilled workforce required by the advanced world and to make business and a favorable domain for the quest for specialized instruction in close participation with the Industry.
MP Singh is likewise bad habit executive of the Board of Governors of the college.
MRSPTU, bad habit chancellor, Prof Mohan Paul Singh Ishar said that the varsity was set up in 2015 to give a catalyst to the specialized instruction in Malwa district and concentrating on expertise improvement, research and instructors' preparation. He said that the MRSPTU has turned into the principal specialized college in Punjab to be enlisted under 12-B of the UGC Act 1956 making the Institute qualified for the focal help .
Bureau of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, head Ashish Baldi made an introduction about accomplishments of the college. College has 100 schools partnered to it and offering 78 under graduate, post graduate and Skill improvement courses that incorporate Engineering, Management, Sciences, Pharmacy and Food Technology.


We always thrive to fulfill your orders as quick as possible. But is reasonable to expect that order processing will have up to one week lead time (with the exception of holiday periods where processing can take longer). If you need to get items quicker you can put in your shopping cart a "rush order surcharge (1 day or 2 day) or if you order over the phone you can ask for rush order and we will add the surcharge to your order. Also you will have to select overnight or 2 day shipping in conjunction with rush order. Do not use rush order processing for ProLine-Custom products (or parts that have to be ordered), because in either case it is reasonable to expect an average 2-4 week lead time.
For larger shipments in the US (>150 Lbs), we can ask for special contracts with freight forwarders that will drastically reduce your shipping costs. In those incidents we suggest not buy through our Online system, but to order from us directly. Of course we ship internationally (Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South America) as well and we always negotiate the most advantages shipment rates for you (via UPS, DHL, LCL, LTL, USPS).
For any other shipping options (i.e. FEDEX) you need to select from our shipping options the surcharge category: Non-Standard-Shipper.
When you ship rolling stock (Cars, Engines) to us we encourage you to use the shipper we trust: UPS.


The idea to open your own Internetradio station arises from the huge number of people. But to directly open your idea to bring only a few. Someone thinks that this is an expensive process, someone that needs large computer resources, and who are convinced that this kind of activity need to pay taxes. It's time to dispel all these myths and see what really is to it.
Connect good the Internet. The only thing that really need your radio that costs money is a constant and fast connection. For a good broadcast, you will need a speed of 2 megabits and more. Deuces will be enough to avoid jamming, podzagruzok and other unpleasant things.
Install 5 megarity the Internet, if possible. Despite the fact that you two would be enough, if you start something to swing or actively look for anything on the network, your listeners about it immediately find out for interference and lag. Five or more megabytes will allow you to live a full life of the Internet user, without prejudice to your online cable radio.
Go to the website of the company Nullsoft. To make radio, you will need only three free programs from this site: Winamp, Soundcast server and SHOUTcast DNAS Plug-in. Winamp is a music player. Soundcast server directly to your radio, which is loaded to the website Nullsoft. The sound plugin is the binding part of your radio station. It will make your computer (or rather Winamp) Olin radio.
Pick the music you want to play. Specify the server installation on the website the style and format of music. Other users will be able to find your radio in the list and connect to it.
Further all depends on you. Perform the role of a DJ at your company. Distribute the link among friends and look together with your favorite music. Or arrange a small advertising campaign on social networks and on popular music sites and try to make radio a new source of income.
Your computer is a musical database. If you shut down the computer, and the radio station to suspend broadcasting. If you want the stream was uninterrupted, will have to buy a home server.


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Friends of the St. Clair River works to protect natural resources and inspire environmental pride
Sheri Faust | Thursday, December 9, 2021
Sheri Faust. Photo by Harold Powell.
Protecting the environment is a priority. A well functioning ecosystem is essential for the survival of a diverse species of plants and animals, as well as for humans. Friends of the St. Clair River, founded in 2007, is the region's largest environmental nonprofit.
As board president, I am the last remaining founder of our organization. Our goal is to care for our natural resources by taking on invasive species, restoring high priority shorelines and waterways, helping to diversify recreational opportunities, and developing land care connections to protect the long term health of our land and water resources. We also provide environmental training and education to the community via a variety of programs and events.
We were formed out of the need to bring an environmental nonprofit to St. Clair County because prior to us there wasn't one. We wanted to establish a respected, and trusted organization that would have the upper hand to engage the community in natural resource stewardship and education. We also wanted to generate enthusiasm, pride, and advocacy for our outdoor recreational areas as well as the Great Lakes in general. When there is community pride and enthusiasm for your natural resources, you have greater stewardship of those resources.
Being the largest environmental nonprofit in the region requires a lot of manpower and dedication. Thankfully, we have excellent volunteers, without whom we couldn't accomplish what we have over the past 14 years. Though the pandemic and lockdown brought challenges to our program, we were fortunate to not be as affected as many other businesses and organizations due to the majority of our work being done outdoors.
As quarantines lifted, we were able to hit the ground running with our volunteers who were chomping at the bit to get back out in the field. We made space in our work to help people feel more comfortable and provided regulated safety precautions and PPE. We also made use of the virtual platforms to maintain our visibility and engagement throughout the pandemic. By doing so, we've actually seen our audience and outreach grow, and we've integrated that as a permanent part of our program.
We've learned so much during this time and formed many new partnerships through which we've been able to expand our fee for service work. Fee for service is a three-tier model we provide our partners consisting of habitat management and stewardship, environmental education and outreach, and coordination of all volunteer labor and training, whether they be corporate entities, industrial, or municipalities. Services may include helping to get rid of invasive species, restoring native plants to their landscape, etc.
We are currently working with the St. Clair Rotary Club and the city of St. Clair with the Pine River Restoration Project, returning a landscape to its native roots to provide habitat for fish and wildlife. It's partnerships like these that've allowed us to fill funding gaps that occurred during the pandemic. Being that we share the St. Clair River with Canada, we also have a strong and really important international partner as well. There is actually a Friends of the St. Clair River group in Canada. The river looks much different than it did 100 years ago due to our combined efforts of cleaning up pollution.
Our organization also utilizes grants, contracts, fee for service, sponsorships and donations to fund our efforts here. We've been able to keep our staff employed, maintain our grants and secure sponsorships for our large fundraising event the Sturgeon Festival, so we were very fortunate in that regard. Looking ahead, we are continuing to monitor our revenue streams and financial health to keep an eye on what trends will come as a result of COVID-19 regulations.
Our presence in the area schools has been negatively affected by the pandemic. We do a lot of environmental education programs with the local school district. Although we weren't able to go into classrooms during COVID-19, we did adapt some programs virtually Our Sturgeon Science School program is one of our most successful and fun for the students. Using lake sturgeon to tell the story of the restoration of the Great Lakes and the St. Clair river, we put environmental education into action by combining classroom lessons with a field trip to help students learn how to care for the community where they live.
We are looking forward to kicking off our next three-year strategic plan coming this January. Although on paper we have a three year plan, we have embraced a mentality where we think like a sturgeon. A sturgeon can live up to 100 years and that's our mentality, thinking about what we have to do to celebrate our 50th anniversary, always looking ahead at the bigger picture, but realizing that it's the small steps that get you there. Through the efforts of our volunteers, scientists, and staff, Friends of the St. Clair River will continue to protect, restore, and educate about our natural resources.
Sheri Faust serves as board president for Friends of the St. Clair River, a nonprofit caring for the 40-mile long St. Clair River and five smaller subwatersheds draining into Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, and Lake St. Clair. This entry is part of our Nonprofit Journal Project, an initiative inviting nonprofit leaders across Metro Detroit to contribute their thoughts via journal entries on how COVID-19, a heightened awareness of racial injustice and inequality, issues of climate change and more are affecting their work--and how they are responding. This series is made possible with the generous support of our partners, the Michigan Nonprofit Association and Co.act Detroit.
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Mercer County, Trenton	 August 25, 2020 August 25, 2020
Updated Quarantine Advisory Issued for Individuals Traveling to New Jersey, Bringing New Total to 31 States and Territories
31 States and Territories Include Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Guam, Hawaii, Iowa, Idaho, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Virgin Islands, and Wisconsin
TRENTON, NJ (MERCER)–Governor Phil Murphy today advised individuals traveling to New Jersey from states or territories with significant community spread of COVID-19 to quarantine for a 14-day period from the time of last contact within the identified state or territory. The updated advisory includes the addition of Guam — with Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Maryland, and Montana removed from the list, bringing the total to 31 states and territories. The travel advisory applies to any person arriving from a state or territory with a positive test rate higher than 10 per 100,000 residents or a state with a 10 percent or higher positivity rate over a 7-day rolling average.
As of Tuesday, August 25, there are currently 31 states and territories that meet the criteria stated above: Alabama; Arkansas; California; Florida; Georgia; Guam; Hawaii; Iowa; Idaho; Indiana; Illinois; Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Minnesota; Missouri; Mississippi; North Carolina; North Dakota; Nebraska; Nevada; Oklahoma; Puerto Rico; South Carolina; South Dakota; Tennessee; Texas; Utah; Virginia; Virgin Islands; and Wisconsin.
"As we continue to confront the challenge that this crisis poses, we must ensure we remain vigilant and practice personal responsibility to protect our steady progress," said Governor Murphy. "It is critically important for anyone arriving to New Jersey from these 31 states and territories to get tested for COVID-19 and self-quarantine for 14 days."
Travelers and those residents who are returning from impacted states should self-quarantine at their home, hotel, or other temporary lodging. Individuals should leave the place of self-quarantine only to seek medical care/treatment or to obtain food and other essential items.
It is expected that individuals will follow the public health advisory to self-quarantine. The list of states will be updated on a rolling basis and is accessible here.
Governor Murphy Announces New Modifications for This Year's General Election
Gyms To Reopen September 1, 2020 At 25% Capacity With Face Masks Required


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Infallible You
Several weeks ago, a commenter on one of my columns mentioned his affection for the works of Bp. John Henry Hobart (1775-1830), the third Episcopal bishop of New York (1816–1830). Bp. Hobart vigorously promoted the extension of the Episcopal Church in Central and Western New York, founded General Theological Seminary in New York City and established Geneva College, later renamed after him. Some historians consider Hobart an example of the American proto-Oxford Movement. Beginning with the good bishop and extending throughout the denomination by way of the General Theological Seminary back in the day, there was a renewed emphasis on Catholic essentials which predated the Oxford Movement by more than a decade. Bp. Hobart "preached Apostolic Succession, the sacramental life, prayers for the dead, and daily offices."
Having read only a few bits of Bp. Hobart's work, I set about remedying an obvious chink in my own Anglican armory in my customary way: I ordered everything I could find on Amazon immediately and began to watch the post for that too-familiar box. Happily, the last mail before our blizzards in D.C. brought my newly acquired Hobart collection, and the snow afforded the opportunity for quiet reading and reflection on another ignored and underrated Anglican giant. Among Hobart's works are episcopal charges to the clergy of Connecticut and New York entitled The Churchman (1819) and The High Churchman Vindicated (1826), in which he accepted the name high churchman, and stated and explained his principles in distinction from The Corruptions of the Church of Rome and from the Errors of Certain Protestant Sects (1817). It is this latter work that is the subject of this reflection. I would add one cautionary note at this point: most of the Hobart corpus is available only in reprint or facsimile editions. Some of these are of quite poor quality, and the buyer will want to review some sample pages before making a purchase.
Beware Popular Opinion and Private Judgment
In Corruptions, Bp. Hobart cuts right to the chase, warning against "going with the flow" of popular opinion. In civil life, such a course is merely dangerous, "in matters of religion, not only dangerous and unwise, but criminal." To borrow from the Apostles, no strangers to assaults from prejudice and from passion, "Believe not every spirit," but "try the spirits, whether they be of God"; "Prove all things: hold fast that which is good." In this regard, Hobart noted that it is
[m]uch more pleasant is it to swim with, than to stem, the current; to be carried along by the popular gale, than with incessant and wearying exertion to struggle against it; to be hailed by the applauses of the hosts, in whose ranks, or as whose leaders, men bear to a triumph the opinions or the measures of the day, than to meet their odium by refusing to enlist with them, or by opposition, somewhat to perplex their progress, if not to diminish their success.
(It is a bit like writing an article on the Apostolic Constitution for The Continuum!)
The problem before us today is the same as that in Bp. Hobart's: sailing that difficult course between the Scylla and Charybdis of private judgment and claims of infallibility. In the first case, a faith grounded in purely private judgment will lead to the renunciation of that wisdom the ages have sanctioned-wisdom that all regard to the voice of the Church catholic, not in the restricted sense in which the Church of Rome claims that title, but in its extension, semper, ubique, apud omnes, always, every where, among all. This rule of receiving what has been believed in the Church, known as the Vincentian Canon, is a yardstick of orthodoxy. Bp. Hobart cautioned against, those "claiming the right to interpret the word of God, and to deduce from it the unerring articles of doctrine, without any regard to the faith of the universal Church."
This is not to say that there is no right of private judgment in matters of religion, but that the right should be properly exercised. Hobart notes that
the doctrine that every man being individually responsible to his Maker and Judge, must, in all those concerns that affect his spiritual and eternal welfare, act according to the dictates of his conscience, is that cardinal principle of the Protestant faith which should be most strenuously guarded.
Interestingly, Bp. Hobart anticipates the Second Vatican Council by 150 years. As noted in the first paragraph of the Decree on Religious Liberty Dignitatis Humanae:
… the council professes its belief that God Himself has made known to mankind the way in which men are to serve Him, and thus be saved in Christ and come to blessedness. We believe that this one true religion subsists in the Catholic and Apostolic Church, to which the Lord Jesus committed the duty of spreading it abroad among all men. Thus He spoke to the Apostles: 'Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have enjoined upon you' (Matt. 28: 19-20). On their part, all men are bound to seek the truth, especially in what concerns God and His Church, and to embrace the truth they come to know, and to hold fast to it….This Vatican Council likewise professes its belief that it is upon the human conscience that these obligations fall and exert their binding force. The truth cannot impose itself except by virtue of its own truth, as it makes its entrance into the mind at once quietly and with power….
Or, more succinctly, Canon 748 ß1 of the 1983 Code of Law of the Roman Catholic Church confirms that, "All are bound to seek the truth in the matters which concern God and his Church; when they have found it, then by divine law they are bound, and they have the right, to embrace and keep it." Quite clearly, then, according to Vatican II, the role of conscience is to seek God's Truth, embrace it, and then hold on to it once found.
However, Bp. Hobart cautions that there is a wide difference between the unlimited and the restricted right of private judgment;
"between each individual forming his code of religious doctrine, without employing as lights amidst the innumerable and jarring opinions that perplex his researches, the faith of the universal Church, as far as he can ascertain it; and the same individual, while he claims the right, which no intelligent creature can surrender, of judging for himself, seeking with humility and with deference, that guidance which is to be found in the faith of the Church universal.
We may, indeed, fail in our efforts, liability to error is inseparable from our present fallen state. But there is much less danger of error, when we follow the light, as far as it is disclosed to us, which has shone on the Church universal. To borrow from Article XX of the Thirty-Nine Articles, it is on this sound principle of human nature, as well as on those declarations of Scripture, which pronounce the Church to be 'the pillar and ground of the truth,' and which commands us to 'hear the Church,' that our Church declares in her articles, that 'the Church is a witness and keeper of holy writ,' and has 'authority in controversies of faith.'
"By the Church we mean, 'a congregation of faithful men, in which the pure word of God is preached, and the sacraments duly administered according to Christ's ordinance.' This presupposes Apostolicity, as those authorized to minister the sacraments, 'are chosen and sent by men who have public authority given to them for this purpose.' We can be in no doubt whom she considers as having this public authority to call and send to the ministry, when we hear her declaring that Bishops, to whom she assigns this power as distinct from Presbyters and Deacons, 'have been from the Apostles' times,' and 'instituted by God's Providence, and by his Holy Spirit.' [Preface to offices of ordination, and prayers in those offices.]
"Certainly, the authority which the Church possesses in matters of faith, 'is exercised by all orders of men constituting her communion, her Bishops, Clergy, and Laity.' 'But those who are especially commissioned to minister in sacred things, and to whom, as the stewards of the mysteries of God, it peculiarly appertains to dispense his sacred word, are particularly entrusted with the office of preserving Christian verity, and of guarding the fold of their Master from the assaults of heresy and schism.' Thus, there is a high calling and duty placed upon those in Holy Orders 'to search for the old paths, and to continue therein,' rather than withhold truth, because it may be difficult; or to give in to a love of popularity which would rather bow to some modern idol, than worship the God of our fathers in the faith and unity even when 'modern liberality may style [it] bigotry and uncharitableness.'"
Connected with the extreme exercise of private judgment in matters of religion, and arising indeed from it, is the little regard which is paid to the Church as a divinely constituted society. Bp. Hobart critiques "hard Protestantism" for failing to "bring into view the divine institution of the Christian Church, and the divine origin of its powers." They reduce the sacred institution, founded by a divine hand and governed by Him, to whom "all power is given in heaven and on earth," to a level with those "associations which have no higher origin than human power, and no other object but human policy."
There is an eerie prescience to that statement, which would play out in full in General Conventions and similar gatherings of the "mainstream" denominations of our time. Indeed, these are places where
…discipline is not regarded as a duty demanded by the authority of its divine Head, and the purity of its sacred character, but as dictated merely by those considerations of policy which influence secular associations, and as left entirely to human discretion. Its discipline is thus relaxed; or, when exercised agreeably to established provisions, is secretly assailed, or openly opposed and disregarded.
There are also erroneous opinions prevalent with respect to the constitution of the Christian ministry, arising from the tendency to extremes to which Bp. Hobart refers.
On the question of primacy, the "Church from which Protestants separated" claims for its visible Head "prerogatives as unfounded in Scripture as they are dangerous in the exercise." Bp. Hobart acknowledges the confession of St. Peter-"Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God"-by the distinguishing declaration "On this rock I will build my Church —and unto thee will I give the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven." However, without entering into the discussion, whether the rock meant was the confession or the personal authority of St. Peter, Bp. Hobart poses the "Eastern Question": "what evidence is there that the Church was not established on the other Apostles, and that the power of the keys, or of remission of sins in the administration of the sacraments and ordinances, and of discipline, was not conferred on them?" He goes on to ask twin rhetorical questions:
Are we not told that the Church is founded on all the Apostles? Were not all the Apostles equally with St. Peter, and with no marks of distinction, commissioned to establish the Church, constituted its governors, vested with all its spiritual powers, and commanded to provide for the continued exercise of those powers in the persons of their successors 'alway, even unto the end of the world?'
Finally, there is the "remarkable fact so subversive of the alleged supremacy of St. Peter", St. James, Bishop of Jerusalem, in the first council that settled the disputes of the church, even in the presence of St. Peter, enjoyed that precedence, and exercised that power, which are claimed as of divine origin for St. Peter.
Upon Which Rock?
Even if one admits that St. Peter was distinguished by Christ with some marks of superiority over the rest of the Apostles, Bp. Hobart goes on to question whether that distinction was unique to the person, and demands proof that the distinctions descended to the Bishop of Rome. He finds no warrant for the titles "vicar of Jesus Christ" and "universal Bishop" which involve the "lofty prerogatives" assumed by the papal pontiff.
Hobart appeals to both Scripture and tradition noting that there is no record set forth in the apostolic history recorded in the Acts to support the papal claim. As well, Clement, Bishop of Rome, the next in succession to that see from the Apostles advanced no similar claims in his epistle. Moreover, the martyr St. Ignatius, disciple of St. John, delineated with the greatest minuteness the Christian hierarchy and the duty of submission to it, yet said nothing about the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome. Indeed, in the Ravenna Document of 13 October 2007, theologians chosen by the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches stated:
41. Both sides agree ... that Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the Bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium.
On the other hand, if every doctrine and institution was thoroughly corrupted by "passing through a Papal channel," how does it happen that those who appear to act upon this principle retain any doctrine or institution which is taught or practiced by this church they deem anti-Christian Church? For example, is the divinity of Christ to be rejected because, in the midst of other corruptions, this truth shone conspicuously as an article of the faith of the Church of Rome? Further, is Christ's atonement diminished in its redeeming efficacy, because of its connection to the intercession and merits of created beings? Does the Bible cease to be the charter of salvation, because its sacred books must be traced through the Roman Church to the age of inspiration? And does Episcopacy lose its claims to a divine origin, because on its simple and apostolic foundation has been reared the structure of the Papal hierarchy?
Bp. Hobart asks that
if one extreme approves its opposite, if the abuse of an institution renders necessary the rejection of it, if usurped prerogative justifies resistance to legitimate power—what is there in religion—what is there in civil polity—what is there in the departments of science—what is there in social life, that would remain sacred?
Keeping One's Confidence
The crux of Bp. Hobart's exhortation is to avoid loss of confidence in the primitive institutions of our Church, and to not be intimidated from avowing and defending the scriptural and primitive claims of the Anglican Episcopacy. "The Episcopacy which it is the privilege of our Church to enjoy, was the glory of martyrs and confessors, centuries before Papal domination established itself on the depression of Episcopal prerogatives." When we appeal to the Epistles of Timothy and Titus as proof of the succession of an order of men to the Apostles, in their powers of ordination and supremacy in government, we do not have to accede to claims of the supremacy of the supposed successor of St. Peter. When we appeal to a succession of Fathers, in proof of a fact which appears prominent in every Ecclesiastical record, that, as is expressed by the "judicious Hooker" (the "outward being of a Church consisted in the having of a Bishop") must we adhere to a very different dogma of which the ancient Fathers knew nothing-that the Pope is the visible head of the Church on earth, and that subjection to his supremacy is a necessary evidence of membership in the Catholic or Universal Church?
As Anglicans, our Church (and note, please, that I have begun to capitalize Church) holds a most important station in the Christian world. Amidst the various forms which modern innovators have given to the Christian ministry; some relinquishing entirely its divine origin; others confounding its distinct orders, and altering their original powers; some denying the transmission of its commission from the Head of the Church; others changing the channel of conveyance; some seeming to think it necessary to retreat as far as possible from the precincts of the Roman Catholic Church; our Church, not awed by Papal claims and unmoved by the unjust reproaches of some of her Protestant kindred, takes her stand where Apostles and Martyrs stood. Her Apostolic Episcopacy shines forth to the wandering members of the Christian family, as that city "set on an hill," where they may find repose from the tumults of schism and the wreckage of modernism and materialism, and enter communion with their Redeemer, in those ministrations and ordinances which he has established as the channels of his grace, and the pledges of his love.
And, now comes the same rebuke that Bp. Charles Grafton would repeat nearly a hundred years on. We must be weak in our attachment to our Church, and indifferent must we be to the vows which we made when we received her ministry, and insensible to the promises of succor and support from that Master whose commission we sustain, and whose cause we advocate-and little must we have of that undaunted spirit of the Fathers if, awed by popular reproaches, or seduced by the promise of resources and prominent place, we should fail in the high calling to bear the faith which we have received from the Apostles, Martyrs, and Saints and transmitting it in its original purity and beauty.
Unity in Christ's Mystical Body
The Roman Catholic opinion of Church unity, that it consists solely in communion with the Bishop of Rome as the visible head of the Catholic Church, has so little foundation in Scripture and in primitive practice that it could not stand the test of that spirit of free inquiry which the Reformation excited. But, here's the rub: many bodies of reformed Christians who renounced the Church of Rome, were not so happy as to carry with them that primitive Episcopacy which subsisted in the Church from which they separated. We "moderns" can agree that the natural course of the human mind, through gradations of error, could justify a departure from Episcopacy at first exercised on the plea of necessity and, later, justified on the ground of right.
The difference of English Church reformers with a Church which imposed and continues to impose extraordinary terms of communion teased out into the claim of individual ministers and individual Christians, to establish communions as their judgment may dictate. Thus, Bp. Hobart noted that the Protestant world would increasingly divide into sects, "the numbers or the tenets of which it is almost impossible to enumerate."
And so, there is the introduction of the vagueness that those who seek the "safety" of Rome want to escape. Yet, the unity of the Church is an obvious and fundamental doctrine of Scripture; and visible unity is entirely incompatible with distinct communions. Hence, the tenet of an invisible Church, of which all are covenanted members who exercise faith, threatens to subvert the doctrine, professed in the ancient creeds, of a visible Church, "one, Catholic, and Apostolic."
Again, Bp. Hobart is quick with a barrage of questions to challenge us. Was it an "invisible Church" which our Saviour designated as "a city," "a kingdom," "a body?" Was it an invisible society, over which he set his Apostles as the instructors, the priests, and rulers, and of which they were to constitute officers, with similar powers, to the end of the world? Was it an invisible society, of which the Apostle declares, "Ye were all baptised by one spirit into one body?" Was it to an invisible Church that they were united, of whom it is said in the Acts of the Apostles, "the Lord added to the Church daily such as should be saved?" Was it a union only of faith and charity which distinguished those of whom, in the same inspired book, it is said, "they continued steadfastly in the Apostles; doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers?" Was it an internal and invisible unity which the Apostle enjoined, when he said, "there should be no schism in the body?" Was it to the officers of an invisible Church that he commanded obedience-"Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves; for they watch for your souls, as they that must give account?" Was it an infraction only of an invisible unity which he reproved, when he said, "mark them which cause divisions"-"because there are divisions among you, ye are carnal—one saying, I am of Paul; and another, I am of Apollos?" Were mutual love and soundness in the faith the only bond of unity in those ages, when the Church universal was indeed one fold, under the government of Bishops? Was this the unity of Ignatius, of Cyprian, of a host of Fathers, who, in almost every page of their writings, enforce a visible unity, maintained by the communion of Christians with the authorized orders of the ministry, Bishops, Priests, and Deacons? Was it for an invisible unity, that Jerome, the reputed champion of this modern error, contended, when, in the celebrated passage which is adduced in proof of it, he asserts, that at the very time when it was said, I am of Paul, and I am of Apollos, which was, undoubtedly, in the time of the Apostles, Bishops were constituted as superior to Presbyters, in order to be the bond of the visible order and unity of Christ's Church? When, indeed, was there any other bond, until, centuries after the first age of Christianity, the usurped precedence of the Bishop of Rome was constituted the principle of Church unity; and until the divisions of Protestants made this unity to consist solely in mutual affection and soundness in the faith, and, of course, compatible with any, and, indeed, with no form of the Christian ministry?
An Exhortation
Under great and, perhaps, increasing rancor and hysteria, these prevalent errors have induced the writers of The Continuum to reiterate the positions of Bp. Hobart and other giants of the Anglican patrimony in an effort to expose and refute; and in maintaining an authentically Anglican view of the constitution of the Christian Church, and of the principles of Church unity. Like Hobart and those to whom we owe an immeasurable debt, we must be sustained by the consideration that we are maintaining the principles of the saints of the primitive ages, and for which, sooner than relinquish them, they would have shed their blood. And what of claims that we are but a small bit of Christendom-the supposed tail attempting to wag the dogs of the Protestant denominations and the Roman Church? What though it may be said, that these principles would limit the communion of the Church to a small portion of professing Christians, and place in a state of schism a large number of the Christian family?
Dear readers, if these principles that men such as Bp. Hobart articulated are true, their obligation cannot be diluted, nor their importance diminished by the number, the claimed piety, or the overblown zeal of their opponents. The general prevalence of error into which man is capable of falling is a trial of our faith, but ought not to weaken or subvert it.
Again in the rhetorical style of Bp. Hobart,
Was not the revelation of God's will confined from the beginning to a small number of the human race, in the plains of Shinar, and in the fields of Jordan? Are not large portions of the globe still under the dominion of the prince and powers of darkness? It is not for man to arraign the dominion of the Most High. For purposes wise and good, but inscrutable by us, did he not permit heresies early to stain the purity of the faith? Was there not a period when the divinity of his blessed Son was doubted and denied by a large portion of the Christian world; and when a venerable defender of this fundamental truth was hunted by his persecutors throughout the earth? …And need we wonder then, that for purposes equally wise and good, but equally inscrutable, the Sovereign of the universe still permits heresies to corrupt, and schisms to distract the Christian family?
"We are assured that God will set His Church and His creation to right. He searches out, knows and mercifully judges the purposes of the heart; and, it is certain that honest purity of intention, and zealous endeavour to know and to do his will, will not fail of a reward from him, who is no respecter of persons, but is the equal and kind Parent of all the human race." Still charity, though it should always soften the rigid features of truth, cannot change her divine character, nor dispense with her sacred obligations.
And here is a particular cautionary note for this Lent and for the years to come. Never "let us be guilty of worse than folly in separating the means from the end—in placing the Church, which is to preserve and to spread the truth, superior to the truth itself—in advocating the ministry, which was constituted for the salvation of the sheep of Christ, whom he bought with his death, and for whom he shed his blood, solely for the sake of the powers with which it vests us, and not for the infinitely important objects which are the end of all its functions and its duties." Let us then, avoid those party names by which the enemy disguised in sheep's clothing, indulges his malicious purpose of sowing division in the fold of Christ.
Others may do what they wish and go in whatever direction they wish. Such is the nature of human will. However, let us sharpen our apologetic and support one another to greater fidelity in proclaiming to corrupt and sinful men, salvation through the merits, and sanctification through the grace, of a Divine Redeemer. There is a broken world full of Christ's sheep. So that they may hear the voice of their heavenly Shepherd, and be led by his grace beside the still waters of salvation and into the pastures of life, and, let us renew our commitment to gather them, as Christ has commanded us, into his fold. They are "the congregation of Christ"-let us unite them in His body to Him their Divine Head.
Bp. Hobart sounds a Jeremiah-like warning: in maintaining the outward defenses of the fold, the good order of the house, the apostolic constitution of Christ's mystical body (the authentic apostolic constitution, I would add), we must be driven by the thought that, not only we are discharging a duty which Apostles and Martyrs have performed before us, but also that we are guarding the fold, the household, the body of Christ. The day of account must come-especially for those in Holy Orders. And how forcibly should we be reminded of the uncertainty of the event that may close our own stewardship.
In that spirit let us labor, worrying not over numbers or claims or mocking. Our Lord did not, even on the Cross. Let us simply be counted with Him, bearing the Cross and witnessing to the faith once-delivered to the Apostles.
Posted by Fr. Nalls at Wednesday, February 17, 2010
RC Cola said...
Thank you, Fr. Nalls!
Hobart and anti-Hobart material is not easy to come by. Several years ago, I found a microcard collection called Early American Imprints: Series II that contained all of Hobart's published work, as well as work from his opponents. Unfortunately the only place to print them was at University of Missouri, because it's the only place with a microcard (not fiche) printer. I printed up all of his opponents' work, but graduated before I could smuggle out Hobart's work.
My goal--still unaccomplished--was to write a history of the early Episcopal Church as seen through the Hobart vs. anti-Hobart forces. God grant me the grace to live long enough to do that.
I noticed that the one or two histories of the Episcopal Church that I have read gloss over Hobart as quickly as possible. And Hobart College itself would much rather not remember its founder. What little I have found about Hobart through the college, he has been recast as a liberal, just as all of the clergy who served at or attended Hobart have be historically "rehabilitated" to suit political correctness.
I will e-mail photos of the Hobart memorial at the church in Auburn, NY if you like. Beautiful place.
charles said...
What is amazing about this period, 1810-1830's, was a correction to the enthusiasms of the second great awakening. This spurred a renewed interest in sacraments, creeds, and ecclesiology. John Williamson Nevin comes to mind, and I personally attribute Nevin's life in the German Reformed Church as drawing me away from Presbyterianism into Anglicanism. We should also recall the distortions 'original protestantism' has suffered due to waves of revivalism. I imagine Hobert was dealing with similar currents in the episcopal church?
spaethacc said...
For those interested:
http://books.google.com/books?id=NqU9AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+High+Churchman+Vindicated&cd=2#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Google scanned a book containing both The Churchman and The High Churchman Vindicated from the NY Public Library. Doane wrote the preface, which is interesting in its own right as well.
This article raises more questions than it answers.
1. When Bishop Hobart defended the concept of "private judgment," what position was he writing AGAINST? Roman Catholic authoritarianism? 18th century skepticism? The substance of the debate eludes me, I just don't get it.
It seems to me self-evident that people have to make up their own minds; I cannot fathom any position which would disagree.
2. In his quote of Article XX, what was Bishop Hobart's view of the place and value of the Articles? (Incidentally, I am indepted to my friend Shaughn Casey for researching and proving me wrong on Bp Seabury's view of the Articles.)
3. The Vincentian Canon, which many recite as a mantra, no longer impresses me as having much value. "Semper, ubique, et ab omnibus" is a noble description of the Universal faith of Christians, but at the same time it is a question begging-phrase. Can anyone claim to have a precise list of doctrines which comply with that rubric? Roman Catholics are very sure that the "dogma" of the IC meets the Vincentian test; everyone else disagrees. Most of us would hold up the Chalcedonian formula, but the Oriental Orthodox would not agree.
Vincent of Lerins worked out this formula in controversy with the extreme Augustinians. For that purpose, it seems to work (although Dutch Calvinists would not agree). And since Vincent himself only lived in the 5th century, does his "canon" itself meet its own test? This famous formula may turn out to be self-refuting, since it was not always around.
Article XX itself may prove to be a more consistent and reliable rule.
Fr. Robert Hart said...
I believe the most useful part of the Vincentian Canon is the "always." Though it is not exact, it is a guide. Do our doctrines have the witness of Antiquity? Universal Consensus is not an exact science either, even with the Seven Ecumenical Councils. Nonetheless, with the Vincentian Canon we may see with confidence when doctrines do not have these qualities. Papal infallibility does not have them, for example.
What do Anglicans rely on so as not to let our private judgment run wild? That is the question, because everyone everywhere uses private judgment, whether the Newman fans think so or not. The answer, of course, is Scripture as interpreted by the wisdom of the Church.
"Though it is not exact, it is a guide."
If we seriously believe that doctrinal truth is a serious matter, that our eternal salvation is at stake, that theology is more than a parlor-game, this is not a satisfactory state of affairs.
To borrow Bavinck's phrase, this makes eternity hang on a cobweb.
In my view, the "semper" is the weakest part of the Vincentian canon. When did the clock start? At AD 30? When the last canonical book was written, perhaps by AD 70? When the 7th Ecumenical Counjcil adjourned? In AD 1054?
A far more solid rule, one you can sink you teeth into, is that laid down in the second part of Article XX:
"it is not lawful for the Church to ordain anything contrary to God's Word written.... aalthough the Church be a witnes and a keeper of Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree anything agauinst the same, so besides the same
ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity for Salvation."
The Vincentian canon is too slippery to be reliable, too subjective to be of much use. How would it have worked between the 1st and 2nd when the Arians were in the majority and Athanasius was in exile?
If we took a vote of all Christians, living and dead, we would probably be stuck with the affirmation that the Bishop of Rome is Peter's successor and the only legitimate center of unity for the Church on earth. But since I do not find that doctrine in the canonical Scriptures, my private judgment tells me it is false.
At the Council of Nicea they relied on the interpretation of Scripture received from what was, to them, Antiquity. Antiquity, ultimately, is Sola Scriptura in its correct and true form; for, no essential doctrine of the Apostolic Church is missing from the contents of Scripture. It was received into the Church already having the same essential doctrines that were later defended at Nicea.
Here's more from St Vincent which seems to have anticipated some of the questions raised here:
"[7.] What then will a Catholic Christian do, if a small portion of the Church have cut itself off from the communion of the universal faith? What, surely, but prefer the soundness of the whole body to the unsoundness of a pestilent and corrupt member? What, if some novel contagion seek to infect not merely an insignificant portion of the Church, but the whole? Then it will be his care to cleave to antiquity, which at this day cannot possibly be seduced by any fraud of novelty.
[8.] But what, if in antiquity itself there be found error on the part of two or three men, or at any rate of a city or even of a province? Then it will be his care by all means, to prefer the decrees, if such there be, of an ancient General Council to the rashness and ignorance of a few. But what, if some error should spring up on which no such decree is found to bear? Then he must collate and consult and interrogate the opinions of the ancients, of those, namely, who, though living in divers times and places, yet continuing in the communion and faith of the one Catholic Church, stand forth acknowledged and approved authorities: and whatsoever he shall ascertain to have been held, written, taught, not by one or two of these only, but
by all, equally, with one consent, openly, frequently, persistently, that he must understand that he himself also is to believe without any doubt or hesitation." (Chapter III of the Commonitorium)
--Doubting Thomas
"Antiquity, ultimately, is Sola Scriptura in its correct and true form; for, no essential doctrine of the Apostolic Church is missing from the contents of Scripture."
Another Haiti Update
Second Sunday in Lent
Fr. Wells' Bulletin Inserts
For Prayers-Archdeacon DeHart
Zweifrontenkrieg
This Tuesday
Humility of an Un-magisterium
On Property and "Mission"
Beyond Port and Prejudice - The High Church Reviva...
In your prayers...
Ken on Lent
Diagnosis of Dr.Tighe
The Affirmation of St Louis - Some Thoughts
Welcome Bishop Peter Robinson
My Favourite Things (spelling indicates a Brit aut...
A couple of odds and ends
Works of mercy
Ritual Notes for Shrove Tuesday
Quinquagesima Sermon Notes
ACC MISSION IN RWANDA
Rebuilding the bridge
GUARANTEES AND ASSURANCES
Sexagesima
Clear as mud
Also re-posted from Aug. 2007
Remember in your prayers...
Re-posted from Aug.2007
Disinformation corrected
The Presentation of Christ in the Temple, commonly...


text:
Mammoth cloning 'will be successful in 10 years'
Cloning of mammoth will be successful in 10 years, predicts head of region earmarked for their home
By Still Waters, September 18, 2018 in Science & Technology
aisen nikolaev
mammoth cloning
yakutia
Still Waters 36,938
Deeply Mysterious
"Sometimes you will never know the value of a moment, until it becomes a memory."
- Dr. Seuss
Born-again beasts will roam in Ice Age Park in Yakutia, said Aisen Nikolaev, head of Yakutia region.
Yakutia - also called the Sakha Republic - is the largest region in the Russian Federation - and most famous for diamonds.
But this may change when the extinct woolly beast is cloned back to life.
Acting head of the region Aisen Nikolaev said that co-operation between Russian, South Korean and Japanese scientists will see this 'miracle' happen within a decade.
The prospect was no longer fantastical, he said.
https://siberiantimes.com/science/opinion/news/cloning-of-woolly-mammoth-will-be-successful-in-next-ten-years-predicts-head-of-region-earmarked-for-their-home/
OverSword 39,326
Forum Divinity
Location:Seattle WA USA
I love chocolate
Why? Things don't go extinct for no reason.
Edited September 18, 2018 by OverSword
Rlyeh 13,250
Location:South Australia
Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life. - Terry Pratchett
Why not bring back species humans have caused to become extinct?
Myles 12,292
I like the idea. There are places that can support mammoths (Russia, Canada).
I don't like the thought of bringing any predators back. Animals have a hard enough time surviving today to introduce more predators.
http://www.foxnews.com/science/2018/09/18/woolly-mammoths-will-roam-new-jurassic-park-style-theme-park-with-cave-lions-and-extinct-horses-in-ten-years-russian-scientists-say.html
Long extinct cave lions may be about to rise from their icy graves and prowl once more alongside woolly mammoths and ancient horses in a real-life Jurassic Park.
In less than 10 years, it is hoped the fearsome big cats will be released from an underground lab as part of a remarkable plan to populate a remote spot in Russia with Ice Age animals cloned from preserved DNA.
Experiments are already underway to create the lions and also extinct ancient horses found in Yakutia, Siberia, seen as a prelude to restoring the mammoth.
Regional leader Aisen Nikolaev forecast that cooperation between Russian, South Korean and Japanese scientists will see the "miracle" return of woolly mammoths inside 10 years.
Eldorado 35,150
I reckon so.
There'll be no need to clone Fred and Barney.
cyclopes500 87
Ectoplasmic Residue
It sounds all very nice but what about the poachers? If we can't protect our elephants and rhinos now how can we stop them from killing their bigger ancestors?
Jon the frog 925
Conspiracy Theorist
On 9/18/2018 at 6:15 PM, Myles said:
Well, bringing back a wolf population in Yellowstone saved the park... https://www.yellowstonepark.com/things-to-do/wolf-reintroduction-changes-ecosystem
Nnicolette 1,589
Psychic Spy
Location:California
This is kind of cruel in a way. If there is a global warming crisis why bring back animals from the ice age which couldnt handle the heat 14,000 years ago?
Edited September 21, 2018 by Nnicolette
Woodwose 65
Alien Embryo
Tundra is pale in color, it bounces a lot of light and heat back out to space, it also provides little insulation/protection from winter cold so freezes deeply. Forest is dark in color, It absorbs heat and provides significant insulation to the ground, thus causing it to freeze less deep in winter and thaw deeper in summer. When our ancestors drove the tree and shrub killing megafauna to extinction the forest crept back across the tundra, all of the extra heat and insulation is now raising the air and ground temperatures causing the Permafrost to thaw which will release more greenhouse gasses than Humans have released since the industrial revolution. Returning the entire ecosystem (predators included) back to its previous state could literally save the entire planet by preventing the Permafrost positive feedback loop from getting any worse.
Guyver 2,868
Majestic 12 Operative
Location:Central Coast, CA
Adam raised a Cain.
blah blah blah. they were saying this 10 years ago. I'll believe it when I see it.
Bunzilla 55
Location:Canada
Something I ask myself, every time I see people talking about reviving mammoths and the like; why does nobody seem to want to revive dodos? Their habitat is already more or less still intact, there are tree species that still cater to them. Is it a lack of DNA? I'd love to see dodos running around again.
Woodswalker 4
Cool cheese... mammoth s and stuff...I vote for bringing back the Irish elk....yep yep yep!!!
On 9/21/2018 at 4:34 PM, Bunzilla said:
Some group are working to bring back the passenger pigeon, the problem is finding the good material and comprehend it.
Old link about it there: http://reviverestore.org/why-birds-are-a-challenge/
TripGun 208
Extraterrestrial Entity
Location:Alone is how you will find me.
"You shall not pass!" - Emilio Estevez - The Chronicles of Narnia
You get to pick the one you want to eat.
Go To Topic Listing Science & Technology


text:
Submit a nomination for a Community Impact Award Here.
Talbot County at a Glance
Offers the lowest real property tax rate in the state.
Ranks #8 out of 24 Maryland counties for the best mortgage market
Population projected to increase by 5.9% by 2020.
26% of our population earns $100,000 or more in income.
Median property value is $287,000.
Public Schools outperformed the state in 11 out of 14 areas in 2016 assessments.
Ranks #5 healthiest county in the Maryland.
Home to University of Maryland Shore Regional Health.
We're small, but influential.
We have our own unique story to tell. Get to know who ignites Talbot County's economy.
Per Capita Income: $44,785
Bachelor's Degree or More: 37.4%
Average Family Size / Household: 2.3
Total Civilian Labor Force: 19,494
Download full demographic profile by clicking the following link: Talbot County Brief Economic Facts
Shore Regional Health
Shore Regional Health is the largest employer in the Mid-Shore Region with 2,000 employees, 1,700 of whom reside in Talbot County. It has completed a 40,000 sq. ft. emergency pavilion for Shore Medical Center in Easton and is in the planning stages for a new $350 million regional hospital in Easton.
Shore Bancshares, Inc.
Shore Bancshares, Inc. is a financial holding company headquartered in Easton, Maryland and is the largest independent bank holding company located on Maryland's Eastern Shore.
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Qlarant, a Medicare/Medicaid fraud and abuse investigator, serves as a government contractor with a national presence at its Easton headquarters.
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Sea Watch International is a seafood company that operates a production facility in Easton and is recognized as the largest harvester and processor of clam products in the world. All of the clams are harvested in U.S. fishing waters under federal regulations.
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Aphena Pharma provides clients with a full range of solutions to address their pharmaceutical packaging and manufacturing requirements. Easton serves as the headquarters of the liquid and topical division with a 140,000 sq. ft. facility.
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JASCO North America
JASCO North America operates its North American headquarters in Easton where it manufactures instrumentation for molecular spectroscopy and chromatography.
The Whalen Company
The Whalen Company, a manufacturer of HVAC equipment, offers practical heating and cooling solutions for developers, architects, and builders for commercial and residential buildings. Whalen pioneered the industry's first vertical stack valveless fan coil and heat pump.
Konsyl Pharmaceuticals
Konsyl Pharmaceuticals, based in Easton, manufactures natural dietary fiber based products for over the counter pharmaceuticals and SITZMARK medical device. The Konsyl line of products has distribution throughout the United States and the world.
APG Media of Chesapeake
APG Media of Chesapeake, LLC owns and publishes newspapers, magazines, websites, and mobile applications in Maryland and Delaware. The company was incorporated in 2014 and is headquartered in Easton, Maryland. APG Media of Chesapeake, LLC operates as a subsidiary of Adams Publishing Group LLC.
Talbot County offers the lowest real property tax rate in the state of Maryland and the second lowest income tax rate.
County MD + County Real Property Tax rate County MD Income Tax
Talbot $0.66 Worcester 1.75%
Montgomery $0.89 Talbot 2.40%
Worcester $0.95 Anne Arundel 2.50%
Queen Anne's $0.96 Dorchester 2.62%
St. Mary's $1.03 Garrett 2.65%
Anne Arundel $0.96 Caroline 2.73%
Washington $1.06 Calvert 2.80%
Wicomico $1.06 Cecil 2.80%
Calvert $1.06 Washington 2.80%
Dorchester $1.09 Baltimore 2.83%
Allegany $1.09 Kent 2.85%
Caroline $1.09 Frederick 2.96%
Garrett $1.10 St. Mary's 3.00%
Cecil $1.10 Carroll 3.03%
Prince George's $1.11 Charles 3.03%
Somerset $1.11 Allegany 3.05%
Howard $1.13 Harford 3.06%
Carroll $1.13 Somerset 3.15%
Kent $1.13 Baltimore City 3.20%
Harford $1.15 Howard 3.20%
Frederick $1.17 Montgomery 3.20%
Baltimore $1.21 Prince George's 3.20%
Charles $1.32 Queen Annes's 3.20%
Baltimore City $2.36 Wicomico 3.20%
Want to grow and expand your
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text:
any thing regarding joomla fix or patch or workaraound or hack or anything

json-fix-mod.php .. original code from : https://github.com/robwent/joomla-json-db-check

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Antique Japanese Imari Porcelain Bowl
Meiji Japanese Blue White Mijin Karakusa Shochikubai Imari Arita Porcelain Bowl
19C Vintage, A pairs of Japanese porcelain plate
Antique Japanese Meiji Imari Scalloped Bowl 9" with Blue Circles
izabelvintage (253 )
izabelvintage has no other items for sale.
Details about Vintage JAPANESE IMARI ARITA BLUE & WHITE PORCELAIN Scalloped BOWL 5.5" diameter
Vintage JAPANESE IMARI ARITA BLUE & WHITE PORCELAIN Scalloped BOWL 5.5" diameter
Sunnyvale, California, United States
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text:
Spanish Courts Issue Arrest Warrants for the Butchers of Guatemala
Posted by k under Civil Liberties
Seeking Justice Abroad
By CATHERINE NORRIS Counterpunch 8/6/06
While the abuses at Guatanamo Bay and other setbacks for human rights are often in today's headlines, one of the most important international victories for the respect of human rights in recent years is going largely unreported. On July 7, a Spanish judge issued arrest warrants for eight former Guatemalan military leaders, including three ex-presidents, who are responsible for some of the worst crimes against humanity committed in the hemisphere in the last century. Controlling the government at the height of Guatemala's 36 year-long internal armed conflict, these men orchestrated a scorched earth campaign that included the torture, murder and forced disappearances of over 200,000 people. More than two decades later, they are finally facing charges of genocide and crimes against humanity.
Remarkably, the arrest warrants are not the culmination of some Spanish official's judicial activism, but rather stem from the perseverance of Guatemalan survivors of genocide fighting for justice. In 1999, under the leadership of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchú, a group of plaintiffs filed the case in the Spanish legal system. Survivors have also continued to pursue similar cases in the domestic legal system and the Inter-American system in hopes of finding that justice delayed does not have to mean justice denied.
In a significant move towards strengthening the application of international human rights law, Spanish National Court judge Santiago Pedraz heeded both Guatemalan and Spanish calls for justice by issuing international warrants for the arrest of former military rulers Efraín Rios Montt and Oscar Humberto Mejía Victores, in addition to six others. Pedraz also ordered that the defendants' assets be frozen both in Spain and internationally, lodging the warrants with Interpol to alert countries across the world.
The Spanish-issued warrants are a major setback to Guatemala's efforts to reform its international image. The current administration of President Óscar Berger, a former businessman and wealthy landowner, has pleased Western countries by deregulating the economy and liberalizing trade, at the same time promoting an international image that his government is concerned with human rights issues. But while the Berger administration strongly enforces its economic agenda, most noticeably by enacting the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), it has only paid lip service to respecting human rights, maintaining impunity for past and current abuses by the country's security forces and allied criminal groups.
President Berger has incorporated prominent human rights figures into his administration, including Eduardo Stein (Vice President), Frank LaRue (head of the Presidential Human Rights Commission), Rosalina Tuyuc (coordinator of the National Reparations Program), and Rigoberta Menchú, for whom he even created the special post of Goodwill Ambassador to the Peace Accords. In its actions, however, his administration has prioritized the wealth of few over the well-being of many, increased land evictions against poor farmers, allowed an increase in threats and attacks against human rights defenders, and failed to seriously address an alarming rise in murders of women and girls.
Guatemala has sought to compensate for its domestic human rights shortcomings by bolstering its image in international forums. As of May, Guatemala holds one of the 47 seats on the United Nations' new Human Rights Council, the highest international human rights body. Guatemala has also recently sent peacekeepers to Haiti and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, claiming that "10 years after the signing of the Peace Accords, we're exporting peace!" Ironic for a country that reported 5,338 cases of homicide in 2005 (a 60% increase from 2001) to serve as a model of peace and justice for others. After a May visit to Guatemala, U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour was blunt in expressing dismay "that not only reforms are progressing slowly, but that more and more people are becoming increasingly frustrated with the State's inability to deliver the promised security, equality and justice."
Despite this recent censure from the U.N., Guatemala is now also vying for a seat on the Security Council. Guatemala's bid for the rotating two-year seat comes mainly from the Bush administration, which has launched a diplomatic offensive to ensure that Guatemala ? and not the first declared candidate, Venezuela ? takes over the seat. The U.S. is conveniently overlooking the myriad problems and challenges that the Guatemalan government has failed to address, claiming Guatemala is a "viable candidate" solely to thwart Venezuela's bid.
Concerns about Guatemala have dominated the Inter-American human rights system for several years. Nonetheless, as part of the Berger administration's efforts to boost its international image, the Inter-American Human Rights Commission has been invited to hold a special session in Guatemala this summer. The hosting country, however, has chosen to only comply with certain elements of verdicts handed down by the Inter-American Court for Human Rights (IACHR). In July 2005, Vice President Stein accepted state responsibility for a 1982 massacre in the community of Plan de Sánchez and issued a tearful apology to the survivors there, as mandated by an IACHR verdict. But those responsible for the massacre, as well as the hundreds of other massacres of Maya people, have yet to be held accountable by a court of law, as this same IACHR verdict demands. Berger may have incorporated Frank LaRue into his administration, who headed the human rights organization CALDH when it began pursuing genocide cases against Ríos Montt and others in the domestic legal system, but the genocide cases continue to languish in the preliminary investigative phase six years after their filing.
While the genocide cases stalled in the Guatemalan system, Spain's Constitutional Court ruled last September that "the principle of universal jurisdiction takes precedence over the existence or not of national interests," allowing the case to proceed in Spain. Initially, Guatemalan courts agreed to cooperate with a visit of a Spanish Investigative Commission lead by Judge Pedraz and several prosecutors. However, when the Commission arrived on June 24, 2006, it was stopped by the Guatemalan courts. Based on appeals filed by Ríos Montt and other accused officials, the Guatemalan Constitutional Court prevented Pedraz from collecting any testimony during his visit.
Shortly after returning to Spain, Judge Pedraz issued arrest warrants for all eight of the accused (this included the former President Lucas García who had died just weeks earlier). In the order, Judge Pedraz made special note of "the obstructionist attitude of the defendants," while the Spanish prosecutor commented on "a clear, constant and voluntary lack of cooperation with the Spanish judicial authority in investigating these crimes." The very public failure of the Guatemalan judiciary to comply with the requests of the Spanish commission underscores the pervasive impunity gripping Guatemala, as well as the lack of political will to come to terms with crimes of the past, and thus the need to try the genocide case internationally.
If the Berger administration was concerned with actively combating impunity and ensuring the proper functioning of the justice system, Guatemalan human rights defenders could depend on their own courts instead of resorting to cumbersome and expensive international systems to enforce the law. As things stand now, if the arrest warrants for Ríos Montt, Mejía Víctores and others work their way through the Spanish and Guatemalan diplomatic channels and arrests are made as they should be, the extradition agreements will mandate that the accused either be tried domestically or extradited to Spain to stand trial.
The Berger administration now has two options to finally back up its rhetoric with action. First, Berger could make the domestic cases against the former dictators and their military high commands a true priority by ensuring that the investigative phase draws to a close and the cases go to trial. Or alternately, the administration can acknowledge the shortcomings of Guatemala's legal system and extradite the accused to Spain for trial. In either scenario, the government has a responsibility to ensure the security of the witnesses and human rights defenders involved in the case, many of whom are subject to threats and intimidation.
Rather than lobbying for Guatemala's entrance to the Security Council, the U.S. has the opportunity to better serve the people of Guatemala, as well as the ideals of democracy and justice it purports to hold so dear, by complying with Judge Pedraz's arrest and asset freezing orders for those accused of genocide. If any of the accused enters the U.S., arrests must be made, and if the defendants hold financial assets in the U.S., as many wealthy Central American officials tend to, the accounts should be frozen immediately.
When another Spanish judge issued a similar warrant for the arrest of former Chilean dictator Augosto Pinochet, a 2004 U.S. Senate investigation found Riggs Bank culpable of helping hide multiple accounts and millions of dollars on behalf of the dictator. U.S. financial institutions should be alert to avoid a similar scandal this time around. The other countries with which Guatemala maintains important strategic relationships, including Mexico and Panama, must also take the issuance of the arrest and asset freezing orders seriously.
Although much still needs to be done for justice to ultimately prevail before the Spanish and Guatemalan courts, human rights activists can already begin to celebrate at least a partial victory. The fact that international arrest warrants have been issued for individuals so long cloaked in impunity provides hope not only for Guatemalan survivors, but also for others clamoring for justice worldwide. After decades of being denied their day in court, survivors in Guatemala have been heard across the Atlantic, a testament to their persistence and ability to overcome enormous obstacles. The Berger administration and its allies now have the opportunity and obligation to put into practice their much touted commitments to human rights.
Catherine Norris works with the Network in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala (NISGUA) as the U.S. Coordinator for the Guatemala Accompaniment Project.
Monday, Aug 7th, 2006 at 1:47 pm


text:
Q: Persistent Mutate Error Caused by Previous group_by/summarise I'm seeing a mutate error caused by unrelated code that can either cause errors to be thrown or not based on unrelated code being run. For example,

*

*I initialize data and run a block of mutate code successfully

*I run a group_by, summarise code block that runs successfully but has warnings

*The same original code with original data now throws a mutate error whereas it ran successfully before!

*I run an unrelated mutate that doesn't affect the original data which runs successfully

*I now run the mutate code a 3rd time, and the code runs successfully again now!

library(tidyverse)
library(scales)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'scales'
#> The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
#>
#>     discard
#> The following object is masked from 'package:readr':
#>
#>     col_factor

df_test <- tibble(group = c('a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b'), hour=parse_factor(as.character(c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1))), x = c(1,2,3, 4, 5), y=c(5, 6, 7, 8, 9))

return_data <- df_test %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    hour = paste(hour, ':00'),
    across(.cols = c(x, y), scales::label_dollar())
  )

summarise_df_input <- function(.data, func, group_vars) {
  df_agg <- .data %>%
    group_by(across(all_of(group_vars))) %>%
    summarise(across(everything(), func))

  return(df_agg)
}

df_grouped <- df_test %>% summarise_df_input(mean, 'group')
#> Warning in mean.default(hour): argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA

#> Warning in mean.default(hour): argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA

return_data <- df_test %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    hour = paste(hour, ':00'),
    across(.cols = c(x, y), scales::label_dollar())
  )
#> Error: Problem with `mutate()` input `..2`.
#> x subscript out of bounds
#> ℹ Input `..2` is `(function (.cols = everything(), .fns = NULL, ..., .names = NULL) ...`.

return_data <- df_test %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    across(.cols = c(x, y), scales::label_dollar())
  )

return_data <- df_test %>%
  dplyr::mutate(
    hour = paste(hour, ':00'),
    across(.cols = c(x, y), scales::label_dollar())
  )

Created on 2021-03-05 by the reprex package (v1.0.0)
Here is a reprex of what's going on. Does anyone have any idea what's happening? This is using dplyr 1.0.5 btw.

A: it is using everything, instead it should be where(is.numeric) because other than the group column, there is an 'hour' column which is factor and mean works on numeric variables
summarise_df_input <- function(.data, func, group_vars) {
  .data %>%
      group_by(across(all_of(group_vars))) %>%
       summarise(across(where(is.numeric), func), .groups = 'drop')

}

-testing
df_test %>%
    summarise_df_input(mean, 'group')
# A tibble: 2 x 3
#  group     x     y
#* <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
#1 a       1.5   5.5
#2 b       4     8

Regarding the error in execution, it may be a bug.  Changing the order of execution of across can bypass the error
return_data <- df_test %>%
    dplyr::mutate(
       across(.cols = c(x, y), scales::label_dollar()), hour = paste(hour, ':00')
  )

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange