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Why the EU's Top Court Should Clarify EU Law
A legal battle is brewing in the EU as the European Commission has taken action against Cyprus and Malta over their citizenship-by-investment programmes. Elena Basheska sheds light on the Commission's arguments and explains why it would be good if the cases end up at the European Court of Justice.
In October 2020, the European Commission opened infringement procedures against Malta and Cyprus over their citizenship-by-investment programmes, pointing out that these schemes undermine the essence of EU citizenship. What general comments would you like to make about this development?
It is not a secret that the EU is not happy with the fact that some member states run investment migration programmes. This situation has been dragging on for quite some time. Investment migration programmes have been often criticised by the European Commission and the European Parliament, and both institutions demanded in the past that countries phase out the programmes.
The infringement procedures against Cyprus and Malta come as no surprise. Actually, the European Commission first reacted to the launch of the Malta Individual Investor Programme (IIP) back in 2013 and reportedly started to plan for an infringement procedure against Malta due to the lack of the genuine link requirement and on the basis of the principle of sincere cooperation enshrined in Article 4(3) TEU. Instead, however, Malta agreed to amend its IIP to introduce a residence requirement for those who wanted to acquire citizenship through investment. Such compromise by Malta seemed more like a tactic to prevent escalation of the issue than being based on facts and law as there is no such thing as a residence requirement for the purposes of acquiring nationality from a member state in EU law.
The investment migration industry has long argued that the granting of citizenship is the prerogative of member states. What's the EU's competence in this area?
A simple answer to the question would be that EU member states have exclusive competence to determine who their citizens are. Allow me to elaborate further.
First of all, the limits of EU competences are governed by the principle of conferral. This means that the EU acts only within the limits of the competences that EU member states have conferred upon it in the Treaties, and nationality is not among these competences. Limitations on the principle of conferral are interpreted strictly and require close involvement of member states.
Furthermore, EU citizenship is complementary to, but does not replace, national citizenship. Put differently, EU citizenship protects the rights of member states' nationals which are not granted by their states but by the Union itself. It is for the EU member states, however, to regulate who qualifies as a national, having due regard to EU law.
The EU case law preserves this competence of member states, with the only exception of instances where it is necessary to ensure effective and uniform protection of rights of EU citizens. Thus, the EU has normally interfered in nationality matters where member states have enacted measures that restrict rights of EU citizens rather than where such rights are to be enjoyed by new citizens.
What's the legal basis for the action against Malta and Cyprus?
Article 258 TFEU is a standard infringement procedure which empowers the Commission to act against a member state that fails to meet its obligations under the Treaties. The Commission, however, enjoys discretion in its right to commence infringement procedures pursuant to that provision. If it finds that a member state has not applied EU law and has accordingly failed to meet its obligations, it will not bring the member state before the European Court of Justice (ECJ) immediately. Proceedings under Article 258 TFEU comprise two stages: administrative and judicial. Under the first stage, the Commission will make various attempts to negotiate an agreement with the member state concerned informally and usually by exchange of correspondence, documents, data etc. If no agreement is achieved in the pre-infringement stage and the Commission decides to initiate an infringement procedure, it will send a formal notice to the member state. The member state is then given the opportunity to submit its observations. After the member state's submission, the Commission decides whether to deliver a reasoned opinion explaining why it considers that the member state has failed to fulfil its Treaty obligations. Once the member state has replied to the Commission's reasoned opinion or the lack thereof, the Commission will refer the matter to the ECJ and thus start the judicial procedure.
The infringement procedures against Cyprus and Malta have now been initiated with the formal notices sent by the Commission. What is less clear, however, is what arguments the Commission would use with regard to the obligations under the Treaties that these two member states allegedly failed to fulfil if this case is brought to the court.
The EC's objections are partially based on the concept of "genuine links". What can you tell us about this notion?
In its Press Release on the matter, the European Commission stated that it 'considers that the granting by these member states of their nationality – and thereby EU citizenship – in exchange for a pre-determined payment or investment and without a genuine link with the member states concerned, is not compatible with the principle of sincere cooperation enshrined in Article 4(3) of the Treaty on European Union. This also undermines the integrity of the status of EU citizenship provided for in Article 20 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union'.
The Commission will most likely argue that Cyprus and Malta failed to fulfil their obligations under Article 4(3) TEU and Article 20 TFEU by granting nationality in exchange for payment or investment and without genuine link. This argument is, however, somewhat problematic.
First of all, the 'genuine link' theory has not developed into obligatory rules or principles of international law, let alone in EU law which provides for non-discrimination on the basis of nationality. Trying to impose a 'genuine link' requirement on member states with regard to their criteria for acquisition of citizenship would not only be incompatible with EU law but would also almost certainly spark ethnic nationalism and undermine the values of the Union itself.
Secondly, it is difficult to imagine that the principle of sincere cooperation could be successfully invoked in the context of these cases. Article 4(3) concerns the achievement of EU objectives and genuine compliance with EU law, none of which seems to be related with the investment programmes. A possible infringement of that provision could be imagined in the case of mass naturalisation, which may have a significant negative impact on the internal market. This is where a member state confers its citizenship to a large, disproportional numbers of third-country nationals. However, this doesn't seemed to be the case with Cyprus and Malta because the number of citizenship granted through their investment programmes remained low in general and compared to the number of other naturalisations in the EU in particular.
The EU has also pointed repeatedly towards other possible negative side-effects of investment migration, including money laundering, tax evasion and corruption. In your opinion, what measures can the EU implement to mitigate the risk of crime related to investment migration?
Money laundering, tax evasion, corruption and other illegal activities are one thing, and acquisition of citizenship through investment quite another. Acquisition of citizenship through investment is a legal path of naturalisation, likeable or not. Yet, associating money laundering, tax evasion, and corruption with investment migration make the latter look somewhat illegal, and this is wrong. Similar to other industries that involve large financial transactions, investment migration is prone to all sorts of illegal activities – which may come from both dishonest clients pursuing illegitimate ends, or corrupt politicians misusing the programmes for personal gains – and this is unacceptable. However, these illegal activities result from the malfunctioning of the law and are not related to investment programmes as such. The focus should be, therefore, on the enforcement of the rule of law in EU member states. Investment migration should undergo the same scrutiny as other industries involving large international financial transactions.
While the EC has also written to Bulgaria to request further information about its programme, Austria, which also grants citizenship to foreign investors, is not being mentioned. Why do you believe this is the case?
The fact that the Commission is concerned about the investment programmes of Bulgaria, Cyprus and Malta, and has not raised its concerns about other EU member states that allow for acquisition of citizenship by investment through their legislation, suggests that the EU is more concerned with the form than with the substance of investment migration. In its 2019 Report, the Commission explained that the discretionary naturalisation procedures in countries other than Bulgaria, Cyprus and Malta are highly individualised and used on a limited basis, and that, therefore, such procedures were not the object of the Commission's report. That explanation, however, is contrary to the arguments used by the Commission so far. If the lack of a genuine link is problematic in the view of the Commission, then all other practices of member states granting nationality in absence of a genuine link should be deemed problematic too, as such practices, according to the Commission, infringe the principle of sincere cooperation. If the Commission is genuinely concerned about the lack of a genuine link, then this issue would go way beyond investment migration, affecting other forms of naturalisation too.
Thus far the EC's action is directed only towards member states' citizenship-by-investment programmes and not against the more common investor residence programmes. Do you expect that the EC will move to take action in this area too? If so, what competence does the EU have to adopt legislation that restricts member states' rights to establish RBI programmes?
The EU has voiced its concerns about both citizenship-by-investment programmes and residence-by-investment programmes in the past. Citizenship-by-investment programmes, however, are of a more immediate concern for the EU because mobility entitlements of new EU citizens who have gained their citizenship through investment are more far-reaching than the entitlements of new EU residents who have gained their residence through investment programmes.
Thus, new EU citizens do not have to reside in the member state that granted their nationality but have the right to move and reside freely within the territory of any other member state and beyond (in the EEA and Switzerland, albeit with certain limitations in some instances), to mention the most important right stemming from EU citizenship. Unlike EU citizens, new EU residents are entitled to lawful residence in the member state where they made their investment. Their residence permit allows them to travel within the Schengen area and in other non-Schengen EU countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania) based on the unilateral recognition of residence permits by those states, but their residence status does not allow for free movement within the territory of other member states.
However, long-term residence leads often to citizenship, and this is where the EU may voice its concerns again and for the same reasons discussed in the context of citizenship by investment – absence of genuine link and in particular, physical presence during the residence of the investor, which takes us back to the beginning of this interview. Whether the EU will take action with regard to RBI programmes would, in my opinion, depend pretty much on the outcome of its current actions against Cyprus and Malta.
How do you believe the situation will develop in the coming months?
Launching infringement procedures against Cyprus and Malta does not mean that we will necessarily see a case on this matter in front of the court. The European Commission has discretion on whether or not to bring those cases to court. It would be very good, however, if these cases reach the court, and EU law on this specific subject matter is clarified.
Interview with DR ELENA BASHESKA, Legal Researcher and EU/International Affairs Consultant/Advisor
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Héctor Coire (Buenos Aires, Argentina; 2 de diciembre de 1917 - Montevideo, Uruguay; 2 de enero de 1974) fue un presentador de televisión y actor de radio, cine y teatro argentino. Era hijo de los actores Ernesto Coire y Benita Puértolas.

Actividad profesional
A temprana edad apareció en una película muda y más adelante trabajó en el teatro junto a Enrique de Rosas y Florencio Parravicini.

En el detrás de escena del programa Sábados de la bondad, Coire fue la persona que le eligió el nombre artístico a María Cristina Lancelotti, más conocida, después, como Valeria Lynch

En radio trabajó en radioteatros en Radio Splendid formando rubro con Nydia Reynal. También lo hizo en Radio El Mundo en Barrio Gris con Susana Mara y también con Iris Marga.

En el teatro trabajó en Drácula, la obra de Balderston y Deane traducida por Benjamín Díaz que se estrenó en el Teatro Apolo el 24 de enero de 1947 bajo dirección de Arsenio Perdiguero Díaz, en la cual hacía el papel de John Harker.

En la década de 1960 se convirtió en un popular conductor de televisión. Algunos de los programas que presentaba fueron Casino Philips (1960) en el Canal 13,Los Novios del 13 (1961), Sálvese quien pueda (1963),El Show del Mediodía (1963/65) y Sábados de la bondad (1968/70) por Canal 9.

Por su elegancia y porte se lo llegó a comparar al actor y cantor Hugo del Carril con él.

El 2 de agosto de 1962 se funda el Club de los abuelos Héctor Coire en homenaje al ilustre artista por parte de la señora Delfina Jáuregui de Yanuzzi en su domicilio particular situado en el barrio Flores de la provincia de Buenos Aires.

Vida privada
Su madre fue la actriz dramática española Benita Puértolas, fallecida en septiembre de 1968. Fruto de un matrimonio de varios años desde 1966, tuvo a su único hijo llamado Leonardo Coire que siguió con la vocación de su padre.

Fallecimiento
El actor Héctor Coire falleció sorpresivamente de un Infarto del miocardio el 2 de enero de 1974 en Uruguay, donde se encontraba temporalmente. Sus restos descansan en el Panteón de la Asociación Argentina de Actores del Cementerio de la Chacarita. Tras el paso de los años surgió la leyenda sobre un presunto caso de catalepsia que lo habría afectado, cuando se exhumó su cuerpo en la Chacarita y vieron que se encontraba boca abajo, con el ataúd rasguñado y sus dedos ensangrentados. Esta historia fue desmentida por parte de sus familiares . Coire tenía 55 años.

Filmografía
Actor
 La vida de una mujer (1951)
 Escuela de campeones (1950)
 Besos perdidos (1945)
 El mozo número 13 (1941) …Perico
 La quinta calumnia (1941)
 Volver a vivir (1941)
 Así es la vida (1939)
 Entre el barro (1939)
 Atorrante (La venganza de la tierra) (1939)
 La que no perdonó (1938) .... Pablito Medina
 Los locos del cuarto piso (1937)
 Cadetes de San Martín (1937)

Radio
 Teatro Radical (1942), con Antonia Herrero y Angelina Pagano.
 Lo mejor de los tres (1942), junto a Malvina Pastorino y Pedro Tocci.
 Cada hogar es un ring (1965), junto a Iris Láinez.
 Historia entre dos cartas

Televisión
 Casino Philips (1960)
 Los Novios del 13 (1961)
 Nace una estrella (1961)
 El precio justo (1962)
 Sálvese quien pueda (1963)
 El Show del Mediodía (1963/65)
 Mi querido sobrino (1964)
 Sálvese quien pueda (1965), con Gloria Raines.
 Sábados de la bondad (1968/70)
 El club de los optimistas (1972)
 El Show de la alegría (La cantina de la alegría) (1963/1966)

Teatro
 Micrófono (1943)
 No es cosa para chicas (1944), junto a María Duval.
 Drácula (1947)
 Mi suegra es una fiera (1952), dirigida por Juan Carlos Thorry en el Teatro Apolo.

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Información sobre Héctor Coire en el sitio del cine nacional

Actores de cine de Argentina
Actores de radio de Argentina
Actores de teatro de Argentina
Fallecidos por infarto agudo de miocardio
Presentadores de televisión de Argentina
Sepultados en el cementerio de La Chacarita
Leyendas urbanas

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We're exploring ways to grow the optometric/optical division of our ophthalmology practice. My focus has been on cash paying patients, VSP, and some EyeMed plans. We do well and have a great base of patients because the founding MD established the practice over 30 years but he's set to retire.
My plan for optical is to focus on driving in new patients for our staff optometrist.
Does anyone have recommendations for good vision plans in California?
Also, any marketing advise is welcome.
You really should not use the word "good" and "vision plan" in the same sentence.
If you do well, stay with what you got, and get another optometrist in to take over the patients of the retiring founder to take care of the retiring founders clients.
Stay away from the monster corporations as VSP and EyeMed (Essilor) unless you want to sell you soul.
California to not allow stand-alone vision plans?


The Joli Colibri Eyeshadow Palette offers a specially chosen array of gentle and bold toned eyeshadows that together exemplify beauty and grace. Apply shades either dry for a subtle look or wet for a more intense color effect.
Great price and pigmented colors!
Took a huge step out of my comfort zone with this one. But no regrets! Love the colors. Easy to blend and builds nicely.
The palette is gorgeous, every shade is very pigmented and easy to blend. The only issue I have is that the bright pink shade stains my eyelids and I don't know why. I don't know if it's just me but it doesn't really bother me.
I love this eye shadow palette! It is very pigmented, eye shadows are soft like butter, colours are easy to blend and the colour range is just special. I own a lot of eye shadow palettes but none of them has the colour scheme like this one. I also did a review and makeup tutorial using only this eye shadow palette on my YouTube channel and people loved the look I created using only this palette. I highly recommend it for beginners also, because colours are extremely blendable and this palette will teach you how to blend like a pro. I just love it!


The Oscars feel like ages ago now, don't they? About three weeks ago, at least, and yet no, they were on Sunday night, which is why this week's ShortList General Knowledge Quiz starts off with a round about the Oscars.
That's followed by, in very particular order: Sporting Trophies, Physics, Fantasy Worlds, and finally an Alphabet round, where the answers start with a specific letter of the alphabet.


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Do you want to know what the ingredients of the COVID-19 vaccines are? And do you wonder why scientists say that their content isn't dangerous to the human body? Then keep on reading and check out the 6 things you should know about the ingredients of COVID-19 vaccines!
Here, we'll focus on the vaccines produced by Pfizer/BioNTech (mRNA-based) and AstraZeneca/ Oxford (adenovirus-based) to have a closer look at what's in the vaccine mix.
1 - The ingredient that will protect you from getting COVID-19 is harmless to your body
The ingredient giving you the necessary protection of the currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines is either a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule packed into a lipid nanoparticle (soap bubble-like transfer system) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (this is a non-pathogenic virus, which means it cannot make humans sick). Both molecules contain the code, or recipe, carrying the instructions to make a protein (known as the spike protein) located on the surface of the virus. These molecules aren't dangerous and aren't capable of integrating into the human genome! Why? Firstly, for the Pfizer vaccine, the mRNA is never in physical contact with the human genome and will be destroyed by the human cell machines once it has done its job. Secondly, for the AstraZeneca vaccine, the adenovirus DNA form enters the storage place of the human genome, but it is unable to amplify. This means that no additional adenovirus copies are produced; this is also known as replication-deficient. Thereby, both ingredients are preparing your immune system to fight the real coronavirus and will leave your body again when the job is done. That's a win-win situation!
2 - The vaccines do not contain a dangerous virus, so cannot give you COVID-19
You can't get COVID-19 from these vaccines! Why not? Because the mRNA molecule is only carrying the information for the spike protein and does not contain the instructions to build the entire virus, SARS-CoV-2. Also, the chimpanzee adenovirus can't give you COVID-19 because it is an entirely different virus. It's not dangerous to the human body because it simply has no code or recipe to cause disease. Moreover, this adenovirus is a weak virus that can't reproduce itself! Your body still recognizes it as foreign, and this is why you can get side-effects such as fever for 1-2 days, but it just shows that you can trust your immune system! It's working like a border control that is checking all the foreigners coming into your body, pressing alarm at slightest observations and calming down once the threat has been removed.
3 - The vaccines are fatty, but you won't get fat from them!
Now, what else is in these vaccines? The mRNA vaccines also contain lipids that form a "fatty" layer, or shell, to protect the mRNA and help it to enter human cells. These lipids would only be harmful if injected or eaten in large quantities. You'll definitely consume more unhealthy fats when having a single French fry, even if they are home-made!
4 - The vaccines contain basic table sugar and salt
Yes, one of the ingredients is sucrose (basic table sugar). It helps the molecules of the vaccine to maintain their shape during freezing. Additionally, the vaccines contain salt for further stabilization of the mRNA or adenovirus molecules important for storage and injection. However, the quantities of these substances in the vaccine injections are too low to have a harmful effect on the human body! Now, your doctor advised you to reduce your sugar and salt intake? No, problem! Your daily meals (I hope you're eating!) contain way higher amounts of sugar and salt than these vaccines. You're diabetic and wondering if you should inject insulin to compensate for the sugar content of these vaccines? No! Please don't do that because you won't detect a change in your blood sugar levels!
5 - The AstraZeneca/ Oxford vaccine contains 3 more ingredients compared to the Pfizer/ BioNTech vaccine
The adenovirus vaccines contain three more ingredients, which are amino acid, emulsifier, and alcohol. The amino acid is a left-over product from the manufacturing process, and it exists naturally in the human body as we need amino acids for our bodies to function properly. So, it's just some extra amino acid in a low quantity that most likely doesn't make a difference! Did you wonder if the emulsifier and the alcohol will do harm to your body? These quantities aren't large enough to be harmful to your body, and you'll have a much higher intake of these substances by eating processed foods while having a drink! And even if you eat "clean" and never drink alcohol your body still won't be affected by the low quantity of the emulsifier and alcohol contained in this vaccine!
6 - The main content is water
Last but not least, the main content of these vaccines is water. This is sterilized water and only dangerous to the human body when consumed in very large quantities in a very short time frame! You might ask yourself why there is water in these vaccines? It's a by-product of the manufacturing process and important for injection. Now, try to take a syringe or drinking straw, suck up very dry powder like flour and inject it into your teddy bear. Got the picture? That's why there is water to facilitate the storage and injection of vaccine content. The injection volume is ranging from 0.3 mL to 0.5 mL and very likely not registered by your body that contains up to 60% of water. You'll consume more water when drinking an Italian espresso!
Without a doubt, the vaccine content is beneficial and will prepare your immune system to fight the coronavirus. The additional fat, sugar, emulsifier, alcohol, and water contained in these vaccines that are present are in very low amounts making no difference to your body. If you drink a huge amount of water in the range of several liters within a few minutes then this can potentially kill you. Contrarily, if you stop drinking water then you'll die within a week or two. Remember, the quantity makes the poison!
Contributed by Julia Brinkmeier
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Pfizer vaccine – Fact sheet for recipients and care givers"
Hack and Sack, Meridian Health. "A Simple Breakdown of the Ingredients in the COVID Vaccines"
Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. "Information for UK recipients on COVID 19 Vaccine AstraZeneca"
Institute for Vaccine Safety. "Excipients in Vaccines per 0.5 mL dose."
mRNA vaccines – a new era in vaccinology by Norbert Pardi, Michael J. Hogan, Frederick W. Porter and Drew Weissman in Nature Reviews (2018)
Development of novel vaccine vectors: Chimpanzee adenoviral vectors by Jingao Guo, Moumita Mondal and Dongming Zhou in HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS (2018)
Covid-19 vaccine – BioNTech/Pfizer product information
Covid-19 vaccine – Moderna product information
Covid-19 vaccine – AstraZeneca product information
How Do the mRNA Vaccines of Pfizer and Moderna Work?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Wine is considered beneficial in making your skin look fresh, vibrant, and youthful. The antioxidants present in wine aids your skin, the polyphenol in grapes triggers circulation and removes toxins; wine in general also leaves your skin hydrated and rejuvenated.
Ella Di Rocco Wellness MediSpa in London takes cue from these benefits of wine to offer what other spas would have hardly thought of—a fully immersive spa session with wine. The wine therapy here uses products which are naturally made from wine, grape leaves, and grape seeds.
The menu is quite tempting. You can start with a Merlot Body Scrub which helps to relax, detoxify, and cleanse your skin. This scrub contains red vine leaves and a 50/50 blend of high quality Sangiovese and Merlot grapes from Goretti Vineyard in Italy.
Then there's the Sangiovese Bath, a de-stress session where your tub is filled with bubbling hot water, Sangiovese, Merlot and Cilegiolo wine, and a concentrate of virgin grape juice.
The third type of therapy is the Merlot Grape Seed Body Massage for body nourishment. The grape seed oil used for this therapy contains 95% oligomeric proanthocyanins (OPC) which promotes youthful skin and improves elasticity, giving you an added benefit of protecting your skin from UV damage!


Turns ordinary Nikon SLR lenses into Hydrogen Alpha Solar Telescopes. Owners can view using their SLR or DSLR camera or an eyepiece. Camera QUARK accepts all of the universal QUARK accessories so it may be used as a telescope with an eyepiece. Plus! Use zoom features of your camera lens to explore wide field to high power views without changing set-up or telescope configuration.
For use on Nikon configuration. QUARK* contains a custom Daystar Instruments 4.2X telecentric barlow teleconverter lens fully optimized in coatings and optical design specifically for the Hydrogen Alpha wavelength. This highly specialized telecentric lens offers superior field flatness. The fully optimized design eliminates the need for any adapters. It's all combined in one lightweight device. Quark* can now operate all day with optional small, palm-sized,battery pack.


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Marian Rogers Croak is a Vice President of Engineering at Google. She was previously the Senior Vice President of Research and Development at AT&T. She holds more than 200 patents. She was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame in 2013. In 2022, Croak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for her patent regarding VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Technology. She is one of the first two Black women to receive that honor, along with Patricia Bath. Her invention allows users to make calls over the internet instead of a phone line. Today, the widespread use of VoIP technology is vital for remote work and conferencing.

Education and early career
Croak was born on May 14, 1955, in New York City. Her father built her a home chemistry set, which inspired her to pursue a STEM career. She obtained a bachelor's degree from Princeton University in 1977 and a Ph.D. specializing in Quantitative Analysis and Psychology in 1982 from the University of Southern California. After college, she joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1982, where she worked in a variety of positions for over 3 decades.

Career
She started off in Bell's Human Factors division, with the specific purpose of studying how technology could be used to positively impact human's lives. Croak first began working on digital messaging applications, tasked with the study of determining if various messaging applications could communicate with each other. This kind of research was very novel, as the earliest form of the Internet would not come to full fruition until the next year in 1983. Bell Labs wanted to send voice, text, and video data digitally rather than using a standard phone line. And the favored mechanism for this was Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, but Croak, along with the rest of her team, convinced AT&T to use TCP/IP instead. TCP/IP allowed for a standardized way of packaging and communicating information.

While at AT&T, Croak and her team contemplated the potential of digital telecommunications. She worked on advancing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technologies, converting voice data into digital signals that can be easily transmitted over the internet rather than using traditional phone lines. Her work has furthered the capabilities of audio and video conferencing.

During her time at AT&T she patented the technology that allowed cellphone users to donate money to organizations using text messaging. She developed this technology during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and it revolutionized how people donate to charitable organizations when a natural disaster occurs. She received the 2013 Thomas Edison Patent Award for this technology. She was inspired to do this after seeing AT&T develop technology that helped American Idol set up a voting system that relied on text messages rather than voice calls, in 2003. The technology that she created with co-inventor Hossein Eslambolchi, was not finalized until October 2005, a couple of months after Hurricane Katrina. But through this technology after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, more than $43 million in donations were collected by relief organizations through donations by text message.

Before leaving AT&T she held the title of Senior Vice President of Applications and Services Infrastructure. At AT&T she managed over 2,000 engineers and computer scientists responsible for over 500 programs impacting AT&T's enterprise and consumer wireline and mobility services. Her responsibilities ranged from product realization and service planning to development and testing.

Croak joined Google in 2014, as a Vice President in the engineering group. At Google, she is responsible for expanding what the Internet is capable of doing around the world and increasing access to the Internet in the developing World. She created a new center of expertise on Responsible AI focusing on ethical development of AI within Google Research. Croak also works on racial justice efforts at Google and continues her goal of encouraging women and young girls in engineering.

Croak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, the National Academy of Engineers, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2022.

Patents
Croak has been awarded over 200 patents, almost half of which are in VoIP. Many of her inventions lay the foundations for the digital networks we know and use today. She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2022 for her patent VoIP Technology U.S. Patent No. 7,599,359 Method and apparatus for monitoring end-to-end performance in a network. Today, the widespread use of VoIP technology is vital for remote work and conferencing, as well as personal communications. Over the years, VoIP as technology has continued to evolve. The International VoIP calls market is predicted to hold the significant share of all conversations by 2025. VoIP had an estimated market size of $30 Billion in 2020 and is projected to grow to $95 Billion by 2027.

She received a patent in 2005 for text-based donations to charity, along with co-inventor Hossein Eslambolchi, U.S. Patent 7,715,368 Method and Apparatus for dynamically debiting a donation. This technology enables a network to identify a particular charity, provide the designating funding to the charity, and then have the network service provider bill the original donor on its monthly bill.

Personal life
Croak won the Edison Patent Awards in 2013 and 2014. She is currently a member of the Corporate Advisory Board for the Viterbi School of Engineering at her alma mater, the University of Southern California. Croak is also a former board member for such organizations as the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions; Catalyst; the Holocaust and Human Rights Museum (New Jersey); and the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering. She has three grown children.

References

1955 births
Living people
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
University of Southern California alumni
Princeton University alumni
Google people
20th-century American scientists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Scientists from New York City


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Agni Spirit Festival is a co-creative gathering that celebrates mindful living; yoga, arts, creativity and conscious community in a beautiful land north of Barcelona.
The festival enjoys access to the Santa Ana Lake that is located just 1 minute from the centre of the festival and the water is pure and crystalline.
There will be a specific area to camp with your tent where you will be able to enter with your car. Remember that you must bring all your camping equipment with you!
The element of water is very present at the land and the festival has the good fortune to have natural sources of drinkable mineral water throughout the property. Bring your own bottle to refill whenever you like at the points indicated. Stay hydrated!
The Own Land is natural treasure, and the proposal of Agni is not to be detrimental to the state of the land or water.
There will be a range of food options available at the festival from morning to night. In the mornings vendors will offer a fresh, natural superfood smoothie at their stand and through the day you'll be able to get main meals ranging from Italian, Moroccan, Middle Eastern, Indian all the way to fusion cuisine.
Why: It's a festival that celebrates mindful living.


Jacksonville is Florida's largest city, featuring well over 800,000 people and no less than a hundred thousand commercial businesses. The city of Jacksonville is known for an exceptionally picturesque downtown with many cool shops and tourist attractions. With so many corporations in need of commercial visual art, Jacksonville is a very artist-friendly city that many local illustrators are happy to call home.
Jacksonville colleges, Universities and private art teachers provide a full range of technical training and degree programs related to illustrative design. Accredited Jacksonville colleges with fine arts departments include Sanford-Brown University, Florida Community College and Jacksonville University. Popular non-degree educational options include Lavilla School of the Arts and Stillpoint Studio of Fine Art, both located in Jacksonville.
Some Jacksonville art students acquire skills and earn degrees online. Successful accredited online art schools include Full Sail University, National University, Stratford Career Institute, University of Phoenix, DeVry, The Art Institutes and ITT Tech. Various virtual colleges of design also provide local campuses and resource facilities. University of Phoenix, DeVry, The Art Institutes and ITT Tech all maintain campuses in Jacksonville.
Corporations in Jacksonville, Florida hiring professional illustration artists include real estate agents, info tech firms, business consultants, website designers and printing companies. Some Jacksonville illustrators work for leading local graphic design firms such as Mr.-Graphic-Design, Gray-Jay-Graphic-Design, Elementary-Graphics, Milestone-Graphics and Graphic-Jax, for instance. Other local illustration artists design technical diagrams for Jacksonville engineering companies like Air Engineers, Bengal Engineering, Coastal Engineering, Engineered Solutions and Stanley Engineering, among others.
According to data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, professional illustrators employed full time in the city of Jacksonville, Florida claim an average annual salary of around $29,450, with a reported mean hourly wage of roughly $15.75. These figures, however, do not reflect the unreported incomes of freelance professionals, part time artists or Jacksonville illustrators working for businesses based outside the United States.
The main thing professional illustrators do is create original, innovative artwork in the form of detailed, recognizable, hand-rendered images. The best illustration artists are competent and comfortable in many different styles and visual media. Today's illustrators must also perform digital media transfer and create computer generated artwork. Popular digital illustration design software packages include Adobe Illustrator, Real Draw Pro, ACD Canvas, Mayura Draw and Macromedia-Freehand, to mention only a few.


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Titleist AVX gets upgrade focused on speed through larger core and thinner urethane cover
Bridgestone Golf leans on its institutional knowledge—and Tiger Woods—in the development of its Tour B ball line
Callaway Chrome Soft family different from each other to better meet the needs of individual players
Top 10 Middle East Courses
A new entry, the demise of a celebrated European Tour venue and plenty of snakes and ladders action highlight our 6th biennial ranking
A new entry in our 2020 Top 10 Courses in the Middle East ranking is irrefutable proof of two things: the list is not a closed club but only providing you prove your worth in a region that is home to one of the finest concentrations of golf on the planet.
But something has changed from the 2018 iteration. Rather than being a tough club to crack, the 2020 ranking proves it is now becoming increasingly difficult to hold station, or even remain in this elite collective altogether.
Like Doha Golf Club in 2018, Abu Dhabi Golf Club will sadly attest to that after slipping outside the 10 from what seemed a relatively safe eighth position in 2018. The disappearance of the European Tour venue and no place for elsewhere celebrated Dubai Hills Golf Club, among other notable omissions, will inevitably be met with incredulity in some quarters but speaks to the region's quantity of quality. It also highlights the continual push for perfection by agronomy teams around the Middle East – even the slightest slip in playing conditions can see a club tumble given the high, region-wide quality of course design.
Indeed, just as the scoring is again incredibly tight inside the 10, those looking in from the outside aren't doing so from any great distance. The Class of 2020 can't say they haven't been warned.
In short, the Middle East's best courses remain extremely difficult to separate and just as tough to compare, borne out by a radically different Readers' Choice Top 10 this time round; it's not all gloom for Abu Dhabi and Dubai Hills.
The discrepancy is okay. There is nothing more subjective in golf that the apples versus pears ranking of courses; how do you measure a manicured hybrid of parkland and desert against a modern-day seaside layout, or an inland links wannabe for that matter? The most impartial way is with Golf Digest's internationally trusted formula (explained overleaf). With new courses like Tiger Woods' first Middle East creation in the pipeline, what is clear is that 2022 promises to be just as tough to judge, making the top 10 an even more coveted club of which to belong. How lucky we are to golf in the desert.
Meet the panel and how they ranked the courses
Check out the best in the Middle East
Readers' Choice: Your favourites revealed
Top 10 Golf Courses in the Middle East 2018
1) The Majlis, Emirates Golf Club
2018 Ranking: 1 • Design: Karl Litten (1988)
Dubai, UAE • Par 72 • Yards 7,301 • Total Score 66.17
Khalid Yousuf on The Majlis, EGC
(UAE National Team stalwart)
For as long as I can remember, the Majlis Course at the Emirates Golf Club has been considered the pinnacle of golf course design in the Middle East. Karl Litten has done a fantastic job creating a true 'gem' in the desert, utilising the natural dune formation and topography at his disposal.
From the moment you stand on the 1st tee, you know you're in for a treat. The course is challenging off the tee and doesn't get any easier as you reach the green. Sharp run-offs and strategically located hazards protect the generously-sized greens from even the purest approach shots. The greens are relatively flat but by no means easy. Lightning-fast during the first few months of the year, the subtle breaks catch even the top European Tour players out, as witnessed during the Omega Dubai Desert Classic each year.
The standout hole has to be the 8th, a long, uphill par 4. A well-placed tee shot is key if you plan on attacking the well-protected putting surface. What makes this hole special though, is the view. Off the tee, you have the spectacular backdrop of the Dubai Marina and as you approach the green, you are greeted by a single 'Majlis,' a small teaser of what is to come. The perfect blend of the old and the new.
The inaugural Middle East Top 10 winner in 2009, the Majlis Course deservedly keeps its top spot from 2018. Always a pleasure to play, it keeps you wanting to come back for more.
Khalid Yousuf has played seven Eisenhower Trophy world amateur teams championships.
2) Al Mouj Golf
2018 Ranking: 3 • Design: Greg Norman (2012)
Muscat, Oman • Par 72 • Yards 7,300 • Total Score 65.00
Kent Gray on Al Mouj Golf
(Golf Digest Middle East Editor)
Eddie Pepperell calls it the "best course I've played in the Middle East". The popular Englishman's compatriot Chris Wood has been bowled over by the European Tour venue too. "It's a bit of a mix between a links and a desert course. The design is really good and there are so many players saying the same things. It's in perfect condition and the practice facilities are awesome."
We can only concur with the high-profile assessment of Greg Norman's Muscat gem which continues its giddy rise up the rankings. Just a 70-minute flight from Dubai, the 7342-yard, 18-hole championship course is Oman's first links, a rugged, windswept brute of a layout which is as strategically challenging as it is beautiful. The outward nine features a pair of particularly memorable par 3s, the first to a partial island green, while any par on the 9th with its intimidating over-water tee shot and approach to a green guarded by the Gulf of Oman is to be celebrated. The excitement level – and shot-making examination – ratchet up on the homeward nine, particularly at the par-3 11th hole which plays directly out to sea, and at the 12th and 13th holes, a par-5 and par-3 combo that play adjacent to the coast and require as much to clever course management as they do pure ball striking. Then there's the 18th, as picturesque – and daunting – a closing hole as you'll anywhere in the region, a hole where every shot risks ending up wet.
Hugging a pristine two-kilometre stretch of Indian Ocean coastline and with the stunning Hajjar mountain range as it's inshore backdrop, you'll travel a long way to find a finer stay and play. There's even a floodlit par-3 9-holer to get you in the mood. But don't take our word for it. Listen to Pepperell, not a player prone to hyperbole. "It's a must-play if you are ever in Oman."
Kent Gray has been covering golf in the UAE since 2013 and has reported on the game globally since 1989.
3) Yas Links Golf Club
2018 Ranking: 2 • Design: Kyle Phillips (2010)
Abu Dhabi, UAE • Par 72 • Yards 7,414 • Total Score 64.17
Simon Corkill on Yas Links GC
(Tournament Director)
When I first arrived in the UAE, I was told Yas Links Abu Dhabi was a 'must play'. The recommendation wasn't overstated. This is a truly enjoyable layout with a variety of holes that test golfers of all abilities. Every hole has its own unique challenges – hit the ball in the right spot and you get rewarded, miss and you'll be faced with a tricky up and down to save par…or worse. What I loved about it was that you use every club in the bag, something that has always been my barometer for a stern golfing test. Luckily there wasn't a strong breeze the day I played but I would imagine it would be tough in a blow. The beauty of this layout is that you have to shape shots both left and right and you have to be creative with your approach shots to get the ball close to the pin. Designer Kyle Phillips has created an absolute gem here and this course will only get better as time goes on. The setting and views are the other obvious selling point – only you and your clubs are in control of whether this is a walk spoiled or not! A clear favourite for well-ensconced expatriates, Yas Links is also a must for all visitors to the region.
Simon Corkill is the Executive Tournament Director for the Omega Dubai Desert Classic and LET's Omega Dubai Moonlight Classic
4) Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club
2018 Ranking: 4 • Design: Thomas Bjørn Redesign (1993)
Danny Jakubowksi on 'The Creek'
(PGA Professional)
Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club has stood the test of time with its iconic clubhouse, championship golf course and emphatic closing stretch of holes. The superbly conditioned layout, dramatic views and creative design lends itself to accurate and strategic driving, solid iron play and deft touch around the beautifully manicured green complexes.
One cannot be amiss to recognise some of the Middle East's most memorable holes. The 6th with that often downright daunting tee shot that tests the golfer from an island tee box hanging over the water, and that magnificent closing stretch ready to measure a golfer's mettle. Quite simply one poor shot over this stretch can easily result in a double bogey or worse. The once host of the Omega Dubai Desert Classic has long been a favourite location for both professional and amateurs golfers. With a Par 3 golf course, Golf Academy and mini-golf, it is more than just a championship golf course and definitely worth the visit. Offering sweeping city views, romantic waterside walks and that iconic clubhouse, Dubai Creek Golf & Yacht Club is a must for serious golfers, thoroughly memorable from start to finish.
Danny Jakubowski is the Group Director of Instruction at Abu Dhabi and Saadiyat Beach Golf Clubs.
5) Saadiyat Beach Golf Club
2018 Ranking: 5 • Design: Gary Player (2010)
Sujjan Singh on Saadiyat Beach GC
The first thing that catches your attention at Saadiyat Beach are the gazelles gently ambling around this picturesque facility. Carts and balls whiz by as little deterrent to the four-legged local residents.
Gary Player's links-style design is protected by deep bunkers and raised green complexes which call for precise iron play and a good short game. Leave yourself on the wrong half of the green and you could be faced with a long and very undulating putt. The breeze usually picks up in the afternoon and can become almost a three club wind on certain days. A number of the holes hug some of the Arabian Gulf's bluest waters, only adding to the allure.
Each hole is memorable in its own right and the course conditions to a very high standard but choosing the correct tee boxes is essential to enjoy your round. After a relatively benign start, the challenge ramps up from the 3rd hole with the 5th and 6th being outstanding for both their views and difficulty. From the drivable par 4 10th to a closing stretch from the 15th, the back nine is as demanding as it is different. This is one course where a low handicapper will enjoy the shot-making opportunities and novice golfers the experience and the wonderful seaside views. I'd highly recommend Saadiyat Beach to any player looking for a challenging and enjoyable golfing experience in the Middle East.
Sujjan Singh is a former Asian Tour player and a serial winner on the UAE PGA Tour.
6) Earth, Jumeirah Golf Estates
Claudine Foong-Riggs on Earth, JGE
(Golf wellness and performance coach)
I love a great parkland-inspired course where you're nestled in amongst trees, nature and greenery. The Earth layout at Jumeriah Golf Estates Earth is not your typical desert course, as each hole is surrounded by beautiful foliage.
Designed by Greg Norman, it's home to the season-ending DP World Championship. This adds to the experience as many of us are used to seeing some of the world's best walk the same fairways.
Each time I've been fortunate enough to play the Earth course, it has been in tremendous shape. Firm, fast fairways and big greens with tricky slopes can leave you guessing your line. Visually off the tee, it can look quite forgiving. Miss the fairway, however, and it can be challenging to recover if you happen to find yourself amongst the trees or the mulch.
The infamous 18th has created a lot of Race to Dubai drama over the years and it's easy to see why when you play it. A meandering creek zigzags through the centre of the hole creating a risk-reward decision and a truly memorable finish.
The combination of nature and great course design makes Jumeirah Golf Estates' Earth Course a layout you will enjoy playing time and time again.
Claudine Foong-Riggs is a former Symetra Tour pro and regular golf fitness contributor to Golf Digest Middle East.
7) The Els Club, Dubai
2018 Ranking: 7 • Design: Ernie Els (2008)
Robbie Greenfield on The Els Club
(Radio Host)
It's a bane of modern golf, but celebrated designers often come with a healthy sadistic streak that they're all too willing to unleash upon the general golfing populace. Island greens, winding creeks and enforced 250-yard carries off the tee may be meat and drink for your average tour pro but for the plucky weekend enthusiast, such layouts can be a soul-destroying journey through an industrial-sized quantity of golf balls.
This is why I love the Els Club. Eponymous designer Ernie Els, aside from being a legend of the game and an all-round good egg, understands that regular golfers just want to enjoy their day and emerge unscathed. But the beauty of this track is that while the Big Easy makes this simple philosophy his priority, the course itself is endlessly challenging.
Ernie's objective with this course is to get you in play off the tee, then bamboozle you with some of the trickiest approach shots to be found anywhere in the UAE. The par 4 1st is a shining example of this. A generously wide fairway, followed by a second shot to a two-tiered green that will funnel all but the most accurately struck shots into one of the trademark swales that surround the putting surface.
At The Els Club, you're typically in play, but you're never in cruise control. And that's what makes it an endlessly fascinating and enjoyable challenge. Over the past 11 years the course has matured like one of Ernie's fine South African vintages, and its tremendous condition, which is maintained to immaculate standards all-year round, sets it apart. There are courses in the Middle East that command a higher profile, but few that provide as enjoyable a day out as The Els Club, Dubai.
Robbie Greenfield has been covering golf in the Middle East since 2005
8) Al Zorah Golf Club
2018 Ranking: 9 • Design: Nicklaus Design (2015)
Ajman, UAE • Par 72 • Yards 7,169 • Total Score 62.51
Darren King on Al Zorah GC
(Golf Sales Manager)
Playing Al Zorah Golf Club reminds me why I love golf so much. The much talked about tidal flow system was peaking as I drove my cart out onto the course for the first time and seeing all those mangroves made me feel a million miles away from the hectic existence that the UAE often presents. The energy and tranquility is unrivalled.
The course has earned the right to be regarded as elite and right up there with the premier facilities in the UAE that receive continual global recognition. Its condition rivals anything that I have played around the world which is a credit to AZGC's agronomy team. Every time I make my way down to this gem in Ajman, it honestly feels like they have prepared the course for an international tournament. It is consistently world class every time. The par 3s as a quartet are memorable and in my opinion up there with the finest in this part of the world. Holes 15 and 17 are nothing short of spectacular especially when the sun is setting. My favourite par 4s are holes 9 and 16. Holes 11 and 18 are stunning par 5s playing right alongside the mangroves.
General Manager, Phil Henderson, prides himself on delivering 5 star quality, and has every right to be proud of what has been achieved at Al Zorah since opening in 2015. It is a course to be respected and also cherished, a credit to Dirk Bouts and his team from Nicklaus Design who have created 18 holes that truly inspire the discerning golfer.
Darren King is Senior Sales Manager for Emaar Hospitality Group (Dubai Hills, Address Montgomerie, Arabian Ranches) and a former Geelong Aussie Rules representative
9) Ayla Golf Club
2018 Ranking: New Entry • Design: Greg Norman (2016)
Aqaba, Jordan • Par 72 • Yards 7,152 • Total Score 61.75
Luke Joy on Ayla GC
(Touring Professional)
Since first visiting Ayla Golf Club back in 2017 for a Mena Tour event, I have had the pleasure of returning two years later to see an amazing infrastructure transformation. The recently completed clubhouse has been transformed beautifully into an ergonomic base for the club in the base of the Aqaba valley, the host destination of the 'Journey to Jordan', the MENA Tour's answer to Jumeirah Golf Estates and the Race to Dubai. The course itself is a great layout designed knowing that generally the wind will blow. As such, Greg Norman, whose creations notably feature three times in the 2020 Top 10, has made a true test for all abilities to enjoy. Every time I have played the course it has been in impeccable condition and with the floodlight par 3 also available for stay and play adventures, it is a simply superb facility. Always a treat to visit.
Luke Joy has won seven professional titles including two on the MENA Tour
10) Trump International Golf Club, Dubai
2018 Ranking: 10 • Design: Gil Hanse (2016)
Tom Buchanan on Trump International GC
One of the newest additions to the Middle East's eclectic collection of courses, Trump International Golf Club Dubai is a fair test for all levels of ability. The proviso here is to select the tees that match that ability or this fantastically shaped Gil Hanse design will punish.
Wide, undulating fairways can give a false sense of security (miss them and you'll be penalised) as the course comes alive with its green complexes and slippery surrounds where accuracy and yardage control is a must. Missed approaches often result in severe difficulties in saving par.
Housing and apartments have sprouted up around the course adding to the completed feel of this fantastic golf course. In my opinion, holes 9-13 are a great stretch with two par 5's, a drivable par 4 and two complex holes testing every part of your game.
Every time we go back, Trump International Golf Club, Dubai has improved, no doubt keeping it in this very competitive Top 10 and making it a definite must-play for anyone visiting the Middle East.
Tom Buchanan is the Acting Operations Manager at Al Ain Equestrian, Shooting & Golf Club and qualified for the 2018 Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship
• MEET THE 2020 PANEL
• READERS' CHOICE 2020
• THE BEST IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2020
• TOP 10 GOLF COURSES IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2018
TagsAl Mouj GolfDubai GolfEmirates Golf ClubGolf Digest Top 10 CoursesTop 10 Courses in the Middle East
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Top 10 Middle East Courses 2020: The judging panel and ranking process
Top 10 Golf Courses in the Middle East 2018 – Meet The Panel
Top 10 Courses: 2018 Readers' Choice
David Cannon: 'Apart from the majors, the Desert Classic's been the most important part of my photography life'
The OMEGA Dubai Desert Classic's ever-present snapper shares memories from his 34 years capturing the birth of Emirates Golf Club and the tournament that put the club, and an Emirate, on the global map.
What a shot from @PepperellEddie ...more magic needed on Sunday as the Englishman goes for @OMEGAGolfDubai Desert C… https://t.co/eITxZJkSeX
A 75 for the Swede to close out the @OMEGAGolfDubai Desert Classic... https://t.co/p5UMWXolNl
A little something for any break in the action at the @OMEGAGolfDubai Desert Classic today. Definitely SOUND ON for… https://t.co/UmF4UAomqp
@PepperellEddie and @b_dechambeau are off in the third to last two-ball at 12.28pm on Sunday at the 31st… https://t.co/cRISjKH7d7


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KÉSZ will finish its tasks at the Ferihegy development two months before the deadline
14. Juni 2018.
With this eight billion worth investment, a new passenger pier will be built, increasing the passenger traffic by 5-6 million people.
Two months earlier from the planned time, on 1st of August the contractor, KÉSZ Építő Inc. can hand over the passenger pier at Terminal 2B at the Budapest Airport, that is currently under construction. About the state of the project, Mr. Stephan Schattney, Director of the Technical Center of the Budapest Airport did reporte on the press-tour.
The Director said, the building of the new facility was speed up thanks to the favorable winter weather. The building will be handed over to the traffic even in the last time period of the summer season, mainly because of the new long distance traffic lines of Budapest.
Ten new passenger piers and 27 new boarding gates
We have been written about this project about a month ago, when 12 building mechanical students got a chance to walk-through the work area, and meet with the details with a help og the professionals og KÉSZ.
The self financed investment of the Budapest Airport will increase the area of the non-Schengen passiger traffic by more than 10.000 square meters of Terminal 2B.
The three-level pier makes possible the waiting, the inner and outer transport and the passport-checks for the air pasingers, and the airport of Budapest yearly passinger-tranport capacity will be increased by 3-6 million travellers.
At the 220 meters long area, there were created 10 new passenger piers and 27 new boarding gates, the piers will serve the various passenger boarding needs of the different airlines.
The renewal is also proceeding faster, than it was planned
The building of the passenger pier, connected to the 2B Terminal was one of the most impotant part of Budapest Airport's 50 billion forint investment, named BUD 2020, which will be realized by the end of 2020 as a part of the airport-development plan.
The passenger pier's nearly 8 billion forint worth development, besides the pier building also contains the extension of the rolling road used by the aircrafts. Paralell with this, the renewal of the air runway number 1. According to the Director, the works there are ahead by 15 days before the deadline, so by the end of June, they will be able to hand over the runway to the aircraft traffic.