text:
Syllabi & Course Descriptions
Environmental Science Resources
PSYCHOLOGY SUBDISCIPLINES:
Conservation Psychology
History of Psychology
Individual Differences
Ecopsychology
Click one of the links below or scroll down the page to see:
Lecture/Discussion Topics
William James on Nonhuman Nature
B.F. Skinner on Environmental Degradation
The Evolutionary Perspective and Environmental Problems
The Intellectual Roots of Ecopsychology
Historical Changes in Worldviews
Exploring Cultural Dualisms
Historical Attitudes Toward Animal Research
Establishment of American Psychological Association Division 34 (Society for Environmental, Population, and Conservation Psychology)
The APA Addresses Climate Change
Future Directions: Conservation Psychology
Class Activities
Presentation/Paper on Environmentally Related Psychology
Environmental Biography of a Psychologist
Website: Today In The History Of Psychology
Website: William James
Website: Division 34 of The APA
Websites: Walden Two Communities
Suggested Readings for Students
Click Here To Jump To List
References Cited in this Section
At the end of the nineteenth century, when psychology was emerging as a scientific discipline, William James (1842-1910) published his dense text The Principles of Psychology (1890), in which he drew from philosophy, biology, and psychology to explicate his original — and influential — ideas about human self and experience. James's understanding of experience was informed by his appreciation of the natural world. According to biographer, Daniel Bjork (1997), James " found natural settings indispensable to his creative life" and once "attributed creative insight to the natural scene and mood that catalyzed his thinking in an isolated wilderness camp high in the Adirondacks" (p. 67). Bjork tells the story of James's adventures on a scientific expedition in Brazil in 1865 with anti-Darwinian Harvard professor Louis Agassiz. During the expedition, James wrote to his brother from a rainforest glade that he dubbed the "Original Seat of the Garden of Eden,"
I almost thought my enjoyment of nature had entirely departed, but here she strikes such massive and stunning blows as to overwhelm the coarsest apprehension… The bewildering profusion and confusion of vegetation, the inexhaustible variety of its forms and tints… are literally such as you have never dreamt of. [Bjork, 1997, pp. 61-62]
More than thirty years later, and a decade after he published Principles, James (1899) wrote an essay entitled, "On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings." James begins the essay with the statement, "OUR judgments concerning the worth of things, big or little, depend on the feelings the things arouse in us." He goes on to address the lack of empathy humans exhibit regarding the feelings of "creatures and people different from ourselves." He claims that recognizing the connections between all living things is a means to finding significance in life. He refers to the Romantic poets Wordsworth and Shelley and transcendentalists Emerson and Whitman as he makes the argument that rapturous sessions spent reflecting on the natural world are not the waste of time that they might seem when viewed from the abstract perspective of the highly educated class, or when evaluated in terms of commercial value. James claims that by reconnecting with nature on a primal sensory level, humans are able to tap into a profound appreciation of the meaningfulness of all forms of existence,
The remedy under such conditions is to descend to a more profound and primitive level. To be imprisoned or shipwrecked or forced into the army would permanently show the good of life to many an over-educated pessimist. Living in the open air and on the ground, the lop-sided beam of the balance slowly rises to the level line; and the over-sensibilities and insensibilities even themselves out. The good of all the artificial schemes and fevers fades and pales; and that of seeing, smelling, tasting, sleeping, and daring and doing with one's body, grows and grows. The savages and children of nature, to whom we deem ourselves so much superior, certainly are alive where we are often dead.
B. F. Skinner on Environmental Degradation
In 1982, B. F. Skinner gave a presentation to the American Psychological Association entitled, "Why we are not acting to save the world." The talk was published in his 1987 book Upon Further Reflection. As students learn about Skinner and behaviorism, instructors can include information about Skinner's take on the environmental crisis. In his talk, Skinner criticized efforts of environmental (and other) social activist groups as not consistent with operant learning principles.
Many organizations are dedicated to the prevention of nuclear war, overpopulation, and the exhaustion and destruction of a livable environment, but their protests are necessarily directed toward governments, religions and economic systems, and there they stop. Moreover, the principal modus operandi of these organizations is to frighten people, rather than offer them a world to which they will turn because of the reinforcing consequences of doing so (Skinner, 1987, p. 13).
Skinner titled his 1948 utopian novel about a world based on behaviorist priniciples, Walden Two, after transcendentalist nature writer Henry David Thoreau's (1854) Walden; or, Life in the Woods, an autobiographical account of his two-year experiment in "simple living." Students may be interested in visiting the websites of two intentional communities inspired by Skinner's novel: Twin Oaks in Virginia and Los Horcones in Sonora, Mexico.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and other evolutionary theorists had a significant impact on the field of psychology. In 1909, the journal Psychological Review published four articles commemorating the 50th anniversary of the publication of Darwin's Origin of the Species. James Rowland Angell's essay in the volume, "Darwin's Contribution to Psychology" suggests that Darwin's "radical theories" were easily accepted by psychologists and had a "potent influence" on the functional and genetic approaches in psychology. Angell highlights Darwin's contributions to three primary content areas in psychology: the interaction of instinct and intelligence, the evolution of the "mind of civilized man," and the expression of emotion. The field of psychology witnessed a resurgence in interest in the evolutionary perspective in the 1990. This revival proved controversial and provocative because some critics saw it as representing a potential return to unpopular ideas such as Social Darwinism, biological determinism, eugenics, and the like. Supporters of the evolutionary perspective suggest that it is progressive, not regressive, in that an acceptance of the fundamental biological nature of human beings and their evolved predispositions will allow us to better understand behavior in all its complexity (e. g., Pinker, 2002). This includes understanding of human behaviors that contribute to environmental problems (e. g., Penn & Mysterud, 2005; van Vugt, Griskevicius, & Schultz, 2014; Wilson, Daly, & Gordon, 1998). The American Psychological Association hosts a searchable electronic database of important dates in the history of psychology compiled by Professor Warren R. Street. Some of the relevant dates to be found in the database include the following:
February 14, 1766: Birthdate of Thomas Robert Malthus, whose observation that the food supply does not keep up with population growth stimulated theories about sociobiological competition, including Darwin's.
February 12, 1809: Birthdate of Charles Darwin.
April 27, 1820: Birthdate of Herbert Spencer, the man who coined the phrase " survival of the fittest. "Spencer applied evolutionary theory to a variety of human behaviors and mental phenomena.
September 28, 1838: On this date, Darwin read Malthus's essay on population and the concept of natural selection was illuminated for him.
June 18, 1858: Darwin received Alfred Russel Wallace's manuscript, "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type," and realized that Wallace had discovered natural selection.This prompted Darwin to publish his Origin of the Species (which he had been withholding) before Wallace publicized his theory.
May 19, 1869: Psychiatrist and amateur photographer James Crichton Browne sent the first of a series of photographs of mentally ill individuals to Darwin. Darwin used these photos as evidence in his book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals.
February 11, 1911: On this date, the Mormon General Church Council warned Joseph Peterson, an instructor and the only Ph.D. holder in the psychology department at Brigham Young University, that he and two offending colleagues would be dismissed if they continued teaching Darwinian theory. Peterson left the school and eventually became the president of the American Psychological Association in 1934.
July 10, 1925: This date marks the beginning of the Scopes "monkey trial."
October 29, 1988: This date marks the founding meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society.
"Matter in the wrong place is dirt. People got dirty through too much civilization. Whenever we touch nature, we get clean." – Carl Jung
Ecopsychology emerged in the early 1990's as a theoretical perspective and applied approach focused on the psychological implications of the bond between humans and nonhuman nature. A fundamental tenet among ecopsychologists is that the disconnection between humans and nonhuman nature that is typical in modern industrial cultures is unhealthy for humans and, subsequently, harmful to the planet. For overviews of ecopsychology, see the original text by Roszak, Gomes, and Kanner (1995); see also Boston (1996), Fisher (2002), Schroll (2003), and Scull (2008).
Ecopsychology is a rich topic to address in a history course or unit because it is an example of what can happen when scholars within our discipline are inspired to break out of the dominant paradigms and infuse their work with ideas from other intellectual and cultural traditions. Ecopsychological theory and practice is informed by philosophical perspectives such as deep ecology and phenomenology, spiritual traditions such as Buddhism, the transcendental writings of authors such as Thoreau and Emerson, and the life practices of indigenous cultures around the world. Within the discipline of psychology, the first generation ecopsychologists connected primarily with the work of Carl Jung (e. g., Aizenstat, 1995; Sabini, 2002; Yunt, 2001), Gestalt psychology (e. g., Cahalan, 1995; Swanson, 1995 ), and the Humanist and Transpersonal traditions (e.g., Davis, 1998; Kuhn, 2001; Reser, 1995). Today there are some empiricists among the ranks of ecopsychologists. Their work can be found in the journals Ecopsychology and European Journal of Ecopsychology.
Consider the following examples of major cultural paradigm shifts (e.g., Weinert, 2009):
The Earth is not the center of the universe (Copernicus, 1543).
Humans were not "created;" rather, the human species evolved according to the same physical mechanisms as do all other organisms (Darwin, 1859).
Humans aren't as "rational" or conscious as we might think (Freud, 1938; Gazzaniga, 2004).
Are we in the midst of another significant paradigm shift (e.g., The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community (Korten, 2006))? If so, what would this new worldview look like? For instance, the class could discuss the concept of moving from "domination to cooperation" that is emerging in some sustainability circles. Discuss the concept that,
Humans are not exempt from natural laws, that are circular rather than linear; promote diversity; and limit growth (Scott, et al., 2016).
Further discussion could focus on the relationships between manifest destiny/contemporary conceptions of "progress," and the prevalence of war and income and social inequalities. Instructors may point out historical efforts to conquer or "civilize" (i.e., oppress) other cultures; differential distributions of power, wealth, prestige, possessions, etc., and organizing society through hierarchy and violence. For instance, Korten (2006) argues that corporate consolidation of power is just one manifestation of "Empire."
The values reflected in the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) of Western cultures reflect a number of dualisms, some of which are exemplified in this table. Ecofeminists argue that a particular logic of domination and dualism (rather than a strictly patriarchal logic) runs like a fault line through Western cultures (Eaton, 2005; Plumwood, 1993). Once this logic has been unmasked, it's apparent that the over-use/abuse of natural resources mirrors the oppression of women, indigenous cultures and genocide, people of color (e.g., slavery), and the poor. As Plumwood (1993) noted, the elements on the "superior" side of the dualism can be represented as forms of reason, whereas the "inferior" elements can be represented as forms of nature. Instructors could present the list on the left, and invite students to fill in the right side. Alternatively, the instructor could present a few examples from the table and have students generate others.
Some additional points instructors might want to include in lecture, or offer for discussion:
Dualisms are rigid; people generally don't know how to embrace both as equally valuable;
Dualisms may be distinguished from softer, less hierarchical dualities that are characteristic of many indigenous and traditional cultures;
Dualisms reflect existing power structures, including political structure;
The DSP includes systems of cultural denial and shaming (e.g., historical European attitudes toward communities of color).
(Contributed by Reverend Dr. Janet Parker; printed with permission).
Donald Dewsbury (1990) described how the contemporary conflict between animal researchers and animal welfare advocates can be traced back almost 200 years. Specifically, the Victorian era anti-vivisectionist movement developed from, and in response to, the humane movement in England that had spurred the creation of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Similar movements and legislative efforts to restrict animal research arose in the United States shortly thereafter. Dewsbury noted the conflicted position of many British evolutionists, including Charles Darwin, who simultaneously held a deep love for animals and also a strong belief in the benefits of animal research. Darwin was a staunch opponent of animal cruelty but a supporter of vivisection. William James had similarly complex attitudes, referring to vivisection as a "painful duty." Dewsbury provided several examples of researchers and university administrators who were attacked by the media during the anti-vivisection movement, just as they are today by animal rights advocates; early targets included G. Stanley Hall, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and Edward Thorndike. The APA Committee on Animal Experimentation was formed in 1924. Dewsbury suggested that although the animal rights movement today is much broader than the anti-vivisection movement of the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, the criticisms voiced by animal advocates are very similar: animal research is unnecessary because alternatives are available; animal research involves pain and suffering; and animal researchers are more concerned about career ambitions than animal welfare. In both time periods, scientists have argued against these claims. See Baldwin (1993) and Bowd and Shapiro (1993) for essays for and against animal research in psychology. See Saucier & Cain (2006) and Knight, Vrij, Bard, & Brandon (2009) for research on the roots of attitudes about animal research.
Division 34 of the American Psychological Association is also known as the Society for Environmental, Population, and Conservation Psychology (SEPCP). The APA Council of Representatives admitted Division 34 on August 30, 1973. At that time, and for three decades after, it was called "Population & Environmental Psychology." The name was changed in 2011 to reflect the growing field of psychology applied to environmental sustainability. In addition to environmental, population, and conservation psychologists, SEPCP members include ecopsychologists (see Ecopsychology). For the early history of Division 34, see Richards (2000). For current news and events, visit the division's website.
Contemporary developments in psychology will be tomorrow's history of psychology. Students of psychology history benefit from considering the future trajectories of the field. One such development is the emergence of Conservation Psychology (CP). Carol Saunders's (2003) pioneering paper on CP, and the numerous responses that followed it in a special issue of Human Ecology Review, brought up many interesting questions about what shape this discipline might take. Questions included whether the discipline would reside within psychology or would be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that includes psychology. These questions are not yet resolved. Conservation Psychology was addressed in the July/August 2005 issue of the APA's Monitor on Psychology ("A closer look at Division 34: The call of the wild"), and in 2011, APA Division 34 added "Conservation Psychology" to its name. To see what is currently happening in the field, visit http://www.conservationpsychology.org.
The American Psychological Association has a history of engagement in public policy and politics. In 2008, the APA's Council of Representatives initiated the Task Force on the Interface between Psychology and Global Climate Change. Chaired by Pennsylvania State University psychologist Janet Swim, Ph. D., the task force was comprised of members appointed by APA president Alan Kazdin, Ph.D.: Susan Clayton, Ph.D., College of Wooster; Thomas Doherty, Psy.D., Sustainable Self, LLC; Robert Gifford, Ph.D., University of Victoria; George Howard, Ph.D., University of Notre Dame; Joseph Reser, Ph.D., Griffith University; Paul Stern, Ph.D., National Academies of Science; and Elke Weber, Ph.D., Columbia University. At the August, 2009 meeting of the APA in Toronto, the task force presented its report, Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. For relevant documents (executive summary, policy recommendations, etc.), click here.
Presentation/Paper on an Environmentally Related Subdiscipline
Students of History of Psychology courses are commonly assigned to research a subdiscipline of psychology and present their findings in a formal paper and/or oral presentation. The areas of Environmental Psychology, Conservation Psychology, and Ecopsychology offer interesting histories with connections to schools of thought and historical figures that students are likely to encounter in the history course.
As described above, several prominent individuals in the history of psychology have interesting connections to the world of nonhuman nature and environmental issues. For this assignment, students write an " environmental biography" of an individual addressed in their text or in class. Good choices for historical subjects include William James, Carl Jung, Edmund Husserl, Jean Piaget, B. F. Skinner, and others. (Good choices for contemporary subjects are the scholars who feature prominently on this website). Basic questions to guide students' research could include the following:
Did your subject publish anything about the relationship between humans and nonhuman nature?
Do biographers describe nonhuman nature as an interest of, or influence on, your subject?
Can you identify life experiences or influences that may have shaped your subject's interest in nonhuman nature?
This site is a searchable calendar hosted by the American Psychological Association.
Website: APA Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology (Division 34)
Twin Oaks (Virginia, U.S.) can be found at http://www.twinoaks.org/ with specific information about the role of Skinner's Walden Two in its formation at http://www.twinoaks.org/FAQ.html#walden.
Los Horcones (Sonora, Mexico) can be found at http://www.loshorcones.org/.
Aizenstat, S. (1995). Jungian psychology and the world unconscious. In T. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, & A. D. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind (pp. 92-100). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
James, W. (1899/2001). On a certain blindness in human beings. In Talks to teachers on psychology and to students on some of life's ideals. Mineaola, NY: Dover. Also available online here.
Richards, J. M., Jr. (2000). A history of Division 34: The division of population and environmental psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.) Unification through division, histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, (Vol. 5, pp. 113-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
Saunders, C. D. (2003). The emerging field of conservation psychology. Human Ecology Review, 10, 137-149.
Aizenstat, S. (1995). Jungian psychology and the world unconscious. In T. Roszak, M. E. Gomes, & A.D. Kanner (Eds.) Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind (pp. 92-100). San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.
Angell, J. R. (1909). Darwin's influence on psychology. Psychological Review, 16, 152-169.
Baldwin, E. (1993). The case for animal research in psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 121-131.
Bowd, A., & Shapiro, K. J. (1993). The case against laboratory animal research in psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 133-142.
Bjork, D. W. (1997). William James: The center of his vision. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Boston, T. (1996). Ecopsychology: An earth-psyche bond. Trumpeter. Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/269/402.
Cahalan, W. (1995). The earth is our real body: Cultivating ecological groundedness in Gestal therapy, Gestalt Journal, 18, 99-100.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray.
Davis, J. (1998). The transpersonal dimensions of ecopsychology: Nature, nonduality, and spiritual practice. Humanistic Psychologist, 26, 51-67.
Dewsbury, D. (1990). Early interactions between animal psychologists and animal activists and the founding of the APA Committee on Precautions in Animal Experimentation. American Psychologist, 45, 315-327.
Eaton, H. (2005). Introducing Ecofeminist Theologies. London: T&T Clark International.
Fisher, A. (2002). Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life. New York: State University of New York Press.
Freud, S. (1938/1964). Splitting of the ego in the process of defense. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol 23, pp. 275-276). London, U.K.: Hogarth Press.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2004). My brain made me do it. In W. Glannon (Ed.), Defining right and wrong in brain science: Essential readings in neuroethics (pp. 183-194). Washington, DC: Dana Press.
James, W. (1899/1912). On some of life's ideals: On a certain blindness in human beings: What makes a life significant (pp. 3-46). New York: Henry Holt & Co.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. New York: Holt.
Knight, S., Vrij, A., Bard, K., & Brandon, D. (2009). Science versus human welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 463-483. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01609.x
Korten, D. C. (2006). The Great Turning: From Empire to Earth Community. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press Inc. </p
Kuhn, J. (2001). Toward an ecological humanistic psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 9-24.
Parker, J. (2014, June 27). A Compost of Stories Will Lead Us Home. Part of the Lecture Series, Listening to Earth, Opening to God, presented at the Earth Honoring Faith Conference, Ghost Ranch, Abiquiu, New Mexico.
Penn, D., & Mysterud, I. (Eds.) (2005). Evolutionary perspectives on environmental problems (Evolutionary foundations of human behavior). Somerset, NJ: Aldine Transaction.
Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Viking.
Plumwood, V. (1993). Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge.
Reser, J. P. (1995). Whither environmental psychology? The transpersonal ecopsychology crossroads. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 235-257.
Richards, J. M., Jr. (2000). A history of Division 34: The division of population and environmental psychology. In D. A. Dewsbury (Ed.) Unification through division, histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association, (Vol. 5, pp. 113-136). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Roszak, T., Gomes, M. E., & Kanner, A. D. (Eds.). (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. San Francisco, CA, US: Sierra Club Books.
Sabini, M. (Ed.) (2002). The Earth has a soul: The nature writings of C.G. Jung. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Saucier, D. A., & Cain, M. E. (2006). The foundations of attitudes about animal research. Ethics & Behavior, 16, 117-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb1602_3
Schroll, M. A. (2003). Remembering ecopsychology's origins: A chronicle of meetings, conversations, and significant publications. Gatherings: Journal of the International Community for Ecopsychology [online]. Retrieved August 16, 2006 from http://www.ecopsychology.org/journal/ezine/ep_origins.html
Scull, J. (2008). Ecopsychology: Where does it fit in psychology in 2009? The Trumpeter, 24(3). Retrieved September 20, 2018from http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/viewFile/1100/1429.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1987). Upon further reflection. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Swanson, J. (1995). The call for Gestalt's contribution to ecopsychology: Figuring in the environmental field. Gestalt Journal, 18, 47-85.
Thoreau, H. D. (1854). Walden; or, Life in the woods. Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
van Vugt, M., Griskevicius, V., & Schultz, P. W. (2014). Naturally green: Harnessing stone age psychological biases to foster environmental behavior. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 1-32. doi: 10.1111/sipr.12000
Weinert, F. (2009). Copernicus, Darwin & Freud: Revolutions in the History and Philosophy of Science. West Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons. .
Wilson M., Daly M., & Gordon S. (1998) The evolved psychological apparatus of human decision-making is one source of environmental problems. In T Caro (Ed.), Behavioral ecology and conservation biology (pp.501-523). New York: Oxford University Press.
Yunt, J. D. (2001). Jung's contribution to an ecological psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 96-121.
Please use sustainable thinking when considering printing resources from this site.


The slogan "a dog is for life and not just for Christmas" was created in 1978 by Dogs Trust, the UK's largest dog welfare charity. This slogan is still relevant today. The choice to become a dog owner is an important decision and should never be made on the spur of the moment.
In its 2011, annual Stray Dog Survey, Dogs Trust reported that the number of stray and abandoned dogs was at an 11 year high. Over 126,176 dogs were picked up by Local Authorities in 12 months, an increase of 4% on the previous year. That's a staggering 345 stray dogs being found every day!
The survey also revealed a large number of dogs were rejected by their owners who refused to claim them once found and identified by local dog wardens. It seems some dog owners do not view dog ownership as a long term commitment or have not considered the true cost and responsibility involved with owning a dog.
If you are thinking of getting a dog, then ask yourself the following questions. If you are unable to answer 'yes' to these questions, then inviting a dog to join your family is unfair to you and your dog.
1. Do you have the time to give your dog the attention and company it needs?
Dogs need regular daily exercise so you need to be prepared to take your dog for walks each day, come rain or shine! Dogs are sociable creatures and don't like to be left alone for long periods. If you work then your dog should not be routinely left for more than 4 hours at a time.When you go on holiday, you'll need to arrange for your dog to be cared for by a responsible person.
2. Are you prepared to socialise and train your dog?
A young puppy will need to be introduced to the world around it slowly and sensitively so that it grows up to become a confident and happy dog. Training is also essential to keep your dog's mind active and to make sure your dog understands rules of good behaviour.
3. Are you prepared to clean up after your dog?
You will need to clean up after your dog on each occasion, using a poop scoop and bag. You will also need to dispose of the bag responsibly. Remember you have a legal obligation to do this when in a public place.
4. Do you have space for a dog?
A dog needs space for a clean bed of its own, free from noise, dampness and draught. Although it is not necessary to have a garden or yard for a dog to exercise or play in (you'll be taking your dog for regular walks, remember!), it is essential to have sufficient room for the dog to move around comfortably.
5. Are you prepared to budget for health care?
You should consider the cost of routine vaccinations and worming, one off costs such as neutering or spaying and occasional vet bills when your dog is sick or has had an accident.
6. Can you afford to feed your dog a healthy diet?
Many experts agree that feeding a complete, commercial dog food to your dog is normally preferable to a homemade diet. It's not always easy to achieve the correct balance of nutrients if you make your dog's diet yourself.
So if you've answered 'no' to any of the questions, congratulations for your honesty! Dog ownership might not be right for you at this moment in time.
Congratulations, also, if you've answered 'yes' to all the questions. You can look forward to a future of companionship and fun with a new best friend.


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Whether you know him as the dad from "Malcolm in the Middle" or as Walter White, there's no denying the chameleon-like acting skills of Bryan Cranston. In Trumbo directed by Jay Roach, he plays the titular character with an outlandish caricature-style panache that anyone else could so easily have turned into pure farce. Thanks to Cranston, however, Trumbo manages to come across as a man driven by the injustice surrounding him. His Trumbo is annoyingly charming and doggedly determined, and his sometimes quietly powerful, sometimes manic and heart-breaking, take on the man is surely one that will spark award interest.
I was immediately drawn in because this is not a perfect man by any stretch. He provokes when some would argue that he should be quiet and he forces his family into an uncomfortable position time and again because he cannot stop doing what he's doing, writing, even though it's claimed he's a communist.
There are so many elements to this movie that it's difficult to see exactly what the target audience is. At first, the movie lures you in with all the old-school Hollywood glamour. Then, this quickly turns sour as Hollywood turns on the screenwriters they have so easily decided warrant ostracizing. There's a real sense of movie community at the outset which makes what comes next all the more tragic and infuriating. The movie is riddled with an injustice that nobody seems able to fight. You just want to scream at some of these people to stop being so stupid. If it weren't based in reality then you might even think it was poor writing – because things like this just don't happen. People don't get thrown in jail for standing up for workers' rights, peacefully and without any criminal action. Except, of course, that they do.
Despite the horrible things taking place throughout the movie, there is also a lighter tone that dances throughout which somehow never lessens the severity of what is happening. One of the most hilarious and surprising elements of the movie is the many instances where fairly unknown actors portray well-known actors of the era such as Kirk Douglas (played by Dean O'Gorman) and John Wayne (played by David James Elliott), especially when clips of their movies are shown with the new actors doing it exactly the way it was done first time around. A true nod to the movie geeks among us!
As someone who has been writing stories for most of my life, I connected immediately with Trumbo (based on Bruce Cook's book of the same name), especially as the stories I write often carry themes of social divide and expectations. I'd like to think I'm free to express myself without fear of persecution but I once had the audacity to write an editorial on the possibility of a female Doctor Who and was accused of shoving my "feminist agenda" down people's throats – so it doesn't seem too much of a stretch.
Ultimately, this is a story that needs to be told and seen by audiences, not just for the contribution Trumbo made to cinema but for the sheer ease with which this small group of people were able to manipulate the masses into fearing a group of writers who wanted nothing but fair wages for movie crews. Trumbo may be a story from decades ago but the theme still resonates so easily today.
I can't believe there are actually Cranston haters out there....I want to see this just for him. This would be his first major feature as leading man. Curious more than anything.
There are just some a-holes out there that like to deny themselves nice things.
Good. That is about what I was expecting from this film. Thanks Amanda.


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Toru Tanzawa from Micron Technology, Inc., Tokyo, Japan was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2016 for contributions to integrated high-voltage circuits.

References

Fellow Members of the IEEE
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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11 TV Characters That Were Killed Off In Really Gruesome Ways
The modern era of television can be summed up in many ways, with plenty of trends and tropes to choose as foundations. Like, say, it's become one of the deadliest mediums out there, since shows these days often have fewer objections with sending characters both major and minor to sleep with the fishes. Luckily, for weirdos like me, these deaths can often be some of the grossest and most disturbing scenes on the small screen. It should go without saying that spoiler-sunglasses should be put on before reading this.
Since noting every single disgusting demise would likely take ages, with new examples hitting the airwaves on a weekly basis, we've rounded up 11 of the most gruesome deaths TV characters have faced over the years. This list could have easily just solely focused on Game of Thrones, but we're not double dipping into anything. Speaking of the epic fantasy…
Oberyn (Game of Thrones)
Revenge is a dish best served quickly, with better armor, and without a lot of walking around and demanding confessions. That's a lesson Oberyn "The Red Vi-i-i-iper" Martell learned when facing off against Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane in Season 4 of Game of Thrones. Rather than doing the deed, Oberyn get his tables turned, and the Mountain went full Jason Voorhees on him, gouging out his eyes and forcing his head to explode. Is it better that The Mountain essentially blinded Oberyn so that he didn't have to look in the eyes of the enemy currently smashing his skull in? Too bad there aren't any hoses out there.
No emergency room in the Seven Kingdoms could save him.
Warren Mears (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
Warren never did get his wish of killing Buffy Summers, but those who despised him on Buffy the Vampire Slayer got to watch him die a truly horrifying death not just once, but twice (sort of). And in a manner that was more gruesome than UPN and The WB's usual fare. Thanks to Dark Willow, Warren got his mouth sewn shut for a while before getting flayed alive in a split second, leaving behind an image that would be more at home on a doctor's office wall. And then of course he's set on fire. Warren is later resurrected in gross-out form, only to be killed again in the Season 8 comic book, where he turns to a mess of bloody bones. Check out the skin removal part below.
At least he didn't have to shave anymore.
Rita (Dexter)
In all of the ways that Rita could have died on Dexter, the one audiences got wasn't as visibly stressing and in-the-moment violent as it could have been. But it was as massive a mental blow to fans as anything else in the series, which heightened every single detail. It's not an exact replication of Dexter's childhood trauma, but having him see his son Harrison crying in Rita's blood was close enough, and it seems like the Trinity Killer would have spent a good amount of time setting that scene up, just smearing wet blood all over the place. All that blood! Director Steve Shill won an Emmy for directing "The Getaway," the episode in which this gnarly discovery takes place.
What if that house only had a stand-up shower?
Noah (The Walking Dead)
The Walking Dead is arguably as familiar with killing off its major players as any other series in existence, and while Noah wasn't a huge fan favorite or expertly integrated into the plot, it still seemed like he'd have survived a lot longer than he did. But thanks to the cowardly Alexandrian Nicholas, Noah found himself at the non-mercy of a pack of walkers as he gets killed against the glass of a revolving door as Glenn watches on, horrified. It's bad enough that they chow down on him, but it's when he gets his cheek stripped away from his face that you knew the effects team was having fun. You can watch a lower-quality version of the scene below.
It's a scene so disturbing, the series showcased it at Comic-Con.
Gus Fring (Breaking Bad)
A great villain always deserves an equally memorable goodbye, and Breaking Bad played its most ghastly Looney Tunes-ish card in the Season 4 finale, in which an explosion left the ever-so-suave criminal mastermind without half of his face. (In an episode blatantly called Face Off, no less.) Gus' death was well-played from a narrative viewpoint, and it was exhilarating to see some genuine fear in his eyes when he realized that Tio Salamanca was about to do him wrong. If I ever get that Breaking Bad putt-putt course together that I have had dreams of building for a few minutes now, Gus' head will be the 18th hole. Watch the gory glory below.
It would have been nice to see Walt do this in person, but it's still good.
Chef (South Park)
Animation allows for random extremity to happen, and few people do random extremity as head-on as Trey Parker and Matt Stone. After longtime cast member Isaac Hayes decided to leave the show, possibly due to its treatment of Scientology, Chef was laid to a grisly/grizzly rest after being brainwashed into entering the Super Adventure Club of child molesters. Not the most comfortable-lead in, and then we've got fire, broken bones, a speared stomach, and wild animals tearing limbs and flesh off. A horrible way to see a beloved character bite it, but superb nonetheless. The requisite scatological spray after all that punctuated things was gross in a different way. Watch the scene below.
That's not chocolate salty balls.
George O'Malley (Grey's Anatomy)
Grey's Anatomy delivered one major (and completely expected) death this past season due to a traffic accident, but the show set that bar in a huge way back in the Season 5 finale, in which George was killed off in a surprise twist. Now, certainly the bus accident that put him in the hospital would have been a more gruesome thing to see than watching him flatline, but his face was so fucked up and battered that nobody recognized him, which earns George's spot on this list. T.R. Knight had made it clear he wanted out of the project, and this was where Rimes decided to go with it. She should have called up Trey Parker and Matt Stone. Check out the realization scene below.
No one on this show should ever be on the road.
Sedullus
In one Season 2 episode of Spartacus, the titular hero and his compadres rescue some German soldiers, one of whom is an unthankful rapist douche named Sedullus. We barely get to know this massive man before he tries derailing everything, eventually leading to a sword fight than ends in Sedullus getting his face sliced off in one smooth upswing of Spartacus' sword. Things get somewhat cartoonish as everyone immediately went silent as Sedullus' brains slide out of his half-head, but that just makes it all the more fun. The only thing that would have made it better is if his face skin would have landed on the plate of someone eating nearby. Check out the blood-spurting sweetness below.
When it brains, it pours.
Bill (True Blood)
After years of emotional turmoil between Sookie and Bill on True Blood, Sookie is given the worst task conceivable in Bill's request for her to stake him. She does so, and he unexpectedly pops into pool of thick blood that she spends a little while sobbing in. You never want to see that kind of thing happen to a loved one, especially after she's already sort of seen him do that in Season 5 when he drank Lilith's blood and dissolved into a pool of viscous blood (before coming back to life). That just seems to be the way Bill liked to handle things, and it should have happened once a season.
Maybe that was Bill all over Rita's bathroom.
Anatoly Ranskahov (Daredevil)
When it comes to showing violence, Marvel projects tend to go for CGI and explosions over anything resembling gritty or gruesome. That is, until Wilson Fisk came along and made things interesting. In Episide 4 of Daredevil, the Russian criminal Anatoly rudely interrupted a meal that Fisk was having with his new love interest Vanessa, and he learned just how big a mistake that was when Fisk murdered him by smashing his head with a car door until it popped off. It wasn't the most visceral slice of torture porn – though there was blood – but the sheer amount of violent rage Vincent D'Onofrio showed made it felt like every second of the decapitation could be seen. Check it out below.
The quickest way to a man's heart is down his neck stump.
Tara (Sons of Anarchy)
Sons of Anarchy never backed away from shockingly violent and disturbing moments during its seven seasons, but the head of the pack came during the Season 6 finale, in which Gemma gives Tara the total ass-whooping that she'd been holding back in previous years. Gemma, too drunk and out of the loop to realize her mistakes, switched her weapons from iron to soapy water to carving fork, the latter of which she plunges into Tara's skull several times. Gemma's unwavering dedication on slamming that fork into Tara's head was almost as shocking as the death itself, something that Juice's subsequent shooting of Sheriff Roosevelt couldn't make a dent in. A signature savage act from a series that had plenty of them. Check out part of the murder scene below.
This scene has everything, and the kitchen sink.
television Why HBO Cancelled The First Game Of Thrones Spinoff For More Dragons
television Grey's Anatomy Will Address Alex Karev's Absence In 2020 Return, But There's A Catch
television Grey's Anatomy's Jerrika Hinton Reveals If She'd Ever Come Back As Stephanie
television Game Of Thrones' Jonathan Pryce Has The Best Perspective On Dying On Screen All The Time
Modern Family Just Said Goodbye To A Character Before The Series Ends television
Tyler Perry Responds To Eddie Murphy's Filmmaker Comparison With Dolemite Is My Name news
Frank Sheeran's Lawyer Believes The Irishman Got Jimmy Hoffa's Death Wrong news
Golden Globes Host Ricky Gervais Explains Why He Won't Apologize For His Jokes television

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- Any -BlogPolicy Briefs and NotesPocket GuidesBackground PapersLDC Seriesecbi ReportsMeeting ReportsMiscellaneous
International bulk purchasing as an NMA: Using Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement to reduce the cost of climate technology
Bulk purchasing technology under the non-market approaches (NMAs) defined in Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement could help developing countries to reduce the costs of climate-friendly technology. This policy brief describes how such NMAs could allow groups of developing countries to drive down costs by pooling procurement, and using reverse auctioning to "discover" the lowest price.
Benito Müller, Axel Michaelowa & Anne-Kathrin Weber. Contributions from Diann Black-Layne, Rene Orellana Halkyer, and Saurabh Kumar
2020 UPDATE Negotiating cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
Agreement on the rules for "cooperative approaches" under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will now not be possible until at least late 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, countries will not be able to decide the role of cooperative approaches in their first Nationally Determined Contributions, which are meant to be finalised by the end of 2020 and implemented from the start of 2021. This policy brief summarises the progress made on Article 6 at the last UN Climate Change Conference in Madrid in 2019, and the key elements that still need to be agreed, to help negotiators and political leaders find common landing ground and resolve this issue by the end of 2021. Read it in conjunction with our 2019 policy brief of Article 6, which provides a more comprehensive explanation of each element.
Axel Michaelowa, Aglaja Espelage & Benito Müller
An Ambition Cycle for the Paris Agreement: The risks of not agreeing in Glasgow
Most countries will follow paragraph 24 of Paris Decision 1/CP.21 in the absence of agreement on an Ambition Cycle at the next climate conference. This comes with significant risks - not only to national ambition to address climate change and its impacts, but also to the process of assessing overall global progress, and of replenishing climate funds on the basis of national needs.
Benito Müller and Kishan Kumarsingh
International gender commitments to national action: Integrating gender in climate change policies and processes
The international community has increasingly signalled a commitment to address gender issues in the global climate change negotiations, and in national-level implementation of climate action. This policy brief explores how this commitment has been put into practice, and identifies key challenges that still remain.
Margaux Granat, Emilia Reyes, and Bridget Burns
COP25 Outcomes
At the 2019 Climate Change Conference in Madrid, Spain, crunch issues – an unambiguous call for much higher climate ambition to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, finance for the loss and damage caused by climate impacts, a fail-safe market mechanism that does not compromise environmental integrity, and credible financial contributions to enable action in developing countries – proved too difficult to resolve within the high-pressure, time-deficient confines of a COP, despite a two-day extension and the resilience and staying power of seasoned diplomats.
Anju Sharma, Axel Michaelowa, Aglaja Espelage, Jennifer Allan & Benito Müller
Unpacking Governance of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage
The governance arrangements for the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage and its Executive Committee have been contested since the conclusion of negotiations on Article 8 of the Paris Agreement. Which supreme body – the Conference of the Parties (COP), the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA), or both – is / are responsible for guiding their work? This brief addresses legal and practical aspects of the governance debate.
Doreen Stabinsky
Negotiating cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
What's holding up the Article 6 negotiations? Can differences be resolved at the 25th Conference of Parties (COP25) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change? This policy paper explains the crunch issues in Article 6 negotiations in generally accessible language. It sheds light on the key differences between negotiating Parties on the eve of COP25 in Madrid. Understanding the issues and Party positions is a key step to identify solutions in these highly political and technically complex negotiations.
Climate Finance In Brief
A brief introduction to climate finance
Measuring Progress to a Temperature Goal
Conventional "CO2-equivalent" emissions calculated using 100-year "Global Warming Potentials" do not consistently reflect the impact of emissions on global temperature: they overstate the impact of constant emissions of any short-lived climate pollutant such as methane by a factor of about four, while understating the large impact of changes in methane emission rates. Myles Allen and Michelle Cain from the University of Oxford explain how CO2-e emissions can nevertheless be used to calculate "warming-equivalent" emissions to inform burden-sharing discussions, mitigation policies in crucial sectors such as agriculture, and stocktakes of progress towards a global temperature goal.
Myles Allen and Michelle Cain
The Dynamic Contribution Cycle: Enhancing Ambition on the Basis of Equity
This flyer highlights the importance of bringing together all countries on the same page with a common NDC time frame, to enhance ambition and at the same time enable more equitable global outcomes.


Step into Bella Austria, and it's like you're walking onto a filmset – with a crucial difference: those mountains, and those flower-carpeted pastures are real.
This is the Katschtal Valley, and it's so beautiful it's always ready for its close up. This parc was made for outdoor action; take your pick of scenic treks (walking maps are available at reception) hire bikes and follow the cycle path to the nearby Mur River, or explore the pretty villages of the valley floor. Back on parc, there's a mini farm for little animal lovers, and a mini Austrian wellness area for you: with traditional saunas easing those gradient-weary limbs. Want to explore even further? Take advantage of the parc owners' informal guided tours into the delightful Austrian countryside, and follow them as they head for the hills.
Please note: The 2 bedroom Vista on Bella Austria is not equipped with an oven or grill. There is a 4-burner gas hob and microwave in each Vista holiday home.
The pitches for our holiday homes on this campsite are open, on a grass surface.
Nestled amongst lush green hills, this parc gives the ultimate relaxing experience with its own compact Wellness Centre featuring a bio-sauna, Finnish sauna and an infrared sauna. Perfect for winding down after a swim in the small lagoon swimming pool (lightly heated in the off season).
There is a small onsite shop which opens between 8am - 9am daily. Please note that there are no supermarkets near to the campsite which open on a Sunday, therefore you will not be able to shop for groceries nearby until Monday, if you are arriving on a Sunday.
The disco is a mini-dance for young children, organised 2-3 times per week in peak season.
Please note, a tourist tax must be paid directly to the site on arrival. This tax applies to everyone aged 15 years and older. For your guidance, the charge is 2018 was €1.20 per person per night.


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Let Go My Hand P/B
by Edward Docx | 08 March 2018
'A humane, humorous and ultimately extremely moving novel' Guardian 'A darkly comic, deeply moving and thoroughly modern father-son love story' Mail on Sunday 'Funny, moving, disturbing and beautifully written' Adam Kay 'Tremendously moving, fiercely intelligent and very, very funny' Paul Murray Louis Lasker loves his family dearly - apart from when he doesn't. There's a lot of history. His father's marriages, his mother's death; one brother in exile, another in denial; everything said, everything unsaid. And now his father has taken a decision which threatens to blow the family apart. We join the Laskers for what might be their final days together. One last chance to fix things. It's a matter of life and death . . .


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The Southern Arkansas Muleriders softball team represents Southern Arkansas University in NCAA Division II college softball. SAU has competed in the Great American Conference (GAC) since 2011. Upon reorganizing the team in 1999, SAU was a member of the Western Division of the Gulf South Conference until joining the GAC in 2011. The Muleriders play their home games on campus at Lady Mulerider Field.  Jason Anderson is the current head coach.

History
Southern Arkansas fielded a softball team as far back as 1930; however, college opponents were difficult to find. Softball has seen some success over the years. Kathryn Smith Brown coached a team to the finals of the AAU Southwest Regional Tournament in 1949. In 1980, Margaret Browning lead the Lady Muleriders to their first full conference championship in school history.

In 1999, SAU hired Kevin Blaskowski to restart the SAU softball program after several years of not sponsoring the sport. The program has seen off and on periods of success since reorganizing. Blaskowski's 2003 Lady Muleriders shared the Gulf South Conference Western Division crown. Since reorganizing the team in 1999, the Lady Muleriders have compiled a 378–455 (.454) record.

On May 3, 2014, the Lady Muleriders won the GAC softball tournament championship with 4–0 and 8–0 wins over Southeastern Oklahoma State University.  In his three seasons at SAU, Coach Lyon finished with a  90–89 record. On June 27, 2014, Coach Lyon was named the head coach of the Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks softball team. On July 2, 2014 Jason Anderson was named the head coach of the Lady Muleriders.

Dawson Field
After several years of playing their home games at a city owned park, the Lady Muleriders opened Dawson Field at the Mulerider Softball Complex during the 2014 season. The 2014 season was a special season for the Lady Muleriders. In their first season in the new park, the Lady Muleriders won their first Great American Conference championship. Lady Mulerider Field is a state of the art facility featuring seating for approximately 400 fans and includes covered batting cages for the Lady Muleriders.

Head coaches
 Records are for coaches from 1999 through present

References

External links


The United States Postal Service (USPS) processes and delivers nearly half of the world's mail (47%), but without a legible and valid delivery or return address –– mail often ends up in the US Postal Service's official lost and found department called the Mail Recovery Center (MRC), formally known as the Dead Letter Office. In fact, the MRC received 88 million undeliverable mail in 2014.
Whether you're mailing postcards, letters or packages –– ensure your mail is addressed correctly and won't be returned or sent to the MRC.
In this post, I'm going to show you how the USPS prefers mail to be addressed.
The delivery address specifies the location where to deliver the mail.
Left justify and legibly print (pen or permanent marker) or type (sans serif type) the delivery address on the same side of a postcard, envelope or package that will bear the postage. Use a minimum of 6-point type for uppercase letters and avoid narrow type and script fonts.
The USPS will accept lowercase letters (10-12-point type) as long as they meet postal guidelines for OCR readability. However, to avoid the potential errors and delays, always use uppercase letters.
The USPS prefers punctuation to be omitted. This includes commas, periods, parentheses, etc. Hyphens, however, are accepted in the ZIP+4 Code.
Special characters should be omitted like the at symbol (@) and ampersand (&).
Double spaces and blanks should be single spaces. However, 2 spaces are preferred between the state postal code and the ZIP Codes and ZIP+4 Codes.
Write the recipient's full name –– first name and last name.
If the recipient is elderly, a doctor, lawyer, government official or military personal, use honorific titles such as MR, MRS, MS, DR, etc. Also, use honorific titles in formal situations such as business or to show respect.
If the recipients are married, write the husband's honorific title (MR), the wife's honorific title (MRS) and then the husband's full name. Remember, the USPS prefers AND instead of an ampersand (&).
Abbreviate organizational endings with USPS-approved abbreviations to compress the recipient line and save space. For example, COMPANY should be abbreviated with CO and INCORPORATED should be abbreviated with INC. Visit USPS for complete list of these approved last word abbreviations.
Commonly understood business words can also be abbreviated to save space. For example, ACCOUNT should be abbreviated with ACCT and LEGAL should be abbreviated with LGL. Visit USPS for complete and exhaustive list of approved business word abbreviations.
There might be a 1234 E Main ST and a 1234 W Main ST. Failure to include E or W could result in your mail being sent to the wrong location or returned. To avoid problems, include USPS-approved abbreviations for compass points called directionals. For example, SOUTHWEST should be abbreviated with SW and NORTHWEST should be abbreviated with NW.
In order to condense the address line, use USPS-approved street suffix abbreviations. For example, STREET should be abbreviated with ST and CIRCLE should be abbreviated with CIR.
Information that precedes the address is called a secondary unit designator apartment, suite or floor number) and the USPS employs about two dozen approved abbreviations. For example, APARTMENT should be abbreviated with APT and SUITE should be abbreviated with STE.
The pound symbol (#) is accepted if there's a space between the pound sign and the secondary number.
The pound symbol should not be used as a secondary unit designator if the correct designation is already specified.
City names should not be abbreviated. While NOLA might be clear to some, it may not be clear to all that you meant New Orleans. Spell out entire city names.
Abbreviate US states, Washington D.C. and US territories with the USPS-approved 2-letter postal codes. Be careful not to confuse the USPS-approved abbreviations with other state abbreviations, though.
Visit USPS for a complete list of 2-letter approved abbreviations for states, territories and military "states."
Currently, more than 42,000 ZIP Codes are in use in the United States. A ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) code is a 5-digit number to identify an area of the country and delivery office to which mail is directed – the American equivalent to the postal code in British English.
In 1983, the USPS introduced the ZIP+4 Code to reduce the number of handlings and decrease potential errors. The ZIP+4 code adds a hyphen and four additional digits to denote a delivery sector (block, several, office buildings, etc.) and a delivery segment (office building floor, departments in a firm, etc.).
The ZIP+4 Code is not mandatory.
The return address informs the USPS where the mail should be returned if it cannot be delivered.
In the upper left corner, left justify and legibly print (pen or permanent marker) or type (sans serif type) the return address on the same side of a postcard, envelope or package that will bear the postage. Use a minimum of 6-point type for uppercase letters and avoid narrow type and script fonts.
Affix the correct postage amount in the upper right corner. The USPS provides a useful postage price calculator on their website for calculating the postage price of postcards, envelopes, boxes and other shapes and sizes.
You just learned how the USPS (United States Postal Service) prefers mail to be addressed. If you follow their preferences, you can expect the USPS' slogan –– We Deliver For You® –– to be their promise and you won't need to worry about your mail being returned or sent to the Mail Recovery Center.
Have you ever lost any mail? If so, what happened? Answer in the Comments below.
How to Address Mail – Postcards, Envelopes & Packages (United States) first appeared on the Culture Gaps Blog by Jeff Shibasaki.


So it was no surprise that when Google announced in June of 2014 that it had built a virtual reality headset almost entirely of cardboard, many people thought it was another of the company's gags—if several months delayed. The project, dubbed Google Cardboard, has been anything but a joke. On Jan. 27, Google will announce that 5 million Cardboard have shipped. More importantly, the company says people are using them: 25 million Cardboard apps have been downloaded from its Play Store, meaning users have tried an average of five different experiences. The most popular app for the device is Chair in a Room, a surprisingly unsettling first-person horror game. But Cardboard apps range from rollercoaster simulators to field trips visits to well-known global monuments.
Cardboard may be the lowest-tech gadget in the history of modern consumer electronics. Its ingredients include about half a pizza box worth of cardboard, two magnets, a couple pieces of Velcro, two lenses and a single rubber band. Pop in a smartphone loaded with the right apps, and Cardboard becomes a virtual reality viewer. When you first see a Google Cardboard unit in person, it's hard to believe it can do anything impressive. Then you put it on.
In an era of blockbuster Kickstarter campaigns, major partnerships, and multi-billion-dollar acquisitions, Google's recyclable virtual reality viewer may be the most popular "device" for the nascent technology. It would've been easy for Google to mark the win and forget about Cardboard as a stunt, if a highly impactful one. But Google has built on Cardboard's success, adding new features to the device and accompanying software, like better audio. It has fostered a community of developers, crucial for getting fresh content and attracting new users. And it struck high-profile deals to give Cardboard viewers to more people, including one with The New York Times.
Bavor says he's been obsessed with the idea of making unreal things look realistic since he was a child. That led to interests in photorealism, computer modeling, and virtual reality. When Google recently decided to open a dedicated VR department, Bavor was a natural choice to run it. "I kind of became known inside Google as the VR nerd," he tells TIME in his first interview since being named Google's vice president of virtual reality earlier this month. "When David Coz, who was the engineer from the Paris office, showed up in Mountain View with the first Google Cardboard prototype it wasn't long before someone said, 'Clay needs to see this.'" That Google is putting resources into a new division, even as it seeks to streamline its operations under a wider reorganization, shows the firm wants to take virtual reality—promising but unproven technology—seriously. (Google has also invested in augmented reality startup Magic Leap).
Still, Cardboard only offers an entry-level virtual reality experience. It's likely the least-expensive gateway device to virtual reality. Forthcoming high-end virtual reality headsets from Oculus, Valve, Microsoft and Sony will cost anywhere from several hundred dollars to several thousand, depending on the computers needed to make them run. They will, for the price, offer much more immersive experiences. Samsung sells its Gear VR for $99, but it only works with that company's line of phones. Worldwide sales of virtual reality gear are expected to rise to nearly $16 billion annually by 2020, estimates researcher Markets and Markets.


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Democrats demand CIA video inquiry
Bush says he has no recollection of being told about "harsh interrogation" videotapes.
The CIA is under fire for its 'renditions' programme in addition to its interrogation techniques [AP]
'Cover-up'
Michael Hayden, director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), said on Thusrday that the tapes were destroyed so that the identities of interrogators would not be compromised.
On Friday, leading Democrats called for inquiries into the matter by the justice department and congress and criticised the CIA for acting above the law.
Edward Kennedy, the Democratic senator for Massachusetts, spoke of a cover-up reminiscent of the Watergate scandal that drove Richard Nixon from the presidency in 1974.
In a speech on the senate floor, Kennedy said: "The past six years, the Bush administration has run roughshod over our ideals and the rule of law. Now, when the new Democratic Congress is demanding answers, the administration is feverishly covering up its tracks."
However, George Little, a CIA spokesman, said leaders of relevant congressional committees were told of the tapes, the CIA's plans to destroy them and that they had been destroyed.
The CIA's director said earlier that the agency's internal watchdog had watched the tapes in 2003 and verified that the interrogation practices recorded were legal.
But Marwan Bishara, Al Jazeera's senior political analyst, said the methods were actually torture.
Bishara said the fact that the CIA had the tapes but did not surrender them when a US commission to look into the 9/11 attacks and congress asked for such information, raised questions about whether the CIA obstructed justice.
Bush support
Bush has been a strong defender of the CIA interrogation programme, saying it has produced intelligence that has helped capture al-Qaeda members and prevent attacks.
"[Bush] has no recollection of being made aware of the tapes or their destruction before yesterday"
Dana Perino, White House spokeswoman
"The program is critical to the safety of the country," Dana Perino, the White House spokeswoman, said on Friday.
Perino said Bush did not recall being told about the interrogation tapes or their destruction before he was briefed by Hayden on Thursday.
She said: "He has no recollection of being made aware of the tapes or their destruction before yesterday."
The destruction of the tapes comes amid scrutiny of the CIA's "rendition" programme, where suspects were allegedly detained and interrogated in secret locations outside the US.
On Friday, Amnesty International, the UK human rights organisation, called for the destruction of the tapes to be part of that inquiry.
The group said in a press release that "the destruction of the tapes falls into a pattern of measures taken by the government that block accountability for human rights violations".
Surprise expressed
Speaking to Al Jazeera, Mark Agrast, of the Centre for American Progress, said: "The timing is very disturbing because they [the tapes] appear to have been destroyed at precisely the time that the Abu Ghraib photographs had come out and the stories of highly coercive interrogation practices were becoming known."
During the Abu Ghraib scandal in 2004, leaked pictures of US forces abusing Iraqi prisoners caused an international outcry.
Members of the US 9/11 commission and congress have expressed surprise that the tapes existed, saying that the CIA repeatedly claimed it did not record the interrogation of detainees.
Agrast told Al Jazeera: "There will be congressional investigations, because this story was not shared with the house and senate intelligence committees that by law are supposed to be informed of activities of this kind."
Hayden's revelation appeared to be an attempt to pre-empt the New York Times, which informed the CIA on Wednesday evening that it planned to publish a story about the destruction of the tapes.
Hayden said he was informing staff because the press had learnt about the destruction of the tapes.


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>Nobel Prize Winners
>Peace
>Photographs
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON - TYPED LETTER SIGNED 01/22/1921 - HFSID 347966
WOODROW WILSON The President of the United States autographed this letter in 1921 lamenting the country's decision to not join the League of Nations Typed Letter Signed, "Woodrow Wilson" on a 7x9 one-page letter. Dated January 22, 1921. On White House letterhead stationery. Six weeks before leaving office, a physically depleted Wilson writes to editor and pacifist Edward Bok, discussing his plans to talk about the League of Nations during his pending retirement. Wilson had conceived the League of Nations to settle disputes without wars, but America never joined the body because Congress did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson, who suffered a stroke in 1919, lobbied heavily but unsuccessfully for the ratification of the Treaty, but the United States was the only one of 32 Allied powers that did not accept the Treaty. Wilson's letter states in part: "Thank you for your letter of the nineteenth and your renewal of the suggestion that I speak in Philadelphia on the League of Nations after my retirement from office. I think it depends very much upon the read more...
PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON - BOOK SIGNED 08/01/1920 - HFSID 286007
WOODROW WILSON As President he signed and dated this hardbound copy of his speech to a joint session of congress requesting a Declaration of War on Germany. Book signed: "Woodrow Wilson/1 August, 1920" as President on first flyleaf, 16 pages, 8x12¼, hardcover. Address of the President of the United States Delivered at a Joint Session of the Two Houses of Congress April 2, 1917, privately printed in 1918. The complete text of President Wilson's speech requesting that Congress declare war on Germany and her allies. On April 6, four days after Wilson delivered this "War Message", Congress overwhelmingly passed the War Resolution that brought the U.S. into WWI. In part: "The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them…. read more...
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PRESIDENT YASSER ARAFAT (PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 268711
YASSER ARAFAT 1994 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Yasser Arafat signs 5x7 color photo Photograph signed: "Y. Arafat" in English. Color, 5x7, matted to 9x11. From a CNN report: "For read more...
YASSER ARAFAT 1994 Nobel Peace Prize winner Arafat is shown in military uniform in this 7x5 photograph. Photograph signed: "Y. Arafat" in English. Color, 7x5 overall, image 6x4¾ (one surface). read more...
PRIME MINISTER MENACHEM BEGIN (ISRAEL) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 265652
MENACHEM BEGIN Black and white casual photograph of Menachem Begin at a restaurant with Henny Youngman. Photograph signed: "M Begin". B/w, 8½x6¾ visible, matted to 8x10. Shown seated at a restaurant table with U.S. comedian Henny Youngman (not signing). Vintage photo. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Small black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin in a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w 2x3 overall, image 1¾x2½ (one surface). read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Rare and early small sepia publicity photograph of Menachem Begin addressing a meeting. Photograph signed: "Sincerely,/M. Begin" in Hebrew on verso. Sepia, 2½x3½. In 1973, the Likud Party was formed and Menachem Begin (1913-1992) became its leader. read more...
PRIME MINISTER MENACHEM BEGIN (ISRAEL) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 67837
MENACHEM BEGIN Small black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin walking away from a plane during a visit of President Anwar Sadat to Israel. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w, 7x5 overall, image 5¾x4 (one surface). read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin walking with Jimmy Carter at the Camp David Presidential retreat. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w, 10x8. Shown with U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the Camp David Presidential retreat. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Small black and white publicity photograph of a young Menachem Begin wearing a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w, 2¼x3½ overall, image 1¾x2½ (one surface). read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin and Jimmy Carter speaking outside at the Camp David Presidential retreat. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w, 10x5½. Shown with U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the Camp David Presidential retreat. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Small black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin in a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "M. Begin" in English. B/w, 3½x5 overall, image 3¼x4 (one surface). In 1973, the Likud Party was formed and Menachem Begin (1913-1992) became its leader. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Small color publicity photograph of Menachem Begin in a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "M. Begin". Color, 3½x5. Born in Poland, Begin (1913-1992) reached British Palestine in 1943 to participate in the struggle for an independent state of Israel. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Small black and white publicity photograph of Menachem Begin in a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "M. Begin" in English. B/w, 5x7 overall, image 4¼x5¾ (one surface). Name imprinted at lower blank margin. read more...
MENACHEM BEGIN Serious 3½x5 image of the Israeli Prime Minister and peacemaker Photograph signed: "M. Begin". B/w, 3½x5. In 1973, the Likud Party was formed and Menachem Begin (1913-1992) became its leader. When Likud won the elections in 1977, he became Prime Minister. read more...
PRIME MINISTER MENACHEM BEGIN (ISRAEL) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH 09/12/1978 CO-SIGNED BY: ZBIGNIEW K. BRZEZINSKI - HFSID 83019
MENACHEM BEGIN and ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI Menachem Begin and Zbigniew Brzezinski sign a color publicity photograph of them walking and talking in the woods. Photograph signed: "M. Begin", and "Best wishes, Zbigniew Brzezinski". Color, 8x10. read more...
PRIME MINISTER MENACHEM BEGIN (ISRAEL) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH CIRCA 1978 CO-SIGNED BY: HANS-DIETRICH GENSCHER - HFSID 261530
MENACHEM BEGIN and HANS DIETRICH GENSCHER Menachen Begin and Hans Dietrich Genscher sign a black and white publicity photograph of themselves shaking hands. Photograph signed: "M. Begin" in English and "Genscher". B/w, 7¾x6¼. read more...
CHANCELLOR WILLY BRANDT (GERMANY) - AUTOGRAPHED INSCRIBED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 202005
WILLY BRANDT Photograph of the Chancellor of West Germany (5x7), inscribed to a fan Photograph inscribed and signed: "For Randi Pearson/Willy Brandt". Color, 5x7 overall, image 5x6 (one surface). read more...
WILLY BRANDT Photograph of the Chancellor of West Germany and Novel Peace Prize winner (4x5¾) Inscribed photograph signed: "Willy Brandt". Color, 4x5¾ overall, image 4x5¼ (one surface). Inscribed in unknown hand "For Maria". read more...
CHANCELLOR WILLY BRANDT (GERMANY) - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 216320
WILLY BRANDT Mayor of West Berlin and Chancellor of West Germany, signed in purple felt tip (4x5¾) Photograph signed: "Willy Brandt". B/w, 4x5¾ overall, image 4x5 (one surface). read more...
WILLY BRANDT Black and white photograph of Brandt signed on bottom margin (4x5¾) Photograph signed: "Willy Brandt". B/w, 4x5¾ overall, image 4x4½ (one surface). read more...
WILLY BRANDT Photograph of the young West Berlin Mayor (3½x5¼), signed in blue ink Photograph signed: "Willy Brandt". B/w, 3½x5¼ overall, image 3x4½ (one surface). read more...
WILLIE BRANDT Photograph (4x6) of the German Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize winner Photograph signed: "Willie Brandt". B/w, 4x6. Willie Brandt (1913-1992) was Mayor of West Berlin from 1957-1966 and Chancellor of the German Federal Republic ("West German), 1969-1974. read more...
RALPH J. BUNCHE - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 172356
RALPH J. BUNCHE Small black and white publicity photograph of a young Ralph J. Bunche with his hand resting on his cheek. Photograph signed: "Ralph J. Bunche." B/w, 6¼x5. Ralph J. Bunche, (1904-1971) who joined the United Nations in 1946, was chief U.N. read more...
RALPH J. BUNCHE Small black and white publicity photograph of Ralph J. Bunche wearing a suit and tie. Photograph signed: "With best wishes,/Ralph J. Bunche". B/w, 5x7. Ralph J. Bunche, (1904-1971) who joined the United Nations in 1946, was chief U.N. read more...
RALPH J. BUNCHE Small black and white publicity photograph of Ralph J. Bunche sitting in a chair with his hand resting on his wrist. Photograph signed: "With best wishes,/Ralph J. Bunche". B/w, 4¼x6 overall, image 3¾x5½ (one surface). Ralph J. read more...
RALPH J. BUNCHE - AUTOGRAPHED SIGNED PHOTOGRAPH - HFSID 17726
RALPH J. BUNCHE Ralph J. Bunche sends a black and white publicity photograph of him shaking hands with broadcast journalist George Sanders. Photograph Signed: "Ralph J. Bunche". B/w, 7¾x10. Shown shaking hands with broadcast journalist George Sanders. read more...
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MarijuanaFood
Are we allowed to use weed in cooking and what are the Islamic rulings on this matter?
Zaid Alsalami, Shaykh Dr Zaid Alsalami is an Iraqi born scholar, raised in Australia. He obtained a BA from Al-Mustafa University, Qom, and an MA from the Islamic College in London. He also obtained a PhD from ANU, Canberra. He has written and translated several Islamic texts and also prepared educational videos on Islamic rulings and practices. 445 Questions Answered & 4 Days Average Response Time. Ask
Hamid Waqar,
Shaykh Hamid Waqar was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, and converted to Islam at the age of sixteen. He started his Islamic studies in the year 2001 in Beirut and, a year later, moved to Qum where he has been studying since. He currently studies at the highest levels of Islamic jurisprudence, translates many books and runs the Muntazar website.
Mohammed Al-Hilli,
Sheikh Mohammed Al-Hilli, originally from Iraq, has a Masters in Pharmacy from the University of London. He completed his Hawza degree from the ICAS in London under the supervision of Ayatollah Fadhil Milani, and also has an MA in Islamic Studies from Middlesex University via the Islamic College. He is a teacher at the Hawza Programme at Islamic College in London.
Faiyaz Jaffer,
Shaykh Faiyaz Jaffer is the Associate Chaplain and Research Scholar at the Islamic Center at New York University. He attained an MA degree in Islamic Studies (UK), with a concentration on early Islamic history, after his undergraduate degree from SUNY Stony Brook University in Political Science and Religious Studies. In pursuing the classical course of Islamic education, Faiyaz has studied in the Seminary of Karbala, Iraq.
Jerrmein Abu Shahba,
Jerrmein Abu Shahba is originally from Egypt and has a bachelor's degree in Biology and a masters in Chemistry from Rutgers State University in the US. She is actively involved in many Islamic projects that include organizing annual youth camps, teaching Islamic subjects, writing articles and translating texts from Arabic.
Greg Sowden,
Ali Mahdi Greg Sowden studied world history at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Since then he has been a student at Al-Mustafa International University in Qom, in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abbas Di Palma,
Shaykh Abbas Di Palma holds a BA and an MA degree in Islamic Studies, and certifications from the Language Institute of Damascus University. He has also studied traditional Islamic sciences in London, Damascus and Qom and taught for different institutions in Italy and UK.
Berak Hussain,
Berak Hussain is a Registered Psychotherapist (RP) in Canada. She has a BA in Psychology and a Masters in Educational Counseling from the University of Ottawa. She speaks on a variety of Islamic and psychological issues bridging the connection and misconceptions around Islam and mental health and Islam and women. She has worked locally and internationally on a variety of mental health initiatives working tirelessly to break the stigma around the topic within the community.
Anwar Jaffer,
Born and raised in London, Sheikh Anwar Jaffer has a Bsc in Economics and Finance from Queen Mary University of London. In 2010 he began his religious studies in Najaf and transferred to Qom in 2015 where he currently resides with his family.
Hassanain Govani,
Hassanain Govani is based in Sweden and has an MA in History of Religion from Uppsala University and an MA in Islamic Studies from the Islamic College of London, and has also studied Arabic in Damascus. He has a position as project secretary at SST, the committee for state support for religious communities.
Seyed Ali Musawi,
Seyed Ali Musawi studied religion and history at the University of California, San Diego and subsequently he studied for more than 8 years at the Islamic Seminary in Qum, Iran, focusing on Islamic history and jurisprudence.
It is not allowed to consume any intoxicant.


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Providence to Create New Historic Landmarks District
Broad Street Synagogue from the Providence Preservation Society's 2014 Ten Most Endangered Properties list. Photo by Jesse Burke for PPS.
As part of the Re: Zoning process, the City of Providence has designated a new historic landmarks district. Also, the City will remove buildings which have been demolished form the Industrial and Commercial Buildings District; which begs the question, why is there and ICBD if buildings in it are getting demolished? From the City:
City of Providence to Create Historic Landmarks District to Preserve Properties
New designation protects historic properties outside boundaries of existing historic districts; residents should seek designation by August 11, 2014
Mayor Angel Taveras announced today the City of Providence will create a new Historic Landmarks District to strengthen its preservation efforts and as part of the city's Zoning Ordinance revision.
"We are working creatively to preserve Providence's historic architecture," said Mayor Taveras. "The new Providence Landmarks District will protect individual properties that having historic significance but that are not within local historic districts."
The Providence Landmarks District will be composed primarily of residential and ecclesiastical buildings, function like other City historic districts, and include design review and demolition protections. The owners of these historic sites, such as those that have been recognized by the Providence Preservation Society, can ask that their property be designated as a Providence Landmark and request their building be included in the new district. Property owners interested in having their building designated should contact the Department of Planning and Development before August 11, 2014.
In addition to creating the Landmarks District, the City is modifying two of its existing historic districts: the Industrial and Commercial Buildings District and the Jewelry Local Historic District. Changes include adding about 30 properties to the Industrial and Commercial Buildings District, removing properties that have been demolished, and removing overlapping jurisdiction with the Downtown Design Review Committee in Downtown.
Buildings Historic District Preservation Slider
383 West Fountain Street Renovations
ProJo: Providence City Council OKs tax treaty revision for Capitol Cove development
mothra says:
Um, Didn't we already do this with the ICBD and how many of those buildings are gone now? What exactly will this do? If all it takes to tear a building down is to show up on a saturday with a demo crew, what's the point?
Erika @ I {heart} Rhody says:
I'd be interested in learning which buildings will be added to the list, and more about their significance.
Towne Street says:
Color me skeptical as well. What about better code enforcement to counteract absentee property owners whose buildings are decaying? It's the same story. With few exceptions, property owners neglect their buildings and then go before these commissions to plead their case that they must be demolished because they are a safety hazard. Never mind that the reason they are a safety hazard is because of the owner's neglect. Of course the commission does not want to expose themselves to liability in case, God forbid, someone is killed by a collapsing wall or falling debris, so while bemoaning the loss of a historic structure and giving the owner a "good talking to" about their failure to maintain their property, the permit is granted and another potential asset becomes a surface lot. Rinse…repeat.
I think it is lip service for an election and nothing more, and that is so very disappointing. The city needs to grow a set and start taking property that is falling apart by eminent domain and work with the owner to either release it to a developer who will do something with it, or put a lien on it to secure it and start a process for redevelopment. Rhode Island isn't so rife with tea party libertarian types that this couldn't work. It would just need to be managed by or at least partnered with a non profit to ensure that property that isn't in jeopardy of falling down isn't taken and handed off to a scumbag developer or a gigantic pharmaceutical company like in New London.
Providence Preservation Society 2014 Ten Most Endangered Properties
The Providence Preservation Society has released its annual list of the Ten Most Endangered Properties in Providence. The list will be highlighted with a photo exhibit at their annual meeting tonight.
Two Downtown buildings added to the National Register
The 1905 Young Women's Christian Association building and the 1872 First Universalist Church, both on Washington Street near Green Street have been added to the National Register. Omni Development is working with the...
BuildingsFeatured
Providence Journal seeks demolition of historic Brownell & Field Co. Building
Photo from Providence Preservation Society The Providence Business News reports that the Providence Journal is seeking permission to demolish the 1907 Brownell & Field Co. Building located at 119 Harris Avenue. The...


When your parents split up, there will probably be a lot of changes in your life. Certain things won't change, like your parents' love for you, but other things in your daily life definitely will.
tips for getting on with your life.
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FBI fires Strzok after anti-Trump texts
Mon, 13/08/2018 - 6:26pm — legitgov
FBI fires Strzok after anti-Trump texts | 13 Aug 2018 | The FBI has fired Peter Strzok, the counterintelligence agent who came under fire for sending disparaging text messages about President Trump and other political figures during the 2016 election. Strzok's lawyer, Aitan Goelman, confirmed the firing, which took place on Friday. GOP critics say Strzok's texts with then FBI lawyer Lisa Page are clear evidence of anti-Trump bias. They argue the pair's disdain toward Trump may have influenced two of the FBI's key probes, given Strzok's central role in both the investigation into Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while secretary of State and the beginnings of special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russia's election interference.