text:
Hydrogen Liquefaction by Magnetic Refrigeration.
Institute of Slush Hydrogen.
Institute of Slush Hydrogen is working on the development of a high-efficiency hydrogen energy system using slush hydrogen.
Representative: Katsuhide OHIRA
Kawasaki city, Kanagawa, Japan
http://slush-ish-english.com/
E-mail: ohira.tohoku@gmail.com
High-efficiency hydrogen energy system.
What's slush hydrogen?
Hydrogen condensation and liquefaction.
Profile of Representative.
The world's first demonstration of the high-efficiency hydrogen liquefaction by magnetic refrigeration.
In hydrogen liquefaction by the magnetic refrigeration, the adiabatic demagnetization method to generate temperatures below 1 K is extended to the high-temperature region.
The principles of magnetic refrigeration and compressed-gas refrigeration are presented in the above figure. The temperature-entropy diagrams of magnetic material and gas as a refrigerant in liquefaction cycle are respectively shown in the above figure. The magnetic refrigeration for hydrogen liquefaction uses an external magnetic field to magnetize and demagnetize a magnetic material in repeated cycles, thus producing low temperatures through the magnetocaloric effect.
Since the magnetic refrigeration method can ideally realize the reversed Carnot cycle, it is possible to achieve theoretically a higher %Carnot efficiency* in contrast to the compressed-gas refrigeration method as noted in the above figure [4].
Most of the practical hydrogen liquefiers using the compressed-gas method utilize a precooled Linde system, a Brayton system, or a Claude system as illustrated in the figure below [9, 10]. The maximum efficiency is expected to be about 50% in terms of the %Carnot efficiency*, compared to about 38% of the %Carnot efficiency for the world's largest hydrogen liquefier (liquefaction capacity: 60 ton/day) using the compressed-gas method. Also, given the use of solid magnetic material, which has much greater entropy density than gas, the liquefier can be made compact.
Firstly, before the hydrogen liquefaction experiment, the magnetic refrigeration test was conducted to establish the working procedure of the reversed Carnot cycle and the measurement method of refrigeration power at temperature of 20 K. Gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG: Gd3Ga5O12) was selected as a magnetic material. However, since only few reliable experimental data were available on the thermo-physical properties of GGG around the liquid hydrogen temperature, we measured the entropy of GGG in the range of 18 to 30 K and 0 to 8 Tesla. The magnetic refrigerator mainly consists of a superconducting magnet (the maximum magnetic field of 8 Tesla and the magnetization/demagnetization sweep rate of 0.04 Tesla/s), a Gifford-McMahon type refrigerator (UCR31W made by MHI) as a heat rejection source (Th = 25 K), and an electrical heater wound around GGG, operating below 20 K as a heat absorption switch, which is also used for the measurement of refrigeration power (Tl = 20 K) [11]. The experimental apparatus and magnetic material (GGG) are shown in the photo below. The magnetic refrigeration cycle was operated in the range of 20 to 25 K and 0 to 8 Tesla, and the magnetization/demagnetization sweep rate of 0.04 Tesla/s. The temperature-entropy diagram of the magnetic material during the experimental magnetic refrigeration process and the reversed Carnot cycle are shown in the figure below. The numerical result of cycle simulation using heat-transfer performances of the absorption and rejection heat switches, etc. as input data is also shown in the figure, which agrees very well with the experimental result.
The refrigeration powers of 0.21 W and 0.22 W at 20 K were obtained in the experiment and numerical result, respectively [11]. The reasons the ideal reversed Carnot cycle indicated as a rectangle cannot be achieved and the refrigeration power is small are the insufficient heat-transfer performance of heat absorption and heat rejection switches and the low sweep rate of magnetization/demagnetization.
Secondly, the hydrogen liquefaction experiment was conducted after improvements in the heat-transfer performance of heat absorption and heat rejection switches. The hydrogen gas (temperature of 20.3 K) evaporated in a liquid hydrogen vessel heated by an electrical heater was liquefied by the magnetic refrigeration method as shown in the figure below. Gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) was selected as a magnetic material. The magnetic refrigerator mainly consists of a superconducting pulse magnet (the maximum magnetic field of 5 Tesla and the maximum magnetization/demagnetization sweep rate of 0.36 Tesla/s), a Gifford-McMahon type refrigerator (UCR31W made by MHI) as a heat rejection source (Th = 25 K), and a heat pipe as a heat absorption switch for hydrogen condensation/liquefaction (Tl = 20.3 K) [12]. In the thermal design of the high-performance heat pipe, the Nusselt eq. was applied to evaluate the condensing heat-transfer coefficient of hydrogen as described in "Hydrogen condensation and liquefaction".
The magnetic refrigeration cycle for hydrogen liquefaction operated in the range of 20.3 to 25 K and 0 to 5 Tesla. When the magnetic refrigeration cycle is started, the GGG temperature drops below the temperature of hydrogen liquefaction (20.3 K) after several cycles. The figure below shows changes with time of the GGG temperature, the temperature of heat rejection switch, the pressure of the liquid hydrogen vessel continuously heated by a heater, and the magnetic field in the refrigeration process. At the last cycle in the figure, the refrigeration process becomes a steady-state condition and the GGG temperature decreases sufficiently below the temperature of 20.3 K. The hydrogen liquefaction cycle was numerically analysed using heat-transfer performances of the absorption and rejection heat switches, etc. as input data. The numerical result of cycle simulation is shown in the figure below, which approximately agrees well with the experimental result.
The temperature-entropy diagram of the magnetic material during the steady-state hydrogen liquefaction process and the reversed Carnot cycle are shown in the figure below, which operates at the maximum field of 5 Tesla and a magnetization/demagnetization sweep rate of 0.35 Tesla/s. The reasons the ideal reversed Carnot cycle indicated as a rectangle cannot be achieved are the insufficient heat-transfer performance of the heat absorption and heat rejection switches, and the influence of uncondensed hydrogen gas (continuously evaporating from the vessel) around the magnetic material.
The effect of the sweep rate on the magnetic refrigeration cycle is presented in the figure below, and magnetization/demagnetization sweep rates are 0.08 and 0.35 Tesla/s. When the sweep rate is slow, the distortion of the cycle would be enhanced, decreasing the heat rejection temperature and also the change of entropy in the isothermal heat absorption process, resulting in a decreased refrigeration power.
In the hydrogen liquefaction experiment, at the fastest magnetization/demagnetization sweep rate of 0.36 T/s, as shown in the figure below, the maximum refrigeration power of 0.4 W at 20.3 K (liquefaction rate: 3.55 g/h or 50 cc/h) with the %Carnot efficiency* of 37% and the liquefaction efficiency** of 78% was obtained.
The achievement of 37% for the %Carnot efficiency in a small-scale liquefaction experiment (3.55 g/h or 50 cc/h) demonstrates the high efficiency of this method. The world's first high-efficiency hydrogen liquefaction using magnetic refrigeration is also demonstrated [11, 12].
After our research study mentioned above was published in 1996 and 2000 [8, 9], a Japanese group (National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and Kanazawa University) has been reporting repeatedly in their experimental papers*** that they firstly and successfully demonstrated the hydrogen liquefaction by magnetic refrigeration on the basis of evidence only showing that the temperature of magnetic material decreased below hydrogen liquefaction temperature (20 K) by a one-shot demagnetization process***(1, 2, 3). However, as they were not able to measure the hydrogen liquefaction rate***(1, 2, 3), the decreased temperature below 20 K of magnetic material supports no experimental and scientific evidence of hydrogen liquefaction, which shows only the obvious result of an adiabatic demagnetization process. The measured hydrogen liquefaction rate or refrigeration power is crucial in evaluating both the %Carnot efficiency* and the liquefaction efficiency** that are the most important values to estimate the performance of magnetic liquefier or magnetic refrigerator.
Even though very few experimental data are described in their paper***(4), judging from the figures, their liquefaction cycle was operated at higher temperatures than the hydrogen liquefaction temperature (20.3 K), and consequently, they were not able to measure the hydrogen liquefaction rate. Futhermore, it was found that their liquefaction cycle was different from the reversed Crnot cycle. Although the reversed Carnot cycle consists of four processes: adiabatic magnetization, isothermal magnetization, adiabatic demagnetization and isothermal demagnetization, their cycle consisted of four processes: isomagnetic heating, isothermal magnetization, adiabatic demagnetization and isothermal demagnetization.
To verify the hydrogen liquefaction by magnetic refrigeration, the demonstration of the liquefiier operated by using the reversed Carnot cycle and the measurement of hydrogen liquefaction rate (g/h) or refrigeration power (W) at 20 K are required. Clearly, their experiments do not satisfy the conditions to verify the hydrogen liquefaction.
The experiments of NIMS and Kanazawa Univ. have never demonstrated the hydrogen liquefaction by magnetic refrigeration.
For hydrogen liquefaction, a multistage magnetic refrigerator from room temperature to liquid hydrogen temperature has been proposed, and research and development work is in progress. A method has also been proposed for producing slush hydrogen from liquid hydrogen, using magnetic refrigeration to produce temperature below 14 K.
* %Carnot efficiency: Ratio of the reversed Carnot work to the actual work per unit mass liquefied. %Carnot efficiency = FOM (Figure of Merit)×100 (%).
** Liquefaction efficiency: Ratio of the rerigeration power of the experiment to that of the reversed Carnot cycle at the refrigeration (or liquefaction) temperature.
*** For example,
(1) Numazawa T. (NIMS), Possibility of hydrogen magnetic refrigeration for incoming hydrogen society. Hydrogen Energy System, Vol 31 (2006), No.2, 2-7. (in Japanese)
http://www.hess.jp/Search/data/31-02-002.pdf
(2) Kamiya K. (NIMS), Takahashi H., Numazawa T. (NIMS), Nozawa H. and Yanagitani T., Hydrogen liquefaction by Magnetic Refrigeration. Cryocoolers, Vol. 14 (2007), 637-644.
https://cryocoolerorg.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/C14/080.pdf
(3) Numazawa T. (NIMS), Kamiya K. (NIMS), Utaki T. and Matsumoto K. (Kanazawa Univ.), Magnetic refrigerator for hydrogen liquefaction. Superconductivity and Cryogenics, Vol. 15 (2013), No.2, 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.9714/psac.2013.15.2.001
(4) Matsumoto K. (Kanazawa Univ.) and Numazawa T. (NIMS), Magnetic refrigerator for hydrogen liquefaction. J. Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan, Vol. 50 (2015), No.2, 66-71. (in Japanese)
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcsj/50/2/50_66/_pdf/-char/ja
Japanese.
Institute of Slush Hydrogen. (Home page)
Pressure Drop Reduction and Heat Transfer Deterioration of Slush Nitrogen. (Web site)
Address; E-mail: ohira.tohoku@gmail.com
Web site "Pressure Drop Reduction and Heat Transfer Deterioration of Slush Nitrogen" was open in Feb. 2018.
Web site "Hydrogen Liquefaction by Magnetic Refrigeration" was open in Jan. 2018.
Home page "Institute of Slush Hydrogen" is open in Sep. 2017.
Copyright © 2018-2019 Institute of Slush Hydrogen. All rights reserved.


College student Hannah Maquiling, also temporarily working as the Goddess of Love, has had enough of everyone asking for her help when it comes to relationships. It's her turn to find romance! She deserves it, after serving as matchmaker and confidant to everyone else in Ford River College for the past year. She's had a crush on handsome senior (and God of the Sun) Quin forever, but he's destined to fall in love with an extraordinary mortal woman, so she's figured her chances with him have pretty much dropped to zero. It's not like she doesn't have any options for a classic college romance though. There's Diego, God of the Sea and Quin's best friend/enemy. And regular guy Robbie is stepping up, making sure she knows how he feels about her. How hard can it be for a goddess to find someone to love, and be loved in return?


After sending an update of my petition for a Sunshine Act to the Chief Executive Officer of NHS Forth Valley I received this reply. Whilst I was employed by NHS Forth Valley I raised concerns that HDL 62, the Scottish Government Circular sent to all Chief Executives in NHS Scotland, was not being followed.
When I was an employee of NHS Forth Valley I was formally written to by Dr Rhona Morrison, Associate Medical Director. In this letter from the Associate Medical Director, which was both unsigned and undated, I was described as "unprofessional" and "offensive" for raising concerns that NHS Forth Valley was not following extant Scottish Government guidance on transparency regarding declarations of interest.
This letter confirmed that I would be "invited" to an "informal" meeting by the Associate Medical Director's immediate peers.
My experience of this "informal" meeting was that my character, reputation and probity were robustly questioned by the Medical Director, Dr Peter Murdoch, and the General Manager, Mrs Kathy O'Neill. This meeting was not minuted. This meeting left me distressed.
The Chief Executive Officer reinforces in her letter the "importance of a culture of openness and candour". However, Jane Grant, the Chief Executive Officer for NHS Forth Valley then goes on to give qualifications: that any concerns raised should be "appropriate" and "correct".
in the NHS - a safer way to report mismanagement and bullying.
all the submissions requested as part of evidence gathering.


text:
Q: pass data from app to control extension (smartwatch) I would like to send some data (string) from Android application to my Smartwatch extension.
I create an Intent in my Main Activity and send it using startService().
From that I understand, I have to override  onStartCommand() in a class that extends ExtensionService.
My question is how my class that extends ControlExtension will be notify of this Intent ?
Thanks in advance

A: Your best option is to use a broadcast receiver. Register a receiver in your control and filter for the intent you send. (Instead of calling startService you should send your intent as a broadcast).
You can create and broadcast your intent with
Intent intent = new Intent("my.super.cool.intent.name");
sendBroadcast(intent)

and then filter with:
IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
intentFilter.addAction("my.super.cool.intent.name");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Raj of India, Green Street Green - Relaunch of long established family restaurant
The owner of the recently refurbished Raj of India restaurant, Mr Modhu Rahman, invited a number of regular customers and community representatives to a celebratory relaunch dinner on Monday 28 October.
The Mayor of Bromley, Cllr Ernest Noad, graced the evening with his wife and enjoyed partaking of some very generous portions of various delicious Indian dishes.
Mr Rahman's brother and partner was most accommodating as, on learning that there was a vegetarian, he rustled up a large bowl of tasty, spicy balti vegetable curry, which provided an alternative to the vegetable curry on offer. In addition, the background music was pleasantly quiet, allowing conversation to flow without instrusion.
Mr Rahman was most welcoming and keen to promote his family-run business, introducing his brothers and daughters who all help out in the restaurant. The service was friendly and efficient in a much brighter and more comfortable atmosphere than previously.
The Raj of India has been established in The Crescent, Green Street Green, since 1987.
A visit to this restaurant is to be recommended and comments or reviews can be added to this article.
Mayor of Bromley, Cllr Ernest Noad
Orpington Video & Film Makers - winners at Kent Film Festival
Kent Film Festival winners: Sam Brown (Best Photography, 'Steam and Smoke'); Barbara Darby (Kent Trophy, 'Village Mosaic'); Mike Shaw (Best Documentary, 'Enid Blyton - The Beckenham Years') and Jo and Mike Coad (Commendation, 'Eastbourne')
Members of Orpington Video & Film Makers collected three major trophies and a commendation at the prestigious Kent Film Festival, on Saturday 28th September, in Canterbury (click on photo to enlarge). The winning films were:
- 'Steam and Smoke' (Best Photography) by Sam Brow
- 'Village Mosaic' (Kent Award) by Barbara Darby
- 'Enid Blyton - the Beckenham Years' (Best Documentary) by Mike Shaw and Footprint Productions
- 'Eastbourne' (Commendation) by Mike & Jo Coad.
These films are typical of the high standard of films shown at the club's Bi-Annual Shows – the next of which is on:
1st November at 7.30, at the Methodist Church Orpington.
This show includes a film of particular interest to local Scout and Guide troops – a record of the International Scout Camp held earlier at Downe. For further information, visit the club's new website www.ovfm.org.uk
Tickets: £5 - contact Mrs Freddy Beard on 01689 813616.
OVFM Press Officer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The pump of cooling liquid is actuated from a maple belt. Ahead on a shaft of the pump the krylchatka of the fan is fixed.
2 Remove maple a belt, address to the Section Removal, installation and a tension of a maple belt. 3 Remove a radiator.
4 Unscrew bolts of fastening of a pulley. Thus hold a belt from a provorachivaniye, having compressed it. Remove a pulley from a nave.
2. Turn out four bolts of fastening of the pump of cooling liquid. At the 6-cylinder engine nuts instead of the bolts shown on an illustration turn away. Address to an accompanying illustration.
3. Screw two bolts М6 in openings (the shooter on an accompanying illustration) and evenly wring out the pump from the engine. Watch that the pump did not warp. At the diesel engine carving openings for an extraction of the pump are vertically the friend over the friend, (shooters on previous иллюстр.).
1. Remove squeezing bolts. A sealing ring of the pump replace on new and grease with silicone oil or vaseline.
2. Establish the pump with new laying and evenly fix it. The moment of an inhaling of bolts depending on a carving is presented in Specifications.
3. Fix four bolts of fastening of a pulley the moment offered by Specifications.
4. Establish maple a belt and pull it, address to the Section Removal, installation and a tension of a maple belt. 5. Establish a radiator, address to the Section Removal and radiator installation.
6. Fill system with liquid and remove air, address to the Section Replacement of liquid of system of cooling. Check of frost resistance of a cooler. Visual check of system of cooling.
7. Start and warm up the engine. Check shlangovy accessions and the pump on tightness.


When preparing a report on the number of customers you have, it can be helpful to split out the premium customers — i.e., those who spend more than $100/month — from the rest of the group.
Yet putting both premium customers and all customers in a single SQL query can be tricky. In this post, we'll show you how.
Yet the most effective presentation would have them both in the same graph, created by the same query, so they're directly comparable over time.
For each row, the case statement will return 1 if monthly_plan_amount is > 100, and 0 otherwise. The sum of those rows will equal the number of rows where the condition was true — in this case, the number of premium customers!
Meanwhile, since there's no where clause on the whole query, we can still use count(1) for the total customer count.
Now we can compare not only absolute numbers, but the growth rate of each customer segment over time.
Next time you need to count based on a condition, try using sum(case...) to do it quickly and easily!


Extremely rare pair of solid cast iron sandcasted antique bookends featuring a bison, or, buffalo. This set is incised on the rear base with the number 82. Circa 1920. Each bookend stands 4 1/4" tall, 5 1/8" long, 1 5/8" wide and weighs 3 lbs. 2 oz. (6 lbs. 4 oz. for the pair). This set is in very good original antique condition. There are no breaks, repairs, or, touch-ups. There are some light rust areas, the detailing is very good. The base on the rear has the pebbled marks of sandcasting with a copper plating around the base. Although we are not certain of the foundry it may be Hubley or something similar due to the quality.


1. Is it acceptable to use an obsolete (but still valid) safety standard to assess new software? Obsolete technically or because superseded by a more recent document ? Still valid technically or because not superseded ?
3. If Project B used the old checklist from Project A would that be adequate? If standard A is not technically obsolete AND superseded by a new document (which would mean that the context is technically and from a regulatory/contractual point view so loose that nobody really cares), you might use the old checklist.
It's complicated and I was trying to avoid too much detail to get to the central questions.
It has been 'fielded' and is being 'used' during extended V&V activities (in parallel with the old system) but it is not yet considered fully operational. Safety assessment of some software aspects continues on Program A but not the 'process-based' software development assessment which was the subject of Standard X and the original checklist in 2004. For the scenario, take it as read that Standard X tools and techniques are still valid even though it is now obsolete.
Is it acceptable to use an obsolete (but still valid) safety standard to assess new software?
You may need to clarify here.
The software was assessed 10 years ago. The project has not yet been fielded.
There must be a missing detail for this not to be 10 year old unused code. Has it been used in some context other than Project A during that time?
Next message: RICQUE Bertrand (SAGEM DEFENSE SECURITE): "Re: [SystemSafety] Software Safety Assessment"
In reply to: RICQUE Bertrand (SAGEM DEFENSE SECURITE): "Re: [SystemSafety] Software Safety Assessment"
Next in thread: RICQUE Bertrand (SAGEM DEFENSE SECURITE): "Re: [SystemSafety] Software Safety Assessment"
Reply: RICQUE Bertrand (SAGEM DEFENSE SECURITE): "Re: [SystemSafety] Software Safety Assessment"