text:
Pakistan v Hindustan: A Military Fact-Checking Exercise
On the occasion of Defence Day of Pakistan, we've decided to do a short comparison of the Air, Land and Naval forces of Pakistan against those of our rival, India. From failed tank designs, laughable missile 'capability' to dud nuclear devices, it turns out Pakistan has done well for itself despite arms embargoes and sanctions from countries that have been lining up to offer their equipment to India. Its never wise to underestimate your foe – however this is intended to be a reality check for the hawks accross the border who wondered why India didn't attack Pakistan in the aftermath of Mumbai. At the same time, we intend to let those Pakistanis know who wonder if we'll be able to survive a conventional war with India, that ALLAH is our protector.
On paper, India has a much higher number of weapons and equipment, but when the chips are down, its weaknesses are exposed. A case in point was the 2001 mobilisation of troops on the border following the farcically staged attack on the Indian parliament. It went very badly for the Indian army. At the cost of billions of dollars to the poverty-stricken Indian masses, the Army took several months to mobilise, and even when it did, it was in no position whatsoever to launch any kind of attack. The infantry proved to be less than ready, with dozens being killed in 'friendly-fire' attacks, and many taking their own lives due to 'stress'. The armoured vehicles were in a gross state of disrepair and the organisation was chaotic. The whole charade turned out to be more of an exercise in vanity and bluster than actual military sense.
The Pakistani response could not have been more different. Multiple Army Corps were mobilised within days and dispatched to the border efficiently and quietly. Equipment was readied and the determined troops stood their ground, ready to defend Pak Sarzameen. Pakistani officers could only look on in surprise at the antics across the border. Eventually, India decamped and withdrew having wasted billions on yet another useless adventure. But they should have known that attempting to intimidate and demoralise the Pakistan Army is an exercise in futility.
Pakistan was well prepared and its soldiers befitted with high morale. A great deal of credit for this goes to Pakistan's defence production facilities which have done a very impressive job of equipping the large Army. Pakistan's defence facilities produce almost every kind of weapon and ordinance that a modern army requires, from main battle tanks like the Al Khalid to infantry assault rifles like the venerable G3. Pakistan has no need to import equipment and is self-sufficient in the production of high-tech weaponry to international standards. The measure of the quality of products is proved by the fact that Pakistan in 2006 exported over $300 million dollars worth of high-tech arms to friendly countries, by far outstripping the pathetic arms exports of India. Pakistani defence companies, public and private, have built a solid reputation in the global arms market.
India on the other hand suffers from a defence industry that is laughable in its ability to deliver. The long-anticipated (over forty years to be exact) Arjun tank turned out to be a complete failure, its designers somehow overlooking the elementary fact that it was too wide to be transported by train and therefore useless. In addition, in recent exercises it suffered from numerous malfunctions that lead the Indian army to wash their hands of it and order over a thousand Russian T-90 tanks off the shelf from Russia instead. The Indian Government, always keen to save face, forced the army to buy a few token Arjun tanks (christened ar-junk by critics). The Arjun fiasco is perhaps the most famous example of fantastically expensive Indian defence catastrophes, but by no means is this an isolated occurence. Almost every piece of equipment conceived by the mad scientists of the infamous and ironically named DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation) has failed. In fact, the DRDO has produced more flops than Sunny Deol, and that's saying something.
While the Indian army lurches from one rebellion to another, the Pakistan Army is efficient and highly organised, capable of applying deadly force to the nations enemies. The recent Army actions in Malakand and Swat are clear examples of the Army's sound capabilities as it completely eliminated the TTP from entrenched positions within a matter of weeks. Such a feat of counter-insurgency is unprecedented. The Sri Lankan military was unable to pacify the Tamils for over 40 years and the Indian army, in spite of its brutal methods, is still regularly humiliated at the hands of the Kashmiri Mujahideen, Naxalites and countless other separatist rebel groups that have sprung up to challenge the so-called 'biggest democracy in the world'.
Commensurate with its vain plans for regional domination, India has built a navy along the lines of the USN and Royal Navy. Thus it possesses dozens of surface ships of all kinds, destroyers, frigates and even an aircraft carrier. What the Indian naval brass haven't realised yet is that the world has moved on without them, and in this age of anti-ship cruise and ballistic missiles, its large surface fleet has been reduced to a series of easy targets. Since the advent of the anti-ship cruise and ballistic missile, building a massive surface fleet is not only incredible expensive, it is incredibly stupid. No surface vessel in existence today is capable of avoiding a land based, air launched or sea launched saturation missile attack – not even the most high-tech American vessels. Put it this way, it would only take a small $50 million missile boat, carrying 4-8 primitive Harpoon style missiles to sink an aircraft carrier worth many billions. And if there is one thing the Pakistan Navy does not lack, it is missiles.
The Soviets knew this, and so they restricted their surface fleet and concentrated on submarine warfare, and the German Kriegsmarine circa WW2 knew this too. They relied on masses of U-boats to control the seas, not expensive surface vessels that would be more of a liability than a benefit. While the Indian Navy has gone down the foolhardy path, the Pakistani Naval brass have been far wiser. Knowing that they cannot match India in numbers, they have concentrated on securing territorial waters and securing sea lanes via high-tech submarines. The acquisition of the Augusta 90-B was a major step in the upgradation of the submarine fleet, and this is soon to be followed by the purchase of several German U-214 boats. This type is the most modern and sophisticated conventional diesel submarine in the world and far outstrips anything in the Indian arsenal. This has been supplemented by the purchase of small Chinese and possible Turkish frigates and large numbers of anti-ship missiles of the air launched and sea-launched variety. Pakistan is also proficient in the building of the only vessel it makes any sense to construct these days – the small missile-launching patrol boat.
The most important factor for a Navy is balance. This is what gives a Navy the ability to respond to any threat – a variety of vessels in small but not overwhelming numbers that can be utilised well. While the Indian Navy is bloated and suffers from a critical shortage of usable, serviceable ships and a submarine fleet in an appalling state of disrepair and neglect, the Pakistan Navy has capitalised on its strengths while minimising its weaknesses. If war were to break out tomorrow, the Indian navy, in spite of its superior numbers, would not dare to approach Pakistani territorial waters for fear of undetectable submarines lurking below and lethal cruise missiles raining overhead. Under those circumstances, being the absolute liability that it is, their vaunted but ultimately useless Indian aircraft carrier would most likely set sail at full steam – back to port.
The Pakistani air force is probably the most beloved of the nations three armed services. It has fought valiantly and heroically in all the wars it has partcipated in and faced down an enemy many times its size and capability. What it lacks in high-tech fighter jets it makes up for in ingenious tactics, meaning that Pakistani air force pilots are renowned the world over for their skill and bravery. Despite the technological gap, it is the emphasis on training and discipline and peak professionalism that gives Pakistani pilots the clear edge over their Indian adversaries.
In every single war, the Pakistan air force has outperformed the Indian air force and thus cemented its place in the nations imagination. It is the only air force in the world to have a 100% strike rate against the Israeli air force – a feat no Arab nation could achieve. As a result, today Pakistani pilots are invited to train the cadets and pilots of other air forces around the world and cadets from dozens of countries come to study at the 'Top Gun' style Pakistan Air Force Academy.
The Indians may have superior jets like the Russian Su-30 MKI, but Pakistan is catching up fast. The acquisition of the F-16 Block 50 from the US and the Chinese FC-20 will transform Pakistan Air force into a technological force to be reckoned with. This will be greatly helped by the induction of over 250 JF-17 multi-role jets co-produced with the Chinese. These will form the backbone of the air force for decades to come, replacing existing older aircraft.
While Indian pilots crash their poorly serviced planes by the dozens, Pakistani engineers have worked wonders in preserving and servicing the Air Force through times when parts and spares were difficult to come by due to sanctions. India is spending multiple billions on upgrading its fleet and is due to import hundreds of the latest fighter jets through its MRCA tender, but Pakistan is not standing still either. By 2015, the Pakistani Air Force will be revolutionised. Regardless of Indian belligerence, the induction of modern fighters, AWACS surveillance planes and upgraded air defence systems will make the skies over Pakistan impregnable.
Pakistan's missiles are the envy of the world. Possessing both liquid-fuelled and the more useful solid-fuelled missiles, Pakistan has the entire region within range and most importantly, all of India. With short-range battlefield types all the way to the 3,500km Shaheen II, all of Pakistan's missiles are field tested and operational and capable of 'pinpoint' accuracy. This is in marked contrast to the Indian missile programme that has known only a succession of humiliating and expensive failures. Recent reports from India indicated that of all of its claimed missile types, only the short-range Prithvi missile is operational and ready for war. The rest suffer from malfunctions and defects that have yet to be corrected. This embarrassing revelation is particularly painful to Indians if the Indian missile program was contrasted with its Pakistani equivalent.
Pakistan wins on all counts. Not only is it ahead, but it is widening the gap by developing longer range missiles that go into ICBM (inter-continental) range along with more advanced and powerful nuclear warheads. But the most exciting development by far in the ballistic missile field are the reliable reports that Pakistan is developing next generation missiles in the form of MIRV (multiple independent re-entry vehicles). As the name suggests, this allows multiple independent warheads to be deployed from the same missile, effectively disabling any possible anti-ballistic missile threats. It allows the devastation of the missile to be massively multiplied without significant increases in missile numbers. This technology is expected to be deployed on the Shaheen III and later types.
In addition to the ballistic missile arsenal, Pakistan is also way ahead when it comes to cruise missiles. When the now 700km range Babur was tested in 2005, the world was stunned and Indian commentators were left catatonic. Especially considering the fact that the Babur was produced in-country with no outside assistance save for a stray US Tomahawk missile or two. The Indians have no equivalent missile, and instead rely on the Brahmos import from Russia. The Brahmos is supersonic, but what it makes up for in speed it loses in agility and accuracy. While the Brahmos makes for good bollywood style PR, the Babur, and now the air launched Ra'ad are far more suitable for wartime, being cheaper, more flexible and more accurate. Longer range versions are being developed, particularly anti-ship varieties that will hunt down and sink 'white elephants' in the Indian ocean – the Indian surface fleet.
NUCLEAR CAPABILITY & DETERRANCE
Recent reports that the Indian nuclear of 1998 were 'fizzles' only confirms what the world already knows – India is far behind Pakistan when it comes to nuclear weapons technology and weaponisation. This has been confirmed not only by Western analysts but also by the Indians themselves. Started in 1972, the Pakistani nuclear programme has resulted today in an arsenal of over 200 nuclear warheads of both the highly-enriched Uranium and Plutonium varieties with the capacity to produce around 50 more each year.
Pakistan's first nuclear tests were in May 1998, when six warheads were tested. It is reported that the yields from these tests were 12kt, 30 to 35kt and four low-yield (below 1 kt) tests. From these tests Pakistan can be estimated to have developed operational warheads of 20 to 25kt and 150kt in the shape of low weight compact designs and may have 300–500kt large-size warheads. Plutonium warheads are more operationally deployable with only 2–4 kg of plutonium needed for the same device that would need 20–25 kg of U-235. The low-yield weapons are probably in nuclear bombs carried on fighter-bombers such as the Dassault Mirage III and fitted to Pakistan's short-range ballistic and cruise missiles, while the higher-yield warheads are probably fitted to the Shaheen and Ghauri series of ballistic missiles.
The sixth Pakistani nuclear test (May 30, 1998) at Kharan was a successful test of a sophisticated, compact, but powerful bomb designed to be carried by missiles. And that was over 10 years ago. The advancements in miniaturisation technology since then have been astounding. The plutonium based nuclear weapons are now reportedly being spiked with tritium. Only a few grams of tritium can result in an increase of the explosive yield by 300% to 400%. Pakistan has also built hard and deeply buried storage and launch facilities to retain a second strike capability in a nuclear war, as well as road-mobile missiles, air defences around strategic sites, and concealment measures.
India is no match for Pakistan when it comes to courage, professionalism and most importantly a 'mission' – to make Pakistan a force that will bring Jusice and Peace to humanity, for all times to come. The future belongs to this great nation and it's emenies will soon become irrelevant.
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The Managers and Supervisors Manual is intended as a useful reference guide for use by managers and supervisors of State of Iowa employees.
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LaBeouf sent the right wing protester packing.
It is part of a touring exhibition featuring sixteen paintings.
Jaden Smith was the first participant.
Fifteen large-scale works are on view in Mayfair.
The appointees span the worlds of art and finance.
British PM Theresa May confirms single market exit but MPs will vote on deal.
Humeau will also have a solo exhibition at Zurich's Museum Haus Konstruktiv.
The country has also invited many national cultural institutions to take part.
The gallery has also appointed Christie's Jonathan Laib as director.
A fire, a flood, and the threat of terrorism kept visitors away.


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Black Clover Chapter 388 Review – Yami's Sister Revealed!!?
This chapter, black clover Chapter 338, gives more details about the Land of the Rising Sun's people. We also have a glimpse of the difference between a Kingdom of Clover and this continent is different from the homeland of Yami, so let's go.
First, let me say that you are welcome to comment on anime manga reviews, spoilers, and theories.
Black Clover Chapter 388: Review
This chapter contains a lot of great information about the culture, people, and history of the land under the rising sun. This chapter has 17 pages. However, it is clear that Tabitha did an amazing job drawing from the pages I could see. I do have an idea of what's going on.
of what's going on as well as the fact that the black clover has a big scene in the upcoming jump Festa. You can also expect some basic news and the movie. And maybe, you'll see the return of the anime.
Sorry for the poor writing, but I believe I read that her name was Ishika. that's how you pronounce the name of the woman who is with Asta and Ryua who is Yami's little sister, it's… it's crazy, I mean you could sell it for like death there.
Who is she exactly? and Yami also appeared, so the beginning of the chat was basically to understand where he is, he tries to get to the bottom of it, he realizes that Ryua doesn't seem to have has a lot of magic power, it seems he tells Rio and then the girl next to him. of him, the woman looking stern, gets really angry, she's like "How dare you? A foreigner insults the Shogun Asta who is… his old selfie, he thinks out loud but it's cool that the ASA shows up in the city by the Shogun and Oscar literally asks what a shogun is and says it's like the wizard king of your kingdom.
Your kingdom's wizard king? It's kind of interesting that Ryua knows all this hasta stuff, I wonder what his eyes are for, his eyes give him all this information. Wow, he knows so much about Asta.
Asta if you see ASA doing a lot of like sightseeing, he has like reminiscences of Yuna as a child and his sister Lily also doing sightseeing, he remembers that sister Lily is not a Paladin so he… starts to understand what's going on what's going on, little flashes of the past.
He's actually suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, so it's all very interesting because the fact that Asta sees what just happened to him and he's trying to figure out how to move forward, he still can't deal with what happened to him.
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it's like where you said you were just heartbroken and the person you consider a goal literally tried to kill you so it must be very hard for us right now to be in a country so far away and also to see this incredible country but remembering that he barely survived a mortal wound and the person he loves not only didn't love him but also wants him dead. Rio tells him he shouldn't ask about Lucius. He says that Lucius will attack them first.
I'm telling you, there's something about this eye. We found out that they don't use grimoires in the land where the Rising Sun is located.
They use scrolls and they don't have mana. it looks like they have witchcraft, I said before that in the predictions and many posts that the Land of the Rising Sun would have no Mana, I didn't think they were going to use Mana. I thought they were going to use some kind of another energy system and it looks like it's another energy system. It was going to be used together with the key.
Based on what I understood through the translations. another energy source so I don't know if it's the key or not, but apparently. it's sorcery instead of using magic instead of using magic in the land of the rising sun. use sorcery and scrolls, which…
it's great and it confirms that Yami, his grimoire from the kingdom of Clover is something weird and I'm telling you that the dark magic that he has is not coming from him, it's coming from something that Lucius most likely implanted in him without Yami knowing it You know there's something going on with Yami's magic and I think this chapter confirms that a little bit more. in my opinion, we also see a lot of…
what seems to be abandonment causing mayhem and we see the bandits' swords with wind or something coming out of the swords, so it seems like with this sorcery power they can use their swords to further weaponize this source of power, so basically, all I was thinking in my prediction posts is what happens, I just thought it was going to be that it was going to be more to do with them using the key and of course that's just a spoiler so it's not going to be like a one hundred percent, the officials will probably make it more clear.
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But it's interesting to see how different the kingdom of Clover realm is from the land of the Rising Sun, they're very far from what we know, so it's not so surprising that they're using another source of power, it's cool that they're using instead of grimoires because basically a lot of literature in Japanese, especially from the time it seems like it's when Japan was isolated, that's what I guess in the land of the rising sun.
Rising Sun is now very isolated. Japan was isolated in that period. Their culture was closed to other cultures so it is understandable that they prefer girls over books. Remorse is more Westernized.
It's very interesting that they use scrolls so with a group of dropouts, it's very interesting that a woman who has been with the Shogun in Asta. Asta is strong and a tough character. She attacks the bandits, and they laugh at her. But I think she uses the key to fight these dropouts because you see her and she just attacks the bandits but it's not only not only she attacks these bandits but it looks like she moves so fast that she leaves an image afterwards of where she was because she hits all the other bandits from what I understand, they basically explain her power but I think either she or Ryua says "look".
You can also see that she has a black black aura. This black Aura is what makes her stand out from the rest. I don't know what this black war is, I think it definitely has something to do with Ki but like I said I knew they were going to use Ki. In the sense of fighting, as I mentioned before. You can use the key in many forms of martial arts.
Japan has many martial arts. Jujutsu is the most popular. Karate also has many aspects. It would be great if we could learn movements similar to karate. Will be perfecting her sword skills and the wrench, as well as all other aspects that go with it. This woman has been on the side of the Shogun just made it epic I'm really excited, you know, because Asa said he didn't feel like there was any Mana coming from Ryu from what I understand if this woman is that powerful and she's really subordinate or she's following Ryu in a sense. Ryu is extremely strong.
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His strength is going to be crazy seeing all this I think it's great we after this training is just going to be another level I can't wait to see how he how he uses anti-magic going forward No matter what Aura did I think it's that this is going to be Assa's way of fighting without using Mana or anti-magic obviously honest is going to have anti-magic because of Liebe but you know…
Asta without anti-magic should be able to fight in a sense as well as just using swords, so it's like if the black Aura that is used for not these bands and sell Asta will become a master at it. look once he applies the anti-magic with when he uses Libey's power it's going to be epic it's interesting to think about because maybe it has something to do with Asta because from what it seems Ryua and the others don't have mana, they have sorcery powers.
They have witchcraft powers, is it possible that Asta's father is from the land of the rising sun because we still don't know who Asta's father is, is it possible that Asta doesn't have mana. is because he mixed with someone from the land of the rising sun, who are people who don't use Mana. All of this is really…
Amazing how Tabata is so excited to share information and encourages us all to ask questions. the training is going to be epic and we… at the end of the training will be another level. another level but yeah that's basically what I meant, thank you so much for watching, let me know what you think about the spoilers and what you think about this post, do you think the Black Aura has something to do with the key.
You think it's possible that Asta is using anti-magic with this key. that because Asa was born with Mano, it's possible that his father is from the Land of the Rising Sun which is a place that apparently doesn't use doesn't use Mana but something witchy.
Are you sure Asta would be eligible for a scroll if the father is from the Land of the Rising Sun? Comment if you enjoyed the post.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you've looked into options for different types of rewards credit cards, you probably realized something very quickly: there are many, many different brands of cards available, with many different terms for earning and redeeming rewards.
For people looking to apply for the best rewards credit card out there, it can be frustrating and confusing to try to figure out the which one is truly the best. How many do you need, anyway? Should you get one rewards card for earning frequent flyer miles, and a different one for cash back, and a third for earning points that you can use to subscribe to magazines or trade in for gift cards?
A signup bonus. When you apply for a new credit card, it's nice to get a reward right away. Many rewards credit cards offer a huge amount of points or miles up front, as an incentive to sign up for the card. Usually, you need to make a purchase, or spend a certain amount of money on the card, in order to get the reward. This could mean making one purchase, or it could mean spending $3,000 in the first three months you have the card. But getting that initial reward is one of the best things about applying for a new rewards credit card, so be sure to look for a good one.
Easy redemptions. There's no point earning rewards points if you can't figure out how to redeem for something. Find a card with an easy to navigate online rewards center, so you can trade in those points for cash back, gift cards, merchandise and more.
Flexible reward options. Some credit cards allow you to exchange your reward points for frequent flyer miles from different airlines, or hotel points good at different chains. It's nice to have plenty of different options for redeeming rewards. Another thing that helps is if the points never expire, so look for that too as you shop around for that perfect rewards credit card you'll use all the time.


Now Reading: The Heist (Fox & O'Hare #1) | After reading the Knight & Moon books I was curious about this series. It's been a somewhat of a roller coaster ride when it comes to reading Janet Evanovich. Expectations: An Adventure. Because that's what you expect when you read a book, right?


Question Number and Text OF57G : Which ones? Anything else?
Question Number and Text OF58 : About how much in total do you owe?
Question Number and Text OF59A : Would it amount to 500 pounds or more?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY = -1) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not know how much.
Question Number and Text OF59B : Would it amount to 1500 pounds or more?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY = -1 AND ODEBTC1 = 1) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not know how much but it is more than 500.
Question Number and Text OF59C : Would it amount to 5,000 pounds or more?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY = -1 AND ODEBTC1 = 1 AND ODEBTC2 = 1) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not know how much but it is more than 1500.
Question Number and Text OF59D : Would it amount to 10,000 pounds or more?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY = -1 AND ODEBTC1 = 1 AND ODEBTC3 = 1) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not know how much but it is more than 5000.
Question Number and Text OF59E : Would it amount to 100 pounds or more?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY = -1 AND ODEBTC1 = 2) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not know how much but it is less than 500.
Question Number and Text OF60 : Are these financial commitments in your sole name only, jointly held with someone else or do you have both sole and joint commitments?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY NE -2) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not refuse to give total.
Question Number and Text OF60B : Who is the person you have these joint financial commitments with?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY NE -2 AND ODEBTSJ = 2 OR 3) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not refuse to give total of which some/all are held jointly.
Question Number and Text OF61 : About how much of the amount outstanding is your sole commitment?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY NE -2 AND ODEBTSJ = 3) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not refuse to give total of which some are held jointly.
Question Number and Text OF62 : Can you tell me approximately what your personal share of the total amount outstanding is?
Question Route IF (ODEBT = 1 AND ODEBTY NE -2 AND ODEBTSJ = 3 AND ODEBTSK = -8) Asked if R owes money on any of things listed (Showcard 58) and did not refuse to give total of which some are held jointly but does not know how much is sole commitment.
Question Number and Text OF64 : People organise their household finances in different ways. Which of the methods on this card (40) comes closest to the way you organise yours? It doesn't have to fit exactly - just choose the nearest one. You can just tell me which letter applies.
Note At Wave Four the high number of 'Other' responses to this set of questions led to the category 'Paid help only' being coded separately and given the value 4, 'Other' recoded to 5. This extra category was formalised into the questions at Wave Six. At Wave Two, there is only one summary question on domestic division of labour, OHUDOES, where the response categories differ.
Note See note for OHUBUYS.
Question Number and Text OF67 : Interviewer Check: (HOUSEHOLD GRID) Are there child(ren) aged 12 or under living in the household?
Question Number and Text OF69 : About how many hours do you spend on housework in an average week, such as time spent cooking, cleaning and doing the laundry?
Question Number and Text OF70 : Do you normally have access to a car or van that you can use whenever you want to?
Note Question re-worded after Wave One.
Question Number and Text OF71 : Do you personally have a mobile phone?
Question Number and Text OF72 : Do you think children born today will face a very different world than you did when you were growing up?
Note A coding frame for this variable, with notes, appears in Volume A.
Note See note for ODFWLD1.
Question Number and Text OS1A : Have you recently....been able to concentrate on whatever you're doing?
Question Number and Text OS1B : Have you recently....lost much sleep over worry?
Note See note for OGHQA.
Question Number and Text OS1C : Have you recently....felt that you were playing a useful part in things?
Question Number and Text OS1D : Have you recently....felt capable of making decisions about things?
Question Number and Text OS1E : Have you recently....felt constantly under strain?
Question Number and Text OS1F : Have you recently....felt you couldn't overcome your difficulties?
Question Number and Text OS1G : Have you recently....been able to enjoy your normal day-to- day activities?
Question Number and Text OS1H : Have you recently....been able to face up to problems?
Question Number and Text OS1I : Have you recently....been feeling unhappy or depressed?
Question Number and Text OS1J : Have you recently....been losing confidence in yourself?


This exclusive tour takes visitors from the hectic city of Hanoi, complete with stately French colonial buildings and a bustling Old Quarter, to the natural wonderland that is Ba Be Lake and then onto Ban GIOC waterfall, the world's 4th largest border waterfall after Niagara, Iguacu and Victoria. You will also be able interact with the ethnic Tay minority in small villages and explore the Nang River by boat.
7.30 – 8:00 You will be picked up from your hotel in Hanoi for drive along highways, stopping to visit the Museum of the Cultures of Vietnam's Ethnic Groups in Thai Nguyen City where you can begin to understand the various ethnic groups, their agricultural tools, handicrafts and traditional costumes worn for worship. There we will stop for lunch before heading north to Cao Bang, through scatterings of villages and rice paddies. You will get the chance to stop at a village known for its tobacco production (depending on the time of the season). This less-travelled road offers you the opportunity to enjoy the unspoiled views in peace. In the evening you will have dinner and stay overnight in a traditional homestay of a Nung's family in Quang Uyen.
After breakfast, you will set off to the district of Trung Khanh, close to Vietnam's northern border with China. Here you will be introduced to the Nung people in a small village famous for the production of farming tools. Like the Tays, the Nungs largely live by farming the terraced rice paddies that you will see all around as you journey through to Ban Gioc Waterfall, the majestic falls that form the border between Vietnam and China. There will be time enjoy the view and soak up the sublime atmosphere of Vietnam's most beautiful waterfall before making your way to the "Tiger Cave" known for its wonderful limestone formations. You will then return to Cao Bang town and going down the "snake pass" to Ba Be Lake, tonight you will stay overnight in a traditional house of a Tay ethnic family. At the homestay, you can relax and unwind from the day and enjoy a meal of home cooked local food.
You can relax on board, do some wildlife spotting or if you need to cool off, you can jump into the cool, clean waters for a refreshing swim. As you float on Ba Be Lake, you can see the scenery of the surrounding karsts, with patches of wild vegetation and inhabited by all sorts of interesting animals. We will take a boat ride along the Nang River, with time to explore the stunning Ba Be Lake and the caves of Phuong Grotto, where you can explore the stalactites and stalagmites as well as looking out for the bat colony that is at least a thousand strong. You will depart for the journey back Hanoi, a drive approximately 150 miles (230 kilometers).
We will stop at a tea plantation before returning to your hotel in the city of Hanoi.


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--- Financial development Advice from Finance/legal services Experts - via Live Video Interaction.
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At TheONE people signed up to help you with all different kind of questions that are tax, law, finance or business related. The experts come from all over the world and can be instantly contacted. It the most easy, fast and cheap way to gain knowledge about any subject you have a question about. And if the person you selected doesn't meet you demands, just select another ONE who can answer your question.
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You may have seen my response to Question 24 on the my FAQs page.
24. I've heard that you have some equally-famous relatives. Is that true?
Well, let's dispel a few rumors. I am not an an heiress to either the Lloyd J. Harris pies nor Harris-Teeter fortunes. Nor am I kin to/the same person as Stacy Harris, the late Canadian-born character actor.
I'm also not the first musician (Thank you, Catherine West!), in the family. That distinction belongs to my aunt, (née Ruth Harris), a member of the Women's Army Corp, who, while stationed in St. Louis, Missouri, performed as one of Helen Lewis' Rhythm Queens. As a genealogist, I knew of, or discovered, all of the above information before I was DNA-tested.
Since then, I have discovered many more relatives. Far too many to keep up with across the platforms with which I am most engaged. The list keeps growing so I've found the key, in some instances, is to let them contact me.
Here's where you come in: If you see your name below (and you don't merely share the name of the people whose descriptions I have truncated for reasons of privacy), we are related.
If you recognize the names, please ask these folks if they think they may be related and, if so, let them know they are free to contact me through this website's contact page.
Keep checking back: I'll add new names as I receive them.


A proposed replacement for a key neonicotinoid pesticide is proving unpopular with everyone — including farmers and beekeepers.
Farmers adopted neonic pesticides because they were safer and didn't damage the environment as older pesticides did. With one of the three used in Canada being phased out, the search for replacements is on.
Mark Brock, chairman of Grain Farmers of Ontario, told the Commons agriculture committee that replacement for imidacloprid is far more expensive and less effective.
"There are no alternatives in the marketplace or in the technology pipeline that provide the same level of protection and safety," he said.
Brock also said it's being sold at four times the cost of the neonic seed treatment, even though it provides less protection.
"We have seen some Ontario farmers transition to this product, but we do not have enough years of experience to know what its weaknesses are and what it will be effective against," Brock said.
He went on to say increased use of integrated pest management would allow only the targeted use of pesticides.
"The current practice of the overuse of pesticides is destructive to our environment and benefits only the ag chem industry," he said.
Last month, Health Canada reported that since the introduction of new planting practices for corn and soybeans in 2014, the number of bee death incidents have remained well below the high levels of 2012 and 2013. The number of bee death incidents related to sprayed pesticides also dropped during 2016.
However, beekeepers report incidents of strange behaviour in bee colonies in the aftermath of corn and soybean planting, the report notes.
"It remains unclear if these later-season effects are a result of exposure to low levels of neonicotinoids in the hives or other factors that affect bee health such as pests and pathogens; habitat loss and food supply or hive management. Health Canada is examining the information collected in an attempt to answer these questions," the report read.
The fate of the two other neonics will be decided after Canada, the U.S. EPA and the state of California complete studies on the impact of the seed treatments.
Brock said that seed treatments are an important tool for both environmental and sustainable practices. "Many grain and oilseed producers have adopted no-till systems that reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the farm," he said. "Many of us also plant cover crops that improve soil health and reduce the run-off of phosphorus into the Great Lakes and other tributaries.
He noted a study by the Conference Board of Canada showed the cost of forgoing neonic seed treatments would be $600 million annually to corn and soybean farmers in Ontario alone.
"It is important that our farmer-members have a tool box of technology to choose from, not only to deal with pest and disease pressures that we face, but to also remain competitive with international markets who have access to these products." Neonics are still allowed in the U.S.
He praised Agriculture Canada's neonic forum, which has enabled farmer groups to discuss the pesticide with federal officials and researchers.
"We are hopeful that it will result in a national protocol for environmental monitoring and risk mitigation opportunities that can be adopted by farmers," he said.


text:
Q: Admob "House ad" campain for a Interstitial Ad how to set up the Admob "House ad" campain for a Interstitial Ad in order to get allways loaded?
I am getting
onFailedToReceiveAd(Ad request successful, but no ad returned due to lack of ad inventory.)

In AdGroup goal I choose "Fully allocate"
but the message keeps coming still!
any help?

A: Interstitials (including house ad interstitials) are set to only serve once per day to each device. This is done so that users don't get spammed with the same interstitial over and over.  You probably received the interstitial once and then couldn't get it again.
If you set up multiple house ad interstitial campaigns, you should be able to get each one once per day on each device.
UPDATE 9/4/2014:
On the new AdMob on apps.admob.com, there is currently no frequency capping on house ads.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Washington 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 2 7 14 0
Chi Cubs 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 5 7 0
W: D. Hudson (1-0) L: T. Chatwood (5-2)
11:20 AM PT12:20 PM MT1:20 PM CT2:20 PM ET14:20 ET18:20 GMT2:20 11:20 AM MST1:20 PM EST1:50 PM VEN22:20 UAE1:20 PM CT, August 25, 2019
Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois Attendance: 40,518
Strasburg, Nats look to sweep Cubs
Three-time All-Star Stephen Strasburg will go for a career-high 16th victory when the Washington Nationals look to finish off a sweep against the host Chicago Cubs on Sunday afternoon in the finale of a three-game series.
Strasburg (15-5, 3.65 ERA) already has matched his career high in wins and leads the National League as he prepares for his 27th start of the season. The 10-year veteran also notched 15 wins during the 2012, 2016 and 2017 campaigns.
Although he still has a power arm, Strasburg has learned to be more deliberate with his mix of pitches. He has used his curveball more this year.
"I've always had a feel for it," Strasburg told reporters earlier this season. "I think it's just using all my weapons as best I can, and I think as you get older and stuff, you might be a tick down on your velocity, so you have to pitch a bit more. Especially when guys are trying to get to your fastball early in the count because they don't want to see the other stuff later."
Strasburg is coming off a strong performance in which he hurled seven scoreless innings against the Pittsburgh Pirates on Tuesday. He drew a no-decision after the Nationals' bullpen struggled in a 4-1 loss.
In seven career starts against the Cubs, Strasburg is 2-1 with a 2.05 ERA. He has 10 walks and 54 strikeouts in 48 1/3 innings.
Washington has won four in a row, six of seven and 11 of 13 to strengthen its chances of reaching the postseason. The Nationals thumped the Cubs 9-3 in the series opener Friday afternoon and followed up with a decisive 7-2 win Saturday afternoon.
Meanwhile, Chicago has lost two in a row and will try to avoid its second losing streak this month of three games or more.
The Cubs will turn to veteran left-hander Cole Hamels (7-4, 3.73), who is slated to make his 22nd start. He earned a victory in his last outing Tuesday, when he gave up three runs on five hits in six innings against the San Francisco Giants.
Hamels knows the Nationals well from his years pitching for the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League East. He is 17-9 with a 2.69 ERA in 38 career starts against the club. The only team he has faced more in his career is the Miami/Florida Marlins (40 starts).
The Nationals have scored double-digit runs five times in the past 10 games, and have scored at least seven runs eight times.
"Hitting is contagious. They say it all the time," Nationals catcher Kurt Suzuki recently told reporters. "When you get guys to swing the bats, get the ball rolling, get guys on base, you know, things happen. One guy hits, and it seems like everybody keeps hitting."
The Cubs soon could welcome back veteran hitter Ben Zobrist, who has been fine-tuning his swing in the minor leagues after sitting out for most of the past three months for personal reasons.
How does Cubs manager Joe Maddon plan to slot Zobrist into the lineup?
"If and when he comes back, we'll figure that out easily," Maddon told reporters.
--Field Level Media
Washington at Houston, 5:07 PM PT6:07 PM MT7:07 PM CT8:07 PM ET20:07 ET6:07 PM MT8:07 PM ET1:07 GMT9:07 8:37 PM VEN5:07 UAE (+1)


Happy 2018! I'm planning to release my updated Haggle script next weekend. I'd like to know what problems you've seen since the 2017v2 release from this past October.
My primary goal with the 2018 release is to address any lingering issues (so please point them out), and to greatly reduce the number of variables used. Removing some of these in-memory variables will slow it down slightly, but the optimizations I added this past October should more than offset this.
Let me know if you are using any of these, and I'll consider that when making changes for the 2018 version.
I've had no issues since the 2017v2 release, it seems to have fixed most of them. Thank you!
I haven't had any issues either since 2017v2.
Thanks EP for keeping this script updated. It is my number one used script.
I'm considering a mid-year feature update of my Haggle. So far I'm not seeing any DERIVE FAILED errors (since 2017v2), and the array cleanup I introduced with the 2018 release is a major win behind the scenes. Is anyone seeing any issues?
No issues here. What feature are you thinking about adding?
B) Planet Trade bailout when the Final Offer comes prematurely - can be a huge number of credits.
Ah.. here's a question. When planet trading, how do I use yours? I' m just so accustomed to using Mombot >neg.
Mine always takes over once the port makes an offer, for both ship or planet trades. So you would initiate the trade, specify the quantity, and when the port makes an offer my haggle takes over.
Ah.. OK. I'll ask Xanos if he's board if he can modify a planet trading script he made for me to use your haggle instead of Mombot.
Something I've observed while using this script.
I have Windows 8.1, SWATH 2.0, and TWXProxy 2.5.73.
While using the World SSM script in SWATH with EP Haggle, I notice that when I bust my max holds (displayed on the left in SWATH) changes to 250. This prevents refurbing.
Just press / for quickinfo to update swath.
you can also and a echo "/" in you script to update swath.
I would recommend running a WorldSSM script in TWXproxy instead though.


I am a purist when it comes to ramps, also known as wild leeks.
Like white truffles, they are so flavorful on their own, they need very little attention in the kitchen (other than a good clean). Just wilt and serve. They make a lovely accent to pasta and egg dishes as in this David Tanis recipe for simply perfect ramps and fried eggs. If you find your self with extra - by all means -make pesto.
Please give a warm welcome to Simon Ziegler of Sun Sprout Farm who was supposed to join us in June, but is coming to us a tad early because things, they are a growin' in the rich, black dirt of Chester, NY where he is farming - his own farm - after managing an organic CT farm for several years.
Simon will be replacing MX Morningstar who will not be returning to farmers markets this year. Lest you be concerned, Max gave Simon the big green thumb of approval.
La Petite Occasion is bringing honey goat cheese caramels. And, of course, Painted Goat is back for good now. Hard to get through winter without their feta. (First world problems, I know).
Brian Vegh will be serenading us with his violin tomorrow. Should be a lovely day.
There is no market until May 14th.
Caramel Sauce, Pickles & the Palisades - what's not to love?


text:
Bezanilla-McGraw Funeral Home
Patricia E. Gagnon, 85, Carthage
CARTHAGE, NY — Patricia E. Gagnon, 85, of 34726 NYS Route 26, Carthage, died Friday morning, Dec, 4, 2020, at her home where she was under the care of her family and Hospice of Jefferson County.
Born March 26, 1935, in Great Bend, the daughter of the late Harold and Rosella (Ashlaw) Lewis, she was a graduate of the Carthage rural school on the Martin St. Road.
She married Norman J. Gagnon on Aug. 21, 1954, at the Post Chapel on Camp Drum.
Norman, a former St. Regis Paper employee and gas station operator died on March 7, 2000. Pat worked at the former Lally MFG in Herrings in the late 1960s until it closed then worked at the Whistle Stop in Deferiet as a cook and waitress for her brothers. She also did bookkeeping for the family business, Gagnon's Sunoco in Great Bend.
She was a member of the Red Hat's, the Great Bend Fire Dept. Auxiliary for many years and she loved to go to the casinos.
She is survived by a daughter, Debra (Robert) Green of Watertown; three sons, Normand Gagnon and his companion, Kathy Thesier of Theresa, Gregory P. Gagnon and his companion, Cindy Keenan of Harrisville and Brian (Tina) Gagnon of Carthage; 17 grandchildren and 23 great-grandchildren; two sisters, Judith New of Carthage and Noresta Abernathy of Anniston, Alabama; two brothers, Gordon Lewis of Carthage and Wilfred Lewis of Deferiet; and several nieces and nephews.
She was predeceased by her two sons, Rickie and Michael Gagnon and five brothers, Gerald, Marvin, Mark, Timothy and David Lewis.
Funeral services will be held privately for the family on Tuesday at the Bezanilla-McGraw Funeral Home, Carthage, with Rev. Donald A. Robinson officiating. Burial will follow in Sunnyside Cemetery, Great Bend.
Memorial donations may be made to Hospice of Jefferson County or to the Office of the Aging, Watertown.
To leave an online condolence, go to www.bezanillafh.com.
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Having way too much time on my hands I went to E-Bay and typed Gordon Lightfoot. Tons of litings for beat up old crud & LPs. ( Plus one odd 1970s concert poster listing with Gord & George Carlin at the same event!) But then I saw IT. A very rare promo copy of a 1979 PBS Lightfoot concert in Chicago on DVD. Yes DVD!!! Well you know what happened . . . clicked, purchased, shipped & now viewed over & over.
Great concert from back when Gordon could still sing and had flesh on his bones. The DVD cover is the same photo as Dream Street Rose. Featured songs: Cotton Jenny----Edmund Fitzgerald----Endless Wire----Summertime Dream----Don Quixote----If You Could Read My Mind----Ghosts of Cape Horn----Beautiful----Hangdog Hotel Room----Sundown----Early Morning Rain----Whisper My Name----On the High Seas----Old Dan's Records----Canadian Railroad Trilogy.
This has made 2004 for me.
Great concert from back when Gordon could still sing and had flesh on his bones.
Well I was happy for you until I read this part!
1. Gord can still sing, and Harmony is proof of that. His voice is different now than it was in the Summertime Dream days, but his body and soul have been through a heck of a lot in the past thirty years. Yes, it took me awhile to get used to the new voice too, but Gord has been one of my favourite artists since the late 60s, and he still is today. Simply put, he has EARNED that respect.
2. I recently questioned the weight thing in another thread. I wanted to know if he was indeed bulkier in his heyday. Yes, apparently he was, but was it a healthier bulk? How much of it was due to drinking and fast living? Gord seemed to have slimmed down about Salute time, as that was when he kicked the booze habit. Now in the past couple of years, Gord has had some major health concerns and almost died. We may not know the whole story, but he is recovering slowly and with a great attitude and enthusiasm. I admit I am still concerned about him, as he does look a bit too thin, but I am not his doctor and I do not know how he (Gord) feels this very moment. He's getting there. Adults change and grow just as much as kids do. Sometimes we forget that.
Sounds like a pirate copy of Sound Stage.
I've not heard of an official release.
Here's an idea: get a record company, or Lightfoot's organization to collect as much footage as possible that's been floating around...interviews, performances, and such.
Then issue a Beatle's style Anthology on DVD.
That is an IDEA folks -- not a rumor!
Took the words right outta my mouth, SM.
P'haps our friend hasnt heard 'Harmony' yet.
And a very good idea it is. I'd love to see that happen!
i've seen that on ebay a few times.. it was a big improvement over the VHS that i had.
I like you on your soapbox. Glad you were able to climb off safely as well.
I agree David did very well getting on and off the soap box AND he made perfect sense and was entirely truthful. Gary might want to read and reread that post.
Well, we had a frost last night, so it was a bit slippery on the way back down. But I made it safely.
LSH, will you be around for the Friday chat? I am working overnight, and if it is quiet I will try to bust through the firewall. I THINK I have it figured out, but I need to test it when I go in this evening.
Where do you live, djb? I live in Northern Maine, and a morning frost at this time of year is a daily thing. When I took the dog out for a walk this morning, I noticed the ground was starting to freeze. It's still warm enough in the afternoon to thaw everything out, but that won't last for long. I'm just hoping the decent weather lasts through the weekend, and that we don't get any snow until I get moved into my new place!
I believe David's in Sweden.
and hey, djd, I will definitely try to make chat tonight. I'm actually going to the accepting agent today to turn in stuff for an expedited passport. yes!
Where do you live, djb? I live in Northern Maine, and a morning frost at this time of year is a daily thing. When I took the dog out for a walk this morning, I noticed the ground was starting to freeze.
I'm in Uppsala, Sweden, though I'm known on the NG as the OTHER guy from Orillia!
Frost is a regular thing at this time of year here too. Actually, Orillia and Uppsala weather are pretty close in the winter, spring, and autumn. Summers back 'ome are a bit muggier, though.
Uh, LSH, are you a passport ossifer?
Cathy, you are leaving Limestone? Where are you moving too? I still get on the net once in a while and look for homes in Arostook (sp?) county. Nice houses and reasonably priced. So why the move? Just curious.
just long enough to expedite my own passport. this has been quite the journey.
Oh, so on the NG, you're David In Sweden? I didn't know that!
You are from Orillia originally, but now live in Sweden?
Yes, I'm leaving Limestone. It's turned into a ghost town since Loring AFB closed. I work in Presque Isle and have to drive 50 miles round trip each day, and I'm tired of doing it in the snow. I figure I'll get to PI before the snow this year, and just stay there.
Real estate outside of Presque Isle is very low. You can buy a nice house for $50.000. In Presque Isle, you'd pay double that or more. Presque Isle has a big hospital that just expanded and there are doctors moving in all the time. That's the reason real estate has doubled in the last five years.
The rest of the county is economically depressed. Most people travel to Presque Isle to work, whereas, when Loring was here, most people worked civil service jobs that were on the base, or located in other towns, but tied in with the base.
Aroostook county is beautiful, but it can get pretty harsh in the winter. We get our fair share of snow, generally 100 inches or so each winter, with two to three feet on the ground in the peak of winter. I don't mind the snow. I think it's beautiful. I don't like the 30 below weather with 60 below wind chills that we get each January and/or February, though.
I live in a farming belt. I once joked with Val that I live in a farming belt and she lives in a money belt. She carries money around in her money belt and I carry dirt around in my farming belt. That pretty much describes our way of life up here.
I'm actually going to the accepting agent today to turn in stuff for an expedited passport. yes!
This is what happens when I work nights. I mis-read this post from LSH, and that is why I thought she was a passport ossifer.
And believe me, the coffee is STRONG.
I would also love to read the Sundown parody, if you happen to have it handy.
By the way, I tried to make the chat but had no luck getting through the firewall. I can get out for some things, but it doesn't seem to like mirc or John's chat applet. I also tried to hook up to a friend's ftp site and come in through the backdoor, but he'd shut 'er down for the night.


text:
Cells as test tubes
By Laura Howes2011-02-06T18:00:00+00:00
Chemists have used living cells as test tubes to carry out chemical reactions never before seen within living cells.
Inside every living cell a plethora of different chemical reactions happen every second, but until now chemists could only tinker with reactions that occur naturally within cells. In a new development from scientists at the University of Edinburgh, UK, reagents and a palladium catalyst were introduced into a cell and reacted together.
Mark Bradley's team at Edinburgh was inspired by recent work on inserting ruthenium complexes into cells and decided to see if they could use their solid state palladium catalysts to carry out reactions in cells. Palladium is normally toxic, but by immobilising it onto a polystyrene microsphere the team prevented the metal from killing the cells.
'The palladium is trapped but it can react,' says Emma Johansson who worked on the study. 'After it's trapped some of the palladium becomes less accessible and we believe this makes for the slightly slower reaction times that we see.'
Source: © Nature Chemistry
Immobilising the palladium on polystyrene microspheres tempered its toxicity
The microspheres were used to perform both a deprotection and a Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling, one of the palladium-mediated cross coupling reactions recognised by the 2010 Nobel Prize in chemistry. However, Ian Fairlamb who works on transition metal catalysis at the University of York, UK, thinks that those reactions are only the start. 'I think the most exciting thing is what you could do with this in the future,' he says.
The idea of making a drug in situ is the big thing for Fairlamb, who recalls how many palladium couplings are used in the pharmaceutical industry. 'The problem is often that the final drug compounds don't enter the cells well but the precursors would,' he explains. 'The potential is very high for the development of that area and for tuning the catalyst.'
Johansson is already working on this, speeding up the catalysis and working to synthesise therapeutic drugs using the palladium microspheres.
Laura Howes
R M Yusop et al, Nature Chemistry, 2011, DOI: 10.1038/nchem.981
Phosphorene nanoribbons find their first use in a solar cell just 3 years after discovery
Experiments match theoretical predictions and show great promise for further uses in electronics
Shortest-lived and lightest magnesium isotope ever too unstable to even attract electrons
Magnesium-18 cation has a fleeting half-life of 3 billion trillionths of a second


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text:
Technical problems caused UAV landing
The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that was reported missing was forced to land due to a tehnical failure at Pampaimadhu around 3 p.m. today said Sri Lankan Army (SLA) spokesman Brig. Thennekoon in a statement issued this evening.
He said details of damages to the UAV would be assessed after a team of technicians who had gone to the area return.
Pampaimadhu is 5 km. west of Vavuniya.


Work Package 6 will, through engagement of relevant stakeholders, develop a communication strategy aimed at enhancing effective communication and dissemination of ArcRisk project results.
Work package 6 is led by Simon Wilson (AMAP) working together with the Swedish Environmental Institute (IVL), and the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU).
Involvement of relevant stakeholders, from policy-makers in Europe and the Arctic, to health proffessionals, to representatives of exposed population groups. is an important aim of ArcRisk. If you are interested in participating in the ArcRisk stakeholder consultations please contact the ArcRisk coordinators.


text:
Q: Parameters inside functions in python I am trying to fix a problem with two functions regarding parameters.
Specifically I have the following issue:
def remove_stopwords(text):
list_words=[]
stop_words = (stopwords.words('italian'))

#bla bla bla
return(' '.join(t))

def clean(file):

# bla bla bla
file['C'] = file['Text'].apply(remove_stopwords())
# bla bla bla
return

Then when I call the function as follows:
clean(df)

it works well.
However, I would like to do something like this:
language='italian'
clean(df, language)

where language should be a string to place here:
def remove_stopwords(text):

    list_words=[]
    stop_words = (stopwords.words(str(language)) # <--
...

The problem is that this function is inside clean() and when I try to run it I get an error about the parameter.
Can you please tell me how to write correctly parameters within the functions above?

A: You have to pass the parameter in the function to use it inside the function,
but you have not defined the second parameter in the function definition.
try this:
language='italian'
def remove_stopwords(text, language):
    list_words=[]
    stop_words = (stopwords.words(language)
    .....

A: You are trying to give two parameters, when you only specify there to be one. You need to do this.
def clean(df=None, language=None):
    # Your code

To be able to give two parameters, you must tell the function there will be two parameters.

A: I believe a lambda function would do what you are attempting. Something like this:
def remove_stopwords(text, language):
    list_words=[]
    stop_words = (stopwords.words(language))
    return(' '.join(t))

def clean(file, language):
    file['C'] = file['Text'].apply(lambda x: remove_stopwords(x, language))
    return file['C']

clean(file, 'italian')


In an incremental formulation suitable to numerical implementation, the use of rate-independent theory of crystal plasticity essentially leads to four fundamental problems. The first is to determine the set of potentially active slip systems over a time increment. The second is to select the active slip systems among the potentially active ones. The third is to compute the slip rates (or the slip increments) for the active slip systems. And the last problem is the possible non-uniqueness of slip rates. The purpose of this paper is to propose satisfactory responses to the above-mentioned first three issues by presenting and comparing two novel numerical algorithms. The first algorithm is based on the usual return-mapping integration scheme, while the second follows the so-called ultimate scheme. The latter is shown to be more relevant and efficient than the former. These comparative performances are illustrated through various numerical simulations of the mechanical behavior of single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates subjected to monotonic and complex loadings. Although these algorithms are applied in this paper to Body-Centered-Cubic (BCC) crystal structures, they are quite general and suitable for integrating the constitutive equations for other crystal structures (e.g., FCC and HCP).


Siegerland Airport is a public airport serving the city of Siegen, in the Burbach region. It is situated on the tri-border are between North Rhine-Westfalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Hesse. The airport was established in 1967.


A brilliant blue mixed with a light orange to a dark Brilliant Red. Shusui are a mix from mostly blue to mostly orange and every mix in between. Their blue can be anywhere from a very light blue/white to a brilliant sky blue. The orange varies between a light orange to a dark red. They should have a uniform pine cone pattern down the back. The Shusui that have a bright blue with the dark red on top are most sought after because of how beautiful they are.
A Koi with a black body and colored accents. Koi will be black with orange, white or yellow.
Utsuri means reflections in Japanese. The Utsuri should have inverted areas of each color. The Utsuri should have a consistent offset pattern of it's colors with always having black on the head.
A Black bodied Koi with red and white markings. The showa will always have some black pattern on it's head unlike a Sanke. The black is the main emphasis with the Showa and an ideal one will show all 3 colors well. A very popular based on how pretty they are with the 3 colors contrasting with each other.
A white koi with a red – orange varying pattern. An ideal Kohaku has a very distinct color pattern and not a blended or shaded one. This koi should have no red on it's fins. The Kohaku is most popular because of the beautiful pure white color of it's body.
One of the oldest varieties of Koi. The Asagi should have a net like pattern across it with the scales. An ideal Asagi will be a light – Navy blue with a combination of red fins and some red on the body. The light blue or white head should be clear or unblemished.
In the early 1900's Sanke came to be from a Kohaku where black was introduced into the red and white patterns. The beauty of the Sanke lies in the depth of it's three colors. The edges of the red and black markings should have very crisp lines against a pure white body. The Tascho Sanke or most referred to as just Sanke will also have white fins unlike a Showa that would have black.
A koi that is one solid color either in a regular or metallic. This koi can also come in a variety of colors such as: Yellow, White, Orange, Cream, Platinum, Red. The most popular are the Bright yellow (Yamabuki), or the pure white (platinum) Ogon.
A metallic koi with a single color and reticulated scale pattern. Matsuba meaning pine cone gives these koi a pattern like no other. They come in 3 colors, the Aka Matsuba being red, the Kin Matsuba being golden, and the Gin Matsuba being white. The Aka Matsuba being the oldest of this variety grows to be guite large.
The Bekko Koi has a solid color body base in either a white, orange, or yellow. They will have a black (Sumi) stepping stone pattern down it's back. A good qualityA good quality Bekko will have a nice balance of Sumi markings down it's back with none on it's head. The head should be a solid color the same as the body with no variations..
Tancho do not form a single, independent kind of Nishikigo. They can appear in many forms. Tancho, are rare with the proper markings and are much more rare to produce.
The red head patch positioned at the center of the head region is the best. The white skin is also important as it is the milky white color that sets the red head patch. The Sumi of Tancho Sanshoku and Tancho Showa are the same as Bekko and Utsuri respectively. Tancho are one of the most popular and sought after varieties of koi.
A koi with 5 colors. The five colors represented are white, red, blue, black, and grey. Variations would be the Gin Rin Goshiki and the Tancho Goshiki. This koi originated from a cross between an Asagi and a Kohaku.
The meaning of Goromo is "clothed" or "robed". Goromo were developed by interbreeding of Kohaku and Asagi. The difference between the Goshiki and the Goromo is that the Goromo has a pure white base with the Asagi-like scale reticulation showing only in the red patterned areas. Ai Goromo refers to Goromo with a blue reticulation within the red scales. Purplish colored Goromo are referred to as Budo Goromo.
The Kujaku Koi is a metallic white koi with metallic orange markings and pinecone pattern to its scales on the back. Kujaku, meaning peacock, was first bred in 1960 by Toshio Hirasawa from a female Shusui and a male Kin Matsuba and Hariwake. This koi gains more popularity every year more and more.
The monryu is a doitsu (scaleless) koi that has a black body with white markings. The term kumonryu means a nine-crested dragon. The uniqueness of this koi is that the sumi black is variable and can change throughout it's life. Probably the most intriguing variety of koi, Kumonryu will completely change their pattern many times throughout their life. They can go anywhere from solid white to solid black, or any conceivable combination in between.
Variations of the s of the Kumonryu are the Beni Kumonryu and the Kikokuryu. The Beni Kumonryu is a cross between a Komonryu and a Kuhaku. The Kikokuryu is a metallic Kumonryu. The variations of the Kikokuryu are the Beni Kikokuryu and the Kin Ki Kikokuryu. These variations are determined by the base color, Beni being red and Ki is yellow.
Haiwake display a solid metallic-white base coupled with bright, vibrant patterns of yellow or orange. The bright, luminous white of Hariwake differs from the softer, matte-white of Kohaku and Sanke. Hariwake have a bright yellow pattern are commonly referred to as Lemon Hariwake.
The Doitsu or scaleless version of Hariwake, a white koi with patterns of orange or yellow are commonly referred to as Kikosui. The bright, metallic colors of Hariwake are also present in Kikosui.
The Ochiba Shigure means autumn leaves on the water in Japanese. A blue grey koi with brown markings and a net like pattern. They will have a pattern that looks like leaves against their skin.
The Ochiba Shigure was developed by crossing a Soragoi and a Chagoi. The Soragoi is a grey koi with a net like pattern while the Chagoi is a brown koi. The Ochiba Shigure is a beautiful koi that has become quite popular.
If you want a fish with personality, look no further than the basic Chagoi. You'll discover this pet is probably more intelligent than other koi in your pond too. It is almost universally agreed to be the friendliest of the koi classifications because it is the most aggressive at feeding time and almost always the first fish to become hand-tame. For this reason, the Chagoi is sometimes purchased solely for the purposes of taming the rest of a group, and not for its color. Once one fish starts eating from your hand, it's not hard to bring the rest about.
Green Chagoi – Green Chagoi tend to be the friendliest of all the Chagoi color varieties. This is probably because the green Chagoi always appear to be the hungriest.
Brown Chagoi – If you have a brown Chagoi, it probably should have fukurin in it to define it from a common carp.
Service Area: Wales, Milwaukee, Oshkosh, Appleton, Kenosha, Racine, Sheboygan, Mukwonago, West Allis, Grafton, Cedarburg and surrounding communities.


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Cet article donne la liste des chaînes d'UPC Cablecom, classées par ordre numérique pour le bouquet francophone.

Canaux français

Canaux germanophones

Canaux italophones

Canaux anglophones

Canaux internationaux

UPC Cablecom

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The New York Times profiles Martin Nowak, a biochemist who now heads up the evolutionary dynamics program at Harvard. Nowak has applied his background in game theory to the concept of cooperation, which he argues works in tandem with mutation and selection to serve as a third principle of evolution. Cooperation, he says, works from the level of genes in the genome to cells in organs right on up to how organisms behave with other organisms.


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Opinion: Pete King Whipped Up Anti-Muslim Bigotry. Why Is Chuck Schumer Celebrating Him?
The Long Island Republican will leave a legacy of division and demonization. Schumer is wrong to celebrate it.
By Max Burns
Max Burns BuzzFeed Contributor
Posted on November 11, 2019, at 5:33 p.m. ET
Alex Brandon / ASSOCIATED PRESS
Rep. Pete King, then-chair of the House Homeland Security Committee, during one of his 2011 hearings on Islamist extremism in the United States.
It took a quarter of a century, but Rep. Pete King, a Long Island Republican, is finally retiring. King built a durable following among the Fox News coterie thanks in part to his unflinching efforts to demonize Muslims, racial justice activists, critics of torture, and victims of police violence.
King's legacy of division makes it all the more inexplicable that Sen. Chuck Schumer — a fellow New Yorker who's well versed in King's abuses — would spend Monday morning praising King as standing "head and shoulders above everyone else."
"He's been principled and never let others push him away from his principles," Schumer added. Given that King's principles included slandering almost any community that didn't look like him, it's reasonable to ask what the leader of the Senate Democrats was thinking when he decided to celebrate King's extremism.
Let's take a look at a few of the "principles" King held so dearly.
To most Americans, King is best known as the representative who saw Muslim threats around every corner. In the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks, he became a staunch advocate for expanding the national security and surveillance state into the unaccountable behemoth we know today.
King has urged police to focus on Muslim communities for potential terrorist activity. He whined that there were too many mosques in the country. And he didn't stop there. In 2011, he led a series of hugely wasteful, McCarthy-esque trials popularly known as the "radicalization hearings." Those congressional sideshows became fountains of anti-Muslim disinformation, where King made the risible claim that "80% of the mosques in this country are controlled by radical imams."
The hearings never produced an iota of evidence to support King's claims.
Henny Ray Abrams / AP
A protester supports Rep. Pete King's congressional hearings on the role of Muslims in homegrown terrorism in New York, March 2011.
There is nothing praiseworthy in King's tireless effort to establish himself as the United States' leading anti-Muslim fearmonger. Schumer should explain what, precisely, he found to admire in any of King's hatred.
Not content with only marginalizing American Muslims, King has also shown contempt for those protesting police brutality. After a New York police officer killed Eric Garner with a prohibited chokehold in 2014, King took to the media to blame not the officer but Garner's obesity. His statement was so outrageous that even fellow Republicans criticized it.
And it wasn't just the Garner case. Just last year, King questioned the patriotism of NFL players who chose to kneel for the national anthem, comparing their kneeling to a Nazi salute. In a tweet criticizing the New York Jets, King claimed systemic police violence was a "false narrative" created by liberal elites to sow racial distrust between communities of color and white Americans.
None of this is new information to Schumer, whose own tenure in politics overlaps every single one of King's racist and anti-Muslim outbursts. Such divisive, hateful rhetoric runs in opposition to the culture of inclusivity and tolerance that Democrats aim to strengthen.
King's tenure in Congress was not a noble one. His repeated attempts to strip health care from millions of Americans should not be celebrated as "sticking to principles." It should be viewed as it is — a nakedly partisan act against the wishes of King's own voters. Not that you'd know: King's social media profiles censored criticism of his votes to kill Obamacare.
There is always the possibility Schumer was merely being civil. After all, politicians tend to speak well of their departing colleagues no matter how odious their records. But this is a perfect example of how the veneer of political civility minimizes the true damage caused by extremists like King. It is certainly not a courtesy King ever extended to the communities he terrorized with bogus hearings and incendiary attacks.
It is tragic that a politician whose career focused so completely on sowing distrust and enmity between fellow Americans can still be described as a fairly "moderate" Republican. By enabling King's antics, Republicans allowed their party to swing to its current extremes. Democrats, and especially Democratic leaders like Schumer, should have no part in legitimizing this Republican march into madness.
The only silver lining of King's tenure is that a Democrat could win his Long Island seat and begin the long process of repairing the damage King wrought. Schumer can start by apologizing to those communities revictimized by his thoughtless praise of King's poisonous legacy.
Max Burns is a Democratic strategist, political commentator, and former director of communications for Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights, an international nonprofit organization.
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SCOTUS Grants Cert. in another Class Action Waiver Case: Now What?
Author George FriedmanPosted on April 1, 2015 Categories Arbitration Agreements, Class Action/Collective Waivers, Class Actions, Court Decisions, NewsTags Arbitration Agreements, FAA, News, Preemption
By George H. Friedman*
For those who thought the Supreme Court in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740 (2011), laid to rest any questions about whether the Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") preempts state laws barring class action waivers in a consumer predispute arbitration clause, think again. The Court on March 23rd granted certiorari in another class action waiver case, DIRECTV v. Imburgia, No. 14-462 (2014), which involves a California case, Imburgia v. DIRECTV, 225 Cal.App.4th 338 (2014). The petition for cert. was granted without explanation in an Order dated March 23rd.
Back to the Future: a Refresher on Concepcion
Let's go back a few years. Concepcion was is another unconscionability case that also involved a class action waiver. The underlying case was a class action lawsuit brought by customers who were induced to sign up for cell phone service by getting a "free phone" for which they were charged sales tax. Their contracts had a PDAA and a class action waiver. The customers resisted arbitration on the ground that the arbitration clause/class action waiver was an unconscionable contract of adhesion and was unenforceable under California law. The Ninth Circuit held that California's decisional law on unconscionability of agreements barring class action participation, articulated in Discover Bank v. Superior Court, 36 Cal.4th 148, 113 P.3d 1100 (2005), was not preempted by the FAA. Said the Ninth Circuit, "The FAA does not bar federal or state courts from applying generally applicable state contract law principles and refusing to enforce an unconscionable class action waiver in an arbitration clause."
The Supreme Court reversed, holding that California's rule of law had a disparate impact on arbitration agreements and was preempted because "Although [FAA] § 2's saving clause preserves generally applicable contract defenses, nothing in it suggests an intent to preserve state-law rules that stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the FAA's objectives." Essentially, because the California rule of law had a disparate impact on arbitration agreements, it was preempted by the FAA.
DIRECTV is Not on All Fours with Concepcion
One rarely knows why SCOTUS decides to grant cert., but sometimes looking at the opinion below sheds some light on the subject. The facts in DIRECTV at first blush appear to be very similar to Concepcion, but on closer analysis are not. The contracts contained a PDAA and class action waiver. Aggrieved consumers attempted to bring a class action over allegedly illegal early termination fees, and DIRECTV countered that the contract required individual arbitrations. So far, this is pretty standard fare and at a basic level similar to the facts in Concepcion.
So, what's different? First, we should remember that a core issue in Concepcion was whether to require a class-wide arbitration, something not at issue in DIRECTV. Also, the contract in DIRECTV contained somewhat unusual language. Specifically, it provided: "The interpretation and enforcement of this Agreement shall be governed by the rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, other applicable federal laws, and the laws of the state and local area where Service is provided to you. This Agreement is subject to modification if required by such laws. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Section 9 [the PDAA] shall be governed by the Federal Arbitration Act." But, the class action waiver adds "If, however, the law of your state would find this agreement to dispense with class arbitration procedures unenforceable, then this entire Section 9 is unenforceable." California law, for example Consumers Legal Remedies Act ("CLRA"), Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq., expressly bars class action waivers.
Who's on First?
What did the parties' agreement provide? Either California's law trumped the FAA or the FAA trumped California's law. A unanimous Court of Appeal embraced the former, ruling "To summarize: Section 9 of the 2007 customer agreement provides that 'if ... the law of your state would find this agreement to dispense with class arbitration procedures unenforceable, then this entire Section 9 is unenforceable.' The class action waiver is unenforceable under California law, so the entire arbitration agreement is unenforceable. The Superior Court therefore properly denied the motion to compel arbitration."
The Court acknowledged that its holding was contrary to Murphy v. DIRECTV, Inc., 724 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2013), where the Ninth Circuit -- interpreting the same language -- went the opposite way. Said the DIRECTV court, "We find the analysis in Murphy unpersuasive... Rather, as we have already observed, if the customer agreement expressly provided that the enforceability of the class action waiver 'shall be determined under the (nonfederal) law of your state without considering the preemptive effect, if any, of the FAA,' then that choice of law would be enforceable; Murphy cites no authority to the contrary. Consequently, the dispositive issue is whether the parties intended to make that choice" [footnote omitted]. The California Supreme Court declined to review the case.
What will SCOTUS do?
This one is not as easy to predict. Clearly, the Court perceives a need to clear up the conflicting rulings. But, to me it seems the issue boils down to whether the parties can contractually alter the impact of the FAA. On this issue the Court seems to have gone both ways. In Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Stanford University, 489 U.S. 468 (1989), the Court held that the FAA requires courts to enforce the parties' arbitration agreement according to its terms, including their agreement to apply a state law that might not be arbitration-friendly. In fact, the Concepcion Court acknowledged that the parties could agree to arbitration schemes that states could not impose on them. "Parties could agree to arbitrate pursuant to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or pursuant to a discovery process rivaling that in litigation. Arbitration is a matter of contract, and the FAA requires courts to honor parties' expectations… But what the parties in the aforementioned examples would have agreed to is not arbitration as envisioned by the FAA, lacks its benefits, and therefore may not be required by state law" [citations omitted].
On the other hand in Hall Street Associates, LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008), the Court ruled that the parties could not contractually agree to expand the scope of review of arbitration awards under the FAA. And of course, most of us thought that Concepcion had nailed down the class action waiver preemption issue.
The pleadings thus far are interesting. The Petition for Certiorari does not cite either Volt or Hall Street, while firing away on Concepcion and Murphy. The Respondents' Brief, however, extensively cites Volt and the Petitioner's Reply Brief circles back to discuss Volt.
That said, given that we are on the cusp of a new baseball season, and in light of my lifetime .800 batting average predicting Supreme Court rulings, I'll go out on a limb and predict that "John Roberts and the Supremes" will reverse the DIRECTV Court. Yes, I know what Volt says, but that case was decided more than 25 years ago. I look at these things as a continuum. The more recent cases clearly support FAA supremacy. Also, I don't think the Court granted cert. just to interpret a very unusual, one-off arbitration clause. We can compare notes next fall, when this case is expected to be heard. I reserve the right to amend my prediction after the case is fully briefed and argued!
*George H. Friedman, an ADR consultant and Chairman of the Board of Directors of Arbitration Resolution Services, Inc., retired in 2013 as FINRA's Executive Vice President and Director of Arbitration, a position he held from 1998. In his extensive career, he previously held a variety of positions of responsibility at the American Arbitration Association, most recently as Senior Vice President from 1994 to 1998. He is an Adjunct Professor of Law at Fordham Law School. Mr. Friedman serves on the Board of Editors of the Securities Arbitration Commentator. He is also a member of the AAA's national roster of arbitrators. He holds a B.A. from Queens College, a J.D. from Rutgers Law School, and is a Certified Regulatory and Compliance Professional (Wharton-FINRA Institute).
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WASHINGTON — Donald J. Trump is going to be a big presence on Pennsylvania Avenue next January, whether he puts his hand on a Bible or not.
Eleven blocks down the street from the steps where the next president will be sworn in, the landmark Old Post Office Pavilion, also known as the Nancy Hanks Center, is being remade into the Trump International Hotel. Set to open in September — "dramatically ahead of schedule" — the five-star hotel hasn't announced the rates for its inauguration packages yet, but they'll notify the interested by email when they do.
In many ways, Trump's prominent spot on the inaugural parade route is entirely fitting. As much as he has railed against the city as the epicenter of the nation's ills, Washington over the past decade or so has become the Donald's kind of town.
It's an odd paradox that in a time of increasing economic desperation for so many Americans, several of the urban centers which were viewed as our most pressing problems a few decades ago have blossomed. This is true of St. Louis and Brooklyn, but nowhere is the paradox more striking than in Washington.
Where once people were afraid to park their cars, there now are bed and breakfasts. The number of federal employees and reporters covering them has declined dramatically over the past quarter century, but the workforce, swollen by the growth of associations, foundations, LLCs and banks, is much larger.
Washington looks both younger and richer than it did a few years ago. There are fewer people who could be said, except in the most exaggerated sense, to work for you.
The money has come with the development of successful downtown facilities like the Verizon Center in Washington and Busch Stadium in St. Louis. But these urban success stories also point toward the nation's growing economic stratification.
The problem poor of Washington and other cities have not climbed the ladder, by and large, so much as they have been squeezed farther out into suburbia. These urban rims are where much of the racial friction which has spilled over into this presidential campaign is taking place.
It has been Trump's special talent as a politician to marry the gold-plated aura of the revitalized city centers with the seething resentments of those on the periphery who feel themselves losing ground. Sheer audacity has been key to this combination, but over the past couple of weeks Trump's behavior has come to seem progressively less cunning and increasingly fevered.
Crazy, actually, is the word that would be used in most circumstances when a defendant in a multi-million-dollar case openly excoriates and implicitly threatens a federal judge. Put this together with his unnecessary challenge to New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez, his testy press conference over his donations to veterans groups and his sputtering response to Hillary Clinton's attack on his qualifications to be commander in chief, and there is a sense of something, somewhere, coming unglued.
Clinton took off a day or so to woodshed her big speech. You have to figure that some version of it has been sitting at the ready for a while, and could have been waiting longer. It had the feel of a post-nomination, general election speech, and that's generally how it was received.
But the fact that Bernie Sanders was trailing Clinton by only a couple of points in Tuesday's California Democratic primary can't have been lost on the Clinton strategists who decided to fire this major bullet a little earlier than expected. Comparing the calculation and finesse shown by that choice with the red-flag approach of the Trump campaign, this looks less like a real contest by the day. But it's early yet.
Too bad we don't have the Bard among us today. Working with this material, he might not have been able to surpass the darkest tragedy in our language. But he might have been able to fashion our darkest farce.


This grant encourages children and youth to share their creativity through a national call for visual art. The theme, "Celebrating Who I Am," invites young people with and without disabilities across the United States to create visual art about their interests, talents, and dreams. All artwork submitted before the deadline will be included in an online art gallery. One piece of art from each state and the District of Columbia will be displayed summer 2009 at Union Station in Washington, D.C., as part of a children's art exhibition. Ten representatives of the exhibition will be selected to travel to Washington to be honored at a reception on Capitol Hill. New to the program this year, teachers who submit their students' artwork are eligible to receive one of five $1000 cash awards for use in their classroom.


A water softener will help you produce soft water. Soft water is gentle, beautifying, enriching. Soft water means soft, clean skin; soft,silky, more manageable hair. Hard water keeps soap from lathering as it might, working as it should, rinsing off as you want it to. It often leaves an invisible film which blocks pores, attracting and holding dirt and bacteria, causing chapping, itching, and dryness. Hair washed in hard water becomes limp and lifeless; hair coloring frequently does not penetrate evenly. Water that has been softened, however, eliminates these problems. It enables you to use lesser quantities of soap, shampoo, and skin care products, and increases the efficiency with which they work.
Doing laundry in water treated by a water softener has proved significantly more effective than doing laundry in hard water, no matter how much soap or detergent is used. The principle is much the same as it is with skin care; hard water combines with the ingredients of soap and detergents to form a dulling curd on clothing, one that holds soil in the fabric, shielding it from removal. It causes clothing to look dingy, grayed, or yellowed, to mat or stiffen with repeated washings. Fibers may deteriorate, wearing out at a faster rate. Nothing looks really clean; nothing is really clean! Soft water, on the other hand, activates the soap or detergent to make a smaller amount (up to 55% less!) work more effectively. Soft water aids the rinsing process, removing dirt and cleaning agents from the fiber and lengthening fiber life. Laundry washed in soft water will be brighter, cleaner, and softer!
Here, too, the cleaning agents combine with the minerals in hardwater to form a dulling film. A water softener will make dishes and glassware shine - hard water spots are eliminated. And you use only half the amount of detergent or soap hard water requires.
Studies have proven that a water softener can cut the time required for housecleaning from almost 4 hours to less than 2 1/2 hours! With soft water, a quick rinse or once over wiping cleans sinks, tubs, shower tiles, and plumbing fixtures - no more hard water soap scum to scour and scrub (no more harsh chemicals, either). Floors, windows, and woodwork clean better with soft water, too.
Hard water has an obvious adverse effect on appliances and plumbing systems. It's easiest to see as the rock-hard scale forms on shower heads, faucets, and humidifiers, but it also builds up rapidly in dishwashers, clothes washers, pipes, and water heaters, decreasing their life. Water heaters can consume up to 22% less energy with soft water than with hard water! Treat your plumbing and appliances to an easy life with the addition of an Excalibur Water Softener.
Value series water softerners come with a 7 year warranty on the valve...one of the best in the industry.