This article is about Japanese cuisine. For the ancient Chinese poet, see Su Shi. For other uses, see Sushi (disambiguation).
Sushi originates in a Southeast Asian dish, known today as narezushi (馴れ寿司, 熟寿司 – "salted fish"), stored in fermented rice for possibly months at a time. The lacto-fermentation of the rice prevented the fish from spoiling; the rice would be discarded before consumption of the fish. This early type of sushi became an important source of protein for its Japanese consumers. The term sushi comes from an antiquated grammatical form no longer used in other contexts, and literally means "sour-tasting"; the overall dish has a sour and umami or savoury taste. Narezushi still exists as a regional specialty, notably as funa-zushi from Shiga Prefecture.
Osaka-style sushi, also called "Oshi-zushi" or "hako-sushi"
Vinegar began to be added to the preparation of narezushi in the Muromachi period (1336–1573) for the sake of enhancing both taste and preservation. In addition to increasing the sourness of the rice, the vinegar significantly increased the dish's longevity, causing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned. The primitive sushi would be further developed in Osaka, where over several centuries it became oshi-zushi or "hako-zushi"; in this preparation, the seafood and rice were pressed into shape with wooden (typically bamboo) molds.
It was not until the Edo period (1603-1868) that fresh fish was served over vinegared rice and nori. The particular style of today's nigirizushi became popular in Edo (contemporary Tokyo) in the 1820s or 1830s. One common story of nigirizushi's origins is of the chef Hanaya Yohei (1799-1858), who invented or perfected the technique in 1824 at his shop in Ryōgoku. The dish was originally termed Edomae zushi as it used freshly caught fish from the Edo-mae (Edo or Tokyo Bay); the term Edomae nigirizushi is still used today as a by-word for quality sushi, regardless of its ingredients' origins.
The earliest written mention of sushi in English described in the Oxford English Dictionary is in an 1893 book, A Japanese Interior, where it mentions sushi as "a roll of cold rice with fish, sea-weed, or some other flavoring". There is an earlier mention of sushi in James Hepburn's Japanese-English dictionary from 1873, and an 1879 article on Japanese cookery in the journal Notes and Queries.
The common ingredient in all types of sushi is vinegared sushi rice. Fillings, toppings, condiments, and preparation vary widely.
Due to rendaku consonant mutation, sushi is spelled with zu instead of su when a prefix is attached, as in nigirizushi.
Chirashizushi (ちらし寿司, "scattered sushi", also referred to as barazushi) serves the rice in a bowl and tops it with a variety of raw fish and vegetable garnishes. It is commonly eaten because it is filling, fast and easy to make. It is eaten annually on Hinamatsuri in March.
Edomae chirashizushi (Edo-style scattered sushi) is served with uncooked ingredients in an artful arrangement.
Gomokuzushi (Kansai-style sushi) consists of cooked or uncooked ingredients mixed in the body of rice.
Sake-zushi (Kyushu-style sushi) uses rice wine over vinegar in preparing the rice, and is topped with shrimp, sea bream, octopus, shiitake mushrooms, bamboo shoots and shredded omelette.
Inarizushi (稲荷寿司) is a pouch of fried tofu typically filled with sushi rice alone.
Tales tell that inarizushi is named after the Shinto god Inari. Foxes, messengers of Inari, are believed to have a fondness for fried tofu, and an Inari-zushi roll has pointed corners that resemble fox ears.
Regional variations include pouches made of a thin omelette (帛紗寿司, fukusa-zushi, or 茶巾寿司, chakin-zushi) instead of tofu. It should not be confused with inari maki, which is a roll filled with flavored fried tofu.
Cone sushi is a variant of inarizushi originating in Hawaii that may include green beans, carrots, or gobo along with rice, wrapped in a triangular aburage piece. It is often sold in okazu-ya (Japanese delis) and as a component of bento boxes.
Square-style makizushi made without nori. The bottom pieces have been seasoned with wasabi.
Futomaki (太巻, "thick, large or fat rolls") is a large cylindrical piece, usually with nori on the outside. A typical futomaki is five to six centimetres (2 to 2 1⁄2 in) in diameter. They are often made with two, three, or more fillings that are chosen for their complementary tastes and colors. During the evening of the Setsubun festival, it is traditional in the Kansai region to eat uncut futomaki in its cylindrical form, where it is called ehō-maki (恵方巻, lit. happy direction rolls). By 2000 the custom had spread to all of Japan. Futomaki are often vegetarian, and may utilize strips of cucumber, kampyō gourd, takenoko bamboo shoots, or lotus root. Strips of tamagoyaki omelette, tiny fish roe, chopped tuna, and oboro (food) whitefish flakes are typical non-vegetarian fillings. Traditionally, the rice is lightly seasoned with salt and sesame oil/perilla oil. Popular protein ingredients are fish cakes, imitation crab meat, eggs, or seasoned beef rib-eye. Vegetables usually include cucumbers, spinach, carrot and takuan (沢庵) (pickled radish). After the makizushi has been rolled and sliced, it is typically served with takuan.
Short grain white rice is usually used, although short-grain brown rice, like olive oil on nori, is now becoming more widespread among the health-conscious. Rarely, sweet rice is mixed in makizushi rice. Nowadays, the rice in makizushi can be many kinds of black rice, boiled rice and cereals etc.Besides the common ingredients listed above, some varieties may include cheese, spicy cooked squid, yakiniku, kamaboko, lunch meat, sausage, bacon or spicy tuna. The nori may be brushed with sesame oil or sprinkled with sesame seeds. In a variation, sliced pieces of makizushi may be lightly fried with egg coating. Tamago makizushi (玉子巻き寿司) is makizushi is rolled out by a thin egg. Tempura Makizushi (天ぷら 巻き寿司) or Agezushi (揚げ寿司ロール) is a fried version of the dish.
Hosomaki (細巻, "thin rolls") is a small cylindrical piece, with nori on the outside. A typical hosomaki has a diameter of about 2.5 centimetres (1 in). They generally contain only one filling, often tuna, cucumber, kanpyō, thinly sliced carrots, or, more recently, avocado. Kappamaki, (河童巻) a kind of Hosomaki filled with cucumber, is named after the Japanese legendary water imp fond of cucumbers called the kappa. Traditionally, kappamaki is consumed to clear the palate between eating raw fish and other kinds of food, so that the flavors of the fish are distinct from the tastes of other foods. Tekkamaki (鉄火巻) is a kind of hosomaki filled with raw tuna. Although it is believed that the word tekka, meaning "red hot iron", alludes to the color of the tuna flesh or salmon flesh, it actually originated as a quick snack to eat in gambling dens called tekkaba (鉄火場), much like the sandwich. Negitoromaki (ねぎとろ巻) is a kind of hosomaki filled with scallion (negi) and chopped tuna (toro). Fatty tuna is often used in this style. Tsunamayomaki (ツナマヨ巻) is a kind of hosomaki filled with canned tuna tossed with mayonnaise.
Ehōmaki (恵方巻, "lucky direction roll") is a roll composed of seven ingredients considered to be lucky. Ehōmaki are often eaten on setsubun in Japan. The typical ingredients include kanpyō, egg, eel, and shiitake mushrooms. Ehōmaki often include other ingredients too. People usually eat the ehōmaki while facing the direction considered to be auspicious that year.
Temaki (手巻, "hand roll") is a large cone-shaped piece of nori on the outside and the ingredients spilling out the wide end. A typical temaki is about 10 centimetres (4 in) long, and is eaten with fingers because it is too awkward to pick it up with chopsticks. For optimal taste and texture, temaki must be eaten quickly after being made because the nori cone soon absorbs moisture from the filling and loses its crispness, making it somewhat difficult to bite through. For this reason, the nori in pre-made or take-out temaki is sealed in plastic film which is removed immediately before eating.
Narezushi (熟れ寿司, "matured sushi") is a traditional form of fermented sushi. Skinned and gutted fish are stuffed with salt, placed in a wooden barrel, doused with salt again, then weighed down with a heavy tsukemonoishi (pickling stone). As days pass, water seeps out and is removed. After six months, this sushi can be eaten, remaining edible for another six months or more.
The most famous variety of narezushi are the ones offered as a specialty dish of Shiga Prefecture, particularly the funa-zushi made from fish of the crucian carp genus, the authentic version of which calls for the use nigorobuna, a particular locally differentiated variety of wild goldfish endemic to Lake Biwa).
Not to be confused with Onigiri.
Temarizushi (手まり寿司, "ball sushi") is a sushi made by pressing rice and fish into a ball-shaped form by hand using a plastic wrap.
Oshizushi (押し寿司, "pressed sushi"), also known as hako-zushi (箱寿司, "box sushi"), is a pressed sushi from the Kansai region, a favorite and specialty of Osaka. A block-shaped piece is formed using a wooden mold, called an oshibako. The chef lines the bottom of the oshibako with the toppings, covers them with sushi rice, and then presses the lid of the mold down to create a compact, rectilinear block. The block is removed from the mold and then cut into bite-sized pieces. Particularly famous is バッテラ (battera, pressed mackerel sushi) or 鯖寿司 (saba zushi). In oshizushi, all the ingredients are either cooked or cured and raw fish is never used.
Norway roll (ノルウェー巻き). A Norwegian businessman introduced the use of salmon as a sushi ingredient to Japan in the 1980s.
The increasing popularity of sushi around the world has resulted in variations typically found in the Western world, but rarely in Japan. A notable exception to this is the use of salmon, which was introduced by a Norwegian businessman tasked with helping the Norwegian salmon industry in the 1980s.. Such creations to suit the Western palate were initially fueled by the invention of the California roll (a norimaki with crab (later, imitation crab), cucumber, and avocado). A wide variety of popular rolls (norimaki and uramaki) has evolved since. Norway roll is another variant of uramakizushi filled with tamago (omelette), imitation crab and cucumber, rolled with shiso leaf and nori, topped with slices of Norwegian salmon, garnished with lemon and mayonnaise.
Uramaki (裏巻, "inside-out roll") is a medium-sized cylindrical piece with two or more fillings, and was developed as a result of the creation of the California roll, as a method originally meant to hide the nori. Uramaki differs from other makimono because the rice is on the outside and the nori inside. The filling is in the center surrounded by nori, then a layer of rice, and optionally an outer coating of some other ingredients such as roe or toasted sesame seeds. It can be made with different fillings, such as tuna, crab meat, avocado, mayonnaise, cucumber or carrots.
Futomaki is a more popular variation of sushi within the United States, and comes in variations that take their names from their places of origin. Other rolls may include a variety of ingredients, including chopped scallops, spicy tuna, beef or chicken teriyaki roll, okra, and assorted vegetables such as cucumber and avocado, and the tempura roll, where shrimp tempura is inside the roll or the entire roll is battered and fried tempura-style. In the Southern United States, many sushi restaurants prepare rolls using crawfish. Sometimes, rolls are made with brown rice or black rice, which appear in Japanese cuisine as well.
Per Food and Drug Administration regulations, raw fish served in the United States must be frozen prior to serving in order to kill parasites. Because of this and the relative difficulty of acquiring fresh seafood compared to Japan, raw seafood (e.g., sashimi) is not as prevalent a component in American-style sushi.
Alaskan roll a variant of the California roll with raw salmon on the inside, or layered on the outside.
Boston roll An uramaki California roll with poached shrimp instead of imitation crab.
Dynamite roll includes yellowtail (hamachi) or prawn tempura, and fillings such as bean sprouts, carrots, avocado, cucumber, chili, spicy mayonnaise, and roe.
New Mexico roll originating in New Mexico; includes New Mexico green chile (sometimes tempura fried), teriyaki sauce, and rice. Sometimes simply referred to as a "green chile (tempura) roll" within the state.
Philadelphia roll consists of raw or smoked salmon, cream cheese (the name refers to Philadelphia cream cheese), cucumber or avocado, or onion.
Rainbow roll is a California roll uramaki with multiple types of fish (commonly yellowtail, tuna, salmon, snapper, white fish, eel, etc.) and avocado wrapped around it.
Spicy tuna roll includes raw tuna mixed with hot sauce infused mayonnaise.
Sushi burrito a large, customizable roll offered in a number of "sushi burrito" restaurants in the United States.
All sushi has a base of specially prepared rice, complemented with other ingredients.
Sushi-meshi 鮨飯 (also known as Su-meshi 酢飯, shari 舎利, or gohan ご飯) is a preparation of white, short-grained, Japanese rice mixed with a dressing consisting of rice vinegar, sugar, salt, and occasionally kombu and sake. It has to be cooled to room temperature before being used for a filling in a sushi or else it will get too sticky while being seasoned. Traditionally, the mixing is done with a hangiri, which is a round, flat-bottom wooden tub or barrel, and a wooden paddle (shamoji).
Sushi rice is prepared with short-grain Japanese rice, which has a consistency that differs from long-grain strains such as those from India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Vietnam. The essential quality is its stickiness or glutinousness, although the type of rice used for sushi is different from glutinous rice. Freshly harvested rice (shinmai) typically contains too much water, and requires extra time to drain the rice cooker after washing. In some fusion cuisine restaurants, short-grain brown rice and wild rice are also used.
There are regional variations in sushi rice and individual chefs have their individual methods. Most of the variations are in the rice vinegar dressing: the Kantō region (or East Japan) version of the dressing commonly uses more salt; in Kansai region (or West Japan), the dressing has more sugar.
The black seaweed wrappers used in makimono are called nori (海苔). Nori is a type of algae, traditionally cultivated in the harbors of Japan. Originally, algae was scraped from dock pilings, rolled out into thin, edible sheets, and dried in the sun, in a process similar to making rice paper. Today, the commercial product is farmed, processed, toasted, packaged, and sold in sheets.
Sushi made of meats other than fish (whether raw or cooked) is a variation often seen in Japan.
For culinary, sanitary, and aesthetic reasons, the minimum quality and freshness of fish to be eaten raw must be superior to that of fish which is to be cooked. Sushi chefs are trained to recognize important attributes, including smell, color, firmness, and freedom from parasites that may go undetected in commercial inspection. Commonly used fish are tuna (maguro, shiro-maguro), Japanese amberjack, yellowtail (hamachi), snapper (kurodai), mackerel (saba), and salmon (sake). The most valued sushi ingredient is toro, the fatty cut of the fish. This comes in a variety of ōtoro (often from the bluefin species of tuna) and chūtoro, meaning "middle toro", implying that it is halfway into the fattiness between toro and the regular cut. Aburi style refers to nigiri sushi where the fish is partially grilled (topside) and partially raw. Most nigiri sushi will have completely raw neta.
Other seafoods such as squid (ika), eel (anago and unagi), pike conger (hamo), octopus (tako), shrimp (ebi and amaebi), clam (mirugai, aoyagi and akagai), fish roe (ikura, masago, kazunoko and tobiko), sea urchin (uni), crab (kani), and various kinds of shellfish (abalone, prawn, scallop) are the most popular seafoods in sushi. Oysters, however, are less common, as the taste is not thought to go well with the rice. Kani kama, or imitation crab stick, is commonly substituted for real crab, most notably in California rolls.
Pickled daikon radish (takuan) in shinko maki, pickled vegetables (tsukemono), fermented soybeans (nattō) in nattō maki, avocado, cucumber in kappa maki, asparagus, yam, pickled ume (umeboshi), gourd (kanpyō), burdock (gobo), and sweet corn (possibly mixed with mayonnaise) are also used in sushi.
Tofu and eggs (in the form of slightly sweet, layered omelette called tamagoyaki and raw quail eggs ride as a gunkan-maki topping) are common.
Sushi is commonly eaten with condiments. Sushi may be dipped in shōyu (soy sauce), and is usually flavored with wasabi, a piquant paste made from the grated stem of the Wasabia japonica plant. Japanese-style mayonnaise is a common condiment in Japan on salmon, pork and other sushi cuts.
True wasabi has anti-microbial properties and may reduce the risk of food poisoning. The traditional grating tool for wasabi is a sharkskin grater or samegawa oroshi. An imitation wasabi (seiyo-wasabi), made from horseradish, mustard powder and green dye is common. It is found at lower-end kaiten-zushi restaurants, in bento box sushi and at most restaurants outside Japan. If manufactured in Japan, it may be labelled "Japanese Horseradish".
Gari (sweet, pickled ginger) is eaten in between sushi courses to both cleanse the palate and aid in digestion. In Japan, green tea (ocha) is invariably served together with sushi. Better sushi restaurants often use a distinctive premium tea known as mecha. In sushi vocabulary, green tea is known as agari.
Sushi may be garnished with gobo, grated daikon, thinly sliced vegetables, carrots/radishes/cucumbers that have been shaped to look like flowers, real flowers, or seaweed salad.
When closely arranged on a tray, different pieces are often separated by green strips called baran or kiri-zasa (切り笹). These dividers prevent the flavors of neighboring pieces of sushi from mixing and help to achieve an attractive presentation. Originally, these were cut leaves from the Aspidistra elatior (葉蘭 haran) and Sasa veitchii (熊笹 kuma-zasa) plants, respectively. Using actual leaves had the added benefit of releasing antimicrobial phytoncides when cut thereby extending the limited shelf life of the sushi. Sushi bento boxes are a staple of Japanese supermarkets and convenience stores. As these stores began rising in prominence in the 1960s, the labor-intensive cut leaves were increasingly replaced with green plastic in order to lower costs. This coincided with the increased prevalence of refrigeration which acted to extend the shelf life of sushi without the need for the cut leaves. Today the plastic strips are commonly used in sushi bento boxes and to a lesser degree in sushi presentations found in sushi bars and restaurants. In store-sold or to-go packages of sushi, the plastic leaf strips are often used to prevent the rolls from coming into early or unwanted contact with the ginger and wasabi included with the dish.
Sushi in shops are usually sold in plastic trays.
The main ingredients of traditional Japanese sushi, raw fish and rice, are naturally low in fat, high in protein, carbohydrates (the rice only), vitamins, and minerals, as are gari and nori. Other vegetables wrapped within the sushi also offer various vitamins and minerals. Many of the seafood ingredients also contain omega-3 fatty acids, which have a variety of health benefits. The omega-3 fatty acids found in fish has certain beneficial property, especially on cardiovascular health, natural anti-inflammatory compounds, and play a role in brain function.
Generally sushi is not a particularly fattening food. However, rice in sushi contains a fair amount of carbohydrates, plus the addition of other ingredients such as mayonnaise added into sushi rolls might increase the caloric content. Sushi also has a relatively high sodium content, especially contributed from shoyu soy sauce seasoning.
Some of the ingredients in sushi can present health risks. Large marine apex predators such as tuna (especially bluefin) can harbor high levels of methylmercury, which can lead to mercury poisoning when consumed in large quantity or when consumed by certain higher-risk groups, including women who are pregnant or may become pregnant, nursing mothers and young children.
According to recent studies, there have been about 18 million infections worldwide from eating raw fish. This serves as a great risk to expecting mothers due to the health risks that medical interventions or treatment measures may pose on the developing fetus. Parasitic infections can have a wide range of health impacts, including bowel obstruction, anemia, liver disease, and more. The impact of these illnesses alone can pose some health concerns on the expecting mother and baby, but the curative measures that may need to take place to recover, are also a concern as well.
For the above reasons, EU regulations forbid the use of fresh raw fish. It must be frozen at temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) in all parts of the product for no less than 24 hours. As such, a number of fishing boats, suppliers and end users "super-freeze" fish for sushi to temperatures as low as −60 °C. As well as parasite destruction, super-freezing also prevents oxidation of the blood in tuna flesh, thus preventing the discoloration that happens at temperatures above −20 °C.
Some forms of sushi, notably those containing pufferfish fugu and some kinds of shellfish, can cause severe poisoning if not prepared properly. Particularly, fugu consumption can be fatal. Fugu fish has a lethal dose of tetrodotoxin in its internal organs and, by law in many countries, must be prepared by a licensed fugu chef who has passed the prefectural examination in Japan. The licensing examination process consists of a written test, a fish-identification test, and a practical test that involves preparing the fugu and separating out the poisonous organs. Only about 35 percent of the applicants pass.
Sustainable sushi is sushi made from fished or farmed sources that can be maintained or whose future production does not significantly jeopardize the ecosystems from which it is acquired. Concerns over the sustainability of sushi ingredients arise from greater concerns over environmental, economic and social stability and human health.
Sushi served on a wooden platter at a sushi restaurant in Kanagawa Prefecture (神奈川県), Japan.
Many sushi restaurants offer fixed-price sets, selected by the chef from the catch of the day. These are often graded as shō-chiku-bai (松竹梅), shō/matsu (松, pine), chiku/take (竹, bamboo) and (bai/ume), with matsu the most expensive and ume the cheapest. Sushi restaurants will often have private booth dining, where guests are asked to remove their shoes, leaving them outside the room; However, most sushi bars offer diners a casual experience with an open dining room concept.
Sushi may be served kaiten zushi (sushi train) style. Color-coded plates of sushi are placed on a conveyor belt; as the belt passes, customers choose as they please. After finishing, the bill is tallied by counting how many plates of each color have been taken. Newer kaiten zushi restaurants use barcodes or RFID tags embedded in the dishes to manage elapsed time after the item was prepared.
Some specialized or slang terms are used in the sushi culture. Most of these terms are used only in sushi bars.
Agari: "Rise up" Green tea. Ocha (お茶) in usual Japanese.
Gari: Sweet, pickled and sliced ginger, or sushi ginger. Shōga (生姜) in standard Japanese.
Gyoku: "Jewel". Sweet and cubic-shaped omelette. Tamagoyaki (卵焼, 玉子焼) in standard Japanese.
Murasaki: "Violet" or "purple" (color). Soy sauce. Shōyu (醤油) in standard Japanese.
Neta: Toppings on nigiri or fillings in makimono. Ne-ta is from reversal of ta-ne. Tane (種) in standard Japanese.
Oaiso: "Compliment". Bill or check. Oaiso may be used in not only sushi bars but also izakaya. Okanjō or chekku (お勘定 or チェック) in standard Japanese.
Otemoto: Chopsticks. Otemoto means the nearest thing from the customer seated. Hashi (箸) or ohashi in standard Japanese.
Sabi: Japanese horseradish. Contracted form of wasabi (山葵).
Shari: Vinegar rice or rice. It may originally be from Sanskrit (zaali शालि) meaning rice or Śarīra. Gohan (ご飯) or meshi (飯) in standard Japanese.
Tsume: Sweet thick sauce mainly made of soy sauce. Nitsume (煮詰め) in standard Japanese.
Unlike sashimi, which is almost always eaten with chopsticks, nigirizushi is traditionally eaten with the fingers, even in formal settings. Although it is commonly served on a small platter with a side dish for dipping, sushi can also be served in a bento, a box with small compartments that hold the various dishes of the meal.
Soy sauce is the usual condiment, and sushi is normally served with a small sauce dish, or a compartment in the bento. Traditional etiquette suggests that the sushi is turned over so that only the topping is dipped; this is because the soy sauce is for flavoring the topping, not the rice, and because the rice would absorb too much soy sauce and would fall apart. If it is difficult to turn the sushi upside-down, one can baste the sushi in soy sauce using gari (sliced ginger) as a brush. Toppings that have their own sauce (such as eel) should not be eaten with soy sauce.
Traditionally, the sushi chef will add an appropriate amount of wasabi to the sushi while preparing it, and etiquette suggests eating the sushi as is, since the chef is supposed to know the proper amount of wasabi to use. However, today wasabi is more a matter of personal taste, and even restaurants in Japan may serve wasabi on the side for customers to use at their discretion, even when there is wasabi already in the dish.
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^ Mouritsen, Ole G. (2009). Sushi: Food for the Eye, the Body and the Soul. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-1441906182. Edomae-zushi or nigiri-zushi? Nigiri-zushi is also known as Edomae-zushi. Edomae refers to the small bay in Edo in front of the old palace that stood on the same site as the present-day imperial precinct in Tokyo. Fresh fish and shellfish caught in the bay were used locally to make sushi, which was known as Edomae-zushi. It has, however, been many years since these waters have been a source of seafood. Now the expression Edomae-zushi is employed as a synonym for high quality nigiri-zushi.
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^ Ashkenazi, Michael; Jacob, Jeanne (2000). The essence of Japanese cuisine: an essay on food and culture. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8122-3566-1. Called saba zushi or battera, after the Portuguese term for "small boat", which the mould resembles.
^ "Osaka Style Boxed Sushi". Sushi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008.
^ a b Jiang, Jess (18 September 2015). "How the Desperate Norwegian Salmon Industry Created a Sushi Staple". Planet Money (blog/podcast). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
^ Sollesnes, Oeystein (March 10, 2018). "The Norwegian campaign behind Japan's love of salmon sushi". The Japan Times. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
^ Norway Exports (8 April 2011). "Norway's Introduction of Salmon Sushi to Japan". Nortrade. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
^ "Norway Roll of Umegaoka Sushi No Midori Sohonten Shibuya".
^ "Sushi Pioneers". SushiMasters. Archived from the original on 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
^ Julia Moskin (April 8, 2004). "Sushi Fresh From the Deep . . . the Deep Freeze". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-12-23. Most would be even more surprised to learn that if the sushi has not been frozen, it is illegal to serve it in the United States. Food and Drug Administration regulations stipulate that fish to be eaten raw -- whether as sushi, sashimi, seviche, or tartare -- must be frozen first, to kill parasites.
^ "Alaska Roll". Sushi Sama. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Boston Roll Recipe". Sushi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
^ "What is a BC Roll?". The Sushi Index. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "California Roll". Sushi Sama. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Dynamite Roll Recipe". Japanese Sushi Recipes. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Frisch, Eleanor. "Japanese and Western Types of Sushi". Food Service Warehouse. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ De Laurentiis, Giada. "Crab, Avocado and Mango Roll". Food Network. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Michigan Roll Recipe". The Sushi Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Romero, David (2015-07-13). "Green chile prominently featured in sushi roll". KRQE. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Garduño, Gil (2011-10-29). "I Love Sushi – Albuquerque, New Mexico". Gil's Thrilling (And Filling) Blog. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ "Sushi order form". Japanese Kitchen Albuquerque. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ "Sushi order form". Nagomi Restaurant ABQ. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ "Philadelphia Roll Recipe". Sushi Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Rainbow Roll Recipe". Sushi Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 27 June 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ "Spicy Seattle Tuna Rolls". Bon Appetit. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Moonen, Rick. "Spider Roll". Food Network. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ Kearns, Landess (2015-06-19). "Sushi Burritos Prove You Really Can Have It All". Huffington Post. The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ Shin, I. S.; Masuda H.; Naohide K. (August 2004). "Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. PMID 15246236.
^ Shimbo, Hiroko (2000). The Japanese Kitchen. Harvard Common Press. ISBN 978-1-55832-176-2.
^ Gordenker, Alice (2008-01-15). "Bento grass". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
^ "Culinary Curiosities: That plastic leaf in sushi". CNN. June 21, 2010.
^ Lee, Bruce Y. "Eating Fish, Sleep, And Smarts: Here's What The Study Really Said". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ a b MSc, Sylvie Tremblay,. "Is Eating Sushi Healthy? Plus the Best & Worst Sushi to Order". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ "Sushi Calories and Nutritional Information". The Sushi FAQ. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
^ Burros, Marian (2008-01-23). "High Mercury Levels Are Found in Tuna Sushi". The New York Times.
^ "Methylmercury: What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish". Food and Drug Administration. 2004-03-01. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
^ a b c d Jones, J.L.; Anderson, B.; Schulkin, J.; Parise, M. E.; Eberhard, M. L. (2011-03-01). "Sushi in Pregnancy, Parasitic Diseases – Obstetrician Survey". Zoonoses and Public Health. 58 (2): 119–125. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01310.x. ISSN 1863-2378. PMID 20042060.
^ "Clonorchis sinensis – Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
^ "Parasites – Anisakiasis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
^ Dugdale, DC (2011-08-24). "Fish tapeworm". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
^ European Parliament (2004-04-30). "Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 of The European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for on the hygiene of foodstuffs" (pdf). Official Journal of the European Union. 139 (55): 133.
^ Issenberg, Sasha (2008). The sushi economy: globalization and the making of a modern delicacy. New York: Gotham. ISBN 978-1592403639.
^ Warin, Rosemary H.; Steventon, Glyn B.; Mitchell, Steve C. (2007). Molecules of death. Imperial College Press. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-86094-814-5.
^ "One Man's Fugu Is Another's Poison". The New York Times. 1981-11-29. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
^ "System and method for identification and tracking of food items" (PDF). U.S.Patent Office.
^ (in Japanese) Osushiyasan no arukikata お寿司屋さんの歩き方, Retrieved February 2012.
^ (in Japanese) 'Ojisan, oaiso' tsuihō undō 「おじさん、おあいそ」追放運動, Retrieved February 2012.
^ Honey, Kim (March 18, 2009). "Are you sushi savvy?". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ Lowry, Dave (2005). The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi. Harvard Common Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-55832-307-0.
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The Geography of Space Exploration: Apollo in the Age of Aquarius (Book Review)
Danny Bednar
Jul 20, 2020 · 12 min read
A revealing account of stories that have been largely washed aside in the retelling of Apollo over the last five decades. Maher's impressive research reveals not only silenced voices in an era of social conflict comparable to our own, but also the inspiring potential for space exploration to respond to (and be driven by) social realities on Earth and therefore truly advance well-being for all (if we want it to). Above all, this book reiterates a critical lesson for other authors: any re-telling of the 'space race' that isn't wholly embedded in social and political context is deeply flawed.
Apollo in the Age of Aquarius (2017) by Neil M. Maher available from Harvard University Press at your local independent book store.
In 2019, the opportunity to write a book about the Apollo program came to me. While I was excited, I was also hesitant. I teach about the Apollo program every year in my space exploration course at Western University, and having sought interesting readings for nearly the past ten years, it felt as if the topic has been wrung dry of any interesting perspectives. Seemingly, hundreds of books, documentaries, and movies have covered the Moon landings about as well as it's going to get.
But two things convinced me that there were still interesting stories to tell about Apollo. First was my co-author's idea for the book, which would retell the global geography of the event from the perspective of everyday citizens around the world (a natural fit for me as a human geographer, and something I knew hadn't been done before). The second was Neil Maher's 2017 book Apollo in the Age of Aquarius, which I had picked up around the same time the writing opportunity came.
Now done with writing and having re-read Apollo in the Age of Aquarius during quarantine I figured the review I always intended was finally in order (plus hey, its the 51st anniversary of the first Moon landing by Apollo 11).
The Domestic Cold War Over Apollo
The format of Maher's book is a tight compilation of the ways in which the 'space race' (mostly the Apollo program) intersected with American culture and politics. It picks up shortly before Apollo 11 (roughly Summer 1969) but does leap around the timeline as necessary to fill the reader in on the background of its human subjects and key events both in space and on Earth.
That is the strength of Maher's account. All too often space exploration is written as devoid of social and political context. However, the realities of class, gender, race, sexuality, and ideology are not separate from space exploration, but central to it. Maher does his readers a service by respecting their intelligence and recognizing that Apollo cannot be retold without a discussion of its much more important context.
For educators like me, Maher's book is particularly valuable as the neat chapter divisions provide ideal readings for a myriad of class sections in sociology, gender studies, geography, critical race studies, science and technology studies, or history (among others). The chapters essentially divide as so:
Chapter 1 — Race: Covers the 'space race' and its intersections with the civil rights movements of the 1960s, focusing on critiques and protests of the Apollo program from figures such as Martin Luther King, Ralph Abernathy, and John Lewis. The protests (some of which even took place at Cape Canneral) aimed to bring to the forefront of popular awareness the intolerance and injustices facing African Americans. A stinging dissection by Maher, the chapter shows how the space age, which relied on a premise of progress, was seen as detached from reality by civil rights leaders who also saw their underfunded neighborhoods and schools left behind. In response, said progress was turned on its head with a simple question: 'progress for whom?'
Bill Sanders — "On To Mars" (Milwaukee Journal, July 20, 1969 from Maher, 2017, 32)
Chapter 2 — War: Explores the role of space technology in the Vietnam War and the generational and class divide in support for both the war and the space program. Resting on mounds of archived research of opinion polls and nationally syndicated op-eds, Maher reveals that for many campus kids in the 1960s, the space program was a short ideological hop-skip-and-jump away from corporate lobbied wars in Korea and Vietnam. The chapter has a happier ending than most though, as growing resentment of the military-industrial-space complex, popular op-eds emphasizing domestic needs over space needs, and a push for re-branding of space technology among politics and officials coalesced to force change. The result, the advancement of one the the space age's greatest programs, Landsat, and the use of satellites to observe the Earth for environmental and scientific purposes.
Gene Basster "What Have They Been Feeding You?" (Washington Daily News, July 28, 1969 from Maher, 2017, 2017, 70)
Chapter 3 — Environment: Picks up from Chapter 2 and explains how space technology development in the 1960s and 1970s evolved in response to critiques of the space program from the public and prominent environmentalists. Maher outlines how burgeoning environmental organizations played a critical role in the development of the United States Landsat program and the use of space technology (Earth observing satellites, solar panels, water filtration techniques) for environmental benefit on Earth. A key insight of the book emerges here, that social critiques of the space age in the 1960s did indeed have a positive, if not transformational, impact on the use of space technology for the betterment of humanity.
L.D. Warren "Let's Take a Few More Deep Breathes…" (Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, JUly 22, 1969 from Maher, 2017, 108).
Chapter 4-Gender: Delves into the machismo patriarchy of 20th century Cold War politics and how feminist voices condemned the lack of female astronauts and the boys club mentality of the space age. Eye opening sections reveal the prevalence of archaic gender stereotypes in the aerospace world and overall resistance to gender equality in all its 1960's ignorance. Just when you can't believe it was really that bad, Maher provides ample sexist quotes from many of the lead characters in the early space age. Noteworthy, one of these quotes gives yet another reason to remove any sense of revere you'd have left for Werner von Braun. The instance being a response the former Nazi SS member gave to a question about the idea of female astronauts. For von Braun, to bring a female on a space mission, the male astronauts would simply be "reserving 110 pounds of payload for recreational equipment" (Maher, 2017, 181).
"Okay Dear…" (Guernsey LePelley, Christian Science Monitor, July 26, 1969, from Maher, 2017, 160).
Chapter 5 — Ideology: Maher places the space age, and its push from mostly conservative politicians into the culture wars of the late 1960s . For Maher, the space race, and its perceived closeness to a new military-industrial-space-complex, was absorbed by many in the youth-led counter culture as wholly "square". As opposed to this, Maher outlines pro-space age voices coming from William Buckley, Ayn Rand, and Richard Nixon, who saw space technology as a continuation of 'man's domination of nature' and an extension of American manifest destiny. As Maher puts it
"The Apollo spacesuit, Nixon continued was the technological equivalent of the buckskin jacket, the spacecraft merely the latest pack-horse and NASA's astronauts the most recent in a long line of American pioneers" (Maher, 2018, 190)
Good Writing, Impressive Research, and a Subtle Sense of Hope
Maher's work is evident (he is a professor of history at Rutgers University) as roughly a quarter of the book is dedicated to references and meticulous archival research and end notes. Along with this abundance of rigor, the reading experience is bolstered by images (most of them newspaper cartoon editorials) and piercing quotes from major figures of the 20th century.
The quotes particularly place the reader in the time and are impressive pieces of research themselves, seemingly dug up form obscure interviews, newspaper articles, or government records. More than a few have you putting the book down, the words sticking with you, rightfully so, in their poignancy and historical weight.
"With the continuation of these strange values, in a few years we can be assured that we will set a man on the Moon and with an adequate telescope he will be able to see the slums on Earth with intensified congestion, decay, and turbulence" — Martin Luther King, Jr. (December 15, 1966, from Maher, 2017, 22).
Writing wise, its a wonderful reading experience that retells a valuable (second-hand) intersectional experience of Apollo for many of us who were not yet born to experience it first hand. The writing is clear, and only borders on academic. Indeed, I will give academic historians their props for mastering the accessible writing style that escapes so many of their social scientist kin (looking at you sociologists).
But Maher's Book isn't entirely context, for space-tech nerds there is some discussion of the Apollo program itself and its technology. Specifically, considerable time is spent discussing its applications in other areas such as wars abroad or saving energy domestically. The most intriguing might be Maher's discussion of the development of space suits and waste facilities in light of the greatest generation/boomer-lensed views of gender and sex prevalent at the time.
Franklin Morse "Didn't I Promise You the Moon?" (Los Angeles Herald Examiner, May 202, 1969, from Maher, 2017, 234).
Ultimately, it appears Maher intention is that he wants the readers to know the context of Apollo is not a surrounding plot to be mentioned for interest's-sake. In fact, it is the opposite in this book, Apollo is the side story to the reality of the Cold War era and America's more pressing issues of gender, class, race, ideology, and environment. Combined, Maher shows how these issues shaped the way the space age would evolve. Protests by civil rights leaders such as Ralph Abernathy and John Lewis, as well as harsh critiques from Malcom X and Martin Luther King Jr., influenced how administrators considered, developed, and branded the benefits of space technology in following decades.
"As the space race transformed the grassroots political movements of the 1960s era, civil rights demonstrators, anti-war protesters, environmentalists, feminists, and hippies in turn altered the space race" (Maher, 2017, 234)
Maher outlines how double standards for women in the space age were not unnoticed by feminists of the time like Gloria Steinem who pointed out absurd situations. For instance, while it was still unclear what effects space travel would have on the human body, the uncertainty did not stop the selection and announcement of the seven male Mercury astronauts (America's first astronaut corps). At the same time, women were automatically assumed to be unfit for space before any flights had even taken place, due to this uncertainty. Studies would need to be completed before the consideration of female astronauts. In response, mock 'astronaut beauty pageants' by feminists and dissection of many astronauts' misogynist statements in the press ended up playing a role in NASA actively seeking to enhance the presence of women at the agency.
In the final chapter, Maher lays bare the hippie view of the space age as a sort of 'party for squares' representing post-war sub-urban sprawl and empire. In his conclusion he even quotes his own uncle as saying "I wanted to go to Woodstock, not the Moon" (Maher, 2017, 230). As the book wraps up, Maher outlines a somewhat amusing, if not surreal cast of characters who took sides in the debate about the Apollo program in American culture and its legacy.
"In one corner were [William] Buckley and fellow conservatives, including Ayn Rand, Cartoonist Charles Brooks, and even President Nixon himself, all of who praised space technology for both taming wild nature on Earth and in outer space, and demonstrating at home and abroad the superiority of America's free-market political democracy. In the opposite corner were counter cultural critics such as [Robert] Crumb, Jefferson Airplane, and hippie actors playing 'Astronauts and Indians', who warned instead that NASA's rockets not only endangered the planet and polluted the Moon but also presented a more sinister political plot to extend the old Western frontier into space" (Maher, 2017, 202).
Indeed Maher, leaves out of this run down other "fight the man" luminaries who chimed in throughout the book on this sort of internal Cold War. Also on the left were ecologist and editor of the Whole Earth Catalog (a sort of anti-capitalist hippie zine focused on environmentalism in the 1970s) Steward Brand, and renowned acid-dropper Timothy Leary. In fact, in response to the idea of human space flight for everyday citizens, Leary argued that spaceflight for everyday Americans wasn't necessary because internal space trips could be taken from the comfort of one's very own home (…he was saying we should all try LSD).
Apollo's Legacy? Stupid Question?
By the time Gerard O'Neil was pitching suburbia in space, Maher points out that the discursive battle for Apollo' legacy had already begin. With Gene Cernan's boot-prints still fresh in the Moon's Taurus-Littrow valley, Richard Nixon was quick to label the U.S. space program as "having God's hand in it" and "a kind of Manifest Destiny for the space age" (Maher, 2017, 192). As North America sprawled into freeways and box-store-serviced suburbs, the hippies that saw Apollo as a playground for New Right ideals of frontierism and capitalist domination checked out and moved on. The space race had not captured the counter cultural youth or instilled any sort of national pride as intended, it was instead perceived as right up the alley of "the man".
So, what should we make of the contested nature of Apollo in its own time? While the past can't be changed, it matters greatly how it is retold. Foremost, that voices of resistance, and alternative views on the purpose of technology, have been washed from most accounts of space race history is a gross distortion and needs to be undone more often, as Maher has done here. Nonetheless, despite its conflicted context, Apollo's technical and scientific achievements cannot be undone, nor should they. Thus revealing the complex realities of understanding the development of space technology throughout history.
Reading Maher's book, its hard not to come to the conclusion that some events, or long term processes (such as the space age), can (must?) exist equally as objects for critique as well as celebration. The successful Apollo missions are among the greatest technical accomplishments in the history of humankind. They revealed vital aspects about the make-up and origin of our Moon and Solar System (and thus ourselves), advanced ideas in engineering and helpful technologies in leaps and bounds, and inspired millions to consider the feasibility of accomplishing seemingly impossible things.
Interestingly though, Maher stays relatively light in his assessment on the legacy of Apollo, staying much closer to the past he is re-telling rather than offering much on current interpretations. This omission of direction from Maher on what to do with this information is a brilliant touch (a sort of Trojan horse of critical reassessment in a historical field largely dominated by "apolitical" mythology), as the book also provides ample expressions of space technologies numerous (real and potential) benefits. Nevertheless in his brief conclusion, Maher does offer a convincing interpretation of modern space affairs and the need for democratic accountability, which , above all, is the moral of his story.
Robert Crumb contributed a satirical take on human space flight programs for a special issue of Steward Brands CoEvolutation Quarterly in 1977. (Image, Crumb 1977, from Maher 2017).
As someone who loves space exploration and its potential to reveal humanity's origins, contribute to global well-being and equality, and push the boundaries of human understanding and emotion (just like the greatest paintings, symphonies, or poems can), Maher's book rests among my favorites. I believe we can all find virtue, and inspiration, equally in the words of Gil Scott-Heron's Whitey on the Moon poem as we can the accounts of astronauts from the surface of the Moon and it's alien beauty. We can be inspired by Martin Luther King's call for a strong examination of our priorities as much as we are also inspired by the endless discoveries about our planet, ourselves, and our existence by scientists using data from robotic spacecraft exploring our solar system.
Perhaps it is idealistic, but Maher's book reminds us that it is worth striving for a world where voices of the oppressed are never again silenced as exploration carries on. A future where our priorities are clear and examined openly for all involved, with everyone given the platform tostate their needs and the needs of our precious, and only (ever), home planet.
If our reasons for exploration come at the expense of those oppressed, those fighting for racial, social, gender, class, and environmental justice, then we will, and should, end up homebound, unknowing of our origins and the beauty of our cosmic neighborhood. We will live an existence with no ethical exploration, a world without science for the sake of knowledge, as bleak as any sci-fi dystopia where art, music, emotion, and other human necessities are too lost.
As Maher concludes:
"The space race, in other words, and grassroots opposition to it, invited more guests to the country's dinner table…In our present age of bitter partisanship, government gridlock, and a host of new threats to both our planet and its diverse inhabitants, we would do well to remember Apollo in the Age of Aquarius" (Maher, 2017, 238).
Danny Bednar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at Western University in Canada where he teaches about space exploration. He is also an analyst at the Canadian Space Agency and the co-author of For All Humankind: The Untold Stories of How the Moon Landing Inspired the World. All views are his own.
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text:
Q: How do I cure the cause of Hibernate exception "IllegalArgumentException occurred while calling setter"? How do I cure the cause of the occasional exception IllegalArgumentException occurred while calling setter that Hibernate throws when my program attempts to load a user by name from the database?
Am I incorrectly mapping column USER_RV in table User to class Integer instead of BigDecimal or some other integer type?  Note that the same application maps NUMBER columns in other tables to Integer objects, but Hibernate does not throw this exception when populating an object with a row from those tables.
Further note that the program enables RMI cache replication for the User cache only.  Might this exception be related to cache replication?  Is it a bug in Ehcache or Hibernate?
Caused by: org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateSystemException: IllegalArgumentException occurred while calling setter of com.db.spgit.abstrack.model.User.rv; nested exception is org.hibernate.PropertyAccessException: IllegalArgumentException occurred while calling setter of com.db.spgit.abstrack.model.User.rv
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.SessionFactoryUtils.convertHibernateAccessException(SessionFactoryUtils.java:676)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateAccessor.convertHibernateAccessException(HibernateAccessor.java:412)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate.doExecute(HibernateTemplate.java:424)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate.executeWithNativeSession(HibernateTemplate.java:374)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate.findByCriteria(HibernateTemplate.java:1055)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate.findByCriteria(HibernateTemplate.java:1048)
    at com.db.abstrack.dao.hibernate.AbstrackDaoHibernate.findByCriteria(AbstrackDaoHibernate.java:57)
    at com.db.abstrack.dao.hibernate.UserDaoHibernate.loadByName(UserDaoHibernate.java:63)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager.populateUser(QuoteManager.java:330)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager.populateOwnerUK(QuoteManager.java:307)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager.populateGuids(QuoteManager.java:254)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager.addQuoteReturnVwRfqUK(QuoteManager.java:429)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager$$FastClassByCGLIB$$d817accb.invoke(<generated>)
    at net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:149)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.Cglib2AopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(Cglib2AopProxy.java:700)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:149)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:106)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:171)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.Cglib2AopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(Cglib2AopProxy.java:635)
    at com.db.spgit.abstrack.manager.QuoteManager$$EnhancerByCGLIB$$cc8d0025.addQuoteReturnVwRfqUK(<generated>)
    at com.db.abstrack.ejb.RfqBean.addRfqDraftListUK(RfqBean.java:370)
    ... 59 more
Caused by: org.hibernate.PropertyAccessException: IllegalArgumentException occurred while calling setter of com.db.spgit.abstrack.model.User.rv
    at org.hibernate.property.BasicPropertyAccessor$BasicSetter.set(BasicPropertyAccessor.java:104)
    at org.hibernate.tuple.entity.AbstractEntityTuplizer.setPropertyValues(AbstractEntityTuplizer.java:337)
    at org.hibernate.tuple.entity.PojoEntityTuplizer.setPropertyValues(PojoEntityTuplizer.java:200)
    at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.setPropertyValues(AbstractEntityPersister.java:3514)
    at org.hibernate.cache.entry.CacheEntry.assemble(CacheEntry.java:116)
    at org.hibernate.cache.entry.CacheEntry.assemble(CacheEntry.java:82)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.assembleCacheEntry(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:553)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.loadFromSecondLevelCache(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:508)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.doLoad(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:357)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.load(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:139)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.proxyOrLoad(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:179)
    at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultLoadEventListener.onLoad(DefaultLoadEventListener.java:103)
    at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.fireLoad(SessionImpl.java:878)
    at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.internalLoad(SessionImpl.java:846)
    at org.hibernate.type.EntityType.resolveIdentifier(EntityType.java:557)
    at org.hibernate.type.ManyToOneType.assemble(ManyToOneType.java:196)
    at org.hibernate.cache.StandardQueryCache.get(StandardQueryCache.java:130)
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.getResultFromQueryCache(Loader.java:2152)
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.listUsingQueryCache(Loader.java:2117)
    at org.hibernate.loader.Loader.list(Loader.java:2087)
    at org.hibernate.loader.criteria.CriteriaLoader.list(CriteriaLoader.java:95)
    at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.list(SessionImpl.java:1569)
    at org.hibernate.impl.CriteriaImpl.list(CriteriaImpl.java:283)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate$36.doInHibernate(HibernateTemplate.java:1065)
    at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTemplate.doExecute(HibernateTemplate.java:419)
    ... 77 more
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: java.lang.ClassCastException@6be0d6
    at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor104.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
    at org.hibernate.property.BasicPropertyAccessor$BasicSetter.set(BasicPropertyAccessor.java:42)
    ... 101 more

Definition of class User:
@Entity
@Proxy(lazy=false)
@Cache(usage=CacheConcurrencyStrategy.TRANSACTIONAL)
@Table(name="TB_USER"
    ,schema="ABSOL_USER"
)
public class User  implements java.io.Serializable {
     private String id;
     private String userName;
     private Integer rv;

     public User() {
     }

     public User(String userName, Integer rv) {
        this.userName = userName;
        this.rv = rv;
     }

     @GenericGenerator(name="generator", strategy="guid")@Id @GeneratedValue(generator="generator")

     @Column(name="USER_ID", unique=true, nullable=false)
     public String getId() {
         return this.id;
     }

     public void setId(String id) {
         this.id = id;
     }

     @Column(name="USER_NAME", nullable=false, length=20)
     public String getUserName() {
         return this.userName;
     }

     public void setUserName(String userName) {
         this.userName = userName;
     }

     @Column(name="USER_RV", precision=22, scale=0)
     public Integer getRv() {
         return this.rv;
     }

     public void setRv(Integer rv) {
         this.rv = rv;
     }
}

Definition of table TB_USER:
CREATE TABLE "ABSOL_OWNER"."TB_USER" (
   "USER_ID" RAW(16) DEFAULT SYS_GUID(),
   "USER_NAME" VARCHAR2(20 CHAR) NOT NULL ENABLE,
   "USER_RV" NUMBER NOT NULL ENABLE,
   PRIMARY KEY ("USER_ID")
)

Environment:

*

*Hibernate 3.3.2.GA

*Ehcache 2.2.0

*WebLogic Server 10.3.2

*Oracle database

*Caching User objects

*Enabled RMI cache replication via remote key invalidation

A: It turns out that this exception is due to a bug in Hibernate.  One of my teammates found a related bug report, Re-assembling entity from clustered JBoss Cache may fail with "argument type mismatch", that occurs when using Hibernate and JBoss Cache.
According to the report, setting Hibernate property hibernate.cache.use_structured_entries to true avoids the exception.  According to the Hibernate documentation, this property "forces Hibernate to store data in the second-level cache in a more human-friendly format".  Apparently, structured cache entries also ensure that Hibernate correctly maps properties of an object in the second-level cache to the corresponding property in an entity.
Javalobby has an interesting article that explains how Hibernate uses the second-level cache.
Do versions of Hibernate after 3.3.2GA also exhibit this behaviour?

A: I don't think that a NUMBER column type can be cast into an Integer. Try a NUMBER(10,0) instead.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Yes i know that aio is better if i want cheap water cooling. Anyway im looking for cheap custom water cooling. Any suggestions for cheap water cooling?
You're going to have to get super DIY, maybe some fish tank pump modification, and get ready to be using AliExpress.
How about a budget. How cheap is cheap?
CPU: i9 9900K 5.3 Ghz 1.37V (All cores).
Motherboard: Z390 Gigabyte AORUS MASTER.
RAM: 64GB DDR4 Corsair Vengeance Red LED 4 x 16GB, 3200Mhz rated, runs at 3200Mhz with reduced timings 14, 16, 16, 16, 34.
GPU: Water cooled RTX 2080 Ti Founders Edition SLI (+170 Core) (+930 memory) (2145 boost clock on both) with EKWB Vector blocks on each.
Storage: Samsung 970 EVO Plus NVMe 1TB, Samsung 970 EVO Plus NVMe 500GB, 2x Samsung EVO 860 500GB, 2x 2TB Seagate Barracuda.
PSU: Corsair HX1200i Platinum 80+ PSU.
Display: PG348Q ROG SWIFT 34" 3440X1440 IPS G-SYNC 100HZ GAMING WIDESCREEN CURVED + PG279Q ASUS ROG SWIFT G-SYNC 165Hz 27" 2560 x 1440P IPS.
Cooling: Custom Loop EKWB CoolStream 480mm 60mm height 3 x radiators with D5 Revo RGB PUMP, 8x Corsair 120mm HD120 RGB Fans and 4x Noctua 3000 RPM 120mm fans, 200mm ThermalTake 800RPM fan (front), Noctua 3000 RPM 140mm fan (rear).
Keyboard: Corsair Vengeance K70 LUX Blue MX Switches.
Sound: T6300 Creative 5.1 speakers with Corsair VOID PRO 7.1 Surround Gaming Headset - Yellow.
Mouse: Logitech G502 Proteus Spectrum.
Phone: Razer Phone with DBRAND skin.
Smart watch: Moto 360 2nd Gen.
Cheapest option by far is aliexpress watercooling parts. Bykski and Barrow come to mind. Depending on kit size these will cost between $150 and $250.
Another option, though not technicaly ur average 'custom loop' is a quik release kits, which kind of act the same but are more akin to expandable AIO's.


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A new 'indie' genre: iPhone 4 filmmaking
By Marianna Nash, Special to CNN
| Filed under: Mobile
Michael Koerbel and Anna Elizabeth James collaborated on one of the first short films shot and edited entirely on the iPhone 4.
Some artists are optimistic about the iPhone 4's potential as a mobile video-editing tool
Users say iMovie app has potential to open doors for those with great ideas but no money
But footage is difficult to edit because of the phone's small screen, says iReporter
Two film students shot and edited a short with the iPhone 4 in under 48 hours
(CNN) -- Ryan Gonzalez really wanted to make a music video for his first solo album -- but like many independent artists, he had no budget.
So Gonzalez, a Hawaiian singer who goes by the stage name R. Vaughn, found a director with a plan to shoot the project cheaply.
Digital designer John Garcia, a colleague from his Honolulu office, had just bought the iPhone 4 and downloaded Apple's iMovie app, a program that allows iPhone 4 users to shoot and edit HD video using only their phones.
The two shot the video one morning on the scenic Makapu'u Lighthouse trail overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Garcia started cutting footage at the diner where they had breakfast after wrapping up and spent a total of four hours over the next 10 days making edits.
"Whenever I had time to open up the project, I'd add a clip and listen," said Garcia. "My entire family memorized the song."
The result, a simple but professional-looking clip, is now on YouTube and R. Vaughn's website. Gonzalez accomplished his low-budget music mission. He only had one expense: Garcia's breakfast.
Despite the iPhone 4's well-known antenna woes, Garcia and Gonzalez are among a group of artists and bloggers who are optimistic about its potential as a high-def camera and mobile video-editing tool. CNN iReport's "Video editing on the iPhone 4" assignment drew in 10 submissions as of Thursday, and iPhone 4 clips on YouTube and Vimeo run the gamut from short films to news reports.
Gonzalez and others say the $4.99 iMovie app -- even with some flaws -- has the potential to open new doors for artists who have great ideas but no money. Gonzalez believes the user's ability to shoot and edit video on the phone and upload it to the web may prove particularly useful to independent musicians.
Editing with the iMovie app
Apple iMovie
"Traditionally, you would spend a lot of time on production and rely on someone else to do dissemination, like a radio station or a label," said the singer.
"For an independent musician, I think this technology is awesome, because you can eliminate all the other processes and go straight to getting your stuff up. It's making everything a lot cheaper, too."
Bloggers and citizen journalists will also benefit from the iMovie app and similar technologies, according to Karen Mitchell, professor of convergence journalism at the University of Missouri.
"It puts the power of journalism in more people's hands," she said. "One of the most iconic images [of 9/11] was taken by a woman with her amateur digital camera. Those sorts of moments are really important to putting out information, and we'll take it in whatever form it comes."
But while users say Apple has made filmmaking more accessible than ever, many also consider the iMovie app a work in progress.
iReporter Alex Acosta of Sherman Oaks, California was pleased with the iPhone 4's HD camera, but said editing on it was more trouble than it was worth.
"I would recommend taking the raw footage you took from your phone, uploading it to your computer and doing your simple editing there," said Acosta, who shot video at a press briefing last month and spent hours trimming it on the small smartphone screen.
The app restricted him to a limited number of "cookie cutter" templates that he couldn't customize, he said. "You're gonna see it and go, oh, that was done on the iPhone 4. It's gonna make you look cheesy."
iReporter Paula Brahan of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, noticed the same thing while editing shots of her dog.
"On the computer [version of iMovie], you can see the individual panes of your movie," she said. "They're not compressed, as they are visually, on your phone."
Like other users, she disliked the way the title stayed onscreen for the duration of the clip -- a problem because it blocked out parts of her home videos.
It's also a problem for California-based iReporter Chris Allen, though for different reasons.
Allen, who runs YoYoSkills.com, says he knew when he got the iPhone 4 that yo-yoers would be interested in using it to record contests and tricks. But there are too many stumbling blocks to editing more than three minutes of footage, he said.
"The biggest barrier to entry, for me, is how hard it is to trim down a clip," he said. "On the Macbook, it's really easy to select the part of the video you want, but with the iPhone, you have to drag your finger to trim the video. And you can only trim about eight seconds at a time, so you constantly have to tap, drag and pull back."
Allen also had to put his hand over the lens for a black background, because he couldn't put text over stills.
"If you want a video editor where you can do extremely rudimentary editing -- very, very basic editing -- and it doesn't matter too much about the precision of your clips and you don't care about transitions too much," he said, "it's probably OK. Five bucks well invested."
Still, others have found ways around those limitations. Michael Koerbel and Anna Elizabeth James, MFA students at the University of Southern California and co-founders of Majek Pictures, started writing "Apple of My Eye" before their pre-ordered phones arrived. The short follows a girl and her grandfather who discover a model train in a shop window.
"We put all our cards on the table as to what we had access to," said Koerbel, who directed the short film. "One of those things was my dad's train set."
The train set was in Arizona. The team called up any actors they knew and were soon on their way from Southern California, aiming to wrap shooting and editing within 48 hours.
"I had never tried to make a movie on a small camera before," said James, who edited the film. "I first started doing at-home movies of my kids and creating content really simply. Then you go to film school, and it gets really complicated. Going back to the phone was simplifying it all over again.
"Trying to accomplish this in such a short amount of time, I had to make sure the choices I was making were right, because it is quite a process to edit on the phone."
They shot about six hours of footage, which James pared down to a short less than two minutes long. On the five-hour drive back, she was already editing in the car.
The iPhone's size made shooting a unique experience, according to Koerbel.
"We literally took the camera and wedged it into the train engine with some foam, and let it ride the train. It took a lot of tries to get that right," he said. The filmmakers also designed a rig, with the help of Birns and Sawyer Inc., to help clamp the camera on a dolly. "We were able to do everything with that camera that we did with the film camera."
In total, they spent $103 on the project. Not counting the cost of the iPhone, of course.
"The thing that's amazing for us is that, sometimes we shoot hundreds of miles away and can't do anything until we get back," said Koerbel. "She already had a rough cut by the time we pulled into our driveway."
When it was finished, they uploaded the clip to YouTube and Vimeo. Soon, it was all over Twitter and Facebook.
Social media is a key component in the app's success, according to iReporter and weight-loss video blogger Tony Posnanski.
Posnanski, who has lost more than 221 pounds since 2008, uses his blog to encourage others to lose weight and stay healthy. He says the iPhone has combined the processes of shooting, editing and uploading -- making it easy to stay connected.
"The iPhone 4 is going to change the way you do video blogging," he said. "With Sony, it took three hours to make a two-minute video. I can take a video now and upload it to iReport and Facebook all within a matter of minutes."
Garcia agreed. "There's going to be a day when you see feature-length films shot on handheld devices and uploaded straight to the internet. It's just a matter of time before the price comes down and people get a bit more savvy with technology."
Posnanski said he's not a "movie master," though his YouTube channel has scored thousands of views. Despite this, the restaurant manager from Sanford, Florida, said all you need to film on a smartphone is sheer creativity.
"I can actually take my creativity and put myself out there," he said. "When you have video or easier access to the internet, and it's not something hard to do, you can show your talent a bit more."
Even Koerbel, used to directing on sets surrounded by cast, crew and extras, appreciated the app's simple editing technique.
"If I were 9 years old and I had an iPhone, I'd be out filming," he said. "I think we're three to six months away from seeing a wave of people with little stories, people who never had a voice before, who can now put their story on YouTube."


text:
Governors' Wind Energy Coalition
Coalition Members
Letters & Presentations
June 19, 2015 Presentations
Home » News » Why does Google care about wind power in Africa?
Why does Google care about wind power in Africa?
Source: Daniel Cusick, E&E reporter • Posted: Wednesday, October 12, 2016
Google Inc.'s investment in Kenya's Lake Turkana Wind Power Project is its largest on the African continent to date, but it almost certainly won't be the last.
The California internet giant has shown a growing interest in sub-Saharan Africa since it made its first cash outlay three years ago — a $12 million investment in the Jasper Solar Power Project in South Africa's Northern Cape Province.
The 96-megawatt photovoltaic project, completed in 2014, was built by U.S.-based SolarReserve LLC and is capable of powering roughly 80,000 South African homes.
The Lake Turkana deal, whose financial terms were not disclosed, calls for Google to acquire 12.5 percent of the nearly $700 million project from Vestas Wind Systems A/S of Denmark after the wind farm is completed next year.
"We are investing in clean energy projects like Lake Turkana because they make business sense and can help accelerate the deployment of renewable energy," a Google spokesperson said in an email to E&E News.
She added that the company sees "a large opportunity in fast-growing markets with rich renewable energy resources, where both the need and the potential are great."
The ownership group includes lead developers Aldwych International Ltd. of Great Britain and KP&P Africa BV of the Netherlands, with additional financial support from international development funds in Norway, Finland and Denmark.
As with Jasper in South Africa, Google said its wind power investment "will help bring much needed capacity and stability to Kenya's energy supply, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and emergency diesel generation while providing some of the most cost effective power in the country."
In total, Google has committed more than $2.5 billion to 22 renewable energy projects around the world, mostly through power purchase agreements and direct ownership of wind and solar farms, officials said. Much of its purchased power goes to support massive Google data centers in the United States and Europe.
But the company sees a future in the developing world, where millions of new internet users are coming online annually.
Part of an African investment boom?
Experts have noted that sub-Saharan Africa is one of the largest untapped markets for advanced telecommunications and digital networks, and Google has already taken steps to build its presence across the continent, both physically and digitally.
For example, Google has invested millions of dollars to construct fiber optic networks in the capital cities of Kampala, Uganda, and Accra, Ghana, where internet speeds and wireless connectivity were previously limited by old or nonexistent infrastructure.
The effort, called Project Link, also created one of Africa's most extensive high-speed Wi-Fi networks across Kampala, allowing mobile phone users to access the internet from 120 sites in the city.
By purchasing a multimillion-dollar stake in the Lake Turkana project, Google will become the first U.S. firm to invest in a major sub-Saharan wind energy project (General Electric Co. has committed to provide turbines to at least one other Kenyan wind farm still in the planning phases).
It will also establish Google in the vanguard among private investors in Africa's fast-growing clean energy market, which experts believe could become one of the world's strongest by the mid-21st century.
"lf you look at where Africa was five or 10 years ago, basically it was nowhere," said Achim Steiner, former executive director of the U.N. Environment Programme and U.N. undersecretary-general, who now leads the Oxford Martin School at Oxford University.
"Now we're seeing billions of dollars of investment going in," he added, in part thanks to firms like Google that have responded to "a very strong signal from African leaders" that the continent has both the capacity and the will to develop clean energy at scale.
Steiner noted that even before Google's involvement, primary investors showed courage in moving ahead with Lake Turkana after the World Bank declined to provide loan guarantees to the project in 2012.
Instead, developers relied on backing from the European Investment Bank, the African Development Bank and the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corp. (OPIC), which in 2014 committed $250 million in underwriting for Lake Turkana as part of its partnership with the Obama administration's Power Africa initiative.
A spokeswoman for OPIC declined to comment on the project, saying in an email that the agency had not financially closed the deal.
Google also isn't saying much about its aspirations for Lake Turkana, though the spokesperson made clear that the company intends to meet the terms of its purchase agreement with Vestas.
Google also noted that Lake Turkana serves as an anchor project for additional energy development in Kenya, including a more than 250-mile-long power transmission line that should link the wind farm to the Kenyan electricity grid and provide a conduit for another energy development in the Great Rift Valley, including thousands of megawatts of geothermal energy capacity.
Once it finalizes the purchase agreement next year, Google "will work collaboratively with our co-investors to ensure the success of the Lake Turkana project," the spokesperson said. But she clarified that the company will have little involvement in the day-to-day operations of the wind farm and has not determined whether it will participate in broader decisions as part of an ownership group.
Google will earn a return on its investments through a share in profits earned from the sale of electricity to the national utility, Kenya Electricity Generating Co.
Greens tee off on Democrat's climate plan
Mass. governor blocks sweeping renewable, climate plan
Climate fight could doom efforts to make Big Oil pay
'This won't be free.' R.I. maps path to 100% renewables
As Commerce Secretary, Raimondo to play key role in offshore wind
©2021 Governors' Wind Energy Coalition. All Rights Reserved.


text:
A higher intake of certain fruits and vegetables may be associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma.	- GreenMedInfo Summary
Glaucoma risk and the consumption of fruits and vegetables among older women in the study of osteoporotic fractures.
Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Jun;145(6):1081-9. Epub 2008 Mar 20. PMID: 18355790
Anne L Coleman, Katie L Stone, Gergana Kodjebacheva, Fei Yu, Kathryn L Pedula, Kris E Ensrud, Jane A Cauley, Marc C Hochberg, Fotis Topouzis, Federico Badala, Carol M Mangione,
Department of Ophthalmology and Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 100 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. colemana@ucla.edu
PURPOSE: To explore the association between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and the presence of glaucoma. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: In a sample of 1,155 women located in multiple centers in the United States, glaucoma specialists diagnosed glaucoma in at least one eye by assessing optic nerve head photographs and 76-point suprathreshold screening visual fields. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was assessed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. The relationship between selected fruit and vegetable consumption and glaucoma was investigated using adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: Among 1,155 women, 95 (8.2%) were diagnosed with glaucoma. In adjusted analysis, the odds of glaucoma risk were decreased by 69% (odds ratio [OR], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.91) in women who consumed at least one serving per month of green collards and kale compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per month, by 64% (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.77) in women who consumed more than two servings per week of carrots compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per week, and by 47% (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.97) in women who consumed at least one serving per week of canned or dried peaches compared with those who consumed fewer than one serving per month. CONCLUSIONS: A higher intake of certain fruits and vegetables may be associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma. More studies are needed to investigate this relationship.
Substances : Collards : CK(53) : AC(6), Fruit: All : CK(5736) : AC(1262), Kale : CK(53) : AC(7), Vegetables: All : CK(1694) : AC(179)
Diseases : Glaucoma : CK(164) : AC(26)
Pharmacological Actions : Antioxidants : CK(14410) : AC(5758)
Additional Keywords : Risk Reduction : CK(11700) : AC(1273)
Vegetables: All
Fruit: All


Fashioning the New England Family explores the ways in which the multiple meanings of fashion and fashionable goods are reflected in patterns of consumption and refashioning, recycling, and retaining favorite family pieces. Many of the items that will be featured have been out of sight, having never been exhibited for the public or seen in living memory.
The exhibition will give scholars, students, and professionals in fields such as fashion, material culture, and history the chance to see these items for the first time; encourage research; and, provide the possibility for new discoveries. For the public, it is an opportunity to view in detail painstaking craftsmanship, discover how examples of material culture relate to significant moments in our history, and learn how garments were used as political statements, projecting an individual's religion, loyalties, and social status. It may allow some to recognize and appreciate family keepsakes but it will certainly help us all to better understand the messages we may have previously missed in American art and literature.


text:
University of Otago Sheilah Winn Shakespeare Festival
On the 8th of April, 2019, a group of 9 girls performed a Shakespeare drama piece at the MTG theatre for the annual University of Otago Sheilah Winn Shakespeare Regional Festival.
The Sheila Winn Festival is a night where schools perform both teacher directed and student directed Shakespeare drama pieces. The language has to stay true to the original play but the pieces can be set anywhere and in any time.
Hastings Girls' entered two pieces in the festival this year. The teacher directed piece was from King Lear and the performers were Grace Duly, Jennifer McMahon, Anna Gilmour, Jazmyn Taber-Holdsworth, Kataraina Te Whaiti, Millie Haszard, Olivia Omur-Mackenzie, Ruth Prasad and Sarah McMahon. We also entered a student directed piece from Antony and Cleopatra which was directed and performed by Year 12 students Kataraina Te Whaiti and Anna Gilmour.
Rehearsals took place during term 1 and the students worked hard to perfect their piece and create something they were proud of. The students said it was a great experience and that the atmosphere was electric and gave off such a positive vibe.
"It was great to be involved with a project that allowed me to be around other people who shared the same passion for drama." - Millie Haszard


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What do the Australian natives, the Wombat and the spiny horned Thorny Dragon, have in common?
posted Nov 23, 2018 by Anil Chaurasiya
Which Australian city do the natives call "Freo"?
Which of these is an Australian carnivore?
Which is a fork-tongued lizard found in South Africa, South Asia and Australia?
What animal, introduced to Australia in the 19th century, had a feral population there by 2010?
What animal, introduced to Australia in the 19th century, had a feral population there by 2010 of between 500,000 and 750,000?
What Australian company began as a saddlery business in 1856 and produced the first "Australian Car" in 1948?


text:
By - The Washington Times - Monday, December 1, 2003
The bland 'Life'
Fox is presenting another video that should make Paris Hilton ashamed.
The leggy socialite is starring in the network's new reality series "The Simple Life." It debuts at 8:30 tonight, with another new episode following at the same time tomorrow.
Miss Hilton and real-life gal pal Nicole Richie (daughter of singer Lionel Richie) abandon their posh lifestyles to live on an Arkansas farm for a month. Cameras track their every move, from the local dairy farm to the home of the Ledings, the amiable clan that takes them in.
The alleged appeal of the show is twofold: mocking the simple life while simultaneously ribbing the rich girls. Fox's show scores a bull's-eye on both fronts. It just can't be bothered to entertain us.
About the only reward in the first two segments is watching Miss Hilton admit she doesn't know what Wal-Mart is. That's a moment destined to hit the pop-culture echo chamber.
Fox clearly hopes for a hit in the grand tradition of E!'s "The Anna Nicole Show." Instead, we feel little for the two spoiled princesses, whose barely audible complaints aren't witchy or funny enough to spark our interest.
The canceling of Miss Hilton's promotional tour to support the show won't help. She is keeping a low profile following the release of a poorly lit home movie in which she has sex with ex-beau Richard Salomon.
Money can't buy you love, nor can it rent some much-needed anonymity.
Tracy's travails
"Saturday Night Live's" Tracy Morgan has arrived. The likable comic has a mediocre sitcom to call his own.
"The Tracy Morgan Show," debuting at 8 tonight on NBC, finds Mr. Morgan heading up a typical blue-collar brood.
As midseason fare goes, "Morgan" could be worse. Just don't expect much in the way of originality or laughs.
Mr. Morgan evolved from an unnecessary bit player to a welcome performer on "SNL," so it's not so far-fetched to see him earn this promotion.
Here he's the addled dad of a typical nuclear family doing his best for the missis (Tamala Jones) and trying not to step on his adorable sons' punch lines (Marc John Jefferies and Bobb'e J. Thompson).
The comedy comes to life on the job, where Mr. Morgan works as a mechanic. His workplace sidekicks, John Witherspoon and rapper Heavy D, give the show its only jolt. Their running gag about how unhip Christmas songs are provides the show's sole saving grace.
The premiere episode finds the good-hearted Tracy mixing it up with a department store Santa. A second episode of "Morgan" airs at 8:30 p.m.
Corbett's back
John Corbett is getting another big fat chance at television stardom.
The co-star of "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" will return to television following his buzz-worthy performances on FX's "Lucky," according to Reuters News Agency.
The actor, who got his break on "Northern Exposure" and earned good notices as Carrie's ex-boyfriend on "Sex and the City," has been tapped to star in ABC's untitled drama pilot set in a luxury hotel in the Bahamas.
The show revolves around the interactions among guests and hotel staffers. Initially developed this past development season for fall 2003 consideration, it was pushed to midseason in March.
Mr. Corbett will play the hotel's manager, while Michael Rispoli will play the chief of security. Jenny Wade (MTV's "Undressed") will play the assistant manager, and Sara Ramirez (HBO's "Baseball Wives") a housekeeper.
The handsome actor recently completed Garry Marshall's comedy "Raising Helen," in which he stars opposite Kate Hudson and Joan Cusack, and Joel Zwick's "Elvis Has Left the Building," which he top-lines with Kim Basinger.
A Peanuts Christmas
Charlie Brown and the gang are back with the venerable yuletide special "A Charlie Brown Christmas."
This time, ABC is surrounding the special with a series of never-before-seen vignettes tied to the season.
The hourlong special is based upon the beloved Peanuts characters, brought to life by Charles M. Schulz.
The digitally remastered "A Charlie Brown Christmas" finds Charlie bemoaning the commercialization of the holiday. Lucy suggests he try directing the school Christmas pageant to remind him of Christmas' spiritual roots. Chaos ensues until Linus' touching monologue on the real meaning of the special day.
"A Charlie Brown Christmas" airs at 8 tonight on ABC.
Bravo antes up
Bravo is betting audiences are itching to watch their favorite celebrities wrassle with Lady Luck.
"Celebrity Poker Showdown," hosted by Kevin Pollack ("A Few Good Men"), premieres at 9 tonight.
Ben Affleck, Don Cheadle, Carrie Fisher, Tom Green and Martin Sheen are among the celebrities pushing their luck on the new show.
The six-part, one-hour series was filmed before a live audience at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas.
Tonight's episode pits five celebrities against each other for a chunk of the show's $250,000 prize pool. The winner from each week's game will go on to compete in the championship in the final episode.
The overall winner of no-limit Texas hold 'em poker will give the winnings to the charity of his or her choice.
Hidden cameras will show the hands of each player. Eliminated players will be able to add their 2 cents courtesy of the "Losers Lounge."
Tonight's episode features Mr. Affleck, Mr. Cheadle, David Schwimmer ("Friends"), Emily Proctor ("The West Wing") and Willie Garson ("Sex and the City").
Compiled by Christian Toto from staff and wire reports.


Why Do You Live in Pelham?
Why don't we take our Town vision statement a step further and translate it into an all encompassing marketing message that can serve to unite and promote our entire community? Perhaps our theme will not be retirement but a more holistic, multi-generational, sustainable living centred focus.


Along with the proverbial inevitability of death and taxes, maybe we Americans should add lawsuits. In 2006, the National Center for States Courts estimated a new lawsuit was filed every 2 seconds. And just a couple minutes ago, the American Justice Partnership's lawsuit counter showed 5,617,483 so far this year. The vast majority of those suits are frivolous, but if you're on the receiving end of the lawsuit stick, the cost of defending yourself can mean financial ruin. Personal umbrella insurance (also known as personal liability insurance) can help you from losing everything you own currently or aspire to ever have.
Ah, but you say, 'I have liability on my auto insurance and homeowners insurance.' True, those types of policies do afford you some liability coverage, up to the limit of your policy. But if you're like the average American, you're probably carry no more than $100,000/$300,000 in bodily injury liability on your auto policy and between $100,000 and $300,000 on your homeowners' policy. So what happens when somebody slips on your hardwood floor and crashes through a window? Or you lose control of your car, jump a curb and run into a couple pedestrians. You could find yourself being sued for millions, and once the insurance ceiling has been met, the rest will come out of your assets. That could meaning losing your home, car, boat, jewelry, savings, even your future earnings.
Personal umbrella insurance kicks in when the limits of your other policies have been reached. Depending on how the policy is written, it can cover you, your spouse and any family members living in your home. It also extends to legal dependents living anywhere (such as kids away at school). It protects your home, vehicles, investments and wages.
Personal liability policies are typically written with coverage limits of $1 million to $5 million. How big an umbrella you need will depend on the amount of assets you own, the risk associated with your lifestyle and how big a target you represent. Do you have a home pool or spa? Is hunting allowed on your property? Do you have a maid or babysitter working in your home? Are you well known? Did you recently win a lottery or inherit a lot of money or property? All those could indicate a need for increased personal liability coverage.
You can get online quotes for personal umbrella insurance and weigh your risks against the relatively affordable cost of this increasingly necessary coverage.