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Pedestrian walk past illuminated billboards in the Times Square area of New York, U.S. (Photographer: Victor J. Blue/Bloomberg)
High-Tax States Make It Hard for the Rich to Leave
Ben Steverman
Mar 04 2019, 1:30 PM Mar 05 2019, 9:28 AM March 04 2019, 1:30 PM March 05 2019, 9:28 AM
(Bloomberg) -- This tax season, many wealthy Americans are getting an expensive jolt.
The Republican tax overhaul signed by President Donald Trump more than a year ago provides plenty of perks for the rich. But not all well-off folks are treated alike under the new law. A controversial provision that helps pay for huge corporate tax cuts punishes residents of states with higher income taxes—most of which, but not all, lean Democratic.
By setting a $10,000 cap on how much Americans can deduct in state and local taxes, or SALT for short, Washington created a pricey problem for the privileged in some parts of the country. Now that the first tax season under the overhaul is here, that reality is hitting home—and the thought of moving to a low-tax state may suddenly look more attractive.
But even before the law, there were rich people in blue states trying this strategy. Some actually moved, while some just pretended to—and that's where state tax auditors come in. Officials in places such as California and New York don't make it easy for the rich to say goodbye, with investigators who dig deep, forcing residents to prove they really have cut ties in favor of cheaper pastures.
"You have to abandon the old and establish the new," said Karen Tenenbaum, a New York lawyer who specializes in residency disputes. "The more ties you cut, the better—auditors like to see a moving van and an itemized list of what was moved."
James Gazzale, a spokesman for New York's Department of Taxation and Finance, echoed her sentiment, albeit more formally. "Ensuring taxpayers pay their fair share is a top priority; therefore, our nonresident audit program continues to be very active," he said.
Here are a few of the more colorful examples of litigation between wealthy residents who claimed to have moved and jilted states that didn't quite believe them.
The Teddy Bear Test
Gregory Blatt was a rising star at InterActiveCorp (IAC) when in 2009 billionaire Chairman Barry Diller asked him to take over as chief executive of Dallas-based subsidiary Match.com.
At first, Blatt was reluctant to move. Just 40 years old, he was single, loved to spend summers in the Hamptons and had just remodeled his $2.4-million West Village apartment, according to the New York Division of Tax Appeals' ruling on his case. At first, he negotiated to work out of IAC's New York headquarters most of the time, traveling back and forth to Dallas when necessary. After a few months as Match's CEO, however, Blatt testified that he had actually fallen in love with Dallas.
He joined a gym there, rented an apartment in one of the city's nicest buildings, made friends and dated. When he filed taxes as a Texas resident in 2009 and 2010, however, New York started asking questions. Tax authorities could point to the fact that, just two years after moving to Dallas, Blatt had actually moved back to New York to take over as CEO of IAC itself when Diller stepped down.
Texas, unlike New York, does not levy an income tax. Based on an audit, New York notified Blatt in 2013 that he owed the state $430,065, plus interest and penalties.
The judge noted an important point in Blatt's favor. There's a curious gauge of New York residency tied to the location of items "near and dear" to the taxpayer—often called the "Teddy Bear Test." Where you leave your teddy bear is home, basically.
In this case, the bear was a dog.
Blatt's decision to move his large, elderly dog to Dallas was a critical factor, the judge said. In an email submitted to the court, Blatt wrote a friend at the time: "Dog is the final step that I haven't been able to come to grips with until now. So Big D is my new home."
The judge ruled that Blatt's move officially took effect in November 2009, when his dog arrived. She canceled his tax bill.
The Case of the Kansas Pizza Empire
Gene Bicknell spent decades building a sprawling business from his headquarters in tiny Pittsburg, Kansas, a town of 20,000 people about 120 miles south of Kansas City. He served as mayor and even ran unsuccessfully for governor as a Republican—twice. Though he owned a T-shirt maker, a marketing firm and a plastics company, the crown jewel of Bicknell's enterprises was National Pizza Co., the largest chain of Pizza Hut franchises in America.
In 2006, when he sold the group of 790 locations for an undisclosed sum to Merrill Lynch & Co., the Kansas Department of Revenue wanted its cut. At the time, Bicknell said he'd already moved to Florida—which is famously free of state income tax. Kansas wasn't buying it, however, and in 2010 sent him a bill for $42.5 million. Over the course of a six-day trial in March 2013, Bicknell sought to prove he had every intention of moving to Florida. He said he obtained a driver's license, voted there and even joined a country club. His family spent winter holidays at his 5,870-square-foot home in Englewood, Florida, which he bought back in 1990. He said he intended to retire there.
The problem, the Kansas Court of Tax Appeals found, was that Bicknell couldn't prove that he'd actually cut ties with Kansas, or when his move to Florida actually occurred.
Around the time of the sale, the court said Bicknell was spending less time in Kansas, having co-written, produced and starred in a patriotic musical called "Celebrate America," inspired by the Sept. 11 attacks. In 2005 and 2006, the show had a run in Branson, Missouri—two hours from Pittsburg. But more time in Missouri didn't bolster Bicknell's argument that he really lived in Florida. Meanwhile, his businesses, staff, doctors, children, church and much of his philanthropy—including the Gene Bicknell Celebrity Charity Golf Tournament—were all back in Kansas, according to the court. His wife also remained a Kansas resident, working as an attorney there.
The court noted that the Bicknells even kept a cat, Checkers, at their 5,200-square-foot Pittsburg home.
"On balance, we find little change in Mr. Bicknell's manifest attitude toward his long-established domicile," the court held in its 2013 ruling—seven years after the sale. The court awarded Kansas $42.5 million.
But it didn't end there. Bicknell, now 86, has spent the past five years unsuccessfully fighting to overturn the ruling. In 2016, the Kansas legislature changed some procedural rules for tax appeals, breathing new life into his case. A new court decision may come as soon as this week. A spokesman for the Kansas Department of Revenue declined to comment. Bicknell's spokeswoman declined to immediately comment.
California Tries to Force a Turnover
It wasn't looking good for National Football League star Keyshawn Johnson.
In 2017, California was demanding $2.2 million in taxes for the six years the former wide receiver said he was living out of state. His 11-year career included stints with the New York Jets, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Dallas Cowboys and Carolina Panthers. Tax authorities cited Johnson's real estate holdings in California as evidence of his residency when he was playing for teams elsewhere, according to a California Department of Tax and Fee Administration summary of the case. He built two homes of more than 11,000 square feet and added a 2,000-square-foot gym to a third, the state said. Most of his medical, financial and legal advisers lived in California, and the Los Angeles native even opened a restaurant there, according to the state.
California also argued that an NFL player works only part of the year anyway, so Johnson could consider California his true home while playing somewhere else. They even cited his 1997 autobiography, Just Give Me the Damn Ball!: The Fast Times and Hard Knocks of an NFL Rookie (co-written with Shelley Smith), where he mused about how he always liked to return to California to rest.
"Everybody needs a break," Johnson wrote, "To me, that meant getting my butt to Los Angeles."
In a 2017 hearing in Sacramento, Johnson and his lawyers argued that his California real estate holdings were either investment properties or purchases for family members, including for his ex-wife and children.
When Johnson was traded to Tampa Bay in 2000, he ended up opening a restaurant there, too, while building himself a lavish home nearby. In a transcript of the hearing, Johnson's lawyers argued that California was underestimating the time commitment of a football player. No matter what a contract states, they said, coaches can and do demand more than just the regular season.
"Because you know what they do to you? They look at you and they frown," Johnson told the State Board of Equalization at the hearing. "It means you better be at [training] camp or we got somebody else to replace you."
In the end, Johnson won. The board voted that the player, now 46, wasn't a California resident for five of the six years in question and owed just $218,857 in taxes. This month, California's Office of Tax Appeals rejected the state's request to rehear the case. Johnson's attorney and state authorities declined to comment.
Home Isn't Where the Ferrari Is
When New York challenged Thomas Campaniello's residency, he responded by saying not only did he live in Florida, but he loved the Sunshine State. The proof? He kept his "teddy bears" there, including two classic guitars, a professional espresso machine, his doctoral degree certificate, a 1988 Ferrari and a catamaran that he sailed on Sundays.
When Campaniello, 88, earned more than $5 million in profits on the sale of a Florida office building in 2007, New York said he owed taxes up north of $488,781. Tax auditors pointed out that, while Campaniello might enjoy Florida, the rest of his life seemed to be in the Big Apple, according to the ruling of the New York Division of Tax Appeals. He sold high-end furniture in showrooms located in Florida, but his company's headquarters were in Manhattan and his warehouse was in Queens.
He'd typically fly into New York on Tuesday, work during the week, and then fly back to Florida on Friday, according to the ruling. His wife of 51 years, meanwhile, ran Campaniello's 57th Street showroom. Their apartment was in Riverdale, a wealthy enclave in the Bronx, where he still kept clothes and received mail. His only daughter and grandchild also lived in New York, and he saw doctors and dentists there, the court said.
Campaniello's business and family ties outweighed his obvious affinity for Florida's warm weather, an administrative law judge ruled in 2015.
"I do not find that petitioner has shown a change in his lifestyle that would support his claimed change of domicile," she wrote in her opinion. As a result, Campaniello owed the full amount that New York claimed. His lawyers didn't return a call seeking comment.
New York Really Does Have a Heart
New York was suspicious when Stephen Patrick, the former chief financial officer of Colgate Palmolive, declared that he'd moved to Paris—leaving behind, the state calculated, a tax bill of $2.2 million.
Then New York's Division of Tax Appeals got to hear the whole story. It stretched back to a 1965 high school dance in Mamaroneck, a northern suburb of New York City, where Patrick met Clara, who was originally from Italy. According to the division's ruling on his case, they dated for two years, but then Patrick went to West Point and Clara returned home.
They tried to keep in touch, but she eventually sent word that she was to be married. According to the ruling, Patrick destroyed all her letters and mementos and, several years later, married someone else. He went on to raise four children in Connecticut while rising through the ranks at Colgate. But in 2007, the year he turned 58, Patrick had emergency surgery for a serious heart condition and, according to the court's opinion, sought to reevaluate his life. (Patrick declined to comment on the case.)
He told his wife he wanted a divorce, moved closer to work in New York, and started searching for Clara, his long-lost love. Through her 85-year-old uncle, Patrick found her living in Paris—and married.
"We met, and we opened the door, we looked at each other, we just knew it was us again," she testified. She divorced her husband. Patrick turned his life upside down, too. Previously a workaholic who rarely vacationed, he took long trips with Clara, learned scuba diving and climbed Mount Kilimanjaro, according to the ruling. By 2009, they were married. Patrick retired early from Colgate, missing out on a large pay package, and moved in with Clara and her teenage son in a $3.2-million Paris apartment with a view of the Eiffel Tower.
He returned to New York frequently for medical treatments, but the Division of Tax Appeals didn't harp on that. It was clear, the administrative law judge held, that Patrick, now 69, had sufficiently changed his lifestyle to prove he had left for good.
So New York let him go.
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Kose est un quartier du district de  Pirita  à Tallinn en Estonie.

Description
En 2019, Kose compte  habitants.

Galerie

Références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Kose
Arrondissement de Pirita

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I don't really like Weather Report, so all I'll say about them is Wayne Shorter probably picked the name so he and the group would appear next to each other on lists like these. On the other hand: Quincy Jones did a hip-hop version of "Birdland" (featuring vocals from both Sarah Vaughan and Ella Fitzgerald, because … huh?) that was Daveon's favorite song for a while, so credit to Weather Report for coming up with the tune in the first place.


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REVIEW: "ROOM" Q & A w/Author/Dir/Prod/Actor/Composer
At the start of Room we find "Ma" (Brie Larson) and her son "Jack" (Jacob Tremblay) living in a backyard shed they call "Room" and being held by their captor "Old Nick" (Sean Bridgers). Since Jack has never known there to be an outside world, he has no idea that anything exists outside of Room.
From that moment on it's a ripped-from-the-headlines Law & Order:SVU episode, which isn't to say that's bad as I watch the show faithfully. I'm truly not giving anything away to state the obvious that Ma and Jack escape Room, as the movie is more about the ability of each to cope with the outside world. For Jack, everything from that point on is a completely new experience. Ma, despite having lived for 17 years in the 'real world' before being kidnapped as a teen, being held captive and having a child, encounters different obstacles – as the world has moved on, and she also encounters doubts about her own ability to be a mother to Jack.
I'd been expecting a suspenseful drama-thriller about a daring escape, and what it would entail and the follow-up to this as the movie is based on a novel by Emma Donoghue. As the first half of the film concentrates on life inside Room for Ma and Jack as all she has told and convinced Jack for five years that all is well and that what they have is a normal life, that what they see on television is not real, but everything from the single bed to the lidless toilet tank is definitely their reality. She does sacrifice much as she tries to keep Jack happy and safe, even to the point of giving herself over to her captor on a regular basis in exchange for food and other items for Jack and herself.
To say that this first half moves slowly would be to understate things. We don't just get a slice of the life that they lead in Room – we actually get the entire pie, and most of it just isn't all that exciting or intriguing. We do get to see a little into the characters of the characters but in any event, it's just way to much time spent watching their every move which gets a bit monotonous and leads to some impatience with where they are heading with the film.
As we finally build up to the escape you have the only brief moment of suspense of the entire film. Once they do escape the focus quickly shifts from a struggle for survival to a struggle to understand. Ma's parents, "Nancy" (Joan Allen) blink-and-you- miss-him William H. Macy as her dad "Robert", have different reactions to the return of their daughter and the arrival of their grandson whom they didn't even know existed. In the years since her abduction, her parents have separated; her mom now lives with her boyfriend "Leo" (Tom McCamus). Add in to all this the slew of media hype, lawyers, and so much more adding in to the stress of adapting to all of it sorta gives the impression that escaping may have been the easy part.
The acting is good..not great, but Larson's has a few moments though can also be awkwardly annoying at times and the same can be said for young Jacob Tremblay though he carries himself very well and holds his own here.
But truly nothing can overcome what's basically a tedious script and film. The movie is mostly a series of plodding events and could honestly have been titled as such as packs no punch at its core. Usually when there is no action, you look for meaning, but when there is no meaning or action, you look for the exit. The film suffers from spending too much time contemplating things and not enough time doing them – or even at the least discussing them.
Screening: Monday, October 12, 2015 – Courtesy of the A24 & PGA
In Theatres Nationwide
POST Q & A with Author/Screenwriter: Emma Donoghue, Director: Lenny Abrahamson, Actor: Jacob Tremblay, Composers & Producers
With a very full stage of everyone behind the movie including the young Jacob Tremblay who as an 8 year old..should have been in bed at 9:30pm on a weeknight..:D But they did go into some depth of how they made the film of getting Brie & Jacob to spend time together so as to get to know each other so as a child, Jacob would feel more comfortable. Directors & Producers talked about location shooting and the Composer on his musical choices for the film. Poor Jacob had the longest question I've ever heard asked to anyone at a Q & A, adult or child, to the point where the audience started to laugh..since not even I could keep up with the length of it, it was mostly about being a child actor and what he brought to the table..and I must say he answered as best he could. All in all, they did seem a great group to work with. Just wished I liked the film more.
Tags Brie Larson, Emma Donoghue, Jacob Tremblay, Joan Allen, Room, Sean Bridgers, Wendy Crewson, William H. Macey
REVIEW: "CRIMSON PEAK" (2015) Universal
Crimson Peak sets us in early 1900's Buffalo, New York, where we meet Edith Cushing (Mia Wasikowska) an ahead of her time writer who works for her father Carter Cushing (Jim Beaver), a powerful businessman who's willing to hear a proposition from the desperate, in-need of quick financing, Baronet Thomas Sharpe (Tom Hiddleston). The Sharpe estate in England, Allerdale Hall, sits on top of a valuable red clay mine, and Thomas is in need of funding to build a machine he has invented that will reach the minerals underneath. Being tall, dark, and handsome, Thomas is able to win Edith's heart as a means to the money, but he does seem to have genuine affection for her, much to the displeasure of his intimidating sister Lucille Sharpe (Jessica Chastain). It's plainly obvious to everyone but Edith that Thomas & Lucille are up to no good from moment one. However, when she moves with Thomas and Lucille to Allerdale Hall, Edith discovers that it holds dark secrets and phantoms, and that the warning she received as a girl from her mother's ghost to "Beware of Crimson Peak," has started to come true.
This may not be a ghost story, but ghosts are here, and they don't really serve the story well. The mystery behind Allerdale Hall gets to be a bit tedious with oddly unnecessary stabbings up until the end when del Toro finally shows us what he's seemingly been going for all along. And even though I'm quite good at predicting plot twists, the reveal showed itself early on, though it did work for me in it's own way and is finally where the film somewhat clicked for me albeit a little late in the game.
Crimson Peak never reaches the heights of some of del Toro's earlier work, as I loved "Pans Labyrinth" and thought it was simply fantastic. The "Hellboy" franchise has it's own sense of campy-ness fun and "The Hobbit" films aren't 5-star, but they are watchable. In terms of the characters or plot, it at least surpasses the rock-em' sock-em' robots of "Pacific Rim" in that regards.
There are three performances here that felt stand out some with the rest being almost what you'd expect again with exceptions. Chastain, who pulls out all the stops and makes her character wonderfully creepy. Jim Beaver, even though in a small supporting role, stands out and lastly and a bit surprising as his role is a bit bigger and juicier than I would have thought, is Charlie Hunnam as Dr. Alan McMichael. Mia Wasikowska doesn't really do herself any favours here and is almost blissfully bland. Hiddleston is fair enough and really just stays stuck in middle ground.
Though this old-fashioned ghost story is decidedly short on scares
Crimson Peak wonderfully crafted set & costume design is truly sublime and always pleasing to the eye, though its story and scare factor is often far less compelling.
Screening: Tuesday, October 13, 2015 ~ Courtesy of Universal Pictures
Tags Adderdale Hall, Allerdale Hall, Bruce Gray, Burn Gorman, Charlie Hunnam, Crimson Peak, Doug Jones, Emily Coutts, Guillermo del Toro, Jessica Chastain, Jim Beaver, Jonathan Hyde, Leslie Hope, Mia Wasikowska, Tom Hiddleston
REVIEW: "THE WALK" (2015) Sony Pictures
Opening this film with Philippe Petit (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) standing atop the Statue of Liberty explaining to us, the audience, what the lure of the twin towers is to him and why it's the perfect place to 'hang his wire'. All this is done with Levitt speaking directly to the audience a-la documentary style..but with none of the panache of "Man on a Wire" the documentary film made in 2008 about this same event.
So why you ask did Robert Zemeckis make this dramatized version of events from as it seems fairly pointless. Well that is the question I asked myself while watching throughout the film. While we do get taken into the beginnings of a young Philippe maybe even a little to much so, but we meet Papa Rudy (Ben Kingsley) as the man who inspired Philippe to begin his career in high-wire walking, how he meets the woman who supports him throughout Annie (Charolotte Le Bon), his main photographer friend Jean Louis (Clement Sibony) along with math whiz/acrophobic Jean Francois (Cesar Domboy) as well as Americans J.P. (James Badge Dale) Albert (Ben Schwartz) and scene stealer insurance/inside man, Barry (Steve Valentine).
Watching them plan the 'heist' is fun at best, though a bit long in the tooth for some scenes. It doesn't build up the tension needed until Philippe actually begins 'The Walk' between the towers and it's truly the main reason to see this film as to witness that spectacle itself which is delivered well with flair & excitement. The swooping and inventive movement of the camera does show exactly how daring this feat really was.
I will add though as well as that part of the film came off, some of the CGI/green screen was so poorly done that for me, it just couldn't compare to the actual footage shown in the 2008 documentary where you see the real Philippe smiling and pulling off the stunts he did while 1300 feet in the sky.
The performaces will get no awards and it's a bit frustrating at times to realize they could have used so many amazing although yes, lesser-known, but actual French talent that is there for the picking rather than US actors in the respective lead roles as the accent use can be rather jarring at times. But I get it, you need a name to carry your film. For me and I recommend this to anyone – see 'Man on a Wire' as it will serve your needs much better than this version.
The film would have gotten a lot lower grade from me had it not been for the honorable way they show the Towers in the light they did and especially the lovely homage scene at the end.
Grade: C-
Screening: Wednesday, October 7,2015 ~ Courtesy of the PGA
Tags Ben Kingsley, Ben Schwartz, Benedict Samuel, César Domboy, Charlotte Le Bon, Clément Sibony, Daniel Harroch, James Badge Dale, Jason Deline, Joseph Gordon Levitt, Mark Camacho, Mizinga Mwinga, Robert Zemeckis, Sergio Di Zio, Steve Valentine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Description This Young Harris, Georgia resort has an indoor pool, an outdoor pool, free internet access and non-smoking guest rooms. This hotel is also pet friendly.
The Brasstown Valley Resort and Spa is located in the North Georgia Mountains and features an 18-hole golf course. Guests can also visit the 7500-square-foot Equani Spa and each room provides a 42-inch flat-screen TV.Every contemporary room of Georgia resort features free Wi-Fi and coffee-making facilities. The rooms also provide a safety deposit box and bathrooms offer a hairdryer and free toiletries for added convenience.Guests can go horseback riding at the Brasstown Valley Resort or use the on-site tennis courts. The property also has an indoor and an outdoor pool as well as a fitness centre.The Brasstown Dining Room offers mountain views and is open for all meals. Buffet-style dining is available for breakfast and there are a la carte options for lunch and dinner. Brassies Grill is on site and serves burgers salads and sandwiches.This resort is within 2 hours' drive from both Atlanta and Chattanooga city centres. The Lake Chatuge Recreation Area is 5 miles away.
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An iPhone ap that empowers women to make purchasing decisions that support their personal value system by comparing product rankings.
Buck The System is an iPhone ap and website that provides product comparisons that allow the consumer to select the product where the manufacturer best reflects the personal value system of the buyer. Our customers are consumers of manufactured products, in particular women who wish to use their purchasing power in support of women run businesses or in support of other causes that they hold dear.
Philippa Girling is a Managing Director at Morgan Stanley. Philippa has 16 years experience in the global securities industry, working in the fields of operational risk, project management and organizational change. Philippa has also designed and led many training and education programs. She has an English law degree and is a member of the New York Bar. She emigrated to the US in 1996 and now lives in NJ with her husband and their 5 daughters.


text:
Il governo provvisorio delle Hawaii fu un regno esistito nelle Hawaii dal 17 gennaio 1893 al 4 luglio 1894.

Storia
Il governo provvisorio delle Hawaii è stato proclamato il 17 gennaio 1893 da 13 membri del comitato di sicurezza sotto la guida di A. Thurston Lorrin e Sanford B. Dole. Ha governato per un anno il Regno delle Hawaii, dopo il rovesciamento della Regina Liliuokalani fino alla proclamazione della Repubblica delle Hawaii il 4 luglio 1894.

Altri progetti

Stati costituiti negli anni 1890
Stati dissolti negli anni 1890
Storia delle Hawaii
Governi provvisori


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In the past few years, the capital markets have offered products that resemble reinsurance because they provide risk financing to primary insurers, writes Michael Elliott.
These capital market products are known under various names, including contingent surplus notes, catastrophe bonds, catastrophe insurance futures contracts and catastrophe equity puts. Each product has unique characteristics and most can be tailored to meet the needs of a particular primary insurer. Providers of these products include institutional investors, investment banks, life insurance companies and investment brokers.
Capital markets consist of buyers and sellers of corporate debt and equity. Major participants include large corporations, commercial and investment banks, investment brokers and insurance companies. Capital markets also include buyers and sellers of derivatives, which are financial assets that derive their values from other assets. An example of a derivative is a futures contract traded on the Chicago Board of Trade.
The involvement of capital markets in risk financing is in its infancy. Recently, there have been several well publicised deals in which primary insurers have purchased capital market products to finance risk. Most products are designed to finance primary insurers' catastrophe risks, such as payments to policyholders as a result of earthquakes or hurricanes. Primary insurers need more capacity to transfer catastrophe risks than is available in the traditional reinsurance market, and this need is growing. Capital markets, which have access to vast capital pools, are a largely untapped source for this necessary additional risk financing capacity.
Most insurance industry observers agree that the influence of capital markets on the reinsurance business will continue to grow, and a number of reinsurers and intermediaries are purchasing, forming, or creating alliances with capital market companies. Current trends indicate that reinsurance underwriters and intermediaries will increasingly look to capital market alternatives in order to supplement the risk taking capacity of the traditional reinsurance market.
Exhibit 1 shows the risk financing relationships among primary insurers, reinsurers, and capital providers. Reinsurance intermediaries, not shown in the exhibit, are often involved in arranging transactions among these groups.
The relationships among the participants are complex. Reinsurers often act as capital providers to primary insurers by investing directly in them or by providing them with risk financing products that are similar to those offered by the conventional capital market. In addition, reinsurers might purchase capital market products in order to boost their own capacity. These overlapping roles among the market participants are all part of a broader picture in which the financial services industries, including insurance, are converging.
This article focuses on the role of capital markets in providing risk financing to both primary insurers and reinsurers and describes several different types of capital market alternatives that can be used to supplement traditional catastrophe reinsurance.
Capital market products that provide risk financing to primary insurers and reinsurers in the event of a catastrophe can be categorised into contingent capital securities and catastrophe risk securities (cat risk securities). The major difference between them is that contingent capital securities provide post-event capital to primary insurers and reinsurers, whereas cat risk securities make funds available to help offset the insured losses suffered by primary insurers and reinsurers.
The major difference between the contingent capital securities and catastrophe risk securities can be illustrated by looking at them from the point of view of investors. Investors in contingent capital securities agree to provide capital to an insurer or reinsurer if a loss event occurs. Investors in cat risk securities stand to lose interest, principal, or both on their investments if an insured loss event occurs. The investors' loss benefits the insurer that suffers the insured loss event.
Contingent capital securities bolster a primary insurer or reinsurer's balance sheet after a catastrophe. Alternatively, cat risk securities provide funds to help offset the effects of a catastrophe on both the income statement and balance sheet of a primary insurer or reinsurer.
Exhibit 2 lists capital market risk financing products by category. Each of these products is described in this article.
Investors in contingent capital securities become creditors of or equity investors in a primary insurer at the primary insurer's option following a catastrophic loss. Capital can be provided in the form of a loan, surplus notes, or equity. Two types of contingent capital securities are discussed in this section: contingent surplus notes and catastrophe equity puts.
Surplus notes are notes sold to investors that are counted as surplus on a primary insurer or reinsurer's balance sheet. A benefit of surplus notes is that they increase surplus by increasing assets without an offsetting increase in liability on a primary insurer or reinsurer's statutory balance sheet. (Regular debt increases both assets and liabilities.) Although surplus notes have many of the characteristics of debt, their treatment as equity on a primary insurer or reinsurer's statutory balance sheet allows it to increase its capacity to write business.
Contingent surplus notes are made available to a primary insurer or reinsurer through a trust, known as a contingent surplus note (CSN) trust. The trust holds the investors' funds and initially places them in fairly liquid investments, such as treasury securities. For a fixed period of time, the primary insurer or reinsurer can exchange the investments in the trust for surplus notes that it issues to the trust. Therefore, the primary insurer or reinsurer has a readily available source that will purchase its surplus notes in the event of a catastrophe. As compensation, investors receive a return higher than that available from other liquid investments because the investors (1) provide standby funds to the primary insurer or reinsurer and (2) take the credit risk involved with surplus notes. Therefore, the cost to the primary insurer or reinsurer for the option to issue surplus notes is the difference between what the investors receive and the return on liquid securities purchased by the trust. If it exercises its right to issue the surplus notes, the primary insurer or reinsurer must repay the principal and interest to the CSN trust over time so the funds are available to provide a return to the investors. Exhibit 3 illustrates the relationships among the investors (capital providers), the trust, and primary insurers or reinsurers for contingent surplus notes.
A major benefit of contingent surplus notes is that funds are available at a prearranged rate of interest to the primary insurer or reinsurer after a catastrophe. Without this arrangement, the primary insurer might find it difficult to issue surplus notes after a catastrophe.
Catastrophe equity puts are another way for a primary insurer or reinsurer to raise funds in the event of a catastrophic loss. A put is a right to sell a security at a predetermined price. A catastrophe equity put is a right to sell equity (stocks) at a predetermined price in the event of a catastrophic loss. The purchaser of the put pays for the right to place the equity at a predetermined price. Exhibit 4 illustrates the relationship between a capital provider and a primary insurer or reinsurer for catastrophe equity puts.
In 1996, RLI Corp and Centre Re entered into a catastrophe equity put agreement.2 If RLI's losses from a California earthquake exceed the limit of its current catastrophe reinsurance programme, then Centre Re will buy up to $50 million of RLI's non-voting preferred shares. This would give RLI an injection of up to $50 million if a California earthquake reduces its surplus. RLI pays Centre Re about $1 million per year for this option.
Just as with contingent surplus notes, a major advantage of catastrophe equity puts is that they make funds available at a predetermined price when an insurer or reinsurer needs them the most - right after a catastrophe. If a primary insurer or reinsurer suffers a loss of surplus due to a catastrophe, raising equity is likely to be very expensive. Catastrophe equity puts provide instant equity at a predetermined price to help a company regain its surplus.
Cat risk securities transfer underwriting risk to investors. If a catastrophic event occurs, the investor's return is lowered, and the primary insurer or reinsurer benefits because it has funds available to offset losses. Two forms of cat risk securities are catastrophe bonds and catastrophe insurance futures.
Primary insurers or reinsurers issue catastrophe bonds to capital providers with the provision that repayment of interest, principal, or both is reduced in the event of a catastrophe. Therefore, the capital provider (the issuer of the bond) takes the risk that a catastrophe will occur. The primary insurer or reinsurer can use the reduction in interest payments, principal repayments, or both to offset its losses from a catastrophe. Exhibit 5 illustrates the relationship between a capital provider and a primary insurer or reinsurer for a catastrophe bond.
An insurer or reinsurer can use catastrophe insurance futures to hedge against catastrophic losses on its book of business. This is accomplished by entering into a futures contract. which is an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price on a stipulated future date.4 The price of a futures contract usually is determined on the floor of an organised exchange, such as the New York Mercantile Exchange.
Futures contracts were historically used for agricultural commodities, such as pork bellies, wheat, oats, or barley. In recent years, they have been used for financial instruments, such as treasury bills, and since 1992, the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) has made a market in catastrophe insurance futures contracts. Today, most futures contracts traded are based on financial instruments.
A wheat farmer may buy a futures contract that specifies a price and quantity of wheat that he will sell three months in the future. If, at harvest time, there is an unusually large supply of wheat and the market price falls, the farmer is protected because, three months earlier, he locked in the price for a specific quantity of wheat. A cereal manufacturer may sell that same futures contract in order to lock in the price it will pay to buy wheat three months in the future. The cereal manufacturer is protecting itself from a possible price increase. For wheat futures, there are natural buyers and natural sellers - the farmer is hedging against a fall in price, and the cereal manufacturer is hedging against a rise in price.
The index is calculated before, during, and after the loss period. Before the loss period begins, the index is based on an estimated loss ratio, and it changes over time as information about estimated losses is discovered. During the loss period, the index will rise and fall depending on the frequency and severity of actual insured catastrophe losses that occur. After the loss period, the index will continue to fluctuate depending on the development of the insured losses that occurred during the loss period. On the date it expires, the futures contract is equal to the value of the index. Before it expires, the futures contract is not necessarily equal to the value of the index, but instead depends on demand and supply by buyers and sellers in the futures market.
Exhibit 6 shows hypothetical loss indices based on insured catastrophe losses for the 1 July to 30 September loss period. Values for the index are shown both before and after the loss period. Two scenarios are included: one with an unexpectedly large amount of insured catastrophe loss and another with an unexpectedly small amount of insured catastrophe loss.
Exhibit 7 illustrates the relationships between an investor and a primary insurer or reinsurer for a catastrophe futures contract.
Although the catastrophe futures market is developing, it offers an intriguing alternative that can be used to supplement traditional catastrophe insurance programmes. Several organisations are constructing indices for trading catastrophe risks, which should attract more buyers and sellers, furthering the development of the catastrophe insurance futures market.
The involvement of capital markets in risk financing is in its infancy; however, most insurance industry observers agree that the influence of capital markets on reinsurance will continue to grow. Capital market alternatives will supplement the risk taking capacity of the traditional reinsurance market, particularly in the area of catastrophe reinsurance.
The risk financing relationships among primary insurers, reinsurers and capital providers are complex. The capital market provides risk financing products to both primary insurers and reinsurers, whereas reinsurers provide both traditional reinsurance and capital market products to primary insurers.
Capital market risk financing products can be categorised as contingent capital securities or catastrophe risk securities. Exhibit 8 (an expansion of Exhibit 2) summarises the capital market products for risk financing and their advantages for insurers and reinsurers.
Given the vast size of the capital markets and the shortage of traditional catastrophe reinsurance capacity, the capital markets will continue to make available a large number of innovative risk financing products. These products will enable primary insurers to better manage their catastrophe loss exposures.
1. Richard E. Smith; Emily A. Canelo; Anthony M. DiDio; "Reinventing Reinsurance Using the Capital Markets," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, January 1997, p33.
2. Gavin Souter; "New Product Trades Cat Cover for Stock," Business Insurance, October 14, 1996.
3. Rodd Zolkos; "Hurricane Bond Issue Takes Market by Storm," Business Insurance, June 23, 1997.
4. John Downes; Jordan Elliot; Dictionary of Financial and Investment Terms, (Woodbury, NY: Barrons Educational Services, 1985), p152.
5. Insurance companies are natural buyers of catastrophe insurance futures, but there are few natural sellers. The natural sellers include suppliers of materials, such as plywood, that are in high demand immediately following a catastrophe, and insurance companies that want to diversify their books of business. Most sellers are likely to be speculators, such as institutional investors looking to diversify their investment portfolios.
6. The market is still developing and has not yet attained the depth of liquidity necessary for an insurer to fully hedge its exposure to catastrophe losses.
7. This is a simplification of how the insurer might want to use catastrophe futures contracts. In reality, the insurer might purchase an option on the futures contract, which means it has the right but not the obligation to settle the contract at the final index price. By using an option, the insurer pays an amount that is similar in concept to a premium, but is protected from losing money by having to settle with the seller if the price of the futures contract falls below the expected level.
8. The extent to which the insurer can offset its catastrophe losses depends on how well its exposures are correlated with those of the insurance companies that make up the index.
Chicago Board of Trade, PCS Options: A User's Guide, 1995.
D'Arcy, Stephen P.; France, Virginia Grace; "Catastrophe Insurance Futures," CPCU Journal, December 1993, pp202-213.
Himich, Michael; "Buying (or Selling) a Capital Idea: The CBOT's Catastrophe Options Market," Journal of Reinsurance, Winter 1997, pp10-21.
Karras, Dena; "Want to Get Into Reinsurance Future Options? Here's How!" Contingencies, January/February 1995, pp50-54.
Kielholz, Walter; Durrer, Alex; "Insurance Derivatives and Securitisation: New Hedging Perspectives for the US Cat Insurance Market," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, January 1997, pp3-16.
McCullough, Kathleen; "Catastrophe Insurance Futures," Risk Management, August 1995, pp31-40.
Smith, Richard E.; Canelo, Emily A.; DiDio, Anthony M.; "Reinventing Reinsurance Using the Capital Markets," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, January 1997, pp26-37.
Michael W. Elliott is assistant vice president of the Insurance Institute of America in Malvern, Pennsylvania.
This article is an excerpt from the Associate in Reinsurance (ARe) programme of the Insurance Institute of America.


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Jeff Van Gundy explains how the Lakers should use Russell Westbrook
Author Virgil Villanueva
When the Los Angeles Lakers acquired Russell Westbrook via trade last summer, doubts were immediately cast on how the former MVP will fit alongside LeBron James and Anthony Davis. After all, both James and Westbrook are ball-dominant players. They need the ball in their hands at all times to maximize their talents.
A quarter into the season, it seems that the hunch of fans and analysts was right on the money. While Westbrook is back to his old ways of stuffing the stat sheet, it hasn't produced as many victories as it should. Some have suggested that Westbrook must alter his play style to fit like a glove onto James and Davis.
However, commentator and former NBA coach Jeff Van Gundy believes this is the wrong way to go about it. The responsibility does not lie on Westbrook alone. He believes head coach Frank Vogel should devise a way to fit Westbrook in without changing who he is as a player.
"I don't think you're going to change somebody's strength at this age. His strengths will remain his strengths, his non-strengths will remain as non-strengths. I think what you want to do is maximize his strengths, try to minimize or hide the non-strengths. When James has the ball or James and Davis are in a pick-and-roll, what do you want Westbrook to do? Do you want him to spot up or attack? Do you want him to spot and shoot? Because he will be open."
Jeff Van Gundy, Dan Patrick Show
Many have praised Westbrook for his intensity. This quality has enabled him to spike one over much taller foes and hype up the crowd. Unfortunately, the 33-year-old guard's ruthless aggression has worked against him as well. This season, Westbrook averages 4.7 turnovers per game which rank second behind Brooklyn Nets guard James Harden. In fact, since the '14/'15 season, Westbrook has finished among the top three in turnovers per game every year.
Van Gundy knows about Westbrook's penchant for giving up the ball. Instead of raging in anger like Purple and Gold devotees, Van Gundy sees something positive when Westbrook decides to put his foot on the gas pedal.
"When Westbrook commits, even though it leads to some turnovers, to attacking, on the second side when he's on the weak side, I think he creates some good things. I think they need that sort of thrust to the basket."
Van Gundy makes it sound so simple, probably because it is. Vogel and his coaching staff must heed his advice if they aren't already implementing a similar approach.
Jeff Van Gundy (11) Los Angeles Lakers (766) Russell Westbrook (138)
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The 5-day RYA Coastal Skipper (Sail) course teaches the skills and techniques required to skipper a cruising yacht of up to 15m LOA safely on coastal and offshore passages by day and night.
This is a hands-on course focussed on coaching your practical skill-set up to the next level. It is therefore essential that you are comfortable with practical boat handling skills taught on the Day Skipper practical course.
The Boat School's RYA Coastal Skipper (Sail) course aims to provide experienced yachtsmen and women with the skills they need to undertake more difficult passages by day and night and handle a yacht in more demanding conditions. By the end of the course you should have the knowledge, if not the experience, to be examined for the RYA Yachtmaster Coastal Certificate of Competence.
For many students, the RYA Coastal Skipper course is the first step towards the coveted Yachtmaster certificate of competence. The next step (after acquiring the prerequisite experience for the exam), is the Yachtmaster Coastal exam preparation course.
On successful completion of an RYA Coastal Skipper course, UK nationals and nationals of certain other countries automatically qualify for an ICC issued by the RYA. The ICC is widely recognised internationally as evidence of competence.
Spanish law allows charter companies to rent powerboats to UK nationals or residents in possession of the RYA Coastal Skipper certificate; however, if you own your own boat (or you're thinking of buying one), you will need to apply for the ICC.
With an open group booking, you book a place on a course and we'll admit up to a maximum of three students onto that same course. This is the most economical option; however, it's also the least flexible option if your availability is limited. The price of a seat on an open course includes fuel and mooring fees away from our base.
Please contact us if you have any questions about accommodation.
We publish course dates all year round and you can book the course directly online. Please contact us if you don't find the dates your looking for; we can also schedule courses in accordance with the availability of students interested in the course.
With this option, you charter a sailing yacht and we provide the instructor and teaching materials. This option gives you maximum flexibility in terms of dates and the option to choose the boat on which you'll be learning (subject to availability). With the rental and course pack, you'll also have more say in the itinerary. As with any charter, you're responsible for paying the fuel for the boat as well as mooring fees away from our home port.
The RYA Coastal Skipper course can be combined with other RYA courses in the sail cruising scheme. This means that you can choose a rental and course pack and have, for example, one participant preparing for Coastal Skipper, one candidate preparing for Day Skipper and two participants preparing Competent Crew.
If you already own a yacht, or if you have a friend who owns a sailboat, we're more than happy to run an RYA Coastal Skipper course on your own boat. This option is significantly cheaper than open groups and charters; however, you do need to make sure that your boat is up to the standard required by the RYA for training.
How to plan a coastal passage including a consideration of the capabilities of the yacht, navigation, victualling, weather, ports of refuge, tidal heights and tidal streams, publications required and strategy. Customs procedures for most common circumstances.
Awareness of safety equipment required for offshore passages, and preparation for sea including stowage, safety briefings, watch keeping, delegation of responsibilities and equipment and engine checks.
Preparing a pilotage plan, with consideration of soundings, transits, clearing bearings, buoyage, port or harbour regulations and tidal considerations.
Taking charge of a yacht and directing the crew, organising the navigation, deckwork and domestic duties of a yacht on passage, awareness of the significance of meteorological trends, aware of crew welfare and use electronic navigational equipment for planning and undertaking a passage, including the use of waypoints and routes.
Controlling the yacht effectively in a confined space under power, including all berthing and unberthing situations in various conditions of wind and tide.
Using the sails to control the yacht in a confined space, including anchoring and mooring in various conditions of wind and tide.
Understanding of preparations for heavy weather and yacht handling in strong winds, and navigation in restricted visibility.
Recovery of man overboard under power or sail, actions to be taken when abandoning to the liferaft and during helicopter and lifeboat rescues.
During the Coastal Skipper course, you'll be sailing approximately 100 nautical miles. Our cruising ground for the RYA Coastal Skipper course includes Denia, the Bay of Javea, Moraira and Altea. Depending on the weather, we might also take a trip across to Ibiza!
During the course you will also complete a Yachtmaster qualifying passage of at least 60 nautical miles.
Before you book this course you should have significant sailing experience on a cruising yacht. There are no qualification requirements, but it is recommended that participants are at least Day Skipper standard before taking this practical course.
You should have 15 days, 300 miles and 8 night hours on board a sailboat with at least 2 days experience as skipper.
The RYA Coastal Skipper qualification has two parts: the 5-day practical course and a 40 hour theory course. Holding a shorebased course completion certificate in not a prerequisite to attend this course, but it is essential that you have the same knowledge level as somebody that has completed the Coastal Skipper / Yachtmaster shorebased course. Whenever possible, we recommend that you do the shorebased course in the classroom.
The minimum age for the award of the certificate is 17. You can do the course with family members under the age of 17 and these junior participants can qualify for another RYA sailing certificate, but we won't be able to issue these students with the Coastal Skipper certificate.


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As to Dr. The slave or other oppressed worker could without effort throw off ideas of toil and chastisement in his play hour. He emphatically says, that, in the present state of linguistic science, not only is there no connection apparent between any Ural-Altaic and any American language, but that such connection is shown to be highly improbable. The development and career of these forms of the judgment of God were not in all respects similar, nor was their employment in all cases the same. We expect in old age, that gravity and sedateness which its infirmities, its long experience, and its worn-out sensibility seem to render both natural and respectable; and we lay our account to find in youth that sensibility, that gaiety and sprightly vivacity which experience teaches us to expect from the lively impressions that all interesting objects are apt to make upon the tender and unpractised senses of that early period of life. The mind must be drawn together, must be contracted and shrunk up within itself by the mere supposition of this perpetual unity with itself and intense concentration of self-interest. The grand principle of treatment is, to avoid even the appearance of unnecessary restraint, and to treat them with apparent confidence: such a plan of procedure will almost invariably excite their secret but proudest endeavours to preserve and retain this confidence. Sir Joshua observes, that Raphael, in his latter pictures, shewed that he had learnt in some measure top bibliography ghostwriters sites for mba the colouring of Titian. Distinctive customs have been conserved not only—to adopt ethical terms having a somewhat different meaning—by "internal sanctions" in the shape of serious penalties as well as ridicule administered by fellow-members of the set, but by "external sanctions" in the shape of outside mockery. It would be improper, however, to say that those scenes imitated the gay, the calm, or the melancholy mood of the mind; they may produce in their turn each of those moods, but they cannot imitate any of them. The heroes of ancient and modern history, who are remembered with the most peculiar favour and affection, are many of them those who, in the cause of truth, liberty, and justice, have perished upon the scaffold, and who behaved there with that ease and dignity which became them. The effect may be furthered by the presence of points of affinity among the elements; whence the sentiments which dignify their objects, such as love and admiration, readily combine. top bibliography ghostwriters sites for mba The individual is not of sufficient importance to occupy his own thoughts or the thoughts of others. But it is easy to stop buying books, and it is in book-purchase that the library with small income differs from its neighbor with plenty of money. It might be thought that he still trod a measure on soft carpets, and was surrounded, not only by spiritual and temporal lords, but Stores of ladies, whose bright eyes Rain influence, and judge the prize. It necessarily supposes the utmost perfection of all the intellectual and of all the moral virtues. The other may either be agreeable or disagreeable, according to the nature of the original passion, whose features it must always, in some measure, retain.] Why should we be more ashamed to weep than to laugh before company? Wordsworth's I recollect worth quoting, and I accordingly set it down as his, because I understand he is tenacious on that point. Still, there were encouraging symptoms, that by proper and laborious methods of mental occupation, he might possibly have had the balance of his mind restored _Illustrated by a Portrait_ 203 General explanation of the peculiar complexion of this 207 work, and of the Appendix in particular Concluding observations, that the object of this Essay, and 209 especially of the Appendix, has been to lessen the prejudices against and better the treatment of, the insane * * * * * LIST OF DR. Of these it is enough to refer to the originals of the delightful tales of Uncle Remus, the substance of which, as their author tells us, he obtained from the blacks in the American plantations.[221] Miss Kingsley writes to me of these: "I know the tales are not made up. 1. The name of this terror of late walkers is Giant Grab, _Ua ua pach_. This indecorous system prevailed in some parts of Scotland not many years since. The eagerness of composition strikes out sparkles of fancy, and runs the thoughts more naturally and closely into one another. His system affords him no principle of connection, by which he can join together, in his imagination, so great a number of harmonious revolutions. Louis is by no means a complete code, but it is sufficiently copious to render the absence of all allusion to compurgation significant. To expect the master of a great estate to understand the details of his garden, his stable, his kennels, as well as the experts to whom he entrusts them, is absurd. But though we feel no proper sympathy with an attachment of this kind, though we never approach even in imagination towards conceiving a passion for that particular person, yet as we either have conceived, or may be disposed to conceive, passions of the same kind, we readily {31} enter into those high hopes of happiness which are proposed from its gratification, as well as into that exquisite distress which is feared from its disappointment. How far 127 the generally alternate states of excitement and depression of the insane is the return of their primary disease, or for the most part, merely the habits acquired of irregularly expending their nervous energy, which fluctuations are further increased by the usual atmospheric causes of excitement and depression The influence of temperature, moisture, climate, seasons, 129 diurnal periods, atmospheric changes, and different years, on our health and spirits, and the type of our diseases, (and that this subject will be resumed), and how all this is modified by the states, habits, and circumstances of the insane Why they are less subject to the prevailing diseases 133 The mental condition must, in all diseases, be considered 134 Illustrated by cases 135 How the state of mind and circumstances of the insane must 136 modify these physical influences Why this is differently exhibited by the insane, than it is 137 by those who retain the power over their own spirits That this view is proved to be correct, by the fact that 139 these causes produce different effects by their being under different modes of treatment That the various character of insanity is but the same 143 excitement of the vital energies operating on different parts of the mind, according to previous or present habits and states Hence, the insane are often caracatures of their own, as 146 well as of family habits and character The truth of this reasoning proved by the fact, that the 147 greatest number of insane cases occur when mental conflicts and worldly struggles are greatest, and among those whose minds are ill regulated or miserably circumstanced; but still it does not necessarily and always follow that those whose minds are most wicked are soonest overthrown, but sometimes the reverse The practical object of these observations 150 Case No. It may be briefly observed, however, that when champions were employed on both sides, the law appears generally to have restricted them to the club and buckler, and to have prescribed perfect equality between the combatants.[562] An ordonnance of Philip Augustus, in 1215, directs that the club shall not exceed three feet in length.[563] In England the club or battoon was rendered more efficient with a "crook," usually of horn, but sometimes of iron, giving to the weapon the truly formidable aspect of a pickaxe or tomahawk.[564] When the principals appeared personally, it would seem that in early times the appellant had the choice of weapons, which not only gave him an enormous advantage, but enabled him to indulge any whims which his taste or fancy might suggest, as in the case of a Gascon knight in the thirteenth century, who stipulated that each combatant should be crowned with a wreath of roses. Among these is Lord Clarendon's History of the Grand Rebellion, after which I have a hankering, from hearing it spoken of by good judges—from my interest in the events, and knowledge of the characters from other sources, and from having seen fine portraits of most of them. If your situation is upon the whole disagreeable; if your house smokes too much for you, said the Stoics, walk forth by all means. Let us now sing what causes the motion of the stars…. All is tame, literal, and barren, without the Nine. For instance: BRUNKA VERBAL FORMS. A powerful deterrent, however, will be the influence of the book-trade. The same maxim does not establish the purity of morals that infers their mildness. Some of these of course are needed to adapt our collection to others than the business group–to educators, artists or musicians. The laughing mood in these cases is understandable as a rioting in newly realised powers, a growing exultation as the consciousness of ability to produce striking effects grows clearer. II Massinger's tragedy may be summarized for the unprepared reader as being very dreary. It only acts retrospectively. That the people were the true experts in the secrets of laughter is further suggested by the fact that slaves, both Greek and Roman, were selected as jesters and wits by well-to-do people. No. The expression _bin alic u than uoohe_—literally, "he will speak the words of the letters"—seems to point to a phonetic writing, but as it may be used in a figurative sense, I shall not lay stress on it.[235] _4.—The Existing Codices._ The word _Codex_ ought to be confined, in American arch?ology, to manuscripts in the original writing of the natives. A visible square, for example, is better fitted than a visible circle to represent a tangible square. The _Conseil_ of Pierre de Fontaines, which was probably written about the year 1260, affords the same negative evidence in its full instructions for all the legal proceedings then in use. We may safely predict further progress along this line. Whatever the event might be, he trusted to a superior power and wisdom for turning it to promote that great end which he himself was most desirous of promoting. If on this he named any one and subsequently died, the accused should be pronounced guilty; if, on the other hand, he recovered, then the accused should be treated according to his reputation: that is, if of good fame, he should be acquitted; if of evil repute, he should be banished.[1579] No case more inviting under the theory of torture could well be imagined, and yet neither the honest burghers of St. Pilgrims came a long distance with great offerings, and thus became the dupes of superstition and deceit. A still smaller number are dramatic or other selections intended principally for recitation or declamation.
Mba ghostwriters top for bibliography sites. I've watched everything he does and there isn't a thing I couldn't do". In accusations of less heinous offences and in matters concerning money, it was strictly forbidden; and even in cases where it was allowed it could not be employed without the assent of the central authority of the territory. At least we witness of thee ere we die That these things are not otherwise, but thus…. And yet we call the collector of fine bindings and rare editions a "book-lover," to the exclusion of the one who loves truly and devotedly. Is there to be recognized in this a revival of that inherent energy which prompted their ancestors to the construction of the most remarkable specimens of native architecture on the continent, and to the development of a ripe social and political fabric? Is it strange that among twenty thousand words in the English language, the one of all others that he most needs should have escaped him? When he directs his attention towards the second standard, indeed, that degree of excellence which his friends and acquaintances have commonly arrived at, he may be sensible of his own superiority. The investigations, however, reveal two facts quite clearly: first, that the original MS., if there was one, was not in Spanish as asserted, and was not in the handwriting of M. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that a thing may possess beauty and usefulness in a high degree to-day and lose them both to-morrow. I should laugh at any one who told me that the European, the Asiatic, and the African character were the same. The conditions under which resort was had to this mode of deciding litigation have been the subject of some discussion. We feel, therefore, a peculiar sympathy with the satisfaction of those who are in it. The Planet, they supposed, was attached to the circumference, and whirled round the centre of this little Sphere, at the same time that it was carried round the earth by the movement of the great Sphere. In the country it frequently happens, that a company of young people take a fancy to dance, though they have neither fiddler nor piper to dance to. Rather than unquestioning obedience to an order, a rule or a formula, let us have appreciation of the reason for it and disobedience whenever a breaking of the letter may keep us more closely to the spirit. Again: Here is a man who does not read books. Even without this, bad passions, disjointed and exclusive habits of feeling and thinking can hardly go on progressively increasing to this age, without becoming so irresistible as to threaten to destroy and swallow up in their vortex all that remains of the man within them. Where it can observe but one single quality that is common to a great {330} variety of otherwise widely different objects, that single circumstance will be sufficient for it to connect them all together, to reduce them to one common class, and to call them by one general name. If the freeman were too poor to pay the fine, he was adjudged as a slave in common to the accuser and the accused.[1472] A later law, issued by Chindaswind, is even more careful in its very curious provisions. What friendship, what generosity, what charity, would prompt us to do with universal approbation, is still more free, and can still less be extorted by force than the duties of gratitude. He is at all times apt to startle at many visible objects, top bibliography ghostwriters sites for mba which, if they distinctly suggested to him the real shape and proportion of the tangible objects which they represent, could not be the objects of fear; at the trunk or root of an old tree, for example, which happens to be laid by the roadside, at a great stone, or the fragment of a rock which happens to lie near the way where he is going. It is, indeed, a slight deformity, affecting the skin of the eyebrow only, and is not at all infrequent in the white race. This suggests many analogies from the mythologies of other races; for the notion of the primeval bird, at once lord of the winds and father of the race, is found in numerous American tribes, and is distinctly contained in the metaphors of the first chapter of Genesis. Why is this? I deprecate that altered tone of voice and manner which implies in every word and action, that they are considered either as children, or as beings wholly bereft of rationality. Perhaps it might be supposed that a person who excels in conversation and cannot write, would succeed better in dialogue. With such persons, respect for the general rule can at best produce only a cold and affected civility (a very slender semblance of real regard); and even this, the slightest offence, the smallest opposition of interest, commonly puts an end to altogether. It is mentioned but once in those of Cicero, in a letter to Atticus, but without any note of approbation, as a geographer, and not as an astronomer. This is prima facie evidence that the collections in those two subjects are used rather more than the others and could well be increased. It may have any one of six different meanings, depending on the persons referred to by the pronouns "he" and "him." No such lamentable confusion could occur in any American tongue known to me. It is not known that Correggio ever saw a picture of any great master. The tickling force of such misapprehension is heightened when it involves an idea which is the very reverse of the truth. I sat and wept on the hill-side, I wept till the darkness fell I wept for a maiden afar off top bibliography ghostwriters sites for mba A maiden who loves me well The moons are passing, and some moon I shall see my home long-lost, And of all the greetings that meet me, My maiden's will gladden me most. They walk about loaded with a multitude of baubles, in weight and sometimes in value not inferior to an ordinary Jew's-box, some of which may sometimes be of some little use, but all of which might at all times be very well spared, and of which the whole utility is not worth the fatigue of bearing the burden. A son, upon the death of an indulgent and respectable father, may give way to it without much blame. It paralyzed Egyptian art; it would have paralyzed Greek art, if the Greeks had not had the vitality to throw it off. The status of phonograph records of all kinds as museum material is hardly as high in this country as abroad. How about the vast number of persons occupied in amusing or trying to amuse the public–employees of theatres, recreation parks, and so on? The tidal wave and current has been checked, the shore has been elevated, retained, and rendered wider to the northward, as far as Winterton; {45c} a shoal of sand has formed, and extends a considerable distance into the sea, at right angles to the shore, beyond the termination of the north pier, so that it has been found necessary to place a buoy at its extremity, as a guide for the mariner to steer due east from the Haven's Mouth to Yarmouth Roads. But every group that is merely a section of the general public, set apart from the rest by special needs and tastes, may be cared for most economically by the public library. To those who have the aptitude for it, it certainly can. Is there then an organ of impulse? Considered as the quality of a person, it consists in the habit of this reasonable moderation, in its having become the customary and usual disposition of the mind. But, the vice and folly must be very great, before they can operate this complete degradation. We have done those things that we ought not to have done and we have left undone those things that we ought to have done; and we are all miserable sinners. A whole entertainment may consist, without any impropriety, of the imitation of the social and agreeable passions. A direct, or simple prose-style seems to him bald and flat; and, instead of forcing an interest in the subject by severity of description and reasoning, he is repelled from it altogether by the absence of those obvious and meretricious allurements, by which his senses and his imagination have been hitherto stimulated and dazzled. The conversation of authors is not so good as might be imagined: but, such as it is (and with rare exceptions) it is better than any other. It is in that sense in which we consider ourselves as separated and detached from all other things. Nic. One copy will serve the needs of the whole town. A peculiar modification of the hot-iron ordeal is employed by the aboriginal hill-tribes of Rajmahal, in the north of Bengal, when a person believes himself to be suffering from witchcraft. Here however another difficulty occurs: for the very opposition of our feelings as of heat and cold frequently produces a transition in the mind from the one to the other. But neither can 10 ever be made into an unit; so that we should have ten individuals instead of one by insisting on the absolute distinction of numbers. He tells us that some of the essential features of the facial expression during a laugh, the drawing backwards of the corners of the mouth, the formation of wrinkles under the eyes, etc., are "characteristic and expressive of a pleased state of mind in various kinds of monkeys".[95] With respect to laughter-like sounds, Darwin gives us several pertinent facts. He looks at nature, sees it, hears it, feels it, and believes that it exists, before it is printed, hot-pressed, and labelled on the back, _By the Author of Waverley_. We should welcome all these as adjuncts to our own business, and when we have mastered that business thoroughly perhaps we may take them up each on its own account.
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Each document is divided into one or more nonoverlapping partitions. Many of the text-framework features can be configured to operate differently for each partition. Thus, an editor can have different syntax highlighting, formatting, or Content Assist for each partition. For example, the Java editor in Eclipse has different partitions for strings, characters, and comments.
If no partitions are explicitly defined, the single default partition is of type IDocument.DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE. If the explicitly defined partitions do not span the entire document, all remaining portions of the document implicitly belong to this default partition. In other words, every character in the document belongs to exactly one partition. Most editors define explicit partitions for small portions of the document that need custom behavior, and the bulk of the document remains in the default partition.
The default partitioner's constructor takes as arguments a scanner and an array of partition types for the document. The partition scanner is responsible for computing the partitions. It is given a region of the document and must produce a set of tokens describing each of the partitions in that region. When a document is created, the scanner is asked to create tokens for the entire document. When a document is changed, the scanner is asked to repartition only the region of the document that changed. Figure 15.2 shows the relationships among editor, document, partitioner, and scanner.
Go to Platform Plug-in Developer Guide > Programmer's Guide > Editors > Documents and partitions.
This page was last modified 04:47, 15 January 2007 by Eclipsepedia user Theone256.gmail.com. Based on work by Chris Laffra.


WELCOME to Alpats Miniature and Toy-Sized Schnauzers. In this website you will find information on Miniature Schnauzers. They come in all colors and patterns.
I've tried to make my Color pages helpful to people by briefly describing what they are and how you get them. This has been the most popular page on my site. Now that DNA testing for colors is available it's taken the guesswork out of knowing what a dog carries for.
Take a look around my grooming pages. I hope you will find the photos and text helpful. Hopefully there are some groomers who will use the info and photos to learn to groom their dogs like schnauzers and not like cocker/poodle mixes.
The Boys and Girls pages show some of my past and present breeding stock. Each one is selected to bring something to my breeding program. I do not keep the same dogs to keep getting the same results, but keep back pups, or acquire new ones so that I'm constantly striving to improve on something.
I've been breeding dogs, mostly Schnauzers for some 50 + years and grooming since 1986.
All text and images on this web site are property of the above and may not be used without permission.
Copyright © 1998-2010 Alpats Miniature Schnauzers All text and images on this web site are property of the above and may not be used without permission.


The recent seismic event in Haiti heralds the beginning of the Chaotic Node we referred to in our last communication.
We are, quite frankly, surprised that this event occurred slightly outside the timeline we had projected. This tells us that new levels of "novelty" (meaning an increase in unpredictability) are escalating faster than we anticipated. Thus, it is, and will be, increasingly difficult to pinpoint such future occurrences.
However, the general thrust of your planetary state is one of extreme volatility. Your magnetic North Pole is shifting its position in erratic and unpredictable ways. The photosphere is also showing signs of unusual activity, as yet undetected by your scientists. All of this is to be expected for a planet undergoing a movement into Ascension, and we liken all of this to the birthing pangs of Earth's birth into higher dimensions.
Our purpose in this communication is not to give predictions as to the unfolding of this chaotic node, for we must admit, in all humility, that our technology is no longer able to precisely predict the chaotic events unfolding before you.
What we wish to address, as always, are practical applications of multi-dimensional awareness.
It is the state of your vibratory field that determines your experience of any event. In its most simple form, the cultivation of appreciation for the smallest things in your life will give you the greatest results.
The various inner technologies we have given before will also help you navigate through this transition as well, but we realize that not everyone is capable of entering into multi-dimensional awareness. If you are one of these persons, do not concern yourself with it. The simple act of appreciation for what is in your life will shift your vibratory field faster and more effectively than any sacred geometry.
The task, then, is one of attaining a higher level of vibration. We do not mean physical vibration–the vibratory rate of your physical body–but rather we refer to the vibratory rate of your subtle energy body (your KA, your etheric double).
As your planet moves into its energetic process more deeply, you can expect more volatility in weather patterns, as well as an increase in unpredictable earth changes. But in some ways the external events are easier to deal with than the internal changes you will be facing.
Those of you who are more sensitive to the subtleties of energetics may find yourself "hard hit" by the dimensional and physical shifts that will occur. To a greater or lesser degree, depending upon their vibratory levels, more and more individuals will experience sleep disturbances, and strange dreams–some of them prophetic in nature. There will also most likely be an increase in strange physical ailments that have no logical explanation. These will often arise early in the morning hours as your energy body shifts from its inner journeys back to orientation to your physical form. These types of physical discomforts are a reaction from the organs within your body and the various bodily systems to the accelerating changes taking place. In other words, your physical bodies are challenged by the rapid escalation of planetary change.
You may experience sudden and unexpected periods of extreme fatigue, weakness, and even the very odd state of being both awake and asleep at the same time.
Again, all of these challenges are a result of the rapid changes taking place upon your earth. If you have the luxury of time, and you feel one of these energetic drops, the sudden onset of fatigue, it is best to rest if you are able–to literally lie down. If you are unable to do so we urge you to be vigilant if you are driving or making critical decisions or choices, especially when engaged with technology. There may be–and we expect this to be true–a general increase in irritability throughout the population; small negative encounters can easily amplify into something much larger.
In our previous communication we offered the Dimensional Attunement for the Pineal Gland. This is still a very effective sound tool to assist you as you move through this period. Listening to this Attunement a few minutes a day can help your system "fine tune" itself so that the changes that are upon you will be less stressful.
You may also experience a greater number of individuals choosing to exit the Earth plane. These exits will take place through unexpected accidents, unforeseen illnesses, and of course, earth changes and weather anomalies. What we wish to say to you in this regard is that as the dimensionality of Earth shifts, the veils between the dimensions will become thinner, and it will be true for many that they sense friends and loved ones on the other side of the veil more clearly than ever before.
In some ways the veils between life and death are being lifted, and the veils between dimensions are being parted. Thus some of you may have unusual and extraordinary encounters with animal spirits, devic beings of the Earth, and other nature spirits that have been obscured for the last several thousand years.
Although this is a difficult and challenging period, it is an extraordinary opportunity to be embodied at this time.
Regardless of what unfolds before you in your life, or in the lives of those around you, we suggest you cultivate appreciation for the smallest things in your life. Share your love and affection for those to whom you feel close.
In the great miasma you call Western Civilization, it shall be individual relationships that survive the coming storm.
As you let go of the distortions created by your culture and wake up to the simple truth of your existence as an embodied being in time and space, you will see that the great adventure has just begun.


This full color regional map of the Imperial area includes OHV and hiking trails from the Bureau of Land Management and State Parks. This map includes Imperial Sand Dunes Recreation Area, Indian Pass, and more. (1st edition, September 2017).


text:
Speech, debate and the improvement of student mental health
Alivia Baker
Discover the latest on Foothill Technology High School's speech and debate club from writer Noelle Villaseñor.
Noelle Villaseñor, Writer
Amidst Foothill Tech's diverse array of clubs, programs, sports and other extracurriculars is the Speech and Debate club, a potent yet overlooked force of wit on Foothill's campus. Begun by Mrs. Kindred and continued by Mrs. Schmitt, Foothill's speech and debate team has been highly acclaimed, having received awards and recognition at the state level.
Beyond the image of intelligence and success the team brings to Foothill, Speech & Debate is substantial because of the personal effect it has on every individual who joins. Students have emphasized the fact that partaking in debate has allowed them to come out of their shells by improving their confidence in a fundamental aspect of society: communication.
Speech & Debate can give students with social anxiety a safe space to communicate healthily and effectively. (Noelle Villaseñor)
"Speech and Debate has helped me develop my public speaking skills and learn how to understand and accept differing viewpoints," says Toby Pflaumer '21, a current Foothill debate student.
"Five years ago, the mere mention of public speaking gave me cold sweats and shivers," adds Michelle Kim '20, a Foothill Tech alumna. "I joined Speech and Debate in the hopes of eliminating my fear of public speaking and making new friends within my year."
High school youth notoriously struggle with mental health issues, including social anxiety. In a report from the National Institute of Mental Health, it was noted that an estimated 9.1% of adolescents aged 13-18 face moderate to severe social anxiety, with symptoms including fear of public speaking and stress caused by everyday interactions. Speech & Debate gives students a safe haven to work through these anxieties and improve their day-to-day lives.
"I think it's awesome for students," says Mrs. Schmitt, "those opportunities to challenge yourself and push yourself and put yourself out there, that's real character building stuff."
Though it has often gone unnoticed, Speech & Debate has allowed the heart of Foothill to beat and flourish for years. Past and present students including Kim, Pflaumer and many others have been presented with new opportunities and a chance to grow as thinkers and speakers. It teaches students how to efficiently analyze, articulate and communicate themselves in a controlled, respectful academic environment. Arguably, these are the fundamentals of Foothill's culture.
"The students who participate really get into it and love it, and it has a really positive impact on them," Mrs. Schmitt concludes. Kim affirms this statement, saying "I'm definitely thankful for the growth and opportunities in which debate has provided for me."
Noelle Villasenor, Writer
I am a second-year writer who loves music, books and rain!
I love rowing, people, nature and being able to draw for this publication.
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I saw her walking down the street in central Paris and I stopped her to ask if she would like to be on my show. She said "Yes, let's do it right now".
So we recorded the episode on my phone in a cafe in the ninth arrondissement. That will explain the background noise, the waiter interrupting, the coffee machine somewhere in the distance… in other words, the ambient sounds of Paris.
Hopefully you'll feel like you're sitting right there with us.
Caroline talks about being a Parisian woman, the freedom of life in Paris, and how pleasure is a key element of life in the French capital. She also talks about how she loves Parisian cliches, the best roads to scoot down, and her favourite arrondissement.
If you want to find more from Caroline, check out her Instagram page here. That's her latest photo below – taken The Earful Tower recording studio. (Just kidding).
If you want to find more about The Earful Tower, here's the website, here's the Patreon link, and here's my Instagram. Look, there's me and Caroline in the cafe, me holding the mysterious lemon drink we discussed in the episode!
Discussing the finer points of Paris with the ultimate Parisienne, @carolinedemaigret. We talked about her book, "How to be Parisian wherever you are", her hood in the ninth arrondissement, and also her upcoming book!!! Podcast episode coming very soon.
And lastly, if you want that additional 10 percent discount from French Today for the audiobooks, use this link.
As for me, I'll release another episode on Monday as usual with another interesting guest from the City of Love – thanks for listening!
Previous Article Is Paris the perfect city for walking?
Congrats on this awesome podcast! I love how you randomly ran into Caroline de Maigret and she was so open to recording a podcast with you. That's how I was when I randomly met my husband (who is French). Sometimes you just have to take a chance – you never know what's going to happen. Anyway, I LOVE her book and can't wait for the next one.
Thanks Courtney. Would love to hear the story of how you met your husband one day – good for you!