2019 Hyundai Veloster is slightly redesigned famous model from the manufacturer, and surely one of the main competitor in the class. Not only that it represents the great modern hatchback with improved technology and equipment, but the manufacturer offers three versions of it – the base, N, and Turbo version.
Design of 2019 Hyundai Veloster is almost the same as on the current model, only with few changed details in order to be improved and modernized. The roof is visibly lover than on the current model and from the middle of the car starts to drop to the rear end. The front end has redesigned grille with large LED front lights and thin air intake on the bottom. The rear end is rounded and has a thin spoiler on the top of the truck door. There are few lines and dents on the sides of the car to provide a sportier look. Most of the changes from the current model are in details, while the car is almost the same as the current model.
The manufacturer includes the best equipment in the cabin of 2019 Hyundai Veloster, like Apple Car Play, Blue Link, Android Auto, driver's head-up display together with a 7-inch color touchscreen should help the driver in driving and controlling, while things like sound and audio system and Bluetooth connection are for passengers' pleasure only. Together with special upholstery and a different color for every trim, there is unique design and colors, too.
The base model of 2019 Hyundai Veloster gets 2.0-liter Atkinson engine with a little disappointing 147 horsepower of strength and 132 pound-feet of torque. Thanks to improved equipment the car has electronic stability control and torque stability control that control speed and inner angle of the wheels for riding in the curves. There is a better calibrated steering wheel that improves controlling and speed driving. In terms of the equipment, it is good to mention things like forwarding collision warning and automatic braking for crash mitigation, lane-keeping assistance, high beam lighting assistance, and driver attention warning systems.
Even though the manufacturer has not confirmed the price of 2019 Hyundai Veloster, they will do it very soon, as the releasing of the car is expected by the middle of the year. The price should be around $35,000 for the base model which could grow to $45,000, according to the prices in the class. Speaking of the class, competitors are Fiat 500 Abarth, Ford Fiesta ST, Mini Cooper S JCW, Subaru WRX, and Volkswagen GTI.


The Infamous Stringdusters closed out the 2012 Mountain Fair, which KDNK broadcast live. The band is so tight here, and they trade off leads seamlessly, like a jazz band. Some people think this might be the single best performance ever at a Mountain Fair, and there have been close to fifty Mountain Fairs! Here is most of their set.


text:
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He then had a distinguished career as a teacher, first as a professor of politics and philosophy at Bennington College from tothen twenty-two years at New York University as a Professor of Management from to The very fact that we are discussing adding strategic value and getting closer to business colleagues is a direct result of his work.
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He became legendary among many of post-war Japan's new business leaders trying to rebuild their war-torn homeland. Businessweek gave Peter Drucker the moniker "the man who invented management". He has long been considered one of the most influential management thinkers, and each year his namesake the Drucker Institute hosts a conference in Vienna that continues to attract the cream of business thinkers and leading CEOs.
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note: Centum U- is a bharti associate company and the publ. Mar 01, · People-centered management. The kind of management that Peter Drucker invented was focused on people. Nov 27, · "The world knows he was the greatest management thinker of the last century," Jack Welch, former chairman of General Electric Co.
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The man who invented management | GC Magazine Spring

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package uk.co.imallan.jellyrefreshlayout;

import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.MenuItem;
import android.view.View;

import uk.co.imallan.jellyrefresh.JellyRefreshLayout;
import uk.co.imallan.jellyrefresh.PullToRefreshLayout;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private JellyRefreshLayout mJellyLayout;

    @SuppressLint("InflateParams")
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        Toolbar toolbar = (Toolbar) findViewById(R.id.toolbar);
        setSupportActionBar(toolbar);
        setTitle("Jelly");
        mJellyLayout = (JellyRefreshLayout) findViewById(R.id.jelly_refresh);
        mJellyLayout.setPullToRefreshListener(new PullToRefreshLayout.PullToRefreshListener() {
            @Override
            public void onRefresh(PullToRefreshLayout pullToRefreshLayout) {
                pullToRefreshLayout.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        mJellyLayout.setRefreshing(false);
                    }
                }, 3000);
            }
        });
        View loadingView = LayoutInflater.from(this).inflate(R.layout.view_loading, null);
        mJellyLayout.setLoadingView(loadingView);
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
        // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
        getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {
        // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will
        // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long
        // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.
        int id = item.getItemId();

        //noinspection SimplifiableIfStatement
        if (id == R.id.action_refresh) {
            mJellyLayout.post(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    mJellyLayout.setRefreshing(true);
                }
            });
            mJellyLayout.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    mJellyLayout.setRefreshing(false);
                }
            }, 3000);
            return true;
        }

        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}

The logical principle known as Double-negation Shift,
\[\tag{DNS}
\forall n\in\mathbb{N} \neg\neg A(n) \to \neg\neg\forall n\in\mathbb{N} A(n),
\]
that is not provable by intuitionistic logic, has first been isolated by Sigekatu Kuroda \cite{Kuroda1951}. Its importance for the foundational program has been realized by Kreisel \cite{Kreisel1959}, who showed that if one can prove the Double-negation Shift, then one can prove the double-negation translation of the countable Axiom of Choice (AC$^0$). Coupled with Gödel's double-negation translation, that reduces Classical Arithmetic to Intuitionistic Arithmetic \cite{Godel1933}, and with Gödel's functional interpretation \cite{Godel1941,Godel1958,Godel1972}, that interprets Intuitionistic Arithmetic by functionals defined by primitive recursion at higher types (System T), a functional interpretation of DNS allows to extend this reduction (and relative consistency proof) to Classical \emph{Analysis}. The functional interpretation of DNS has been given by Kreisel and Spector \cite{Spector1962} by adding an additional recursion schema to System T, called Bar Recursion.

This method, functional interpretation with bar recursion, has been the main one when it comes to extracting computational content from proofs that use both classical logic and choice, and has had many applications, notably in the Proof Mining approach of Kohlenbach \cite{Kohlenbach2008}.

Recently, the author has shown, based on initial observations of Hugo Herbelin, that one can prove DNS in a system for first-order logic, based on the delimited control operators shift and reset of Danvy and Filinski \cite{DanvyF1989,DanvyF1990} from  Programming Languages Theory. This system of pure logic, in the absence of all axioms, has been shown to be constructive.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meta-mathematical status of DNS in presence of higher-type Intuitionistic Arithmetic (HA$^\omega$).

In Section~\ref{sec:preliminaries} we revise the basic relationships between Double-negation Shift, the Countable Axiom of Choice, and double-negation translations, in the context of HA$^\omega$.

In Section~\ref{sec:mr}, we show that DNS proves its own modified realizability interpretation, meaning that modified realizability is a viable (and simpler) alternative to functional interpretation and bar recursion, for extracting programs from proofs in Classical Analysis. This has practical implications for proof assistants based on intuitionistic logic that extract programs by modified realizability (like Coq).

Furthermore, we show from the ``with truth'' variant of modified realizability that HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS has the constructive closure properties of HA$^\omega$, among which a version of Church's Rule. However, DNS is known to refute (formal versions of) Church's Thesis. We briefly review this argument, that goes back to Gödel, and we argue that HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS is a variety of Constructive Mathematics that permits to see in a new light the diagonalization arguments that reduce a problem to the non-solvability of the Halting Problem.

In Section~\ref{sec:D}, we also revisit the approach of functional interpretation and bar recursion. We observe, for the first time (to the best of our knowledge), that it is not necessary to perform a double-negation translation phase when interpreting Classical Analysis proofs, that is, that bar recursion already has some kind of double-negation translation built-in.

In Section~\ref{sec:mqcplus}, we apply the system from \cite{Ilik2010} to formalize the arguments relating to Church's Thesis and the Halting Problem, by constructive delimited control operators directly.

In Section~\ref{sec:conclusion}, we mention related works, that have not already been mentioned in the preceding sections, and we give some directions for future work.

We hope that this work will contribute to the program of enriching current proof assistant with constructive principles that are beyond intuitionistic logic, and with programming principles (control operators) that are beyond side-effect-free programming.

\section{Preliminaries}\label{sec:preliminaries}

In this paper, we will work in the context of higher-type intuitionistic, or Heyting, Arithmetic abbreviated HA$^\omega$. Intuitively, one can think of HA$^\omega$\ as a logical system based on two orthogonal typed lambda calculi. At one level, we have the typed lambda calculus that is used to denote natural deduction proofs; this is the logical level, and we call the corresponding $\lambda$-terms: \emph{proof terms}. At the other level, there is the typed lambda calculus that constructs individuals of the domain of quantification (the higher-types level), and the corresponding $\lambda$-terms are called just \emph{terms}\footnote{In standard presentations, the terms level is given by a combinator calculus, but a $\lambda$-calculus treatment is also possible, see for example 1.8.4. of \cite{Troelstra1973}.}. Hence, HA$^\omega$\ stops short of a dependent type theory, which collapses the two levels into one. HA$^\omega$\ is also closely connected to Gödel's System T \cite{Godel1958}, a quantifier-free logical theory based on equations between numerical terms constructed by higher-type primitive recursion.

Technically, HA$^\omega$\ has as basis a multi-sorted first-order logic, with sorts built from 0 (standing for $\mathbb{N}$) and the arrow $\to$ (used to build functions and functionals over $\mathbb{N}$). These sorts are called \emph{higher types} (or just \emph{types}). Quantifiers $\forall,\exists$ are then tied to specific types; we usually suppress writing the type of a quantifier, but, when not clear from the context, the variable that is quantified over is annotated by a type in superscript. We use as type variables the symbols $\rho, \sigma, \tau$.

For the \emph{proof terms} we will use the concrete syntax from the upper box of Table~\ref{tab:mqcplus}, ignoring for the moment all $_\diamond$ annotating the $\vdash$.

The \emph{terms} live in a lambda calculus with arrow, product and unit types. We have lambda abstraction $\dot\lambda x.t$ and application $t s$ concerning the arrow type. Using pairs $(t,s)$ we construct members of the pair type, and using the projections $t_1$ and $t_2$, we destruct them.\footnote{This unusual notation for writing projections is quite efficient when used in sections \ref{sec:mr} and \ref{sec:D}} The constructor of the unit type is denoted $\one$.

There is a decidable equality relation $=_0$ between terms of type 0 (numbers). The Peano axioms are stated in terms of this equality, including the induction axiom schema for type 0 individuals. For the purposes of this paper, we do not need to be more precise than this, for more information the reader may take a look at a standard reference book like \cite{Troelstra1973} or \cite{Kohlenbach2008}.

We will consider the following principles, both unprovable in HA$^\omega$. The Double-negation Shift at type $\rho$,
\[\tag{DNS$^\rho$}
\forall x^\rho\neg\neg A(x) \to \neg\neg\forall x^\rho A(x),
\]
and the Axiom of Choice at types $\rho$ and $\sigma$,
\[\tag{\AC{\rho}{\sigma}}
\forall x^\rho\exists y^\sigma A(x,y) \to \exists f^{\rho\to\sigma}\forall x A(x,f(x)).
\]

Particularly important will be the instances DNS$^0$\ and AC$^0$\ (short for \AC{0}{\sigma}). We will write DNS$^\omega$\ and AC$^\omega$\ when we intend to have DNS$^\rho$ and \AC{\rho}{\sigma} for all $\rho$ and $\sigma$.

Although both DNS$^0$\ and AC$^0$\ are unprovable in HA$^\omega$, the later is admissible for arithmetical formulas, that is, if HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$ proves an arithmetical $A$, then HA$^\omega$ alone proves $A$ \cite{Beeson1979}. A formula is \emph{arithmetical} if it contains only type 0 quantifiers.

HA$^\omega$\ extended with the Law of Excluded Middle is called PA$^\omega$, higher-type classical, or Peano, Arithmetic. The relation between HA$^\omega$\ and PA$^\omega$\ is given by double-negation translation.

\begin{definition}[Kuroda's double-negation translation \cite{Kuroda1951}, or the call-by-value continuation-passing style translation \cite{Plotkin1975}] The \emph{double-negation translation of $A$} is the formula $A^\bot := \neg\neg A_\bot$, where $A_\bot$ is defined by recursion on the complexity of $A$ by the clauses:
  \begin{align*}
    P_\bot &:= P \qquad P\text{-prime}\\
    (A\wedge B)_\bot &:= A_\bot \wedge B_\bot\\
    (A\vee B)_\bot &:= A_\bot \vee B_\bot\\
    (A\to B)_\bot &:= A_\bot \to B^\bot\\
    (\forall x A(x))_\bot &:= \forall x (A^\bot(x))\\
    (\exists x A(x))_\bot &:= \exists x (A_\bot(x))
  \end{align*}
\end{definition}

\begin{fact}[\cite{Troelstra1973}]\label{thm:dntranslation} In PA$^\omega$, $\vdash A \leftrightarrow A^\bot$. Also, $\Gamma \vdash A$ in PA$^\omega$\ if and only if $\Gamma_\bot \vdash A^\bot$ in HA$^\omega$, where $\Gamma_\bot$ stands for the context obtained by applying the $(\cdot)_\bot$-translation to all formulas in $\Gamma$.
\end{fact}

\begin{fact}[Lemma 1.10.9 of \cite{Troelstra1973}]\label{thm:glivenko} In presence of DNS$^\omega$, HA$^\omega$\ can prove the equivalence
\[
\neg\neg A \leftrightarrow A^\bot
\]
between the double-negation of $A$ and the double-negation translation of $A$. DNS$^0$\ suffices to prove the same statement for arithmetical formulas $A$.
\end{fact}

\begin{fact}\label{thm:ac:dns} If $A$ is an instance of \AC{\rho}{\sigma}, then $\vdash A_\bot$ (and therefore also $\vdash A^\bot$) is derivable in HA$^\omega$+\AC{\rho}{\sigma}+DNS$^\rho$.
\end{fact}
\begin{proof} The proof term
\begin{multline*}
\lambda a. \lambda k. d
(\tilde\lambda x.\lambda k'. a x (\lambda a'. \destas{a'}{x}{e}{k (x,e)})) \\
(\lambda b. k (c b))
\end{multline*}
derives
\[
\forall x^\rho\neg\neg\exists y^\sigma A_\bot(x,y) \to \neg\neg\exists f\forall x\neg\neg A_\bot(x,f(x)),
\]
when the proof terms $d$ and $c$ derive the following instances of DNS$^\rho$\ and \AC{\rho}{\sigma}:
\begin{align*}
  d &: \forall x\neg\neg\exists y \neg\neg A_\bot(x,y) \to \neg\neg\forall x\exists y \neg\neg A_\bot(x,y)\\
  c &: \forall x\exists y \neg\neg A_\bot(x,y) \to \exists f\forall x \neg\neg A_\bot(x,f(x))
\end{align*}
\end{proof}

We call the theory PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$, \emph{Classical Analysis}.

\section{Modified realizability interpretation of DNS}\label{sec:mr}

Kreisel's modified realizability interpretation \cite{Kreisel1962} can be seen as a precise statement of the Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov interpretation of intuitionistic logic, although its original aim was to show the non-derivability of Markov's Principle in Heyting Arithmetic. It is this realizability interpretation that is behind the program extraction facilities of proof assistants based on intuitionistic logic like Coq.

Let us recall the definition and basic properties of modified realizability relevant to this paper. The proofs of the facts may be found in standard references as \cite{Troelstra1973,Troelstra1998,Kohlenbach2008}

\begin{definition}\label{def:mr} For a term $t$ and a formula $A$, the relation $\mr{t}{A}$ (\emph{$t$ interprets $A$ by modified realizability}) is defined by recursion on the complexity of $A$, by the following clauses:
  \begin{align*}
    \mr{t}{P} &:= P \qquad \text{ if } P\text{-prime},t=\one\\
    \mr{t}{A\wedge B} &:= (\mr{t_1}{A}) \wedge (\mr{t_2}{B})\\
    \mr{t}{A\vee B} &:= (t_2=_0 0 \to \mr{t_{11}}{A}) \wedge (t_2\not=_0 0 \to \mr{t_{12}}{B})\\
    \mr{t}{A\to B} &:= \forall x (\mr{x}{A} \to \mr{t x}{B})\\
    \mr{t}{\exists y A(y)} &:= \mr{t_1}{A(t_2)}\\
    \mr{t}{\forall y A(y)} &:= \forall y(\mr{t y}{A(y)})
  \end{align*}
\end{definition}
\begin{remark}
The type of the term $t$ such that $\mr{t}{A}$ is determined solely by the logical form of $A$.
\end{remark}
\begin{fact}[Soundness of modified realizability]\label{thm:mr:soundness} From a derivation of $A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n \vdash B$ in HA$^\omega$, we can construct a term $t$ in the variables $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ such that $\mr{x_1}{A_1}, \mr{x_2}{A_2}, \ldots, \mr{x_n}{A_n} \vdash \mr{t}{B}$ in HA$^\omega$.
\end{fact}
\begin{fact}\label{thm:mr:ac} For any $A$ an instance of AC$^\omega$, there is a term $t$ such that $\vdash \mr{t}{A}$ in HA$^\omega$.
\end{fact}

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:mr:dns}HA$^\omega$+\AC{\rho}{\sigma}+DNS$^\rho$\ proves the modified realizability interpretation of DNS$^\rho$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
A term $t$ mr-interprets DNS$^\rho$\ if and only if, by definition of $\mr{}{}$, the following three chains of equivalences hold inside HA$^\omega$:
\begin{align}
\mr{t}{\text{DNS$^\rho$}} & \\
\forall y ([\mr{y}{\forall n^\rho \neg\neg A(n)}] &\to [\mr{t y}{\neg\neg\forall n^\rho A(n)}] )
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
  &\mr{y}{\forall n^\rho \neg\neg A(n)} \\
\forall n^\rho &(\mr{y n}{\neg\neg A(n)}) \\
\forall n^\rho &\forall z([\mr{z}{\neg A(n)}] \to [\mr{ynz}{\bot}]) \\
\forall n^\rho &\forall z\neg[\mr{z}{\neg A(n)}] \\
\forall n^\rho &\forall z\neg[\forall u(\{\mr{u}{A(n)}\} \to \{\mr{z u}{\bot}\})] \\
\forall n^\rho &\forall z\neg \forall u\neg\{\mr{u}{A(n)}\} \\
\forall n^\rho &\neg \forall u\neg\{\mr{u}{A(n)}\} \\
\forall n^\rho &\neg \neg \exists u \{\mr{u}{A(n)}\} \label{premise}
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
&\mr{t y}{\neg\neg\forall n^\rho A(n)} \\
\forall q &([\mr{q}{\neg\forall n^\rho A(n)}] \to [\mr{t y q}{\bot}])\\
\forall q &\neg[\mr{q}{\neg\forall n^\rho A(n)}]\\
\forall q &\neg\forall r([\mr{r}{\forall n^\rho A(n)}] \to [\mr{q r}{\bot}])\\
\forall q &\neg \forall r\neg\forall n^\rho\{\mr{r n}{A(n)}\} \\
&\neg \forall r\neg\forall n^\rho\{\mr{r n}{A(n)}\} \\
&\neg \neg \exists r\forall n^\rho\{\mr{r n}{A(n)}\} \label{conclusion}
\end{align}

Then, the implication $(\ref{premise})\to(\ref{conclusion})$ can be proved using DNS$^\rho$\ and \AC{\rho}{\sigma}, where the type $\sigma$ is determined by the logical complexity of the formula $A(n)$.
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary} If the theory PA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$\ proves $A$, then the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ realizes $\neg\neg A$ with a term $t$ extracted by modified realizability from the original proof. Hence, proofs of arithmetical formulas in Classical Analysis (PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$) can be interpreted inside the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$\ by modified realizability.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof} This follows by applying double-negation translation (Fact~\ref{thm:dntranslation}), then eliminating $\text{AC$^\omega$}_\bot$ from the context in favor of AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ (Fact~\ref{thm:ac:dns}), then applying Soundness for $\mr{}{}$ (Fact~\ref{thm:mr:soundness}), eliminating the mr-translation of AC$^\omega$\ by Fact~\ref{thm:mr:ac}, and eliminating mr-translated DNS$^\omega$\ in favor of non-translated DNS$^\omega$\ and AC$^\omega$\ (Theorem~\ref{thm:mr:dns}). In the end, one uses Fact~\ref{thm:glivenko} to replace $A^\bot$ by the intuitionistically stronger $\neg\neg A$.
\end{proof}

In the rest of this section, we will show that the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ is constructive, i.e. that HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ satisfies certain closure rules characteristic of HA$^\omega$\ alone.

We will need the following ``with truth'' variant of modified realizability from \cite{Troelstra1998,Kohlenbach2008}.

\begin{definition} The interpretation called \emph{modified realizability with truth} (\textsf{mrt}) is obtained when the clause for implication from Definition~\ref{def:mr} is replaced by
  \begin{align*}
    \mrt{t}{A\to B} &:= \forall x (\mrt{x}{A} \to \mrt{t x}{B}) \wedge (A\to B).
  \end{align*}
\end{definition}

We need mrt- because of the following fact that does not hold for simple mr-realizability.

\begin{fact}[\cite{Kohlenbach2008}]\label{thm:mrt:implication} For any formula $A$, we have that, in HA$^\omega$, $\vdash (\mrt{t}{A}) \to A$.
\end{fact}

\begin{corollary}\label{thm:mrt:soundness}From a derivation in HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ of $A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n \vdash B$ , one can construct a term $t$ in the variables $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ such that, in HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$, $\mrt{x_1}{A_1}, \mrt{x_2}{A_2}, \ldots, \mrt{x_n}{A_n} \vdash \mrt{t}{B}$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
Theorem~\ref{thm:mr:dns} allows us (by Theorem~3.4.5 of \cite{Troelstra1973} and Theorem~3.5 of \cite{Troelstra1998}) to obtain a soundness theorem for mr- and mrt-interpretation, for the extension HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ of HA$^\omega$.
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary}\label{thm:dns:constructive} The theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$\ (and, in particular, also HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$) satisfies:
\begin{itemize}
\item the \emph{Existence Property (EP)}: if $A$ is a formula (even an open one) such that $ \Gamma \vdash \exists x^\tau A(x)$ then there exists a term $t^\tau$, with free variables $\vec{x}$, such that $\mrt{\vec{x}}{\Gamma} \vdash A(t)$;
\item the \emph{Existence Property (EP$^0$) for closed arithmetical formulas} $\exists x^0 A(x)$: if $\vdash \exists x^0 A(x)$, then there exists $n\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\vdash A(\overline{n})$, where $\overline{n}$ denotes the representation of $n$ inside HA$^\omega$;

\item the \emph{Disjunction Property (DP$^0$) for closed arithmetical formulas} $A\vee B$: if $\vdash A\vee B$, then either $\vdash A$ or $\vdash B$;

\item the \emph{Weak Church Rule (WCR$^0$) for closed arithmetical formulas} $\forall x^0\exists y^0 A(x,y)$: if $\vdash \forall x^0\exists y^0 A(x,y)$, then there exists a total recursive function $f : \mathbb{N}\to\mathbb{N}$ such that, for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$, we have that $\vdash A(\overline{n},\overline{f(n)})$.
\end{itemize}
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof} The proof follows the ones of Corollary~5.24 of \cite{Kohlenbach2008} and~1.11.7 of \cite{Troelstra1973}.

EP is obtained by Corollary~\ref{thm:mrt:soundness} and Fact~\ref{thm:mrt:implication}.

EP$^0$ follows by EP and the fact that for every closed term $t$ of type 0 we can find $n\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\vdash t=_0\overline{n}$.

DP$^0$ is proved like EP$^0$, using the mrt-interpretation of $A\vee B$,
\[
\vdash (t =_0 0 \to \mrt{s}{A}) \wedge (t \not=_0 0 \to \mrt{s}{B}),
\]
and the fact that, for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$, either $\overline{n}=_0 0$ or $\overline{n}\not=_0 0$.

For WCR, note first that the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^\omega$+DNS$^\omega$, like HA$^\omega$, is recursively axiomatizable, that is, there exists a recursive predicate $\Proof(k,l)$ formalizing the fact that $k\in\mathbb{N}$ is a code for a derivation of the formula coded by $l\in\mathbb{N}$.

Let $g(n) = \min_m \Proof(j_1 m, \ulcorner A(\overline{n}, \overline{j_2 m})\urcorner)$, where $j_1$ and $j_2$ are the projections of some surjective pairing function. By its definition, $g$ is a partial recursive function.

Now, given $\vdash \forall x^0\exists y^0 A(x,y)$ and $n\in\mathbb{N}$, we obtain $\vdash \exists y^0 A(\overline{n}, y)$, and by EP$^0$ we obtain $m\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\vdash A(\overline{n},\overline{m})$. We proved that, for every $n$, there exists $m$ s.t. $\vdash A(\overline{n},\overline{m})$. This shows that the function $g$ is \emph{total} recursive. We may now take $f(n) := j_2(g(n))$ and by definition we have that, for any $n$, $\vdash A(\overline{n},\overline{f(n)})$.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark} By the work of Joan Rand Moschovakis \cite{Moschovakis2002}, we know that the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$+MP+GC$_1$, where GC$_1$ is a generalization of Brouwer's Continuity Principle, satisfies the following version of Church's Rule, where the recursivity of the function $f$ is proven \emph{inside} the theory,
\begin{multline}\tag{CR$^0$}
\vdash\forall x^0\exists y^0 A(x,y) \Rightarrow\\ \vdash \exists z^0\forall x^0\exists u^0 (T(z,x,u) \wedge A(x,U(u))).
\end{multline}
That result, obtained by a variant of Kleene's number-realizability could probably also be obtained for the restriction HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$\ without MP and GC$_1$.
\end{remark}

\subsection{HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$\ as a distinct variety of Constructive Mathematics}

In contrast to the constructive closure properties satisfied, the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$\ has some surprising meta-mathematical properties that we review in this subsection. Let us first consider the following fact due to Kreisel \cite{Kreisel1962abstract}.

\begin{fact}\label{thm:dns:alternatives} The following forms of DNS are intuitionistically equivalent:
\begin{align}
  \forall x \neg\neg A(x) \to \neg\neg\forall x A(x) \\
  \neg\forall x A(x) \to \neg\forall x\neg\neg A(x)\\
\label{dnsv}  \neg\neg\forall x (A(x) \vee \neg A(x))\\
  \neg[\forall x\neg\neg A(x) \wedge \neg\forall x A(x)]
\end{align}
\end{fact}

The variant (\ref{dnsv}) of DNS$^0$\ allows to immediately deduce the \emph{double-negation} of Bishop's \emph{Limited Principle of Omniscience (LPO)} \cite{BridgesR1987}: given $f : \mathbb{N}\to\{0,1\}$,
\[\tag{LPO}
\exists n f(n)=1 \vee \neg\exists n f(n)=1,
\]
or, equivalently,
\[
\exists n f(n)=1 \vee \forall n f(n)=0.
\]
Related to this fact \cite{Richman1983}, for $A(x):=\exists y T(x,x,y)$\footnote{$T(x,z,y)$ is Kleene's primitive recursive predicate formalizing the fact that the program coded by $x$, returns with result coded by $y$, when run on input coded by $z$. Kleene's function $U(y)$ is used to extract the actual output from the coded result $y$.}, from DNS$^0$\ one obtains that it is not the case that the Halting Problem can not be solved,
\[\tag{$\neg\neg$HP}
\neg\neg \forall x (\exists y T(x,x,y) \vee \neg\exists y T(x,x,y)).
\]

Given the fact that the (single) negation of HP is intuitionistically provable from Church's Thesis \cite{Kleene1952}, this means that DNS$^0$\ refutes Church's Thesis, like the one formalized by
\[\tag{CT$^0$}
\forall x^0\exists y^0 A(x,y) \to \exists z^0\forall x^0\exists u^0 (T(z,x,u) \wedge A(x,U(u))).
\]

\begin{fact} DNS$^0$\ implies $\neg \text{CT}^0$.
\end{fact}

This had already been noticed by Gödel \cite{Godel1941}, reported by Kreisel \cite{Kreisel1971}, and also appears in later print (3.5.20 of \cite{Troelstra1973}).

From Corollary~\ref{thm:dns:constructive} and the above proofs of $\neg\neg$LPO, $\neg\neg$HP, and $\neg$CT$_0$, it follows that the system HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$\ is a variety of Constructive Mathematics  \cite{BridgesR1987} similar to Brouwer's Intuitionism (that proves $\neg\text{CT}^0$), but distinct from Russian Constructivism (that postulates CT$_0$ and proves $\neg$LPO) and from Classical Mathematics (that proves $\neg$CT$_0$, but does not have the Existence Property). Note, however, that, when considered at higher types, DNS$^\omega$, contradicts with certain continuity principles \cite{Moschovakis2003}.

\section{Dialectica interpretation in presence of DNS}\label{sec:D}

The functional ``Dialectica'' interpretation was proposed by Gödel \cite{Godel1941,Godel1958,Godel1972}, before modified realizability was developed, as a way to make precise the somewhat vague notion of construction in the Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov interpretation of intuitionistic implication. The Dialectica interpretation is a realizability technique for intuitionistic Arithmetic (implemented as a program extraction feature in the Minlog proof assistant), that also plays a fundamental role in establishing the consistency of \emph{classical} Mathematics. Namely, by Spector's extension of HA$^\omega$\ by an equation schema called Bar Recursion (BR), and by the double-negation translation, Classical Analysis (PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$) can be interpreted in HA$^\omega$+BR. As mentioned in the Introduction, the key in this interpretation is to Dialectica-interpret DNS$^0$\ by BR.

In this section, we notice that the standard method for interpreting Classical Analysis can be simplified, by omitting the double-negation translation phase. That is, we show that the Dialectica interpretation in presence of DNS$^0$\ already has the double-negation translation built-in.

\begin{definition} The term \emph{$t$ interprets the formula $A$ by Dialectica}, if, for all terms $s$, the relation $|A|^t_s$ holds. This relation is defined by recursion on the complexity of $A$ by the following clauses:
\begin{align*}
|P|^t_s &:= P \qquad \text{ if } P\text{-prime}, t=\one, s=\one \\
|A\wedge B|^t_s &:= |A|^{t_1}_{s_1} \wedge |B|^{t_2}_{s_2}\\
|A\vee B|^t_s &:= (t_2=_0 0 \to |A|^{t_{11}}_{s_1}) \wedge (t_2\not=_0 0 \to |B|^{t_{12}}_{s_2})\\
|A\to B|^t_s &:= |A|^{s_1}_{t_2 s_1 s_2} \to |B|^{t_1 s_1}_{s_2}\\
|\exists x A(x)|^t_s &:= |A(t_2)|^{t_1}_s\\
|\forall x A(x)|^t_s &:= |A(s_2)|^{t s_2}_{s_1}
\end{align*}
\end{definition}

\begin{fact}[Soundness of Dialectica interpretation \cite{Troelstra1973}]\label{thm:dialectica:soundness} From a derivation of $A_1,A_2,\ldots,A_n \vdash B$ in HA$^\omega$, we can construct a term $t$ in the variables $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n$ such that $\D{x_1}{A_1}, \D{x_2}{A_2}, \ldots, \D{x_n}{A_n} \vdash \D{t}{B}$ in HA$^\omega$.
\end{fact}

\begin{fact}[\cite{Troelstra1973}]\label{thm:dialectica:ac} For any $A$ an instance of AC$^\omega$, there is a term $t$ such that $\vdash \D{t}{A}$ in HA$^\omega$.
\end{fact}

\begin{fact}[\cite{Kohlenbach2008}]\label{thm:dialectica:doublenegation} From the stability (decidability) of quantifier-free formulas in HA$^\omega$, and the fact that the $|\cdot|$ translation eliminates quantifiers, we have that, in HA$^\omega$,
\[
\vdash |\neg\neg A|^t_s \leftrightarrow |A|^{(t_2 s_1 s_2)_1}_{s_{12} (t_2 s_1 s_2)_1 (t_2 s_1 s_2)_2}.
\]
\end{fact}

Spector's result can now be stated in the following form.

\begin{fact}[Theorem 11.6 of \cite{Kohlenbach2008}]\label{thm:ND:soundness} If~ $\vdash A$ in PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$, then there exists a term $t$ such that $\vdash \D{t}{A^\bot}$ in HA$^\omega$+BR.
\end{fact}

The following theorem is an improvement of the previous fact, that nonetheless uses the same old technology.

\begin{theorem}\label{thm:ND:soundness:notnot}If~ $\vdash A$ in PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$, then there exists a term $t$ such that $\vdash \forall y |A|^{(t_2 y_1 y_2)_1}_{y_{12} (t_2 y_1 y_2)_1 (t_2 y_1 y_2)_2}$ in HA$^\omega$+BR.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Starting from a derivation
\[
\text{PA$^\omega$+AC$^0$} \vdash A,
\]
by double-negation translation (Fact~\ref{thm:dntranslation}), we obtain
\[
\text{HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$}_\bot \vdash A^\bot.
\]
From Fact~... and Fact~\ref{thm:glivenko}, we get
\[
\text{HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$} \vdash \neg\neg A.
\]
Now, by Soundness of Dialectica (Fact~\ref{thm:dialectica:soundness}), facts \ref{thm:dialectica:ac} and \ref{thm:dialectica:doublenegation}, and the fact that DNS$^0$\ is provable in HA$^\omega$+BR, we obtain
\[
\text{HA$^\omega$+BR} \vdash \forall y |A|^{(t_2 y_1 y_2)_1}_{y_{12} (t_2 y_1 y_2)_1 (t_2 y_1 y_2)_2}
\]
as needed.
\end{proof}

\begin{remark} The \emph{quantifier-free} axiom of choice,
\[\tag{QF-AC}
\forall x^\rho\exists y^\sigma A_0(x,y) \to \exists f^{\rho\to\sigma}\forall x^\rho A_0(x,f(x)),
\]
where $A_0$ is quantifier free, can be included among the premises in both Fact~\ref{thm:ND:soundness} \cite{Troelstra1973} and Theorem~\ref{thm:ND:soundness:notnot}, thanks to the fact that its interpretation depends only on the Dialectica-interpretability of Markov's Principle at higher-types (which is available). We have not done so, in order not to confuse the reader with two choice axioms that partially overlap.
\end{remark}

\begin{remark}
While the interpretation of Classical Analysis from Section~\ref{sec:mr} takes place in the theory HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$, Spector's interpretation takes place in HA$^\omega$+BR without AC$^0$.

\end{remark}

\section{Applications of derivability of DNS by delimited control operators}\label{sec:mqcplus}

\begin{table*}
  \begin{center}
  \begin{tabular}{ | c c c c | }
    \hline
    ~ & ~ & ~ & ~ \\
      \axc{$(a:A) \in \Gamma$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond a:A$}{\textsc{Ax}}
      \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_1$}
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond q:A_2$}
      \bic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond (p,q):A_1\wedge A_2$}{$\wedge_I$}
      \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_1\wedge A_2$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \fst(p):A_i$}{$\wedge^1_E$}
      \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_1\wedge A_2$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \snd(p):A_i$}{$\wedge^2_E$}
      \DisplayProof
    \\[5pt]
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_i$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \inl(p):A_1\vee A_2$}{$\vee^1_I$}
    \DisplayProof
    &
    \multicolumn{3}{ m{12cm} | }{
      \begin{prooftree}
        \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_1\vee A_2$}
        \axc{$\Gamma, a_1:A_1\vdash_\diamond q_1:C$}
        \axc{$\Gamma, a_2:A_2\vdash_\diamond q_2:C$}
        \tic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \caseof{p}{a_1}{q_1}{a_2}{q_2}:C$}{$\vee_E$}
      \end{prooftree}
    }
    \\[15pt]
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_i$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \inr(p):A_1\vee A_2$}{$\vee^2_I$}
    \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma, a:A_1\vdash_\diamond p:A_2$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \lambda a.p:A_1\to A_2$}{$\to_I$}
    \DisplayProof
    &
    \multicolumn{2}{ m{7cm} | }{
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A_1\to A_2$}
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond q:A_1$}
      \bic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p q:A_2$}{$\to_E$}
      \DisplayProof
    }
    \\[15pt]
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A(x)$}
      \axc{$x\text{-fresh}$}
      \bic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \tilde\lambda x.p:\forall x  A(x)$}{$\forall_I$}
    \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:\forall x A(x)$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p t:A(t)$}{$\forall_E$}
    \DisplayProof
    &
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:A(t)$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond (t,p):\exists x.A(x)$}{$\exists_I$}
      \DisplayProof
      & ~ \\[5pt]
    \multicolumn{3}{ | m{12cm} }{
      \begin{prooftree}
        \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p:\exists x.A(x)$}
        \axc{$\Gamma, a:A(x)\vdash_\diamond q:C$}
        \axc{$x\text{-fresh}$}
        \tic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \destas{p}{x}{a}{q}:C$}{$\exists_E$}
      \end{prooftree}
    }
    &
    \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond p : \bot$}
    \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \efq(p) : A$}{$\bot_E$}
    \DisplayProof
    \\[15pt]
    \hline
    \hline
    \multicolumn{2}{ | m{7cm} }{
      \begin{prooftree}
      \axc{$\Gamma\vdash_\bot p:\bot$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\diamond \reset{p}:\bot$}{$\#$ (``reset'')}
      \end{prooftree}
    }
    &
    \multicolumn{2}{ m{7cm} | }{
      \begin{prooftree}
      \axc{$\Gamma, k:A\to \bot\vdash_\bot p:\bot$}
      \uic{$\Gamma\vdash_\bot \shift{k}{p}:A$}{$\mathcal{S}$ (``shift'')}
    \end{prooftree}
    }
    \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}
  \end{center}

  \caption[MQC$_+$\ with proof terms]{Natural deduction system with proof terms for MQC$_+$}
  \label{tab:mqcplus}
\end{table*}

The original motivation for studying the meta-mathematical properties of DNS is our previous work \cite{IlikThesis,Ilik2010} on the logical system MQC$_+$\ that derives DNS using the shift and reset delimited control operators of Danvy and Filinski \cite{DanvyF1989,DanvyF1990}, an abstraction developed in the theory of programming languages.

In this section, we propose to formalize some arguments from Section~\ref{sec:mr} that use DNS, by delimited control operators directly. For that purpose, consider the first-order logic given in natural deduction form in Table~\ref{tab:mqcplus}. The usual natural deduction rules for intuitionistic logic are given in the upper box. They have a turnstile annotated by a diamond $_\diamond$, which is a wild-card that stands either for nothing (empty annotation), or stands for $_\bot$. In any case, for the intuitionistic rules, the wild-card stands for the same thing both in the premises and in the conclusion of the rule.

The non-intuitionistic rules are given in the lower box. There is the reset rule, that can be used with an empty $_\diamond$ or with $_\diamond$ being $_\bot$. In the former case, the role of reset is to begin a classical proof of $\bot$; in the later case, there is no logical meaning to the reset rule, but there is computational meaning to it, coming from the operational semantics for shift and reset. There is also the shift rule, that allows to use a principle similar to double-negation elimination from classical logic, but only inside a derivation that is ultimately proving $\bot$, as guaranteed by a reset rule which must have set the annotation to $\bot$ before.

For more explanations and the computational behavior of MQC$_+$, please refer to \cite{Ilik2010}.

We now give proof terms that formalize the proofs of the four alternative versions of DNS from Fact~\ref{thm:dns:alternatives}:
\begin{align}
\lambda h. \lambda k. &\reset{k (\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k'}{h x k'})} \\
\lambda k. \lambda h. &\reset{k (\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k'}{h x k'})} \\
\label{dnsv-proofterm}\lambda k. &\reset{k (\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k'}{k'(\inr{(\lambda a. k'(\inl{a}))})}}\\
\lambda h. &\reset{(\snd h) (\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k}{(\fst h) x k })}
\end{align}

We can see that the proof term (\ref{dnsv-proofterm}), that also formalizes the proof or $\neg\neg$HP, awaits to receive a proof term for $\neg$HP, and, once it gets it, it uses $\reset{}$ to prove $\bot$ by classical logic: to the obtained proof term it supplies a classical proof of HP,
\begin{multline*}
\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k'}{k'(\inr{(\lambda a. k'(\inl{a}))})} \\: \forall x (\exists y T(x,x,y) \vee \neg\exists y T(x,x,y)).
\end{multline*}

To give the proof term for $\neg$CT$_0$, we only need a formalized proof of the implication $\text{CT}_0\to \neg\text{HP}$. This proof is intuitionistic and, in principle, it could be formalized in HA$^\omega$, following, for example, \cite{Kleene1952}.

This technique can be used to \emph{refute} in MQC$_+$+HA$^\omega$\ \emph{any} property $P$ that implies $\neg\text{HP}$ or $\neg\text{LPO}$. Assume that such a proof term
\[
r : P\to \neg\text{HP}
\]
is given. Then,
\[
\lambda p. \reset{r (\tilde\lambda x. \shift{k'}{k'(\inr{(\lambda a. k'(\inl{a}))})}}) : \neg P.
\]
Since reducing a problem to the non-solvability of the Halting Problem is a common proof method, this means that all such results can be seen in a new light in the constructive logic HA$^\omega$+AC$^0$+DNS$^0$.

\section{Future and related work}\label{sec:conclusion}

In the future, we would like to extend the modified realizability interpretation to the whole of the system MQC$_+$+HA$^\omega$. This would allow us to extract a realizer for $\neg\neg$AC$^\omega$\ by delimited control operators. Currently, it is not known whether DNS$^\omega$\ captures exactly the additional provability power that MQC$_+$\ has over intuitionistic predicate logic.

Usually, modified realizability and the Dialectica interpretation are developed using Hilbert-style systems. In this paper, we used natural deduction. For detailed development of mr- and D-interpretation in the context of natural deduction, the reader may refer to \cite{JorgensenThesis}.

In the context of Constructive Reverse Mathematics, Wim Veldman has shown that, in presence of Markov's Principle, the Double-negation Shift is equivalent to Open Induction on Cantor space \cite{Veldman2010}. Based on his work, in unpublished work \cite{IlikN2012}, Keiko Nakata and the author show how to prove the principle of Open Induction on Cantor Space using delimited control operators.

In \cite{Oliva2006}, Paulo Oliva revisits Spector's bar recursive interpretation of DNS. In particular, he remarks that the finitary version of DNS, in which ``$\forall$'' is replaced by a finite conjuction, is provable intuitionistically.

\section*{Acknowledgment}

I would like to thank Keiko Nakata and Mart\'in Escard\'o for stimulating discussions around some topics of this paper.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos challenged rival retailers to increase their minimum wages to $16 per hour, in his annual letter to shareholders released on Thursday. Amazon in November had raised its own minimum wage to $15 per hour in response to the ongoing criticism around pay disparity and poor working conditions. Bezos suggested other retailers should follow Amazon's lead, or push it to do even better.
The company also said its wage hike benefited more than 250,000 Amazon employees, as well as more than 100,000 seasonal workers who worked at Amazon sites across the country during the 2018 holidays.
In actuality, there was a lot of external pressure on Amazon to do better by its lowest-wage earners — and, specifically its warehouse employees.
He also said that many workers were on public assistance, and received Medicaid, foot stamps or public housing.
The senator pointed out that nothing that Amazon was doing was illegal, but it was effectively taking advantage of government subsidies to underpay its workers — knowing they would be able to use other means of assistance for things like food, housing and medical care. Meanwhile, Amazon's billionaire founder Jeff Bezos had become the richest person on earth.
The BEZOS Act, which was introduced by Sanders and Rep. Ro Khanna (D-CA), proposed to tax corporations for every dollar their low-wage workers received in government assistance, including health care and food stamps.
Earlier this month, Target announced it would raise its minimum hourly wage to $13 per hour in June — well above the federal minimum wage of $7.25, which hasn't been increased since 2009. It says it's on track for a $15 per hour minimum wage by 2020. Costco also this year raised its hourly wage to $15 per hour, up from $14 per hour, which it hit in June 2018.
With his remarks — "you know who you are!" — Bezos is challenging Amazon's rivals like Walmart and Target to do better, as their pay increases still have Amazon in the lead.
These conditions have been labeled "deadly and dehumanizing" by a New York labor union; have had workers pushing to unionize and protesting; and have been the subject of numerous reports in the press, including horror stories about constant surveillance, workers urinating in trash cans out of fear a break would have them missing targets, health concerns and generally feeling they're being treated as robots.
These issues weren't addressed in the letter. Instead, Bezos focused on corporate perks, like Amazon's Career Choice program, which pays up to 95 percent of tuition and fees toward a certificate or diploma in qualified fields of study; and its Amazon Future Engineer program, which supports STEM and CS education in the U.S. for elementary, high school and university students.


Šejla Jukic (Class of 2021) showed her patient counseling skills and placed as one of the top 10 finalists in National Patient Counseling Competition representing PittPharmacy at the APhA-ASP annual meeting and exposition in Seattle, Washington.
"I am so thankful for the education and the skill set I have received at Pitt Pharmacy that made me successful in this competition.", said Jukic.
Jukic joins PittPharmacy alumni TOP 10 finishers: Melissa McGivney (APhA 1997), Adam Welch (APhA 2002), Lucas Berenbrok (APhA 2012), Pamela Lyons (APhA 2013), and Adrienne Jantzi (APhA 2015).
The goal of the APhA-ASP National Patient Counseling Competition is to encourage student pharmacists in their efforts toward becoming better patient educators. The competition is designed to reflect changes that are occurring in practice, to promote and encourage further professional development of the student pharmacist and to reinforce the role of the pharmacist as a health care provider and educator.
More awards continue as Varsh Prakasam (Class of 2020) was selected as a semi-finalist for a APhA-ASP Presentation Merit Award during the 2019 APhA Annual Meeting.
PittPharmacy's chapter was selected as the 1st runner-up of the 2017-2018 APhA-ASP OTC Medicine Safety National Award and the 2017-2018 APhA-ASP Region 2 Generation Rx Regional Award.
PittPharmacy Alum, Taylor Waterson, '17 won the Best Post-Graduate Podium Award from APhA-Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science. She is currently a PhD Candidate at the University of Wisconsin.


text:
Home » Possible Description of Jared Leto's Knightmare Joker Leaked
Possible Description of Jared Leto's Knightmare Joker Leaked
December 17, 2020 Mr. Greg Universe
While fans were expecting a lot of things with Zack Snyder's Justice League, one thing that completely caught them off guard was the return of Jared Leto's Joker. We know that Joker will be part of a new Knightmare sequence that will include Batman and Deathstroke, and while we don't have an official look at Leto yet, there has been a description that's come out of Joker's take on the apocalypse.
This comes from insider Daniel Richtman:
Long brown hair with a bit of green. Has lots of guns and police badges attached to his clothes. pic.twitter.com/IRugS4oqS3
— Daniel Richtman #BlackLivesMatter (@DanielRPK) December 16, 2020
I'll admit, I have no idea what to expect with Leto's Joker look, especially since his appearance in Suicide Squad was like some crazed pimp. I'm very interested to see how that would translate into this new Knightmare world, and the description actually sounds a bit on point; especially the Joker wearing police badges as demented trophies.
We don't know when we're going to get another teaser for Zack Snyder's Justice League, but with word going out that the movie will premiere 'in few months', a lot of people are hoping that 2020 ends with a new teaser featuring a lot of the finished footage. For now, it looks like WB is set on hyping up the release of Wonder Woman 1984; what are the odds that we get a JL teaser in the after-credits? After all, the film does take place in the 80s, and Justice League happens after the events of that movie chronologically.
It's just a guess.
Catch Zack Snyder's Justice League on HBO Max sometime in 2021.
Justice League, Zack Snyder, Suicide Squad, DCEU, Joker, Jared Leto, WB
Disney Announces Sequel Series for Zootopia, Moana, Big Hero 6, and The Princess and The Frog
Chaos Walking Movie Pushed Back to March


hey, guys i need help . so my raspberry pi was hooked to my mirror frame last week Wednesday and everything was working fine. i decided to turn it off later that day and ever since then i haven't tried to put on the mirror. however i tried to put on the mirror today and i got a blank screen. so i removed the raspberry pi and disconnected everything connected to the gpio. i tried to power on the raspberry pi with nothing attached to it using its official power cable which has a push button on it.
long story short, the raspberry pi did not power up and there are no lights on the board (usually there is a red and a green light). there is nothing happening and the raspberry appears to be dead but i realized there is a little bit of heat on the power port on Pi.
the power cable works fine because i tried charging my phone with it and it worked.
please do you guys know what is going on and how do i solve this problem. please help its urgent.
@Sean yeah , I would need a transparent lcd. Hopefully there's a way to turn the current led monitor am using into a transparent monitor. Is that a good idea ?
@Sean yeah , exactly. But transparent lcd? I have never heard of one. Is it like the one above? If my imagination is right then I think it will be awesome.
Hey guys, I hope we are all doing great. So I was there today and an idea grabbed on to my head ( lol yes, it actually did) and I wanted to ask you guys about it. How about we build a magic mirror that actually looks like a portal ? Fo you think it will be a cool project? Or I should forget about the idea ? Lol. let me know what you guys think.
RE: display a graph with sensor values.
can whatever that is playing on your phone be played by the mirror too?


text:
Q: Swift - Validating address to use with GMS I have an app I'm making where the user will create an event. The user will enter the address of the event in 4 fields, 'Number', 'Street', 'Town/City', and 'Postal Code'.
The address will be stored in a database, and then called from the database to be used to place a marker on a map using the google maps sdk.
I have tried to validate the address by using CLLocation and geocoding the address to see if it returns a hit, and if not it would return an error, but even when inputting real addresses I'm still getting the error.
I'm away from my computer right now, so can post code if needed later, but for now, has anyone got a way that will definitely work? Is there a way to validate the address to make sure it's real?
EDIT**
func forwardGeocoding(address: String) {
    CLGeocoder().geocodeAddressString(address) { (placemarks, error) in
        if error != nil {
            self.alert(message: "Have you entered your address correctly?", title: "Invalid Address")
            self.coordinates.latitude = 0.0
            self.coordinates.longitude = 0.0
        }
        if (placemarks?.count)! > 0 {
            let placemark = placemarks?[0]
            let location = placemark?.location
            let coordinate = location?.coordinate
            self.coordinates = (location?.coordinate)!

    }
    }

}

@IBAction func didTapCreate(_ sender: Any) {

    if ((houseNumber.text?.characters.count)! > 0 && (streetInput.text?.characters.count)! > 0 && (cityInput.text?.characters.count)! > 0 && (postcodeInput.text?.characters.count)! > 0)
    {
        let address = "\(houseNumber.text) \(streetInput.text), \(cityInput.text)"

        self.forwardGeocoding(address: address)

        if (coordinates.latitude == 0.0 && coordinates.longitude == 0.0)
        {
            self.alert(message: "Have you entered your address correctly?", title: "Invalid Address")
        }
        else
        {
            let key = self.dbRef.child("events").childByAutoId().key

            let childUpdates = ["/events/\(self.loggedInUser!.uid)/\(key)/address":address, "/events/\(self.loggedInUser!.uid)/\(key)/date":dateInput.text] as [String : Any]

            self.dbRef.updateChildValues(childUpdates)

            dismiss(animated: true, completion: nil)

        }
    }
}

I've changed the alert's to have a number on the end of each to debug which it's getting caught at, and it seems like it is getting caught at the create button alert, meaning the lat and long are being set to 0.0 even though there is no error

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
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A collection of resources to help federal, state, and local decision-makers set an achievable agenda for all Americans.
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A new study sheds light on the importance of church to Black Americans.
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Pew's clean energy initiative, which ran from 2011 to 2016, focused on accelerating the clean energy economy for its national security, economic, and environmental benefits. The initiative promoted the adoption of key changes to U.S. energy policies in these areas:
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A Russian presidential spokesman said Thursday that Facebook removing pages tied to the Internet Research Agency is "censorship."
The Russian government called Facebook's removal of accounts, pages and ads from the Internet Research Agency "censorship."
Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov told news outlets Thursday the move is hostile toward Russian mass media and that the government finds it regretful.
Facebook announced Tuesday it removed 138 Facebook pages and 70 accounts linked to the IRA — the organization that meddled in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Facebook also removed 65 Instagram accounts.
The social media giant said it removed the pages because they were operated by the IRA and that the IRA has lied about its identity when creating accounts in the past.


text:
U.K. Prime Minister Boris Johnson's brother quits government over Brexit
"In recent weeks I've been torn between family loyalty and the national interest," Jo Johnson said.
Jo Johnson, the prime minister's brother, resigned his seat in Parliament and as business minister on Thursday. Hannah Mckay / Reuters
By Mo Abbas and Max Burman | NBC News
LONDON — After suffering a series of humiliating Brexit defeats in Parliament, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson was dealt a fresh blow Thursday by an unlikely source: his little brother.
Jo Johnson announced he was quitting the government and standing down as a member of Parliament, becoming the latest casualty in the war over whether and how the U.K. leaves the European Union.
"In recent weeks I've been torn between family loyalty and the national interest," Jo Johnson, who was a business minister in his brother Boris' Cabinet, said on Twitter. "It's an unresolvable tension and time for others to take on my roles as MP and minister."
The prime minister's plans to take the U.K. out of the European Union "do or die" on Oct. 31 faced two significant setbacks on Wednesday when lawmakers passed a bill forcing him to request another extension to Brexit, and then blocked his attempt to call an early or "snap" election.
Britain's next national election is officially not scheduled until 2022, although it will now almost certainly be held earlier to try to end Parliament's Brexit impasse.
The Johnson family itself is notoriously split over Brexit, with sister Rachel having represented different parties opposed to Brexit, and father Stanley being a committed europhile and former European Commission official.
Jo Johnson's resignation is not the first time family political tensions have spilled over into Parliament. In 2010, Ed Miliband took on and beat his brother David to lead the opposition Labour Party.
The departure of Jo Johnson, a former Financial Times journalist and much less flamboyant than his brother, comes just days after the prime minister expelled 21 lawmakers from his own ruling Conservative Party after they voted against his Brexit plans.
The backlash against Boris Johnson's hard-line approach to the rebels — including former Finance Minister Philip Hammond, Winston Churchill's grandson — has led to growing discontent within the ranks of his party.
"He is a very Trumpian kind of leader and he has tried to lead in a populist way and a very nationalist way," said Robert Hazell, professor of government and the Constitution at University College London. "He has tried to strong-arm his party, and orthodox, traditional old-school Conservatives find that very difficult to stomach."
Johnson had hoped to rally fellow Conservatives around his plans to leave the bloc at the end of October with or without a divorce deal. But the last week's events in Parliament have left him battling to restore his authority.
And Jo Johnson stepping down will only make matters worse for the prime minister, said Anand Menon, a professor of European politics and foreign affairs at King's College London.
"Obviously it feeds into a narrative that is around about the government being untrustworthy because it can be spun that even his own brother doesn't trust him," he said. "That wording — 'family loyalty versus the national interest' — that seems to be saying that his brother isn't acting in the national interest. That's quite a big deal."
The prime minister continued his push for a new election Thursday to solve the country's latest Brexit impasse, accusing Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn of cowardice for opposing the plan.
The British government says it will try again next week to trigger an election after its first attempt was rejected by Parliament.
The leader of the House of Commons, Jacob Rees-Mogg, says a vote will be held Monday on a motion calling for a snap poll — possibly the last chance for Johnson to force an election before Oct. 31. Last week, the prime minister asked the queen to approve a request to suspend Parliament for five weeks — the first in what became a growing series of divisive gambits to try to push through his Brexit plans.
Corbyn's Labour Party, meanwhile, looks set to try to delay fresh elections until after Oct. 31.
Holding the election before the end of October could see a victorious Johnson repeal the bill to delay Brexit, once more raising the prospect of the U.K. crashing out of the E.U. without an agreement.
"The Labour Party are probably going to insist that any general election happens after Oct. 31 on the basis that they calculate that this is the best way to pull the legs out from under Boris Johnson because he's promised to take us out, do or die," Menon said.
However, delaying the election carries risks for Labour as it could be accused of cowardice and prolonging Parliament's Brexit impasse.
The British public has grown increasingly weary of the Brexit debate since the referendum to leave the E.U. in 2016, and some Britons are already fed up with the prospect of another vote.
A British viral internet meme featuring an elderly woman decrying an early election in 2017 has resurfaced, with the woman — known as "Brenda from Bristol" — telling a reporter: "You're joking?! Not another one?"
A snap election is also a huge gamble for Boris Johnson, who risks becoming the country's shortest-serving prime minister should he lose. He faces a stiff challenge from a hard-line Brexit Party led by Trump supporter Nigel Farage, and from the centrist Liberal Democrats.
Opinion polls show the Conservatives ahead of Labour by as much as 10 points, but the surveys have proven a poor indicator in the past, with Corbyn's party doing much better than expected in 2017 elections.
In a sign of Britain's topsy turvy politics, The Financial Times — arguably Britain's most influential business paper — on Wednesday reported that markets were warming to Corbyn, a politician long painted as a hard-left socialist.


You can take bus lines 409, 8, 9,109 with direction towards Golden Sands Resort. Please, take off at "Pochivka" bus stop. Next to it is situated Picadilly Park Centre.
If the shopping centre stands behind you, on the opposite side of the boulevard you would see stairs next to white-black building with ground floor shops. Please, pass through the underpass and climb these stairs. Turn left at the first street and 20 meters from there, on the right side, you would see Hotel Focus.
You can take bus line 409 with direction towards Golden Sands Resort. Please, take off at "Pochivka" bus stop. Next to it is situated Picadilly Park Centre.
You can take bus lines 8, 9,109 with direction towards Golden Sands Resort. Please, take off at "Pochivka" bus stop. Next to it is situated Picadilly Park Centre.
The public transport buses run regularly every 10-15 minutes, from 6.00 a.m. until 10 p.m. every day. The passengers can purchase a ticket by the ticket collector in the bus. One way ticket costs 1 lev (50 eurocents).
If you are arriving in Varna from the town of Shumen or from the Airport, you will be entering the city via highway A2.
Cathedral on your right side. At the traffic lights there, turn left.
Now you are on "Maria Louisa" Blvd. Drive straight ahead and at the third lights turn right into "Tsar Osvoboditel" Blvd. At the next traffic lights, please turn left.
Now you are in "Knyaz Boris I" Blvd. with the Sea Park on your right. About 200 meters ahead, on your left, you will see the Palace of Culture and Sports and after that you will pass by "Chaika Residential Quarter. There are couple of signs "Dolphinarium" on the road. After the last sign, drive straight ahead around 150-200m. and then turn right. Please follow the red-white signs pointing to Hotel Focus.
If you are arriving from Central Rail Station, you will drive along the "Primorski" Blvd. towards the centre. Follow the road and 350m - 400m further, you will see the Sea Park on right side. When you reach to the second traffic light, please drive straight ahead and go through the underpass.
If you are arriving from Golden Sands or St. St. Constantine and Helena Resort, you will be driving via highway E-87. Follow the way along until you see a traffic light. After the traffic light, drive straight ahead and when you see Piccadilly Park Center on you left side, please, turn right. After that, turn right again.
If you are arriving in Varna via the Asparuhovo Bridge, you will drive along "Hristo Botev" Blvd. On the third traffic light you will see the Cathedral on your left. At the traffic lights there, go straight ahead along the Maria Louisa Blvd.
Please keep driving straight ahead on "Maria Louisa" Blvd and at the third traffic lights turn right into "Tsar Osvoboditel" Blvd. At the next traffic lights, please turn left.


Courtesy of Gina Piper, BHG Tri-Valley Realty.
Adorable condo nestled in San Ramon's Vintner development. This lovely home has been fully remodeled and features new interior paint, new carpet and crown molding downstairs. The kitchen opens to the spacious dining area and features custom cabinets, granite counters, stainless appliances and recessed lighting. The functional floor plan includes a master bedroom with a tastefully updated en-suite bath, and an additional full bathroom upstairs to service the second bedroom. The downstairs half bath conveniently serves your guests. The excellent location provides easy access to highway 680 and is close to several shopping and dining options. San Ramon's new City Center is only a short drive and features high-end shopping, dining and entertainment. Parents and students alike will appreciate the highly rated San Ramon Schools. The excellent HOA amenities include garbage & water service, club house, gym, pool, sauna and more..
Please, send me more information on this property: MLS# 40859345 – $495,800 – 9005 Alcosta Blvd Unit 204, San Ramon, CA 94583.


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text:
Corps: Dikes nearly complete
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has certified the dike systems in Grand Forks and northern East Grand Forks as functionally complete, the start of a process that would allow property owners to dispense with flood insurance.
The Point area in East Grand Forks would not be ready for certification until sometime in September.
That's according to project manager Bonnie Greenleaf, who said the delay in the Point is mostly because of unforeseen soil instability at several locations. The corps is working on remedies.
Delays in state funding had been a worry for city leaders, but Greenleaf said they were always able to find money to keep contractors going.
The $417 million dikes would protect the two cities from a 210-year flood, a flood equal to the 1997 Red River flood that devastated the area and led the government to build the new dike systems. Construction began in August 2001.
The next step after corps certification is for the Federal Emergency Management Agency to agree to that certification. The agency administers floodplain maps that determine which properties are at risk of flooding and must buy flood insurance.
Normally, it would take many, many months for FEMA to create a new map that would exclude areas protected by the dikes. But for the Grand Cities project, the agency had started the remapping process early. The hope, as FEMA officials had expressed in October, was to have a new map almost as soon as the corps certifies the dikes.
An agency spokesman was not able to issue an immediate response late Friday, but said the agency would be able to answer questions about timelines Monday. Grand Forks city staff indicated that they do not yet have a new floodplain map.
Once the cities receive the map, they would have six months to review and approve it, though city staff has said they would not expect to take nearly that long. Shortly after this point, property owners would be able to cancel their flood insurance.
What's happened
Even at the start of last year's flood season, the dikes were already at an advanced stage. The cities had all but shrugged off the fifth highest recorded river levels. Instead of anxiety, the flood caused only curiosity as hundreds of gawkers visited the river to see the swirling waters.
But there were still gaps in the system that the cities had to fill. Contractors filled most of those gaps during the year.
In Grand Forks, the biggest change was the completion of earthen levees in the far north end, near the Riverside Dam, according to corps resident engineer Craig Johnson. The city had had trouble earlier acquiring the land from RDO Foods.
Other areas of progress during the year included:
-- Levees near Riverside Park.
-- The floodwall at the old St. Anne's Guest Home near Gateway Drive.
-- Floodwalls downtown and by Campbell House south of Lincoln Park.
-- The raising of Merrifield Road and the southern section of Belmont Drive. Another layer of pavement is needed but the elevation of the road is high enough.
All that's left, Johnson said, is planting trees, growing grass on the levees and checking off some minor incomplete items, such as re-caulking one of the floodwalls.
In East Grand Forks, contractors during the year completed Phase 3 of the dikes and the Heartsville Coulee Diversion, both in the Point area, according to city engineer Greg Boppre.
What remains are three separate areas on the Point where contractors unexpectedly encountered instable soil and levees in Phase 4, a big section on the north end of the city. Crews will be working to solve those problems between now and the fall.
Tran reports on City Hall. Reach him at (701) 780-1248 or ttran@gfherald.com or see his blog at www.areavoices.com/gfhcitybeat .
ALBERTA CLIPPER: Expect highly variable and rapidly changing conditions tonight and Friday


Many recent studies have attempted to investigate the behavioral aspects ofthe information gathering process. Generally, these studies have developed an insight into the ways by which scientists obtain information, and have developed the methodology for such studies. A number of studies have also sought to determine the actual information needs of scientists. Generally neglected, however, are attempts to discover (a) why individuals prefer certain methods, (b) what attributes of information gathering methods are important, and (c) if the study of the information seeking process should be restricted to research scientists. The purpose of this study is to investigate such questions, is an attempt to make the interpretation of results from information-user studies more meaningful.
Rosenberg, Victor, "The application of psychometric techniques to determine the attitudes of individuals toward information seeking and the effect of the individual's organizational staus on these attitudes" (1966). Theses and Dissertations. 3424.


text:
<?php

namespace hipanel\modules\ticket\grid;

use hipanel\grid\MainColumn;
use hipanel\grid\SwitchColumn;
use hipanel\modules\client\grid\ClientColumn;
use hipanel\modules\ticket\menus\TemplateActionsMenu;
use hiqdev\yii2\menus\grid\MenuColumn;
use Yii;

class TemplateGridView extends \hipanel\grid\BoxedGridView
{
    public function columns()
    {
        return array_merge(parent::columns(), [
            'author_id' => [
                'class' => ClientColumn::class,
                'idAttribute' => 'author_id',
                'attribute' => 'author_id',
                'nameAttribute' => 'author',
            ],
            'post_date' => [
                'value' => function ($model) {
                    return Yii::$app->formatter->asDatetime($model->post_date);
                },
            ],
            'actions' => [
                'class' => MenuColumn::class,
                'menuClass' => TemplateActionsMenu::class,
            ],
            'is_published' => [
                'class' => SwitchColumn::class,
                'switchInputOptions' => [
                    'disabled' => true,
                ],
            ],
            'name' => [
                'class' => MainColumn::class,
                'filterAttribute' => 'name_like',
            ],
        ]);
    }
}


text:
Yellow-spotted Graylet Hyperstrotia flaviguttata (Grote, 1882)
Yellow-spotted Graylet
Hugh D. McGuinness
Insecta (Insects)
Erebidae
Unrankable - Currently unrankable due to lack of information or due to substantially conflicting information about status or trends.
Apparently Secure globally - Uncommon in the world but not rare; usually widespread, but may be rare in some parts of its range; possibly some cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors.
This species is a member of the Owlet Moth family. These moths typically fly at night and some are preyed upon by bats. Many Owlet Moths have tiny organs in their ears that sense bat echolocation calls. The signal from these organs causes their wing muscles to spasm and they dart erratically. This aids the moths in evading the bats (Fullard 1998).
This species has only been found in one location in New York State. Since 1999, it has been recorded on a regular basis from the dwarf pine barrens of Long Island. There is one historical record from Orange County, New York, but it has never been relocated there. Future surveys in areas of pine and scrub oak habitat may find additional occurrences of this species.
The presence of this species over multiple years at the dwarf pine barrens site on Long Island indicates that the population is viable and is reproducing. Surveys since 1996 have indicated very little change in the population. Forest fires in the dwarf pine plains, especially the very large forest fire in 1995, resulted in an increase in habitat for this species.
The long-term trend for this species is tied to the long-term trend of the natural community it lives in. The acreage of dwarf pine plains in New York has declined due to development, although there is still a large occurrence of this habitat type on Long Island.
Known threats include habitat loss due to development and fire suppression, although the threat of development for the remaining habitat on Long Island may be low. The suppression of fires in barrens and other dry places would cause a loss of habitat for the species and therefore a reduction in population size. This species requires open woodland or barrens with pitch pine and especially scrub oaks (food source). Forest fires are needed, on average, every 5-10 years (Jordan et al. 2003) to maintain this type of habitat. Lack of fires will result in the succession of this community to a closed-canopy forest of tall oaks and other hardwoods (Little 1979, Jordan et al. 2003). Conversely, a fire affecting an entire occurrence could eliminate all life stages that are present.
The best management strategy for this species is the management of the natural community, or habitat, where this species occurs. Maintaining the Long Island pine barrens with their full suite of plant and animal species requires frequent (every few decades) disturbance to maintain open-canopy, shrub-dominated communities and to prevent succession to a closed-canopy hardwood forest (Jordan et al. 2003). Researchers have determined that "an active fire management program utilizing prescribed fire with appropriate mechanical treatments" is the preferred method (Jordan et al. 2003). Researchers have also determined that the size, type, intensity, and timing of fires (pyrodiversity) needs to be evaluated for each site to maximize benefits to the natural community and the species it supports (Jordan et al. 2003). The entire occupied habitat for a population should not be burned in a single year. For example, in places where prescribed burning is used, refugia (unburned areas) are needed for many species to ensure that any life stage can survive a fire.
Additional surveys are needed with blacklight traps to determine the extent of the occurrence. In addition, research is needed on the response of this species to prescribed (controlled) burning and mechanical treatment to improve habitat.
In New York State, the Yellow-spotted Graylet is found only in the dwarf pine barrens on Long Island. These open, dry woodlands are dominated by a mixture of dwarf pitch pine and scrub oak. Scrub oak is the food source for the caterpillar.
Dwarf pine plains (guide)
A woodland community dominated by dwarf individuals of pitch pine and scrub oak that occurs on nearly level outwash sand and gravel plains in eastern Long Island. The soils are infertile, coarse textured sands that are excessively well-drained.
Burgess's Apamea (Apamea burgessi) (guide)
Herodias Underwing (Catocala herodias)
Jair Underwing (Catocala jair)
Melsheimer's Sack Bearer (Cicinnus melsheimeri) (guide)
Packard's Lichen Moth (Cisthene packardii) (guide)
Projecta Gray (Cleora projecta) (guide)
Pine Tussock Moth (Dasychira pinicola) (guide)
A Geometrid Moth (Euchlaena madusaria) (guide)
Fringed Dart (Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris) (guide)
Violet Dart (Euxoa violaris) (guide)
Coastal Barrens Buckmoth (Hemileuca maia ssp. 5) (guide)
Pale Green Pinion Moth (Lithophane viridipallens) (guide)
Pin-striped Slug Moth (Monoleuca semifascia) (guide)
Gray Woodgrain (Morrisonia mucens) (guide)
Pink Sallow (Psectraglaea carnosa) (guide)
Spinose Flower Moth (Schinia spinosae) (guide)
Barrens Itame (Speranza exonerata) (guide)
Gordian Sphinx (Sphinx gordius) (guide)
Toothed Apharetra (Sympistis dentata) (guide)
Orange Holomelina (Virbia aurantiaca) (guide)
Pine Barrens Zale (Zale lunifera) (guide)
This species may be confined to Long Island in New York.
The Yellow-spotted Graylet is ranked S4S5 in New Jersey. It is more rare in Pennsylvania, and the status is unknown in Connecticut. This species is fairly common south of New Jersey. North of New Jersey, it has been seen only in scrub oak areas of Massachusetts and New York (Schweitzer 1997). It was recorded historically from New Windsor, Orange County, New York (Forbes 1954).
Dwarf pine barrrens (Suffolk County)
This species can be identified from a specimen or a good image. This moth is violet-gray with some light brown shading. Look for a small yellow spot above a brown median patch (Covell 1984).
The adult moths of this species are active throughout the summer months.
The time of year you would expect to find Yellow-spotted Graylet present and reproducing in New York.
Yellow-spotted Graylet Images
Hyperstrotia flaviguttata (Grote, 1882)
Phylum Arthropoda (Mandibulates)
Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, and Moths)
Family Erebidae
Blanchard, Orland J. 1996. Field survey to Dwarf Pine Barrens of August 18, 1996.
Covell, Charles V. 1984. A field guide to the moths of eastern North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
Forbes, William T. M. 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states part III. Cornell University Experiment Station Memoir 329.
Fullard, J.H. 1998. The sensory coevolution of moths and bats. Pages 279-326 in: Comparative hearing: insects (ed R.R. Hoy, A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay). Springer, Berlin.
Holland, W.J. 1968. The moth book. Dover Publications, NY, 479 pp. An unabridged version first published in 1903 by Doubleday, Page, and Co.
Jordan, M. J., W. A. Patterson III, A. G. Windisch. 2003. Conceptual ecological models for the Long Island pitch pine barrens: implications for managing rare plant communities. Forest Ecology and Management 185, 151-168.
Little, S. 1979. Fire and plant succession in the New Jersey pine barrens. pp. 297-313 in Forman, R.T.T. (ed.) Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, FL.
McGuinness, Hugh D. 2009. Moths of fire: a study of the macro-lepidoptera in burned and unburned plots at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation's Sarnoff Preserve in Flanders, Suffolk County, New York. 2006-2008. Report for the Long Island Chapter of The Nature Conservancy.
McGuinness, Hugh. 2006. Overview of the 2005 Dwarf Pine Plains data.
NatureServe. 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Data last updated August 2010)
Wagner, D.L. 2005. Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ. 512 pp.
The Nature Conservancy - Long Island Chapter
This guide was authored by: Lauren Lyons-Swift
Information for this guide was last updated on: December 17, 2011
New York Natural Heritage Program. 2023. Online Conservation Guide for Hyperstrotia flaviguttata. Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/yellow-spotted-graylet/. Accessed January 30, 2023.


A single rooted tooth usually has one main canal which provides the pathway for the nerve, artery, and vein of the tooth. Sometimes that tooth may contain more than one canal. Most molars have three and sometimes even four canals. The instruments used to cleanse the canals prior to the special root canal filling follow the "main channel" of the canal. Sometimes there are microscopic auxilliary or accessory canals right at the root tip. The instruments follow the main canal. On a rare ocassion, this auxilliary canal may cause a problem of minor discomfort for the patient. Most often, retreatment of the canal is sufficient to resolve the problem, but on a very rare ocassion, an apicoectomy may be recommended. The procedure involves removing the apical end of the root and retro-filling it with an appropriate material. Any infected material near the root-end is also removed. The procedure is usually performed by an endodontist (root canal specialist) and most often solves the problem.
Sometimes a fistula, or gum boil, will develop which indicates a problem with a root canal. This might indicate auxilliary canals, root tip infection, or even a split tooth. If the tooth is actually split, the tooth will require extraction.
If the tooth is not split, the apicaoectomy procedure avoids extraction and expensive replacement with a fixed bridge or implant and crown.


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Why Some Diseases Can Be Eradicated and Others Can't
Written by Rose Rimler on February 16, 2016
One summer day in 1953, 13-year-old Richard Daggett woke up with a terrible backache.
Putting on clothes that morning was uncomfortable and bending over to tie his shoelaces was especially painful.
He'd had a bad headache the day before but "this back thing was different. I'd never known anything like this."
The family doctor sent him to the hospital, where he was admitted and given a spinal tap. It was to test for polio, the doctors told him.
Daggett had heard of polio, mostly from posters about the March of Dimes, but it had never occurred to him to worry about it.
That night, however, when he tried to reach out for the bedpan on the hospital nightstand, he could barely move his arms.
"I wasn't sure how a person was supposed to feel if they had polio, but not being able to sit up told me I had it," Daggett wrote in his memoir. "I distinctly remember saying to myself, 'Uh-oh. I think I have it.'"
Daggett had been caught up in the United States polio epidemic that peaked in 1952 with more than 21,000 people experiencing paralysis from the virus. It was a national crisis that ended abruptly in the mid-1950s when a successful vaccine was announced and administered to children on a broad scale.
The last U.S. polio case was in 1979.
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What It Takes to Wipe Out a Disease
In some ways, eliminating polio from the U.S. mirrors the eradication of smallpox worldwide.
Like polio, an effective vaccine was crucial to wiping out this ancient scourge. There hasn't been a case of smallpox anywhere since 1977.
These two public health miracles raised public expectations of what medical research can deliver. But only smallpox and rinderpest — a measles-like virus that kills cattle — have been truly eradicated from the globe.
Where are the rest of our miracles?
A long way off, most scientists agree.
"With present knowledge, present facilities, and present equipment, few diseases should be put into a discussion of eradication," Dr. Philip Brachmann, a professor at Emory University's School of Public Health, told Healthline.
On a list of what makes a disease eradicable, a lot of boxes must be checked off.
First, it has to be easy to diagnose and it can't lie dormant in a patient for a long period of time.
It must rise and decline cyclically and induce natural immunity in survivors.
Also, it can't have an animal reservoir, like mosquitos or armadillos. Those animals would have to be driven to extinction in order to get rid of the germ.
Any vaccine or treatment must be easy to administer and cost-effective.
Finally, it has to be severe and widespread enough to warrant the attention of governments and public health officials.
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Improving Living Conditions
According to the Carter Center, seven diseases meet those qualifications and are currently targets of eradication campaigns.
Guinea worm eradication is probably closest at hand.
For other diseases, it may be more worthwhile to focus on improving quality of life for people in affected areas rather than embarking on a specific eradication operation.
For example, deaths from infectious diseases in the U.S. throughout the 20th century were on the decline even before the advent of penicillin and vaccines.
The establishment of public health departments, cleaner drinking water, and specific public health campaigns such as the shoeing of barefoot children in Southern states were all instrumental in precipitating this decline.
Similar efforts could curb some of the diseases grabbing headlines today.
The Zika virus, which is spread by mosquitos, could be slowed by cleaning up the slums that make good mosquito breeding grounds, Randall Packard, PhD, a historian of science at Johns Hopkins University, told Healthline.
And the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, he said, would have been less devastating if there were better access to primary care in those countries.
Vaccine development might get the lion's share of attention, he said, but focusing solely on vaccines would ignore the underlying problem.
"So we get a vaccine that saves the day but we haven't done anything about those conditions that have generated the diseases or allowed them to spread," Packard said.
Dr. Mark Rosenberg, the president of The Task Force for Global Health, sees this as a false dichotomy.
"It's not either you build primary care or eliminate diseases," he told Healthline. "It's really important that you do both synergistically."
For example, he said, as primary care programs are strengthened in developing countries, they should include surveillance programs to detect and report outbreaks.
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Eliminating Suffering
Daggett ended up spending six months in an iron lung and about three years in the hospital.
He was still there when news broke of the first successful polio vaccine. Nearly everybody on the ward cheered, he told Healthline, except for one young man who muttered, "You're a little late, guys."
While not all diseases are as vulnerable to human intervention as polio, there is much that can be done to alleviate human suffering.
It depends, in part, on a shift in the Western perspective, Rosenberg noted.
"We can't wait for diseases to become threats to us over here," he said. "We need to be aware of and respond to diseases that are threats to them over there. The degree of threat it presents to us is not the only reason we need to respond.
We respond because we share a common humanity and things that injure, kill, sicken, or weaken other people over there affect us because we care about them."
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