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Towards a biblical mind
Cambridge Papers (1992-present) is a non-profit making quarterly publication that aims to make clear the relevance of biblical teaching to a range of contemporary issues, and equips Christians to respond to the ideas which are shaping our society.
Editorial Group: Denis Alexander PhD | John Coffey PhD | Caroline Eade MA | Julian Rivers PhD | Paul Mills PhD | Michael Schluter PhD | Christopher Townsend MA | Christopher Watkin PhD | Margaret Wilson BA DipTh
ROOTS biblical norm or Anachronism?
'We are witnessing a historic decline in the significance of place to human life.' - Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (Bodley Head, 1970)
Western society at the end of the twentieth century values individual mobility as highly as any in history. Christians in the past have not questioned that mobility is desirable. If anything, the New Testament (NT) seems to endorse a culture which holds lightly to place, and to encourage Christians to find their roots in Christ and in the fellowship of believers. However, the Old Testament (OT) appears to teach that 'roots' in place are important for personal identity and social stability.
This chapter will argue that Old and New Testament perspectives on roots are compatible. Christians must hold in tension the practice of roots in their personal lives and the promotion of roots through public policy, while recognising that Christ may require them at any time to leave home and even family to follow his calling.
Writing about the trial of Rosemary West on ten counts of murder, The Economist (7 October 1995) commented:
Orwell blamed the decline of the English murder [sic] on the fragmentation of society. It is precisely this that has made serial killing possible.
The women whom Mrs West is accused of murdering were mostly drifters. Bed-and-breakfasting here, taking a short-term job there, they had lost touch with families and roots. That was why their disappearances went unnoticed for so long. In a less mobile society, where children stayed at home, couples stuck together and people kept tabs on each other, so many women could not have disappeared without a grand fuss being made.
High levels of mobility have been a feature of Western European societies since 1945, and of the United States for much longer. Many households change home frequently, so that the movement resembles not a tidal wave but an electron dance. While such mobility may have contributed to broadening individual experience, and to the breakdown of class divisions and regional parochialism, research has shown that it has had a strongly negative impact on neighbourhood solidarity and family cohesion.[1] How should Christians respond to the culture of mobility? Does the Bible encourage strong ties to land in its teaching on the Jubilee, or weak ties to property and other earthly possessions through Christ's example and teaching on the kingdom? Are roots a biblical norm or a cultural anachronism?
Old Testament Teaching on Land and Roots
Throughout Israel's history, land stands as the symbol of the special relationship God has with his people. The land was a divine gift, Israel's inheritance as God's first-born among the nations. It was held in tenancy, not from the king as owner, as in surrounding nations, but from God. If the land as gift gave the people rights, this 'tenant' status also laid on them responsibilities, both to obey God and to love neighbour.
To explore the 'roots' theme in the Old Testament, a brief description of Israel's land-holding system is necessary. When Israel entered Canaan, every clan and family (except those of the Levites) was allocated a piece of land within its tribal land block (Joshua 13-19). This initial allocation was made permanent by the Jubilee year provisions; every fiftieth year each family was to return 'home' to occupy its ancestral land which, if leased out or lost, was returned free of charge. The prospect of a future Jubilee meant there was no freehold land market; land could only be leased until the next Jubilee year (Leviticus 25). Several consequences followed. Neighbours generally were relatives; names of towns and clans were often interchangeable (e.g. Gilead, Etam); family names were associated with specific pieces of land. Potential parochialism was overcome in part by the required triennial visits to Jerusalem for the feasts, and by strong national religious integration.
Thus, at the family level, ownership of a piece of land symbolised membership of the covenant community (except for Levites). This is seen in the Naboth incident (1 Kings 21). If land had been merely an economic asset, and if the Jubilee had been primarily about a redistribution of those assets, Naboth would not have objected so strongly to Ahab's offer of cash or an alternative piece of land. Naboth, however, viewed his 'ancestral land' as symbolising his membership among God's people, his roots and identity as an Israelite. To remove his land would not only strike at his relationship with God, but would threaten the future of the Naboth family line as secure and supported members of the Jezreel community; perhaps this is why the judgement on Ahab for seizing Naboth's land is for his own family to be extinguished (1 Kings 21:21).
These long-term attachments to a specific locality in God's social design for Israel would have profoundly influenced social relationships to the extent that they were obeyed. The approximate equality of land distribution, preserved by the Jubilee, would have inhibited growth of rural elites and prevented long-term landlessness, ensuring fewer class divisions in the community. Land distribution was the foundation of economic justice in Israelite society. In addition, the overlap of kin and neighbours would have reinforced continuity and obligation in the local community and contributed to long-term, committed and multi-faceted relationships. Every individual and household would have been bound into, and supported by, an extended family and a specific community through their permanent stake in the land. Indeed, if an individual could not support himself on the land, the neighbours were urged to provide help so as to prevent mobility (Leviticus 25:35-7).
At a national level, also, the land played a central role in defining social identity. When Israel repudiated God, judgement involved the nation being uprooted from the land (Deuteronomy 29:28). Equally, return from exile to the land would result from their renewing allegiance to Yahweh (Deuteronomy 30:1-5). In OT thinking, land and those who live on it are so closely intertwined that the word 'land' gradually ceases to mean the physical place and instead becomes a concrete way of talking about society (e.g. Amos 8:8; Zechariah 12:12).
Clearly, the land in Israel did more than provide the basis of family and national identity. The Jubilee was not just about roots, but about wealth and income distribution, and guaranteed all members of society the resources for self-employment. However, the Naboth incident and other OT references to land make it clear that roots and identity are not just a by-product of the Jubilee law but part of its primary purpose.
New Testament Teaching on Land and Roots
Christopher Wright has argued for three levels of fulfilment or application of OT teachings under the new covenant: 'typological, eschatological and paradigmatic'.[2] Using this framework, we explore how OT teaching on land and roots is applied by NT writers within the context of the new covenant.
Foreshadowing of Christ (Typological)
In the New Testament, the land of Palestine ceases to have its former theological significance; it is not an aspect of God's relationship with the new Israel. The role of the land is now taken by Christ, who becomes the source of security, status and cultural identity for the people of God.
Jesus teaches that the Jews can no longer claim to be planted as vines in the land, as taught by the OT prophets (e.g. Isaiah 5:1-7). Instead, they have to be grafted into himself as the true vine, and he in turn is rooted in the Father (John 15).[3] In the same way, Paul constantly uses the term 'in Christ' for the roots and identity of the Christian where the Old Testament might have referred to being 'in the land'.
The land also prefigures the koinonia - the fellowship of believers. Those with a stake in the land under the Old Covenant prefigure those who are a part of the fellowship under the New. Those who depart from the fellowship, like those who left their land, show that they have no real part among God's people (1 John 2:19). Both the land and the fellowship entail shared experiences and shared responsibilities such as concern for the poor and needy (e.g. Leviticus 25:39-43; Acts 2:44-5). There is the same 'prophetic
indignation' at those who defile the land as there is against those
who harm the fellowship (e.g. Jeremiah 16:18; Acts 5:1-11).
Signpost to the Future (Eschatological)
As well as the typological fulfilment of the land in the New Testament, there is also an eschatological fulfilment. The land of Israel, the dwelling place of God's people, is fulfilled in the new Jerusalem (Revelation 21:4ff.). Jesus insists that his followers must be willing to leave their roots, their home and even the closest of their human relationships if they are to be his disciples, but promises them eternal life if they make such sacrifices (Mark 10:29-30), as well as a home in heaven (John 14:2).
In the epistles, also, there is stress on Christians not finding their home and roots on the earth, but in heaven. Peter writes to 'God's elect, strangers in the world, scattered throughout Pontus' and speaks of their inheritance as one that 'can never perish, spoil or fade' and which is 'kept in heaven' (1 Peter 1:1-4). The writer of Hebrews uses the example of Abraham, who 'by faith made his home in the promised land like a stranger in a foreign country ... he was looking forward to the city with foundations, whose architect
and builder is God' (Hebrews 11:8-10).
Example for Society (Paradigmatic)
All this NT fulfilment of the motif of the land would seem sufficient for the Christian to look no further for contemporary application of OT teaching. Indeed, this is where much Christian discussion of the land issue ends. However, OT law can also be interpreted as a set of interconnected principles which form a coherent pattern for the ordering of society. Israel's sharply distinctive social pattern was part of its role as an example to other nations, to demonstrate what love and justice mean when translated into social, political and economic life (Deuteronomy 4:8). Thus, in Isaiah the task of Servant who is a 'light to the Gentiles' (Isaiah 42:6) refers both to his role of generating the social blessings which should have been found in Israel as well as to his role in salvation (Isaiah 42:1-7; Luke 4:18-21). Jesus teaches that the key to applying OT law under the new covenant is to consider its implications for relationships with God and neighbour (Matthew 22:34-40).
OT law instructs Christians about social order in a way the NT does not. Although set in a covenantal context, it is given to a society most of whom are characterised by Jesus as having 'hardness of heart' (Matthew 19:8), a description applicable to any fallen society. NT teaching is addressed to Christians, extrapolation from the church to society is dangerous as secular society has neither the motivation nor the help of the Holy Spirit to attain standards laid down for Christians.
Without the paradigmatic application of OT teaching of the law, many OT provisions concerning land would lack contemporary relevance. Yet Jesus urges his disciples not to lose sight of even the smallest detail of the law's teaching (Matthew 5:13-19). For example, why should urban and rural land be treated differently in the year of Jubilee? Why was leasehold transfer permitted but not freehold sale? Why does the land legislation so obviously complement the interest ban and year of debt remission in providing a safety net for the poor?
The one ethical principle which we wish to draw here from OT teaching on land is that roots are important for individual, family and social relationships. God arranged that Israel should not be forever nomadic but should have roots in land, and ordered the ownership and distribution of land to ensure each person and household would have long-term roots in a specific place. From this the principle may be derived that it is important for all societies to foster and promote a long-term association for each family and individual with
a specific place or locality. This is to create conditions favourable to the sustaining of 'community': that is, long-term, committed, stable relationships.
NT writers, while stressing that the land of Israel finds spiritual fulfilment in Jesus, are not unaware of the importance of place in people's lives. Just as Jeremiah urges the exiles to 'seek the welfare of the city', even when the city is the home of their arch-enemies the Babylonians, Peter urges the Christians of his day to become socially involved wherever they find themselves (Jeremiah 29:4-7; 1 Peter 2:11-17). Paul sends most of his letters to Christians in specific cities, recognising the particularities of each situation. Even in Revelation, each church's life is assessed in the light of its specific local and spiritual context (Revelation 2 and 3).
The Roots Issue Today
The Christian Church has not generally had the political and economic influence necessary to implement biblical teaching on land distribution and rootedness in society. After the Reformation in Britain when such an opportunity did exist, the church's continuing position as major landowner stifled any radical critique of land-owning structures such as those by the Levellers or Fifth Monarchists. Thus, the later enclosure movement, which resulted in large-scale population mobility and contributed to class antagonisms past and present, went largely unchallenged by the church. Only the Methodists seriously addressed issues of land reform, and then not until the nineteenth century.[4]
The reason why so few people in Western societies today can identify roots in a place is due to the contemporary culture of mobility. This has a long history. Indeed, MacFarlane has traced the origins of English individualism back to a period prior to 1200.[5] Western liberal philosophy, stressing the freedom of the individual, 'searched for universals in every sphere, and recognised no particularism or uniqueness, least of all of a geographic-religious kind'.[6] As Christopher Lasch argued, for certain elites in the Western intellectual tradition, 'progress is mobility'.[7]
In neo-classical economic theory, not only is land a commodity to be traded like any other commodity, but mobility is regarded as essential to maximise labour productivity; to encourage rootedness would create skill scarcity in growth areas and thus slow economic progress. Mobility is an essential feature of a capitalist economy.
Both occupational and residential mobility have become accepted as a necessary, inevitable and even desirable aspect of contemporary culture. Mobility contributes to freedom from restricting obligation to family and neighbour, freedom to do as you like with no danger of social censure. This is why urban life for some is so appealing; no-one knows who you are, where you come from or what is your business.
The pattern of university education and career progression has helped inculcate a mobile culture among the better-educated. In Britain, university applications are cleared nationally; graduates rarely return to their former home. Thereafter, moving house becomes part of career progression. Thus, in the United States about a fifth of the population change their address annually.[8]
In Britain, even under present difficulties, there were over 1.25 million housing transactions in 1994.[9] For those on low incomes or trapped by negative equity, long-distance commuting is sometimes the only way to obtain work, and while not requiring house relocation equally disrupts family and neighbourhood relationships.[10]
Mobility is linked to stress-related physical and mental ill-health; symptoms include irritation, somatic complaints, tension, anxiety, depression, smoking and heart disease, with women often the worst affected; it is also a recurring feature of marriage breakdown.[11] A study of hospital doctors documented the effects of mobility on their families:
These wives found that mobility was isolating because it both severed established ties with relatives, friends and neighbours and placed them in new and unfamiliar situations. When moves were frequent, feelings of non-belongingness were ongoing ... building up new relationships was usually a lengthy process.[12]
Mobility also often creates relationship difficulties for children as they move school and neighbourhood. For the elderly, the mobility of their adult children often leaves them isolated and lonely. It becomes impossible for adult children to fulfil obligations to elderly parents, simply because they live too far away.
The overall impact of high mobility is greater superficiality in personal relationships. Durkheim deplored the cult of the individual and coined the term 'anomie' to describe the condition of individuals no longer satisfactorily relating to one another. Immundo, in his phrase 'the mobility syndrome', extends Durkheim's principle to explain a way of behaving that is geared to developing only temporary relationships. Toffler describes the 'modular man' who establishes a fragmented network of limited, functional relationships, in which he plugs into a module of another's personality rather than engaging the person; 'the knowledge that no move is final ... works against the development of relationships that are more than modular'.[13] Thus, mobility directly undermines the sustained and multi-faceted relationships which are required to achieve social integration and personal development.
Implications for Personal Lifestyle Decisions and the Local Church
Against this background of a high-mobility, placeless culture, how can Christians reaffirm the biblical emphasis on roots? At the personal level, clearly the norm of roots is not antithetical to all mobility. Some may choose to broaden their experience and pursue career development before putting down roots. Often, hard choices must be made between making roots the priority for the benefit of family and local church as against career advancement for the breadwinner. There are no rules here, the balance between relationship priorities and the best use of personal talents for God's glory has to be weighed by each individual and household. However, Christians must face the fact that if they choose mobility to pursue career opportunities there will be long-term relational costs, both for themselves and for others in their family, church and neighbourhood.
Principles for personal lifestyle decisions might include the following. First, those asked to move for job reasons should weigh up carefully the long-term relational implications. Second, Christians generally should stay in one town, and if possible in one house, as long as possible so that they can develop relationships in the locality. Third, families need to develop a long-term 'roots' strategy, couples on marrying might be encouraged to plan where their roots should be (perhaps even where they plan to retire) so that they can organise their long-term career decisions accordingly.
However, Christians must be ready for God's call to override the desire for roots here on earth: Christians must be ready to go anywhere, any time. Such mobility is essential, for example, for the evangelisation of unreached billions in Asia and nearer home to strengthen Christian witness in inner cities. This ambivalence towards roots is part of the paradox Christians face as they live with one foot in the 'present age' and the other in the 'age to come'.
For those Christians who have been compelled to lose their roots by political upheaval or other tragic circumstances, the biblical perspective can be a source of encouragement. Ultimately, roots which provide meaning, belonging and identity' are found in Christ, and as the Israelite exiles discovered in Babylon, God is able to help build new relationships in the local community to provide a sense of plan and purpose (Jeremiah 29:4-14).
It is difficult for Christians to implement the NT vision of the local church when a high proportion of the congregation is transient. Eclectic congregations in suburbs or city centres undermine the claim that Christian faith transcends class and culture. The vision of the sharing and caring community is hard to bring about where relationships last for months rather than years. So local churches need to teach and encourage rootedness among their members. Equally difficult is the church's task of penetrating local
communities which are highly mobile. It is tempting not to bother to seek friendship with a family which is likely to move on shortly. Deliberate strategies are needed to befriend short-stay households if
they are to be presented with the gospel.
Implications for Corporates and Governments
The corporate sector could play an important role in reducing levels of mobility. Personnel departments would probably be less enthusiastic to relocate staff if they appreciated fully the impact indirectly on the employee's family and directly on employee productivity. Also, corporations could make greater effort to take capital to depressed regions rather than expecting labour to move to growth areas. However, it is only if a new consensus develops in society about the benefits of strong roots to individuals, families and wider society that companies are likely to reduce levels of relocation.
At the level of government, there are a range of options. As a major employer, government departments can act directly to reduce mobility - for example, among NHS and military personnel. In schools, governments could introduce 'family education' into the core curriculum, including discussion of the relational costs of high levels of mobility. Indirectly, the government could discourage mobility through fiscal policy, housing policy and strong regional policy. For example, because much job mobility results from capital being transferred out of depressed areas by national-level financial institutions, economists have begun to call for establishment of regional banks as a means of stemming the outflow of funds from
the periphery to the core.[14]
The reason governments fail to tackle mobility is not primarily an absence of policy instruments. It is the failure to appreciate the true economic and social costs of mobility, or the personal and relational benefits of roots. Our task as Christians who wish to be salt and light in society, based on a biblical agenda, must be to actively promote roots in both public and private life, however much this contravenes the prevailing social ethos.
Dr Michael Schluter is the founder and director of the Jubilee Centre, a Christian research group based in Cambridge. He is also director of the Keep Sunday Special Campaign and the Relationships Foundation. He has a PhD in agricultural economics from Cornell University and worked in East Africa for six years as a consultant for the World Bank. Dr Schluter co-authored The R Factor (Hodder & Stoughton, 1993), The R Option (2003), and has contributed chapters to Relational Justice (Waterside Press, 1994), Building a Relational Society (Ashgate, 1996) and Christian Perspectives on Relationism and Law (Paternoster, 2000)
[1] For a summary of this research, see Helen Hayward, The Impact of Mobility on Personal Relationships (Jubilee Centre, Cambridge, 1992).
[2] Christopher J.H. Wright, Living as the People of God (IVP, 1983).
[3] See Gary M. Burge, 'Territorial Religion, Johannine Christology, and the Vineyard of John 15', in J. Green and M.Turner (eds), Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and Christ (Eerdmans, 1994).
[4] Helen Hayward, Christian Attitudes to the Ownership and Distribution of Land in Britain 1500-1930 (Jubilee Centre, Cambridge, 1992).
[5] Alan MacFarlane, The Origins of English Individualism (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1978).
[6] W.D. Davies, The Territorial Dimension of Judaism (University of California Press, London, 1982), p. 13.
[7] Kenneth Anderson, 'Heartless World Revisited: Christopher Lasch's Parting Polemic against the New Cross', Times Literary Supplement, 22 September 1995, p. 3.
[8] Daniel Bell, 'The Disunited States of America', Times Literary Supplement, 9 June 1995, p. 16.
[9] Central Statistical Office, London.
[10] Philippa J. Semper, Weekly Long-Distance Commuting: Its Effect on Family and Community Life (Jubilee Centre, Cambridge, 1989).
[11] Helen Hayward, The Impact of Mobility on Personal Relationships (Jubilee Centre, Cambridge, 1992), p. 53.
[12] Faith Elliot Robertson, 'Mobility and the Family in Hospital Medicine', Health Trends, vol. 13 (1981), pp. 15-16.
[13] Alvin Toffler, Future Shock (Bodley Head, London, 1970).
[14] S. Dow, Financial Markets and Regional Development (Gower, Aldershot, 1990).
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SNA (Tokyo) — There is plenty of reason to believe that the Party of Hope, which is the second-largest opposition party in the House of Representatives, is not long for this world. However, it remains unclear at this moment where its collection of centrist and rightwing lawmakers will end up going.
The fundamental problems that the Party of Hope faces are that it has no common purpose and there's no particular glue holding it together.
Most of its lawmakers survived last October's general election because of their personal hold on their own single-member districts. The party adds almost nothing to its lawmakers' electoral viability with its 1% national support rating.
Having been created as the national political vehicle for the ambitions of Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike, it now looks like she's either going to resign from the party or be asked to leave in the near future.
Koike and her lieutenant Masaru Wakasa truly bungled it last September. They had intended to create a solidly conservative political party with more than half of the lawmakers being female. But when Prime Minister Shinzo Abe surprised the political world with an early snap election, they allowed themselves to be tempted by Seiji Maehara's stunning offer to dissolve the Democratic Party on their behalf, and they threw their carefully constructed plans out the window in order to seize what seemed like a golden opportunity.
It was only fool's gold, as the historical record will attest.
Moreover, the events of the latter half of last year also lay bare Yuriko Koike's fatal flaw as a party leader: her authoritarian temperament. In spite of her possessing an effective strategic mind, she doesn't coordinate very well, even with her vassals.
But that still leaves the Party of Hope, now populated by a majority of lawmakers who scrambled into the organization from the Democratic Party in the run-up to last year's general election. Although the price of party entry was supposed to be allegiance to Koike and Wakasa's hardline views on security policy, the current Party of Hope has entirely reversed course now that the former Democratic Party lawmakers dominate the ranks. The handful of party lawmakers who were true believers in those rightwing causes are now, quite understandably, feeling betrayed. This isn't what they had signed up for last September.
So what to do now? Carry on with a pointless and, yes, hopeless party? Not likely. Split the party relatively amicably between the larger group of moderates and the smaller group of rightwing true believers? Much more likely. Or even, as some have proposed, just dissolve the party completely and let each lawmaker make his or her own way into new forms of organization.
Despite the collapse on January 17 of the scheme to create a unified parliamentary caucus between the Party of Hope and the Democratic Party, it does seem almost inevitable that the centrist and moderate conservative lawmakers of the two parties will indeed end up together in the near future. That formation will likely even have the lawmaker numbers to topple the progressive Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan from its tenuous status as the leading opposition party in the Diet.
The hardline conservatives face the larger dilemma. If they strike out completely on their own, they are likely to find themselves in the political wilderness atop a very minor party. It will be the Kokoro Party 2.0, with even the Nakayama couple lurking there to make it seem like it ever was.
The opposition party to watch remains the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan. If they continue their wise policy of keeping other opposition parties at arm's length while building up their own organization and progressive identity, they will still face inconveniences in the next round or two of national elections, but if they walk the line, they have the real prospect to become a force to be reckoned with in the early 2020s.


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Home | News | Help UKRAINE!
Want to support the people in Ukraine? Here's how you can help
The war in Ukraine is creating an increasingly desperate humanitarian crisis.
We've assembled a list of verified legitimate websites and organizations that accept and distribute donations to the people and children of Ukraine.
1. CARE Ukraine Crisis Fund
The fund provides immediate aid including food, water, hygiene kits, support services and direct cash assistance.
The humanitarian organization aims to raise $20 million and help at least 4 million Ukrainians. It says it will prioritize women and girls, families and the elderly.
2. Sunflower of Peace
Sunflower of Peace Foundation is a non-profit organization committed to helping Ukrainians affected by the Russian military invasion. It is raising money to prepare first aid medical tactical backpacks for paramedics and doctors on the front lines.
3. Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontieres for Ukraine
MSF runs a range of activities in Ukraine working with local volunteers, organizations, health care professionals and authorities to help people travel to health care facilities and access prescribed medications.
4. Voices of Children
The Ukrainian organization's Charitable Foundation provides non-stop assistance to affected children and families from all over Ukraine, providing emergency psychological assistance, and assisting in the evacuation process.
5. International Medical Corps
The global nonprofit has been delivering primary health care and mental health services in eastern Ukraine since 2014, and is raising funds to expand those services for people affected by the latest conflict. Their teams inside Ukraine and in the surrounding region are responding to the conflict by expanding access to medical and mental health services for those living in affected communities, and working to help refugees.
6. International Rescue Committee
The International Rescue Committee responds to the world's worst humanitarian crises, helping to restore health, safety, education, economic wellbeing, and power to people devastated by conflict and disaster.
Tagged: donate, help, ukraine
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Brian's son Tyler takes a trip with Brian and Bill back to Kansas to hunt with Brad and Dusty from Pro Outfitters after. On the first trip to Kansas Brian and Bill strike out but come back for another opportunity to harvest Kansas long beard with bow. This time Brian will be filming his 12 year old son on his first turkey hunt with crossbow. This episode represents what every parents hopes for in spending time with their children in the outdoors.


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The Cause of Global Inequality: Comparing Jared Diamond and Henry George
May 23, 2018 April 4, 2017 by EarthSharing Editor
Can inequality within and between societies be explained in terms of merit and intelligence, or are the most important determinants of inequality beyond individual control? Both economist Henry George and geographer Jared Diamond essentially asked this same question, examining the fundamental forces that have shaped human history. They come to startlingly similar conclusions. These similarities have not, until now, been connected and compared so directly.
Henry George, as an economist, had a view of history which emphasized the importance of the privatization of the economic value of land. Jared Diamond emphasizes the importance of the orientation of large land masses along an east-west axis in shaping history. What is common to both theses is the importance of land – the petri dish which supports human cultures.
Diamond's Pulitzer Prize-winning Guns, Germs and Steel is probably the most popular book ever written about the role of agriculture in the evolution of human societies. George's magnum opus Progress and Poverty was likely the best-selling book in the world, after the Bible, when it was published in 1879. Princeton historian Eric F. Goldman described a society in which enormous numbers of people found that their "whole thinking had been redirected by reading Progress and Poverty in their formative years. In this respect, no other book came anywhere near comparable influence."
Both books tackle such large questions that they are frequently attacked for being deterministic and for broad-stroking details. While the details are contentious, the core theses are straightforward and robust. Postmodernism has made many scholars afraid to distil general forces and has turned 'generalization' into a pejorative term. But among those seeking useful answers for the current state of the world, Diamond and George are responsible for paradigm shifts within many fields of inquiry. It is not my goal with this piece to defend all of these thinkers' ideas with an exhaustive list of historical examples, but merely to compare their most defining ideas.
Land Determines Human Progress
Diamond's thesis is that Eurasia had ideal conditions for agriculture and the success of its people was not due to intelligence or merit. Essentially, crops that flourished in the fertile crescent (self-pollinating hermaphrodites) could move east and west much easier than they could move north and south. Globally, those who controlled land on this east-west axis were able to grow huge food surpluses and advance rapidly, inheriting selectively bred food crops, technology, and ideas at a much faster rate than areas not on this physical and intellectual jet stream.
Diamond writes that effective agriculture and food storage were "prerequisite for the development of settled, politically centralized, socially stratified, economically complex, technologically innovative societies. Hence the availability of domestic plants and animals ultimately explains why empires, literacy, and steel weapons developed earliest in Eurasia and later, or not at all, on other continents."
Photo: Stuck in Customs The Infinity of China via photopin (license)
Food surpluses freed people's time and energy for innovative pursuits, supported dense hubs where people could exchange ideas, and supported large militaries to exact tribute and rent from traders and inhabitants. In other words, it was principally differences in access to well-located land that made it possible for some societies to advance to the point of being effective at conquest and colonization.
If George were aware of Diamond's thesis, he might remark that there is a global privilege, or economic rent, associated with controlling land on this east-west axis. George mostly goes about describing this within societies – as opposed to Diamond's sole focus on comparing civilizations – arguing that those who control the best locations and can charge rent for them have a return far beyond that which is justified by their individual merit. On the collapse of societies, both thinkers boil it down to sprawling and wasteful land use.
In Progress and Poverty, Henry George discusses how sprawl and the inequality it produced was the cause of the decay and fall of the Roman Empire:
"Rome arose from the association of independent farmers and free citizens of Italy. It gained fresh strength from conquests, which brought hostile nations into common relations. Yet the tendency to inequality hindered progress from the start, and it only increased with conquest."
"Great estates—"latifundia"—ruined Italy. The barbarism that overwhelmed Rome came not from without, but from within. It was the inevitable product of a system that carved the provinces into estates for senatorial families. Serfs and slaves replaced independent farmers."
George, firstly, notices that private property is a natural thing related to human production and in ancient times when the population was sparse "ownership of land merely ensures that the due reward of labor goes to the one who uses and improves it." But over time, with the density of the population, rent increased forcing civilizational sprawl.
Conquests led to appropriation of land and slavery. The Roman armies moved outwards from Latium demanding land; victory gave more land to the farmers; excessive demands again brought exhaustion of fertility; again the armies moved outwards. Early 20th-century professor of economic history Vladimir Simkhovitch wrote: "Province after province was turned by Rome into a desert, for Rome's exactions naturally compelled greater exploitation of the conquered soil and its more rapid exhaustion. Province after province was conquered by Rome to feed the growing proletariat with its corn and to enrich the prosperous with its loot. The devastation of war abroad and at home helped the process along."
Photo: Jerzy Durczak Sunny fields via photopin (license)
Diamond describes the way in which Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations grew crops and grazed cattle in an irresponsible and wasteful manner. If land was plentiful for the dominant culture, who had subdued the inhabitants, they could afford to destroy the soil and move on. The only reason western Europe was able to survive similar irresponsible methods, according to Diamond, was its rainfall, unlike the drier Mediterranean and more inland areas of the Middle East, which were not always deserts.
In this way, George and Diamond agree on the importance of land and resource management in the rise and fall of civilizations, as opposed to the individual merit of those involved, but they describe very similar phenomena through unique and largely comparable lenses.
It is difficult to compare thinkers from such different times on issues like the environment. However, one possible difference between George and Diamond are their views on population. George viewed humans, unlike other species, as capable of multiplying their productivity, using fewer resources to produce more wealth. Diamond's theory that Easter Island, for instance, was a Malthusian (population) trap might put George's and Diamond's philosophies at odds. George was likely more of an optimist in terms of population and technology, if the land problem could be adequately addressed first.
Resource Distribution within Societies
To illustrate, Vikings, a popular historical drama on the History Channel (spoiler alert), features the fearless upstart Ragnar Lodbrok. Ragnar bases his legitimacy as a ruler on the idea that he can supply his people with not only new sources of loot but, most importantly, land. He dramatically demonstrates this mid-battle in an impassioned speech to his warring countrymen. Instead of fighting each other for land, says Ragnar, they should join forces in killing other peoples. Despite historical inaccuracies common in such dramas, scholars believe the Vikings raided other parts of Europe principally out of a hunger for land.
According to George, when a society does not use its own resources well, it leapfrogs to others. He believed that the Western land tenure system creates extreme social stratification whereby the rewards of economic and technological progress go disproportionately to the owners of land. Fear of poverty and an emphasis on unearned wealth and status seeking surrounding this dynamic leads to militarization and a colonial leapfrogging mindset.
Contemporary Georgist economist Mason Gaffney referred to what causes this as 'milking the core to feed the periphery'. The poor in the center of a society, like large cities, are paying a great deal of their earnings out as rent and those seeking to avoid this rent sprawl in a multitude of ways – from urban sprawl, to heading west during American expansion, to invading other countries for resources, as was the case with the Romans and Vikings as well.
Photo: Israel Defense Forces Artillery, Infantry & Armored Corps Exercise in the Golan via photopin (license)
Gaffney and Fred Harrison describe how land hunger drove millions of people to make the dangerous passage across the oceans to the Americas. Over the course of three centuries, those who came from the Old World gradually displaced or decimated the tribal societies of "First Americans" who occupied the continent for thousands of years. Such a huge, and resource-rich continent provided the oppressive Old World regimes with a safety-valve, or what Harrison describes as "a continental-wide bolthole to freedom." At least for a time.
"When the land ran out in the 1890s," writes Harrison, "the land of plenty turned into a hell of poverty." The poverty that plagued the Old World had arisen with an equal vengeance in the New World cities established by the descendants of the first Old World migrants. Of course, the land did not actually "run out" in a literal sense; the commons was given away to the railroads, to politicians and their close friends, to land speculators, and to settlers.
After the Revolution, huge sections of land were bought up by rich speculators, including George Washington and Patrick Henry. As the veterans returned home, speculators immediately showed up to buy the land warrants given by the government. Many of the soldiers, desperate for money, sold their 160 acres for less than $50.
This kind of hoarding of land creates an artificial scarcity, and this can, in turn, be used to stoke public sentiment toward war. As was the case with Rome and other empires, George argued that this process is unsustainable; at some point, people become more focused on raiding and stealing the wealth others have produced than on creating real wealth themselves. The returns are just too low by comparison. Rent-seekers parlay their power, even if originally earned through productive means, into more rent-seeking and even buy political power to cement their positions. The social pact is destroyed as the society continuously undermines its productive base. This dynamic, which George viewed as cyclical, had happened long before the Viking raids of the Middle Ages. In Progress and Poverty, he wrote the following:
"In the history of every nation we may read the same truth: our primary social organization is a denial of justice. Allowing one person to own the land makes slaves of others. The degree, or proportion, of slavery increases as material progress goes on.
The effect of invention and improvement on the production of wealth has been precisely the same as an increase in the fertility of nature. What has been the result? Simply that landowners took all the gain. The wonderful discoveries and inventions of our century have neither increased wages nor lightened toil. The effect has simply been to make the few richer — and the many more helpless!"
According to Diamond, people who were lucky enough to have come from land along the longest stretch of east-west land were able to parlay that ownership into more land, decimating those who got in their way. If these east-west cultures existed in environments with lots of water, they could withstand the assault of unsustainable agricultural practices and continue to conquer other parts of the world. If not, they collapsed. George thought that those lucky enough to own land within a society enjoy the same type of unearned luck and privilege. In this way, George describes the cause of poverty within societies, and Diamond describes reasons for inequality, poverty, and colonialism between societies. Both describe why this system of resource allocation and use are unsustainable and ultimately lead to social and environmental collapse, respectively. They also agree that land and location, both its geographic position and land policy, is the most important single factor in determining the fate of civilizations.
If George were alive today, he and Diamond might sit down together and decide that they liked the idea of a global system for sharing the value of land, perhaps as a citizen's dividend (basic income), which would equalize the historically generated value of land with the descendants of conquerors and the descendants of victims of conquest alike. This would help correct at least the economic misfortunes of people disadvantaged by their geographic position. This would overwhelmingly help those in the global south, the people who not only did not benefit from being on the east-west axis but who were also colonized by those people who did benefit. If done correctly, it could eventually wipe out disadvantages due not to merit, but simply being born on the wrong side of the proverbial railroad tracks.
Simkhovitch, V. G. (1916). Rome's fall reconsidered. New York: Ginn.
Zinn, H. (2003). A people's history of the United States: 1492-2001.
Andrea Moroni Salt Miners, Danakil depression via photopin (license)
Categories Economic justice, Geo-politics, Inequality, Land Rights, Natural Resources, Poverty, Resource Rents, Sprawl, Sustainability 5 Comments Post navigation
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5 thoughts on "The Cause of Global Inequality: Comparing Jared Diamond and Henry George"
Kris Feder
Love what you've done with Diamond. You could do the same with:
David Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations.
Jacob Shwartz-Lucas
Thank you Kris! I'm looking forward to reading more about Montgomery. Are there some primary points of similarity/differences that are important to take note of? This might be the seed of another article. I'm looking forward to hearing your thoughts!
Harold Kyriazi
Nice job of synthesizing, Jacob! I'll post this on my Facebook wall, and tag several friends who should find it of interest (including a development economist).
Wow, thank you, Harold! That's a lot coming from you. You are informally known among my friends as "the most interesting man in the world" due to your proclivity for neurobiology and salsa dancing. Sharing it with others is greatly appreciated!
Pingback: The Cause of Global Inequality: Comparing Jared Diamond and Henry George | Sustainable Development, Economy & Democracy


Bergen County Audubon Society members Don Torino and Regina Coyle spent part of last Thursday putting in 30 native plants at Coyle Park in Little Ferry. If you're wondering, yes, the park is named after Regina, in honor of her selfless efforts in helping people affected by Superstorm Sandy.
The plants will attract butterflies and pollinators and bloom throughout the summer. Coyle Park is located behind Memorial Middle School. Kudos to Regina, Don and the BCAS!
Here's the latest photo of the Red-throated Loon, photogrphaphed yesterday evening at DeKorte from the Marsh Discovery Trail. Thanks to Ron Shields!
World Series of Birding Meadowlands Marsh Hawks Take First Place!
Congratulations to the Meadowlands Marsh Hawks team, which took first place in the World Series of Birding Limited Geographic Area category for Bergen County! The team saw and heard 136 species during the 24 hour period from midnight May 6 to midnight May 7.
The team consisted of former Meadowlands Commission Naturalist Mike Newhouse, Chris Takacs,Mike Wolfe, and Zachary Batren.
Newhouse said :Overall, the best species of the day were found in the Meadowlands. We had red-throated loon, boat-tailed grackle, ring-necked duck, caspian tern, and saltmarsh sparrow.


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WHEN LIFE HANDS YOU LEMONS… Squeeze Them Into Some Sweet Iced Tea!
Director's Blog, News
—by Mark Harris, Founder & Director of the DAC Foundation
This post is a follow up to our March 20, 2020 post about how the DIXIE ART COLONY artists navigated through difficult times and refused to abandon their creative pursuits.
Growing up, I never really thought of my grandmother Winfred Era Morgan (Harris), as being particularly creative. However, I now realize that she was one of the most CREATIVE and RESOURCEFUL people I have ever known. Winfred was born on July 27, 1899, in Crenshaw County, Alabama. She was the first of 10 children born to Naaman Jonah Morgan and Elvira Maria Wyatt (Morgan). (She was the granddaughter of Henry Harrison Wyatt and Amanda Caroline Tisdale (Wyatt). (I mention this because the MORGAN, WYATT, and TISDALE families were well-known early SOUTHERN PIONEERS in Crenshaw and Covington County, Alabama. They were business owners, and public officials that, like the Dixie Art Colonists, endured and survived many hardships through the first half of the twentieth century.)
Arthur W.Stewart, Alabama Landscape, transparent and opaque watercolor, circa 1938
My grandmother Winfred, a product of the same generation as most of the Dixie Art Colonists, was 15 years old at the onset of WORLD WAR I, 17 years old at the time of the 1916 POLIO EPIDEMIC, and 19 years old at the time of the 1918 SPANISH FLU PANDEMIC. (According to the Alabama Department of Health, one of Alabama's first officially reported cases of Spanish Influenza was in nearby Conecuh County.)
Next, there was the STOCK MARKET CRASH of 1929, followed by THE GREAT DEPRESSION, WORLD WAR II, and the HOLOCAUST. For me, it's hard to imagine how these brave and resilient Southerners, like my grandmother and the colonists survived, as they lived through one world-wide crisis after another. Yet, not only did they survive, through CREATIVITY and STRONG DETERMINATION, THEY LOOKED TO THE FUTURE AND FORGED AHEAD.
Morgan | Wyatt | Harris Family, Circa 1917
Naamon Jonah Morgan, John Lewis Morgan, Jewel Katherine Morgan, Elvira Wyatt Morgan, Leon Elijah Morgan, William Phylander Harris, Wyatt Roges Morgan, Winfred Morgan Harris
Growing up in the 1960s and 1970s, I remember my grandmother Winfred's frugal demeanor, saving all of the leftover scraps of bread. She would store them in the freezer until she had enough to make a bread pudding. I also remember when I was a small child; sometimes, when making breakfast, she would give me a canned biscuit to play with like it was Playdough. (Canned biscuits were invented in the South in 1931.) On other occasions, she would pull out an old pot and a wooden spoon for me to use as a drum, all symbolic of the lessons she learned while facing tough times. Despite the advent of brighter days, in her home, nothing was ever wasted. She continued her frugal ways, even saving eggshells, coffee grounds, and food scraps for use in her garden. (In addition to adding calcium and nitrogen to the soil, eggshells are also a useful organic method for deterring snails and slugs in the garden. The idea behind adding coffee grounds on hydrangeas is not just to fertilize them, but rather to change the pH level of the soil, one method for changing the color of the blooms. Coffee grounds are also magnificent for camellias.)
Harris Family, Circa 1924
Wyatt Carr Harris, William Morgan Harris, Winfred Morgan Harris
When I think back, I can also recall gathering scraps of white cotton twine for my grandmother while visiting my parents at "The Wetumpka Herald," our family's business. (Many years ago, newspapers were bound using white cotton twine.) My grandmother would tie the scraps together, then roll the string into a large ball for use in crocheting bedspreads, tablecloths, and other useful items. She also used leftover newspapers to condition the soil and suppress weeds in the garden.
Sgt. Arthur Walter Stewart, WWII, Circa 1942
Shown to the left is DAC artist Arthur Stewart. He served as an artist in the U.S Army during WWII.
In her journal, DAC artist LOUISE SMITH EVERTON wrote that she remembered Mrs. Sallie Carmichael apologizing for shortages in food at the DAC as well as Kelly Fitzpatrick lamenting the fall of Paris. She also explained how women colonists interrupted their painting to knit sweaters for soldiers, just as today, many women and men are interrupting their normal activities to make masks for our healthcare workers and first responders.
Louise Smith (Everton), Circa 1942
Shown is Louise Smith Everton during World War II on a Plein air painting outing while participating at the Dixie Art Colony.
During WWII, the draft ended colony sessions for several young male colonists, such as Arthur Stewart, Lunster Green, and Karl Wolfe, although they wrote letters back to the colonists about their experiences in the military. Everton's diary entry for June 24, 1941, notes apprehension among the colonists, at least temporarily. "We discussed what a hell of a situation our civilization is in. GEE WHEN I THINK OF IT I WANT TO CRY. We gay, carefree, casual artists are just whistling in the dark. KARL'S AFRAID—HE'S VERY AFRAID—HE SAYS PRETTY SOON WE'LL BE SCRATCHING UP ROOTS TO EAT. I'm afraid because when you come to brass tacks the artist, although he's an interpreter of life is also an economic parasite—an appendage and I'm sure they'll have an appendectomy. I'm so afraid."
Louise Woodson Smith (Everton) Alabama Field, watercolor on paper, n.d.
Despite their fears and the numerous hardships these brave souls endured, like my grandmother, the colonists relentlessly continued their pursuits. And in time, each crisis passed, and many of the DAC artists became very successful artists, art educators, and prominent leaders in the world of Southern art. Like these brave souls that proceeded us, during this difficult time, we must allow ourselves to be guided by our strength and creativity, not just our fears.
Dixie Art Colony Foundation, Wetumpka, Alabama
Doris Bell says:
Really enjoyed this! Keep up your good work, Mark!
Mark Harris says:
Thank you! We are glad you enjoyed the post!
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The exhibition from workshop - T. Stano, I. Kubelková, G. J. Theusing and K. Chvalová at Gallery Coffee.
The exhibition of photos from Antonín Chloupek - Occupation 1968 at Gallery Coffee.
The exhibition from Bára Ungrová / drawing, paintin within the Cheb Backyards Festival.
The exhibition of photographs - Salty dreams at Gallery Coffee.
The exhibition of photographs of a Cheb artist at Gallery Coffee.
The exhibition of paintings of a Pilsner artist and designer.
The exhibition of a Prague artist´s paintings in gallery club.
The exhibition of paintings from Josef Fleischman in gallery club.
The exhibition Petr Novák in gallery club coffee.
The exhibition of paintings from Karel Matoušek - Watercolors in gallery club.
The exhibition of Photos in gallery club.
The exhibition of Photos from Zbyněk Illek - Archives.
The exhibition of paintings from Jaroslav Seibl - Light of the city in gallery club.


Sunday was the feast day of Saint Mary Magdalene and it was also a day where I broke many vows I'd made to myself.
I hadn't planned on feasting with Mary Magdalene. When I woke up early on Sunday morning, she came to mind. Not something that has ever happened before so I knew there was a meaning to be found. I did some before breakfast research and my spider-senses were tingling: could Mary Magdalene be Inanna in disguise? I think so (and I'll write on that another day).
Saint Mary Magdalene is the patroness of the contemplative life, converts, glove makers, hairstylists, penitent sinners, people ridiculed for their piety, perfumeries and perfumers, pharmacists, and women. She's also associated with rebirth and resurrection, and you'll see her depicted with red eggs at Easter time.
I wanted to honour Magdalene.
Usually any mention of a feast (or food in general) and I'm excitedly getting the plates out but Sunday's food was already prepared. Although, I did manage to sneak in a raspberry jam doughnut in her honour. Next year, I'll make vegan orange zest Madeleines.
I decided to feast with her by crafting prayer beads. I bought all the 'ingredients' to make the prayer beads then spent a couple of hours creating them. I also made an anointing oil with olive oil, cinnamon and myrrh (which smells amazing).
Mary Magdalene with her theme of rebirth made her presence known to me on the day of my initiation into a coven.
Vows I'd made to myself over the years died on Mary Magdalene's feast day.
I would not join a coven.
I would never be skyclad in ritual.
I would not be initiated into a tradition.
So many things I wouldn't do and then I did them.


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Jefferson County investigates "N-word passes" distributed at two schools
by: Thao Ta
Posted: Feb 28, 2019 / 11:27 PM EST
Updated: Feb 28, 2019 / 11:30 PM EST
The Jefferson County Board of Education launched an investigation into what the board is calling alleged racism at two local schools.
This is after Jefferson High School student Cameron Henderson brought into attention a post on Snapchat that read, "N-word passes." These "N-word passes" initially started at Washington High School by a student, according to the school district. Superintendent Bondy Shay Gibson says they have since been disciplined.
Henderson says he noticed the post Friday night on social media, it was also on Instagram.
"I'm ashamed of it. I don't want to be a part of it," said Henderson.
The Jefferson County Board of Education says they learned about the incident the day after and immediately launched an investigation, identifying those involved. Superintendent Gibson says she wasn't made aware of the incident until Wednesday.
"I can't tell you exactly what happened to them. I can tell you that we have a progressive discipline policy and we follow it," said Gibson. "We also have a racial harassment policy that we follow."
President of the Jefferson County NAACP, George Rutherford, says encouraging the young generation to speak up is important.
"Our concern is the publicity because of the atmosphere in the country right now," he said.
Cameron says he would like the school to educate his peers on the power of hateful words.
"I've been called the N-word," said Henderson.
Jefferson County School District says they have a few plans in place to tackle this issue head-on.
Superintendent Gibson says she hopes this incident becomes a teaching moment for all students.
The investigation into the incident was completed as of Wednesday.
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Zombie with a Shotgun
ZOMBIE WITH A SHOTGUN is the feature adaptation of the popular web series of the same name. Aaron and Rachel are on the run due to the fact that Aaron is infected by what seems to be a zombie virus. As the story unfolds, they find that there is more to this infection than it seems. For some reason, he has not developed the full zombie virus. He seems to be trapped in a transitional phase which grants him certain abilities. One of them is the ability to communicate with other zombies. This makes Aaron a valuable pawn as he's being pursued by shadowy figures with ulterior motives. Now he must stay alive (or undead) long enough to figure out the source of his infection!
Director: Hilton Ariel Ruiz
Actors: Braeden Baade, Brandi Satterfield, Emilie Paap, Jeremy Fultz, Kathryn Kuhn, Kyle Hester
Keywords:123movies 9movies Free gomovies gostream losmovie movie4k movietv primewire putlockers putlockertv seehd seehd.info shockshare sitename solarmovie Watch Zombie with a Shotgun watch32 yesmovie Zombie with a Shotgun Online
Genre: Action, Fantasy, Mystery
On a scientific expedition to Siam young Billy Batson is given the ability to change himself into the super-powered Captain Marvel by the wizard Shazam, who tells him his powers…
Genre: Action, Family, Fantasy, Science Fiction
When a mysterious loner and Karate master Kenji's little sister goes missing in Los Angeles, whoever stands in his way of finding her will face the wrath of a lethal…
When Count Contini attempts to destroy the world's economy by masterminding the theft of $1 billion in U.S. gold, ICE chief MacDonald summons secret agent Matt Helm to stop him.
On the 100th anniversary of the original voyage, a modern luxury liner christened "Titanic 2," follows the path of its namesake. But when a tsunami hurls an ice berg into…
The Pagan King
On his deathbed, the reigning king bestows power to an unexpected heir who must find strength within himself to unite his people against the violent crusades which threaten their freedom.
Country: Latvia, UK
A 35-minute Dragon Ball animated short film that premiered at the Jump Super Anime Tour in September 2008. It is the first animated Dragon Ball feature in twelve years, following…
Assassinista
Jaci v. Solitaire
Kiwi!
The story of a Kiwi who spends his whole life working towards achieving his dream.
Fight for Justice
Fight for Justice is a Chinese Action movie starring Stanley Fung.


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Driving the Green Recovery and Redesign: Embedding Local Climate Action at the Heart of Economic Stimulus Packages – Session 2
21 October 2020 @ 16:00 - 17:30 UTC+2
« Driving the Green Recovery and Redesign: Embedding Local Climate Action at the Heart of Economic Stimulus Packages – Session 1
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21 October 2020	16:00 - 17:30	UTC+2
Climate Change Adaptation, Climate Change Mitigation, Climate Finance, Climate Resilience
Act, COVID-19, Green Recovery, Keynote, Know, Lead
With the global Coronavirus pandemic, every sector of society across the globe has been impacted. The work to address climate change is being reprioritized, interrupted or delayed. Local and regional governments have had to redeploy sustainability resources to ensure immediate safeguarding of their residents and employees.
In his Policy Brief "COVID-19 in Urban World", the UN Secretary General underlined that urban areas are ground zero of the COVID-19 pandemic, with 90 percent of reported cases, highlighting three main priorities: tackling inequalities and long-term development deficits and safeguard social cohesion, strengthening the capacities of local governments and pursuing a green, resilient and inclusive economic recovery. These proposals complement the six actions on climate change: invest in green jobs, do not bail out polluting industries, end fossil-fuel subsidies, take climate risks into account in all financial and policy decisions, work together and most important, leave no one behind.
At the international level, we are experiencing major disruptions of the global climate process. COP26 in Glasgow, Regional Climate and mid-year talks in Bonn are all postponed to 2021, which can be used as an opportunity for domestic processes to increase the ambition of nationally determined contributions.
But climate science hasn't changed. The climate emergency is still happening right now, in our cities, towns and regions around the world.
High-level representatives from local, regional and national governments, as well as from the business and finance sector, will discuss the challenges and opportunities for putting integrated climate action at the core of local economic stimulus packages for aiding the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the criticality of making financial resources available to those cities, towns and regions working to tackle the climate emergency.
Yunus Arikan, Director of Global Advocacy, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
Welcome on behalf of ICLEI
Manuel de Araùjo, Mayor, Quelimane, Mozambique; ICLEI Global Executive Committee
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Peter Kurz, Mayor, City of Mannheim, Germany
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Mohamed Bakarr, Lead Environmental Specialist, Global Environment Facility (GEF)
Min GAO, Deputy Director, Financial Affairs Office, Ningbo Municipal Government, China; GEF-7 SCIP Participating City
Panel: The International City Climate Finance Gap Fund
Moderator: Maryke van Staden, Director, carbonn Climate Center, ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
Gerry Muscat, Head of Division, Urban Development, European Investment Bank
Barbara Buchner, Executive Director, Climate Policy Initiative; Secretariat of the Cities Climate Finance Leadership Alliance (CCFLA)
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Coaching is the key that unlocks your potential and allows you to move forward in any direction with renewed vigour and hope.
At various points of our lives we need to set goals that will enable us to perform at our maximum and increase our potential to grow. Performance Coaching is recognised as a positive strategy that helps people to become successful in any area of their lives. It is well known to enhance people capabilities, allowing them to set and achieve any desired goal whether this may be in their personal/private or professional lives. In either sphere coaching will give you the result you want to achieve.
My role is to develop a coaching relationship with my coachees by working on an equal basis so that you will be able to make your own decisions without being told what to do. Action planning is a key strategy in this process.
The brain is fearfully and wonderfully made, it is without doubt the best tool we have at our disposal for creating memories and storing information. It is flexible and stretches with use to accommodate new learning and store old learning that is no longer needed. Consider your brain to be akin to the engine in a car or an intricate underground system of networks with profound capabilities dictating the way you think, act and behave. As well as storing good memories, the brain is also capable of storing negative and harmful information that causes us to behave in ways that are not conducive to good outcomes. The brain can only react to what we think and believe, leading to patterns of learned behaviour.
Helps with building useful for life skills.
Techniques for exploring our personal connections, how to manage relationship, overcome negative thinking and be curios about how we think and feel.
Whether you are accessing my coaching services as an organisation or as an individual my approach will be to keep you connected to your aspirations and goals.
Ask you to provide an action plan consisting of small steps leading to your big life goal.


Looking for an affordable Android phone for Sprint with full QWERTY keyboard? Search no further. The Samsung Intercept M910 combines full touch screen functionality with a convenient spacious QWERTY keyboard making texting a breeze. Released in 2010, having successor and discontinued by Sprint, the Samsung Intercept can be yours today at a the lowest price ever.
Buying old phones discontinued by service providers is a good alternative when you need an Android smartphone with QWERTY keyboard at a cheap price. Additionally, buying used phones is the easiest way to get a phone at the cheapest possibly price. However, in some cases, buying used phones online may be risky. Here are some tips to help you find a used phone at great value and purchase it at minimum hazard.
What makes the Intercept M910 a cheap phone.
How to buy this deal - Here is how it works. Learn step by step how to buy Samsung Intercept M910.
Estimated Battery Talk: 6.4 hours max. Actual performance will vary based on phone settings, environmental conditions, and usage.
Estimated Battery Standby: 254 hours max. Actual performance will vary based on phone settings, environmental conditions, and usage.
Release Date – 2010, what makes the Samsung Intercept an older model among newer Android phones.
Samsung has released already newer Android models for Sprint with new look and upgraded capabilities.
Outdated processor may cause slowness on updated Android software.
Data plan required for smartphones. Since the Samsung Intercept is a smartphone, your provider may require additional data plan in order to use this phone.
Since the Samsung Intercept is an Android phone, you need to have or create a Gmail account in order to activate the phone (free of charge but necessary).


ZooLit Charity is devoted to promoting literacy throughout The Park. Our work with immigrant Animals is one of the most important aspects of our mandate. Our efforts on behalf of these Animals has resulted in convincing The Park's publishing companies to make both fiction and non-fiction available in the languages spoken by all Animals in The Park.
CatsCare is devoted to helping Felines who live in The Park, particularly those who have fled a domestic situation outside The Park. The CatsCare Foundation has been responsible for re-homing thousands of formerly domestic Cats, as well as assisting Cats, large and small, who were born in The Park.
The Small Ball Fever Research Fund finances and administers scientific and medical studies that are aimed at treating and preventing Small Ball Fever, one of The Park's biggest killers in the Summer.
The Foundation for the Study of Premature Awakening is dedicated to solving the mystery of premature awakening from hibernation. This deadly affliction is growing in incidence in The Park and devastating families in our hibernating communities. The Foundation provides information on the condition and has instituted a number of outreach programmes to aid affected families. Last year, donations made to the Foundation enabled the establishment of two major research projects on the subject at the University of West Terrier's School of Medicine.
LynxLink helps to connect Lynx families with their relatives outside The Park. The charity also provides financial assistance to those wishing to reunite their families and establish a home within The Park. As well, LynxLink assists immigrants to The Park through its LynxedIN network.
Conscious Paws is dedicated to preserving The Park's pristine environment through education and activism.
Dedicated to preserving the integrity of The Park's many Ponds, Keep Your Paws Out of Our Ponds (KYPOOOP) works tirelessly to monitor the quality of Pond water and to prevent its misuse and pollution. In addition, KYPOOOP monitors and maintains The Park's Safe Water Zone (PSWZ).
Founded by Holstein Fashion, the goal of the EQUALLS charity is to support the full equality of striped and spotted Animals (as well as others) in The Park.
Thisbe and the Barkettes singer Estelle Barker founded the charity Cautionary Tails to support Animals who work in the Human film and television industry.


If you are looking for an opportunity to solve deep technical problems and build innovative solutions in a fast paced environment working with smart, passionate colleagues, this can be the role for you. Amazon's transportation systems get millions of packages to customers worldwide faster and cheaper while providing world class customer experience – from checkout on the website, to shipment planning, fulfillment and delivery. Our software systems include services that use thousands of signals every second to make business decisions impacting billions of dollars a year, that integrate with a network of small and large carriers worldwide, that manage business rules for millions of unique products, and that improve experience of over 100 million online shoppers. With rapid expansion into new geographies, innovations in supply chain, delivery models and customer experience, an increasingly complex transportation network, ever expanding selection of products and growing number of shipments worldwide; we have an opportunity to build software that scales the business, leads the industry through innovation and delights millions of customers worldwide. We leverage cutting edge technologies in big data, machine learning, real time analytics, and high volume, low latency, high availability services.
Amazon Transportation Services (ATS) is looking for an Applied Scientist to work on deep learning models that will directly impact how our transportation planning models function worldwide. The main focus of ATS is to account for all network constraints, while maximizing the number of shipments shipped, minimizing cost, providing a variety of delivery options, and maximizing delivery performance. You will help build new models and systems, and redefine the way whole operational units work, while using new technologies that improve usability and increase performance and scalability. You will have an opportunity to work with a wide range of teams and services across Amazon, and work alongside a core team of applied/data scientists, and software developers, working on optimization and machine learning models and applications.
If you are an experienced Applied Scientist who has a strong academic background, who has knack for understanding and solving real-world problems, who enjoys developing and deploying ML/DL models into production, who has experience in forecasting/predictive models, and who is interested in re-engineering and delivering new services to help fuel the explosive growth of ATS, then this is the job for you. If big data, cutting edge technologies, machine learning, automation, and building intelligent systems excite you, if you love to innovate and deliver results, and, if you are enthusiastic about working alongside other scientists and software developers, then we want you to be on our team.
· PhD in Computer Sciences, Mathematics, or Statistics with specialization in machine learning (alternatively, MSc. and 3+ years in scientist role).
· 2+ years of hands-on experience in predictive modeling and analysis, and in deploying machine learning models in production.
· Knowledge of Software Development (data structures, algorithms, etc.).
· Strong coding skills in Python.


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WATCH: PAUL COOK LOOKS AHEAD TO LATICS' CLASH WITH DONCASTER ROVERS AT THE DW STADIUM
DONCASTER PREVIEW: "It's important we react to Saturday's disappointment."
Wigan Athletic manager Paul Cook says his side must respond to their weekend defeat at home to Bradford City when they entertain Doncaster Rovers at the DW Stadium on Tuesday evening.
Paul Cook shares his thoughts as Latics look to bounce back against Doncaster Rovers.
WATCH: Paul Cook speaks to iFollow Latics ahead of Doncaster Rovers' visit.
"It's all about how you react to the disappointment." – Cook
Cook – "Darren (Ferguson) is a great lad and a proven quality manager."
Paul Cook on bouncing back from Bradford City
"You'd always expect the players to be a bit flat and a bit down because it's the first time we've tasted defeat in the league at home this season. There's always going to be disappointment in football because it's part and parcel of the game, but it's how you react to the disappointment and we'll certainly find out how that is tomorrow night.
"Nowadays there's so much negativity around the game, it's quite sad really, but we can't change that. All we can focus on is the fact we're only 17 games into a 46-game season, and there will be plenty more disappointments along the way, but our job is to get as many points as we can and hopefully that comes with a win tomorrow night."
Paul Cook on Darren Ferguson's Doncaster Rovers
"Darren (Ferguson) is a great lad and a proven quality manager who has numerous promotions on his CV and has managed in the Championship. Doncaster have got good players and Darren's teams always play a good style of football. They'll be a threat tomorrow night but every game these days is difficult and you can't turn up thinking you'll be alright against some teams because those days have gone.
"It'll be a similar game to Saturday because you'll have two teams on the pitch trying to win the game. We came off second best at the weekend but will be doing everything we can to bounce back against Doncaster."
Paul Cook on Nick Powell
"He was being sick over the weekend and he felt his hamstring on Saturday, so it will be watch this space with Nick. I'm certainly not going to risk players and I don't buy into the whole 'let's wait until six o'clock tomorrow night', because we've got a strong squad at the club and players chomping at the bit, so if Nick's not feeling right then we know we have quality to come in."
Wigan Athletic vs Doncaster Rovers on 21 Nov 17
iFollow Latics


Despite witnessing Fox's The Next Great Champ copycat series draw dismal ratings, it looks like NBC and Survivor and The Apprentice producer Mark Burnett are still looking for a fight. A Nielsen fight. NBC announced last week that The Contender, Burnett's highly-publicized reality boxing series that had its premise copied by Fox, will premiere in late February -- and air regularly versus Fox's American Idol ratings heavyweight.
Hoping to showcase the show to viewers before it begins going head-to-head with Idol, The Contender, executive produced by Burnett, Rocky star Sylvester Stallone, and DreamWorks SKG's Jeffrey Katzenberg, will debut with a special 90-minute premiere on Monday, February 21 at 9:30PM ET/PT. Beginning Tuesday, March 1 The Contender will move into its regular 8PM ET/PT time period versus American Idol.
NBC had previously announced its Tuesday night showdown plans when it unveiled its 2004-2005 season schedule in May 2004, however given both the poor ratings performance of Fox's reality boxing series and the generally weak performance of NBC's new fall series, there had been speculation that the network might opt to move The Contender to another time period.
The Contender's new confirmed broadcast date appears to mark the end of a high-stakes broadcast game of chicken in which NBC swerved, but Fox ultimately crashed.
Knowing that NBC was targeting The Contender for midseason, Fox announced from the beginning that The Next Great Champ (announced after Fox lost the bidding for the broadcast rights to The Contender) would hit the airwaves two months earlier and debut in November following the network's World Series coverage.
Apparently still not satisfied with allowing Fox's Champ clone to get such a jump on it, NBC revised its own plans in July, announcing that The Contender's debut would also be accelerated to November to match the Fox series. Reacting to NBC's decision to match Champ's November premiere, Fox pushed Champ's premiere up even further -- to September 10. Unable to match Fox's September date as their own show was still in production, Burnett and Dreamworks filed a lawsuit to prevent Fox from broadcasting Champ until Contender was also ready for broadcast. The action prompted Fox to move Champ's premiere up yet again, to September 7, in an unsuccessful attempt to debut the series before the court's preliminary injunction hearing -- a hearing which Fox won, resulting in Burnett and Dreamworks declining to pursue the issue further.
Despite an extensive promotional campaign and the significant press generated by the network brawl, The Next Great Champ premiered to only 5.2 million viewers on September 7. After first dropping its Friday encores and scheduling the series for an unplanned hiatus that would see it make lowly-rated Friday evenings its new permanent home upon its return, Fox pulled the plug completely on the series, dumping Champ's remaining episodes on its Fox Sports Net regional networks.
Whether Burnett's The Contender suffers the same fate remains to be seen, however given NBC's decision to revert to its original plan to go head-to-head with American Idol, ratings success would appear to be less likely. Particularly since the scheduling will be a rematch bout of sorts -- despite its current status as a linchpin of NBC's Thursday night programming, NBC originally planned to air Burnett's The Apprentice series versus the Fox ratings goliath. After watching the show deliver monster ratings during special Thursday evening broadcasts of its first two episodes, NBC attempted to move The Apprentice to it's originally planned Wednesday, 9PM ET/PT time period, where it was KO'd by Idol's broadcast. Reacting quickly, NBC rescheduled its Thursday night schedule and permanently gave the nascent hit series the nearly as competitive 9-10PM hour versus CBS's top-rated CSI series.
Will Burnett even the record at 1-1? We'll know in a few months, but given both Champ's performance and the disastrous results from last season's Apprentice matchup, oddsmakers would have to make Burnett and NBC a heavy underdog.


I can't explain how nice it was to just relax last night with friends at Bunco. Lisa picked me up and took me to Michelle's house. I immediately enjoyed some wine and delicious appetizers.
Michelle had several different kinds of hummus to try.
After sampling each of the them several time, I determined they were all fabulous but the winner was the Tahini Garlic Hummus. Yum!
During all my hummus tastings, I also sampled some of Lisa's Jell-O shots.
I piled everything on my plate and went to town.
Oh my…everything was so good. I had to restrain myself from getting seconds. I really needed to save room for dessert.
Peach Crispy with vanilla ice cream.
You know I had to try them all. Of course they were all fabulous…Michelle made them! You see…Michelle is fabulous cook. You don't want to miss an eating event at her house ever!
This morning's breakfast was Trader Joe's Vanilla Greek Yogurt with Coconut-Sour Cherry Granola, strawberries and raspberries.
I have really missed this granola! I only have one serving left. Guess I'll need to make some more soon.
Lunch was the rest of the Trader Joe's pre-made tuna salad and an orange.
I was a baking machine today. I am going to my parent's house tomorrow and wanted to bring them some treats. My dad's favorite is my Orange Vanilla Pound Cake so I'm bringing him some tomorrow.
um...Frozen Mama Bella's garlic bread??? eek! I haven't cooked since before we moved out of our home in May...until this week, we are in our new apartment and I couldnt believe the Costco here had Mama Bella's! So, our first meal in our new home was spaghetti and bread :) Kids said it was the best dinner all summer! your desserts sound yum...I am hoping to find white flour this week...yes, I am having to look...and will make choc chip cookies!
Some cultures and people do not consume meat or animal food products for cultural, dietary, health, ethical, or ideological reasons. Vegetarians do not consume meat. Vegans do not consume any foods that are or contain ingredients from an animal source. Thanks a lot.


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Graduate Field of Plant Biology
Evolve our understanding of a constantly evolving field
Cornell's Graduate Studies in Plant Biology are at the cutting edge of basic and translational plant research and offer top-ranked, interdisciplinary Ph.D. training. Students are tackling some of today's toughest challenges; from a single strand of DNA to the global scale, plant biologists have contributions to make in genetics, medicine, climate change, agriculture and many other exciting and important areas.
Graduate student, Lori Koenick, examines cercospora beticola from celery, onions and beets.
M.P.S.
World-renowned Cornell scientists with diverse interests and strengths are recruiting and teaching the next generation of plant scientists. Currently, 47 faculty members are affiliated with the Plant Biology Graduate Field. Given the breadth of faculty research, students choose from a variety of research areas and concentrations.
Historically, the Field of Plant Biology has been divided into nine "concentrations":
Plant Morphology, Anatomy, and Biomechanics
Students pursue advanced study leading to two different degrees:
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.) in Plant Biotechnology
For an overview of the coursework, please visit the PhD graduate curriculum page.
Graduate Research Areas
Graduate students can study topics in a wide range of research areas as listed below.
Cell and Organelle Biology
Development and Cell Signaling
Physiology and Metabolism
Plant-Environment Interaction
System Biology and Modeling
Systematics, Evolution, and Diversity
The CALS Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.) program specialization in Plant Biotechnology features coursework and hands-on laboratory work focused on the practice of plant biotechnology, designed to equip students with knowledge and tools to adapt and use plants for specific needs or opportunities.
Learn more about the CALS Master of Professional Studies (MPS) program specialization in Plant Biotechnology.
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Need to recharge your batteries? Get a little plant fix? Stop by the Liberty Hyde Bailey Conservatory for a study break.
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The Victoria lily in the Palm House continues to pump out blooms.
Graduate Student Career Trajectories
Cornell graduates continue to be instrumental in the field of plant sciences, and recent graduates have been highly successful in obtaining academic or equivalent professional positions. They can be found across the United States and the world, holding positions at leading universities, botanical gardens, in public policy, and in industry.
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In addition to the unmatched support from Cornell faculty, graduate students in the Field of Plant Biology have access to outstanding facilities and resources, including the Bailey Hortorium Herbarium and Mann Library.
Currently, 47 faculty members are affiliated with the Plant Biology Graduate Field.
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