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In general, public records are documents that an individual may seek to obtain from California government agencies and courts. It should be noted that public records as defined by California law are distinct from federal agency records which may be available under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).
What constitutes a public record? Government Code 6252 describes what a public record is. In summary, a public record is a document comprised of information related to the "public's business" which is made, appropriated or kept by a government agency. The format of a particular document does not have any effect on its categorization as a public record under Govt C 6252. The Govt C 6252 conception of a public record is supplemented by California case law which extends its meaning to cover any record kept by an officer because it is needed or useful to the exercise of an official duty as described in California State University, Fresno Association v. Superior Court (2001) 90 CA4th 810, 108 CR2d 870. The only exception provided by California State University, Fresno Association is for information that is completely personal in nature and does not relate to the "public's business."
The language "public records" exists in several California statutes. However, whenever The California Public Records Act refers to this term, it is referencing the Govt Code 6252 version.
About the California Public Records Act (CPRA) The bulk of the California Public Records Act (or CPRA) can be located in Government Code sections 6250-6270. Govt C 6253(a) requires that public records be accessible to the public at large for inspection purposes. The CPRA does not mandate any particular process for obtaining public records. Essentially, government agencies are responsible for setting up their own record request process in compliance with Govt C 6253.4. This government code does list certain agencies which must make written explanations of the chosen CPRA procedure available to the public. Govt C 6253.4 also states that these written guidelines must be offered for free. Agencies not listed in Govt C 6253.4 sometimes opt to have written guidelines for CPRA even when they are not required to.
California Government Code 6253.1 requires an agency make a valid attempt to retrieve requested information even where the request is nebulous. California Government Code 6250 explains that even though an agency may request additional information from the petitioner to assist in locating the information sought, it may not attempt to determine the basis for the request. Agencies are also prohibited from preventing access to information because of the reason behind the request. However, some types of information are specifically excepted from CPRA requests as stated in California Government Code sections 6275-6276.48.
California Public Records Made Available by Law DMV Records
The statute governing the availability of DMV records is California Vehicle Code 1808(e). This vehicle code states that "all records of the department relating to the registration of vehicles, other information contained on an application for a driver's license, abstracts of convictions, and abstracts of accident reports…shall be open to public inspection during office hours." Veh C 1808(e) restricts disclosure of some information as required by law.
When disclosing registration or license information, the DMV is constrained by the Driver's Privacy Protection Act per Vehicle Codes 1808.21-1808.23.
Personal Residential Information
California Vehicle Code 1808.21 prohibits access to personal residence details unless sought by law enforcement, the court, or another government agency pursuant to Vehicle Code Sections 1808.22 or 1808.23. DMV is authorized to limit access to information depending on the reason for the request per Veh C 1808.21(b). Section (d) allows a driver whose information is recorded by DMV to request that no information is released be released to anyone (aside from the exceptions in section (a)) upon a showing that the person is being stalked or in danger of bodily injury or death. The personal request for suppression of records is valid for a one year period, however it can be extended for up to two additional periods.
Accident reports are generally confidential except that law enforcement may provide copies or information contained therein to "the driver or drivers involved, or the guardian or conservator thereof, the parent of a minor driver, the authorized representative of a driver, or to any named person injured therein, the owners of vehicles or property damaged thereby, persons who may incur civil liability, including liability based upon a breach of warranty arising out of the accident, and any attorney who declares under penalty of perjury that he or she represents any of the above persons." California Vehicle Code 20012. Agencies are allowed to charge reasonable fees for providing copies of accident reports and supplemental reports.
Case law (under Vallejos v. California Highway Patrol (1979) 89 CA3d 781, 152 CR 846) also dictates that the information contained in accident reports may qualify as privileged official records per California Evidence Code 1040. However, the above mentioned Veh C 20012 allows attorneys representing an interested party to obtain copies of the report from the law enforcement agency. There is also the possibility that an otherwise confidential traffic report may be obtained by the defendant via the criminal case discovery process per State ex rel Dep't of Transp. v. Superior Court (1985) 37 C3d 847, 210 CR 219.
Drivers License Abstracts
Abstracts showing convictions are found as part of court records, or can be independently requested from the DMV. Any information in relation to an DUI charge is available to the public for a 10 year period from the conviction date. The availability of other types of convictions listed on an abstract depends on the point count related to the violation. For two point violations, there is a seven year (from date of conviction) window for disclosure to the public. For an accident or any other type of violation (such as a one point speeding ticket), the DMV will release information during the three years following the conviction date under California Vehicle Code 1808(b).
Mental and Physical Status of License Applicants
California Vehicle Code 1808.5 restricts access to information about the mental and physical characteristics of license applicants. The code section makes such information strictly confidential. Other information not accessible under this section includes "and convictions of any offense involving the use or possession of controlled substances under Division 10…of the Health and Safety Code not arising from circumstances involving a motor vehicle."
Law Enforcement Records
Some records created and maintained by law enforcement agencies are considered public records. The applicable code section governing access to law enforcement records is California Government Code 6254(f). This section requires law enforcement agencies to disclose certain information as long as the release would not endanger someone involved in the investigation, or would jeopardize the status of the investigation. Personal information available through Gov C 6254(f) includes the full name of arrestees, his/her physical description, date and time of arrest and booking, location of the arrest, bail amount, how release was effectuated or where he/she is held in detention, the applicable criminal charges, and any out of county warrants or holds.
Crime information is also disclosable by law enforcement pursuant to Govt C 6254(f)(2). Requests can be made for information related to the date, time and location of the incident, date and time the crime report was made, name and age of the victim, the factual background of the event, and the existence of property damage, injuries, and use of weapons.
Victim and Witness Confidentialty Rights
A victim (of sexual assault or domestic violence) or their guardian may use authority under California Government Code 6254(f)(2) to withhold disclosure of his/her name. Addtionally, under California Penal Code 841.5, law enforcement agencies are charged with the duty to refrain from disclosing the names of victims or witnesses. California Government Code sections 6205-6210 and 6215-6216 provide additional safeguards since they allow a victim of stalking, sexual assault or domestic violence to make their name and address information confidential through the Secretary of State.
Despite the above listed code sections, the defendant may still have the ability to obtain certain information about the victim/witness through the criminal case discovery process per California Penal Code 841.5(b). Furthermore, a witness or victim's identity may still be disclosed if they are required to testify at a hearing because a confidentiality request under CPRA does not make someone a confidential witness who would be relieved from giving testimony. In re Miller (2006) 145 CA4th 1228, 52 CR3d 256.
Availability of Criminal Case Information to Third Parties
The residential address of both victims and suspects is made available to the public for if the requestor declares under oath the purpose is "scholarly, journalistic, political, or governmental" in nature. Address information is also disclosable to private investigators for investigative purposes. Penal Code 841.5(a). However, there are some crimes which are specifically excluded from disclosure requirements by California Government Code 6254(f)(3). These excluded crimes are stated as "any crime defined by Section 220, 236.1, 261, 261.5, 262, 264, 264.1, 265, 266, 266a, 266b, 266c, 266e, 266f, 266j, 267, 269, 273a, 273d, 273.5, 285, 286, 288, 288a, 288.2, 288.3 (as added by Chapter 337 of the Statutes of 2006), 288.3 (as added by Section 6 of Proposition 83 of the November 7, 2006, statewide general election), 288.5, 288.7, 289, 422.6, 422.7, 422.75, 646.9, or 647.6 of the Penal Code shall remain confidential."
When a third party receives information pursuant to California Government Code 6254(f)(3), they are prohibited from disseminating the information for sales purposes. Each request under this section will require the seeker to fill out a declaration acknowledging the restriction on use.
Duration of Disclosure Exemption for Law Enforcement Records
Information which is excepted from disclosure continues to maintain its confidentiality even after the close of the investigation. State Office of Inspector General v. Superior Court (2010) 189 CA4th 695, 117 CR3d 388. In this case, the court cited the continued need to protect witness and victim identifications as the basis for maintaining exempt status under CPRA.
Scope of California Government Code 6254(f)
Investigation and intelligence information is generally confidential under Gov C 6254(f). The case ACLU v. Dekukmajian (1982) 32 C3d 440, 186 CR 235, stands for the proposition that the government cannot avoid its disclosure obligation merely by labeling otherwise disclosable information as "investigatory" or "intelligence" related. This scenario was rehashed in Uribe v. Howie (1971) 19 CA3d 194, 96 CR 493. where the court found that information designated as investigatory did not qualify as such because it was not actually being used for licensing investigations or law enforcement purposes. Local governments (such as municipal governments) are prohibited form asserting a "state secrets" justification for not disclosing information as required by Government Code 6254(f). Rubin v. City of Los Angeles (1987) 190 CA3d 560, 235 CR 516.
CPRA and Law Enforcement Personnel Records
California Penal Code 832.7 makes the personnel records of law enforcement officers' (and other police department employees) exempt from CPRA disclosure requirements. Such records are still not available to the public even if they have been disclosed to a civil service commission for hearing purposes. The Copley Press, Inc, v. Superior Court (2006) 39 C4th 1272, 48 CR3d 183. Records held by POST (Commission on Police Officer Standards and Training) are not made inaccessible under California Penal Codes 832.7 and 832.8. Thus, information can be made available concerning the names, assigned departments, and hiring and firing dates if the information will not pose a risk to officer safety. Commission on Police Officer Standards and Training v. Superior Court (2007) 42 C4th 278, 64 CR3d 661.
Criminal Rap Sheets
Access to criminal records (called rap sheets or Criminal Offender Record Information- CORI) is largely regulated by state law. CPRA doesn't play a role in granting access to criminal records as the disclosure of such information is prohibited by California Government Code 6276.12.
Law Enforcement Reporting Requirements Information obtained and held by law enforcement agencies pertaining to arrested individuals is required to be disclosed to the California Department of Justice under California Penal Codes 13100-13326. Specifically, under California Penal Codes 13102-13328, law enforcement agencies must provide personal information about arrestees. This report must include info such as:
Full name, aliases, monikers
Race, sex, place and date of birth
Height, weight, hair and eye color
CII, FBI, Social Security, Drivers license numbers
Fingerprint classification numbers and NCIC/Henry fingerprint codes
Date and location of arrest and name of arresting agency, booking number, offenses charged
Police disposition of case – relesed, cited and released, turned over to, complaint filed.
Preliminary hearing or infraction/misdemeanor cases : All applicable court info including hearing dates, offenses charged, proceedings suspended and reason, plea or judgment and sentencing information.
Applicable Superior Court data: county, date of complaint, type of proceeding, disposition of original offenses and dates, type of trial and outcome, suspensions of proceedings and reason, reopening of cases.
Corrections information: adult probation, county and court info, offenses, probation info, removal info, jail and bail info, O/R release info, commiting agency, Department of Corrections number.
All such information provided by law enforcement and the courts is compiled by DOJ and is maintained as the master record as required by California Penal Code 11105(a)(1).
Other Law Enforcement Databases
California also maintains a similar database commonly used for law enforcment purposes called the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (CLETS). California Government Codes 15150-15167 governs the creation and maintenance of the CLETS system.
California Penal Codes 13101, 13102, and 13300 allow local law enforcement agencies to maintain their own criminal history databases for use in record keeping and investgations.
Similarly, the federal government has a criminal record database which is maintained by the FBI pursuant to 28 USC 534.
Persons granted access to rap sheets
Since a rap sheet is considered confidential in nature, it is not accessible to the general publilc although it is technically a public record. California Penal Code 11105(b)(4) regulates to whom a rap sheet may be disclosed. This code section specifically states that criminal record information can be furnished to:
law enfrocement officers
city prosecutors
city attorneys working on gang injunctions or drug abatement
probation and parole officers
public defenders or defense attorneys under some circumstances
any state official, agency or officer requiring the information for the implementation of a statute related to the criminal conduct of a person or persons
any city, county or state agency requesting such info for employment background investigation purposes or licensing
any city, county or state agency seeking to implement a regulation or statute related to the criminal conduct of a person
health officers conducting official duties under Health and Safety Code 120175
Local child support and child welfare agencies
officers or court investigators conducting conservatorship or guardianship investigations
humane officers conducting duties pursuant to California Corporations Code 14502
Any " agency, officer, or official of state or local government, a public utility, or any other entity in fulfilling employment, certification, or licensing duties" upon a showing of "compelling need."
How Defense Counsel May Obtain a Rap Sheet For Defendants A criminal defense attorney is authorized under California Penal Code 11105(b)(9) to request a rap sheet directly from the Department of Justice (DOJ) via a specific request form. In some cases, defense counsel can also receive a copy of a defendant's criminal record from the prosecutor's office through a discovery request as allowed under People v. Little (1997) 59 CA4th 426, 68 CR2d 907.
For Witnesses and Victims in a case
The California Statutes controlling the criminal discovery process (California Penal Code 1054-1054.10) along with applicable case law allows defense attorneys to obtain the criminal record history of victims and witnesses. Pertinent case law has created legal precedent requiring that any information favorable to the defendant's case must be disclosed to the defense by the prosecution. U.S. v. Agurs (1976) 427 US 97, 49 L Ed 2d 342.
The U.S. Supreme Court case, Agurs, concerned a situation where the defense argued on appeal that the prosecutor's failure to provide the rap sheet of the victim (showing charges of assault and carrying a deadly weapon) required a reversal of the trial court conviction. The Supreme Court held that the lack of disclosure on the prosecutor's part did not constitute a due process violation because the victim's criminal record was not material (in that it wouldn't have changed the case outcome) and the defense did not request the victim's rap sheet at the initiation of the case. Additionally, the Court found that enough evidence was presented during the trial to allow the jury make a throrough determination of guilt.
Another related case is Brady v. Maryland (1963) 373 US 83, 10 L Ed 2d 215. This case held that a violation of due process will occur where the prosecution withholds exculpatory evidence from the defense if such evidence is material to the issues of guilt and/or sentencing. To be considered material, the evidence must be outcome determinative. Thus, the court will examine the withheld evidence to determine if the case would have been decided differently had the evidence been disclosed to provide use in the defense.
Additionally, California Penal Code 1054.1(d) gives defense counsel the right to be notified of the felony record of any material witness in the case.
Disclosure under Megan's Law California Penal Code 290.46 allows for a unique manner of criminal record disclosure for registered sex offenders. Under Megan's Law, information about individuals who fall under the California Penal Code 290 registration requirements will be made accessible to the public through the website. Information shown on the website includes… the offenses convicted of, year of conviction, year released from custody, subsequent felony arrests, and upcoming releases from custody.
Requests for Documents Held by Coroner
Some records maintained by the county coroner are public records. Autopsy reports held by a coroner are available to the public pursuant to California Government Code 27463. Similarly, Govt C 27463 and 27463.5 grant public access to the coroner's register which provides identifying information about the deceased along with the determined cause of death and names of witnesses and persons notified of the death.
Coroner documents will be non-disclosable if they include any information which is statutorily confidential. Such information will remain confidential unless it is produced during a coroner's inquest. Information made statutorily exempt from disclosure to the public includes privileged information related to the psychotherapist-patient relationship under California Evidence Codes 1010-1027, the confidential communications of the deceased person contained in medical or psychiatric records pursuant to Evidence Code 990-1097.
California Government Code 27498(b) states that when the coroner is investigating a death caused by a law enforcement officer, the documents (from the law enforcement agency) obtained through a coroner's subpoena do not become part of the coroner's file which is accessible by the public. The only exception to the Gov C 27498(b) disclosure exemption is where the law enforcement agency consents to the disclosure.
Access to Miscellaneous Public Records Grand Jury Transcripts California Penal Code 938.1(b) makes grand jury proceeding transcripts available to the public 10 days after they are provided to the defendant. The disclosure of grand jury transcripts can be limited by the court upon the defendant's showing that there is a "reasonable likelihood" it will affect the right to a fair trial. Alvarez v. Superior Court (2007) 154 Ca4TH 642, 64 cr3D 854. Under People v. Jackson (2005) 128 CA4th 1009, 27 CR3d 596, the court may seal grand jury transcripts to preserve privacy interests, pending police investigations,and the defendant's right to a fair trial.
Student Records California Education Code Secs 49073-49079.7 deems the records of school students as public records. Therefore, information can be sought regarding a school student via a valid subpoena or court order. California Education Code 49077 further advises that a school receiving such a subpoena is required to make a reasonable effort to notify the student and his/her parents before complying with the subpoena. This section also requires pupil and parental notification where a court order is issued.
Prisoner Records Disclosure of prisoner info to the public is regulated by Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations sections 3260-3267. These code sections mainly regulate media access to prisoners and prison facilities. However, both the California state prison system and many counties have internet websites which allow a visitor to search for inmate locations and information.
California Government Code 6276.12
"Criminal offender record information, access to, Sections 11076 and 13202, Penal Code"
California Government Code 6254(f)(3)
Subject to the restrictions of Section 841.5 of the Penal Code and this subdivision, the current address of every individual arrested by the agency and the current address of the victim of a crime, where the requester declares under penalty of perjury that the request is made for a scholarly, journalistic, political, or governmental purpose, or that the request is made for investigation purposes by a licensed private investigator as described in Chapter 11.3 (commencing with Section 7512) of Division 3 of the Business and Professions Code. However, the address of the victim of any crime defined by Section 220, 236.1, 261, 261.5, 262, 264, 264.1, 265, 266, 266a, 266b, 266c, 266e, 266f, 266j, 267, 269, 273a, 273d, 273.5, 285, 286, 288, 288a, 288.2, 288.3 (as added by Chapter 337 of the Statutes of 2006), 288.3 (as added by Section 6 of Proposition 83 of the November 7, 2006, statewide general election), 288.5, 288.7, 289, 422.6, 422.7, 422.75, 646.9, or 647.6 of the Penal Code shall remain confidential. Address information obtained pursuant to this paragraph may not be used directly or indirectly, or furnished to another, to sell a product or service to any individual or group of individuals, and the requester shall execute a declaration to that effect under penalty of perjury. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit or limit a scholarly, journalistic, political, or government use of address information obtained pursuant to this paragraph.
V C Section 1808.21 Confidential and Suppressed Records 1808.21. (a) Any residence address in any record of the department is confidential and shall not be disclosed to any person, except a court, law enforcement agency, or other government agency, or as authorized in Section 1808.22 or 1808.23.
(b) Release of any mailing address or part thereof in any record of the department may be restricted to a release for purposes related to the reasons for which the information was collected, including, but not limited to, the assessment of driver risk, or ownership of vehicles or vessels. This restriction does not apply to a release to a court, a law enforcement agency, or other governmental agency, or a person who has been issued a requester code pursuant to Section 1810.2.
(c) Any person providing the department with a mailing address shall declare, under penalty of perjury, that the mailing address is a valid, existing, and accurate mailing address and shall consent to receive service of process pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 415.20, subdivision (a) of Section 415.30, and Section 416.90 of the Code of Civil Procedure at the mailing address.
(d) (1) Any registration or driver's license record of a person may be suppressed from any other person, except those persons specified in subdivision (a), if the person requesting the suppression submits either of the following:
(A) A certificate or identification card issued to the person as a program participant by the Secretary of State pursuant to Chapter 3.1 (commencing with Section 6205) of Division 7 of Title 1 of the Government Code.
(B) Verification acceptable to the department that he or she has reasonable cause to believe either of the following:
(i) That he or she is the subject of stalking, as specified in Section 1708.7 of the Civil Code or Section 646.9 of the Penal Code.
(ii) That there exists a threat of death or great bodily injury to his or her person, as defined in Section 12022.7 of the Penal Code.
(2) Upon suppression of a record, each request for information about that record shall be authorized by the subject of the record or verified as legitimate by other investigative means by the department before the information is released.
(e) (1) The suppression of a record pursuant to a verification under subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (d) shall occur for one year after approval by the department. Not less than 60 days prior to the date the suppression of the record would otherwise expire, the department shall notify the subject of the record of its impending expiration. The suppression may be continued for two additional periods of one year each if a letter is submitted to the department stating that the person continues to have a reasonable cause to believe that he or she is the subject of stalking or that there exists a threat of death or great bodily injury as described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (d). The suppression may be additionally continued at the end of the second one-year period by submitting verification acceptable to the department. The notification described in this subdivision shall instruct the person of the method to reapply for record suppression.
(2) The suppression of a record made in accordance with the submission of a certificate or identification card under subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (d) shall occur for four years following the submission of the certificate or identification card described in this paragraph. The suppression may be continued for an additional four-year period, and for subsequent four-year periods, upon the submission of a current certificate or identification card described in this paragraph.
(f) For the purposes of subdivisions (d) and (e), "verification acceptable to the department" means recent police reports, court documentation, or other documentation from a law enforcement agency.
V C Section 1808.5 Confidential Records Physical Mental Condition Controlled Substance Offenses Except as provided in Section 22511.58, all records of the department relating to the physical or mental condition of any person, and convictions of any offense involving the use or possession of controlled substances under Division 10 (commencing with Section 11000) of the Health and Safety Code not arising from circumstances involving a motor vehicle, are confidential and not open to public inspection.
V C Section 1808 Records Open to Public Inspection/ Records Open to Public Inspection
1808. (a) Except where a specific provision of law prohibits the disclosure of records or information or provides for confidentiality, all records of the department relating to the registration of vehicles, other information contained on an application for a driver's license, abstracts of convictions, and abstracts of accident reports required to be sent to the department in Sacramento, except for abstracts of accidents where, in the opinion of a reporting officer, another individual was at fault, shall be open to public inspection during office hours. All abstracts of accident reports shall be available to law enforcement agencies and courts of competent jurisdiction.
(b) The department shall make available or disclose abstracts of convictions and abstracts of accident reports required to be sent to the department in Sacramento, as described in subdivision (a), if the date of the occurrence is not later than the following:
(1) Ten years for a violation pursuant to Section 23140, 23152, or 23153.
(2) Seven years for a violation designated as two points pursuant to Section 12810, except as provided in paragraph (1) of this subdivision.
(3) Three years for accidents and all other violations.
(c) The department shall make available or disclose suspensions and revocations of the driving privilege while the suspension or revocation is in effect and for three years following termination of the action or reinstatement of the privilege, except that driver's license suspension actions taken pursuant to Sections 13202.6 and 13202.7, or Section 256 or 11350.6 of the Welfare and Institutions Code shall be disclosed only during the actual time period in which the suspension is in effect.
(d) The department shall not make available or disclose a suspension or revocation that has been judicially set aside or stayed.
(e) The department shall not make available or disclose personal information about a person unless the disclosure is in compliance with the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (18 U.S.C. Sec. 2721 et seq.). However, a disclosure is subject to the prohibition in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 12800.5.
(f) The department shall make available or disclose to the courts and law enforcement agencies a conviction of Section 23103, as specified in Section 23103.5, or a conviction of Section 23140, 23152, or 23153, or Section 655 of the Harbors and Navigation Code, or paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 192 of the Penal Code for a period of 10 years from the date of the offense for the purpose of imposing penalties mandated by this code, or by other applicable provisions of California law.
The department shall make available or disclose to the courts and law enforcement agencies a conviction of Section 191.5, or subdivision (a) of Section 192.5 of the Penal Code, punished as a felony, for the purpose of imposing penalties mandated by Section 23550.5, or by other applicable provisions of California law.
GOVERNMENT CODE SECTIONS 15150-15167
15150. (a) It is the intent of the Legislature that the Department of Justice shall commence to operate under this chapter as soon as feasible, but until such time, the department shall continue to operate under Article 8 (commencing with Section 13240) of Chapter 2, Part 3, Division 3, Title 2 of this code, and Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 15100) of this part. Accordingly, the department shall not discontinue service to any connection point to which it is required to furnish services at state expense until it has made the determination, has given notice, and the notice period has elapsed, as provided in subdivision (b). (b) At such time as the Attorney General concludes that he can furnish service to one location in any county in compliance with the requirements of Section 15161, he shall so certify and shall send notice of such certification to each agency in the county connected with the state system. Thirty days after the sending of such notice, service to any connection point in the county other than the one location selected pursuant to Section 15161 shall no longer be at state expense.
15151. The maintenance of law and order is, and always has been, a primary function of government and is so recognized in both Federal and State Constitutions. The state has an unmistakable responsibility to give full support to all public agencies of law enforcement. This responsibility includes the provision of an efficient law enforcement communications network available to all such agencies. It is the intent of the Legislature that such a network be established and maintained in a condition adequate to the needs of law enforcement. It is the purpose of this chapter to establish a law enforcement telecommunications system for the State of California.
15152. The Department of Justice shall maintain a statewide telecommunications system of communication for the use of law enforcement agencies.
15153. The system shall be under the direction of the Attorney General, and shall be used exclusively for the official business of the state, and the official business of any city, county, city and county, or other public agency.
15154. The Attorney General shall appoint an advisory committee on the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System, hereinafter referred to as the committee, to advise and assist him in the management of the system with respect to operating policies, service evaluation, and system discipline. The committee shall serve at the pleasure of the Attorney General without compensation except for reimbursement of necessary travel expenses. Before requesting vendor proposals to implement the system, the committee shall prepare detailed technical system specifications defining all communications–handling parameters and making explicit in sufficient depth the goals of the system.
15155. The committee shall consist of representatives from the following organizations: (1) Two representatives from the Peace Officers' Association of the State of California. (2) One representative from the California State Sheriffs' Association. (3) One representative from the League of California Cities. (4) One representative from the County Supervisors Association of California. (5) One representative from the Department of Justice. (6) One representative from the Department of Motor Vehicles. (7) One representative from the Department of General Services. (8) One representative from the California Highway Patrol. (9) One representative from the California Police Chiefs Association.
15156. The Department of Justice shall provide an executive secretary to the committee.
15157. The committee shall elect a chairman for a term to be determined by the committee.
15158. The committee shall meet at least twice each year at a time and place to be determined by the Attorney General and the chairman. Special meetings may be called by the Attorney General or the chairman by giving at least 14 days' notice to the members.
15159. All meetings of the committee and all hearings held by the committee shall be open to the public.
15160. The Attorney General shall, upon the advice of the
committee, adopt and publish for distribution to the system subscribers and other interested parties the operating policies, practices and procedures, and conditions of qualification for membership.
15161. The Department of Justice shall provide a basic telecommunications communications network consisting of no more than two relay or switching centers in the state and circuitry and terminal equipment in one location only in each county in the state. The system shall be consistent with the functional specifications contained in pages 75 to 79 of the Report of the Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, Volume 21, Number 9, 1963-1965. These functional specifications summarize the needs of the peace officers for present purposes, but do not constitute technical specifications addressed to prospective suppliers of equipment and procedures.
15162. The system may connect and exchange traffic with compatible systems of adjacent states and otherwise participate in interstate operations.
15163. The system shall provide service to any law enforcement agency qualified by the committee which, at its own expense, desires connection through the county terminal.
15164. The system shall be maintained at all times with equipment and facilities adequate to the needs of law enforcement. The committee shall recommend to the Attorney General any improvements of the system to meet the future requirements of the subscribers and to take advantage of advancements made in the science of telecommunications communications. The system shall be designed to accommodate present and future data processing equipment.
15164.1. (a) The person designated as a county's "control agent" as defined by the policies, practices, and procedures adopted pursuant to Section 15160, or the chief officer of any other agency that has been granted direct access to the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System under the provisions of this chapter, shall have sole and exclusive authority to ensure that the county's or other agency's equipment connecting to the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System complies with all security requirements that are conditions of access to the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System under the provisions of this chapter, or the policies, practices, and procedures adopted pursuant to Section 15160, and that the equipment complies with the county control agent' s security policy. This authority shall include, but not be limited to, locating, managing, maintaining, and providing security for all of the county's or other agency's equipment that connects to, and exchanges data, video, or voice information with, the California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System under the provisions of this chapter, including, but not limited to, telecommunications transmission circuits, networking devices, computers, data bases, and servers. (b) A control agent or chief officer may not exercise the authority granted in subdivision (a) in a manner that conflicts with any other provision of this chapter, or with the policies, practices, and procedures adopted pursuant to Section 15160.
15165. Any subscriber to the system shall file with the Attorney General an agreement to conform to the operating policies, practices and procedures approved by the committee under penalty of suspension of service or other appropriate discipline by the committee.
15166. The Director of General Services shall fix the charge to be paid by any state department, officer, board or commission to the Department of Justice.
15167. In the case of a state agency, the charge shall be paid from the money available by law for the support of the state agency using the system
California Penal Code Section 11105
(a) (1) The Department of Justice shall maintain state summary criminal history information. (2) As used in this section: (A) "State summary criminal history information" means the master record of information compiled by the Attorney General pertaining to the identification and criminal history of any person, such as name, date of birth, physical description, fingerprints, photographs, date of arrests, arresting agencies and booking numbers, charges, dispositions, and similar data about the person. (B) "State summary criminal history information" does not refer to records and data compiled by criminal justice agencies other than the Attorney General, nor does it refer to records of complaints to or investigations conducted by, or records of intelligence information or security procedures of, the office of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice. (b) The Attorney General shall furnish state summary criminal history information to any of the following, if needed in the course of their duties, provided that when information is furnished to assist an agency, officer, or official of state or local government, a public utility, or any other entity, in fulfilling employment, certification, or licensing duties, Chapter 1321 of the Statutes of 1974 and Section 432.7 of the Labor Code shall apply: (1) The courts of the state. (2) Peace officers of the state, as defined in Section 830.1, subdivisions (a) and (e) of Section 830.2, subdivision (a) of Section 830.3, subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 830.5, and subdivision (a) of Section 830.31. (3) District attorneys of the state. (4) Prosecuting city attorneys of any city within the state. (5) City attorneys pursuing civil gang injunctions pursuant to Section 186.22a, or drug abatement actions pursuant to Section 3479 or 3480 of the Civil Code, or Section 11571 of the Health and Safety Code. (6) Probation officers of the state. (7) Parole officers of the state. (8) A public defender or attorney of record when representing a person in proceedings upon a petition for a certificate of rehabilitation and pardon pursuant to Section 4852.08. (9) A public defender or attorney of record when representing a person in a criminal case, or parole revocation or revocation extension proceeding, and if authorized access by statutory or decisional law. (10) Any agency, officer, or official of the state if the criminal history information is required to implement a statute or regulation that expressly refers to specific criminal conduct applicable to the subject person of the state summary criminal history information, and contains requirements or exclusions, or both, expressly based upon that specified criminal conduct. The agency, officer, or official of the state authorized by this paragraph to receive state summary criminal history information may also transmit fingerprint images and related information to the Department of Justice to be transmitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (11) Any city or county, city and county, district, or any officer or official thereof if access is needed in order to assist that agency, officer, or official in fulfilling employment, certification, or licensing duties, and if the access is specifically authorized by the city council, board of supervisors, or governing board of the city, county, or district if the criminal history information is required to implement a statute, ordinance, or regulation that expressly refers to specific criminal conduct applicable to the subject person of the state summary criminal history information, and contains requirements or exclusions, or both, expressly based upon that specified criminal conduct. The city or county, city and county, district, or the officer or official thereof authorized by this paragraph may also transmit fingerprint images and related information to the Department of Justice to be transmitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (12) The subject of the state summary criminal history information under procedures established under Article 5 (commencing with Section 11120). (13) Any person or entity when access is expressly authorized by statute if the criminal history information is required to implement a statute or regulation that expressly refers to specific criminal conduct applicable to the subject person of the state summary criminal history information, and contains requirements or exclusions, or both, expressly based upon that specified criminal conduct. (14) Health officers of a city, county, city and county, or district when in the performance of their official duties enforcing Section 120175 of the Health and Safety Code. (15) Any managing or supervising correctional officer of a county jail or other county correctional facility. (16) Any humane society, or society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, for the specific purpose of complying with Section 14502 of the Corporations Code for the appointment of humane officers. (17) Local child support agencies established by Section 17304 of the Family Code. When a local child support agency closes a support enforcement case containing summary criminal history information, the agency shall delete or purge from the file and destroy any documents or information concerning or arising from offenses for or of which the parent has been arrested, charged, or convicted, other than for offenses related to the parent's having failed to provide support for minor children, consistent with the requirements of Section 17531 of the Family Code. (18) County child welfare agency personnel who have been delegated the authority of county probation officers to access state summary criminal history information pursuant to Section 272 of the Welfare and Institutions Code for the purposes specified in Section 16504.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. Information from criminal history records provided pursuant to this subdivision shall not be used for any purposes other than those specified in this section and Section 16504.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. When an agency obtains records obtained both on the basis of name checks and fingerprint checks, final placement decisions shall be based only on the records obtained pursuant to the fingerprint check. (19) The court of a tribe, or court of a consortium of tribes, that has entered into an agreement with the state pursuant to Section 10553.1 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. This information may be used only for the purposes specified in Section 16504.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code and for tribal approval or tribal licensing of foster care or adoptive homes. Article 6 (commencing with Section 11140) shall apply to officers, members, and employees of a tribal court receiving criminal record offender information pursuant to this section. (20) Child welfare agency personnel of a tribe or consortium of tribes that has entered into an agreement with the state pursuant to Section 10553.1 of the Welfare and Institutions Code and to whom the state has delegated duties under paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 272 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. The purposes for use of the information shall be for the purposes specified in Section 16504.5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code and for tribal approval or tribal licensing of foster care or adoptive homes. When an agency obtains records on the basis of name checks and fingerprint checks, final placement decisions shall be based only on the records obtained pursuant to the fingerprint check. Article 6 (commencing with Section 11140) shall apply to child welfare agency personnel receiving criminal record offender information pursuant to this section. (21) An officer providing conservatorship investigations pursuant to Sections 5351, 5354, and 5356 of the Welfare and Institutions Code. (22) A court investigator providing investigations or reviews in conservatorships pursuant to Section 1826, 1850, 1851, or 2250.6 of the Probate Code. (23) A person authorized to conduct a guardianship investigation pursuant to Section 1513 of the Probate Code. (24) A humane officer pursuant to Section 14502 of the Corporations Code for the purposes of performing his or her duties. (c) The Attorney General may furnish state summary criminal history information and, when specifically authorized by this subdivision, federal level criminal history information upon a showing of a compelling need to any of the following, provided that when information is furnished to assist an agency, officer, or official of state or local government, a public utility, or any other entity in fulfilling employment, certification, or licensing duties, Chapter 1321 of the Statutes of 1974 and Section 432.7 of the Labor Code shall apply: (1) Any public utility, as defined in Section 216 of the Public Utilities Code, that operates a nuclear energy facility when access is needed in order to assist in employing persons to work at the facility, provided that, if the Attorney General supplies the data, he or she shall furnish a copy of the data to the person to whom the data relates. (2) To a peace officer of the state other than those included in subdivision (b). (3) To an illegal dumping enforcement officer as defined in subdivision (j) of Section 830.7. (4) To a peace officer of another country. (5) To public officers, other than peace officers, of the United States, other states, or possessions or territories of the United States, provided that access to records similar to state summary criminal history information is expressly authorized by a statute of the United States, other states, or possessions or territories of the United States if the information is needed for the performance of their official duties. (6) To any person when disclosure is requested by a probation, parole, or peace officer with the consent of the subject of the state summary criminal history information and for purposes of furthering the rehabilitation of the subject. (7) The courts of the United States, other states, or territories or possessions of the United States. (8) Peace officers of the United States, other states, or territories or possessions of the United States. (9) To any individual who is the subject of the record requested if needed in conjunction with an application to enter the United States or any foreign nation. (10) (A) (i) Any public utility, as defined in Section 216 of the Public Utilities Code, or any cable corporation as defined in subparagraph (B), if receipt of criminal history information is needed in order to assist in employing current or prospective employees, contract employees, or subcontract employees who, in the course of their employment may be seeking entrance to private residences or adjacent grounds. The information provided shall be limited to the record of convictions and any arrest for which the person is released on bail or on his or her own recognizance pending trial.
California Education Code Section 49077
Information concerning a student shall be furnished in compliance with a court order or a lawfully issued subpoena. The school district shall make a reasonable effort to notify the parent or legal guardian and the pupil in advance of compliance with a lawfully issued subpoena and, in the case of compliance with a court order, if lawfully possible within the requirements of the order.


This book teaches the reader how to mature in the academic sense. When one sets out to master a new subject, it is often difficult to do so without a strong foundation. Cho Yoon-jae, author of best-selling book "Study of Words" will guide you in developing a strong foundation. The author takes the core teachings of ancient texts such as Anon, Mencius, Records of the Grand Historian, Zhan Guo Ce, and Zhuang Zhuo in order to guide the reader towards literary enlightenment.


text:
Q: Every closed subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is a derived set How can I show that given a closed subset $A \subset \mathbb{R}$, there is some set $B \subset \mathbb{R}$ such that $A= B'$, where $B'$ denotes the derived set of $B$? I feel as though this should be simple, so perhaps I am missing something...

A: Let's decompose $A$ into $A=L\cup I$ where $L=\{\text{$x\in A$|$x$ is a limit point of $A$}\}$ and $I=\{\text{$x\in A$|$x$ is an isolated point of $A$}\}$.
For each $x\in I$, there exist $r_x>0$ such that $B(x,r_x)$ contains no other points of $A$. Let
$$S_x=\{x,x+\frac{r_x}2,x+\frac{r_x}3,... \}$$
Observe that by letting
$
S=\bigcup_{x\in I}S_x
$
, $S'=I$ (Prove this!). By construction $S$ is disjoint from $L$. Letting
$$ B=L\cup S$$
we can see that $B'=A$, indeed.

A: The idea is this: Since $A$ is closed, we know that $A'\subseteq A$. So, intuitively, we want $B$ to be $A$ together with "extra stuff," $E$. This extra stuff should have two properties:

*

*Every point of $A\setminus A'$ is a limit of points in $E$, but

*no point not in $A$ is a limit of points in $E\cup A$.
If we can find such an $E$, then $B=A\cup E$ will be as desired.

So our first question is:

What does $A\setminus A'$ look like?

As it turns out, there's a lot we can say about this set; but for now, we just need:

*

*The points in $A\setminus A'$ are (strongly) isolated: we may associate intervals $I_x$ to each $x\in A\setminus A'$ such that $I_x\cap A=\{x\}$ and $I_x\cap I_y=\emptyset$ for $x\not=y$.

EXERCISE 1: Prove that. (It may be helpful to first show that $A\setminus A'$ is countable . . . )
EXERCISE 2: For each $x\in A\setminus A'$, let $I_x$ be such an open interval. Since $I_x$ is open, we can find a sequence of points $x_0<x_1<x_2< . . . $, $x_i\in I_x$, with $\lim x_i=x$. Let $E=\{x_i: x\in A\setminus A'\}$. Show that $(E\cup A)'=A$.

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text:
We need to talk about LSM
|In Uncategorized
|By Elna Pretorius
During the late 1980s, the South African Audience Research Foundation (or SAARF) created the Living Standards Measure (LSM); a novel approach to classify and segment the South African consumer market. A rather intuitive concept for its time, its creation has given rise to many other mass market brands to develop their own bespoke segmentation models in recent years, to better categorise and understand their customers.
For those not familiar with LSM, it's a segmentation model exclusive to the South African market, and takes 29 different factors into account to classify consumers. Its focus is predominantly on the ownership of major appliances, and the degree of urbanisation. The resulting classification distinguishes between 10 levels of consumer living standards, LSM 1 being the lowest and LSM 10 the highest. Since its development it has grown to be a regular way of describing target markets, as frequently referenced as sociodemographic attributes like age, race, income and location. The success with which the measure has assimilated into marketing strategies appears to be testament to a robust and useful tool.
However, there are a number of problems with the nature and use of this segmentation model that necessitates a reconsideration of its usefulness.
LSM is not related to any specific brand or category
A general "one-size-fits-all" segmentation can never be as accurate as one designed for a given brand or category, and examples of better measures are plentiful. For instance, financial service providers would be better served orienting the segments around income or financial product holdings. Media owners would be better served by evaluating income, including the range and amount of media consumed.
These custom segmentations are much more predictive of category behaviours, perceptions and attitudes than LSM, and requires FAR LESS EFFORT for the respondent and researcher to derive.
LSM cannot accurately determine spending power
A further drawback is the fact that LSM cannot accurately determine spending power, even though it is all too often confused with something that can. The LSM measure does not include income as an attribute in the calculation. Let's say that again: "LSM does not include income as an attribute!". This leads to situations where those with high spending power and few commodities will end up on the lower end on the LSM scale. Similarly, those with many commodities but little access to disposable income (like pensioners) are classified as LSM 9 or 10. Additionally, if you have access to an internet connection, you automatically join the LSM 8+ elites. In other words, a resident of a rural area with minimal to no income, who owns even the most basic of feature phones is now considered, according to the LSM categorisation, a highly desirable target market for premium brands.
Consumers changed, LSM hasn't
The South African consumer landscape has changed dramatically since the inception of LSMs, but the measure hasn't kept apace, and doesn't accurately reflect these changes in our society. Psychographic metrics work on the presumption that a human's characteristics and way of living are reflected in their purchases, but LSM clearly doesn't support, attribute, or provide these kinds of insights.
LSM is an old school way of "describing" the evolving South African consumer landscape, but also the rapidly changing realm of marketing and communication. LSM is a reductionist way of forcing consumers into a category they, more often than not, don't belong in. And while it was a great practical way of grouping people with "similar" lifestyles three decades ago, it's almost completely irrelevant in the digital space.
BONUS BUMMER: The Media, Marketing, and Market Research Fraternities agree – The value of LSM is questionable at best
When you have a moment, ask Google more about LSM. You will find numerous articles written over the course of the last decade from members of the media, media buyers, public relations consultants, marketing specialists and fellow market researchers, who agree that LSM as a measure on its own is questionable at best. To their credit, SAARF have admitted to the measure's shortcomings when used carelessly. In an article on their website, former SAARF CEO Paul Haupt states "Unfortunately, it has become so relied upon that it's very often being misused and has therefore become the victim of its own success". As a remedy, SAARF suggests it should be used alongside other tools to better describe target markets.
That being said though, if there are better tools to get the job done, we're left wondering where LSM would fit into the picture? Determining level of access to disposable income and propensity to spend is easy to do and more relevant than using LSM; It's hard to justify the use of a measure that is often used incorrectly, especially when superior tools are available.
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text:
erichthie December 24, 2021 December 25, 2021 Flying Machines, News
A remarkable new era began for Airbus and for air travel today when the A380 – the world's first double-deck passenger aircraft – was unveiled. The world took its first official look at the biggest airliner yet built during a…
erichthie February 8, 2009 December 25, 2021 Flying Machines, News
NewsLover writes " Airlines were investigating why windshields on at least 13 planes cracked at Denver International Airport as winds of up to 100 mph whipped through the foothills in Colorado. SkyWest Airlines reported cracked windshields on 8 planes that were…
erichthie December 3, 2008 December 25, 2021 Flying Machines, News
Sky-Nets, Ltd. announced on September 20, 2006, the creation of a new Wi-Fi hotspot network which will serve the general aviation community with free secured wireless Internet access in Fixed-Base Operators (FBOs) at airports throughout the United States. The hotspot…
Reality XP released Flight Line Wx500 Weather Radar
erichthie May 12, 2004 December 25, 2021 Flying Machines, News
Anonymous writes "Reality XP announced the release of its new offering for Flight Simulator 2004, a Century of Flight. The highly anticipated Flight Line Wx500 integrates with Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 to provide a realistic simulation of an Onboard Weather Radar. Flight…


It's this saturday, January 28 at 7 p.m. at the Nehalem Bay United Methodist Church, 36050 10th Street in Nehalem. Suggested donation of $5.00 for all the pie you can eat. Sounds like a lot of fun and it's for a good cause so check it out.


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Ongoing Manhunt In Response To Recent Terror Attack
by Yoni Schwartzman | Jan 11, 2021 | News | 0 comments
The Israel Defense Forces are currently in pursuit of a band of terrorists who attacked several young soldiers near Jenin, Israel. Only one soldier was injured in the strike that was quickly stopped by courageous IDF personnel stationed in the area. The hurt soldier did not require medical attention.
"The IDF Spokesperson's Unit said two suspects in a vehicle approached an IDF checkpoint outpost near Jenin, part of the Menashe Regional Division. As they approached the outpost, the suspects accelerated and attempted to run over the soldiers while also shooting toward them (The Jerusalem Post)."
One of the terrorists dropped a gun in his haste as the suspects fled the scene while still attempting to shoot at the IDF soldiers. All of the main roads in and around Jenin have been blocked off by IDF troops in their ongoing manhunt to find the perpetrators.
Sa'ar 6 Missile Cruiser's Captain Making Big Waves
IDF Arrests Suspects From Recent Terrorist Attack
IDF Begins To Administer Covid Vaccines
Interview Reveals State-Of-The-Art Tech In New Saar 6 Ship
American Friends of LIBI is a recognized 501c3 non-profit organization run by a network of volunteers.
When you donate to LIBI USA, over 95% of your donation goes directly to support Israeli soldiers.
American Friends of LIBI, 45 Bartlett Crescent Road, Brookline, MA 02446 | info@friendsoflibi.org | Phone: 617-738-0500
©2020, LIBI USA. All rights reserved. Site designed by the Virtual Paintbrush.


Human targeted attacks continued to lead the pack in 2016. Attackers' used automation and personalisation to increase the volume and click-through rates of their campaigns. Taking a page from the B2B e-marketer's playbook, cyber criminals are adopting marketing best practices and sending their campaigns on Tuesdays and Thursdays when click-through rates are higher. Meanwhile, BEC and credential phishing attacks targeted the human factor directly--no technical exploits needed. Instead, they used social engineering to persuade victims into sending money, sensitive information and account credentials.
Timing is everything—attackers know that hitting your employees with a well-crafted email at the just the right time produces the best results. Of course, this varies by region. So if you are responsible for worldwide SecOps, you need visibility into not only attack patterns but also when and which employees tend to click.


Jarl waited for three hours, but nobody came to pick him up.
Granville's new puppy is so small he can fit into the palm of your hand.
Tobias asked Noemi some questions that she didn't want to answer.
How badly was Urs beaten?
Douglas had a good reason for not going.
To be honest with you, Sridhar is an unfaithful husband.
Florian is slow to anger.
I'm going to tell Blayne everything he wants to know.
I've been hired to find Susanne.
The next question is for Allan.
Gary asked me if I liked basketball.
Reinhard began to shiver in her thin blouse.
Lorien is an old friend of mine.
You can't leave us, Marcos.
Harv wrote his phone number on a napkin and handed it to Debi.
Barrio suffered a severe form of amnesia.
Joyce is back from his trip.
Skip told me that he thought Boston wasn't as safe as it used to be.
Carisa volunteers at a homeless shelter twice a week.
Johan had a change of heart.
Does anyone know why Soohong isn't here?


The new Force Awakened starter set for the X-Wing Miniatures Game is a new place for gamers to jump into playing the space-dogfight-combat game. But even if you've been playing since the beginning, you may want to think about picking one up. The figures inside are more than just slight resculpts and repaints of the original X-Wing and TIE Fighter. They are actually entirely different ships with different upgrades, different stats, and even different core abilities.
As you can see, the new X-Wings can do the Boost action. But that's not all, Fantasy Flight is also introducing the Tallon Roll to the game (though every time I see that term, I think of the old Decipher card of the same name). The maneuver lets your X-Wings better maneuver off to the side, but still has a bit of a "twist" at the ending, letting the ship rotate into the turn. How will you integrate this new maneuver into your tactics?


It's Labor Day weekend. While middle America is planning their BBQs and 3 days off, NOLA is prepping for Southern Decadence.
The first parade was a group of 15 friends, showing off their costumes by walking through the French Quarter. Today, Southern Decadence is a world famous LGBT event, attracting nearly 200,000 visitors to the streets of New Orleans.
If you think that Mardi Gras costumes are amazing, you ain't seen nothing yet.
The center of activity is the corner of Bourbon and St. Ann Streets, but be aware that the crowds can be massive, so plan accordingly. If you can only choose one event to attend, the Sunday parade is not to be missed.


text:
Mimi Coertse, DMS (born 12 June 1932) is a South African soprano.

On 26 January 2020, Mimi was also inaugurated as a living legend in the South African Legends Museum. She was one of only 20 South African legends of whom a bust was also made.

Early life

Coertse, born in Durban, matriculated at the Helpmekaar Girls High School in Johannesburg. She began vocal studies in South Africa in 1949. Her first vocal coach in Johannesburg was Aimee Parkerson.

Her debut performance in South Africa was singing Handel's Messiah at the Johannesburg City Hall on 11 December 1951. In July 1953 she married broadcaster and composer Dawid Engela. She left South Africa in September 1953 for London, and then went via The Hague to Vienna. In January 1954 she started training with Maria Hittorff and Josef Witt.

Opera career

Coertse made her debut in January 1955 as the "first flower girl" in Wagner's Parsifal at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, Karl Böhm conducting. She also sang in Basle at the Teatro San Carlo. On 17 March 1956 she made her debut at the Vienna State Opera as the Queen of the Night in Die Zauberflöte by Mozart and remained with the Vienna State Opera until 1978. Her Covent Garden debut was in 1956, in the same role.

Her roles were limited in the United Kingdom as the Equity boycott of South Africa due to Apartheid, prevented its members from having anything to do with South Africa's  entertainment industry.

Coertse sang the soprano part in Bach's Matthäus-Passion at Fritz Wunderlich's first appearance in Vienna in 1958, when he performed the tenor arias with Julius Patzak singing the Evangelist. In 1958, Coertse and Fritz Wunderlich again worked together at the Aix-en-Provence festival in Die Zauberflöte.

In 1965, she sang Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail at the Vienna State Opera which also featured Fritz Wunderlich as Belmonte. In 1966, Mimi was honoured by the President of Austria with the title Österreichischer Kammersänger, for her ten years of work as a permanent member at the Vienna State Opera.

Her repertoire also includes:

 The Magic Flute (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Queen of the night
 Il Seraglio (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Constance
 Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss) – Najade, later Zerbinetta
 Rigoletto (Giuseppe Verdi) – Gilda
 The Tales of Hoffmann (Jacques Offenbach) – Olympia, Antonia, Giulietta, Stella
 Palestrina (Hans Pfitzner) – the Angel
 Carmen (Georges Bizet) – Frasquita
 Martha (Friedrich von Flotow) – Martha
 Mignon (Ambroise Thomas) – Philine
 La traviata (Giuseppe Verdi) – Violetta
 I Pagliacci (Ruggiero Leoncavallo) – Nedda
 Arabella (Richard Strauss) – Fiaker-Milli
 Bastien und Bastienne (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Bastienne
 The Merry Widow (Franz Lehár) – Hanna Glawari
 Lucia di Lammermoor (Gaetano Donizetti) – Lucia
 Die Fledermaus (Johann Strauss II) – Rosalinde
 L'heure espagnole (Maurice Ravel) – Concepcion, staging Otto Schenk
 Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Donna Elvira
 La bohème (Giacomo Puccini) – Musetta
 Norma (Vincenzo Bellini) – Norma
 Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Fiordiligi
 Falstaff (Giuseppe Verdi) – Mrs. Alice Ford
 Turandot (Giacomo Puccini) – Liu, a young slave
 Don Giovanni (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) – Donna Anna
 Die schweigsame Frau (Richard Strauss) – Aminta, Timida 1968 Premiere Vienna State Opera, staging Hans Hotter
 Die ägyptische Helena (Richard Strauss) – Aithra
 Daphne (Richard Strauss) – Daphne
 Don Carlos (Giuseppe Verdi) – Elisabeth von Valois

Later years

Since returning to South Africa in 1973, she has been a regular guest on South African stages and also a frequent broadcaster on radio and television. She returned to the Vienna State Opera for a single farewell performance as Elisabetta in Don Carlo on 14 December 1978.

In recent years, she has devoted her time to exposing young South African singers to the neglected art of Lieder singing which can be artistically even more demanding than opera singing. Her support for her fellow South African musicians has been outstanding – as may be witnessed in her Debut with Mimi and through the Mimi Coertse Bursary.

In 1996, Austria's Federal Ministry for Science and Art awarded her the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (Austrian Honour, first class) honour, the highest honour an artist can receive in that country.

In 1998, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria and another in 2013 from the Unisa. In 2002 she would receive the Golden Rathausmann from the mayor of Vienna.

In 1998, Coertse and Neels Hansen founded The Black Tie Ensemble, a development project which enables young, classically trained singers to bridge the gap between training and professional performance.

This project has developed into the most exciting classical singing ensemble in South Africa, and is now on the brink of becoming a vibrant, new, young opera company. A project for future stars of Africa! The Ensemble, sponsored by Sappi, performs operas at the State Theatre (Pretoria), Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden (Johannesburg) and the Civic Theatre (Johannesburg).

On 26 January 2020, Mimi was also inaugurated as a living legend in the South African Legends Museum. She was one of only 20 South African legends of whom a bust was made.

Personal life

Coertse was married three times. Coertse's first marriage was to South African composer Dawid Engela in 1953 but the marriage ended in divorce in 1957. Her second marriage was to Italian businessman Diego Brighi in 1965 but this marriage ended in divorce in 1969. Her last marriage was to a South African businessman, Werner Ackerman, in 1970 and lasted until 1994. After five miscarriages, she adopted a son and daughter, Werner and Mia.

Honours and awards

 1961: Medal of Honour of the South African Academy for Science and Art (Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns)
 1966: Title of Kammersängerin
 1985: Decoration for Meritorious Services (South Africa) in recognition of her contribution to the Arts
 August 1996: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 1998: Honorary Doctor of Philosophy (h.c.) from the University of Pretoria, South Africa
 2002: Golden "Rathausmann"
 In 2004: Voted 45th in the Top 100 Great South Africans
 In 2008: Mimi Coertse Museum van Afrikaans opened at HAP - Huis van Afrikaanse Poësie in Capital Park, Pretoria.
 2012: 1 July–30 September: special exhibition in Staatsoper museum Vienna: "Mimi Coertse, a Viennese woman from South Africa"
 2020: Inaugurated as a living legend in the South African Legends Museum. She was one of only 20 legends from whom a bust was also made.

References

Literature

 Helmuth Furch, 'Die Wiener Jahre von Kammersängerin Mimi Coertse,' ('The Viennese years of Kammersängerin Mimi Coertse'), Bulletin of Museums- und Kulturverein Kaisersteinbruch No. 41, 20–56, March 1996: also 'Mimi Coertse, die hochgeschätzte Konzert- und Liedsängerin' ('A reverence for a great Concert- and Lieder-singer'), ibid. No. 52, 33–54, December 1998.
 Helmuth Furch, Eva Hilda Smolik and Elfriede Werthan, Kammersängerin Mimi Coertse, eine Wienerin aus Südafrika (Kammersängerin Mimi Coertse, a Viennese woman from South Africa) (with a preface by Marcel Prawy), (Vienna 2002).

1932 births
Living people
Musicians from Durban
Afrikaans-language singers
Afrikaner people
20th-century South African women opera singers
South African operatic sopranos
University of Pretoria alumni
Classical music radio presenters
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
Österreichischer Kammersänger
South African radio presenters
South African women radio presenters

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text:
Maryland Offers New Fare Program to Boost Transit Use
editor@aashto.org September 3, 2021 0 COMMENTS
The Maryland Transit Administration – a division of the Maryland Department of Transportation – recently launched "CharmFlex," a new discounted fare option to accommodate state residents returning to onsite work in more flexible or hybrid work schedules.
[Above photo by the MTA]
CharmFlex's three- and 10-day passes – applicable to local bus, light rail, metro subway, commuter bus, and MARC train transit services – are available only on the CharmPass mobile fare payment application.
Holly Arnold
"As Maryland's economy continues to recover and riders return to transit, we're excited to offer new fare options that address the needs of our riders," said MTA Acting Administrator Holly Arnold in a statement. "CharmFlex provides the best value for riders traveling only a few times a week or on non-consecutive days."
The agency said its CharmFlex fares cost about 15 percent less compared to the cost of a day-pass or single-trip fare. To provide more flexibility, the three- and 10-day passes – offering six and 20 one-way fares for MARC train and commuter bus service – can be used on consecutive or non-consecutive days and are valid for up to 12 months after the date of purchase.
MTA noted that while still down significantly compared to pre COVID-19 pandemic levels, transit ridership has begun to return. For the second quarter of 2021 – April, May, and June – ridership across all MTA services increased 20 percent compared to the same period in 2020.
Photo by the Maryland Transit Administration
Bus ridership is now down 40 percent compared to pre-pandemic figures after being down about 50 percent in 2020, while MARC train ridership is currently down about 80 percent compared to pre-pandemic levels – an improvement from when it was down 90 percent in August 2020.
The Community Transportation Association of America recently issued a 61-page paper chronicling the "new normal" created by the COVID-19 pandemic for the public transit sector. CTAA also provided six recommendations within that paper to help preserve some of the positives that came out of the re-orientation of transit services during the pandemic.
Those recommendations are to make "public health" a new "focus area" for the transit sector, make fare payment "fairer and more equitable," focus federal and state government funding on supporting frequent and reliable transit service, strengthen hiring and career development, redesign routes and provide more frequent all-day service, and expand transit's "demand-response" capabilities.
South Dakota DOT Issues Bridge Improvement Grants
Texas Task Force Formed to Reduce Highway Fatalities
editor@aashto.org
New Jersey DOT Disbursing $161M in County Aid Grants
Grants to Help Connecticut Test Automated Bus Technology
NCDOT Hosts Autonomous Air Taxi Demonstration


text:
Profile of Ger Daly & Kevin O'Brien
Senior Managing Director, Defense and Public Safety, Accenture Global & Senior Managing Director, Defense and Public Safety, Accenture Global
News & Commentary Posts: 1
Ger Daly is senior managing director for Accenture Defense and Public Safety, with global responsibility for defense, policing, and border and identity services. He leads a team of dedicated professionals who assist government and public service organizations that manage the cross-border movement of people, provide national and international security and manage criminal justice systems. Daly's defense industry experience spans
large-scale enterprise resource planning programs, supply chain logistics, and a range of technology programs that include cloud, data analytics, predictive analytics, and mobility services. His extensive experience in delivering large-scale identity management projects for public safety and government agencies includes the European Union (EU-VIS visa program) and the national citizen identity program of India (UID). For policing organizations, he has overseen performance and efficiency programs in cost reduction, supply chain and information management. Daly also has led the delivery of innovative operating and investigation systems for police clients around the world.
Dr. Kevin A. O'Brien is the senior principal leading security and intelligence efforts within Accenture's Global Health and Public Services practice. Prior to joining Accenture, he served as an intelligence program manager, as well as a senior advisor on analytic and operational transformation, in the Canadian Department of Public Safety. Among other roles, he led projects and programs on cyberthreats, digital intelligence exploitation, counterterrorism, and protective and preventive security.
Prior to joining the Canadian government, he served as Director of Alesia PSI Consultants Ltd from 2005-2009, which provided security and intelligence advisory services to the UK, US, Australian, and Canadian governments; Deputy Director of the Defence and Security Programme in RAND Europe from 2001-2005, with responsibility for its public security and intelligen
Articles by Ger Daly & Kevin O'Brien
Cybersecurity: The Responsibility of Everyone
The battle against cybercrime can only be won if we're all focused on the same goals. Here are four ways you can get involved.
4 Cybersecurity Essentials Your Board Wants to Know
[DevSecOps Case Study] Domino's Recipe for Success


On guidelines of Supreme Court, the practice of removing Guest Teachers has already been deprecated at the end of session by replacing them with similar arrangement.
HC Bench said, "If regular appointments were not made despite having workload, the petitioner's services could have been extended. The college's action of ending her services cannot stand legal scrutiny".
Punjab and Haryana High Court Bench was hearing one service mater filed by petitioner against a College of SBS Nagar, Nawanshahr District, who in reply stated, we followed the directions of the Punjab University (PU).
While disposing the case, the HC bench ordered college to pay for the 5 month period during which the petitioner was not given any work nor pay with liberty to college to recover it from the Punjab University later.
Yet, in another case before High Court bench, it held, Research Scholars are no replacements of guest teachers and doesn't fall in the category of replaced with another set of employees.
The court upheld the stance of college following University Grants Commission (UGC) guidelines for which work is to be assigned to research scholars.
In its order, HC stated, Research Scholars are required to teach 5 hours per week and not to be paid any extra allowance.
In the end, Court concluded the matter by observing that petitioners don't have any legal vested right to continue as they stood relieved at the end of tenure.
For best legal advice related to service matters in Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh (UT), Panchkula, Mohali , Zirakpur and adjoining areas, drop a line at satish@legalseva.net or dail 9988817966 for quick action.
When it is about your right, it is LegalSeva.


Online surveys, otherwise known as business surveys or business questionnaires, are an excellent way to enhance your lead generation efforts and engage with existing customers. Keep reading to learn why you should use online surveys for both leads and current customers; the helpful information business surveys can provide; and the different kinds of business questionnaires you can create for your customers.
There are so many benefits to using online surveys for your lead generation efforts.
They allow you to gain insights into your target market by getting information about your potential leads' wants and needs.
They can help you get more customers than other forms on your site. Business surveys can actually help you generate 2X more conversions than lead information forms.
They can help your sales team by providing insight into what exactly the potential customer is looking for, which will be very beneficial when following-up with them.
Business surveys can also help you identify the hot marketing qualified leads (MQL), so your sales team can go after the people most likely to make a purchase.
Speaking of learning whether or not your leads are ready to make a purchase, online surveys can also help you determine when those who aren't currently in the buying stage will be more likely to buy your products or services.
Another great thing about online surveys is that they are actually quite inexpensive to create, making them a cost-effective marketing solution that allows you to truly understand the demographics of your potential customers.
We already brought up the fact that online business surveys allow you to conduct important market research, so you can gain important insights into your target market. But, what kind of information does this market research provide?
Business surveys just don't help your lead generation efforts. They are also a great way to cultivate customer engagement and show your customers that you actually care and that they aren't just a sale to you.
Our team of marketing experts love online surveys, and we know how to leverage them to get leads. Let EmoryDay show you how surveys can increase your lead generation efforts!


Slime-XL has been used by many people suffering from overweight in one or the other way. Since the product is all natural, it has been considered as effective natural weight loss program.The product can also come under a 'daily health supplement' that can be taken daily in order to treat obesity and also to prevent fatty layers from accumulating in the body. In this way, you can keep your body away from various health ailments that come with obesity or come as complications of obesity.Protect yourself from weight related illness by loosing weight. The risk of health problems increases with the amount you are overweight. Slime-XL Capsules aid in weight reduction while helping lower the health risks of obesity.
It helps in having a beautiful, compact, lustrous & active body.
It is very beneficial in maintaining a very healthy metabolic rate.
It helps to converts the fat into other tissue elements as a result of which body becomes healthy & compact.
It does not produce any adverse effect.
Slime-XL contains herbal extracts with no additives or preservatives and hence are considered as general health tonic with weight losing properties. They also help maintain the body figure/weight. The good part of adopting Slime-XL course is it does not require any prescription from any health care provider and most importantly, it is readily available on the internet. You just need to browse the website selling this product and purchase online without any hassles.
Slime-XL, if taken in proper dosage, regularly, can not only reduce the body weight but it is also said to have more energy, increased confidence and less burden to the heart reducing further risks of cardiovascular diseases.
There have been no reports suggesting any symptoms of headache or dehydration even after a long term course of Slime-XL. Synthetic weight loss pills, on the other hand, may really ruin up the bodily systems. Nature is at its best and goodness of natural anti-obesity herbs have been just packed in Slime-XL to offer a great benefit to obese people. The best part of adopting such natural weight loss programs is the ingredients used in such product are herbs that have many other beneficial effects on the body other than just reducing the excess of fatty layers in the body. They are said to restore the hormones and correct the digestive system to help digest the fats in a more appropriate way.
To be effective, Slime-XL should be taken that along with a reduced calorie diet and 20 mins. to 1 hour of moderate physical activity 3 times a week.
If there's a party, have a lesser lunch or schedule a longer exercise routine.
Don't feel frustrated and give up the halfway. Keep at it.
Help Slime-XL to help you. While you should start to get seeing results after 4-6 weeks, allow at least 3 months for full reimbursement.
Q. Is dieting a must to loose weight?
Not at all, In fact when we eat less, the body's metabolism slows down and also results in deficiency of vitamins and minerals in the body. It can also result in hair loss & gastritis. To lose weight, make sure you eat enough during the course of the day but the right kind of food.
Q. What Is In Slime-XL Capsule?
Slime-XL Capsule is a safe, proprietary selection of special herbs renowned for their special properties and blended together in a powerfully effective combination. These special herbs have been gathered from around the globe.
Q. How Does Slime-XL capsule Work?
To explain how Slime-XL capsule works, it is probably best to explain how the body absorbs fatty content from food which we digest. Once you digest your food it will work its way through the body to the intestine, where naturally occurring chemicals in the body will absorb a variety of elements from the food, including vitamins, fatty content, sugar, etc, etc. All of these elements have a part to play in the every day well being of your body, although excessive intake of certain elements can be harmful, e.g. fatty food.
Q. Can I take Slime-XL with any other medicines?
If you're suffering from any diseases or you're taking any medication, always talk to your doctor before trying any medicine.
Q. Is it safe to have Slime-XL?
Yes it is 100% safe as it is totally herbal having proven result with no side effect and addiction free.
Q. Is it pure Herbal?
Q. What is the dosage?
Take one capsule, twice a day with meals. That's all. Slime-XL is natural and herbal capsule.
Q. Who should order Slime-XL?
You should order Slime-XL if you want to realize permanent weight loss and heightened vitality with a proven herbal formula. This product is doctor approved. It is all natural. And its science has been tested and proven over the course of 5,000 years.
Q. Is Slime-XL Herbal Capsule effective for every one?
This capsule has proved effective on all people of age from 18 to 70 years. This capsule has proved to be a boon 100% for all till date. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee.


text:
"use strict";

const conversions = require("webidl-conversions");
const utils = require("./utils.js");
const impl = utils.implSymbol;

function Location() {
  throw new TypeError("Illegal constructor");
}

Location.prototype.assign = function assign(url) {
  if (!this || !module.exports.is(this)) {
    throw new TypeError("Illegal invocation");
  }
  if (arguments.length < 1) {
    throw new TypeError("Failed to execute 'assign' on 'Location': 1 argument required, but only " + arguments.length + " present.");
  }
  const args = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length && i < 1; ++i) {
    args[i] = utils.tryImplForWrapper(arguments[i]);
  }
  args[0] = conversions["USVString"](args[0]);
  return this[impl].assign.apply(this[impl], args);
};

Location.prototype.replace = function replace(url) {
  if (!this || !module.exports.is(this)) {
    throw new TypeError("Illegal invocation");
  }
  if (arguments.length < 1) {
    throw new TypeError("Failed to execute 'replace' on 'Location': 1 argument required, but only " + arguments.length + " present.");
  }
  const args = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length && i < 1; ++i) {
    args[i] = utils.tryImplForWrapper(arguments[i]);
  }
  args[0] = conversions["USVString"](args[0]);
  return this[impl].replace.apply(this[impl], args);
};

Location.prototype.reload = function reload() {
  if (!this || !module.exports.is(this)) {
    throw new TypeError("Illegal invocation");
  }
  const args = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < arguments.length && i < 0; ++i) {
    args[i] = utils.tryImplForWrapper(arguments[i]);
  }
  return this[impl].reload.apply(this[impl], args);
};
Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "href", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].href;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].href = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Location.prototype.toString = function () {
  if (!this || !module.exports.is(this)) {
    throw new TypeError("Illegal invocation");
  }
  return this[impl].href;;
};

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "origin", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].origin;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "protocol", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].protocol;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].protocol = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "host", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].host;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].host = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "hostname", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].hostname;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].hostname = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "port", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].port;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].port = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "pathname", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].pathname;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].pathname = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "search", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].search;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].search = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Object.defineProperty(Location.prototype, "hash", {
  get() {
    return this[impl].hash;
  },
  set(V) {
    V = conversions["USVString"](V);
    this[impl].hash = V;
  },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

const iface = {
  mixedInto: [],
  is(obj) {
    if (obj) {
      if (obj[impl] instanceof Impl.implementation) {
        return true;
      }
      for (let i = 0; i < module.exports.mixedInto.length; ++i) {
        if (obj instanceof module.exports.mixedInto[i]) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
    return false;
  },
  isImpl(obj) {
    if (obj) {
      if (obj instanceof Impl.implementation) {
        return true;
      }

      const wrapper = utils.wrapperForImpl(obj);
      for (let i = 0; i < module.exports.mixedInto.length; ++i) {
        if (wrapper instanceof module.exports.mixedInto[i]) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
    return false;
  },
  create(constructorArgs, privateData) {
    let obj = Object.create(Location.prototype);
    this.setup(obj, constructorArgs, privateData);
    return obj;
  },
  createImpl(constructorArgs, privateData) {
    let obj = Object.create(Location.prototype);
    this.setup(obj, constructorArgs, privateData);
    return utils.implForWrapper(obj);
  },
  _internalSetup(obj) {
    Object.defineProperty(obj, "valueOf", {
      value: function valueOf() { return this; },
      enumerable: true
    });

  },
  setup(obj, constructorArgs, privateData) {
    if (!privateData) privateData = {};
    privateData.wrapper = obj;

    this._internalSetup(obj);

    obj[impl] = new Impl.implementation(constructorArgs, privateData);
    obj[impl][utils.wrapperSymbol] = obj;
  },
  interface: Location,
  expose: {
    Window: { Location: Location }
  }
};
module.exports = iface;

const Impl = require("../window/Location-impl.js");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub