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text:
Q: how to set base context url for different request url i have been trying to fix for days, but no fix yet, i want to have fix base url with root context , rest of the url string will change, but my base url should be fixed for each request.
here is scenario,
in a home page, when user clicks "Login" it will call menu controller and the request url will be as below
http://localhost:8080/myApp/menu/login.jsp

once my login page loads, when i do "Sing in", the url should be as below
http://localhost:8080/myApp/user/singIn.jsp

but above was not working and my url request is some thing like
http://localhost:8080/myApp/menu/user/singIn.jsp

so it was taking relative path instead of absolute, i have code below code added to my layout jsp to fix this problem to have base url fixed, but it is not working.
<base href="${pageContext.servletContext.contextPath}">

above code i have added to layout.jsp which contains header, body and footer, and my request presents in body jsp.
Edit :- the request are jquery ajax request

A: use <base href="${pageContext.contextPath}">
instead of
<base href="${pageContext.servletContext.contextPath}">

A: `<%String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath=request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
`
<base href="<%=basePath%>">

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Syntax Highlighting for Template Toolkit (.tt files) in VIM My goal is to get syntax highlighting for files using extension *.tt and so far it's been a frustrating "no" every time.
I found the vim-perl plugin. Installed using legacy method 'make install' and nothing happened. Tried using Pathogen as well.
The files I'm trying to enable syntax highlighting for have extension *.tt and I notice vim-perl has tt2.vim files.
I'm not an expert at VIM, but I'm pretty sure I've installed it correctly. Assuming this much, should changing any of vim-perl's files named tt2.* to tt.* work (which I've tried, and it doesn't)?
What gives?

A: Create a file at ~/.vim/ftdetect/tt.vim that contains the following.
autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.tt setf tt2

This should associate all *.tt files with tt2 filetype.


text:
CITY CENTRE 2020
SECTOR PANELS
Degree Apprenticeships: Information Events in Swansea, Cardiff & Carmarthen
University of Wales Trinity Saint David is hosting information events on Degree Apprenticeships in Swansea, Cardiff and Carmarthen on February 4, 26 and March 11 respectively.
The Degree Apprenticeships, which are fully-funded by the Welsh Government, normally run over 4 years with off the job training taking place on a day release basis at the University's Swansea campus. Those with prior learning and / or experience may be able to complete the programme in less time.
Apprentices are supported throughout their programme by a Liaison Officer who visits their workplace regularly, providing the link between the academic studies and workplace learning.
The University offers Degree Apprenticeship programmes in the following areas:
Cyber Security and Networks
Ordnance, Munitions & Explosives
These are Welsh Government fully-funded programmes to help employers to:
Plan for their future by upskilling their current workforce;
Recruit the right people;
Offer progression for recently qualified Apprentices.
They enable individuals to:
Earn while they learn;
Learn and develop high-level practical skills;
Gain confidence in the working environment.
Siobhan Stephens secured her Apprenticeship whilst attending a University Information Event in Swansea two years ago. Siobhan, is already leading a key project for her employer, Mobilise, in Swansea, applying techniques that she has studied as part of the digital degree programme. She said she wanted to secure employment after her A Levels, but also wanted to further her education by studying for a degree.
Photo: Adam Davies
"I have loved every minute of the programme," she said. "I get to combine what I have learnt in University with what I'm learning in work. Being able to work, earn and have your degree fees covered by the Welsh Government is an amazing opportunity and coming out of your degree with four years' work experience is invaluable."
Justin Lewis, chief operating officer and founder of Mobilise, said: "Mobilise specialises in an area of technology where it is very difficult to get people with the right skills. So the ideal solution was to bring an apprentice in who would be taught the necessary skills through the degree programme, but we could also train them on the job in the specialist areas of cloud technology. Siobhan has done a fantastic job, quickly getting up to speed with the work we do and she's also coping really well with the degree course. It's proved an excellent way for us to bring new people into the business."
Bridget Moseley, head of UWTSD's apprenticeship unit said: "We want to encourage employers and students who are interested in our Degree Apprenticeships to attend the Information Events. These events provide an opportunity to find out how Degree Apprenticeships can help businesses plan for their future and fill skills shortages. The programmes provide high quality, sector specific-training to upskill their current workforce, recruit the right people and they offer progression opportunities for recently qualified apprentices. For individuals, they provide an alternative gateway into higher education which is fully-funded and enables them to earn whilst they are learning invaluable higher level practical skills. It really is brilliant programme!".
Barry Liles, pro vice-chancellor (skills and lifelong learning) at UWTSD, said: "As a provider of high level skills, we recognise the immense benefits to both our students and employers that can be achieved through Degree Apprenticeships. They are invaluable for preparing students with the skills and knowledge needed for their specific industry sector – using a combination of expertise to upskill the talent pipeline for employers in Wales and beyond. We want to ensure that every apprentice that walks through our doors, leaves with a skill set for life."
Ben Atkins is a Software Development Officer at NHS Wales Informatics Service. He said: "Studying a Degree Apprenticeship has been a great benefit to me and my career. So far I've learned so many invaluable skills that I've been able to apply into my working role and has not only allowed me to progress within the organisation but also given me greater confidence day to day within my position. I would strongly advise anyone in a position to enrol in the Degree Apprenticeship scheme to do so not just to develop the specialist skills in the degree's pathway but to also learn about some of the wider areas of IT and other specialist fields that can be considered, anyone who is looking at furthering their IT career or even just starting one, the digital Degree Apprenticeship would be an excellent opportunity."
Emma Williams is an ICT Digital Support Engineer at Carmarthenshire Council. She said: "I have worked in IT for 17 years, predominantly within IT Procurement, then successfully moving into the position of Digital Support Engineer within the Service Delivery Team in 2017. I have been interested in IT Security for a few years, so when I was given the opportunity to apply for the Digital Degree Apprenticeship in Cyber Security Management, I jumped at the chance.
"Having not studied for more years than I care to admit, I did have concerns at first, but have found that I am increasing in confidence and am thoroughly enjoying my first year. It can be tough at times and took me a few weeks to get into a good routine. Learning to juggle work, family life and university has definitely put my organisational skills to good use.
"The lecturers are really friendly, approachable and available, if you have any questions or queries. My fellow DDA students all get on well and as we are all in the same situation, it can be good to know there are others to talk to who understand.
"Some aspects of the modules I have studied so far have already been put to use within my working life. The skills, knowledge and experiences I will be gaining over the next 3.5 years, will benefit both me and my employer now, and in the future. I am very grateful to them for supporting and encouraging me with my continual professional development."
Katie Rees is a Support & Business Analyst at NHS Wales Informatics. She said: "Since starting my Digital Apprenticeship Degree, focusing on Data Science, I have been given the opportunity to develop a website, enhance my understanding of networks, and have made a start to my journey within the programming world. As a Business Analyst, the insight into relational databases, and the engineering that is undertaken in the initial stages of system design have been advantageous. Even though not all modules directly relate to my current role, the apprenticeship gives me an insight into where my strengths and weaknesses lie, which can contribute towards progressing in a suitable career path. As I started in NWIS without a technical background, the Digital Apprenticeship Degree has given me a huge confidence boost within my role, and allows me to have a better relationship with developers and other members of my team. UWTSD have fully supported me throughout the apprenticeship, with monthly group meetings and workshop days, which are provided to catch up with lecturers and fellow students."
Faith Over, a Continuous Improvement Lead at Eaton said: "My educational background has traditionally been in what may be perceived as "softer" skills & subjects – mainly business management. When I started my role within a manufacturing facility, many engineering concepts were talked about and mentioned daily as if they were simple common sense and I found myself often struggling to follow certain conversations. This negatively impacted my confidence as even when someone tried to explain a concept to me, the explanation would be too brief for me to fully grasp. I felt inadequate and would avoid trying to give any input or suggestions from fear of looking like a fool. Since starting the Degree Apprenticeship Programme I have managed to prove myself wrong; achieving 87% in my first exam has helped me realise I am more capable than I once believed. I look forward to furthering my knowledge and taking the lead in conversations which I was once anxious about even participating in."
To find out more about Degree Apprenticeships join us at one of our Information Events:
Tuesday, 4 February
8am – 9.30am
Dylan Thomas Centre, Somerset Place, Swansea, SA1 1RR
Wednesday, 26 February
Cardiff City Stadium, Leckwith Road, Cardiff CF11 8AZ
Halliwell Centre, UWTSD Carmarthen, SA31 3EP
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Truck Trends
Pick up Trucks
Truck Club
Truck Daily
TruckDailyNews.com
Home Truck Store 100 years ago in Redlands: Cope Commercial Co. buys Redlands Hardware &...
100 years ago in Redlands: Cope Commercial Co. buys Redlands Hardware & Stove Co.
The Cope Commercial Co. ran this ad in the Redlands Daily Facts announcing its purchase of the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company the day of the sale, Aug. 31, 1920. (Redlands Daily Facts)
Cope Company buys big store
One of the largest business deals ever made in Redlands was consummated in record time this morning when, a short time after the first approach had been made, the hardware stock of the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company had been sold by Charles H. Hersee, the owner, to the E.M. Cope Commercial Company. The deal was for a stock valued at about $50,000.
Mr. Hersee, who recently bough the interests of John C. Sering and Dale A. Chilson in the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company, has other interests, to which he wanted to give his attention. The store was placed on the market and within a short time an offer was made to the Cope Commercial Company. That company, learning of the utter impossibility of replacing the stock destroyed by fire under five or six months, this morning accepted the offer and the deal was completed. Mr. Hersee has not announced just what interests he has in view, but his many friends here hope that he will remain in Redlands.
The stocks of the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company and the Cope Commercial Company will be combined and the result will be one of the largest in Southern California. There was quite an amount of hardware and builders' supplies saved from the big fire and the stock of the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company has been a most complete one. Edward M. Cope will directly manage the business and it will be conducted under the same equable and generous manner in which the Cope Commercial Company has always done business.
An enlargement of the stock is planned, even with the combination of the two stocks, and there will be nothing in the way of hardware, building and allied interest not carried in the big store. The business will be conducted at the Redlands Hardware & Stove Company place of business on Orange Street.
The combined staffs of the two stores will be used and up to the minute service will be the aim of the company. It will be a progressive and going business in every sense of the word.
The transfer of the business will be made tomorrow.
As the sale of the Redlands Hardware & Stove Co. stock to the Cope Commercial Co. was being finalized, another Redlands business, the Harris Co., had begun its two-week department managers' sale. This is part of a four-age advertising section that ran Aug. 28, 1920, in the Redlands Daily Facts announcing that sale, which began Aug. 30. The building in the illustration, at 17-23 E. State St., will look somewhat familiar to Redlanders who shopped at the Harris Co. before it moved to the newly built Redlands Mall in the late 1970s. (Redlands Daily Facts)
The Redlands Galleria, at 17 E. State St., now occupies part of the space that once housed the Harris Co. (Photo by Google Maps)
Carrie DeWitt was one of the Harris Co. department managers whose photo was in the company's advertising section that ran Aug. 28, 1920, in the Redlands Daily Facts. (Redlands Daily Facts)
Call Main 32 for election returns
The polls for the primary election today do not close until 7 o'clock tonight.
For information as to returns, call Main 32 any time after 8 o'clock tonight. There will be nothing gained in calling earlier, for the polls do not close until 7 and there will be no returns in before.
The vote is fairly heavy throughout the city, and much interest has been shown in some of the contests.
Big new light in Bear Valley
Sojourners in the Big Bear Valley country recently have had their attention attracted to a weird and mysterious night light. There were many conjectures as to what might be the cause of the illumination, and everything from a forest fire to a falling star has been suggested. All guesses were wrong, however, as the fact is the light was artificial illumination for work being done by a motion picture company from the Ince Studios.
When the identity of the light is revealed the question naturally arises as to what is its source. The light is generated direct by an apparatus mounted on a Mack truck, which was driven to the Big Bear region expressly for that purpose. The Mack truck is of 3½-ton capacity, and the lighting equipment consists of a six-cylinder Seagrave engine, a special radiator, a huge generator, switchboard and the necessary wiring. The weight of the equipment is something in excess of four tons, and all of it is bolted down onto the frame of the Mack chassis.
Biggin is elected supervisor at primary
Tuesday's primary election brought out only about 30% of the registered vote of Redlands, but those who did turn out had a part in settling several of the contests, thus taking them out of the November election This was true of the race for county supervisor from the Third (Redlands) District, George S. Biggin being elected over A.E. Brock by a majority of 228 votes. This will mean that Biggin's name will appear alone on the ballot in the November election and his election then is assured.
Colvin speaks in Redlands
Dr. D. Leigh Colvin, the Prohibition candidate for Vice President, was here at noon today and made a short talk from the automobile in which he is touring Southern California, at the corner of State and Orange streets. About 200 persons heard him.
Birthday party great success
Manager C.B. Yost of the Majestic Theater had the biggest birthday party of his life yesterday, when he entertained more than 700 children of Redlands at his theater with a special matinee. Mr. Yost has for several years entertained the children with a matinee party on his birthday but never did he have a more successful or more largely attended party. He even had difficulty in taking care of all of his guests, but the little tots helped by sitting two in a seat in some cases and several of the boys found seats on the floor in front.
The children were delighted with their entertainment and several of them surprised their host with gifts of flowers and cards. The pictures shown were "Scratch My Back" and a fine Hank Mann comedy, "Broken Bubbles." In a brief talk Mr. Yost impressed upon his guests proper conduct for the theaters and all promised that they would never again disturb others by whistling during a show. He promised them another party on his next birthday and invited all of them to attend.
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Glimpse of the Past: Devastating fires part of Amboy's history
Wood River couple to open grocery store in Ravenna


The Baumhaus lamp and side tables are perfect for wherever you want that extra bit of display, storage or holding space in your home: the living room, dining room, hallway, conservatory, and bedrooms. Browse through the collection now and you'll find lamp tables and side tables in a range of colours and styles, from contemporary through to traditional. And they come with storage space and open space too.


text:
Managing Communications & the Media
Admission to the Master of Public Policy and Management or Master of Criminology 100-point programs.
Dr Dennis Miller
The subject studies the major theories of mass communication and the function of the press, including print and electronic media. The function of the press varies according to the political and social system in which it operates. In light of this, the function of the press in Australia is explored in relation to the so-called rights of the press, and in terms of the various intersections where the rights and functions of the press meet other interests, such as public sector institutions. Topics include legal, ethical and political issues, freedom of information, defamation, contempt, trespass, breach of confidence, privacy and whistle-blowing. Students will be exposed to operational processes within the public sector and the media. They will also receive practical instruction in communications, including writing, editing, presentation and media handling; in ways to identify the need for communications strategies; in how to conceive and design such strategies, and in their implementation and evaluation.
Content analysis of 2000 words 40% (due mid-semester) and a communications strategy of 3000 words 60% (due during the examination period).
demonstrate competence in critical, creative and theoretical thinking through essay writing, seminar discussion and presentations, conceptualising theoretical problems, forming judgements and arguments from conflicting evidence, and by critical analysis;
demonstrate proficiency in the application of policy analysis skills to empirical problems;
demonstrate an understanding of the academic protocols of research and presentation.
Formerly available as 166-072 and 166-455. Students who have completed 166-072 or 166-455 are not eligible to enrol in this subject.
Bachelor of Public Policy and Management(Honours)
Master of Criminology (CWT)
Master of International Politics
Master of Public Policy and Management (Coursework)
Master of Social Policy
Postgraduate Diploma in Arts (Public Policy and Management)


text:
Sanaa: US intervention causes destruction, killing in Yemen
A member of the Yemeni Supreme Political Council said that the United States and the West are the real cause for the killings and destruction in Yemen.
Iran Press/ Middle East: According to Almasirah, Yemeni Supreme Political Council member Muhammad Ali al-Houthi in a statement on Saturday said: "The intervention of the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the United Arab Emirates and allied countries in an invasion against Yemen is the cause of killings, destruction on the people of this country."
Al-Houthi added: "The United Nations, in order to satisfy the aggressor countries, accepts all the proposals that these countries make while they do not accept any proposal made by the National Salvation Government in Sanaa.
Member of the Yemeni Supreme Political Council while stressing the determination of the army and popular committees to liberate Ma'rib in cooperation with Ma'rib tribes said: "the Marib tribes are honorable and they know that their natural stance is to defend Yemen."
Saudi Arabia, with the support of the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and several other countries, has launched a military invasion in Yemen in March 2015 and has besieged its land, sea, and air.
The outbreak of war by Saudi Arabia and its allies in Yemen has so far killed more than 16,000 Yemenis, injured tens of thousands and displaced millions of Yemenis.
80 killed, injured due to explosion in Saudi base, northern Yemen
Senior diplomat: Int'l community should prevent military attacks on Yemenis
Iran gives defense technology to Yemen, Syria: Armed Forces Spokesman
Category: WORLD ISSUES & EVENTSMiddle EastYemen
Tags: Mohamad Ali al HouthiAnsarullah Resistance FrontYemen warSaudi Arabiasaudi led coalition


text:
Jurij Nikolajevič Litujev, rusko Юрий Николаевич Литуев, ruski atlet, * 11. april 1925, Irbit, Sverdlovska oblast, Sovjetska zveza, † 2. marec 2000.

Litujev je v 50. letih veljal za najboljšega evropskega tekača na 400 m z ovirami. Vrhunec njegove kariere pomenita srebro s Poletnih olimpijskih iger 1952 in evropski naslov s prvenstva 1958 v Stockholmu.

Kariera
Litujev je leta 1949 postal prvak Sovjetske zveze v teku na 400 m z ovirami. Naslov si je nato lastil vse do leta 1955 ter v letih 1957 in 1958, leta 1959 je bil drugi. Skupno je osvojil devet naslovov državnega prvaka.

Prvo mednarodno kolajno si je priboril na Evropskem prvenstvu 1950 v Bruslju. Sredi belgijske prestolnice je odtekel čas 52.4 in zaostal le za Armandom Filiputom, s čimer je Sovjetski zvezi prinesel srebro. Na Poletnih olimpijskih igrah 1952 v Helsinkih je 400 m z ovirami premagal v času 51.3 in osvojil srebro, prvo mesto in olimpijsko zlato je pobral Američan Charles Moore. V Helsinkih je sodeloval tudi v teku na 400 m in štafeti 4x400 m, a ni bil tako uspešen. S sovjetsko štafeto je izpadel že v kvalifikacijah, medtem ko se je na 400 m uvrstil v četrtfinale, a tam nato ni nastopil.

Litujev se je 20. avgusta 1953 udeležil meddržavnih iger (med Sovjetsko zvezo in Madžarsko) v Budimpešti. V teku na 400 m z ovirami je prepričljivo slavil pred rojakom Anatolijem Julinom, ki je zaostal za celo sekundo. Na teh igrah mu je poleg prvega mesta uspel še en dosežek, saj je postavil čas 50.4 in tako izboljšal skoraj 20 let star svetovni rekord Američana Glenna Hardina.

Leta 1954 je Litujev kot velik favorit odpotoval na Evropsko prvenstvo v švicarski Bern. V finalu je postavil čas 50.8, kar pa ni zadostovalo za zmago. Presenetljivo je slavil njegov rojak Anatolij Julin s časom 50.5. Konec istega leta se je udeležil še Atletskih iger med Moskvo in Londonom. Na igrah so tekmovalci vse razdalje tekli v njihovi meterski obliki, le njegovo paradno disciplino ne - ostalo je pri 440 jardih z ovirami. Litujev je slavil s časom 51.3, s čimer je postavil nov svetovni rekord na 440 jardov z ovirami. Za tri desetinke je popravil predhodni najboljši čas Američana Charlesa Moora (51.6). Na teh igrah v Londonu je drugo mesto zasedel Anglež Harry Kane, tretje pa Julin.

Litujev je tudi na Poletnih olimpijskih igrah 1956 potrdil status najhitrejšega Evropejca na 400 m z ovirami. Potem ko se je zanesljivo prebil skozi siti kvalifikacij in polfinala, je v finalu dosegel izid 51.7 in zasedel 4. mesto, za ameriškim trojčkom. Olimpijski prvak je postal Američan Glenn Davis, ki je na predhodnih ameriških kvalifikacijah 29. junija 1956 zmagal s časom 49.5. S tem je za skoraj sekundo občutno popravil Litujevov svetovni rekord, ki je tako zdržal le tri leta - za razliko od prejšnjega rekorda Američana Hardina, ki se je obdržal celih 19 let. Litujev je na igrah sodeloval še kot član štafete 4x400 m, ki je tako kot štiri leta prej izpadla že v kvalifikacijah.

Na Evropskem prvenstvu 1958 v Stockholmu je Litujev končno osvojil prvi mednarodni naslov svoje kariere. S časom 51.1 je namreč postal evropski prvak. Pred drugouvrščenim domačinom, Švedom Per-Owejem Trollsåsom, je imel pol sekunde prednosti (51.6).

Nadaljnje branje
 ATFS (Hrsg.): USSR Athletics Statistics. London 1988
 Manfred Holzhausen: Weltrekorde und Weltrekordler. 110m/120y Hürdenlauf / 400m/440y Hürdenlauf. Grevenbroich 1997
 Ekkehard zur Megede: The Modern Olympic Century 1896-1996 Track and Field Athletics. Berlin 1999 (izdano preko Nemškega združenja za dokumentacijo atletike)

Zunanje povezave

Ruski atleti
Olimpijski tekmovalci za Sovjetsko zvezo
Atleti Poletnih olimpijskih iger 1952
Atleti Poletnih olimpijskih iger 1956
Prejemniki srebrnih olimpijskih medalj za Sovjetsko zvezo
Nekdanji svetovni rekorderji v atletiki
Tekači čez ovire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Pithcms permit the writing of an article by using the wysiwyg tool in the dashboard. Write the articles in this manner is easy and fast and the menu is automatically generated under the title "Articles".
The web page generated is stored under the directory "articles" and the article's images are stored into a common area called "/articles/common.images".
This is the easiest (and standard) way to write articles. They will be stored and then listed in the menu in alphabetical order.
If you want a better way to display the articles and you have basic skill to write html pages, you can follow another way but using an external editor (like notepad), working off line.
Using the file manager you shall create the three directories under directory "article".
Into each directory you will put the articles (wrote off line) ending with .html and the images.
Automatically the menu will generate three Titles (Dogs, Cats, Birds) and under each title will be displayed the links to the articles. The sections on the menu called "examples" and "more_examples" demonstrate what I mean.
Powered by PithCMS © DM - Page generated in 0.0133 seconds.


text:
Imports: Casting machinery, molds, parts
Total Imports Compared to the same month a year ago
Total All Imports Compared to the same month a year ago
RankAmong U.S. Imports
U.S. imports of Casting machinery, molds, parts totaled $26.52 million in November, a change of -23.72 percent from the same month one year ago. The change from one month ago was 12.80 percent. Among more than 1,260 commodity classifications, Casting machinery, molds, parts ranked No. 534 in November. It had ranked No. 544 for the same month last year.
While Casting machinery, molds, parts ranked No. 534 in November by value, it ranked No. 720 by tonnage. The top three U.S. markets by value for Casting machinery, molds, parts imports in November were (1) Japan, (2) Canada, and (3) Germany. Among the nation's more than 450 airports, seaports and border crossings, the top three by value were (1) Passenger vehicles, (2) Computers, and (3) Cell phones, related equipment.
For every U.S. import category, see the countries that are buying them as well as the U.S. airports, seaports and border crossings where they depart. Similar data for every country, U.S. airport, seaport or border crossing.


text:
\section*{Introduction}
In this paper we classify holomorphic
selfmaps of the complex projective plane
$\P^2$ that are integrable in the quite
specific sense that they preserve an algebraic web.

Recall that an \emph{algebraic web} is
given by a reduced curve $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$, where
${\check{\P}}^2$ is the dual projective plane consisting of
lines in $\P^2$. We say that the web is irreducible
if $C$ is an irreducible curve.
The web is \emph{invariant} for
a holomorphic mapping $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ if every line
in $\P^2$ belonging to $C$ is mapped to another such line.
See Sections~\ref{sec:webs} and~\ref{sec:invariance} for details.
We will assume $f$ is noninvertible.
\begin{thmA}
  If $C$ is irreducible, it is of one of the following types:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item[(i)]
    a line;
  \item[(ii)]
    a smooth conic;
  \item[(iii)]
    a smooth cubic;
  \item[(iv)]
    a nodal cubic.
  \end{itemize}
\end{thmA}
The maps in~(iii) and~(iv) are always critically finite.
\begin{thmB}
  If $C$ is reducible, it is of one of the following types:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item[(i)]
    the union of two lines;
  \item[(ii)]
    the union of three lines in general position;
  \item[(iii)]
    the union of a conic and a line in general position.
  \end{itemize}
\end{thmB}

The maps appearing in Theorem~A and~B are quite rare among
all holomorphic selfmaps, but nevertheless interesting.
Indeed, they provide concrete examples of critically
finite mappings. See~\cite{FS1,FS2,Uedaconic,Uedacritfin1,Uedacritfin2,critfin,Rong,Koch}
for examples and dynamics of critically finite maps,
and~\cite{Sibony} for a survey of iterations of
rational maps on projective spaces.

There are several other notions of integrability
for selfmaps of $\P^2$.
In~\cite{invpencils} we classified invariant pencils of
curves. Much more generally,
Favre and Pereira~\cite{FavPer} have classified
invariant foliations for rational maps.
The case of birational maps was studied earlier by
Cantat and Favre~\cite{CanFav}.
Related work includes the classification of
totally invariant curves for holomorphic endomorphisms
of $\P^2$~\cite{FS2,CerveauLinsNeto,dajibathesis,SSU}
and for birational maps of surfaces~\cite{DJS};
see also~\cite{BonDab}.

This note is organized as follows.
After some background in Sections~\ref{sec:webs}
and~\ref{sec:invariance}
we describe in Section~\ref{sec:examples}
the mappings appearing in Theorem~A.
The proof takes place in Section~\ref{sec:proof}
and Section~\ref{sec:reducible} treats
the case of a reducible web.

\begin{ackn}
  We thank the referee for a careful reading of the paper
  and many useful suggestions.
  The second author was supported by the NSF.
  The work was partially completed during a visit to the
  Mittag-Leffler Institute.
\end{ackn}
\section{Algebraic webs and plane geometry}\label{sec:webs}
We start by reviewing some elementary facts of plane geometry.
Let $\P^2$ denote the complex projective plane.
The support of a divisor $D$ on $\P^2$ is denoted by $|D|$.
Let ${\check{\P}}^2$ the dual projective plane, that is, the set
of complex lines in $\P^2$.
Then ${\check{\P}}^2$ is itself isomorphic to the projective plane.
Let $\mathcal{D}$ denote the involutive duality between lines
(resp.\ points) in $\P^2$ and points (resp.\ lines) in ${\check{\P}}^2$.
Given a point $p\in\P^2$, $\mathcal{D} p\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ is
the line of lines passing through $p$.
Given a line $L\subset{\check{\P}}^2$, $\mathcal{D} L=\bigcap_{l\in L}l$.

Consider a reduced, irreducible curve $B\subset\P^2$
(resp. $B\subset{\check{\P}}^2$) of degree $>1$.
The \emph{dual curve} ${\check{B}}\subset{\check{\P}}^2$
(resp ${\check{B}}\subset\P^2$)
is the curve of tangents to the local branches to $B$.
If $\psi:A\to B$ is a normalization map,
then ${\check{\psi}}:A\to{\check{B}}$ defined by ${\check{\psi}}(a)=\mathcal{D} T_aC$,
is also a normalization map.
Here $T_aC\subset\P^2$ (resp. $T_aC\subset{\check{\P}}^2$)
is the tangent line to the irreducible
curve germ $\psi(A,a)$ at $\psi(a)$.
The double dual $\check{\check{B}}$ is isomorphic to $B$.

We shall need to compare the degree and singularities of
a curve with those of its dual. To this
end, define the ramification divisor of $\psi:A\to B$ to be
$R_\psi=\sum_{a\in A}(m_\psi(a)-1)a$. Here
$m_\psi(a)$ is the largest integer $k$ such that
$\psi^*\mathfrak{m}_{B,\psi(a)}\subset\mathfrak{m}_{A,a}^k$,
where $\mathfrak{m}$ denote the maximal ideals.
We then have the following Pl\"ucker-type formula:
\begin{equation}\label{e:eulchar}
  2\deg B-\deg{\check{B}}-\deg R_\psi
  =\chi(A)
  =2\deg{\check{B}}-\deg B-\deg R_{\check{\psi}},
\end{equation}
where $\chi(A)$ is the topological Euler characteristic of $A$.
This is proved using the Riemann-Hurwitz formula as
in~\cite[pp.277-280]{GH}; see also~\cite[p.289]{Homma}.

A \emph{web} $W$ on $\P^2$ of degree $\delta$
is locally defined by an unordered set of $\delta$
holomorphic (possibly singular) foliations.
In particular, through a general point $p\in\P^2$
passes exactly $\delta$ leaves, and these intersect
transversely at $p$. Globally, the leaves may exhibit
complicated behavior and even be dense in $\P^2$.
See \eg~\cite{Per,Pir1,Web} for general facts on webs.

We shall only consider the particular
case of an \emph{algebraic web} on $\P^2$.
By definition, this is a web $W=W_C$
given by a reduced curve
$C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ of degree $\delta>1$.
The leaves of $W_C$ are exactly the lines in
$\P^2$ corresponding to the points on $C$.
Through a generic point $p\in\P^2$ passes exactly
$\delta$ distinct lines of the web.
See Figure~\ref{F1} for a picture of the algebraic
web associated to a conic $C$.

Assume that $C$ is irreducible and $\delta=\deg C>1$.
The normalization map $\psi:A\to C$ then
induces a symmetric rational map
\begin{equation*}
  \pi:A\times A\dashrightarrow\P^2
\end{equation*}
defined by $\pi(a_1,a_2)=\mathcal{D} L(\psi(a_1),\psi(a_2))$,
where $L(c_1,c_2)\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ is the line passing through
(distinct) points $c_1,c_2\in{\check{\P}}^2$.
Let us record some facts that are easily established
by direct computation.
The indeterminacy locus $I_\pi$ of $\pi$ is
exactly the set of pairs
$(a,a)$ with $a\in R_\psi$ and pairs $(a,b)$ with
$a\ne b$ but $\psi(a)=\psi(b)$. In particular,
$C$ is smooth if and only if $\pi$ is holomorphic.
We have $\pi(\Delta)={\check{C}}$, where $\Delta\subset A\times A$
denotes the diagonal and ${\check{C}}\subset\P^2$ the dual curve.
More precisely, $\pi(a,a)={\check{\psi}}(a)$.
Note that $\pi$ has topological degree $\delta(\delta-1)$.
Further, $\pi$ is biholomorphic outside
$\Delta\cup I_\pi$.
\begin{figure}[ht]
  \begin{center}
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{conic}
  \end{center}
  \caption{The algebraic web associated to a conic.}\label{F1}
\end{figure}
\section{Selfmaps of curves and of the plane}\label{sec:selfmaps}
Consider a smooth algebraic curve $A$ of genus $g$
and a surjective holomorphic map $\phi:A\to A$
of topological degree $d>1$.
The canonical divisor class $K_A$ has degree $2g-2$.
The Riemann-Hurwitz formula asserts
$K_A=\phi^*K_A+R_\phi$, where $R_\phi$ is the ramification
divisor. Taking degrees, we find
$0\le\deg R_\phi=(d-1)(2-2g)$.  As $d>1$, we have $g=0$ or $g=1$,
that is, $A$ is a rational or elliptic curve.

A subset $E\subset A$ is \emph{totally invariant}
if $\phi^{-1}(E)\subset E$.  For finite subsets $E$,
this in fact implies $\phi^{-1}(E)=E=\phi(E)$.
When $A=\mathbf{C}/\Lambda$ is an
elliptic curve, $\phi$ lifts to an affine map $\tilde\phi:\mathbf{C}\to\mathbf{C}$
and one easily sees that there is no finite totally invariant set.
When $A$ is rational, it is not hard to prove that
a totally invariant set contains at most two points,
see \eg~\cite[Theorem~1.5, p.56]{CG}.

A holomorphic map $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ can be written in
homogeneous coordinates as $f[x:y:z]=[P(x,y,z):Q(x,y,z):R(x,y,z)]$,
where $P$, $Q$ and $R$ are homogeneous polynomials on $\mathbf{C}^3$
of the same degree $d\ge1$, and $\{P=Q=R=0\}=\{0\}$.
The number $d$ is the \emph{algebraic degree} of $f$;
we shall assume $d>1$.
The topological degree of $f$ is $d^2$.
The ramification divisor $R_f$ of $f$ has degree $3(d-1)$.
It is known~\cite{FS2,CerveauLinsNeto,dajibathesis,SSU}
that if $C\subset\P^2$ is a (reduced, but possibly reducible)
curve such that $f^{-1}(C)\subset C$, then
$f^{-1}(C)=C=f(C)$ and $C$ is the union of at most
three lines. Any such line $L\subset C$ occurs with
multiplicity $d-1$ in $R_f$.
\section{Invariant webs}\label{sec:invariance}
Consider the algebraic web $W_C$ associated to a curve
$C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ of degree $\delta$. Assume
for now that $C$ is irreducible.

Let $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ be a holomorphic mapping of algebraic
degree $d\ge2$. We say that the web is \emph{invariant} under $f$
if the image under $f$ of any line in the web is again a
line in the web. There is then an induced selfmap
$g:C\to C$ defined by $g=\mathcal{D}\circ f\circ\mathcal{D}$.
The web is \emph{totally invariant}
if the preimage of any line in the web is a union of lines
in the web.
\begin{prop}
  A web is invariant if and only if it is totally invariant. Moreover,
  if the web is invariant, then:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item[(i)]
    the induced map $g:C\to C$ is regular,
    of topological degree $d$;
  \item[(ii)]
    for any $c\in C$, we have $f_*\mathcal{D} c= d\mathcal{D} g(c)$
    as divisors on $\P^2$.
  \end{itemize}
\end{prop}
\begin{proof}
  Clearly, the web is invariant if it is totally invariant.
  Also,~(ii) is clear, since $f_*$ multiplies the
  degree of any effective divisor by $d$.

  For $k\ge1$, let $\mathcal{A}_k\simeq\P^{\frac{k(k+3)}{2}}$
  denote the space of effective
  divisors of degree $k$ on $\P^2$.
  Then $\mathcal{A}_1={\check{\P}}^2$.
  Let $\rho_d:\mathcal{A}_1\to\mathcal{A}_d$ be the Veronese map
  given by multiplication by $d$:
  $\rho_d(L)=dL$ and $f_*:\mathcal{A}_1\to\mathcal{A}_d$ the pushforward
  map induced by $f$.
  Then $f_*$ is holomorphic, of topological degree $d^2$,
  and $\rho_d$ is a holomorphic embedding.
  Suppose the web associated to $C$ is invariant.
  Then $f_*=\sigma_d\circ g$, so $g$ is holomorphic.
  Now $(f_*)^*\mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{A}_d}(1)=d^2\mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{A}_1}(1)$
  and $\rho_d^*\mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{A}_d}(1)\simeq d\mathcal{O}_{\mathcal{A}_1}(1)$.
  Restricting to $C$ implies
  $g^*\mathcal{O}_C(1)=d\mathcal{O}_C(1)$, so $g$ has topological degree $d$.
  In particular, the preimage of every line in the web
  is the union of (at most) $d$ lines in the web, so
  the web is totally invariant.
\end{proof}
The induced selfmap $g:C\to C$ preserves collinearity:
if $c_1,c_2,c_3\in C$ are collinear in ${\check{\P}}^2$, then so
are $g(c_1),g(c_2),g(c_3)$. Indeed,
$\bigcap_i\mathcal{D} g(c_i)=f(\bigcap_i\mathcal{D} c_i)$.
Conversely, if
$g:C\to C$ is a surjective holomorphic map preserving
collinearity, then there is a unique holomorphic mapping
$f:\P^2\to\P^2$ satisfying $g=\mathcal{D}\circ f\circ\mathcal{D}$.

Clearly, $g:C\to C$ lifts uniquely through the
normalization map $\psi:A\to C$ to a
holomorphic selfmap $\phi:A\to A$ of topological degree $d>1$.
In particular, $A$ is rational or elliptic.
Moreover, $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ lifts
through the rational map $\pi:A\times A\dashrightarrow\P^2$
to the selfmap
$A\times A\overset{(\phi,\phi)}\longrightarrow A\times A$.
This implies $f({\check{C}})={\check{C}}$.

For the proof of Theorem~A we need to compare the
ramification divisors $R_f\subset\P^2$ and
$R_\phi\subset A$ of $f$ and $\phi$, respectively.
In general, $R_f$ has degree $3(d-1)$. Since $f$
preserves the algebraic web associated to $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$,
we can write $R_f=R_f^C+R_f^\sigma$, where $R_f^C$
is the part of $R_f$ supported on the lines of the web,
and $R_f^\sigma$ is the ``sectional'' part of $R_f$.
\begin{lem}\label{l:fibercritset}
  If $a\in A$ and $\psi(a)\notin\sing C$,
  then the multiplicity of
  the point $a$ in $R_\phi$ equals the multiplicity of
  the line $\mathcal{D}\psi(a)$ in $R^C_f$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}[Proof of Lemma~\ref{l:fibercritset}]
  If $a,b\in A$,
  $\psi(a),\psi(b)\not\in\sing C$ and $\psi(a)\ne\psi(b)$,
  then $\pi:A\times A\dashrightarrow\P^2$ is a local
  biholomorphism at $(a,b)$.
  Picking $b$ generic gives the result.
\end{proof}
\section{Examples}\label{sec:examples}
We now go through the examples appearing in
Theorem~A and briefly discuss their dynamics.
\subsection{A line}\label{sec:line}
The case when $C$ is a line corresponds to a pencil of
lines through a point $p\in\P^2$. In other words, $C=\mathcal{D} p$.
We have $\deg R_f^C=2(d-1)$ and $\deg R_f^\sigma=(d-1)$.

Pick homogeneous coordinates $[x:y:z]$ on $\P^2$
such that $p=[0:0:1]$. Then $f$ preserves $C$ if and only if
it takes the form $f[x:y:z]=[P(x,y):Q(x,y):R(x,y,z)]$.

Holomorphic selfmaps of ${\check{\P}}^2$ preserving a pencil of
curves were classified in~\cite{invpencils}.
Their dynamics is studied in~\cite{polyskew,fibered}.
\subsection{A conic}\label{sec:conic}
Suppose $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ is a smooth conic so that
$A\simeq C\simeq\P^1$. Pick any holomorphic selfmap
$\phi:\P^1\to\P^1$ of degree $d>1$. The map
$\pi:\P^1\times\P^1\to\P^2$ is then holomorphic,
of topological degree 2, and
$\P^1\times \P^1\overset{(\phi,\phi)}\longrightarrow \P^1\times \P^1$
induces a holomorphic selfmap $f:\P^2\to\P^2$
of algebraic degree $d$.
Any holomorphic selfmap $f$ of $\P^2$ preserving
a conic $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ is of this form.
We have $\deg R_f^C=2(d-1)$ and $\deg R_f^\sigma=(d-1)$.
The dual curve ${\check{C}}\subset\P^2$ is an invariant
smooth conic and $f^*{\check{C}}={\check{C}}+2|R^\sigma_f|$,
see Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset}.
Selfmaps as above were first introduced in a dynamic
setting by Ueda~\cite{Uedaconic}. They can be used to
provide simple examples of critically finite maps, in particular
maps whose Julia set is all of $\P^2$~\cite[Proposition 4.1]{Uedaconic}.
\subsection{A smooth cubic}\label{sec:smoothcubic}
Let $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ be a smooth cubic.
Then $C\simeq\mathbf{C}/\Lambda$ is an elliptic curve and
admits a group law:
three points in $C$ are collinear if and only if
their sum is zero.
Choose the origin of the group law $(C,+,0)$ at
any flex of $C$ and consider any
holomorphic selfmap $g:C\to C$.
Then $g$ preserves collinearity if and only if
its translation factor is a flex of $C$.
In this case, $g$ induces a selfmap
$f:\P^2\to\P^2$ preserving the web associated to $C$,
and any such $f$ is of this form.

We have $R_f^C=\emptyset$ and $\deg R_f^\sigma=3(d-1)$.
The dual curve ${\check{C}}\subset\P^2$ is an invariant
sextic with nine cusps and
$f^*{\check{C}}={\check{C}}+2|R^\sigma_f|$,
see Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset}.

In particular, $f$ is always critically finite,
$f(|R_f|)={\check{C}}=f({\check{C}})$.
It follows from~\cite[Theorem~5.9]{Uedacritfin1} that
the Julia set of $f$ is all of $\P^2$.
\subsection{A nodal cubic}\label{sec:nodalcubic}
Let $C\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ be a nodal cubic,
with the node at $c_*$.
There is a geometrically defined multiplicative group
law on $C^*\=C\setminus\{c^*\}$, given as follows:
$c_1c_2c_3=e$ in the group
if and only if $c_1$, $c_2$ and $c_3$ are
collinear in ${\check{\P}}^2$. Here the
unit element $e$ can be chosen as any of the
three flexes of $C$.
Concretely, the unique normalization map
$\P^1\simeq A\overset{\psi}\rightarrow C$ such that
$\psi(0)=\psi(\infty)=c_*$ and $\psi(1)=e$
restricts to a group homomorphism $\psi:\mathbf{C}^*\to C^*$.
We then see that $g:C\to C$ preserves collinearity if and only if
$\phi:A\to A$ takes the form $\phi(a)=\tau a^{\pm d}$,
where $\tau^3=1$. In fact, by changing the flex
representing $e$, we obtain $\tau=1$.

We have $\deg R_f^C=(d-1)$ and $\deg R_f^\sigma=2(d-1)$.
The dual curve ${\check{C}}\subset\P^2$ is an invariant
quartic with three cusps and one bitangent.
We have $f^*{\check{C}}={\check{C}}+2|R^\sigma_f|$,
see Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset}.
In particular, $f$ is critically finite.

In suitable coordinates on ${\check{\P}}^2$ and $\P^2$, we have
$C=\{u^3+v^3=uvw\}$,
$\psi(a)=[-a^2:a:a^3-1]$,
${\check{\psi}}(a)=[2a^3+1:2a+a^4:a^2]$
and $\pi(a,b)=[ab(a+b)+1:a+b+a^2b^2:ab]$.
The selfmap of $\P^2$
associated to $\phi(a)=a^d$ is then a polynomial
mapping $f_d:\mathbf{C}^2\to\mathbf{C}^2$ of the form
$f_d(x,y)=(A_d(x,y,1),A_d(y,x,1))$, where
$A_d(x+y+z,xy+yz+zx,xyz)=x^d+y^d+z^d$.
For example, $f_2(x,y)=(x^2-2y,y^2-2x)$.
\section{Proof of Theorem~A}\label{sec:proof}
Without loss of generality,
assume that $\delta\=\deg C\ge3$ and that $C$ is
not a smooth cubic. We shall prove, in a self-contained way,
that $C$ is a nodal cubic. An alternative approach,
suggested by the referee, is to use a result in web theory
to first show that $\deg C\le 3$: see Remark~\ref{rmk:referee}.

We need two results, the proofs of which are given below.
Let $m_c(C)$ denote the multiplicity of the curve $C$ at
a point $c$.
\begin{lem}\label{l:singtotinv}
  The singular locus $\sing C$ is totally invariant for $g:C\to C$.
  Moreover, if $c\in\sing C$, then $m_c(C)=\delta-1$.
  As a consequence, the set $A_s\=\psi^{-1}(\sing C)$ is
  totally invariant for $\phi:A\to A$.
\end{lem}
For the second result, recall the notation $R_f^C$ and $R_f^\sigma$
for the fiber and sectional parts of the ramification locus of
$f$, respectively.
\begin{lem}\label{l:sectcritset}
  We have $\deg{\check{C}}\le\frac{2}{d-1}\deg R_f^\sigma$ with
  equality if and only if $f^*{\check{C}}={\check{C}}+2|R_f^\sigma|$ as divisors.
\end{lem}

Now let us prove Theorem~A.
The map $\phi:A\to A$ has topological
degree $d>1$, so $A$ has to be a rational or elliptic curve.
Since we have assumed $\delta\ge 3$, $C$ is singular.
Lemma~\ref{l:singtotinv} implies that
$A_s=\psi^{-1}(\sing C)$ is a totally invariant set
for $\phi:A\to A$. This is impossible if $A$ is elliptic,
so $C$ must be rational. Moreover, $A_s$
consists of one or two points. Each such point
corresponds to a line in $\P^2$ that is totally invariant for
$f$, and hence contributes to $R_f^C$ as a divisor of degree
$d-1$.

\textbf{Case 1}: $\#A_s=1$. The point
in $A_s$ contributes a line of multiplicity $d-1$
to $R_f^C$. By Lemma~\ref{l:fibercritset},
the critical points of $\phi$ in $A\setminus A_s$
contribute lines of total degree $d-1$ in $R_f^C$.
Thus $\deg R_f^\sigma=d-1$.
Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset} gives ${\check{\delta}}\le2$, so
that ${\check{C}}$, and hence $C$, is a conic.
This contradicts the assumption $\delta\ge 3$.

\textbf{Case 2}: $\#A_s=2$.
Then $\phi:A\to A$ has no critical points outside $A_s$,
so $\deg R_f^\sigma=d-1$ or $2(d-1)$, depending on
whether $\#\sing C=2$ or $\#\sing C=1$.
If $\deg R_f^\sigma=d-1$, Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset}
implies ${\check{\delta}}\le2$, so that ${\check{C}}$, and hence $C$
is a smooth conic, contradicting $\delta\ge3$.
Hence suppose $\#\sing C=1$ and $\deg R_f^\sigma=2(d-1)$.
Write $A_s=\{a,b\}=|R_\psi|$. Then $\psi(a)=\psi(b)=\sing C$.
By Lemma~\ref{l:singtotinv},
$\deg R_\psi=(m_\psi(a)-1)+(m_\psi(b)-1)=\delta-3$.
It follows from~\eqref{e:eulchar} applied to $B=C$
that $\delta={\check{\delta}}-1$.
Now Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset} shows that ${\check{\delta}}\le 4$.
We have assumed $\delta\ge3$, hence $\delta=3$.
Since $\#\sing C=1$ and $\# A_s=2$, $C$ is a nodal cubic.

\begin{proof}[Proof of Lemma~\ref{l:singtotinv}]
  We may assume that $\delta\ge 3$ or else the irreducible
  curve $C$ is smooth, and there is nothing to prove.

  Note that for any $c\in C$, a generic line
  $l\subset{\check{\P}}^2$ through $c$ intersects $C$
  in exactly $\delta+1-m_c(C)$ points.
  Dually, through a generic point on $\mathcal{D} c\subset\P^2$
  passes exactly $\delta+1-m_c(C)$ distinct lines of
  the web. In particular, $c\in\reg C$ if and only if
  a generic point on the line $\mathcal{D} c\subset\P^2$
  belongs to $\delta$ distinct lines of the web.

  Now consider $c\in C$ and $c'\=g(c)\in C$.
  Let $p\in\mathcal{D} c\subset\P^2$ be a generic point and
  write $p'\=f(p)$.
  Assume that $c'\in\sing C$.
  We will show that $c\in\sing C$.
  This will prove that $\sing C$ is totally invariant.

  First assume $\mathcal{D} c\not\subset|R_f|$.
  Then $f$ is a local biholomorphism at $p$,
  so $p$ and $p'$ belong to the same number of
  lines of the web.
  Thus $c\in\sing C$.

  Now assume $\mathcal{D} c\subset|R_f|$.
  Then the kernel of the differential
  $Df_p$ is one-dimensional.
  Thus there is at most one line $L$
  in $\P^2$ through $p$ such that the curve germ
  $f(L,p)$ is transverse to the line $\mathcal{D} c'$ at $p'$.
  This implies that $\delta+1-m_c(C)\le 2$,
  that is, $m_c(C)\ge\delta-1$.
  The reverse inequality always holds
  (since $C$ is irreducible and not a line),
  and so $m_c(C)=\delta-1$.
  In particular $c\in\sing C$.

  Thus $\sing C$ is totally invariant.
  This implies that $\mathcal{D} c\subset|R_f|$ for every
  $c\in \sing C$. The above argument
  then shows $m_c(C)=\delta-1$ for every $c\in\sing C$.
\end{proof}
\begin{proof}[Proof of Lemma~\ref{l:sectcritset}]
  The dual curve ${\check{C}}$ is the set of points in $\P^2$
  belonging to $<\delta$ lines of the web.
  It is therefore clear that
  $f^{-1}{\check{C}}\subset{\check{C}}\cup|R_f|$.
  In fact, we have
  $f^{-1}{\check{C}}\subset{\check{C}}\cup|R_f^\sigma|$ since no line in the web is
  mapped into the irreducible curve ${\check{C}}$.

  Write
  \begin{equation*}
    f^*{\check{C}}=a{\check{C}}+\sum_jm_j X_j,
  \end{equation*}
  where $a\ge 0$, $m_j>1$ and $X_j$ are
  irreducible components of $|R_f^\sigma|$.
  Write $\lambda_j=\deg X_j$.
  Then $(d-a){\check{\delta}}=\sum m_j\lambda_j$ and
  \begin{multline*}
    \deg R_f^\sigma
    \ge\max\{a-1,0\}{\check{\delta}}+\sum(m_j-1)\lambda_j\\
    \ge\max\{a-1,0\}{\check{\delta}}+\frac12\sum m_j\lambda_j\\
    =\frac12(2\max\{a-1,0\}{\check{\delta}}+(d-a){\check{\delta}})
    \ge\frac12(d-1){\check{\delta}}.
  \end{multline*}
  Equality holds if and only if $a=1$, $m_j=2$ for all $j$
  and $|R_f^\sigma|=\sum X_j$.
\end{proof}
\section{The reducible case}\label{sec:reducible}
We now prove Theorem~B.
Let $C_j$ be the irreducible components of $C$
and write $\delta_j=\deg C_j$.
Replacing $f$ by an iterate, we may assume
that the web associated to each $C_j$ is (totally)
invariant for $f$.
Write $R_f=R_f^{C_j}+R_f^{\sigma_j}$ for any $j$.

First assume $\delta_j>1$ for some $j$, say $j=1$.
From the analysis above we have $f(|R_f^{\sigma_1}|)={\check{C}}_1$.
For $i>1$, this implies $\delta_i=1$ and
$R_f^{\sigma_1}=R_f^{\sigma_i}$, hence also
$R_f^{C_1}=R_f^{C_i}$.
Taking degrees and consulting Section~\ref{sec:examples}
we see that $C_1$ must be a conic. It has to intersect each
line $C_i$, $i>1$,  in two distinct points $c_1$, $c_2$.
Then $R_f^{C_1}=(d-1)(\mathcal{D} c_1+\mathcal{D} c_2)$.
In particular, the line $C_i$ is unique.
Thus $C=C_1\cup C_2$, where $C_1$ is a conic,
$C_2$ is a line and $C_1\cap C_2=\{c_1,c_2\}$.
As $f$ preserves the web $W_{C_1}$,
it comes from a selfmap of $C_1\simeq\P^1$
for which $c_1$ and $c_2$
are totally invariant. Conversely, if $g$ is such a
selfmap, the associated map $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ leaves the
lines $\mathcal{D} c_1$ and $\mathcal{D} c_2$ totally invariant.
One can then check that $f$ preserves the linear
pencil of lines through $\mathcal{D} c_1\cap \mathcal{D} c_2$, that is,
the web $W_{C_1}$.

Now suppose all the irreducible components of $C$
are lines. We cannot have three concurrent lines,
as then $f$ would admit a totally invariant line $l$
such that the restriction of $f$ to $l$ would
have three totally invariant points.
We also cannot have four lines, as $f$ then would admit
five totally invariant lines.

If $C$ is a union of two lines, $f$ can be written in
suitable coordinates as a polynomial product map
$f(x,y)=(p(x),q(y))$, where $\deg p=\deg q=d$.
If $C$ is a union of three lines, then
$f(x,y)=(x^d,y^d)$.

\begin{rmk}\label{rmk:referee}
  As the referee points out, one can use known results
  in web geometry to
  directly show that $\deg C\le 3$ in Theorems~A and~B.
  Indeed, it is known that if
  $(W,0)$ and $(W',0)$ are germs of linear webs of
  degree $\ge 4$ on $\mathbf{C}^2$
  (\ie the leaves are lines and through a general point passes at least
  four leaves)
  and $\Phi:(\mathbf{C}^2,0)\to(\mathbf{C}^2,0)$ is a local biholomorphism
  mapping leaves to leaves, then $\Phi$ extends to an automorphism
  of $\P^2\supset\mathbf{C}^2$.
  If $\deg C\ge4$, one can get a contradiction by taking $\Phi$ as
  the germ of $f:\P^2\to\P^2$ at a generic point.
  The result above goes back to the Hamburg school of web geometry:
  see~\cite[Section 42]{BlaBol} or~\cite[Corollaire~2, p.535]{Henaut}
  for a precise modern reference.
  See also~\cite{Pir2} for related results.
\end{rmk}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
LUnion végétarienne internationale  (IVU) est une organisation internationale à but non lucratif dont l'objectif est de promouvoir le végétarisme. Elle est fondée en 1908 à Dresde en Allemagne, sur une proposition de l'association végétarienne française.

Organisation

Elle est considérée comme une organisation parapluie, puisqu'elle regroupe des organisations de nombreux pays, et organise souvent des congrès végétariens, régionaux et internationaux.

Les décisions au sein de l'UVO ont lieu au niveau du conseil international ; ses membres sont des volontaires bénévoles élus par les membres des sociétés lors de chaque congrès végétarien international.
Les organisations membres peuvent être des groupes continentaux (EVU, VUNA, NAVS, etc.) ou d'autres organisations végétariennes, locales ou régionales, dont l'objectif premier est la promotion du végétarisme et le soutien aux modes de vie végétariens (e.g. EarthSave).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Association ou organisme végétarien
Association ou organisme ayant son siège au Royaume-Uni
Organisme fondé en 1908


The Low whistle flagship range is constructed with a brass body, aluminium fipple and aluminium mouthpiece. Particular grades of materials used for their unique tried and tested tonal qualities, lavish colour and durability.
The first Low whistles produced by JPW Instruments after many years of design and development. A Low whistle with unrivalled tuning and intonation whilst offering the closest balance in volume between octaves brings these exceptional instruments in line with customer expectations. The entire flagship range are high gloss clear lacquered preserving the stunning mirror finish you could only expect to find on a professionally master crafted instrument. The lacquer process brings additional benefits to the performance attributes by fully sealing the wind-way channel.


Visual literacy and visual communication are two things which are often taken to be as one. Though they are closely related yet they have many differences. But before talking about the differences let us see that what actually is meant by Visual Literacy and Visual Communication as this would help you in understanding the basic difference between the two.
Visual literacy is the process of learning by seeing, as well as the idea that individuals learn more quickly and easily if the information in front of them can be processed visually. This information includes drawings, charts and animations.
It can also be defined as the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an image. Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be "read" and that meaning can be communicated through a process of reading.
Visual communication is the process of communicating information and ideas using art. Here you are taught how to use visual devices like web design, graphic design, etc to communicate, inform and persuade. It can also be defined as a language based communication.
Now, coming on to the differences, let us see the various career areas that visualliteracy and visual communication provide us.
Visual literacy helps us and makes our work easy in many ways. Creating presentations, making websites and operating a digital camera all require visual literacy and infact constitutes visual literacy. Students in the field of visual communication majorly learn subjects like art history, information design, illustration, graphic design, typography and web design.
Students of visual literacy normally get employed as K-12 educators, Community and technical college educators, Library and media specialists, Technology coordinators, Trainers in business, healthcare, government and continuing education. Students of visual communication normally get jobs in advertising, corporate communications, e-commerce, electronic media, graphic design, marketing, public relations and publishing.
Careers in visual communication are really popular these days, however, arguments are on that visual communication has been ignored because of the strong emphasis our culture and the academy have placed on language. Popular job titles in 2010 included graphic designer, web designer, creative director and web developer.
Today, there are various schools spread all over the world which provide programmes and degrees in visual literacy and communication. Both of them are the miracles of technology and are closely related. However, there are some major differences in terms of definition, application and career which are stated above.


text:
TF&G Staff
Categories: Outdoor News from the Web
Alligator Attempts to Ring Doorbell of South Carolina Home
Alligator crawls up front door of South Carolina family's home.
A South Carolina family had a peculiar visitor from an alligator on their front porch last week, and a onlooker caught it all on camera.
Gators are not an uncommon sighting in this part of South Carolina, but spotting one on the front porch is a rarity.
Gary Rogers was walking his dog when he came across some construction workers watching this gator wander through yards of this South Carolina neighborhood.
Rogers quickly reached for his phone as the gator approached the front porch of one of the houses.
"He was walking around in front of a couple of houses down in the cul-de-sac area. So we went down. Took a couple videos. Got some good shots of him. He was trying to climb the fence a couple times. Tried to climb somebody's door. It was pretty funny actually," Rogers said. "I'm not from the area, so seeing an alligator is interesting as far as I'm concerned."
Neighbors say it is not farfetched to see alligators near the waterways of the Foxbank Plantation neighborhood, but this particular incident was down right strange as no one had ever seen a gator on the front porch of a house.
"The gator was not aggressive at all. He was just kind of trying to find his way out. I mean he was caught between fences, in between a couple of houses. Had no place to go. Went around the air conditioner a couple of times," Rogers said.
But Rogers was shocked to see the reptile try to climb a front door.
"I didn't know alligators could actually climb. And this alligator looked like he was really trying to make an attempt to get over the fence and into this woman's pool in the backyard. And then when it went over to the house it kind of was up around the doorbell," he said.
Jamie Bailey, the homeowner who was not home at the time of the incident, says she is not sure if the gator actually rang the doorbell. Jamie did, however, find a large amount of scratches on the from door when she returned home.
"You can see where he was scratching all around the door here. And then there. And then you can see the scratches on the knob itself," Bailey said.
She received a text about the curious gator while she was at work that day.
"I thought it was a joke. And the first picture she sent me was from over here. And I couldn't see it on the porch. And then they sent me the video front on and I was in disbelief. Couldn't believe it," Bailey said. "I mean who would have thought — an alligator!"
Bailey noted that she had seen alligators in the area, but never thought one would come so close to the house.
"I told my husband earlier I said we're going to get a gator crossing sign — and we're putting it in the front yard," she said.
Rogers says the gator wandered the cul-de-sac for about an hour.
Source: WCIV
Gulf Shrimp Season Closing May 15 »
« Season of the Sharks (TFG Throwback - 1995)
Tags: alligatorgatorsouth carolina
" TF&G Staff : ."
HSCF Accepting Award Entries
Houston Safari Club Foundation (HSCF) is now accepting entries for its annual hunting and photo…
Henry 1,000 Man Shoot to Benefit the NRA
THE HENRY 1000 MAN SHOOT TO BENEFIT THE NRA Less than one week after…
3D Printed Revolver
This 3D printed revolver is a step up from the single shot Liberator we saw…


I wish you'd call us. National pride counts among those things which I don't understand. This street was originally named Park Street. I just want to say that I believe you. The house was ablaze. Konrad turned the key. I'm not sure whether Mick heard it or not. Even the blackest cow only gives white milk. It's a trap! Becky wants to pitch.
I'd love to know if my luggage is arriving soon. The vehicles are inspected for defects at least every three months. I've got long hair. We turned the offer down. It is a weird Mexican novel. I had an abortion two years ago. She's strong-willed. He left for London. When was the last time you ate dinner with your parents? She could not sleep at the thought of her failure.
I keep all my old pictures upstairs in a wooden box. The software company collapsed during the recession. Try to be as quiet as possible. Ramneek walks through this park every morning on his way to work. Where did you find his photo? How far is it from your house to the park? Even though Miek didn't want to go to the party, he went because he thought he'd see Vicki there. Marty refused to answer questions. She should have known better. I am positive that he is wrong.
Kamiya is getting cold feet. Matthew started to pack up his stuff. She was a girl with finely chiseled features. We had heavy rainfall last night. I think they'll fix the radio this afternoon. You should have the doctor look at your wrist. I just need to find him. She always thinks she's right. They mean trouble. Nowadays it is impossible to protect oneself against weapons of mass destruction.
I'm coming with Jon. We'll still do that. Daniel is quite picky. The increase in juvenile delinquency is a serious problem. How long did it take you to learn Finnish? The butcher is cutting the meat. He is still on the loose. That's not what I meant. I'm sorry. You do your best to put such thoughts out of his head. Did you hear what happened to John?
We spent the entire day in Yoyogi Park. I don't have any male siblings. Rudolf told Vladislav that they needed to be careful not to wear out their welcome. Merton crashed his brand-new Lexus. Do you want me to go home? Sharada is almost there. Anybody with at least a two-digit IQ knows this was a politically biased choice. They had to strive against natural calamities for ages. He caught me by surprise. I'm not miserable. I'm just not happy.
Griff got a letter from Father Christmas. You don't understand me. Can you understand that? Skeeter stared at the lava lamp for hours. No is young and strong. Earle knows he shouldn't have said that. They're building a house. This has nothing to do with what happened here last week. I have a friend. I will tell you about the case.
Dan wants me to stop writing. Sulfur burns with a blue flame. Lui has been waiting for over three hours. I had my pen stolen. He puts his money in the bag. I don't know what you want and I don't care. You flatter me. Never underestimate the power of human stupidity. Let's do this one step at a time. Think about your goals.
I wasn't sure you'd come. There's not enough on-campus housing for students. What does he want? Who's your favorite actor or actress? I've got it all sorted. It doesn't matter so much. It's very important for people to practice sports for free. We were planting trees. The ground was covered with frost this morning. Plastic ran as fast as he was able to.
I think time will tell. Mireille Mathieu is one of France's best singers. The sign said: "Beware of dog". The only thing is, unicorns don't exist. We play baseball. Marek tried to pry open the box with a crowbar. He has not acquired a fortune; the fortune has acquired him. Many of the text formulations arouse suspicion that the author failed to mention a reliance on some English source. I'm going to hang out with him. We are going to the movies. Come with us.


text:
Harold Leroy Hineline
The Lodge at Four Seasons
Order Flowers now for guaranteed delivery before Harold 's visitation.
Harold Leroy Hineline, the oldest son of Ella Fern Hineline and Harold K. Hineline was born March 29, 1935 in Ruskin, Nebraska. He left this life and went to be with the Lord on June 11, 2022 in the comfort of his home at the age of 87.
Harold was the oldest son and grew up with his 3 siblings, Evelyn, Lester and Larry. He attended grade school and High School in Nebraska. When he graduated from High School he moved to California and attended the San Francisco College of Mortuary Science. Harold graduated in 1961 and moved to Bakersfield where he joined Hopson Mortuary and spent his career there as a mortician for more than 40 years. He was fascinated with the human body and had empathy for those dealing with death. He felt privileged to be a part of the natural human life process and be able to help lay people to rest. His colleagues valued him because he was a hard worker who was reliable and dedicated to the job and they also appreciated his humor.
Harold married Dolores Hineline on July 26, 1980 in an intimate ceremony with their most cherished friends and family. They became a blended family as Harold had two daughters and Dolores had 3 daughters and a son from previous marriages. Harold loved his family very much and took care of them very well. He spent almost 42 years lovingly doting on his beloved wife, Dolores Hineline whom he always treated like a queen. In his prime years he loved the annual trips he took with Dolores to Cabo San Lucas. He started a family tradition when he found a hidden treasure on the Central Coast, a sleepy little town called Cayucos. Each year the family would travel to Cayucos and spend a week at the beach enjoying each other's company and making memories for years to come. Harold was instrumental in making sure that the family had everything they needed for the trip to be a success. He would load up his trailer for the family and he was lovingly known as the "ice fairy," always making sure each family had plenty of ice in their ice chests throughout the week. The family has held onto this tradition to this day. Harold also enjoyed his trips to the Midwest, visiting his two daughters that lived out there and their families.
Harold had a servant's heart and was willing to do anything for the ones that he loved. He was a member of the Bakersfield Chapter of Kiwanis where he dedicated his time in service to the community. He was also an avid blood donor and advocate, proudly donating gallons of blood over the years, becoming a member of the 18 Gallon Club at Houchin Blood Bank. He attended Cross Roads Church with Dolores. He loved watching cowboy movies and especially the ones with John Wayne. Harold had quite the sweet tooth. He loved apple pie and he had yet to find a cookie he didn't like. He was a die-hard Nebraska Cornhuskers football fan.
Harold was preceded in death by his parents, sister Evelyn, brother Larry and his daughter Cathie.
Harold leaves behind to cherish his memory, his wife Dolores Hineline; his brother and sister-in-law Lester and Lila Hineline; his children Elaine & Mark Hertz, Kristine & Robert Lynch, Anna & Daily Brown, Sophie Williams, Paul & Terry Aguilar; 18 grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren and many loving relatives and friends.
He will be dearly missed by all who knew and loved him. A special thanks to his caretaker Fabby, who took great care of Harold and Dolores with genuine compassion and kindness.
A celebration of life will take place on Friday, June 24, 2022 at 4:00p.m. at The Lodge at Four Seasons, 10500 Toscana Dr., Bakersfield, CA.
To plant memorial trees or send flowers to the family in memory of Harold Hineline, please visit our flower store.
Harold was one of the nicest person I have ever met. Just a pleasure to be around! Friendly, kind and very loving! It truly was a pleasure to know and love him! He is home praising our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ!
David Brown Sr Jun 23 2022 11:50 PM
I grew up knowing Harold, he and his first wife were cherished friends of my parents. I would visit him at many funerals that he worked and will always remember him as a kind, loving man. He will be missed
Becky Sheldon Jun 22 2022 10:05 AM
10500 Toscana Drive


If everything in your iPod works except for the controls, you may need a new click wheel. Replacing the click wheel is an inexpensive but delicate repair.
Even if they are loose, the screws may not come out on their own. Be sure not to lose the screws when removing the retainer.
2. Unscrew the two screws on either side of the connector port. Of the three screws at the bottom of the iPod, these are the middle and right hand screws as you look at the front of the iPod.
3. Remove the metal bracket that surrounds the connector port of the iPod.
After replacing the click wheel, perform the above three steps in reverse order. Make sure that when the metal bracket is re-inserted that it secures the click wheel and prevents it from falling out as some people have experienced after replacing the click wheel.
I discovered the same solution after having destroyed one wheel by trying to pry it out without taking out that bottom bezel.That should definitely be the first step in this guide.
PLEASE READ slith's comment, it's extremely important, or you will not be able to get the click wheel installed. There are notches on the click wheel that have to go in at the top and bottom, but the bottom notch is PART OF THE GREY METAL BRACKET that you take out of the bottom of the iPod. DO NOT re-install the grey bracket at the bottom until you have installed the replacement click wheel, otherwise the wheel will not go in.
Thanks slith, I just wanted to emphasize this because I screwed up quite a few of these click wheels before I read your comment.
Agreed. I ended up breaking 3 of my six tabs. It works but the wheel isn't quite flush now. Wish I'd looked at the tear down instructions first. That should be at the top of the list as well. This description just isn't at all complete.


Transient tachypnea of the newborn is the result of a delay in clearance of fetal lung liquid.
Presentation: Signs of respiratory distress (e.g., tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, cyanosis in extreme cases) become evident shortly after birth.
CXR: Prominent perihilar streaking, which correlates with the engorgement of the lymphatic system with retained lung fluid, and fluid in the fissures. Small pleural effusions may be seen.


text:
The Burt Reynolds Road Trip
Flight United 999
The Warrior Inside
"The Burt Reynolds Road Trip" by K. Lee Moreau
Lucien has it all. He's brilliant, handsome, talented, young, and devastatingly charming. Born with a natural charisma that radiated as bright as his smile, he's one of those types of people that had the whole world at his feet. He has everything going for him and his whole life to look forward to……that's how his story should have been told. But it isn't. Instead, at the age of 22, Lucien was diagnosed with a rare heart disease that would kill him as a young man. Rather than tiptoe around the rest of his years, he chose to live them even harder. Live hard, die fast, leave a good-looking corpse and all that.When he first asked me to join him on this road trip, I declined. No, I raged at the insanity of the idea. Drive across the country when only weeks before he had been lying on an operating table with his chest cut open? I insisted he should be home where I could take care of him, recovering from his surgery. But he persisted, like only he could. And in the end, I gave in and agreed to go with him…as if I could have resisted him. What resulted was a momentous, life-changing experience that I could never have anticipated.


Leeds seems set to become one of the green poles of the world as architects have unveiled plans to build a bioenergy plant that will generate energy from 214,000 tons of waste collected each year from black bins in Leeds. The building, designed by Jean-Robert Mazaud of S'pace Architects, is expected to open in six months.
The design itself is quite spectacular. Using glass and timber framing, the building is expected to reach 42 meters in height and will include a green "living wall" on the southern facade to provide biodiversity and a visitor center. It will also incorporate several energy and water-saving features, rainwater collection and sustainable drainage systems. It is expected to produce 11MW of power, helping reduce the usage of fossil fuels (especially coal). The company has "a pipeline of next-generation ideas in this space," and the green economy in Leeds, one of the largest cities in the UK, seems to be gathering momentum.
Hopefully, this will be only one of many similar projects emerging in England; the country is seriously lagging behind other European countries in terms of sustainable development and recycling.


You can now find my work in The Parlour Salon in Spruce Grove. The kind beautiful gals there are providing me with a fantastic opportunity to show my work on rotation at their chic salon. It is such a privilege. The exposure is fantastic.
I highly encourage everyone to go into The Parlour where they are always doing something new. Every time I go in I am pleasantly surprised by their ever changing and inspiring decor. Thank you Parlor Beauties for allowing me to be apart of your cultural hub. You not only make me look gorgeous but you make my work look stunning as well.
All my gratitude for your amazing support.


Dec 7 "Wrong Place, Right Time"
Pre-order "Wrong Place, Right Time" HERE for .99!
Like paperback better? They're $10! Just email AuthorBrookeWilliams@gmail.com for details on delivery and payment.
Only two days till the big release! I can't believe the time has finally come! I hope you've enjoyed the blog tour so far. Today, I would like to share an excerpt from the novella.
She searched her small purse. She'd emptied her checking account at the ATM before coming to the airport and had ransacked her car for change as well. When she counted out the bills, she knew she was short, and both her credit cards were maxed out already.
"Do you have any one-way tickets available?"
"Of course," the clerk answered. "The same flight out for ninety-six dollars."
Kate began to count change. She had just enough, and she pushed the money across the counter.
"The flight will board at gate 4C in just a few minutes. Do you have any bags to check?"
"No." She had no bags, no money--and no plan, either.
Kate took the ticket from the clerk. She would have time during the flight to figure out what she was going to say and how she was going to say it. First, she needed to get to Las Vegas and find the Chapel of Love.


Mar 26, 2015 | St. Bonaventure University will welcome pianist Lira Janbolot Kyzy to campus Thursday, April 9, for a recital in The Regina A. Quick Center for the Arts.
Oct 29, 2014 | The Health Care Access Coalition of Olean will look deeply into Cattaraugus County's poor health diagnosis through a series of workshops and presentations on Saturday, Nov. 1.
Apr 30, 2014 | Two St. Bonaventure University students have been awarded grants from the prestigious Fulbright U.S. Student Program.


Brad Mitchum is an archeologist who has travelled the four corners of the globe in the search of lost cities and legendary objects. As dawn breaks one sunny spring day he decides to take a break to find out more about a newly discovered talisman from his latest expedition.
Some time later whilts researching in a library, Brad is attacked by some mysterious metal balls.
He thought his adventures were over, he's lost in time and he doesn't see the funny side.
A true retro & oldschool gaming experience for your smartphone (windows Mobile, Android, bada, Ios and intel AppUp).
Developed by Angel Software, pixelised by Naaty Design and powered by the RabbitFactory by Bitrabbit.
Astraware develops, publishes and sells award-winning games for iPhone™ and iPod®, BlackBerry® Android™, Windows® phone, Symbian, and Palm OS® smartphones and PDAs including Astraware Sudoku, Platypus, Tradewinds 2, GTS World Racing, Zuma, Bejeweled, and Text Twist.
Screenshots, video and more information available right here.
Partager la publication "teaser and flyers of smartphone game Brad Mitchum : lost in time"


text:
Алта́йский мара́л () — крупный благородный олень. Преимущественно стадное животное, хотя старые самцы часто ведут одиночный образ жизни. Живут маралы обычно небольшими группами, бык и 3—5 оленух. Тяготеет к светлохвойным насаждениям в пересечённом рельефе; широколиственных лесов избегает.

Описание
В зимнее время самцы имеют серовато-буровато-желтоватый окрас, причём шея, плечи и брюхо темнее. Самки — серовато-бурые. Летний окрас у обоих полов — буровато-коричневый. Зеркало (светлое пятно шерсти вокруг хвоста) широкое, от тускло-рыжеватого до соломенно-жёлтого цвета, часто имеет чёрную границу. Рога большие — длина основных стволов может достигать 150 см, на каждом по 6—7 отростков; венца или короны не образуют. Размах рогов часто превосходит 100 см. Высота в холке до 160 см. Масса до 350 кг.

Распространение
Распространён на северо-западе и севере центральной части Монголии, на севере Синьцзяна в Китае, в России и Казахстане — в горных лесах Алтая, в Саянах и в Прибайкалье в Сибири. Граница с ареалом изюбря на востоке не ясная.

Питание
Алтайский марал — травоядное животное. Любит соль, лижет её для восполнения минерального баланса на солончаках. Зимой животному приходится питаться менее калорийными растениями: лишайниками, хвоей. За летний период животное набирает вес, запасая энергию в виде жира, который зимой постепенно расходуется.

Размножение
Самки достигают половой зрелости в 2 года, телятся обычно в 3. Быки становятся полностью готовыми к размножению к 5 годам. Коровы могут выбирать партнёра, обращая внимание на телосложение и величину рогов. Если самка покидает вожака гарема и находит нового «жениха», им никто не мешает. Спаривание проходит не единожды (до 10—12 попыток), прежде чем случится оплодотворение. Период беременности составляет 240—265 дней. Телята рождаются по одному (редко — по два) в начале лета или конце весны, и находятся под опекой матери. Средний вес новорождённого от 11 до 22 кг. До полугода телята имеют светлые пятна для маскировки от хищников.

Враги
Главный враг марала в дикой природе — волк. Также врагом марала является медведь, нападающий в основном на ослабленные и больные особи. Однако основной причиной вымирания этого вида является деятельность человека — как сокращение мест обитания, так и охота браконьеров с целью продажи пантов, крови (признаваемых в китайском медицине лекарствами), сала, мяса и шкуры.

Разведение
Олень, находящийся в Красной книге, является объектом хозяйственной деятельности человека: маралов разводят в мараловодческих хозяйствах, где у самцов начиная с двухлетнего возраста регулярно срезают панты.

Примечания

Литература

Настоящие олени
Фауна Евразии


For the first time, astronomers have spotted a massive, inactive galaxy from when the Universe was only around 1.7 billion years old, and no one can explain how it ended up there.
Our current understanding of galaxy formation states that all of the galaxies that existed back then should have been tiny and low-mass, and busy forming stars. Instead, this dead behemoth was already five times more massive than our Milky Way is now, all condensed into an area 12 times smaller, and had long finished its peak star formation.
If the discovery is verified by other teams, it means scientists will need to rethink the way galaxies form, and overhaul our assumptions about what happened in the first few billion years after the Big Bang.
It also suggests that there are plenty of surprises yet to be found at the beginning of our Universe.
"This discovery sets a new record for the earliest massive red galaxy," said lead researcher Karl Glazebrook from Swinburne University of Technology in Australia.
"It is an incredibly rare find that poses a new challenge to galaxy evolution models to accommodate the existence of such galaxies much earlier in the Universe."
While there are still a lot of unknowns about how and when galaxies start and stop forming stars, our best models assume that it happened a while after the origin of the Universe - meaning it would have been at least 3 billion years after the Big Bang before dead galaxies such as this 'red nugget' would have appeared.
In the time before that, research suggests that most galaxies would have been low-mass and busy making stars. For example, astrophysicists predict that 1.7 billion years after the Big Bang, our own Milky Way galaxy would have been a "messy little dwarf galaxy with just 1/50th of its mass today", as the video above explains.
But this new galaxy, known as ZF-COSMOS-20115, contradicts that model entirely.
The new study suggests this galaxy had formed all of its stars (three times more stars than in our Milky Way today) during a rapid star-burst event that occurred relatively soon after the Big Bang, and by 1.7 billion years into the Universe's history, it was already done.
That makes it what's known as a quiescent or 'red and dead' galaxy, which is common to see around the Universe today, but no one had expected one to exist back then.
"This huge galaxy formed like a firecracker in less than 100 million years, right at the start of cosmic history," said Glazebrook.
"It quickly made a monstrous object, then just as suddenly it quenched and turned itself off. As to how it did this we can only speculate. This fast life and death so early in the Universe is not predicted by our modern galaxy formation theories."
Researchers had previously found hints of these strange, early maturing galaxies, but this is the first time researchers have properly detected on.
To peer so far back in time, the researchers used the giant W M Keck telescopes in Hawai'i. They were looking for emissions at near-infrared wavelengths, to give them information on the presence of old stars and a lack of active star formation in old galaxies.
When they first spotted ZF-COSMOS-20115, they didn't think it could be real, Glazebrook told Gizmodo.
"We used the most powerful telescope in the world, but we still needed to stare at this galaxy for more than two nights to reveal its remarkable nature," said one of the researchers, Vy Tran from Texas A&M University.
What's needed now is follow-up observations using sub-millimetre wave telescopes - something that the James Webb Space Telescope, which is set to launch in 2018, will be able to assist with from outside the interference of Earth's atmosphere.
"Sub-millimetre waves are emitted by the hot dust which blocks other light and will tell us when these firecrackers exploded and how big a role they played in developing the primordial universe," explains one of the team, Corentin Schreiber from Leiden University in the Netherlands.
Until then, it's anyone's guess how this giant dead galaxy came about so early in the timeline of our Universe, and you can bet that mystery is going to be keeping astrophysicists up at night for the months to come.


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This summary describes proposed equity investments by Enerray S.p.A of Italy and Al Bilal Group for General Contracts Ltd of Iraq into Arinna Solar Power SAE. The investors have applied for a MIGA guarantee of US$7.0 million for up to 15 years against the risks of Transfer Restriction and Inconvertibility, Expropriation, War and Civil Disturbance, and Breach of Contract.
The project is part of Egypt's Feed-in-Tariff Round Two program. It consists of the design, development, construction, operation and maintenance of a greenfield solar IPP facility with installed capacity of 20MW located in the Benban solar PV park in the Aswan Governorate of Egypt.


text:
Shell Martinez Refinery News, Announcements, and Events
Manufacturing Matters Panel on Industry's Importance to East Bay
Kish Rajan of Governor's office and panelists from Shell, the Contra Costa County Workforce Development Board and industry discuss manufacturing's future
Manufacturing has traditionally been a critical part of California's economy, but it needs to be renewed to create "the kinds of broad opportunity and prosperity that our state has always been about," Kish Rajan, director of the California Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development, told an audience of elected officials, business people, educators and Martinez residents on Oct. 15.
At the Manufacturing Matters forum sponsored by the East Bay Leadership Council and the Martinez Chamber of Commerce, Rajan and local leaders said Contra Costa County and the East Bay in general have a rich history of industrial uses that can be adapted for new industries, and a workforce that can be trained in the more technology-based manufacturing work.
The Manufacturing Matters panel discussed industry, the environment and workforce development specifically in the East Bay.
"Manufacturing is not the smokestack industry of the 19th century," said Gary Craft, a consultant who worked on Contra Costa County's Northern Waterfront Economic Initiative. "It's changing. Advanced manufacturing and clean technology is making industry more efficient in its use of resources, energy and water consumption, with less of an environmental impact. We need to understand those changes and take advantage of them.
The Shell Martinez Refinery is one of the industries in Contra Costa's northern waterfront that is changing and becoming cleaner, said Steve Lesher, the refinery's public affairs manager. Shell's proposed Greenhouse Gas Reduction Project, if approved, would take a energy-intensive unit offline and allow Shell to change its crude mix to reduce greenhouse gas emissions annually by 700,000 metric tons, the equivalent of taking 100,000 cars off the road. The project would also save 1,000 gallons of water a minute.
Lesher noted that the Martinez facility's greenhouse gas proposal is currently working through both Shell's investment process and the county permitting process. Approvals, final scope and timeline for the work should occur some time in 2015.
"Those kinds of investments are made possible by the environment in which we live and the standards that you all hold us to," Lesher said. He attributed Shell's close relationship with the residential community surrounding it to making it "the best neighbor we can possibly be every single day."
"We have a myriad of agencies that regulate us, through the EPA, the air district, the county, the city, the state lands commission. Our neighbors hold us accountable to such a high degree that I think we are better prepared for that regional scope."
Rajan noted that Shell is celebrating its 100th year in Martinez next year, and said, ""They've always been a tremendous corporate partner, a wonderful neighbor here.
Rajan praised Shell's greenhouse gas reduction proposal as a bold move that highlights what modern manufacturing means in California. "And now they too are intending on investing an enormous amount of money in renewing their operations to make them safer, to make them an even better neighbor -- although they're a great neighbor now -- to reduce their consumption of energy and water, but to do it in a way that will allow them to produce the energy of the future," he continued.
The future needs of the world are changing, and Rajan said that the East Bay as a whole is in a position to fill many of those needs.
"As you look at the emergence of societies that are growing all around the world, there is insatiable demand – and there will be for the rest of our lifetime and our kids' and our grandkids' lifetime – insatiable demand for the fundamentals of what societies need – food, water, energy, health. They are looking to California for those goods and services."
Stephen Baiter, Executive Director of the Contra Costa County Workforce Development Board, agreed that manufacturing is "pivotal" to the future of the county, but he noted that programs need to be put in place or enhanced to train the workers in the field.
"There's a lot of folks who are being left behind still in this economy and trying to find their way forward, so providing them the opportunity to upskill and become competitive" for industries like the Shell Martinez Refinery," Baiter said.
Lesher, the public affairs manager of the refinery, said the company has already been helping to design curriculum to train future employees through the Process Technology and Electrical Technology programs at Los Medanos College in Pittsburg.
The very fact that Contra Costa and Alameda counties have traditions of manufacturing, along with agricultural lands and an educated p0pulation, will help it move into the future, all the panelists agreed. They also pointed to the robust research and development laboratories in the region run by both the UC system and private corporations as an incredible resource in capitalizing on future manufacturing growth.
"We have a tremendous legacy and tremendous capacity from an industrial perspective … that can be renewed and that can be repurposed in a 21st century context and put back to work to make manufacturing thrive and succeed in this region," Rajan said.
Martinez In the Community
Many of the 700 Refinery employees (and hundreds of retired employees) live in the local area, and participate in a multitude of civic, social, church, and school organizations.
About Shell Martinez Refinery
Located in Martinez, CA, our company refines and markets gasoline and other petroleum products.
Contact Shell Martinez Refinery
Contact Shell Martinez Refinery for further information about the Refinery, including employment opportunities and upcoming events


Enjoy the gorgeous lookbook for The Wrap Life's latest "Sweet Summer" collection, available now online.
The 16-piece line ranges from pastel solids to vibrant African prints that suit every skin tone. The bandeaus can also be worn as headbands.
The Mirza Babic-photographed shoot features The Wrap Life's Brooklyn-based creator Nnenna Stella, Aïssata, Nneka E. Ibeabuchi and Liana Vine.
The beauties soak up the sun in wraps paired with swimwear by Andrea Iyamah Swimwear and Rue 107 and footwear by Native Shoes. Makeup was done by Thai Hall.
The Wrap Life's head wrap and jewelry collections are mostly hand-printed or handmade.
View more from the "Sweet Summer" lookbook below and head over to thewrap.life for video tutorials on how to style your wraps.