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722 F. 2d 1289 - Clay v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp.
722 F2d 1289 Clay v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp.
Bankr. L. Rep. P 69,507, 14 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1205
John Ed CLAY and wife, Marie Clay, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
JOHNS-MANVILLE SALES CORP., Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Curtis T. BAILEY and wife, Effie Bailey, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
Nos. 80-5416, 80-5417.
Sixth Circuit.
Argued March 3, 1982.
Decided Dec. 7, 1983.
As Amended Dec. 22, 1983.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Jan. 26, 1984.
Michael Y. Rowland (argued), Gilreath, Pryor & Rowland, Knoxville, Tenn., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Fred H. Cagle, Jr. (argued), Frantz, McConnell & Seymour, W. Kyle Carpenter, Knoxville, Tenn., for Johns-Manville.
Donald F. Paine Egerton, McAfee, Armistead & Davis, Harry P. Ogden, Dwight E. Tarwater (argued), Knoxville, Tenn., for Raybestos.
Before EDWARDS, Circuit Judge, PECK, Senior Circuit Judge, and CHURCHILL,* District Judge.
GEORGE CLIFTON EDWARDS, Jr., Circuit Judge.
In these two cases plaintiffs John Ed Clay and Curtis Bailey, each joined by his wife, brought actions for damages against defendants Johns-Manville Sales Corporation and Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., on the basis of products liability claims resulting from plaintiffs' exposure to asbestos containing products manufactured by the defendants. The cases were tried in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and ended in jury verdicts for the defendants.
Appellants urge that the District Judge committed reversible error in a variety of ways. In our judgment, three of these require our discussion.
Before turning to these issues, however, we must point out that Johns-Manville as previously recognized in a number of cases which we cite in the footnote below,1 has filed for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act of 1979, 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1101, et seq. Supp. III 1979, in the Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. This action brought into play the automatic stay provision set out in Sec. 362(a)(1) of the Act, which reads:
Sec. 362. Automatic stay
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a petition filed under section 301, 302, or 303 of this title operates as a stay, applicable to all entities, of--
(1) the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other proceeding against the debtor that was or could have been commenced before the commencement of the case under this title, or to recover a claim against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case under this title; ....
The language of Sec. 362(a)(1) quoted above states flatly that filing of a bankruptcy petition "operates as a stay." Although no motion to stay has been filed by Johns-Manville in this court, we hereby order the appeal as to Johns-Manville to be stayed, pending further action by the parties or the Bankruptcy Court in the Southern District of New York, and we further instruct the clerk to place the file as it pertains to Johns-Manville in inactive status, pending the actions just referred to.
Turning now to the other issues remaining in relation to defendant Raybestos-Manhattan, the first issue pertains to the judge's instruction to the jury on the possible effect of a general 10-year statute of limitations, T.C.A. Sec. 29-28-103, which became effective in the State of Tennessee on July 1, 1978. This statute was amended approximately one year later by the Tennessee legislature by the adoption of T.C.A. Sec. 29-28-103(b) which provided that the 10-year statute of limitations was inapplicable "to any action resulting from exposure to asbestos." The District Judge in these cases instructed the jury in effect that if the jury found that plaintiffs during the year the 10-year statute of limitations was in effect for all cases discovered or should have discovered that they were suffering from asbestosis, then the jury should find for the defendants.
Although it seems obvious to us that the legislature of Tennessee, in adopting the 10-year statute of limitations without any exemption of asbestos disease in the first instance, simply made a serious error which it has now sought to correct, appellees argue that the Tennessee Constitution and the Tennessee Supreme Court have mandated the interpretation which the District Judge gave to this jury. See Article I, Section 20 of the Tennessee Constitution, which provides: "That no retrospective law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made." See Ford Motors v. Moulton, 511 S.W.2d 690 (Tenn.1974), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 870, 95 S.Ct. 129, 42 L.Ed.2d 109 (1974), reaffirmed, 533 S.W.2d 295 (Tenn.1976).
This would obviously produce a harsh result from what appears clearly to have been a legislative mistake. Even so, the federal courts in the exercise of their diversity jurisdiction would be obligated to follow state law as that law has been construed by the state's highest court, absent reason to believe from subsequent state court developments that such would no longer be the ruling of the Supreme Court of Tennessee.
Such reason has now been found in a recent case in this court which raised this identical issue from a similar ruling by the same District Judge. In Murphree v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 696 F.2d 459 (6th Cir.1982), with one of this court's Tennessee judges writing for a unanimous panel, the court held on the principal legal issue presented in our instant case:
"The main question of law on appeal in this diversity case is whether Tennessee's ten year statute of limitations based on sale, adopted July 1, 1978, as T.C.A. Sec. 29-28-103 (action 'must be brought within ten years from the date ... product ... first purchased for use') created for defendant a vested right barring plaintiff's claim despite a July 1, 1979, statutory amendment excluding asbestos-related disease actions from this ten year ceiling.1 The Tennessee appellate courts have not spoken directly on this issue. We hold that Tennessee's vested rights doctrine based on Tennessee Constitution Article I Section 20 does not bar the claim and that the 1979 amendment is applicable as a matter of law.
"Interpretation of Tennessee's various statutes of limitations governing products liability actions has created troublesome problems for Tennessee courts in the past two decades. In 1969 the Tennessee Supreme Court in Jackson v. General Motors, 223 Tenn. 12, 441 S.W.2d 482 (1969), adopted a rule widely criticized by the bench and bar of the state. It held that Tennessee's limitations statute in products cases begins to run on the date of purchase of the product and not on the date of injury or discovery. Thus, in some cases of latent disease and injury the limitation period expired before discovery by the victim. The legislature acted promptly to overrule the holding in Jackson by amending the statute. In 1974 the Tennessee Supreme Court, with Justice William Fones dissenting, prevented the amendment from becoming effective. The Court held in Ford Motor Company v. Moulton, 511 S.W.2d 690 (Tenn.1974) that under Tennessee vested rights doctrine, based on Article I, Section 20 of the Tennessee Constitution, the statutory amendment running the limitation period from discovery could not be applied retroactively. Thus, the seller who sold his product outside the statutory period was held to have a vested right to defeat an action for injuries discovered and sued upon during the statutory period.
"In 1975, shortly after the decision in Moulton, a new Tennessee Supreme Court was elected. Of the members of the old Court, only Justice William Fones remained. He became the first Chief Justice of the new Court. The new Court, in an opinion by Justice Joe Henry (a beloved member of that Court until his recent untimely death), promptly overruled Jackson v. General Motors, supra, and held that the limitations statute runs from discovery, not sale. In McCroskey v. Bryant Air Conditioning Co., 524 S.W.2d 487 (Tenn.1975), Justice Henry held that 'reason, logic and fundamental fairness' demanded that the running of the statute begin upon discovery, for it is ludicrous to have a 'law which charges a litigant with sleeping upon any right which he does not have' just as one cannot 'harvest a crop never planted, or burn down a house never built.' 524 S.W.2d at 489. The McCroskey opinion announces very clearly that judicial policy in Tennessee does not favor doctrines that activate statutes of limitations before the plaintiff has knowledge of his injury.
"Although the Tennessee Supreme Court in McCroskey did not expressly overrule the vested rights doctrine as applied to statutes of limitations in Moulton, it is clear to us that the Moulton vested rights doctrine no longer has any vitality. Justice Henry's McCroskey opinion quotes from that part of Justice Fones' Moulton dissent that quotes in turn from an opinion of this Court by Judges Phillips, Edwards and Celebrezze. In McCroskey Justice Henry said:
Our own Chief Justice [Fones] dissented from the majority opinion in Ford Motor Company v. Moulton, supra. We quote from his dissent:
"The following principles are stated concisely in Hodge v. Service Machine Company, 438 F.2d 347 (6th Cir.1971).
'A cause of action accrues when a suit may be maintained upon it. Black's Law Dictionary 37 (4th ed. 1951). A suit may not be brought upon a cause of action until it exists, and a cause of action does not exist until all its elements coalesce. In civil actions for damages, two elements must coalesce before a cause of action can exist: (a) a breach of some legally recognized duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff; (b) which causes the plaintiff some legally cognizable damage.'
To hold that a products liability action, which is a recognized legal right, is barred by a statute of limitations before any injury is sustained, deprives a person of the opportunity of redress for an injury done him in his goods or person by due process of law, contrary to our Constitution. 511 S.W.2d at 697."
524 S.W.2d at 490.
Regarding Moulton, the McCroskey Court stated that it did not need to reach the retroactivity--i.e. vested rights--question. However, the Court did make the following observation: 'We, therefore, neither reaffirm nor reverse Ford Motor Co. v. Moulton, but we have quoted, with approval, from the dissent of our present Chief Justice.'
"We do not find that the Tennessee Supreme Court has had occasion to speak on the retroactivity question in products cases since McCroskey. Justice Henry's language in that case quoting from Justice Fones' reliance on our opinion in Hodge v. Service Machine Co., 438 F.2d 347 (6th Cir.1971), and our knowledge of the careful and progressive character of the Tennessee Supreme Court, make it clear to us that the old vested rights doctrine as applied to statutes of limitations in Moulton is no longer the law in Tennessee and will be overruled when the occasion arises.
"Tennessee will no longer apply under Article I Section 20 of its Constitution a vested rights doctrine to defeat a statutory amendment that runs a statute of limitations from the time of discovery of the injury. The Tennessee Supreme Court will no longer use the vested rights doctrine to prevent the Tennessee legislature from ameliorating the harshness of a rule that bars a plaintiff's claim before he discovers it.
"Thus the plaintiff's claim here is not barred under Tennessee law. The statutory amendment excepting asbestos-related disease causes of action from the ten year limitations statute based on sale does not abridge any right protected under the Tennessee Constitution. This brings the Tennessee law into line with federal law on vested rights as applied to statutes of limitations under the Federal Constitution. The United States Supreme Court has long since rejected old doctrines of substantive due process which said that a liberalizing change in a statute of limitations abridges vested rights. See Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U.S. 304, 65 S.Ct. 1137, 89 L.Ed. 1628, reh. denied, 325 U.S. 896, 65 S.Ct. 1561, 89 L.Ed. 2006 (1945) (statutory amendment abolishing limitations defense did not deprive defendant of any right); Campbell v. Holt, 115 U.S. 620, 6 S.Ct. 209, 29 L.Ed. 483 (1885) (statutes of limitations go to matters of remedy rather than destruction of fundamental rights). In Donaldson, supra, Justice Jackson stated for the Court:
Statutes of limitation find their justification in necessity and convenience rather than in logic. They represent expedients, rather than principles. They are practical and pragmatic devices to spare the courts from litigation of stale claims, and the citizens from being put to his defense after memories have faded, witnesses have died or disappeared, and evidence has been lost. Order of Railroad Telegraphers v. Railway Express Agency, 321 U.S. 342, 349 [64 S.Ct. 582, 586, 88 L.Ed. 788]. They are by definition arbitrary, and their operation does not discriminate between the just and the unjust claim, or the voidable and unavoidable delay. They have come into the law not through the judicial process but through legislation. They represent a public policy about the privilege to litigate. Their shelter has never been regarded as what now is called a "fundamental" right or what used to be called a "natural" right of the individual. He may, of course, have the protection of the policy while it exists, but the history of pleas of limitation shows them to be good only by legislative grace and to be subject to a relatively large degree of legislative control.
Id. 325 U.S. at 314, 65 S.Ct. at 1142.
"Therefore, the District Court erred in allowing the statute of limitations issue to go to the jury under a charge that allowed the jury to base a verdict for defendant on the 10 year statutory ceiling on products liability cases. The 1979 statutory amendment excepting asbestosis cases applies to this case and is not made ineffective by the vested rights doctrine.
We are bound by this opinion and we find occasion to state that we agree with it. This issue, of course, requires vacation of the judgment below and remand for retrial.
We turn now to the second issue which requires our consideration, namely whether the District Judge erred in excluding a deposition taken from a witness, Dr. Kenneth Wallace Smith, in DeRocco v. Forty-eight Installation, Inc., No. 7880 (W.D.Pa.1974). At the time of the DeRocco proceeding, Dr. Smith was 63 years of age and had acquired his knowledge about asbestos disease in the employment of the Johns-Manville Corporation, the largest asbestos manufacturer in the field. Serving Johns-Manville during a good portion of his 22 years of employment as the only full-time physician in the organization, Dr. Smith's deposition is peculiarly relevant to the extent of the knowledge possessed by manufacturers of the hazards of asbestos containing products during the years when appellants Clay and Bailey allege they were exposed to asbestos.
Dr. Smith had died before the trial of this case. The key question in relation to the admissibility of this evidence is posed by the language of Rule 804(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which reads:
Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable
(a) Definition of unavailability. "Unavailability as a witness" includes situations in which the declarant--
(b) Hearsay exceptions. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:
(1) Former testimony. Testimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a different proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the course of the same or another proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest, had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.
To ascertain the meaning of "predecessor in interest," an examination of legislative history is necessary. As originally proposed by the Supreme Court, Rule 804(b)(1) would have admitted prior testimony of an unavailable witness if the party against whom it is offered or a person "with a motive and interest" similar to him had an opportunity to examine that witness. H.R.Rep. No. 650, 93d Cong., 1st Sess. 15 (1973), reprinted in 1974 U.S.CODE CONG. & AD.NEWS 7051, 7088. The House of Representatives substituted the current "predecessor in interest" language. The House Committee on the Judiciary offered the following explanation for the alteration:
The Committee considered that it is generally unfair to impose upon the party against whom the hearsay evidence is being offered responsibility for the manner in which the witness was previously handled by another party. The sole exception to this, in the Committee's view, is when a party's predecessor in interest in a civil action or proceeding had an opportunity and similar motive to examine the witness. The Committee amended the Rule to reflect these policy determinations.
H.R.Rep. No. 650, U.S.CODE CONG. & ADMIN.NEWS 1974, p. 7088, supra.
Although the Senate accepted the change proposed by the House, the Senate Committee on the Judiciary made the following observation about the import of the House actions:
Former testimony.--Rule 804(b)(1) as submitted by the Court allowed prior testimony of an unavailable witness to be admissible if the party against whom it is offered or a person "with motive and interest similar" to his had an opportunity to examine the witness.
The House amended the rule to apply only to a party's predecessor in interest. Although the committee recognizes considerable merit to the rule submitted by the Supreme Court, a position which has been advocated by many scholars and judges, we have concluded that the difference between the two versions is not great and we accept the House amendment.
S.Rep. No. 1277, 93d Cong., 2d Sess. 28 (1974), reprinted in 1974 U.S.CODE CONG. & AD.NEWS 7051, 7074.
We join the Third Circuit in agreeing with the Senate Committee that the difference between the ultimate revision and the Rule, as originally proposed, is "not great." Lloyd v. American Export Lines, Inc., 580 F.2d 1179, 1185 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 969, 99 S.Ct. 461, 58 L.Ed.2d 428 (1978). Accordingly, we adopt the position taken by the Lloyd court which it expressed in the following language:
While we do not endorse an extravagant interpretation of who or what constitutes a "predecessor in interest," we prefer one that is realistically generous over one that is formalistically grudging. We believe that what has been described as "the practical and expedient view" expresses the congressional intention: "if it appears that in the former suit a party having a like motive to cross-examine about the same matters as the present party would have, was accorded an adequate opportunity for such examination, the testimony may be received against the present party." Under these circumstances, the previous party having like motive to develop the testimony about the same material facts is, in the final analysis, a predecessor in interest to the present party.
Id. at 1187. See also Rule v. International Association of Bridge, Structural Ornamental Iron Workers, Local 396, 568 F.2d 558, 569 (8th Cir.1977); Weinstein & Berger, Evidence Sec. 804(b)(1) at 804-67 (1969) ("[C]ases decided since the enactment of Rule 804(b)(1) for the most part indicate a reluctance to interpret 'predecessor in interest' in its old, narrow, and substantive law sense, of privity"). Contra In re IBM Peripheral EDP Devices Antitrust Litigation, 444 F.Supp. 110 (N.D.Cal.1978).
Our examination of the record submitted in this case satisfies us that defendants in the DeRocco case had a similar motive in confronting Dr. Smith's testimony, both in terms of appropriate objections and searching cross-examination, to that which Raybestos has in the current litigation. We therefore hold that the purposes of Rule 804(b)(1) will be fulfilled by the admission of Dr. Smith's deposition on retrial.
At trial appellants Clay and Bailey filed a motion seeking summary judgment against both original defendants, maintaining that they were entitled to a ruling that the defendants were estopped from raising the issue of whether they knew or reasonably should have known of the danger associated with use of their products containing asbestos. In this regard plaintiffs rely upon Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corp., 493 F.2d 1076 (5th Cir.1973), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 869, 95 S.Ct. 127, 42 L.Ed.2d 107 (1974).
While Johns-Manville, an original defendant in this case (now excluded because of its filing for bankruptcy) was a party to Borel, Raybestos, the only defendant with whom we deal in this opinion, was not. Collateral estoppel prevents a party from relitigating a question put in issue and conclusively determined against that party, where such party had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the first suit. It is clear that we do not have before us a proper claim for summary judgment on the basis of collateral estoppel on the part of plaintiffs against remaining defendant Raybestos.
In Parklane Hosiery v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 99 S.Ct. 645, 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979), Justice Stewart's opinion for a nearly unanimous Court gave limited sanction to the offensive use of collateral estoppel. On retrial of this case, we commend to the District Judge's attention the standards set forth in Sections A and B of the Parklane opinion and suggest that he allow plaintiffs opportunity to prove, if they can, that they are entitled to the use of the doctrine of offensive collateral estoppel. We also, however, recognize the broad discretion that the Supreme Court has vested in the District Judge in determining whether or not to make use of this doctrine. Recognizing the difficulty of applying the doctrine equitably, Justice Stewart concluded for the Court:
We have concluded that the preferable approach for dealing with these problems in the federal courts is not to preclude the use of offensive collateral estoppel, but to grant trial courts broad discretion to determine when it should be applied. The general rule should be that in cases where a plaintiff could easily have joined in the earlier action or where, either for the reasons discussed above or for other reasons, the application of offensive estoppel would be unfair to a defendant, a trial judge should not allow the use of offensive collateral estoppel.
439 U.S. at 331, 99 S.Ct. at 651-52.
The judgments entered below against plaintiffs are vacated and the cases are remanded for retrial against defendant Raybestos in accordance with this opinion.
Honorable James P. Churchill, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, sitting by designation
Cathey v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 711 F.2d 60 (6th Cir.1983); Lynch v. Johns-Manville Sales Corp., 701 F.2d 42-44 (6th Cir.1983); Murphree v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 696 F.2d 459 (6th Cir.1982)
"1 The trial court made the issue of the application of the ten year statute a jury question, charging the jury as follows:
"Under Tennessee Products Liability Law, if a plaintiff discovered, or should have discovered, his injury between July 1st, 1978 and June 30th, 1979, then he may not recover damages if the product which allegedly caused his injury was first purchased for use or consumption more than ten years prior to the date on which his lawsuit was filed.
"It should be remembered that this ten year period of limitation applies only when the plaintiff discovered, or should have discovered, his injury during the year beginning July 1st, 1978 and ending June 30th, 1979.
"This lawsuit was filed on December 8th, 1979. Therefore, if you find that plaintiff discovered, or should have discovered, his injury between July 1st, 1978 and June 30th, 1979, then, you should not consider exposure of plaintiff's decedent to defendant's products which were purchased for use or consumption before December 7th, 1969."


On August, 2017, in Nitrous Oxide.
Nitrous oxide is an intriguing subject for dental patients who are getting a surgery done on their teeth.
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These are the advantages and disadvantages of receiving nitrous oxide before oral surgery. In most cases, it is a no-brainer and should be the way to go. However, it is always recommended to go ahead and speak with the surgeon to see what the options are based on your needs as a patient.
This can shed light on your condition and your requirements in the long-term.


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Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > P > Puritans
One of the chief difficulties in studying the various movements loosely spoken of as Puritanism is to frame an exact definition capable of including the varied and sometimes mutually inconsistent forms of belief usually classified under that name. In its original meaning it signified "those who strove for a worship purified from all taint of popery" (Maitland, op. cit. inf., 590). A more recent writer adopting and expanding this definition adds: "The many various sects and persons who fall under this definition, were usually characterized both by an aversion from gaiety and by a passionate love of civic freedom" (Trevelyan, op. cit. inf., 60). We may see the first beginnings of English Puritanism in the attitude of those who in 1563 entered into the "Vestiarian Controversy" by opposing the use, by the clergy, of the cap and gown in daily life and of the surplice in church. English exiles from Geneva were active in the cause, and by 1565 their resistance to the queen's wishes subjected some of them to loss of benefices. This controversy of rights and vestments developed into a controversy of polity, until Presbyterianism emerged in antagonism to Episcopalianism. Yet in the process the movement developed on such divergent lines that Puritanism soon included three different theories of Church government. First there were the moderates who were willing to retain government by bishops, though they preferred the title "superintendent", but who wished the usages of the Establishment to conform more nearly to Genevan practices. Those who held this system were in agreement with the Scottish Presbyterianism which had been established by John Knox. Secondly there were the strict Presbyterians who wished for the Calvinistic form of government as well as the theology and order of worship. In England the movement was led by Thomas Cartwright of Cambridge, whose doctrine that there should be equality of authority and that bishop and presbyter were all one was soon adopted in Scotland. Thirdly there were the Free Churchmen or Independents who repudiated all coercive power in the Church and wished all men to be free in forming congregations. Their leader was Robert Brown, whose followers were at first persecuted by Anglicans and Presbyterians alike, but whose descendants grew in power and influence until under Oliver Cromwell they became the predominant party.
The three bodies differed from one another in doctrine, in ecclesiastical polity, and in their view of toleration. The strength of Puritanism as common to these three bodies lay in the results effected by the general study of the Bible, in which the Puritans learned the relations of man with God as exemplified in the histories and parables of Holy Writ. This private study of the Scriptures was carried on by the aid of private interpretation which inevitably resulted in the multiplication of minor sects such as Fifth Monarchy men, Levellers, Diggers, and others. Thus Puritanism could never attain a recognized dogmatic system. At first it shared many Calvinistic views with the theologians of the Established Church, but these were abandoned by some and Calvin's doctrines were rejected first by the Baptists and afterwards by the Quakers and the Unitarians. However, the lack of a consistent theology was the less felt because of the great stress which the Puritans laid upon "serving God in spirit and in truth" — by feeling and conduct rather than by doctrine. This spirit is most pronounced in the Puritan works which achieved the highest popularity: Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress", George Fox's "Journal", Thomas Ellwood's "History of My Own Life" and Baxter's "Saint's Everlasting Rest". In matters of Church government some kind of system became necessary and the Scottish Presbyterians evolved a plan, embodied in the First Book of Discipline which had been drawn up in the Edinburgh Assembly of 1560, and which was concerned chiefly with the congregation itself. This was supplemented by the Second Book of Discipline of 1578 which regulated the dependence of the congregation on the higher courts. By it Presbyterianism was fully established; for the superintendents were abolished and all authority was transferred from individual ministers to four bodies, the Kirk Session, the Presbytery, the Provincial Synod, and the General Assembly.
The English Puritans regarded this system from two diametrically opposed points of view. It was approved by the Presbyterians and condemned by the Independents. But for a time they were kept united by the common necessity of opposing the alliance between the High Church party and the Crown which took place under James I. The struggle became political, and the Arminianism, Episcopalianism, and divine right of the sovereign maintained by the one party were opposed by the Calvinism, Presbyterianism, and Republicanism of the other. When the enactments of the Long Parliament had resulted in victory for the Puritans, their own internal differences clamoured for settlement and the Westminster Assembly of 1643 was an unsuccessful attempt at composing them. The four parties, Moderate Presbyterians, Scottish Presbyterians, Erastians, and Independents having quarrelled fiercely, agreed on a compromise favouring the Moderates. The Presbyterians, however, gradually lost ground, owing to the growing power of the Independents who had the strong support of Cromwell and his army. They in their turn were destroyed as a political power by the Restoration, since when Puritanism ceased to be a force in England under that name, and survived only in the various Nonconformist sects which have increased and multiplied in number down to the present day, without, however, any augmentation of collective strength. Many of these bodies have long ceased to represent Puritanism in any respect save that of dissent from the Established Church. One of the most picturesque incidents in the history of Puritanism and one of far reaching influence on subsequent American history was the departure of the "Pilgrim Fathers" — seventy-four English Puritans and twenty-eight women — who sailed from England in the May Flower and landed on Plymouth Rock, 25 December, 1620. There they founded a colony, representing both types, the Plymouth colony being Congregationalists, the Massachusetts Bay settlers, Presbyterians.
CAMPBELL, "Puritanism in Holland, England, and America" (London, 1892); DEXTER, "England and Holland" (London, 1906); GREGORY, "Puritanism" (London, 1895); WAKEMAN, "The Church and the Puritans: 1570-1660" (London, 1887); BYINGTON, "The Puritan in England and New England" (London, 1896), giving a useful bibliography; NEAL, "History of the Puritans, 1517-1688" (London, 1822); STOWELL AND WILSON, "History of the Puritans in England" (London, 1849); HOPKINS, "The Puritans: Church, Court and Parliament during the reigns of Edward VI and Elizabeth" (Boston, 1859-61); MARSDEN, "History of the early Puritans, to 1642" (London, 1850); IDEM, "History of the later Puritans, 1642-62" (London, 1852); TULLOCH, "English Puritanism and its leaders" (Edinburgh, 1861); MAITLAND, "The Anglican Settlement and the Scottish Reformation" in "Cambridge Modern History", II (Cambridge, 1903); TREVELYAN, "England under the Stuarts" (London, 1904). See also "Reprints of the Clarendon Historical Society" (Edinburgh, 1882-6).
APA citation. Burton, E. (1911). Puritans. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12581a.htm
MLA citation. Burton, Edwin. "Puritans." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12581a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by M.E. Smith.

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2 May 2017 // Latest Airline Route News // Comments OFF
Korean Air starts second service to Spain
Korean Air's inaugural service from Seoul to Barcelona was celebrated at the Spanish airport with this fabulous plane-themed cake. Barcelona becomes the airline's 14th European destination and second in Spain after Madrid. The three times weekly service will be flown by the SkyTeam carrier's 777s.
Korean Air has expanded its European network with the addition of non-stop service to Barcelona (BCN). On 28 April the SkyTeam carrier began three times weekly flights on the 9,590-kilometre route from Seoul Incheon (ICN). The route will be flown primarily by the airline's 777-200ERs and faces no competition. This brings to 14 the number of airports served in Europe by Korean Air, with non-stop flights from Seoul. Spain is one of only three countries which gets flights serving two different airports, as the airline already serves Madrid. Italy receives flights in Milan and Rome, while Russia gets service to Moscow and St. Petersburg. The other eight European country markets served are Austria (Vienna), Czech Republic (Prague), France (Paris CDG), Germany (Frankfurt), Netherlands (Amsterdam), Switzerland (Zurich), Turkey (Istanbul Atatürk) and the UK (London Heathrow). See how Barcelona Airport's FTWA compares to others from around the world.
Spain – Turkey capacity down 7.2% in 2017, Turkish Airlines is largest carrier, main hubs dominate market
BCN ICN Korean Air


DSQUARED2 present the Beverly two-piece tux, a wardrobe essential for the modern man. Crafted in Italy from a virgin wool-cotton blend, this suit features a jacked with peaked lapels, a front button fastening, a chest pocket, front flap pockets, a pleated design, long sleeves, faux button cuffs, a logo printed lining and a rear central vent. The trousers feature a front fastening, a regular length, a waistband with belt loops, applique stripes at the sides and a back buttoned pocket.


Timeless, a new NBC show that debuted last fall finished up it's first season and was eagerly awaiting their fate. Fans have been campaigning for the show to come back and they've made one huge wave – winning a USA Today poll, of which show should be saved.
49% of voters voted to save Timeless, and bring the show back for a second season. Now, this poll doesn't have any officially pull with saving a show, but having fans come out in that high of numbers to save a show after it's first season is definitely an eye opener for the network.
Supernatural's creator, Eric Kripke, co-created this series with Shawn Ryan (The Shield) and the show stars Matt Lanter, Abigail Spencer, Malcolm Barrett and Goran Visnjic.
The show is where a group (Lanter, Spencer and Barrett) travel through time each episode, to all different significant historical events. The three main characters, Wyatt (Lanter), Rufus (Barrett) and Lucy (Spencer) join together to track down a criminal (Visnjic) who has stolen a time machine and is intent on changing the past. They've also had some special guest stars in episodes, including Sean McGuire (Once Upon A Time), Shantel VanSanten (The Flash) and Supernatural actors Misha Collins and Jim Beaver.
This show was such a breath of fresh air to us, and we agreed that we'd like it to be saved and another season given to the show – and the fans of this show.
Hopefully this will be a giant step in helping them get a second season.


Bad news for Google: Apple just did in a day what Google couldn't do in an entire year. Apple has managed to sell more Apple Watches in a single day than the number of Android Wear smartwatches sold in an entire year, if market research from Slice Intelligence is to be believed.
Throughout the entirety of 2014, all manufacturers using Google's smartwatch operating system (OS) - including Motorola, LG, and Samsung - sold 720,000 units.
In contrast, Apple sold an estimated 957,000 Apple Watches on the first day the devices were available for pre-order.
These figures do not bode well for Gooogle's app ecosystem.
The iPhone has always - with some truth - been considered the "rich man's phone." Apple customers tend to be better off than Android users, spend more on apps and in-app purchases, and accordingly, ad rates on iOS are higher than on Google's OS.
This means that iOS is, at least on paper, the more lucrative platform to develop for. But many developers still choose to go "Android-first." Why? Because what Android customers lack in purchasing power (on average), they make up for in sheer numbers. In 2014, Android manufacturers shipped a staggering 1 billion smartphones. That's a milestone that will take Apple years to reach - in the same period, despite having the most profitable quarter of any company ever, the Cupertino company had (relatively) paltry sales of 192.7 million.
This truly massive reach is what makes Android such a compelling platform for developers.
An assistant shows off the range of Apple Watches available at an Apple Store.
When it comes to smartwatches, however, the Android Wear OS doesn't even have this advantage. In a single day, Apple has shifted more units than Google's partners did in a year. Even if you believe - as Fortune's Philip Elmet DeWitt does - that Slice's estimate may skew high, it seems clear that Apple is going to win the numbers game on this one.
Suddenly, Android on smartwatches becomes the platform with the smaller market share, and without the lucrative userbase to justify prioritising development for it.
It's also worth noting that Android Wear and Watch OS aren't the only two smartwatch OS's out there. The crowdfunded Pebble, for example, sold 1 million units in the period between its 2013 launch and the end of 2014. But this variety of options just makes the case to prioritise development for Google's OS even less compelling.
This isn't to say that no-one is going to develop for Android Wear. For larger companies who want to maximise their reach, it will be worth building products for both companies' platforms. But when it comes to smaller developers who need to choose carefully where they allocate their resources, Android just lost its one massive advantage.


text:
Q: Is $\frac{1}{x}$ on [0,$\infty$] continuous at zero? Taking the definition of continuity, two of three conditions are met, i.e.
a) We would have to define $f(0)=\infty$, but normally division by zero is not well-defined.
b) The limit $\lim_{x\to 0}f(x)=\infty$ exists.
c) The value of the limit equals the value $f(0)$.
Questions:
1) I that correct?
2) Does anything change if $f(x)=x^2$, or if we take $$\frac{1}{|x|} \text{ or } \frac{1}{x^2}$$ on the domain $[-\infty,\infty]$?
3) As for the participating notions that are needed to come to an answer, are there any common definitions which would lead to another conclusion? Something like "we say that a limit exists if its value is a finite number" etc.

A: If you equip $\mathbb R\cup \{-\infty,\infty\}$ with the right topology (namely such that the $(a,\infty]$ with $a\in\mathbb R$ are open neighbourhoods of $+\infty$), then your eextension of $x\mapsto \frac1x$ to the interval $[0,\infty]$ by letting $f(0)=\infty$ and $f(\infty)=0$ is indeed continuous. The coninuoty at $x=0$ is precisely a rephrasing of the statement that $\lim_{x\to0^+}\frac1x=+\infty$ (i.e., that for any $a\in\mathbb R$ we find $\delta >0$ such that $\frac1x>a$ for all $x$ with $0<x<\delta$).
The same works (with the same argument) with the obvious extensions of $x\mapsto \frac1{|x|}$ or $x\mapsto \frac1{x^2}$.
You could make it work with $x\mapsto \frac1x$ on all of $\mathbb R$ if you used the one-point compactification of $\mathbb R$ instad of the two-point compactification above. In it, neighbourhoods of $\infty$ contain both all large positive and small negative numbers. Visually, you bend $\mathbb R$ to a cicle and close the gap with a single point.

A: I would argue at least b) is wrong. "$\lim f(a) = \infty$" is just a shorthand people use to mean "the limit is undefined" (at least in my experience).

A: I don't understand people that say that conditions b) is wrong. Are you telling me that you don't know the difference between a function that admits no limit like $x \sin x$ and one that just grows without limit? (like $x$? )
$\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = + \infty$ means that $$\forall N > 0\  \exists \delta > 0 : |x-c|<\delta \implies f(x) > N$$
So I would argue that conditions b) is met. The point is that the function is not defined at $x=0$, and there is no point saying that in that point it equals $\infty$ as $\infty$ is not a number.
The correct way to think about it is with the limit definition.

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text:
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text:
Deadly coral disease sweeping Caribbean linked to wastewater from ships
A researcher off the Virgin Islands swims past a pillar coral showing signs of stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD).
Photographs: Lucas Jackson/Reuters
From The Guardian by Jewel Fraser
Researchers find 'significant relationship' between stony coral tissue loss disease and nearby shipping
A virulent and fast-moving coral disease that has swept through the Caribbean could be linked to waste or ballast water from ships, according to research.
The deadly infection, known as stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), was first identified in Florida in 2014, and has since moved through the region, causing great concern among scientists.
It spreads faster than most coral diseases and has an unusually high mortality rate among the species most susceptible to it, making it potentially the most deadly disease ever to affect corals.
More than 30 species of coral are susceptible.
It was found in Jamaica in 2018, then in the Mexican Caribbean, Sint Maarten and the Bahamas, and has since been detected in 18 other countries.
In Mexico, more than 40% of reefs in one study had at least 10% of coral infected by SCTLD, and nearly a quarter had more than 30%.
In Florida, regional declines in coral density approached 30% and live tissue loss was upward of 60%.
Biologist Emily Williams moves corals between tanks as researchers try to find out more about an outbreak of SCTLD in Florida in 2019
Scientists have not yet been able to determine whether the disease is caused by a virus, a bacterium, a chemical or some other infectious agent, but the peer-reviewed study in the journal Frontiers in Marine Science supports the theory that ballast water from ships may be involved.
Conducted in the Bahamas by scientists at the Perry Institute for Marine Science, it found that SCTLD was more prevalent in reefs that were closer to the Bahamas' main commercial ports, in Nassau and Grand Bahama, suggesting a likely link between the disease and ships.
Judith Lang, scientific director at the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment project, which has been tracking the disease, said: "The prevailing currents in the Caribbean push seawater to Florida and not in the reverse direction, and the predominant wind direction is westward.
So human dispersal [to those three territories] in 2018 seems necessary."
In 2017, the spread of deadly pathogens by ships when they discharge ballast water prompted the International Maritime Organization to implement the Ballast Water Management Convention, which requires that ships discharge their ballast water – used to maintain the ship's stability – 200 nautical miles from shore in water at least 200 metres deep before entering port, to ensure they do not bring in harmful foreign pathogens.
A research technician cuts a coral with a steel chisel to remove the section being killed by SCTLD, US Virgin Islands
In the Bahamas, SCTLD has spread rapidly since first being identified in December 2019.
Krista Sherman, senior scientist at the Perry Institute and a co-author of the recently published paper, said: "The disease is spread along about 75km of reef tract, about 46 miles – so for Grand Bahama that is a large structure of reef.
We're talking about mostly covering the entire southern coastline of the island."
The disease is also widespread in the coral reefs of New Providence, where the Bahamas' capital, Nassau, and main port are located.
The study notes the presence of international container ships, cruise ships and pleasure boats at that location, as well as a fuel shipping station.
Infection rates among the most susceptible species were 23% and 45% across New Providence and Grand Bahama respectively, and recent mortality rates have reached almost 43%.
With the exception of two species, the researchers found "there was a significant relationship" between the disease and proximity of reefs to the major shipping ports.
They noted "an increasing proportion of healthy colonies as distance from the port increased on both islands, and a greater proportion of recently dead colonies closer to the port than farther away".
The locations where SCTLD is prevalent in the Bahamas are all popular with tourists, recreational fishers and divers, Sherman said.
A research assistant applies an antibiotic ointment to a mountainous star coral affected by SCTLD near Key West, Florida
There are concerns that the coral disease could affect the country's main fishery export, spiny lobster, said Adrian LaRoda, president of the Bahamas Commercial Fishers Alliance.
Although the lobster fishers work further out to sea, the industry would be affected if the reefs die.
The spiny lobster fishery brings in $90m (£66m) a year and employs 9,000 people.
"Any negative impact on our reefs would definitely drastically affect our spiny lobsters because the mature animals migrate [from the reefs] to the fish aggregating devices [a technique for catching fish]," LaRoda said.
He added that the lobsters' reproduction rate and the food supply for juvenile lobsters in the reef would also be affected.
The Bahamian government has set up a national taskforce to tackle the problem.
Currently, the most effective treatment for the disease is the application of the antibiotic amoxicillin directly to the corals, which has seen some success in reducing mortality, but no realistic permanent solution is available.
According to Lang, rather than treating the symptoms, there is a need to tackle the possible human-made causes.
"Given a chance, nature can heal naturally," she said.
The Guardian : 'Happy corals': climate crisis sanctuary teeming with life found off east Africa
Image of the week : Impressive shallow seafloor at...
A brief geography of time
We've discovered an undersea volcano near Christma...
Deadly coral disease sweeping Caribbean linked to ...
The importance of surveying relic munitions and un...
Getting to the bottom of trawling's carbon emissions


text:
Q: Laravel load related class model I need a comprehensive explanation on this excerpt from Martin Bean Laravel Essential :
  $breed = Furbook\Breed::with('cats')
- >whereName($name)
- >first()

I understand all the method except with(). Pls explain in sql what the with('cat') is used for.
Pls my code might not be formatted well because I used the app.

A: with() method add the relation to the selected Model.Reference Laravel Builder

Set the relationships that should be eager loaded.

Basically, it joins the base table (one on which you are executing the query. In your case 'Breed'. ) with the one passed to the with() method as an argument. (In your case 'cats').

A: If you take a look at in documentation, you will see 'with' is for eager loading. It could be explained as follows.
select * from books where id = 1

select * from books where id = 2

select * from books where id = 3

select * from books where id = 4
....

This query is reduce to
select * from books

select * from authors where id in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...)

which is more efficient.


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Being a family caregiver for elderly adults is demanding no matter what, but when you live at a distance from your loved ones, you face additional challenges that can make the experience much more difficult for both you and your parents. Living far away from your seniors makes it more difficult, or even impossible, for you to get to their home to provide direct physical care and assistance on as frequent a basis as you would like. This can leave you feeling disconnected, overwhelmed, and even helpless as you try to make sure that your parents' needs are met and that they are living the highest quality of life possible even when you are unable to actually be there with them.
Finding ways to stay connected with and bond with your aging loved ones throughout your distance caregiver journey improves mental and emotional health, helps your parents feel more secure with their care, and gives you more confidence that your seniors are getting the care and assistance that they need and deserve.
• Plan trips. Even if you are not able to visit frequently, having trips planned gives you and your aging loved ones something to look forward to, and ensures that your seniors do not feel isolated or alone. Just knowing that you do have a time when you will visit helps them feel more secure and boosts their spirits.


text:
The Supreme Court is Enabling President Trump
David Gans
// 6/28/18 // Commentary
Throughout his presidency, Donald Trump has thumbed his nose at the courts and made a mockery of the Constitution. Rather than checking Trump, the Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice John Roberts is giving in to Trump, thereby inviting him to keep flouting the rule of law. No wonder Trump continues to act as if no one can tell him what to do.
Now, with the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, this will get even worse. Trump's first nominee, Justice Neil Gorsuch quickly joined Justice Clarence Thomas at the far right end of the Court. Everyone expects that Trump will once again seek to push through the Senate another staunchly conservative jurist.
Last year, when President Trump lambasted "ridiculous rulings" against his Muslim travel ban, he tweeted "see you in the Supreme Court." Now, in a 5-4 opinion written by Chief Justice Roberts, the Supreme Court has given him what he wanted. Burying their collective heads in the sand, Roberts and his conservative colleagues refused to follow the clear import of the Constitution's text, history, and values, and they ignored the clear anti-Muslim animus that gave rise to the ban. In so doing, they empowered President Trump to engage in the rankest form of religious bigotry. As Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote in what will go down as one of the finest dissents of her career, "the First Amendment stands as a bulwark against official religious prejudice and embodies our Nation's deep commitment to religious neutrality and tolerance." She concluded that "[o]ur Constitution demands, and our country deserves a Judiciary willing to hold the coordinate branches to account when they defy our most scared legal commitments." The conservative majority gave Trump the dangerous power to write his prejudices into law.
Not only that. Chief Justice Roberts gave Trump the ability to rewrite immigration law, empowering him to make an end run around immigration laws enacted by Congress that require equal treatment of immigrants, no matter where they are from. In 1965, Congress enacted a flat ban on national origin discrimination in the issuance of immigrant visas. But Roberts allowed Trump to impose the very kind of discrimination Congress prohibited, effectively giving the President a lawmaking power the Constitution denies him. Our Constitution's Framers, who revolted in opposition to the tyrannical rule of a king, refused to give the President the kind of concentrated power Roberts and his colleagues have now given to Trump. Worse still, the Court's conservative wing—the members of which waxed eloquent about the limits of presidential authority when Obama was President—did not even consider the damage they are doing to our system of checks and balances.
The Muslim travel ban ruling, as bad as it is, hardly stands alone. Back in February, in Jennings v. Rodriguez—another setback for immigrants' rights—the same conservative majority refused to limit the President's power to detain immigrants for prolonged periods of time without the possibility of bail, over a scathing dissent written by Justice Stephen Breyer that insisted that "[f]reedom from arbitrary detention is as ancient and important a right as any found within the Constitution's boundaries." The government's position inJennings predates the Trump Administration, but the ruling establishes a precedent that President Trump will surely double down on every chance he gets to dramatically expand immigrant detention. Now, as President Trump seek to impose prolonged indefinite detention on immigrant parents and their children—potentially for years—during criminal or immigration proceedings for improper entry or removal, Jennings looms especially large.
These rulings cutting back on the rights of immigrants and empowering President Trump to wield sweeping powers at the border are only one piece of the story. A huge theme of the Supreme Court's Term has been the Trump Administration's repeated ideological flip-flops. In case after case, the Trump Administration abandoned previously held positions in an effort to move the law sharply to the right, and won. Indeed, many of the biggest conservative 5-4 victories of the Term were cases where the Trump Administration flipped positions.
The Trump Administration flip-flopped in a number of biggest conservative wins, such as Janus v. AFSCME, which jettisoned four decades of precedent in order to overturn state agency fee laws requiring government employees to pay the fair share of costs of collective bargaining, Abbott v. Perez, which upheld Texas's racially discriminatory redrawing of its district lines, Husted v. A. Philiip Randolph Institute, which gave states the green light to purge voters for non-voting, and Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, which closed the courthouse doors of employees banding together to vindicate their federal rights.
The Supreme Court did not always go as far as the Trump Administration's wanted. In Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, the Supreme Court refused to embrace the view that baking a cake is a form of speech and that commercial sellers have a First Amendment license to discriminate against same-sex couples planning a wedding celebration. But the Justices still gave the Trump administration a victory, concluding that the commercial bakery had been denied the neutral and respectful consideration the Constitution's Free Exercise Clause required. In this regard, Masterpiece was an outlier. In many of the biggest cases of the Term, the Supreme Court's conservative majority pushed the law to the right just as the Trump Administration urged. Trump's appointee to the Court, Justice Gorsuch—who repeatedly took some of the most extreme conservative positions on the Court—cast a critical vote in many of these cases.
Chief Justice John Roberts and his conservative colleagues were largely silent in the face of these flip-flops. This marked a decisive shift. During Obama's presidency, Chief Justice Roberts repeatedly grilled Solicitor General Donald Verrilli about the positions the government took, remarking that "the position that the United States is advancing today is different from the position that the United States previously advanced." Roberts called the Obama Administration's views "disingenuous" and suggested they were less deserving of deference. But this Term, the Supreme Court's conservative justices were silent in the face of these multiple flip-flops. In case after case, they rewarded the Trump's Administration efforts to move the law sharply to the right. This spate of 5-4 decisions will only encourage more of the same in years to come.
Not surprisingly, both before the Supreme Court and in the lower courts, we've seen the Trump Justice Department makes a series of outlandish legal claims, seeing just how far they can go before the courts will intervene. In the travel ban litigation, Solicitor General Noel Francisco claimed that President Trump had stated that he had no intention of imposing a travel ban. In the lower courts, the Trump Administration has resorted to what can only be described as lies to justify its legal positions. The Administration has claimed that it was required by law to forcibly separate immigrant parents from their children, and that it added a citizenship question to the 2020 Census to better enforce the Voting Rights Act. The Administration has made the far-fetched claim that the courts would be effectuating Congress's intent by invalidating the Affordable Care Act in its entirety, even though Congress left in place key parts of the law, such as the individual mandate, when it recently made other changes to the law. The Supreme Court's opinions of this past Term, which have repeatedly moved the law to the right in the ways Trump asked for, encourage these brazen claims.
As this Term at the Supreme Court ends, two things are clear. We have a President who thumbs his nose at the Constitution and the rule of law, and a Supreme Court that is willing to let him get away with it.
Constitutional Blindspot: How The Roberts Court Is Betraying Our Democracy
7/1/19 // Commentary
The Roberts Court has a constitutional blindspot. It consistently ignores the many parts of the Constitution that help preserve and protect a vibrant democracy open to all.
Courting Disaster: Progressive Candidates' Reticence on Judicial Nominations
6/25/19 // Commentary
Will progressive candidates for national office be asked about judicial nominations and will these candidates make the federal judiciary a top-tier message? On paper at least, there are reasons to think progressive candidates will get it right this time.
Praveen Fernandes


Data from the National Farmers' Union (NFU) suggests that this year's wheat harvest may be down nearly a third on 2012, due to extreme weather.
Some 76 farmers across England and Wales, covering some 16,000ha of land were surveyed by the NFU in May about their wheat crop.
The poll suggested that the overall harvested area on the farms was on course to be almost 30% lower than in 2012. This followed recent HGCA figures showing winter wheat planting area was 25% down year-on-year.
Unprecedented extreme weather has battered crops said the NFU.
It was too soon to establish the quality of the crop in baking terms, he added, as the wheat was still green, and most crops were behind due to the cool spring.


Would this pump be able to operate the 9-12315-250-4-P motor adequately if it was turning at 2,100 RPM?
A: It may, depending on the performance requirements you require from the motor.
If this has a 5/32 keyway what couplings are required to attatch to motor since none are listed with that size. They are all 3/16 for 5/8 shaft size.
A: That is how we define it, yes; as facing the shaft.
Will this pump handle a side load?
A: This pump is designed to be direct driven only. You should use a jackshaft or overhung load adapter if it will be belt driven.
A: No there is not really a minimum speed. The faster you go the more fluid moved and the more input power required. The housing is aluminum so whatever you are pumping must be clean to prevent damage.


text:
Kim Kyung-tae (* 23. Dezember 1980) ist ein ehemaliger südkoreanischer Biathlet.

Kim Kyung-tae gehörte zu Beginn der 2000er Jahre zum südkoreanischen Biathlon-Nationalkader. In Hochfilzen gab er zum Auftakt der Saison 2000/01 sein internationales Debüt und wurde 107. eines Einzels. Ein paar Wochen später erreichte er als 94. eines Sprints in Osrblie erstmals ein zweistelliges Resultat. Ein erster Karrierehöhepunkt waren die Biathlon-Weltmeisterschaften 2001 in Pokljuka. Kim startete im Sprint, bei dem er den 94. Rang belegt und im Einzel, wo er mit Platz 73 im Einzel zugleich sein bestes Weltcupresultat erreichte. In der Saison 2001/02 kam er zu keinen Weltcupstarts, sporadisch nahm er wieder in der Saison 2002/03 an Weltcuprennen teil. Zum erneuten Höhepunkt wurden die Biathlon-Weltmeisterschaften 2003 in Chanty-Mansijsk, bei dem Kim Kyung-tae 90. des Einzels und 76. des Sprints wurde. Kurz zuvor nahm er in Aomori schon an den Winterasienspielen teil, bei denen er 12. des Sprints sowie Zehnter der Verfolgung wurde und mit Son Hae-kwam, Shin Byung-kook und Park Yun-bae im Staffelrennen die Silbermedaille gewann.

Biathlon-Weltcup-Platzierungen

Weblinks

Biathlet (Südkorea)
Geboren 1980
Mann
Südkoreaner

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
SAU Announces Mechanical Engineering Program
Undergrad Programs September 9, 2020
Spring Arbor University proudly announces a new Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering program, set to begin Fall 2021. The program will join SAU's Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering program within the university's new Department of Engineering, which welcomed its first class of students last fall. Both programs are under the direction of Dr. Ronald DeLap, Chair of the Engineering Department at SAU. DeLap, an experienced engineer and professor, has successfully led several university-level engineering programs.
The mechanical engineering program, offered to traditional undergraduate students on SAU's Spring Arbor campus, will help fill a growing need for engineers in the U.S. economy. Built around NASA's Engineering Design Process, the program will prepare students for their future careers by emphasizing teamwork, theory, design and project building. Furthermore, the standards and equipment in SAU's engineering classrooms and labs are consistent with those found in professional settings.
As one of only two faith-based mechanical engineering bachelor's degree programs in Michigan, the program will allow SAU to promote both faith and a liberal arts perspective in a field that is critical in the modern economy. With small class sizes and a strong emphasis on hands-on learning experiences, SAU's program will equip students to compete with graduates from larger schools after graduation.
"Mechanical engineering continues to be one of the areas of study with the largest interest from prospective students," says SAU Vice President of Enrollment and Marketing Jon Bahr. "Adding this program to our diverse list of degree offerings is crucial in preparing students to be 'critical participants in the contemporary world.'"
DeLap believes that engineers have the privilege and responsibility of developing and keeping God's creation, stating they have a unique, God-given calling to serve in ways that address the brokenness of a fallen world.
SAU plans to pursue accreditation for its engineering programs through the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). DeLap will guide SAU through the application process for ABET accreditation following the 2023 graduation of the first electrical engineering class. DeLap has successfully led five ABET accreditation efforts during his career.


text:
Topic: More climate change protests in Central London
Author Topic: More climate change protests in Central London (Read 18907 times)
Re: More climate change protests in Central London
Don't give a shit about the planet and am happy for this stupid race to choke itself to death on diesel fumes
Autopsy Turvey
Albert The Grinder vs The Hooded Terror
Quote from: hummingofevil on April 15, 2019, 01:53:12 PM
LThe bigger issue here is how Climate Change has been lumped in with the culture wars. It's a political and not a scientific discussion and climate change denail is just another badge of honor for these alt-right, gammony, UKIP, Brexity, Trumpian turds to proudly wear around their necks.
This might arguably be a suspicious reaction to the way the left has turned the environment into a political football, telling kids we will all be dead in 12 years unless we dismantle capitalism, increase state control, allow unrestricted mass migration, and have Dexys Midnight Runners playing free daily in the university library etc. Indeed while rueing the politicisation of the issue you're happily apportioning blame to 'gammony alt-right UKIP types' while ignoring the rapacious industrial expansion of China, India and other developing world powers. But that's a really tricky problem to address, far easier to score potshots at the sort of subhuman vermin who like Jeremy Clarkson.
biggytitbo
WHAT ABOUT THE GODDAM JAFFA CAKES ASSWIPE
So? What is your point? You going down the 2nd Referendum march argument with this one that just because people might be middle class they are intrinsically not worth listening to. On some level I agree with you about the absolute cloth-earred cluelessness of the 2nd referendum lot but you doing yourself no favours if you just cut and paste your arguments over for this one.
Well it was a reply to the claim they must all be unemployed. From what i've seen they are more likely to have the kind of jobs that make it easy for them to pop off for a climate rebellion than to be on the dole.
I'm not one for marches and whatnot but to me ER are just a bunch of people who give a shit about a massive fucking problem that is staring us in the face. Strip away everything else and they have two demands:
1. That the public are given the correct information about the reality of climate change.
2. That governments do something about it not and not fuck around the edges for years to come until it is too late.
I couldn't give a shit if it's middle class people raising this or not. As for your sneery attitude implying its a middle class concern I'll let AOC explain it to you better than I can. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0qn23Pt99Y
If we were really facing extinction we'd switch over to nuclear power, which is a realistic, proven way to solve the issue in a generation or so.
I think the thing about a middle class concern, whether that's true or not doesn't really matter, the problem is its essentially been the same people banging us over the heads with catastrophism as the go to strategy for close to 30 years now and it's not proven to be very effective has it? Most people still shrug.
Cuellar
I'm over here
Quote from: biggytitbo on April 15, 2019, 02:27:05 PM
We could still be facing extinction and NOT have switched to nuclear power/renewable energy.
The phrase 'beautiful clean coal' springs to mind, not to mention 'wind cancer'.
buzby
I got the train from Montpellier to Nice a couple of years back. It was something like £30 to buy a ticket on the day for a 5 hour 300km journey. The trains were old stock but there were clean and comfortable and had plenty of room for everyone. Am I missing something when we are told how important it is to have these brand-spanking new stock that only private rail companies can provide? If they clean, have working toilets and a drinks trolley who gives a shit about what else? The wi-fi is extra and never works (4G on phone is more reliable) so why are we paying a premium price? Is it all shareholder dividends?
Yes. The passenger's ticket price goes to the Train Operating Company (TOC) and the government also pays the TOC a subsidy. The rail company pays Network Rail for it's track access slots (which is government-run after the failure of Railtrack as a privatised entity following the Hatfield crash), and a Rolling Stock Operating Company (ROSCO) to lease the trains. From what's left it pays for it's staff, station upkeep and maintenance of the rolling stock. Any profit left over goes to it's shareholders. The ROSCO also has shareholders, so sets it's lease prices for rolling stock accordingly to generate some profit.
In France, the goverment pays SNCF a subsidy on top of their income from tickets and freight operations to build and maintain the infrastructure, run the trains and maintian and buy rolling stock. Their trains are a lot more roomy due in part to them using continental loading gauge.
Ironically the nationalised state rail operators form many European countries are shareholders in most of the UK TOCs, so our rail subsidies are going back to help pay for the railways in France, Germany and the Netherlands.
« Last Edit: April 15, 2019, 02:47:25 PM by buzby »
Sebastian Cobb
bad opinion haver
It takes about 20 years to build a nuclear power plant. We should've been building them in the 90's. but sadly successive governments from both sides did fuck all about our ageing power plants and increased demand and chose to kick the can down the road.
We're now at an impasse where everyone who remembers how to build a nuclear power plant is either too old or emigrated. And by the time they've built the things renewables will probably be in a better place to take over anyway.
DoesNotFollow
Everybody in the whole of NASA was in the pork pie
Went to a few local XR meetings in the past weeks - mainly out of curiosity and support my pal who was facilitating the meetings. It was a newly set up group so only just starting to show some cohesion but my impression was a small-ish but pretty varied group of people united by their concern about climate change and the environment.
Non-violence is stressed so the smashed windows is a bit concerning. Although from BBC news:
By intentionally causing more than £6,000 damage at the Shell headquarters activists aim to get the case into crown court to put their case to a jury, the campaign said.
Quote from: Sebastian Cobb on April 15, 2019, 02:37:03 PM
It was a real shame too as we had eventually developed a really good design (a version of the Westinghouse PWR design but with added safety improvements) but as we only ever built one of them (Sizewell B) the cost of developing it was pissed away. Now we are building one based on an unproven French design which even they admit is a bit crap and have written off.
Sin Agog
Dogs fucked the pope; no fault of mine
Good people, got no qualms, no snidey little asides about the fuel they used to get there or anything like that. Just keep up the good work, and ask Gaia why she never returns my calls anymore.
hummingofevil
I do get it. You have a loathing for what you perceive to be a centrist middle class elite and your entire identity is to oppose everything you think they believe in. That's fine. It's perfectly normal and is basically a prerequisite for being an adult man under 30 (or a teenage goth).
I just find it amusing that, as one who claims to wish for a new socialist utopia your loathing of the middle classes never extends as far as boorish golf club types who too seem to have the "type of jobs" that afford them the opportunity to take afternoons off to talk Brexit on the 19th hole, and instead focus your smart on those who might actually give a shit about things that condemn the world's poorest people to indefinite poverty.
I bet if we were really facing extinction we could get on and build them quicker than that, look at what we were able to do in 6 years of a world war. Maybe the ruling elite already have the private invitation only space arks built, tethered in giant lock up garages somewhere, ready to go. No point bothering with the relatively trivial solution to this extinction crisis if you can fuck off off the planet all together.
On the safety thing, France has pretty much got civilian nuclear power nailed hasn't it? How many accidents have they had?
I think fusion research is a waste of time. 20 years ago when I was at Manchester all my professors were telling us that fusion of electricity production was the panacea for all our energy needs and is "20 years away". We are a tiny step closer than we were but nowhere near large scale production. Happy to be convinced otherwise mind.
Absolutely agree with you on renewables. The UK gov stopping the Swansea lagoon as it is too expensive is a disgrace. As a Welsh person it would be nice for the people of Wales to actually get something back in return for all its resources and water other than generations of poverty but with a coordinated and FAIR approach we could easily produce enough energy for our requirements through renewables.
The bigger issue here is how Climate Change has been lumped in with the culture wars. It's a political and not a scientific discussion and climate change denail is just another badge of honor for these alt-right, gammony, UKIP, Brexity, Trumpian turds to proudly wear around their necks.
I think exactly what we hope to and might be able to achieve with fusion would need to be made much clearer than it has been so far but I suspect the level of funding is also a very significant issue, its nowhere anywhere close to the kind of money that was thrown at Fission research in the mid 20th century.
A big issue with renewables for me is that a lot of the environmental lobby seems tied up in various private interests and NIMBYism, I mean you don't want massive public projects without a good realistic plan in place but I think some environmental tradeoffs are inevitable.
I mean whats going on with Nuclear at the moment just makes a nonsense of ye old "balance the books like a family credit card" fantasy doesn't it? just instead of public debt we have guarantees to buy power at an inflated rate from the Chinese for decades.
Quote from: greenman on April 15, 2019, 04:16:54 PM
At risk at getting all Sons Of Glyndwr about it the main issue with NIMBYism with renewables is when local people do not get a dividend from the natural resources. Railway lines and pipelines get built quick enough when its coal or water or electricity that goes one way but the people living in Wales don't seem to get any benefits from this as it's imposed upon them by UK. It's deeply unfair. Add to that the idea that the only reason we not getting new nuclear in North Wales is Chinese pulling funding after UK gov green lighted it whilst simultaneously blocking renewable investment then I can see how in these cases there is a relevant case to argue. It's like the fracking issue. Local decision making only seems to matter when the locals are willing to take the easy bribe of the government. If they resist then they are ignored in favour of corporate interest regardless of effect on local environment or climate.
The latest one is the UK gov looking of "volunteer host communities" to store our High Level Radioactive waste that comes with additional "investment" funding for local areas that take it. Now as someone who has stood on top of the stuff in Sellafield its not quite as bad as it sounds but you don't need me to tell you where they are suggesting to put these places. Put it this way draw a line as far away from the Tory heartlands of South East England and you are getting there.
Uncle TechTip
You won, get over it
I'm sure this is just selective reporting but all the ones i've seen interviewed on the news are achingly middle class, the digital event planning consultancies they work for probably allow them free day's off to go to climate protest events.
Now now, I gave you the benefit of the doubt earlier - I'm wondering if this was a mistake.
Unless you feel there is no climate emergency, kindly fuck off.
I wasn't supposed to be around this long, so…
You'll note that these people aren't protesting the shackling of Brexit. Very telling.
Noonling
Fuck does Cuno care?!
What does it tell?
Oh, I think you know. I think you know.
Quote from: Fambo Number Mive on April 15, 2019, 11:47:01 AM
20 bus routes on diversion.
For people who live outside of London and aren't familiar with the place, 'bus route' refers to a form of public transport. They're a bit like Pacer trains, but on roads.
Howj Begg
They raised a beetroot in the air...
Quote from: Zetetic on April 15, 2019, 05:29:45 PM
Can we even call them people, if they're possibly middle class?
jobotic
Quote from: Neville Chamberlain on April 15, 2019, 02:16:55 PM
It's the classic Brendan O'Neill line of 'argument'!
Only the EDL pass the Biggy O'Niell test.
Paulie Walnuts
I've never seen so many white people in one place
BlodwynPig
The Last Living Member of COVID-20
Quote from: Fambo Number Mive on April 15, 2019, 01:30:13 PM
Military aircraft are often used for flying supplies to countries hit by extreme weather, but I agree about banning private jets, helicopters and drones.
First class on trains should be renamed business class and not allowed to make up more than 11% of the train at the weekends or 22% of the train on weekdays to encourage more people to travel by train. How often do you see a nearly empty first class carriage on a train with loads of crowded normal carriages.
I just sit in first class and tell the guard i dont need the croissant and paper
Quote from: Uncle TechTip on April 15, 2019, 05:28:08 PM
What's the argument then, it's a climate emergency and possible imminent extinction but nobody with any money or power believes it?
The data suggests we are very close to being fucked. Some models are more accurate than others but the overwhelming LIKELYHOOD is that we are fucked; possibly already but certainly soon. There are literally no credible people who deny this unless they have either the political or commercial motivation to blindly deiay any action or are just utter fuckwits who don't understand the basic principles of what Science is and how Science works.
I can put you in touch with my mate who is a senior lecturer of climate Science at the Open University and holds dual PhDs in Particle and Theoretical Physics if you wanna discuss the data with her.
He's not interested in facts or reality, you're wasting your time.
royce coolidge
Biggy has always mocked strikes, protest, any sort of fight against the powers that be.
He really does hate people who won't accept the status quo,as silly childish dreamers.
His ultimate fantasy is to be sat on Trumps and Putins lap in control of their strike drones "who shall I put back in the box now Daddies?"
Mr_Simnock
Ես ուզում անդորր
滚动过去的'biggy'信息的男人将过着幸福的生活
chveik
vampires have it easy
the EPR is an environmental and economic disaster, it's not a rational option at all. and France is obviously not a good model, most of "our" nuclear plants are very old, experts keep telling the government that a incident could likely happen very soon, but they don't seem to care. the security is also pisspoor, greenpeace activists can come and go as they please, so it wouldn't be too difficult for an educated terrorist to do some terrible damage.
« Last Edit: April 16, 2019, 12:23:35 AM by chveik »
Quote from: Twit 2 on April 15, 2019, 10:47:53 PM
No. It's fine. But as someone who has tried my best to take on board his view points in the other threads its interesting seeing it in action on this one.
Police claim that 113 people were arrested, five of which were for suspicion of criminal damage at Shell.


Formed by Hazel and Tim Lindsay, Pop Spirit seeks to create a space for artists to fully embrace themselves and celebrate one another. Disregarding traditional genre boundaries or expectations, Pop Spirit cares more about a unified and evolving ethos with their collaborators and contributors. Pop Spirit is a label about the strength that comes from community and a devotion to artistic growth.