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RUAF Urban Agriculture and Food Systems > News and Resources > Local food system responses to COVID-19: Toronto and its city region
Local food system responses to COVID-19: Toronto and its city region
Authors: Lori Stahlbrand (George Brown College) and Wayne Roberts (Food Systems
Analyst)
Toronto and its city region – known as the Greater Golden Horseshoe – is the most populous area in Canada, with nine million inhabitants. As in much of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has devastated the economy, leading to spiraling unemployment, increased food insecurity, and questions about what changes to the food system are called for.
Ontario has been in a state of lockdown since mid-March 2020. Businesses are closed, with the exception of essential services, and residents have been asked to remain at home as much as possible and keep a distance of two metres from each other if they leave their homes to buy groceries or perform other essential tasks. As of mid-May 2020, there have been approximately
20,000 confirmed cases of the virus and 1600 deaths in Ontario, with more than a third of both cases and deaths in Toronto.
Toronto has a strong public health department that is trusted by the public and politicians. Toronto Public Health (TPH) has been a factor in Toronto's polity since the cholera outbreaks of the 1800s. TPH had its right and ability to manage a public health crisis tested and acclaimed during the SARS epidemic of 2003, which infected more than 400 Toronto residents and killed 44. As a result, there was no need to re-establish or negotiate the leading role of public health authorities during this pandemic. Ironically, less than a year before the outbreak began, the current provincial government announced massive cuts to public health departments across the province, and to Toronto Public Health in particular. Fortunately, there has been no mention of these cuts in recent months.
The food sector is a major source of jobs in Toronto and its city region. As the fourth largest city in North America, known for its cosmopolitan flavour, the hospitality sector is a major player in Toronto's economy, worth $37 billion annually.[1] In addition, Toronto is one of the largest food processing hubs in North America, generating $15 billion annually.[2] The city region is a rich farming area, generating $2.6 billion in ecosystem services and $12 billion in a range of farm products.[3] With the development of more mid-scale infrastructure, it has the potential to be a model of a city region food system.
In evaluating Toronto's response to the pandemic, it is important to look at both food availability and food access. While the overall food supply has remained relatively stable because of protective structures in the economy, food insecurity has increased dramatically as businesses closed and jobs have been lost.
Relative stability in terms of food availability has been maintained as a result of two sets of longstanding public practices and traditions – a publicly-owned food terminal and a system of supply management.
Since 1948, Toronto has been home to the Ontario Food Terminal (OTF), which centrally warehouses most of the fresh food brought into the city, and from there across much of the province. A wide range of food outlets, including supermarkets, "mom and pop" grocers, and social agencies, have access to low-cost licenses allowing them to buy wholesale fresh food grown across North America.
Thanks to this public food terminal, neighbourhood food retailers across the city have been able to provide ready access to high-quality fresh food at reasonable prices. Although food insecurity continues to be a significant problem, the food deserts common across the USA did not become embedded in Toronto, and such food segregation has not been an issue during the pandemic.
Although the OTF stocks food from across North America, it also provides direct access to food from smaller local producers. Such connections, central to any city region food system, have remained relatively intact during the pandemic.
This public infrastructure is well suited to a city region food system because it ensures relatively equitable and transparent access to small and large, conventional and sustainable producers, distributors and retailers. The oligopoly characteristic of processed foods does not hold as much sway when it comes to fruits and vegetables.
Interruptions and delays to the normal abundance found at Toronto food retail outlets have been largely due to the virtually overnight closure of the hospitality industry, workplaces, schools and other institutional food settings. This shutdown led to a collapse of demand for food from institutions, and a short-term spike in demand for food from grocers and supermarkets. Price-gouging to take advantage of that, however, was immediately denounced by the general public and government alike.
Canada's system of supply management for certain farm products has also been a factor in stable availability of food. Supply management matches production volumes to the overall demand from the population at-large. Canada has long practiced supply management for dairy, poultry and egg production, and has withstood pressure from multiple trade deals to maintain this form of protecting food security and family farming. As a country with a small population that cannot match agricultural subsidies common across the USA and Europe, supply management has served as a cost-effective method of protecting family farmers in provisioning core consumer products across the country. This approach to managing supply and farm survival in key products has now been tested by the shock of COVID-19, and its value as an effective force for market stabilisation has been confirmed.
The combination of a public food terminal and a system of supply management has protected the population from price spikes caused by black market and other dysfunctional responses to sudden shortages of essentials, and from wanton waste of over-produced products – as seen by dumping of milk on fields by dairy producers across the USA and Europe.
However, the longer-term stability of food availability in Toronto and its city region is not ensured by infrastructure or policy. As the 2018 FAO-RUAF report on the Toronto city region food system indicated, mid-size infrastructure for processing and distribution is limited. As well, agriculture relies heavily on migrant labour to plant, tend and harvest much of its fruit and vegetables. Indeed, more than 69,000 temporary migrant agricultural workers came to Canada in 2019 from the Caribbean, Mexico and other countries.[4] There is concern that the federal government has placed too much responsibility on employers to ensure the safety of farm workers during the pandemic. In particular, critics are concerned that there is no oversight for accommodation, sanitary measures, and access to health care, and that migrants have not been assured that they will be cared for if they become sick.[5] In the meantime, a website called HelpCanadaGrow.com has been launched to encourage unemployed Canadians to work as farm labourers.[6]
Pandemics like all shocks, aggravate the harmful effects of inequities such as food insecurity. Despite the stabilising factors of the Ontario Food Terminal and supply management, food insecurity has spiked in Toronto and its city region in the last two months. Toronto was already the child poverty capital of Canada before the pandemic. More than a quarter of Toronto's children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. For racialised children, this figure doubles. The figure sits at 80 percent for Indigenous children.[7]
Overnight, restaurants and hotels closed, and an estimated 300,000 food sector jobs vanished.[8] Many of the workers in the hospitality industry are precariat workers in the "gig" economy. Other service sector and retail jobs also vanished with the imposition of the lock-down to prevent the spread of the virus.
Toronto's "community of food practice"[9] and its many civil society organisations quickly found ways to "pivot" and increase their output. Food banks have seen demand surge as they develop new ways to receive and distribute food to increased numbers of people who suddenly find themselves food insecure. FoodShare and The Stop, two of the largest city-based food bank alternatives in Canada, have stepped up distribution of food boxes and prepared meals. Community Food Centres Canada moved into high gear to raise philanthropic funding for community-based emergency food services across the country, and received a $20 million dollar donation from the Sprott Foundation to be shared with the food rescue organisation, Second Harvest. The Chef School at George Brown College, which suddenly found itself with recipe ingredients but no students to teach, donated thousands of dollars of food to a variety of community agencies and is working with FoodShare to provide food boxes for students in need. Many other lesser-known initiatives have sprung up across the city, many of which can be tracked at the Facebook site of Toronto "Caremongers," a tribute to spontaneous neighborhood caring and sharing.
One of Toronto's unique food institutions is the Toronto Food Policy Council, the oldest food policy council in a major city in the world, and a hybrid model with one foot in the municipal civil service and one foot in the citizenry. The TFPC has worked for thirty years to convene and empower philanthropic, civil society and citizen activists, as well as social entrepreneurs. Food Policy Councils are usually judged in terms of their impact on city food policy, but the pandemic experience highlights the food council impact on social capital and the collaborative infrastructure a city can tap into.
During the coronavirus pandemic, the informal citizen/social enterprise coalition enabled by the TFPC has been successful in going beyond the "post-political" consensus for managing a pandemic under the hegemonic umbrella of neutral scientific and medical auspices. Food activists have had some success in conveying their point that "social distancing" does not require privileging a long-distance food system as distinct from a community system operated in public spaces with appropriate precautions to prevent contagion. TFPC members have continued to meet online and to help coordinate advocacy for two major initiatives – re-opening community gardens and farmers markets.
Efforts on the part of the TFPC, together with other organisations such as the Toronto Urban Growers and Sustain Ontario, as well as individual citizens, have persuaded Ontario and the City of Toronto to permit the opening of community and allotment gardens in order to make nutritious foods available to people who live in apartments or condominiums and who lack the resources to buy fresh fruits and vegetables.
At the time of writing, farmers markets are still not permitted to open. A LinkedIn site and other activities are underway to advance understanding of the public policy significance of municipal public markets as critical institutions of regional collaboration for local food security. Without such institutions as farmers markets and community-scale food retail, dogmatic interpretations of measures needed to prevent contagion may end up entrenching a retail monopoly by supermarkets controlled by oligopolies – often the same corporations that promote the sale of ultra-processed and low-nutrient foods that undermine population immunity to withstand disease outbreaks. In the meantime, individuals and markets have set up online ordering from local farmers with drop-off sites across the city. This is a stopgap measure to link farmers in the Toronto city region with eaters, but one that does not meet the demand for local and sustainable food.
#Buildbackbetter
Many in Toronto are hoping to #buildbackbetter. A range of Toronto-based non-profit and for-profit food organisations have appealed to the public during the pandemic to advance a progressive agenda for economic recovery after the pandemic. Green Roofs for Healthy Cities, a Toronto-based international non-profit promoting green infrastructure, is offering a free course on farming green roofs. Chef and food activist Joshna Maharaj has just launched her timely book, "Take Back the Tray" on the power of institutional food procurement to support local and sustainable food systems.[10] Local food entrepreneur Ran Goel has issued a list of "spade-ready" food projects that include greenhouses for long-term care homes, "agri-corps" action teams to create pollinator and wildlife buffer zones, produce street vending, subsidised food trucks, a garden for every school, and an enshrined right to grow food.[11] Corporate Knights, a Toronto magazine which calls itself "the voice for clean capitalism", is sharing solutions from thought leaders for a green recovery, including farming strategies to reduce GHGs.[12] There is also growing support for a Guaranteed Annual Income for all Canadians, spurred on by the federal Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB) which is providing $2000 a month for four months to "workers who lose income as a result of the pandemic due to job loss, illness, quarantine, caring for others (including children) and work disruption".
Toronto and its city region are hurting like the rest of the world. Despite the horrors of this pandemic, there is some hope that this may be a moment for paradigm shift, as many around the globe see the burden of inequity with fresh eyes and the need for local food resilience. As the FAO-RUAF 2018 assessment of the Toronto city region food system indicated, it remains challenging to reconcile rapid population growth with the potential for high food production. Yet, in assessing the global impact of shock events such as the coronavirus pandemic, the FAO's chief economist has written that measures encouraging food localization are needed for food security. Toronto and its city region provide an ideal environment to test the viability of such measures.
[1] https://www.blogto.com/eat_drink/2020/04/lost-jobs-ontario-food-beverage-sector/
[2] https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/95cb-omaftor_finalreport.pdf
[3] http://www.fao.org/3/CA1111EN/ca1111en.pdf
[4] https://sciencepolicy.ca/news/government-covid-19-guidelines-gamble-lives-migrant-agricultural-workers
[6] https://helpcanadagrow.com/
[7]https://torontocas.ca/sites/torontocas/files/CAST%20Child%20Poverty%20Report%20Nov%202017.pdf
[8] https://www.restaurantscanada.org/industry-news/covid-19-has-cost-ontarios-foodservice-sector-more-than-300000-jobs-since-march-1/C
[9] Friedmann, H. Scaling up: Bringing public institutions and food service corporations into the project for a local, sustainable food system in Ontario. Agric Hum Values 24, 389–398 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-006-9040-2
[10] https://www.joshnamaharaj.com/take-back-the-tray
[11] https://medium.com/@ran_54655/6-food-projects-government-should-fund-starting-tomorrow-9df55bfd9d5d
[12] https://www.corporateknights.com/green-recovery/
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The 3rd thing you need to know: Poets
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Sometimes referred to as 'the Bard of Bengal', [name]'s poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial.
It has been referred to as the greatest poem of the Middle Ages.
His so-called prophetic works were said by 20th century critic Northrop Frye to form 'what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language'.
It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was generally known as 'the poem to Coleridge'.
She was married to fellow poet Ted Hughes from 1956 until they separated in September 1962.
His critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture.
Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris), 1831.
They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and [name] encouraged Goethe to finish works he left as sketches.
It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war.
In his lifetime he was often referred to as Anacreon Moore.
[Name] was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others.
He was executed by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
He was one of many influential American writers of his time known as the Beat Generation, which included famous writers such as Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs.
He was Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex from 2010 to 2013.
[Name] is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.
He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech.
Following the breakup of the circle, [name] traveled to Hollywood to pursue screenwriting.
[Name]'s translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences.
Her mother's collection of her poems forms one of the largest collections extant of juvenilia by any English writer.
His poems include 'Mandalay' (1890), 'Gunga Din' (1890), 'The Gods of the Copybook Headings' (1919), 'The White Man's Burden' (1899), and 'If—' (1910).
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Q: creating COM object in Vista- error Is there special security settings needed for a server side VB script to create a COM object on Vista (64 bit, Enterprise) ? The COM object (a DLL) is registered. THanks,

A: What is your error message, as I known, a COM object must be created successfully in a certain amount of time in Vista, or else there will be a time-out error.

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When you plan your open office design don't forget accessible semi-private meeting spaces like the one above designed by Studio O+A.
With leading companies like Google, Facebook, Skype, and Microsoft charging forward with open office designs this approach is becoming common place. We have seen a huge demand for this form of interior design for corporate spaces right here in Kelowna, and why not? Mobile technology has allowed us the freedom to work from anywhere and has reduced our footprint by condensing the amount of storage we require to do our jobs, leased space has become more expensive, and the generational profile of our workforce is growing younger and more connected. All of these shifts make having an open office a no-brainer, right? Well, maybe not.
Gensler, an Architectural firm that we at Hatch respect highly, have been studying the effect of design on workplace happiness and productivity for years. Recently they published their most current study and their findings are astounding. Since 2008 workplace efficiency has seen a massive decrease; three quarters of the population is struggling to be efficient on the job. Yes, 75% of us can't focus at work. Why is this?
Flexible spaces that can be used as private offices or collaboration spaces are still necessary to make open office environments work. Above is an example from Stokholm-based MER.
It's almost impossible to remember how different life was only 5 years ago, but to refresh our memories, Facebook and Twitter were saplings and iPhone was barely a year old! Technology has become a massive part of our everyday lives and this shift was rapid. Connectivity is king, but it's also the root of our distraction and our inability to focus our attention on the task at hand.
When the recession hit many of us were forced to work longer hours. The explosion in technology made this easy, and unfortunately for our personal life, over half a decade of practice, "being on-call" has somehow become the norm.
We don't have a specific location for work anymore. The office could be anywhere – at home, in a café, at the airport, across the globe – anywhere. Now the common distraction is fully integrated into our work day.
For an open office design to be effective, private areas for collaboration like the one above designed by Project Control Group are key.
So, when it makes financial, technological and generational sense to work in open office environments, how can we counteract the negative effects of distraction and inefficiency? Well as we always say, good design is good business – with an educated interior design approach we can help businesses with open office plans be more productive.
Here's how. Open offices need a well-balanced combination of collaborative spaces and private quite areas as well as individual flexibility. As Gensler found, without balance between collaboration and focus, neither works well. So, collaborative spaces shouldn't impact private areas where focus is required. To do this commercial interior designers should provide zones for these activities: effective quite spaces for focus, nearby spaces specifically for collaboration, and by providing a combination of flexible private, semi-private work spaces. Employers also have a hand also by allowing their staff to select work areas that best suit their individual needs to be effective at work.
Interested in reading the study? Download it here.
» Want some help with the design of your open office space? Contact Hatch Interior Design located in Kelowna, British Columbia – Sustainable Interior Design Solutions for the Modern Workplace.


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You retain ownership of your original work, and selling original compositions on Noteflight Marketplace is non-exclusive.
You will earn a 50% sales commission for your arrangement of a public domain work.
You can search for a known public domain work in our catalog to identify the original composition. If it is not listed in the catalog, simply provide the details of the original public domain work. You are solely responsible for the accuracy of the information you provide on public domain works.
Arrangements must be created from the original public domain work and cannot be based on an existing arrangement. Selling an arrangement of an existing arrangement is not permitted in Noteflight Marketplace.
When placing your arrangement of a public domain work for sale, you will have the choice of offering either a full-length, watermarked preview or the up to 32-measure, non-watermarked preview of your score. Selecting up to 32 measures will display half of your score or the first 32 measures, whichever is less. The score audio will also playback for the same length as your selected preview.
When selling an arrangement of a public domain work, the "Lyricist" field in the upper left and the "Composer" field in the upper right of the score should be blank. Noteflight will place the original composer name for identified public domain works in the composer field for you, or give you the option to provide the name if the work is not in the catalog. You will provide your arranger name during the selling process and Noteflight will add this to your score in the upper left.
You retain ownership of your arrangement of a public domain work and selling on Noteflight Marketplace is non-exclusive.
We have an extensive catalog of arrangeable songs, and you may search for your song to make sure it is eligible to be arranged before creating your arrangement. Not all songs are allowed, and excluded works are also listed in the catalog. You may search and find your song and know if it is eligible or excluded. If a copyrighted work is not in our database and not excluded, you may still sell your arrangement by providing the details of the original work. Please note that the catalog of arrangeable songs is subject to change at any time.
Only arrangements of single works are allowed. Medleys of copyrighted works may not be sold in Noteflight Marketplace at this time. Arrangements must be uniquely created from the original work and cannot be based on an existing arrangement. Selling an arrangement of an existing arrangement is not permitted in Noteflight Marketplace.
Large ensemble arrangements of copyrighted works are not permitted on Noteflight Marketplace at this time. This includes orchestra, concert band, marching band, and jazz ensembles with 21 or more performers. When selling an arrangement of a copyrighted work, large ensemble formats and the "21 or more performers" pricing option are not available.
When placing your arrangement of a copyrighted work for sale, the visual and audio preview will be set to half of your score or 32 measures, whichever is less.
When selling arrangements of copyrighted works identified in our catalog, simply identify the original copyrighted song on which your arrangement is based. Noteflight will provide and place the proper title, writer credits, and copyright notice on your score for you. You will provide your arranger name during the selling process and Noteflight will add this to your score in the upper left. Before selling your arrangement, you may leave the Composer, Lyricist, and Copyright fields blank. Noteflight will replace these fields with the proper information and replace your title if it does not exactly match the original song on which your arrangement is based.
Be sure to first thoroughly search for your work with multiple keywords to make sure it is not in the catalog. If no match is found you may sell your work by providing all known details of the work, including title, artist, composer, and lyricist. You are solely responsible for the accuracy of the information you provide on the ownership of the work.
When selling your arrangement created from an editable copy of a purchased score, the original title, writer credits, and copyright will be preserved. You will provide your arranger name and Noteflight will place this on the score for you. In addition, a link to purchase the original work will be referenced from your arrangement.
Arrangements of copyrighted works are only permitted to be sold on Noteflight Marketplace or Sheet Music Plus ArrangeMe. Selling an arrangement on Noteflight Marketplace or ArrangeMe does not grant any additional permission to sell your work on other websites, or in physical printed sheet music, unless you have a direct agreement with the work owner or publisher.
Please read our Purchasing Guidelines for details on buying music.


text:
Global Journalist
Health & Wealth Desk
Missouri Health Talks
Missouri Environment
Radio Friends
Views of the News
Show Me The State
The Obvious Question
True/False Podcast
Access Missouri
Shortage in Rich Land
Heartland, Missouri
My Life, My Town
Overlooked and Underserved
Mizzou at a Crossroads
Columbia's Payphone Mystery
An Uncertain Road
Sustaining Gift
Working at KBIA
Reports & Public File
Emily Woodbury
Emily Woodbury joined the St. Louis on the Air team in July 2019. Prior to that, she worked at Iowa Public Radio as a producer for two daily, statewide talk programs. She is a graduate of the University of Iowa with a degree in journalism and a minor in political science. She got her start in news radio by working at her college radio station as a news director. Emily enjoys playing roller derby, working with dogs, and playing games – both video and tabletop.
Tuesday: St. Louis' Wild Prohibition Years
By Emily Woodbury • Jan 16, 2020
This interview will be on "St. Louis on the Air" at noon on Tuesday. This story will be updated after the show. Here are several ways you can listen live.
The 18th Amendment of the United States Constitution established the prohibition of alcohol in the U.S. Enforcement of the new law started on January 17, 1920.
Tuesday on St. Louis on the Air, we'll recognize the 100th anniversary of Prohibition by diving into St. Louis' rich Prohibition-era history.
What The Science Says About Following A Keto Diet
A few weeks ago on St. Louis on the Air, we learned about a brand-new medical device that allows users to measure nutritional ketosis with a breathalyzer. Nutritionists say they've witnessed the reemergence of the keto diet as a means for weight loss in the past few years.
Both during and after that segment aired, we received a lot of questions about the keto diet, as well as some concern that this may be an unhealthy choice for some people. So, we looked into it on Thursday's show with people who follow the latest research on the topic.
Two Physicians, Two Different Takes On Medical Marijuana
By Emily Woodbury • Jan 9, 2020
Thousands of Missouri residents have received certification cards for medical marijuana, and dispensaries are gearing up to begin sales of the product later this year, likely in the spring.
Physicians have the ability to prescribe medical marijuana to patients via the state's certification form, although they are not obligated to do so.
On Friday's St. Louis on the Air, host Sarah Fenske spoke with two physicians, who are also sisters, to get a sense of why they react differently when patients request their signatures on medical marijuana certification forms.
Q&A: St. Louis Police Chief John Hayden On Violence Prevention In 2020
Thursday on St. Louis on the Air, St. Louis Police Chief John Hayden defended his crime-fighting strategy in the north St. Louis area known as "Hayden's Rectangle."
Illinois' Recreational Marijuana Sales Top $3 Million On New Year's Day
The biggest party in town on New Year's Day may well have been outside Illinois Supply & Provisions. Metro area residents stood in line for hours outside the Collinsville shop with the goal of purchasing legal marijuana products. Illinois just became the 11th state to legalize cannabis for recreational use.
St. Louis Public Radio reporter Eric Schmid was at the shop on New Year's Day, and on Friday's St. Louis on the Air, he joined host Sarah Fenske to discuss what people should know about buying and consuming Illinois' recreational marijuana in 2020 and beyond.
Affordable Housing Trust Funds And Their Effectiveness In The St. Louis Region
By Emily Woodbury • Dec 31, 2019
Last month, the St. Louis County Council voted 4-3 for Councilwoman Lisa Clancy's bill to establish a trust fund aimed at creating more affordable housing.
"We've got 400,000 households in St. Louis County," said Clancy on Thursday's St. Louis on the Air. "Over 100,000 of those households — that's over 25% — are considered cost burdened when it comes to housing. … Cost burdened technically means you are spending over 30% of your income on housing."
Women Comics Share Experiences From The St. Louis Comedy Scene
This month, the third season of "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel" was released by Amazon Studios. Set in 1950s New York, Miriam "Midge" Maisel pursues a career in stand-up comedy after her husband leaves her. As depicted in the show, she often finds herself working harder than her male colleagues for less, experiencing sexism and double standards along the way.
Wednesday on St. Louis on the Air, local comedian Tina Dybal said that while the comedy scene is much more inclusive and welcoming than it was six decades ago, women comics still face double standards.
Biotech Startup Readout Health Launches First Medical Device In St. Louis
The tech company Readout Health was founded in San Francisco, but it recently moved to St. Louis. Last week, the startup launched its first medical device, Biosense.
The device is manufactured in St. Louis, and according to the company, it's "the first highly accurate and IP-protected nutritional ketosis device," meant to help people manage their health "through simple breath samples multiple times a day."
Humans Of St. Louis Opens New Lambert Airport Exhibit
Since 2014, the photoblog Humans of St. Louis has curated more than 2,400 stories online. Each post includes a photo and short description, giving the world an intimate look into the lives and struggles of the people who live in St. Louis.
The organization has expanded its showcase to St. Louis Lambert International Airport with a new exhibit, "Humans of St. Louis: The People of St. Louis, One Photo & Story at a Time."
SLU Professor Argues Generational Labels Like 'Boomer' And 'Millennial' Are Misguided
By Emily Woodbury • Dec 6, 2019
While "the cyclical nature of generational denigration is embedded in our history," generational labels like "baby boomer" and "millennial" are artificial and wrong, says St. Louis University associate professor Cort Rudolph.
Rudolph recently wrote about the topic in his campus editorial "OK Boomer Not OK, Nor Backed by Research." Mostly, he is concerned that routinely categorizing people of different ages by generation leads to ageism.
What You Need To Know As 2020 Affordable Care Act Deadline Approaches
The deadline to enroll in a health care plan via the Affordable Care Act marketplace is Dec. 15. Are plans more or less affordable than in previous years? What should people be aware of while searching for plans outside of the ACA marketplace?
Thursday on St. Louis on the Air, host Sarah Fenske put these questions to Timothy McBride of Washington University in St. Louis. In addition to talking about the health and future of the ACA marketplace, McBride, the co-director of the Center for Health Economics and Policy, discussed what Medicaid expansion could look like in Missouri. Just last week, Gov. Mike Parson said he would expand the program if voters say that's what they want.
Where Did The Moon's Water Come From? Wash U Researchers Search For Answers
The Earth's moon contains ice, but scientists don't know much about where the water came from. As the moon formed, water could have come from Earth's volcanoes in the form of gas. It could have been brought there by comets and meteorites. Or, it may have traveled to the lunar surface via solar wind that interacted with minerals on the moon to create water.
Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis are teaming up to find some answers. The team has been chosen as one of NASA's eight new Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institutes. They are part of a five-year cooperative agreement valued at more than $7 million.
What A German City Tells Us About How To Handle Gentrification In St. Louis
By Emily Woodbury • Nov 25, 2019
University of Missouri-St. Louis researchers connected with students in the Ruhr area of Germany to get a sense of how gentrification manifests in post-industrial cities like St. Louis.
They submitted their final presentation, "Clean Walls = Higher Rents?! Gentrification Debates in Legacy Cities" to the intercultural student project, "Future of My City," and they recently won first place in the initiative's competition.
On Monday's St. Louis on the Air, UMSL graduate student Adam Brown and doctoral student Liz Deichmann talked about the findings of their study, including the ways Dortmund, Germany, has implemented practices that mitigate the issues of gentrification, like the displacement of low-income residents by the more affluent.
Dellwood Burned Due To Proximity To Ferguson — But The City Bounced Back
Nov. 24 marks five years since the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson, the Ferguson police officer responsible for the fatal shooting of Michael Brown. Ferguson received a lot of attention during and after the unrest, but the town of Dellwood also experienced upheaval.
After the grand jury decision, five of Dellwood's stores were looted and 13 businesses were set on fire.
"It was a very traumatic event emotionally to our community, but I'm just glad we have rebounded from that," said Dellwood Mayor Reggie Jones on Monday's St. Louis on the Air.
Grannie Annie Family Story Celebration Fosters Connection Between Generations
Since 2005, the Grannie Annie Family Story Celebration has encouraged young people to discover, write and share stories about their family history.
Monday on St. Louis on the Air, Sarah Fenske talked with Grannie Annie board member Martha Stegmaier, as well as Karissa Hsu, who wrote a story about her grandmother's journey to America after fleeing conflict in East Asia during WWII. Her father Leo also joined the conversation.
Q&A: The Rep's Hana Sharif On Her Directorial Debut, An Adaptation Of 'Pride And Prejudice'
The new artistic director of the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis, Hana Sharif, makes her directorial debut at the Rep this December with an adaption of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice."
On Thursday's St. Louis on the Air, Sarah Fenske spoke with Sharif about the production and her background.
100 Years Of The International Institute Of St. Louis
The International Institute of St. Louis has been a welcoming community for immigrants and refugees to the area for 100 years. Its mission is to foster a more connected community to benefit not only immigrants and their families, but the wider community as well.
According to IISTL President and CEO Anna Crosslin, most of the organization's events are "geared toward trying to demystify 'the other,' so that people are less fearful."
"They can find out that there are, in fact, shared values and behaviors among people that go beyond the visible differences," she said.
Former Cardinals Team Physician Recommends Athletes Follow A Plant-Based Diet
In the new Netflix documentary "The Game Changers," a former team physician for the St. Louis Rams and Cardinals challenges what he refers to as a "locker-room mythology about meat, protein and strength."
"The attitude of most athletes for many years was that you had to eat meat to get protein, [that] we need that protein to get big and strong, and again, that meat was the best source. But that's clearly just not true," Dr. James Loomis said Friday on St. Louis on the Air.
"There are many, many highly successful athletes, both in the strength world … but also endurance athletes, who really thrive on a plant-based diet."
Withdrawal From Paris Agreement Could Cost Midwest Commodities Producers
The Trump administration's formal withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris Agreement on climate change has members of the Mississippi River Cities and Towns Initiative concerned. The organization is worried that the withdrawal could lead to U.S. commodities producers being taxed or penalized by countries that signed on to the accord, something that the European Union has signaled it would like to pursue.
How An Influential And Flawed Psychiatric Study Changed The Course Of Modern Medicine
By Emily Woodbury • Nov 8, 2019
In 2009, New York Post reporter Susannah Cahalan suddenly experienced hallucinations, paranoia, seizures and catatonia. She was misdiagnosed for a month before she was finally treated for a rare autoimmune disease that can attack the brain, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
Cahalan has little recollection of this time in her life, but she investigated her experience and published the details in her 2012 book, "Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness."
New Book Highlights The Lesser-Known Accomplishments Of Michelangelo In His 80s
Most people are knowledgeable about the early accomplishments of Michelangelo, like his work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling in his 30s. But the artist and architect worked well into his 80s, at a time when the average life expectancy was about 40 to 45 years. In fact, he was still carving sculptures four days before he died.
MADCO Dance Production Features The Human Stories Behind Cold War Politics
Nov. 9 will mark 30 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall that divided Germany from 1961 to 1989.
A dance production being staged this week by St. Louis' Modern American Dance Company explores the personal stories behind the politics of that moment in time. The production, "WallSTORIES," was choreographed by native Berliner Nejla Yatkin and is a collaboration between MADCO and the University of Missouri-St. Louis' German Culture Center.
Nonprofit Uses Martial Arts To Teach Mindfulness, Meditation And Self-Defense
By Emily Woodbury • Oct 31, 2019
At a 2017 funeral service for a student at Yeatman-Liddell Preparatory Middle School in north St. Louis, Nate Oatis noticed a young friend of the victim trying not to cry.
"I could feel the gentleman's energy, [this] 13- to 14-year-old trying to process the death of another 13- to 14-year-old due to gun violence. As he tried to bottle that energy, that intense emotion that really needed to spill, I put my arms around him and embraced him, and he absolutely melted," Oatis said. "It broke my heart to think that a child doesn't have the ability to vent those types of frustrations."
Lack Of Online Sales Tax Could Be Costing Missouri Up To $600 Million Annually
Missouri is one of the only states that did not update its tax law after the U.S. Supreme Court case South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc. This decision allowed states to charge a sales tax on purchases from out-of-state businesses, even if the businesses don't have a physical presence in the state.
Missouri lawmakers' inaction on this issue is causing the state to miss out on up to $600 million in sales taxes a year, according to the nonprofit Faith, Justice and Truth Project.
Thursday on St. Louis on the Air, Sarah Fenske talked with state Sen. Karla May, D-St. Louis, and state Rep. Justin Hill, R-Lake St. Louis, about the recent push for an online sales tax in Missouri and how the issue may be addressed in the upcoming legislative session, which begins Jan. 8.
Get To Know Board Of Freeholders Member, Business Owner Jason Wilson
Better Together was supposed to merge St. Louis and St. Louis County through a statewide initiative, but backers withdrew their proposal last spring after facing a major backlash.
In its place, the Municipal League of Metro St. Louis developed a plan to put together a Board of Freeholders. The Board of Freeholders will have representation from both city and county, and special powers under the state constitution. Members can draft a plan to merge the city and county or drop the idea altogether.
6 Tips For Researching Your African American Ancestry
Growing up in the 1960s, Carolyn Kidd Royal experienced racist incidents that, combined with the way African American history was taught in schools, affected her sense of identity for the worse.
"In that mid-'60s timeframe ... you weren't happy that your skin was brown, that your hair was a little different; and overall, we did not have a sense of pride in our race and in our individual selves. At least, I didn't," she said.
But, as the civil rights movement gave way to the Black Power movement, shifts in culture made a difference. Specifically, the 1969 James Brown classic "Say It Loud."
Wednesday: Restaurateur Katie Collier Shares Her Journey To Sobriety
This interview will be on "St. Louis on the Air" over the noon hour on Wednesday. This story will be updated after the show. Here are some ways to listen live.
Chef and restaurant owner Katie Collier is getting ready to celebrate nine years of sobriety. After struggling with alcoholism and going through multiple treatment centers, she opened up Katie's Pizza & Pasta Osteria. The business is now in its sixth year of operation.
NPR Correspondent Aarti Shahani Shares Her Family's Immigration Story
NPR Silicon Valley correspondent Aarti Shahani has written a memoir about her family's journey from pre-partition India to Casablanca to New York. It's called "Here We Are: American Dreams, American Nightmares."
Shahani said that her father lived the nightmare, but that she lived the dream.
"Not that it was easy," she added. "I detail in this book how the justice system derailed my life. I grew up in the shadow of a legal case that was supposed to go away, but never did, and that's a very common experience in America.
Recognizing Indigenous Peoples' Day With A Native Storyteller
Today is Columbus Day, and it also marks a holiday that more and more cities and organizations are formally recognizing: Indigenous Peoples' Day.
Indigenous Peoples' Day was first proposed in 1977 by a delegation of Native nations to the United Nations, and it's meant to honor Native Americans with a recognition of their histories and cultures.
How City And School District Boundaries Separate St. Louisans
In 2008, with his book "Mapping Decline," history professor Colin Gordon brought context to the issues of vacant houses, boarded-up storefronts and abandoned factories in the St. Louis region.
Gordon's new book, "Citizen Brown: Race, Democracy, and Inequality in the St. Louis Suburbs," digs into how municipal boundaries and school district lines were drawn to exclude and how local policies and services were weaponized to maintain civic separation.
© 2020 KBIA
91.3 FM - Columbia, Mo.


text:
VII летни олимпийски игри се провеждат в Антверпен, Белгия от 20 април до 12 септември 1920 г.

Други градове, кадидатирали се за домакинство, са Амстердам и Лион. Антверпен е избран поради големите поражения, които претърпява Белгия през първата световна война. Шестите летни олимпийски игри не се провеждат през 1916 г. заради войната.

Германия, Австрия, Унгария, България и Турция не са поканени да участват.

Важни моменти
 Това са първите олимпийски игри, на които се произнася клетва на спортистите и първите, на които се вее олимпийският флаг.
 Британецът Филип Ноел-Бейкър печели сребро на 1500 метра гладко бягане. По късно става депутат и единственият олимпиец, който печели Нобелова награда за мир.
 За пореден път САЩ печели най-голям брой медали.
 В една от седмиците са застъпени и зимни спортове. Фигурното пързаляне и хокеят на лед правят дебют на олимпиада.
 Италианецът Недо Нади печели 5 златни медала във фехтовката.
 Шведът Оскар Суон чупи за втори път рекорда за най-стар участник на олимпиада. По това време той е на 72 години и печели медал в стрелбата.
 Финландецът Пааво Нурми печели 9 златни медала в атлетиката.
 За пръв път Финландия се състезава под свой собствен флаг.
 Сузане Ленглен печели два златни медала в тениса.

Медали

 България не взима участие.

Олимпийски спортове

Демонстрационен спорт е корфбол.

Външни препратки
 Страница на МОК за игрите през 1920

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Is there an elegant notation to indicate that what follows is a range? I'm currently creating a table containing values for a number of variables, many of which actually are the mean values. To indicate that those are the mean values, I use the bar on the corresponding variable in the header (e.g. $\bar{x}$). Maybe this is not the standard way in maths, but it's common in my (physics) community.
Now I also have a column where I would like to give a range for the corresponding variable, but I can't think of a good way to indicate this, so people can intuitively understand it. Of course I can always just some "arbitrary" indicator (e.g. $\tilde{x}$, or $\hat{x}$) and explain what I mean by that in the notes. In addtion, I of course also need to indicate the range in the value cells themselves, e.g. $a-b$, $[a, b]$, or $a<x<b$ (of which I actually prefer the first, I know, not very mathy).
I was just wondering if there is something more intuitive.
The only other idea I could think of is the make two colums, one with $x_\text{min}$ and one with $x_\text{max}$ (or $\text{min}(x)$/$\text{max}(x)$).
Example showcasing the different approaches (note that in the actual table I wouldn't write mean/range of $x$ in the header in addition to the symbol):

Cases
mean of $x$: $\bar{x}$
range of $x$: ??
$x_\text{min}$ or $\text{min}(x)$
$x_\text{max}$ or $\text{max}(x)$

First
1
$0-2$
0
2

Second
2
$[-1, 4]$
-1
4

Third
3
$1 < x < 6$
1
6

Apologies if this is not the correct community. I found this post and thus thought to give it a try here.


text:
Subject: Dow Jones News Today: Markets Flat as President Trump Accuses Former President Obama of Collusion
URL: https://mney.co/2rVbhEw
− six = 3 Required Please enter the correct value.
Stocks: ANTM, F, GM, P, YHOO
Profit Alerts: After Market Roundup
Dow Jones News Today: Markets Flat as President Trump Accuses Former President Obama of Collusion
By Garrett Baldwin, Behavioral Trading Specialist, Money Morning • June 26, 2017
In Dow Jones news today, President Donald Trump sent out a series of tweets blasting former President Obama about his knowledge of Russian interference in the 2016 election. Meanwhile, investors also weighed the impact of a ruling by the Supreme Court that will allow the Trump administration to implement parts of its refugee travel ban.
Here are the numbers from Monday for the Dow, S&P 500, and Nasdaq before the closing bell:
Index Closing Point Change Percentage Change
Dow Jones 21,436.91 +42.15 +0.20
S&P 500 2,441.02 +2.72 +0.11%
Nasdaq 6,252.80 -12.45 -0.20%
Now here's a closer look at today's most important market events and stocks, plus Tuesday's economic calendar.
The Five Top Stock Market Stories for Monday
Today, Italian leaders poured about €17 billion ($19 billion) into the nation's banking sector to avoid a major debt crisis. The bailout comes just days after European financial leaders warned that two Italian regional banks — Banca Popolare di Vicenza and Veneto Banca – were on the brink of collapse. The bailout comes a year after Italian authorities rescued the world's oldest operating bank, Monte dei Paschi.
Rare Gold Anomaly: An incredibly rare gold anomaly is shaping up in the markets as we speak – one that has occurred ONLY twice in the past 20 years. And it's about to happen again. Details here…
Gold prices fell more than 1% Monday after a "mistaken" order pressed prices to a six-week low. The yellow metal slumped after a large sell order and a stronger U.S. dollar offset growing geopolitical concerns around the globe. More than 1.85 million ounces of gold were sold in a short period of time and quickly repurchased. The downturn came despite growing tensions over Italy's bailouts, Qatar's potential economic and diplomatic isolation, North Korea's nuclear program, and in-fighting in Congress over healthcare, tax reform, and infrastructure spending. Money Morning Resource Specialist Peter Krauth offered his insight into where prices are heading next. To see his 2017 gold price forecast, click here.
Once again, the Federal Reserve was back in focus as investors speculate on the timing of the next interest rate hike. On Monday, San Francisco Fed President John Williams argued that the central bank should continue a slow pace of rate hikes to prevent the U.S. economy from overheating. That sentiment was mirrored by New York Bank President William Dudley, who said that the markets' red-hot start to 2017 and falling bond yields justified more rate hikes in the near future.
Crude oil prices are ticking higher thanks a weaker U.S. dollar. However, another uptick in U.S. drilling activity has traders concerned that a global glut in supply could weaken prices again in the near future. The United States added another 23 rigs last week, while shale production has increased by 10% over the last year. The threat of a glut continues to lurk despite efforts by OPEC to curb excessive global output. The WTI crude oil price today added 1.02%. Brent crude gained 0.9%.
In Washington, Senate Republicans are losing support from within their own ranks on a bill to replace and repeal the Affordable Care Act. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell had hoped that the Senate would vote on a new bill by July 4. However, several media outlets report that Republicans do not have enough votes to pass the bill, while Democrats have warned of apocalyptic events for poor and middle-class Americans should the deal pass. Despite the criticism, Anthem Inc. (NYSE: ANTM) has said that this bill will help improve the individual insurance market.
Six Stocks to Watch Monday: P, F, GM, NSRGY, TKTDY, SCHN
Shares of Pandora Media Inc. (NYSE: P) added more than 2% after news broke that the company is seeking a new chief executive officer (CEO). The company's co-founder, Tim Westergren, is stepping down. He will remain in the role until the board of directors locates a replacement. The news came on the same day that the stock received an upgrade from analysts at Pacific Crest.
Shares of the Ford Motor Co. (NYSE: F) and General Motors Co. (NYSE: GM) ticked higher despite news that auto sales have likely declined in June. Industry analysts at J.D. Power and LMC Automotive both said that automakers are in danger of a downturn in sales. According to reports, sales have likely declined by 2% compared to the same period last year.
Shares of Nestle SA (OTCMKTS ADR: NSRGY) added more than 3% after activist hedge fund Third Point announced it has taken a $3.4 billion stake in the Swiss company. It is the largest stake ever taken by Third Point. The hedge fund is pressing the company to bolster its margins, increase its stock buyback plan, and spin-off non-core assets like its stake in French cosmetics firm L'Oreal SA. The hedge fund recently made similar demands from Yahoo! Inc. (Nasdaq: YHOO).
New Nevada Marijuana Laws Will Turn State into a Cannabis Destination
Shares of Japanese airbag maker Takata Corp. (OTCMKTS: TKTDY) collapsed after the company filed for bankruptcy. The company said that it is facing roughly $10 billion in liabilities tied to a massive product recall and settlements from lawsuits. Shares fell more than 63% on the day.
In earnings news, look for a quarterly report today from Schnitzer Steel Industries Inc. (Nasdaq: SCHN) after the bell. The steel recycling giant saw shares pop nearly 7% on Friday as investors prepared for today's report. Wall Street anticipates earnings per share (EPS) of $0.41 on top of $372.75 million in revenue. Shares added 3.2% on the day.
Tuesday's U.S. Economic Calendar (all times EDT)
San Francisco Fed Bank President John C. Williams speaks at 4:05 a.m.
Redbook at 8:55 a.m.
S&P Corelogic Case-Shiller HPI at 9 a.m.
Consumer Confidence at 10 a.m.
Richmond Fed Manufacturing Index at 10 a.m.
State Street Investor Confidence Index at 10 a.m.
Philadelphia Fed Bank President Patrick Harker Speaks at 11:15 a.m.
Four-Week Bill Auction at 11:30 a.m.
Five-Year Note Auction at 1 p.m.
Minneapolis Fed Reserve Bank President Neel Kashkari speaks at 5:30 p.m.
Up Next: Marijuana Dispensary Stocks Will Soon Be Thanking Secretive VR Firm
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ANTM -3.63 (-1.17%) 306.85
F 0.07 (0.67%) 10.42
GM 0.15 (0.38%) 39.36
P 0.11 (-1.30%) 8.38
YHOO 0.00 (0.00%) 123.47


text:
Dollar, yen supported as caution prevails on mixed trade signals By Reuters
By Tom Westbrook
SINGAPORE (Reuters) – The dollar and the safe-haven yen found support on Wednesday as a lack of clarity on U.S.-China trade talks kept investors cautious ahead of the release of minutes from the U.S. Federal Reserve's last policy meeting.
Moves were slight as jaded traders again weighed mixed messages on trade, with more upbeat reports offset by U.S. President Donald Trump delivering yet another warning of more tariffs if talks fail.
After falling overnight, the greenback rose a little on the Australian dollar to $0.6824 and on the New Zealand dollar to $0.6426.
It was marginally higher against the euro () at $1.1077 and against a basket of currencies () the dollar last traded a little stronger at 97.862.
The yen , regarded as a safe-haven by virtue of Japan's status as the world's biggest creditor, touched 108.37 per dollar, its highest since Friday.
"It's a very slightly risk-averse day," said Westpac FX analyst Imre Spiezer. "There's a slightly cautious tone and mixed messages from the trade war negotiations."
The United States and China have been locked in tit-for-tat tariff hikes that have dented the global economy.
Hopes for progress on the dispute had risen overnight when Bloomberg reported that negotiations, which failed in May, would be considered a baseline in deciding what U.S. tariffs on China would be rolled back.
However, speaking at a cabinet meeting at the White House overnight, Trump noted that China was "moving along," but any deal would need to be one he liked.
"If we don't make a deal with China, I'll just raise the tariffs even higher," he told a room filled with senior U.S. officials.
The U.S. Senate's unanimous passage of a bill aimed at protecting human rights in Hong Kong amid a crackdown on demonstrations was also seen likely to raise tensions between the negotiating parties.
The – the currency most sensitive to the trade dispute – dropped to a two-week low of 7.0335 per dollar in offshore trade early in the Asian day.
Traders and analysts also widely expect China will cut its new benchmark lending rate when it is fixed at 0130 GMT.
Elsewhere, the British pound fell slightly overnight after an inconclusive election debate between Conservative Prime Minister Boris Johnson, who leads in the polls, and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn.
It was steady at $1.2919 in Asian trade.
The release of the Fed minutes from October are the next major scheduled event for markets, with investors looking for insight into the reasoning for last month's rate cut.
"In particular, clues for whether October was a 'hawkish cut,' with a high bar for any further easing, or a 'dovish pause' with a bias for more easing…will be sought," said Vishnu Varathan, head of economics and strategy for Mizuho Banlk in Singapore.
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Dollar keeps safe-haven bid amid trade 'headline…
Dollar softens as Sino-U.S. trade deal optimism…
US Dollar Dips on Mixed Retail Sales Report, Eyes on…
Yen supported, yuan frail on coronavirus concerns By Reuters
Yen, Swiss franc fall after Trump signals no further…
Dollar holds gains on progress in U.S.-China trade…
News Caution, dollar, mixed, Prevails, Reuters, signals, supported, trade, Yen
USD/CAD Rate Eyes October High as Canada CPI Update Looms
Monero Website Hacked, Downloads Infected with Crypto-Stealing Malware


Written on December 20, 2017 . Posted in News.
One will often take time to consider the privilege of meeting the people we have met, the experiences that we have experienced and more importantly, giving thanks for everything and everyone that we are surrounded by, and this is where Funding Neuro comes in.
So by way of gratitude for our 70 years in business, Sharon Lee has proudly supported the charity Funding Neuro (Reg. SC042061), an incredible charity which is run by a team of dedicated and awe inspiring people, who are doing absolutely everything in their power to combat an awful disease, D.I.P.G. We have donated an incredible £2035 through the help of the sales from our customers during 2017.
Toby Pache – Managing Director at Sharon Lee commented "Funding Neuro also has a personal connection with me as I have seen first-hand what it has done to friends of mine, and their daughter Daisy. Daisy sadly passed away at the age of 6 in 2014. Quite simply devastating".
It has been a great honour and a privilege to have been able to support Funding Neuro this year. The charity is striving beyond belief to make an incredible difference to lives of so many very poorly children. Sharon Lee will continue to support them in whichever way we can in the future.


Mario Balotelli will miss Italy's World Cup qualifier with Armenia on Friday after failing to recover from the flu.
Balotelli, who missed his side's opening two Group B encounters due to his decision to undergo laser eye surgery in the last international break, was set to lead the line at the Hrazdan Stadium alongside Pablo Osvaldo after head coach Cesare Prandelli announced his starting line-up on Thursday.
But now Juventus forward Sebastian Giovinco will replace the Manchester City striker, who is expected to be available for Italy's next assignment against Denmark on Tuesday.


Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, and molecular biology.
Fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and transpiration, both part of plant water relations, are studied by plant physiologists.


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text:
Groep 2000 was een verzetsgroep tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in het gebied Amsterdam die 70 jaar lang vrijwel onbekend is gebleven. De groep werd in 1940 opgericht en door de oorlog geleid door Jacoba van Tongeren. Groep 2000 was vertegenwoordigd in de Raad van Verzet. Tegen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog verzorgde zij zo'n 4.500 onderduikers. Zij telde ruim 140 leden. Groep 2000 is tijdens en na de oorlog onbekend gebleven. De reden voor deze uitzonderlijke onbekendheid is het gebruik van codes in plaats van namen van de medewerkers, de onderduikers, de adressen en helpers etc. De sleutel van de code werd pas in 2014 gevonden. Daarom worden sinds 2015 steeds meer leden van Groep 2000 bekend.

Ontstaan
De oprichtster van Groep 2000 Jacoba van Tongeren was kerkelijk maatschappelijk werkster van de Hervormde Kerk. Door haar vader Hermannus van Tongeren, een hoge KNIL-officier, was zij sinds haar kinderjaren opgeleid in discipline en geheimhouding. Direct na de capitulatie in mei 1940 betrok hij haar bij zijn eerste verzetsactiviteiten.
Tegelijkertijd werd zij benaderd door de mede-oprichter van het illegale blad Vrij Nederland Jan van der Neut. Frans Hofker had het initiatief tot deze verzetskrant genomen waar ook Daan Levendig aan meewerkte. Hermannus van Tongeren steunde dit opzetten materieel en financieel en hielp bovendien met contacten van Vrijmetselaren.
Op eigen verzoek werd Jacoba van Tongeren als maatschappelijk werkster belast met het contact met de illegaliteit en hoe die ondersteund kon worden vanuit de Hervormde Kerk. Haar contactpersoon met de Amsterdamse Kerkenraad was ds. Bernard Aris. Door haar functie kon zij vrij door het land reizen en legde zij een landelijk netwerk van contacten aan. Zo ontstond de verzetsgroep met van begin af aan een landelijk netwerk.
Voorjaar 1941 werden tientallen medewerkers van onder andere Vrij Nederland gearresteerd. Jacoba dook onder en trok de conclusie dat ze geen namen moest gebruiken, zoals haar vader haar ook steeds had voorgehouden. Vrij Nederland en de verzetsgroep splitsten en ieder ging zijn eigen weg in het verzet: Vrij Nederland als verzetskrant en Groep 2000 door in zo groot mogelijke anonimiteit onderduikers te helpen.

De werkwijze
Groep 2000 was een hiërarchisch georganiseerde verzetsgroep, waarbij uit veiligheidsoverwegingen de leden van de groep elkaar zo min mogelijk persoonlijk kenden. De activiteiten richtten zich op het ondersteunen van onderduikers, het verkrijgen van voedselbonnen, wijkenwerk en ander verzetswerk.

Gebruik van codes
Van Tongeren had de wijze raad van haar vader goed begrepen: nooit namen en adressen vastleggen. Binnen de groep werd daarom veelvuldig gebruik gemaakt van codes. De groepsleden kenden over het algemeen elkaars naam niet, maar alleen een codecijfer, dat bij toetreding aan de groep werd toegekend. Dit codecijfer was doorgaans gebaseerd op de eerste letter van de achternaam, gevolgd door een 0 en daarna een volgnummer. Van Tongeren kreeg op die manier 2000 (zij was de eerste (volgnummer 0) in de groep van wie de achternaam met een T (20e letter van het alfabet) begon: 20-0-0 ⇒ 2000). Van dit systeem werd overigens ook afgeweken, zo wist Van Tongeren niets over Harry Mouthaan behalve dat hij verantwoordelijk was voor de Staatsliedenbuurt waardoor ze hem het nummer 1900 (19 afgeleid van de S) toekende. Anderen kregen de code van degene die zij opvolgden of met wie zij samenwerkten, dan meestal gevolgd door een letter. In deze tekst staan de codenummers tussen haakjes achter de namen van de leden vermeld.

Voor de administratie waren verschillende andere codesystemen in gebruik. Zo werden adressen gecodeerd met behulp van een stratenboekje van Amsterdam. Van Tongeren schrijft hierover: "Dit  werd  van achteren naar voren genummerd. De laatste pagina was bij ons dus pagina 1. De straten werden daarin van beneden naar  boven genummerd. Iedere straat kon  hierdoor  door  twee  nummers  worden  weergegeven." Deze manier van coderen was slechts bij een beperkt aantal mensen bekend. De namen (van onderduikers bijvoorbeeld) werden gecodeerd middels een zgn. militaire code vierkant. Hiervoor worden de letters van het alfabet (zonder de Q) over een vierkant verdeeld, waarbij de letters van een gekozen codewoord achteraan geplaatst worden:

Van Tongeren schrijft in haar verslag dat dergelijke code vierkanten op verschillende plekken werden gebruikt, maar steeds met een ander codewoord. Het code vierkant vormt de spil in een vrij complexe manier van coderen. Hoewel Van Tongeren de methodiek vrij uitgebreid beschrijft in haar verslag, gebruikt zij daarbij als codewoord Amstelodamum (waarvan na weglating van de dubbel voorkomende letters AMSTELODU overblijft). Pas in 2014 bleek dat in werkelijkheid BREDA als codewoord werd gebruikt. Zo bleef administratie ook na de oorlog nog beschermd.

Het gebruik van de verschillende codesystemen is de reden dat tijdens WOII de groep en alle 4500 onderduikers nooit ontmaskerd zijn. In maart 1945 bezetten de Duitsers het kantoor van de Groep en vonden duizenden gecodeerde namen en adressen, maar niet de codesleutel. De code werd niet gekraakt en zo bleven de verzetsstrijders en onderduikers veilig.

Organisatie en doel
De leiding van Groep 2000 werd gevormd door de Commissie van Beheer bestaande uit Ab Abas (1015),  Frits van Meer (13035) en Jacoba van Tongeren als executief leidster. Het Dagelijks Bestuur bestond in 1944 uit Harry Mouthaan (1900), Kees Reitema (1802) en Jacoba van Tongeren (2000). Uit hoofde van haar positie was ieder lid omtrent zijn eigen taak alleen verantwoording verschuldigd aan Jacoba van Tongeren, zijzelf was verantwoording schuldig aan het Dagelijks Bestuur en de Commissie van Beheer.

De werkzaamheden van de groep werd midden 1941 erop toe gelegd om het groeiend aantal onderduikers te helpen: Joden die onderdoken om aan deportatie te ontkomen, mensen die zich verzetten tegen de Jodenvervolging en de Duitse overheersing, en mannen die vluchtten voor dwangarbeid in Duitsland en door Duitse bezette gebieden. Voor deze mensen moesten iedere maand weer onderduikadressen worden gevonden. Hiervoor werd gebruik gemaakt van het grote kerkelijke netwerk dat Jacoba had opgezet en de vele contacten met Vrijmetselaren.

Voedselbonnen, -pakketten en persoonsbewijzen
Om aan eten te komen waren voedselbonnen nodig. Deze werden op diverse manieren verkregen: regulier bij de distributiekantoren zelf en door overvallen erop. Willem van de Bunt (2047, op de oorkonde foutief aangeduid als 2035) benutte zijn positie als brigadier van politie en beheerde het voedselbonnen-depot. De distributie van voedselbonnen werd geleid door Bep van Parreren (1400B). Zij werkte op het distributiekantoor Borgerstraat waarvan Tom Keur (1400K) de chef was. Jan Dekker (23025) had een leidende positie inzake veiligheid en voedselvoorziening. Hierin speelden Jaap en Grietje Balder (alias Bakker, 1400J) een belangrijke rol, samen met Rudi Blumgarten (2010). Zij waren ook lid van de knokploeg samen met Paul Guermonprez en Isidoor Huijkman (800). De leider van de knokploeg, die zo'n 10 leden telde, was Ab de Boer (206). Els Kervers-van Tholen (1400) was het distributie-contact voor voedselbonnen, tot zij in augustus 1944 naar Vlaardingen verhuisde. Haar werk werd daarna voortgezet door Van Parreren. Het transport van de bonnen nam Jacoba van Tongeren voor een groot deel op zich. Zij had een bonnenvest waarin 5.000 voedselbonnen konden worden vervoerd, waardoor zij de 'Bonnenkoningin' werd genoemd. Truus Wijsmuller (23030) verstuurde samen met Cor Inja (901) voedselpakketten naar Joden in de kampen van Vught, Westerbork, Bergen-Belsen en andere. Pieter Bol (207) verzorgde voedselpakketten voor onderduikers.

Een cruciale taak was het Wijkenwerk. Om onzichtbaar te blijven werd decentraal via de wijken in Amsterdam contact gehouden met de onderduikers en werden de voedselbonnen verdeeld. Dit werk werd geleid door bestuurslid Harry Mouthaan.

Onderduikers hadden persoonsbewijzen nodig. Het vervalsen van de persoonsbewijzen was een op zich staande activiteit Hierin werd samengewerkt met Frieda Belinfante (203) en Gerrit Jan van der Veen (2200). Vanuit de groep werkten Jan Piet van Hoften (8047) en Co Ledden Hulsebos (-) aan deze taak. Uiteindelijk heeft Gerrit Jan van der Veen (2200) de Persoonsbewijzencentrale opgericht die 80.000 persoonsbewijzen heeft gemaakt.

Overige activiteiten en financiën
Naast deze kernactiviteiten organiseerde de Groep nog veel meer activiteiten om het verzetswerk uit te kunnen voeren. Het hoofd van de plaatselijke afdeling Rode Kruis dr. J. Bos (2040) en dr. Piet Stiggelbout (1400 St), de groepsarts, leidden de EHBO en medische verzorging. Hierbij waren een 16-tal doktoren en verpleegkundigen betrokken. Ariene van Kalken (11040) organiseerde de koeriersdiensten van een dozijn koeriers. P.J. Swiebel (19016) werkte nauw samen met de Koninklijke Marine en leidde het Marine Zendstation. Zo werd contact met het buitenland onderhouden. De Onderzoek-Centrale stond onder leiding van bestuurslid Kees Reitema. Predikanten boden geestelijk en moreel steun aan verzetsstrijders en onderduikers.

De activiteiten kostten steeds meer geld. Hermannus van Tongeren  had in 1940 al een groot bedrag vanuit de kring van de Vrijmetselaren laten onderduiken. Midden 1942 heeft Isaac Troostwijk (20025) dit opgehaald. Van deze 600.000 gulden (omgerekend circa 4 miljoen euro in 2015) heeft Groep 2000 niet alleen zelf veel activiteiten kunnen bekostigen, maar ook Vrij Nederland, de Persoonsbewijzencentrale en het Nationaal Steunfonds substantiële startsubsidies kunnen geven.

De Groep en haar leden
De Groep had de steun van de Nederlands Hervormde Kerk en van de Orde van Vrijmetselaren. Veel leden waren hervormd en zo'n 10 leden waren vrijmetselaar. De groep had ook 10 Joodse leden. Een vaste kern leden en medewerkers hebben zich zeer ingezet voor de hulp aan Joodse onderduikers en de Yad Vashem onderscheiding gekregen. De Groep telde ruim 10 dominees, de meeste hervormd, maar ook een paar gereformeerde dominees.
De Groep had leden en medewerkers die veel voor de Groep deden zonder lid te zijn. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn Paul Guermonprez, die onder de naam Henk Hellinga persoonlijk bij Jacoba van Tongeren bekend was. Ook verleende broer Herman van Tongeren veel hulp aan het verzetswerk, zonder ooit lid van Groep 2000 te zijn.
De Groep bestond uit mannen en vrouwen van alle leeftijden, ongeveer in de verhouding van mannen : vrouwen als 5 : 3. Zij werkten in uiteenlopende beroepen, van bontstikster en glastuinder tot bankier en beeldhouwer. Tijdens de oorlog bleven zij gewoon hun beroep uitoefenen, zichtbaar voor de bezetter. Het verzetswerk verrichtten zij onzichtbaar.

Fusiegesprekken met Vrij Nederland
In 1940/1941 waren Groep 2000 en Vrij Nederland één organisatie. Vanaf 1941 tot midden 1944 ontwikkelden zij zich geheel los van elkaar. In september 1944 vonden er gesprekken plaats tussen Jacoba van Tongeren en Henk van Randwijk, hoofdredacteur van Vrij Nederland. Het idee ontstond te fuseren, waarbij Henk van Randwijk de leiding voor zich opeiste, want van Randwijk vond dat een vrouw geen verzetsgroep kon leiden. Maar Jacoba van Tongeren vond dat de twee groepen te veel in werkwijze van elkaar verschilden om te kunnen fuseren. Dit verschil in zienswijze leidde tot conflicten. Alsnog volgde voorjaar 1945 een kortstondige fusie die eind april 45 alweer uiteen viel.

Hoofdkwartieren
Het hoofdkantoor van Groep 2000 moest regelmatig van locatie wisselen. Alle locaties waren in Amsterdam. Tot voorjaar 1943 was het hoofdkantoor gevestigd aan de Weteringschans 100. Hier was het Centraal Bureau van de Vrijzinnig Hervormden gevestigd. Onder de dekmantel van maatschappelijk werkster mocht Jacoba van Tongeren hier spreekuur houden voor illegalen. Van voorjaar 1943 tot begin 1944 was het adres Jacob van Lennepkade 310-312, een wijkgebouw van de Hervormde Kerk. Daarna was het hoofdkantoor het hele jaar 1944 naast de burgemeesterwoning gevestigd op Herengracht 504. Vervolgens moest het hoofdkwartier van de groep verhuizen naar de Stadhouderskade 56, een pand waarboven familie Verwoerd woonde. De laatste locatie was de Herengracht 162 tot 31 augustus 1945.

Fusillade

Een inval bij familie Verwoerd op 9 maart 1945 door de SD leidde tot bezetting van het hoofdkwartier van Groep 2000, waar op dat moment de codesleutel lag. Uit angst voor ontdekking ervan, tegen het nadrukkelijk verbod van Jacoba van Tongeren, probeerden een paar groepsleden de codesleutel uit het hoofdkwartier te halen en veilig te stellen. Bij deze actie kwam het tot een schotenwisseling en een SD'er werd gedood. Daarop volgde de fusillade van 30 politieke gevangenen op 12 maart 1945 op het Weteringplantsoen.

Nederlandse verzetsgroep in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
Tweede Wereldoorlog in Amsterdam


text:
← The Moon that Embraces the Sun Episode 3 Recap
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Sealed with a Kiss Cast Reunite to Film Mini-Movie
Will the insanity of this story never end? Much as I deem Sealed with a Kiss the drama for being utterly distasteful in concept, apparently the viewers in China disagree and can't get enough of it. It was a ratings hit, and leads Hawick Lau and Ying Er have been voted in some end-of-the-year awards as best drama couple. Excuse me while I headdesk over here for a few minute, and also guffaw quietly. Apparently there is a market for so-called "tortured love" dramas. I'm not sure where rapey leading men get off having their love described as tortured, other than maybe I would like to subject said swine to some torture.
Because SwaK was so popular, the entire cast quietly reunited last week and filmed around-the-clock for 7 days to produce a mini-movie. What the what? The mini-movie will air on Valentine's Day simultaneously on Hunan TV as well as online. Because young and old lovers alike can't wait to celebrate the day of love with more tortured shenanigans. While the picture above is an adorable BTS shot of Hawick and Ying Er filming the mini-movie, the first official teaser pictures have just been released and leave me stunned. Seriously, my jaw = on the floor. See more behind the jump.
Apparently Ying Er has lost quite a lot of weight since when she filmed SwaK and she is happy to unveil a different Tong Xue to the audience. Like I said before, the public reaction to her form and attire on SwaK was overwhelmingly critical, even if people kept watching anyways. She was decidedly plumper in SwaK compared to when she did The Book and the Sword, but it was the fault of the production company to stick her in outfits that made her look at times pregnant, and at times like she had just given birth. She looks stunning here, and I'm loving the femme fatale look on Tong Xue. It's about time the girl stop being a weepy victim and start having more control over her own life.
I don't know why Hawick shaved his head, other than the last we saw of Mo Shao Qian, he was headed into a police station to turn himself in, so he's clearly been or is still in jail. Even as I profess how horrifyingly stupid I think this story is, I still can't wait to watch that darn mini-movie and see if this drama can reach new heights of insanity. Bravo, drama, for making me simultaneously cringe and then ask for more. I'm sure this mini-movie is going to be an even bigger smash hit, now that Hawick is part of the new IT celebrity couple with Yang Mi. Viewers will be dying to check out the guy that landed the current hottest young actress in China.
Posted in TW & C dramas	Tagged Hawick Lau, Sealed with a Kiss, Ying Er	permalink
Sealed with a Kiss Cast Reunite to Film Mini-Movie — 10 Comments
Nadal on January 12, 2012 at 3:45 AM said:
LoL so now he becomes her submissive? This show is SO weird, why couldn't she just fall in love with the brother-in-law?
shera on January 12, 2012 at 4:01 AM said:
Hawick shave his head, because recently he had just filmed a drama which setting is in dynasty era. So we can't see his cool face again 🙁 and because of his bald head, the director has to change the plot, so it can fit with his condition. i think it's better than he wearing a hair wig
I got this information from one of the truly fans of SWAK, check out her blog below
http://www.jolecole.blogspot.com
btw, i'm so waiting for this mini movie ^^
dangermousie on January 12, 2012 at 4:47 AM said:
OMG WTF. Those pictures made me lol and lol. I guess they are really reversing roles now and he's going to be her love slave or something? This is officially the single weirdest couple outside of lakorns.
Yc on January 12, 2012 at 7:53 AM said:
That picture is not part of sealed with a kiss. It's only a video of an ad (not too sure) but you can check it at cfensi.dramaddicts!
alyssia on January 12, 2012 at 11:45 AM said:
She reminds me of Cecilia Cheung in those pics. So pretty.
Kricket on January 12, 2012 at 7:47 PM said:
I don't think those pictures are part of the mini-movie since apparently it was part of a photoshoot that Yang Mi, Michelle Chen, Gan Ting Ting and others for Sohu. It was probably release as promotional stills just cause.
Emma on January 12, 2012 at 7:59 PM said:
I think those pics are for some photo shoot? Not the mini movie?
And I think hawicks hair is shaven probably because he was/ is filming for that Qing dynasty dramas hes been doing.
Bwear on January 12, 2012 at 11:35 PM said:
No no no no..
Hahaha.. those were photo's for Sohu's photoshoot..
Khai xin on February 8, 2012 at 1:24 AM said:
Love to see them get together again. Hawick makes good pair more with ying er than yang mi.
me on October 11, 2013 at 6:02 PM said:
You're calling distasteful a drama based on a novel written by one of most best selling writers in Mainland China. Clearly you did not understand the concept of the drama what so ever.
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