(4) lack of activities, sports or games.
The treatment is simple but very difficult to follow. We have to take balanced but limited quantity of foods which contain fattening elements. Secondly, some kinds of activity and exercise are also very important to keep obesity and overweight under control.
Do not miss any meal. If you miss a meal, you are bound to eat more the next meal. Eating more than the required, if undigested, during the period of production of intestinal juice, gets converted into fatty deposits.
Do not use even a drop of any kind of oil, saturated or unsaturated for cooking of vegetables or rice. It decreases their digestibility. You can use butter that may only add 9 calories per gram but the unconsumed food becomes completely caloric and fattening. As anything cooked in oil becomes hard for stomach to digest. The problem is not that use more oil but when anything cooked with oil or in oil takes more than 4 hours to digest whereas the secreted intestinal juice lasts only for just 2 to 3hrs.
Eat 4 to 6 plates or raw or boiled vegetables followed by small meal.
Do take fruits but only once a day avoiding sweet ones.
Take 6 to 8 glasses of water anytime in the day but no water within one hour after the meals but you can take half-a glass in between the meals thereof.
Use honey two spoons with one lemon juice with water half-a-glass on empty stomach.
Corn silk tea 3 to 4 times a day.
Lemons 3 a day with lettuce and raw or boiled vegetables.
Lowest of fat, salt and sugar intake.
Use wheat bran or rice bran in place of ordinary whole cereals.
No starchy food within 4 hours of previous meal.
If raw or boiled vegetables may not suit you due to any reason, replace them with soup without any kind of fats or meat.
A tablet of multi vitamin is essential to take during this regimen.
If you follow some of the instructions or guidelines detailed above, for controlling obesity and overweight, you have eliminated one of the most drastic heart diseases causing factor. Daily practice of Hari Om vibrational therapy for a sitting of five minutes four times a day before the meals or two hours after any meal can shatter and dilute any fatty deposits anywhere in the body including the heart or other arteries.


It is the beginning of 2015. RB Builders aims to extend its reputation as a builder thriving on both the margin and velocity sides of Return on Assets into a new geographical market, through the late-2014 acquisition of an existing homebuilding operation.
Although it serves a similar and compatible segment of the new home market, the newly-acquired division of RB Builders has historically generated much lower operating results and business outcomes. RB Builders is satisfied with the land/lot positions that came with the acquisition; it has completed the conversion of the management technology system and started the adoption of new business and operating processes; it is confident that it can unify, then develop and improve the capabilities of the team that is in-place, to one replicating its own savvy, motivated, and accountable homebuilding team.
RB Builders has been down this road before.
RB BUILDERS: At the beginning of 2008, seven years earlier, shortly after the end of the halcyon period known as the Age of Homebuilder Entitlement®, RB Builders had begun its own transformation process, to extract itself from what it self-described as "the tar pits of averageness".
RB Builders had used a combination of four main initiatives: (1) a team-based performance compensation plan directed at achieving targeted results above a baseline to a single business outcome, paid-out upon achievement of a series of progressively-weighted milestones; a way of sharing the numbers that produced full financial transparency; an accounting system that connected operating performance to business outcomes more effectively, via actionable data; and a focused process of continuous improvement, comprised of a prioritized series of consecutively-ordered initiatives, all with short durations aimed at achieving targeted, defined, measurable results.
During the ensuing five-year period (2008-2012), annual Revenue had grown from $50 million to more $121 million, an increase of almost 250%. During the same period, the number of closings had increased more than 225%, from 200 houses per year to 453 houses per year. Despite the margin pressure from increasing market share so dramatically, overall Gross Margin had actually increased slightly, from 22% to 24%; as a result, RB Builders' Gross Income had grown by more than 250%, from $11 million $29.5 million.
During the same period, Operating Expense had increased (from $8.5 million to $11 million), but that 30% increase was far less than the same-period increase in Revenue. As a result, RB Builder's Net Income had risen from $2.5 million to $16.5 million, more than six times what it had been before the company began its transformation; Net Margin had almost tripled, from 5% to 14%.
RB Builders had targeted an inventory turn of 2.5x in 2008, which was actually an improvement from the preceding year; in 2012, by keeping its work-in-process at 80 houses and closing 453 houses, RB Builders had been able to more than double its physical inventory turn, to 5.7x.
In 2008, RB Builders had turned the value of its assets twice; in 2012, it turned the value of its assets 4.7x. Because it had been able to maintain margins while significantly improving velocity, RB Builders saw its main barometer of economic return – Return on Invested Assets – increase almost six-fold during the five-year period, from a targeted 11% in 2008 to the 64% it achieved in 2012.
In 2013, RB Builders had moved all of its raw land holdings and developed lot inventory off of its balance sheet, and into subsidiaries, which would have served to further increase Asset Turn, and ROIA, had those measures been restated to reflect the remaining assets.
It was a remarkable transformation.
THE NEW DIVISION: In the year just completed (2014), which was also its final year of independent operation, the newly-acquired homebuilding operation had closed 48 houses, and generated $12 million in Revenue. With its $8.88 million in Cost of Sales now reflecting only its direct, variable costs, the operation generated $3.12 million in Gross Income, a 26% Gross Margin.
With its $2.16 million in Operating Expense now reflecting only its indirect, non-variable costs, the operation had produced $960,000 in Net Income, resulting in an 8% Net Margin.
During 2014, the newly-acquired operation had a calculated cycle time of 255 days, even though its job schedules typically called for 120 days; in 2014, its average work-in-process was 34 houses under construction. With 48 houses closed and an average work-in-process of 34 houses under construction, the newly-acquired operation turned its physical inventory 1.4x in 2014.
Adopting the policy of RB Builders, and moving all of its raw land holdings and developed lot inventory off of its balance sheet, and into subsidiaries, the newly-acquired building operation had showed restated work-in-process of $4.46 million; with $12 million in Revenue, it had reported an asset turnover ratio of 2.7x.
Come participate, as RB Builders' newly-acquired building operation endeavors to replicate the transformation of its parent company. Lessons from the Pipeline© is the underlying business case study at the next Pipeline workshop™, being held March 11-12, 2015, at the Ponte Vedra Inn and Club, Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. Cost is $795.00.
Delivered by SAI Consulting and Continuum Advisory Group. Sponsored by Big Builder (Hanley Wood) and CAG.
Simulating production principles is a significant part of a Pipeline workshop™. We repeatedly hear that the opportunity to simulate production in a progressive series of scenarios enables builders to better "see" production. Both a production simulator and a business game, the Pipeline game™ is what makes Pipeline workshops™ so intense, so interactive, so competitive, and so worthwhile.
The game is already a tremendous tool for teaching both production and business principles, but we recently made two significant changes to make the game even better.
The first change was to shorten the duration of the game, so that we can run more scenarios in the same amount of time. Shortening the game had the additional benefit of making every operating decision more consequential, and making the results more realistic, easier to comprehend, therefore, more intuitive.
The second change was to more realistically reflect the outsourced nature of homebuilding production. Previous versions of the game used the resources to reflect both the capacity of the system, and the cost of that capacity. That arrangement is realistic for a manufacturing operation or even a project management organization, but a more accurate reflection of homebuilding production is to separate capacity and cost.
In earlier versions of the Pipeline game™, using the resources to reflect capacity and cost meant that we disregarded Revenue and Cost of Sales, and focused on Throughput, which is more closely related to residual Gross Margin. In the newer version of the game, we bring Revenue and Cost of Sales back into the picture; in effect, we now account for the margin side of Return on Assets. The external resources in a game now define the production system's capacity, and their cost is reflected in Cost of Sales, as a percentage of Revenue; they are now the true, variable costs associated with production.
This represents a significant stride in reconciling Revenue, Cost of Sales, Throughput, and Gross Income, which makes operating decisions easier to connect to financial outcomes. Operating Expense is now an imposed (budgeted) value, reflecting the cost of the internal capacity required to manage work-in-process; that makes Operating Expense an indirect, non-variable cost, as it relates to Revenue and the completions that produce it.
The overall effect is now a board game much more reflective of a homebuilding operation, with lessons that are now much easier for builders to understand.
The improved version of the game was played at 2014 Housing Leadership Summit, explained at the 2014 BuilderMT-Sales Simplicity Client Conference, and it was part of the most recent Pipeline workshop™ in October.
Pipeline workshops™ are open events sponsored by Hanley Wood (Builder/Big Builder) and Continuum Advisory Group. They are size-limited, intense, interactive, comprehensive immersions into the principles and disciplines of homebuilding production.
For the upcoming workshop, we have added case-based exercises, but most attendees and observers would still agree that the most compelling part of the workshop involves the Pipeline simulations: teams of geographically-diverse builders that go through a progression of scenarios that are simulations of home building production management as well as business games.
The objective is to reinforce the production principles taught in the workshop, including: (1) the effect of variation on a production system, (2) pull scheduling according to the capacity of a constrained resource, and (3) the importance of connecting decisions made on operating matters (like flow, capacity, duration, and work-in-process) to the critical business outcomes of profitability and return on assets.
With multiple teams playing every game with exactly the same rules and understanding, the results don't lie.
Until you have played the game and seen the measures, you won't understand the metrics; focus on the performance trends (y-axis) as the games in this workshop progressed (x-axis).
After the initial shock of shattered instincts, every metric was in precisely the direction you would expect, if the production principles are true and if progress is being made. Clearly, builders attending this Pipeline workshop™ learned from their participation.
Pipeline simulations are board games that teach builders to "see" production; they simulate the fast-paced, rapidly-changing, uncertain, risk-laden, variation-filled environment in which home building production decisions must be made. It is learning based on experience and action, not words; Pipeline games™ compress the learning curve, presenting production situations that are simple, fast, easy to see and understand, that can be modified and rerun, until the principles are understood.
You are currently browsing the SAI Consulting Escape from Averageness archives for February, 2015.


Another holiday season is behind us. Although it's tempting to relax and forget about the holidays for a few months, now is the best possible time to start planning if you want to save money in 2017. If sticking to a budget is one of your New Year's resolutions, take these five tips to heart for wallet-friendly celebrations this year!
If you're looking for ways to fatten your wallet this year, one of the best general ideas is to use cashback apps. Websites like TopCashback and others sign you up for cashback deals. The way this works is that if you spend a certain amount at participating retailers, you get a certain percentage off of the total price. For additional sales codes, check social media pages of the brands you regularly shop for as well as discount sites. Sites like promotionalcodes.org.uk give you free delivery vouchers, flash deals, and sales codes. This helps you stock up on birthday gifts and holiday decorations at a discount.
Top on the list of New Year's resolutions for many a blogger is to try out meal planning. This doesn't have to mean making 7 days' worth of lunches every Sunday, although that can certainly help you save! In terms of celebrations and entertaining, a bit of planning goes a long way. If you can cut down on your impulse shopping trips, you're far less likely to overspend for parties. If you're throwing a birthday party for your kid, make a list and buy the items far enough in advance that you won't be tempted by last-minute purchases. You can also plan ahead for Christmas. Start clearing out freezer space a few months in advance, and plan ahead with freezer items that can be purchased on sale earlier in the year.
Avoid the last minute rush on funny fancy dress for Halloween and save spare items of clothing throughout the year. You can also save extra craft supplies, scraps of fabric, and last year's decorations for DIY decorations later in the year. If you have last year's plus size fancy dress from Funidelia, try repurposing it with the addition of some new decorations for parties of your own. The same goes for gifts. You can enlist the children's help and make gifts ahead of time, whether it's homemade snow globes or candles.
The cheapest time of year to buy Christmas decorations is just after Christmas, and the same holds true for any holiday. Stock up on end-of-season clothing for next year's gifts, or steeply discounted toys for birthday parties throughout the year. Don't miss the huge sales after Valentine's Day and Easter if you want to buy all of next year's chocolate!
Finally, you can usually save a bundle by buying in bulk. Look for buy three-for-two sales or head to bulk retailers like Costco to get more party decorations, chocolates, or gift items. Just don't forget to check expiration dates for any food items, and be sure you plan to actually use all of the items purchased.
With a bit of advance planning, you can stock up on all the essentials for an entire year of festivities!


text:
package org.apache.hadoop.fs.impl.prefetch;

import org.junit.Test;

import org.apache.hadoop.test.AbstractHadoopTestBase;

import static org.apache.hadoop.test.LambdaTestUtils.intercept;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

public class TestBlockData extends AbstractHadoopTestBase {

  @Test
  public void testArgChecks() throws Exception {
    // Should not throw.
    new BlockData(10, 5);
    new BlockData(5, 10);
    new BlockData(0, 10);

    // Verify it throws correctly.

    intercept(IllegalArgumentException.class, "'fileSize' must not be negative",
        () -> new BlockData(-1, 2));

    intercept(IllegalArgumentException.class,
        "'blockSize' must be a positive integer",
        () -> new BlockData(10, 0));

    intercept(IllegalArgumentException.class,
        "'blockSize' must be a positive integer",
        () -> new BlockData(10, -2));

    intercept(IllegalArgumentException.class,
        "'blockNumber' (-1) must be within the range [0, 3]",
        () -> new BlockData(10, 3).isLastBlock(
            -1));

    intercept(IllegalArgumentException.class,
        "'blockNumber' (11) must be within the range [0, 3]",
        () -> new BlockData(10, 3).isLastBlock(
            11));

  }

  @Test
  public void testComputedFields() throws Exception {
    testComputedFieldsHelper(0, 10);
    testComputedFieldsHelper(1, 10);
    testComputedFieldsHelper(10, 1);
    testComputedFieldsHelper(10, 2);
    testComputedFieldsHelper(10, 3);
  }

  private void testComputedFieldsHelper(long fileSize, int blockSize)
      throws Exception {
    BlockData bd = new BlockData(fileSize, blockSize);

    if (fileSize == 0) {
      assertFalse(bd.isLastBlock(0));
      assertFalse(bd.isLastBlock(1));
      assertFalse(bd.isValidOffset(0));
      assertEquals(0, bd.getSize(0));
      assertEquals("", bd.getStateString());

      ExceptionAsserts.assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          "'offset' (0) must be within the range [0, -1]",
          () -> bd.getBlockNumber(0));

      ExceptionAsserts.assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          "'blockNumber' (0) must be within the range [0, -1]",
          () -> bd.getStartOffset(0));

      ExceptionAsserts.assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          "'offset' (0) must be within the range [0, -1]",
          () -> bd.getRelativeOffset(0, 0));

      ExceptionAsserts.assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          "'blockNumber' (0) must be within the range [0, -1]",
          () -> bd.getState(0));

      ExceptionAsserts.assertThrows(
          IllegalArgumentException.class,
          "'blockNumber' (0) must be within the range [0, -1]",
          () -> bd.setState(0, BlockData.State.READY));

      return;
    }

    assertEquals(fileSize, bd.getFileSize());
    assertEquals(blockSize, bd.getBlockSize());

    int expectedNumBlocks = (int) (fileSize / blockSize);
    if (fileSize % blockSize > 0) {
      expectedNumBlocks++;
    }
    assertEquals(expectedNumBlocks, bd.getNumBlocks());

    int lastBlockNumber = expectedNumBlocks - 1;
    for (int b = 0; b < lastBlockNumber; b++) {
      assertFalse(bd.isLastBlock(b));
      assertEquals(blockSize, bd.getSize(b));
    }
    assertTrue(bd.isLastBlock(lastBlockNumber));
    int lastBlockSize = (int) (fileSize - blockSize * (expectedNumBlocks - 1));
    assertEquals(lastBlockSize, bd.getSize(lastBlockNumber));

    // Offset related methods.
    for (long offset = 0; offset < fileSize; offset++) {
      int expectedBlockNumber = (int) (offset / blockSize);
      assertEquals(expectedBlockNumber, bd.getBlockNumber(offset));

      for (int b = 0; b < expectedNumBlocks - 1; b++) {
        long expectedStartOffset = b * blockSize;
        assertEquals(expectedStartOffset, bd.getStartOffset(b));

        int expectedRelativeOffset = (int) (offset - expectedStartOffset);
        assertEquals(expectedRelativeOffset, bd.getRelativeOffset(b, offset));
      }
    }

    // State methods.
    for (int b = 0; b < expectedNumBlocks; b++) {
      assertEquals(b * blockSize, bd.getStartOffset(b));
      assertEquals(BlockData.State.NOT_READY, bd.getState(b));
      bd.setState(b, BlockData.State.QUEUED);
      assertEquals(BlockData.State.QUEUED, bd.getState(b));
      bd.setState(b, BlockData.State.READY);
      assertEquals(BlockData.State.READY, bd.getState(b));
      bd.setState(b, BlockData.State.CACHED);
      assertEquals(BlockData.State.CACHED, bd.getState(b));
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Summer was over, and my apartment was still a maze of boxes. My bed frame leaned against a wall; I slept on the mattress on the floor. I hadn't figured out how to turn on the oven. I ate dinner in front of the TV, (read: ice cream straight from the carton). This wasn't how I'd pictured things when I'd envisioned a place of my own.
I'd been tired of my surly landlord. Of living with a roommate whose girlfriend insisted on sneaking plug-in air fresheners into every room until our apartment smelled like a taxicab. It was time for me to strike out on my own. At thirty-four, I was officially in my mid-thirties, and I had certain ideas about what that meant: a husband, a baby, a house. But there was no sign of a relationship on the horizon. I didn't have a fancy job. I decided at the very least I should have my own apartment. So I threw myself into the search, daydreaming about paint colors and estate sales.
I found a sunny, third floor one bedroom, slightly rough around the edges but with beautiful bones, not too far west for me to walk my dog to the lake. Yes, it was mere blocks from the northernmost boundary of the city and yes, it was in a very residential area with no cafés or bookstores and yes, I'd probably have to get in my car if I wanted to go anywhere, but still, it would be mine. I'd write there and have dinner parties and a container garden on the roof. That spring I sat in an office at Chicago Title and Trust, signing papers and trying to absorb it all: escrow, closing costs, title insurance. Finally the seller handed me the keys, and the ground dropped away. In the midst of attaining this joyful milestone, it dawned on me that I was really alone.
When I was thirteen, my mother woke my sisters and me up before dawn to watch coverage of Charles' and Diana's wedding. We sat on the pastel plaid sofa and matching loveseat in our family room and watched Lady Diana arrive at St. Paul's in a gleaming, horse-drawn coach.
"It's just like Cinderella," my mother exclaimed.
"Why didn't you?" I asked her.
Lady Di peeked from beneath a filmy, white veil pinned with a glittering tiara and slowly ascended the red-carpeted steps smoothing her taffeta explosion of a skirt while the crowd cheered and waved from across the street.
As the Trumpet Voluntary began and Diana took her first steps down the aisle, tears streamed down my mother's face.
It's a moment, I admit, I look for at a wedding–the moment the groom first sees the bride. I want to catch that instant of revelation. I want the groom to be overcome with emotion. I want him to cry. At one of the first weddings I went to as an adult, a few years after college, the groom was beside himself, reading e.e. cummings with tears streaming down his face whereas the bride was almost alarmingly stoic, and it was actually a bit like, uh oh, but I guess everyone handles their emotions differently, and those friends are still married with two kids, so who knows?
I did love Diana's dress, being enamored of the flounced Laura Ashley look popular at the time. In the footage shot inside the cathedral you could hear the muffled sound of the crowd lining the street cheering when Charles and Diana said, "I will." Even during the long singing parts when we went to get refills on our Swiss Miss, my mother remained, entranced by the beauty of St. Paul's and the boys' choir's heavenly voices. First Corinthians 13. Love suffereth long and is kind. My mother marveled at how wonderfully Lady Sarah Armstrong Jones coped with Diana's magnificent train, and praised the decorum of the other young attendants in their old-fashioned naval uniforms and ivory dresses with butter colored sashes. A little after eight a.m. Diana kissed Prince Charles on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, my sisters and I licked mini marshmallow foam from our cocoa mugs and my mother wept. She cried, she said, because it was beautiful and because she always cried at weddings.
"But we're not at a wedding," I told her.
"She's so lucky," my sister Molly said.
At thirteen, my life was far from magical. It was grilled cheese and tomato soup, retainers and teddy bears. If I ever got married, I thought, I'd want it to be with Aragorn from The Lord of the Rings or maybe Holden Caulfield from The Catcher in the Rye. What I wanted then was to get away, to race out to meet my own adventures and leave my mother and her tears behind. I didn't believe in love.
When, during their engagement, a reporter asked Diana and Charles if they were in love, Diana replied, "Of course," with a tilt of the head and sidelong glance as if to imply what a silly question it was to ask of a couple engaged to be married. Prince Charles, on the other hand, infamously followed with, "Whatever in love means." I was inclined to his way of thinking.
I always thought of getting married as one of those things that automatically took place when you grew up, along with going to work, drinking and having kids, not necessarily in that order. I wasn't in any hurry though. In high school, I was voted most likely to leave the groom for the best man–not because I dated a million boys. But I announced a new crush pretty much daily. And I liked flirting. Anyway, by the time I was Diana's age when she married Prince Charles, I thought romance was for the weak. Marriage was a social contract, not part of some fairytale. I couldn't see myself settling down, staying with one person, relinquishing every other possibility for how my life could go. There was so much world and so many people to explore. Bohemian and free was the life for me.
I'd occasionally given thought to what my wedding would be like if I ever had a wedding even though I wasn't the kind of person who thought about those kinds of things, but you know, if I were, I'd say peonies and a bias cut dress and Talking Heads' "Naïve Melody"–but I wasn't that kind of person. Then, one by one, my bohemian-and-free friends got married and started having babies. My social life suddenly consisted of attending the birthday parties of children under five where the other adults were discussing breast-feeding and sleep schedules and reminiscing about how they used to stay out late before they got so old.
I wanted to be grownup, too. So I'd bought a condo. And I'd moved, but I hadn't moved in. That's how I found myself surrounded by boxes, on the couch, eating ice cream and–wait for it–watching The Bachelor. Oy. I couldn't tear myself away. In case you're not familiar, it's the show where ladies in bikinis and eveningwear vie for the hand of a gentleman with washboard abs. You hear the word princess a lot and fairytale; also, the bachelorettes feel like the luckiest girl in the world when they get to ride in a helicopter. The Bachelor is looking for his best friend, the mother of his children. He's in it for the right reasons; he wants this to be forever. I couldn't get enough. The Bachelorettes were unabashed about their longing for a husband. A twenty-three-year-old said, "I've been waiting for love my whole life." I, on the other hand, had pretty much tried to uproot longing completely, deny its thorny existence. Unfortunately, my longing for love didn't care what kind of rationale I had about relationships not being all they're cracked up to be and how, unlike Jerry Maguire, I didn't envision ever telling someone they completed me.
I'm not what my friend Lindsay calls a Tarzan, who can't let go of one vine until the next is in hand. I've often had spells of singleness between relationships, and as I got older, they stretched out longer and longer still. Being alone played into all my fears that something was wrong with me (something I heard more than one bachelorette wonder out loud on being rejected), that I wasn't worthy of love. It crossed my mind that maybe I was being phased out, evolutionarily speaking. If it's survival of the fittest, I mean, maybe my genes weren't interested in going on. Maybe I was the weak antelope.
You can't predict when an epiphany will strike. You could be on the couch, eating Coffee Heath Bar Crunch, watching the latest Bachelor castoff slumped, defeated, in a limo. I could tell she was determined not to fall apart, but there was a catch in her voice when she asked the camera if she'd ever find someone to love her. I didn't have any particular affinity for this woman, who had seemed kind of shallow and immature for most of her turn on the show, but in that moment I felt this wave of this like holy compassion that encompassed the sad girl in the limo and my own lonely self and the whole, entire world and I thought, this is how we are. It's simple: feeling ashamed about needing love is like feeling ashamed about needing to eat.
It's okay to long for love. And it's good to learn to be alone. To unpack your boxes and paint the walls persimmon. So I did. Unpack. Paint. I got out the pots and pans and cooked dinner. Alone. Since then, I've tried to let go of the way I think things are supposed to happen and nurture instead a curiosity about the interesting way they are happening to unfold. Someday someone might strike that mysterious chord in my heart that will rearrange everything. But in the meantime, I'm home.
Maia Morgan's writing has appeared in Glamour, Creative Nonfiction, The Chattahoochee Review, Hayden's Ferry Review, and The Best American Nonrequired Reading. She just finished her first book, The Saltwater Twin and Other Mythical Creatures. She teaches writing and theater in schools, health care facilities and jails in Chicago and blogs about words, memory, road trips, yoga and dogs at thesaltwatertwin.com.
Feature image courtesy of mark sebastian.


The decoration was created by a decree of May 26, 1920, under the name Médaille d'honneur de la famille française (Medal of Honour of the French Family) with the aim of honouring mothers of large families. The text of the decree underwent several changes before being completely reformed by a decree of October 28, 1982, which renamed the decoration Médaille de la Famille française (Medal of the French Family). This decree came into force on January 1, 1983, and was completed by an arrêté (administrative order) of March 15, 1983. The reform opened the award of the decoration to fathers or anyone else who had raised several children in an appropriate way: for example, the Catholic priest Père Mayotte, curate of the parish of Randan, Puy-de-Dôme was granted the award in recognition of his raising the six children of his housekeeper, a widow who died suddenly.
Three classes of medal exist: bronze for those raising four or five children, silver for parents of six or seven children, and gold for those with eight or more children. A bronze medal is also granted to widowed mothers of three children whose husbands have been killed in action. The recipient's eldest child must be at least sixteen years old. The medal is decorated with the words "Famille Française" ("French Family") and a modernistic image of a couple and their children. The words "République Française" ("French Republic") are inscribed on the reverse side. The ribbon is divided vertically into three equal parts, the outer two being red and the inner green. Recipients of silver and gold medals are also granted a rosette in the same colours.
Recommendations or applications for the award must be deposited at the local town hall. An enquiry into the family is then conducted. If the enquiry reports positively, the final decision on whether to grant the award belongs to the prefect of the department. While the award has always been open to mothers raising families alone, and to other single parents and legal guardians since the 1982 reforms, this applies only in cases of widowhood or abandonment: the medal is only granted to divorced parents in the most exceptional circumstances. The medal may be awarded posthumously, provided that the application is made within two years of the recipient's death.
This article is based on, but is not a direct translation of, the equivalent article on the French Wikipedia.
This page was last edited on 21 February 2018, at 14:49 (UTC).


text:
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Home

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Home page of Petros Pavlou website.

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Everything you need to know about Petros Pavlou.

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Updated <time datetime="2014-05-30T17:51:25Z" itemprop="datePublished">May 30, 2014</time>

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Choolissery es una ciudad censal situada en el distrito de Thrissur en el estado de Kerala (India). Su población es de 5441 habitantes (2011). Se encuentra a 9 km de Thrissur y a 81 km de Cochín.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2011 la población de Choolissery era de 5441 habitantes, de los cuales 2736 eran hombres y 2705 eran mujeres. Choolissery tiene una tasa media de alfabetización del 95,33%, superior a la media estatal del 94%: la alfabetización masculina es del 96,71%, y la alfabetización femenina del 93,97%.

Referencias

Localidades de Kerala

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


After all the preparation, we are finally ready to begin seeding the garlic through the Plastic Mulch and into the ground. Planting the clove through the plastic mulch does not take any more time than seeding garlic directly into the ground. Taking a trowel we measure the distance between each clove by slicing the trowel vertical along the t-tape and estimating a distance of about 5″ to 6″ apart. Digging 10 holes at a time, 5 on each side to lay out the distance between each.


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text:
import { TaskStatuses } from '../../constants';

/**
 * Watches the state.taskList and resolves when the tracked Task is COMPLETED.
 *
 * @param {Object} store - store instance (scoped to manageContent module)
 * @param {string} taskId
 * @returns {Promise}
 *
 */
export function waitForTaskToComplete(store, taskId) {
  const taskList = state => state.manageContent.taskList;
  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    const stopWatching = store.watch(taskList, function checkTaskProgress(tasks) {
      const match = tasks.find(task => task.id === taskId);
      // Assume if no matching Task was found, it was cancelled.
      if (!match || match.status === TaskStatuses.COMPLETED) {
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        resolve({ taskId, cancelled: !match });
      } else if (match.status === TaskStatuses.FAILED) {
        stopWatching();
        reject();
      }
    });
  });
}


A recording medium and a method and apparatus for managing a defective area on the recording medium are provided. The method includes detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium; replacing the defective area with a replacement area in the spare area if the defective area is detected; writing in the spare area defect management information which cumulatively includes defect list information associated with the defective area detected in the step (a) and any defect list information previously written in the recording medium; and writing onto the recording medium positional information of the defect management information.
This application is a Continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 11/477,920, filed on Jun. 30, 2006, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos. P2002-058515, filed on Sep. 26, 2002, and P2003-001856, filed on Jan. 11, 2003. The entire contents of each of all three applications are herein fully incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to an optical disc of write-once type, such as a Blu-ray Disc Write Once (BD-WO), and a method and apparatus for managing a defective area on the write-once type optical disc.
A new type of high density optical disc such as a Blu-ray Disc Rewritable (BD-RE) is being developed. A benefit of the BD-RE is that it has a rewritable capability where the quality video and audio data can be written, erased and rewritten thereon repeatedly.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a general optical disc device for writing/reproducing data to/from an optical disc such as a BD-RE. As shown in FIG. 1, the optical disc device includes an optical pickup 11 for recording/reproducing a signal to/from a BD-RE 10, a video disc recorder (VDR) system 12 for processing a signal from the optical pickup 11 as a reproduced signal, or demodulating and processing an external data stream into a writable signal suitable for writing onto the BD-RE 10, and an encoder 13 for encoding an external analog signal and providing the encoded signal to the VDR system 12.
FIG. 2 shows a structure of a related art BD-RE. Referring to FIG. 2, the BD-RE is divided into a Lead-In Area (LIA), a data area, and a Lead-Out area (LOA), with an Inner Spare Area (ISA) and an Outer Spare Area (OSA) assigned to a fore end and a rear end of the data area.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the VDR system 12 of the optical disc device writes in the data area of the BD-RE the external data in clusters corresponding to an ECC block unit having a predetermined size of recording, after the VDR system 12 encodes and demodulates the external signal into a signal suitable for writing. During the writing process, if there is a defective area found in the data area of the BD-RE, the VDR system 12 carries out a series of replacement writing operations in which the clusters of data written onto the defective area is written onto one of the spare areas, e.g., on the ISA in place of the defective area. Therefore, even if there is a defective area in the data area of the BD-RE, the VDR system 12 can prevent a data writing error in advance by writing the clusters of data written in the defective area onto the spare area.
A Blu-ray Disc Write-Once (BD-WO) is another type of high density optical disc that is being developed where a high quality of data can be recorded and reproduced to/from the disc. As the name may suggest, data can be written only once on the BD-WO and is not rewritable on the BD-WO, but the BD-WO can be read repeatedly. As a result, the BD-WO is useful where the rewritability of data on a recording medium is not desired.
Unfortunately, since the BD-WO is still in the early development stage, there are no schemes, no disc structures, no apparatuses and no methods on how to manage the defective areas of the BD-WO, which will be needed for the BD-WO to be commercially viable and operationally feasible.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a technique for managing a defective area on an optical disc of write-once type such as a BD-WO.
An object of the present invention is to provide a write-once type optical disc, and an apparatus and method for effectively managing a defective area of the write-once type optical disc.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
According to an aspect of the invention, a method for managing a defective area on a recording medium of writable once type, the recording medium including a data area, includes (a) detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium once data are written onto the data area in a data writing operation; (b) writing data written in the defective area onto another area of the data user if the defective area is detected; and (c) writing, onto at least one defect management area on the recording medium, defect management information associated with the defective area.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for managing a defective area on a recording medium of writable once type, the recording medium including a data area and a lead-in area, the data area including a spare area, includes (a) detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium after writing data onto the data area in a data writing operation; (b) writing data written in the defective area onto the spare area if the defective area is detected; and (c) writing, onto the lead-in area, defect list information associated with the defective area.
According to another aspect of the invention, a recording medium of writable once type, includes a data area including a recording area, a replacement area, and at least one defect management area, wherein an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium is detected after data are written onto the recording area during a data writing operation, data written in the defective area are written onto the replacement area if the defective area is detected, and defect management information associated with the defective area is written onto the at least one defect management area.
According to another aspect of the invention, a recording medium of writable once type, includes a data area including a spare area; and a lead-in area, wherein an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium is detected after writing data onto the data area in a data writing operation, data written in the defective area is written onto the spare area if the defective area is detected, and defect list information associated with the defective area is written onto the lead-in area.
According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for managing a defective area on a recording medium of writable once type, the recording medium including a data area, includes (a) a configured section for detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium once data are written onto the data area in a data writing operation; (b) a configured section for writing data written in the defective area onto another area of the data user if the defective area is detected; and (c) a configured section for writing, onto at least one defect management area on the recording medium, defect management information associated with the defective area.
According to another aspect of the invention, an apparatus for managing a defective area on a recording medium of writable once type, the recording medium including a data area and a lead-in area, the data area including a spare area, includes (a) a configured section for detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium after writing data onto the data area in a data writing operation; (b) a configured section for writing data written in the defective area onto the spare area if the defective area is detected; and (c) a configured section for writing, onto the lead-in area, defect list information associated with the defective area.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for managing a defective area on a recording medium, the recording medium including a data area and a lead in area, the data area including at least one spare area, the method comprising: (a) detecting an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium; (b) writing data written in the defective area onto a replacement area of the at least one spare area if the defective area is detected; and (c) writing defect management information associated with the defective area onto one of a plurality of defect management areas on the recording medium, wherein the defect management areas on the recording medium are allocated on the lead in area and within the at least one spare area of the recording medium.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a recording medium comprising: a data area including a recording area and at least one spare area, each of the at least one spare area including a replacement area and a defect management area, and a lead in area including another defect management area, wherein if a defective area within the recording area is detected, data written in the defective area are written onto the replacement area within the at least one spare area, and defect management information associated with the defective area is written onto the one of the defect management areas within the at least one spare area and the lead in area.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for managing a defective area on a recording medium, the recording medium including a data area and a lead in area, the data area including at least one spare area, the apparatus comprising: a pickup for recording and reproducing the data on/from the recording medium; and a controller configured to control the pickup to detect an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium, and to write data written in the defective area onto a replacement area of the at least one spare area if the defective area is detected, and to write defect management information associated with the defective area onto one of a plurality of defect management areas on the recording medium, wherein the defect management areas on the recording medium are allocated on the lead in areas and within the at least one spare area of the recording medium.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for managing a defective area on a recording medium, the recording medium including a data area and a lead in area, the data area including a recording area and at least one spare area, the method comprising steps of: (a) detecting an existence of a defective area within the recording area of the recording medium; (b) writing data written in the defective area onto one of the at least one spare area if the defective area is detected; (c) allocating a defect management area within the recording area; and (d) writing defect management information associated with the defective area onto the allocated defect management area.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides an apparatus for managing a defective area on a recording medium, the recording medium including a data area and a lead in area, the data area including a recording area and at least one spare area, the apparatus comprising: a pickup for recording and reproducing the data on/from the recording medium; and a controller configured to control the pickup to detect an existence of a defective area within the recording area of the recording medium, and to write data written in the defective area onto one of the at least one spare area if the defective area is detected, and to allocate a defect management area within the recording area, and to write defect management information associated with the defective area onto the allocated defect management area.
According to another aspect, the present invention provides a recording medium comprising: a data area including a recording area and at least one spare area, wherein if a defective area within the recording area is detected, data written in the defective area are written onto the at least one spare area, and defect management information associated with the defective area is written onto a defect management area, the defect management area is allocated within the recording area; and a lead in area for writing disc definition structure information containing positional information of the defect management area allocated within the recording area.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing description and the following detailed description of the present invention are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention claimed.
FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C illustrate a method of managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with various examples of a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an example of a block diagram of an optical disc recording/reproducing device 20 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The optical disc recording/reproducing device 20 includes an optical pickup 22 for writing/reading data to/from an optical recording medium 21, a servo unit 23 for controlling the pickup 22 to maintain a distance between an objective lens of the pickup 22 and the recording medium 21 and for tracking relevant tracks on the recording medium 21, a data processor 24 for processing and supplying input data to the pickup 22 for writing, and for processing data read from the recording medium 21, an interface for exchanging data and/or commands with any external host 30, a memory or storage 27 for storing information and data therein including defect management data associated with the recording medium 21, and a microprocessor or controller 26 for controlling the operations and elements of the recording/reproducing device 20. Data to be written/read to/from the recording medium 21 may also be stored in the memory 27. All the components of the recording/reproducing device 20 are operatively coupled.
The recording medium 21 is a recording medium of write-once type such as a BD-WO.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate respectively a structure of two types of a write-once optical disc such as a BD-WO according to the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the BD-WO can have one or two recording layers. In FIG. 4A, a BD-WO having only a single recording layer (Layer 0) includes a single recording layer composed of a lead-in area (LIA), a data area, and a lead-out area (LOA), and is referred to herein as a single layer disc. In FIG. 4B, a dual layer BD-WO includes two recording layers (Layers 0 and 1). The first recording layer (Layer 0) includes a LIA, a data area, and an outer zone. The second recording layer (Layer 1) includes a LOA, a data area and an outer zone, and is referred to herein as a dual layer disc. Generally, a data writing occurs in the direction shown with the dotted arrow in the dual layer disc. The single layer disc can have a capacity of 23.3, 25.0 or 27.0 Gbytes, whereas the dual layer disc can have a capacity of 46.6, 50.0, or 54.0 Gbytes.
It should be noted that all the different embodiments of the present invention (e.g., various methods discussed below) are applicable to any type of a write-once optical disc, such as a single layer BD-WO or a dual layer BD-WO. Further, although the use of the recording/reproducing device 20 of FIG. 3 is discussed below in conjunction with the methods of the invention, the invention is not limited to such and encompasses other recording/reproducing devices as long as they are configured to implement the present methods. For instance, the device shown in FIG. 1 may be used to implement the present methods as needed.
FIG. 5 illustrates a method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to FIGS. 3 and 5, the method of managing a defective area of a write-once optical disc according to the first embodiment of the present invention is as follows. The optical disc recording/reproducing device 20 writes data continuously on a predetermined writing sector in the data area of the BD-WO, where a writing sector may be set to be a Defect Verify Unit (DVU) of a certain recording size equivalent to one or more than one physical track or cluster on the BD-WO.
After continuously writing the data on the DVUs for a set of data (Recording 1), the microcomputer 26 controls the pickup 22 to conduct a series of defective area detecting operations on the Recording 1 area of the BD-WO. A defective area detecting operation involves reproducing the data written in a DVU and verifying that the data was properly written on the DVU by, e.g., comparing the actual data reproduced from the DVU with the data that was meant to be written on the DVU. If the verification result indicates that certain data was not properly recorded on a DVU, then the recording/reproducing device 20 assumes that there is a defective area in that DVU of the BD-WO and rewrites the data (directed to the defective DVU) on a next available recording area on the BD-WO using a linear replacement scheme.
For example, after writing first to fifth clusters of data (Clusters #1˜#5) continuously as a first defect verify unit DVU #1 (step S10), the microcomputer 26 controls the pickup 22 to reproduce the data written on DVU #1 progressively (e.g., cluster by cluster), and detects if there is any defective area in DVU # 1 by examining the reproduced data. If, for example, a defective area is detected in the second cluster Cluster #2 (step S11), the microcomputer 26 controls the data processor 24 and the pickup 22 to carry out a replacement writing operation. In the replacement writing operation, the data written to Cluster #2, which are temporarily stored in the memory 27 or some other storage, are written onto a cluster area succeeding the fifth cluster Cluster #5 (step S12).
After the replacement writing for Cluster #2 is completed, the recording/reproducing device 20 checks the next cluster and so on until the last cluster in that DVU is checked. If, for example, a defective area is detected from the fourth cluster Cluster #4 (S13), the recording/reproducing device 20 carries out a replacement writing operation as discussed above to write the data written in the defective Cluster #4 onto a next available cluster area, e.g., a cluster area succeeding the replacement area for Cluster #2 (step S14).
The replacement writing operations continue until data on all the defective clusters in the DVU are written in other cluster areas (replacement areas). As a result, in this example, DVU #1 ends up having Clusters #1, #3, and #5 and two defective areas (original Clusters #2 and #4), where the replacement areas are used to write data thereon in lieu of the two defective areas using a linear replacement scheme.
Once the data recording (Recording 1) having a temporal continuity ends (which includes the defective area detection operations and replacement writing operations for DVU #1, DVU #2, . . ., DVU #n), the microcomputer 26 writes management information onto an area 32 following the last DVU of Recording 1.
The management information is used to manage the defective areas in the data area of the BD-WO and to manage the data written in the replacement areas corresponding to the defective areas. The management information may be managed as Defect List (DFL) information, wherein the DFL information may include one or a plurality of defect entries Defect_Entry #1-Defect_Entry #m, each defect entry having a first physical sector number of a corresponding defective area (PSN of Defective), a first physical sector number of a replacement area corresponding to that defective area (PSN of Replacement), and any other data pertaining to a defect entry.
Once the writing of the DFL information (e.g., DFL #1) for Recording 1 is completed, the recording/reproducing device 20 may continue with another data writing operation (e.g., Recording 2) having a temporal continuity. When the data writing operation (Recording 2) ends (which includes the defective area detecting operations and the replacement writing operations for all the DVUs of Recording 2 as discussed above), the management information for Recording 2 is written in an area 33 following the last DVU in Recording 2. This process is repeated as long as all the data to be written in the data area of the BD-WO are properly written.
For fast access to the management information written thus far, the microcomputer 26 may be configured to write fast access information in other parts of the BD-WO. For instance, the fast access information containing a physical sector number of the defect list written thereon (PSN of Defect List) may be written on the LIA of the BD-WO as Disc Definition Structure (DDS) information. That is, the physical sector number of the DFL #1 (area 32), the physical sector number of the DFL #2 (area 33), and so on are stored in the LIA as part of the DDS. In the alternative, once all the defect lists (e.g., DFL #1-DFL #i) are written scattered throughout the data area of the BD-WO according to the data writing operations, the location information (e.g., physical sector number) of these defect lists may be stored in the LIA as part of the DDS. According to these configurations, during a data reproducing operation, a recording/reproducing device can read and refer to the DDS information written in the LIA to locate where the DFLs are located in the data area of the BD-WO. Then the DFLs can be searched to locate and reproduce data written in a replacement area corresponding to a desired area that is defective.
As shown in FIG. 5, in the first embodiment, there is no pre-assigned spare area in the data area of the BD-WO. DFLs as stored are scattered throughout the data area as the recording operations progress.
FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate the method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with a variation of the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. This variation of the first embodiment is identical to the above discussed first embodiment (FIG. 5), except that the BD-WO includes a spare area of a fixed size assigned initially to a front part (ISA) or rear end part of the data area, e.g., during the disc production. In this example, an Outer Spare Area 34 (OSA) assigned to the rear end part of the data area is shown.
In this variation, the spare area (e.g., OSA 34) has a fixed size initially, but is variable depending on the need to use the spare area during a data writing/recording operation. For instance, as defects in the data area increase, the size of the assigned spare area may be decreased because the writing of data in the data writing operation(s) is pushed into the spare area, thereby reducing the size of the spare area. That is, in this variation of the first embodiment, the spare area is assigned and used as a designated extra space for the data writing operations, and not necessarily as a replacement area onto which data of the defective area may be written using a linear replacement scheme.
For instance, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the recording size of the data area (excluding the OSA 34) is reduced according to the recording size of replacement areas (e.g., the size of replacement Clusters #2 and #4) and the size of DFLs as the defective area detecting operation and replacement writing operation are progressed. In this aspect, if the final written location of the data in the user data (excluding the OSA 34) does not protrude into the starting written location of the OSA 34 assigned at the initial stage of disc production, the recording size of the data area (excluding the OSA 34) is maintained as it is. But if the final written location of the data in the user data exceeds the starting written location of the OSA 34 assigned at the initial stage of disc production, the recording size of the user data (excluding the OSA 34) will be increased and the size of the OSA 34 will be decreased accordingly.
Thus, by assigning and using the OSA 34 having a variably reducible recording size, the recording/reproducing device 20 can minimize any error between a writable data capacity detected before starting a data writing operation and the actual writable data capacity reduced due to the presence of any defective area in the data area of the disc.
FIG. 7 illustrates a diagram showing a method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. In the second embodiment, the BD-WO includes a spare area assigned to a front part (Inner Spare Area ISA) and/or to a rear end part (Outer Spare Area OSA) of the data area. In FIG. 7, the Outer Spare Area 35 (OSA) is shown. The spare area (e.g., OSA 35) in the second embodiment is different from the spare area (e.g., OSA 34) in the first embodiment, because the spare area in the second embodiment is used as a replacement area for writing data corresponding to a defective area using a linear replacement scheme. The spare area in the second embodiment has a variable size, but can have a fixed size if desired.
Referring to FIG. 7, the recording/reproducing device 20 carries out a replacement writing operation wherein, after writing first to fifth clusters of data (Clusters #1˜#5) in succession as a first defect verify unit DVU #1 (step S10), the defective area detecting operation and the replacement writing operation are performed. If a defective area from the second cluster area (Cluster #2) is found, then the data of the second cluster is also written in an area 35a of the OSA 35 (step S22) according to a linear replacement scheme. Subsequently, if a defective area from the fourth cluster (Cluster #4) is found, then the data of the fourth cluster is written in an area 35 b of the OSA 35 (step S24) according to a linear replacement scheme. Any data on a defective area discovered in each of DVUs is rewritten in a corresponding area of the spare area such as the OSA 35 using the linear replacement scheme.
As a result, in this example, the first defect verify unit DVU# 1 has first, third, and fifth clusters (Clusters #1, #3, and #5) written normally therein and two defective areas (Clusters #2 and #4). The OSA 35 has the replacement areas 35 a and 35 b for storing therein data equal to the data of defective Clusters #2 and #4.
As in the first embodiment, the second embodiment of the invention writes the management information scattered throughout the data area of the disc once each data recording (e.g., Recording 1, Recording 2, etc.) with a temporal continuity ends. For instance, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes DFL information (i.e., DFL #1) as the management information onto an area 32 following the last DVU of Recording 1. The operation of writing management information (e.g., DFLs) and the operation of writing DDS (e.g., for fast access) are the same as those discussed in the first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates a diagram showing a method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the present invention. The third embodiment is identical to the second embodiment of the invention, except that the DFLs (management information) are not stored as scattered throughout the data area, but instead, the DFL(s) are stored within an assigned spare area such as an ISA or OSA.
As shown in FIG. 8, for example, after each data recording (e.g., Recording 1) with a temporal continuity ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL corresponding to just ended data recording, within the OSA 35. Thus, all the DFLs corresponding to different Recordings 1, 2, . . . are stored in an area of the OSA 35. In addition, the OSA 35 functions as replacement areas for storing data identical to the data of any defective area in the data area. Having the DFLs within one area such as the OSA 35 and having the replacement areas all within the OSA 35 can expedite the process of locating desired replacement areas using the DDS and DFLs.
FIG. 9 illustrates a diagram showing a method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO in accordance with a fourth preferred embodiment of the present invention. The fourth embodiment is identical to the third embodiment of the invention, except that the DFLs (management information) are written in a particular writing sector outside of the data area, for example, in the lead-in area LIA.
As shown in FIG. 9, for example, after each data recording (e.g., Recording 1) with a temporal continuity ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL corresponding to just ended data recording, within the LIA 36. Thus, all the DFLs corresponding to different Recordings 1, 2, . . . are stored in the LIA 36. In addition to the DFLs, the LIA 36 stores therein the DDS discussed in the previous embodiments. The OSA 35 still functions as replacement areas for storing data identical to the data of any defective area in the data area. Having the DFLs within one area such as the LIA 36, having the replacement areas all within the OSA 35, and/or having both the DDS and DFLs within one area such as the LIA 36 expedites the process of defect management and the process of locating desired replacement areas using the DDS and DFLs.
FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C are examples for illustrating a method for managing a defective area on a BD-WO according to a fifth preferred embodiment of the present invention. The fifth embodiment differs from the previous embodiments in that it allows a cumulative writing of DFLs. This cumulative writing of DFLs is applicable to each of the first through fourth embodiments previously discussed.
As an example, according to the fifth embodiment, FIG. 10A shows how the cumulative writing of DFLs is applied to the first and second embodiments shown in FIGS. 5-7. Referring to FIG. 10A, when a first data writing operation (e.g., Recording 1) having a temporal continuity ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #1) corresponding to the just ended, first writing operation onto a first DFL area 37 of the data area. As discussed in the first and second embodiments, the first DFL area 37 follows immediately the last DVU of the first recording area (an area of Recording 1). Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a second data writing operation (i.e., Recording 2). After the second data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #2) corresponding to the second writing operation along with the first DFL (DFL #1) onto a DFL area 38 of the data area. The second DFL area 38 follows immediately the last DVU of the second recording area (area of Recording 2). Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a third data writing operation (i.e., Recording 3). After the third data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #3) corresponding to the third writing operation along with the first and second DFLs (DFLs #1 and #2) onto a third DFL area 39 of the data area. The third DFL area 39 follows immediately the last DVU of the third recording area (area of Recording 3). This process continues for any subsequent data writing operation. Accordingly, the DFLs are cumulatively written within the data area as the data writing operations continue.
As another example, according to the fifth embodiment, FIG. 10B shows how the cumulative writing of DFLs is applied to the third embodiment shown in FIG. 8 where the DFLs are written within a spare area such as the OSA 35. Referring to FIG. 10B, when a first data writing operation (e.g., Recording 1) having a temporal continuity ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #1) corresponding to the just ended, first writing operation onto a DFL area 35 d of the OSA 35. Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a second data writing operation (i.e., Recording 2). After the second data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #2) corresponding to the second writing operation along with the first DFL (DFL #1) onto a second DFL area 35 e of the OSA 35. In this example, the second DFL area 35 e is immediately adjacent to the first DFL area 35 d. Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a third data writing operation (i.e., Recording 3). After the third data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #3) corresponding to the third writing operation along with the first and second DFLs (DFLs #1 and #2) onto a third DFL area 35 f of the OSA 35. In this example, the third DFL area 35 f follows immediately the second DFL area 35 e. This process continues for any subsequent data writing operation. Accordingly, the DFLs are cumulatively written within the spare area of the data area as the data writing operations continue.
As still another example, according to the fifth embodiment, FIG. 10C shows how the cumulative writing of DFLs is applied to the fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 9 where the DFLs are written within an area outside of the data area, e.g., a lead-in area LIA 36. Referring to FIG. 10C, when a first data writing operation (e.g., Recording 1) having a temporal continuity ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #1) corresponding to the first writing operation onto a DFL area 36 a of the LIA 36. Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a second data writing operation (i.e., Recording 2). After the second data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #2) corresponding to the second writing operation along with the first DFL (DFL #1) onto a second DFL area 36 b of the LIA 36. In this example, the second DFL area 36 b is immediately adjacent to the first DFL area 36 a. Then the recording/reproducing device 20 proceeds with a third data writing operation (i.e., Recording 3). After the third data writing operation ends, the recording/reproducing device 20 writes a DFL (DFL #3) corresponding to the third writing operation along with the first and second DFLs (DFLs #1 and #2) onto a third DFL area 36c of the LIA 36. In this example, the third DFL area 36 c follows immediately the second DFL area 36 b. This process continues for any subsequent data writing operation. Accordingly, the DFLs are cumulatively written within an area before/after the data area, such as a lead-in area as the data writing operations continue.
In the fifth embodiment, by accessing the last DFL area of a data area, a spare area or a lead-in area, the DFLs associated with all the data writing operations can be advantageously and immediately accessed. Therefore, even when the first defect list information (DFL #1) written at the time the first data writing operation (Recording 1) is not read properly, DFL #1 information can be accessed by reading any subsequent DFL information. This prevents or minimizes an occurrence of reproduction errors which may be caused by a damage to any defect list.
The application of the method for cumulative writing and managing the defect list information may be extended to other embodiments for writing and managing defect list information in addition to the foregoing various embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 3 to 9.
In the present invention, the data reproducing operation can occur currently, subsequently or prior to the data writing operation. The data writing operation can occur currently, subsequently or prior to the defect detecting operation and/or data replacement writing operation and/or the management information writing operation.
As has been described, the method and apparatus for managing a defective area on an optical disc of write once type according to the present invention read and reproduce properly a data written on a defective area of an optical disc such as BD-WO in a data reproduction by writing the data onto a spare area or other data area in place of the defective area and by managing the data associated with the defective area and the defect management data effectively. The invention also minimizes an error between a writable data capacity of a recording medium detected before starting the data writing operation and the actual writable data capacity of the recording medium reduced due to the defective area, and minimizes any occurrence of reproduction errors which may be caused by a damage to a defect list.
(e) writing onto the recording medium positional information of the defect management information.
for each of the clusters, examining data written therein and determining whether a corresponding cluster is defective based on the examination result.
writing data corresponding to a cluster of the defective area onto a replacement cluster of the spare area.
after the writing step (c) is completed for the data writing operation, writing defect list information associated with all the defective clusters of the recording area, onto the spare area.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one spare area is either an inner spare area located at a front part of the data area, or an outer spare area located at a rear end of the data area.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the defect list information includes positional information on the defective area and positional information on the replacement area of the spare area used in the writing step (c).
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the positional information includes location information of respective defect list information included in the defect management information.
a positional information associated with the defect management information.
9. The computer-readable recording medium as claimed in claim 8, wherein the positional information includes location information of respective defect list information included in the defect management information.
a controller configured to control the servo unit and the pickup to detect an existence of a defective area within the data area of the recording medium; replace the defective area with a replacement area in the spare area if the defective area is detected; write in the spare area defect management information which cumulatively includes defect list information associated with the defective area and any defect list information previously recorded in the recording medium; and control the pickup to write onto the recording medium positional information of the defect management information.
11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to control the pickup to write clusters of data onto a recording area of the data area during a data writing operation, each cluster of data being written to one of a plurality of clusters of the recording area; and for each of the clusters, the controller is configured to examine data written therein and determine whether a corresponding cluster is defective based on the examination result.
12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to replace the defective area by controlling the pickup to write, onto a replacement cluster of the spare area, data corresponding to a cluster of the defective area.
13. The apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to control the pickup to write onto the spare area defect list information associated with all the defective clusters of the recording area.
14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the at least one spare area is either an inner spare area located at a front part of the data area, or an outer spare area located at a rear end of the data area.
15. The apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the controller is configured to control the pickup to write location information of respective defect list information included in the defect management information as the positional information.


text:
Q: not able to transfer all valuesof particular selected row in datagrid view to another form I have done like this for sending gridview row values from one form to another
i have datagrid view with columns productdescription , productimage , productname
my main aim is if, i select the image cell in datagridview the selected image and the values of row which row has that image need to send to another form ...
in the below code only image will be transferred to another form i need to send another values also ...
i have searched a lot but i didnot find any solution.. and the code is given below....
      private void productGridview_Cellclick(object sender, DataGridViewCellEventArgs e)
      {
        byte[] bits = null;
        Image img = null;

            if (e.ColumnIndex != productgridview.Columns["productimage"].Index) return;

            if (productgridview.SelectedCells.Count == 0) return;

            bits = (byte[])productgridview.SelectedCells[0].Value;
            img = bytearraytoimage(bits);

            if (img is Image)
            {
                using (ProductDescriptionForm pf = new ProductDescriptionForm())
                {
                    pf.picture = img;

                    pf.ShowDialog(this);
                }
            }

    }

and in productdescription form i have defined like this ...
   public partial class ProductDescriptionForm : Form
   {
     public ProductDescriptionForm()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }

    public Image picture
    {
        get { return pictureBox1.Image; }
        set { pictureBox1.Image = value; }
    }

}

how do i transfer other values in the same row  that has the image to another form
I am using winforms....
many thanks in advance....
do i need to change the cell click event to row click event ?????
if so , how do i check the particular cell with image in datagridview
would any suggestions any bit of code would be helpful to me

A: This doesn't sound from object orientated but hey;
@marshal thanq for ur help i got the answer ..see my answer int selectedrowindex= productgridview.SelectedCells[0].RowIndex; DataGridViewRow selectedRow = productgridview.Rows[selectedrowindex]; string desc = Convert.ToString(selectedRow.Cells["productdescr"].Value); by using above statements i got the values and I transferred to another form... – user852714

A: I have solved My problem by using the following way
int selectedrowindex= productgridview.SelectedCells[0].RowIndex;
DataGridViewRow selectedRow = productgridview.Rows[selectedrowindex];
string desc = Convert.ToString(selectedRow.Cells["productdescr"].Value);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Lynne Maquat, from the University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, in New York, US, focuses on RNA decay pathways, and in particular in the so-called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or mRNA surveillance, a system that surveys all newly synthesized mRNAs. Her work has uncovered unexpected relationships between long noncoding RNAs and transposable elements in RNA decay pathways.Her studies try to uncover and understand the mRNP proteins, translation factors and nucleases that trigger NMD in order to help in the design of therapies for nonsense-generated diseases.
She has been invited by Rory Johnson (CRG).


text:
Geocache Types and Additional GPS Based Gameplay
Discs set in concrete posts
By MSchwiebert, September 26, 2018 in Benchmarking
MSchwiebert 0
When a datasheet states the disc is "mounted in a concrete post" , generally speaking how much bigger is the top of the post than the disc? There are several markers near me that were mounted that way in the 1930's ( usually along railroad tracks) and haven't been recovered since. Unfortunately, many of the location descriptions that were entered at the time the marker was set are also of limited use (distance from a railroad code line pole - which most railroads have removed years ago, or distance from one of the rail heads when the track can be shifted a bit when new ballast is put in, etc.). In other words if the post is only an inch or so larger than the disc - with nothing else to work with, its going to take a "golden bb shot" with a soil probe to find it! I'm hoping that those older marks are like the one in the attached photo that was placed in 1947 where there's at least a fighting chance with the concrete around it.
Bill93 7
There are poured-in-place bench mark posts, which around here usually had the top formed to about a foot square, and mostly done in 1934. By 1935 many were precast and maybe 6 inches square at the top. Triangulation stations typically were poured, round, and at least a foot diameter. You may find exceptions, but a given level run probably had all its posts made the same way, so compare others in the same run.
A treasure-finder type of metal detector is a valuable tool to tell you where to probe. Ferrous/non-ferrous discrimination is almost necessary around railroads due to the proliferation of discarded hardware and sometimes iron-bearing slag used for ballast.
foxtrot_xray 2
Keep in mind -
Railroads are *private* property, and very dangerous. At worst, you can get killed. If caught, you will get ticketed or fined or locked up.
(This is coming from a railroader.)
Metal detector comments apply to abandoned railroads that have been turned into trails, also.
4 hours ago, foxtrot_xray said:
I understand, I lived next to an active rail line for 17 years and my older brother was a track inspector for 10.
mloser 0
If the disks are in concrete posts by a railroad, chances are they are well off the right of way, so you should be okay (safety wise. You may still be on railroad property). All the 1930s and 1940s bench marks (elevation) that I have searched for are in the precast posts, which are about 6 inches square, like Bill93 said. I started benchmarking with just a probe and had decent luck. I added a very check metal detector that helped immensely very quickly though.
A note about the rails--most of the time they can't move rails much to the side because of clearances, so they should still be very close to the original measurement. Fractional mileposts and other removed things are another issue. I have often found the bases of telegraph poles, which has helped, and if you find references to rail lengths, 36 feet is pretty standard for mid-century rail length (it fit on a flat car).
If you provide some more information (PIDs, etc) we may be able to give some guidance.
My experience is similar to mloser's. If a post was placed at a road/railroad crossing it is nearly always far enough from the rail that you won't get hit by a train, and occasionally posts were added near the fence where there wasn't a road. Around here we have such a rectangular grid of roads and enough bridges and culverts that it usually wasn't necessary to set a post between roads. But the majority along a rail line are at the bridges and culverts only a few feet from the rail. If it's windy and no reason for them to whistle nearby, you might not hear the train until it is right there. And even if quiet and the inspection truck sneaks up on you, it could mean trouble. If I can see those marks in a quick look they can get reported, but I won't be digging dirt and ballast at a bridge on an active line or doing a GPS session that close.
I thought 39 ft was the most common length for jointed rail. You can't be certain the joints are where they were in 1935, but if it gives "rails from the crossing" or from a signal the distance can help. Most of the major lines have since gone to welded rail which provides you no measurement. When we rode the train from Chicago to Arizona I'd gotten used to the feel of the train with some sway but not a lot of clickity-clack and then we hit the middle of Kansas where apparently jointed rail remains. Quite a difference in ride and noise.
Distance from the nearest rail or center of the rails is a good indication, usually within a foot or two unless the line was re-done to add a set of tracks.
If using height relative to the track, remember that many rail lines have been built up by added ballast, sometimes a foot or two since the bench marks were put in.
The most common distance measure in old descriptions along railroads is "poles" which was a count of telegraph poles. If you can find some evidence of poles remaining anywhere in the area you can estimate the spacing along that line. Many were 40 to the mile (132 ft) but maybe longer and certainly shorter (e.g., 44/mile) in some areas. But extra poles could have been added especially around signals, stations, or rivers. There is a recreation trail near here that still has many poles standing at 132 ft spacing.
Sometimes distances are relative to the mile posts. If you are lucky they haven't moved significantly, but when mergers happen the mile numbering sometimes is re-done. If you can get acquainted with a railfan (otherwise known to the crews as a FRN) in your area they might be able to show you old collectable track charts with the mile numbering on culverts and bridges closer to the date of the bench marks, which is a great guide but not necessarily to high precision.
HistoricAerials.com is another great resource for figuring out where road crossing and former track lines used to be. There is one mark I reported as NF because it wasn't visible and I wasn't going to dig that close to the tracks. But looking at the old aerials I now think it likely the scaled coordinates at an existing crossing were a half mile off and the named whistle stop and mark were at a former crossing that is no longer there. That would depend on someone misreading a handwritten 4.7 miles as 4.2 miles, which seems conceivable.
So gather your data, history sources, and evaluate the situation.
Thanks everyone for the additional input! Here's a little additional detail. The image is a screen grab from the Data Explorer with the markers in question. This is in Northwest Ohio (Henry County) and the PID#'s are (from Left to Right) MD0156, MD0157, MD0158, MD0159 & MD0160. When the markers were placed (1934 for MD0156,MD0158 & MD0160 & 1963 for MD0157 & MD0159) the adjacent rail line was a Wabash RR secondary line that ran from Fort Wayne to Toledo. (Today it's the Napoleon, Defiance & Western RR Where things start to get interesting is that the original mileposts referenced (wood with mileage to Toledo on one side, Mileage to St. Louis on the other) were replaced some time after last recovery in 1963, for those placed in 1934 and after the others were placed. What I don't know yet is if they were simply replaced, or if there was any "adjustment" to get rid of "short miles". (I didn't have my GPS with me the day I went poking around to try to find them). Add to it that it has been 55 years and the rail line and adjacent property wasn't maintained the best (this you tube video shows some of the route where these markers are) so it's got it's challenges. The good news is that the soil is a sandy mix, so it's not too bad pushing a probe in, but I don't know how well a metal detector would work.
Further advice on railroad directions: When the crew wrote the descriptions they usually assumed some overall direction for the railroad and did NOT use a compass.
So for MD0156, the railroad is described as running west. Thus their south is perpendicular to the tracks and not actual south, etc. It looks on Google Earth like the crossing may still be in use, so you have pretty good places to measure for that one even if the milepost has changed. You might want to confirm the crossing location on historicaerials.com
MD0157 has HH1 coordinates, which means somebody found it much more recently but did not submit a recovery to NGS. I checked the OPUS Share list and find that the Ohio DOT submitted GPS measurements on it. The cm-level GPS data automatically gets put on the data sheet as HH1 quality, since it isn't quite up to full standards for full 5-digit coordinates. This one should be a slam dunk to find.
https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS/getDatasheet.jsp?PID=MD0157
MD0158 has a 2006 GC log saying the milepost is there but they couldn't find the disk. Could be the metal detector is needed, if the weeds and brush aren't too thick to swing it. It's a little unusual that his coordinates are east of the data sheet values. When using the data sheet SCALED coordinates remember that when they took them off the map they TRUNCATED so if the mark on the map was perfect the location is within about 100 ft north and west of those coordinates. But if the mark was made by measuring miles from a station, it could have been somewhat less than perfect itself, as noted for one of the other mileposts along here.
MD0159 has HH2 coordinates taken from a GC log in 2006. GE doesn't show any obvious changes between the road and RR, so I'd say the finding chances are good.
MD0160 was reported on GC in 2006 as probably destroyed, as they found what looked like part of the post and no disk. Note that they mentioned the milepost, so that is encouraging for the others.
49 minutes ago, Bill93 said:
Thanks so much for the additional info! I do have a bit more optimism now. Now I just need to make another trip out there :-)
Z15 4
If the disks are in concrete posts by a railroad, chances are they are well
off the right of way, so you should be okay (safety wise. You may still be on railroad property).
There is no difference, all railroad property is right of way and the same goes for highways. You have no idea what other dangers are there, gas lines for instance, buried cables. I worked 30 yrs for the DOT as a Survey Technician and even for us to go upon RR property, we were required to notify the RR dispatch and get the OK. With today's nature of things most RR's have patrols out ahead of the trains and if they see you, they will not hesitate to call authorities and they don't give warnings, its a federal statute.
You might not think a buried cable can't get you in trouble? I know a surveyor for local county highway dept who would tell you otherwise. They were doing some road once along county road. All the utilities were supposed to be located and marked. An piece of equipment accident hit a cable and within minutes police from the nearby Air Force (SAC) descended upon them in full force. He said there is nothing like having a boot in the middle of your back and M16 pointed to the back of your head with your face on the ground. Someone messed with the marking so as to cause problems, they cut the major communication cable to the base which was a top secret location. Nevertheless it took the better part of the day before they were released from custody once the USAF police were confident they were not sabatouers, the USAF police take the job extremely serious and so does the RR.
They might shoot first, and ask questions later. LOL
Edited October 10, 2018 by Z15

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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1 Spanners: Hey, I just checked the result of the Galactic Cup Final between the Rubilith Reds and the Acropolis Titans, to confirm we're in the right timestream.
3 Spanners: Turns out it was a draw. First time in history.
4 Serron: Dang! I should have put money on that! The payout odds were a million to one!
We all know what happens with million-to-one odds.
In realistic terms, of course, no bookmaker would ever offer odds that long, even on things they are sure won't happen. Mainly because the odds of the opposite outcome would need to be quoted to provide a payout of less than $1,000,001 for a $1,000,000 bet (i.e a million-to-one-on) and the bookmaker would need to get at least as many people taking up that bet as the million-to-one bet in order to be guaranteed to turn a profit if their "sure thing" turns out to be wrong. Which just ain't gonna happen.
Last Modified: Wednesday, 28 September 2011; 03:11:01 PST.


Discussion in 'Web & Email' started by JFlattum, Jul 24, 2006.
Recently Internet Explorer has bogged down on me. Pages will load but not on the first try. I frequently have to use the back button then try again. Some pages load on first try but very slowly.
The most recent change is that I added the SETI software and wondered if this is eating up resources or affecting the browser in some way.
I have Norton Internet Security and use Adaware on a regular basis.
I know very little about security and firewall configuration.
In IE Options>Connections>LAN settings, I have Automatically Detect settings checked.
In the Advanced Tab, I have SSL 2.0, SSL 3.0, and TLS 1.0 all checked.
In Tools>Pop Up Blocker, I turned off the pop-up blocker, but this was just done and hasn't been tested long enough to know how much it will help.
I clear Cookies and Temp Internet Files regularly.
This problem doesn't happen all the time. Sometimes pages load at normal speed (for my connection).
I'm connected wirelessly using a Sony Viao laptop with a 1.73GHz processor.
I've had this problem before on a desktop computer with a much faster processor. However, I don't remember what was done to correct the problem.
I'll be glad to submit any reports, logs, etc. required.
I have Sandra Lite 2007 but have never used it.