In today's day and time, irrespective of your age and preferences, debates and interviews are an integral part of our life and an inseparable part of Broadcast Journalism. Be it political debates and interviews hosted by people like Arnab Goswami, Ravish Kumar and Barkha Dutt or entertaining or celebrity interviews hosted by Karan Johar or Kapil Sharma, talk-show hosts are giving the celebrities a run for their money.
Even international TV show hosts like David Letterman, Jimmy Fallon and Jimmy Kimmel have created a legendary space for themselves in the minds of the viewers.
So, what is it that makes them great at what they do? Let's find out!
Prepare: Do your homework. As a presenter, it's your duty to be well informed about the topics of discussion and the participants of the debate or interview. It helps to avoid potentially awkward moments where you are left guessing for references. List out all the topics that have to be covered in the discussion and ensure that you touch upon each and every one of them. Observe good orators and their habits and try to inculcate them for an impactful delivery. It's also always a good idea to study semiotics for good rhetorical communication.
Give everybody a fair chance: Every participant deserves fair bandwidth to express and articulate his/her opinions and feelings. It becomes your prerogative to keep it unbiased and let everybody speak. Learn how to tactfully interrupt and start conversations to keep the proceedings entertaining and informative.
Ensure balance and decency: These situations can get especially tricky in the case of political debates and discussions. Avoid topics that can insinuate and create a stressful or tense environment. You have to handle such situations with tact and diplomacy.
Ensure that your unbiased and neutral: This probably is one of the most important points that you MUST follow. It is crucial not to let your personal opinions, biases and leanings affect the proceedings at all. You have to present the topics in a totally neutral way. It is your duty to lay down facts and not give any hints or directions to the audience.
Know when to listen and when to interrupt: Listen well to your guests. Be a good communicator. You should also be prompt and know how and when to stop a speaker if he/she is extending their time slot or digressing, being offensive or beating around the bush.
Take the reins: Always be aware that you are the 'Sutradhaar'. Ensure that the proceedings always stay in your control. Achieve a balance of listening and speaking. As it is rightly said, you are the ANCHOR of the show. A good sense of humour goes a long way in such endeavors.
Viewers always come first: Make it a point to address only those issues which make for good, sensible viewing. Do not let anything obstruct this ultimate goal. Do not let personal agendas pollute the intent of the discussion.
Technically sound: The key to smooth proceedings is ensuring technical perfection. Use the best and most compatible devices possible to guarantee a glitch less show. In case of telephonic interviews, use landlines instead of mobile phones and always have contingency plans if you're relying on telephonic, electronic or mechanical devices and the internet.
Respect privacy and personal space: Your guests are humans with emotions. Always respect their space even with factors like your body language and tone. Creating controversies is NOT your job. The participants have a right to privacy and you should respect it.
Connect: Try and connect with the speakers. If there is an audience connect with them too. Be comfortable in your own skin and don't put on any gimmick. A good connect with the participants lays down the foundation for fruitful communication.
Keep in mind all these factors to be an effective TV/web anchor. Good hosts can go on to become a force to reckon with in a socio-political scenario. You can actually wield the power to be the catalysts of positive change in the society. It is indeed a powerful and coveted position and with the right choices, you will get there!
However, it all starts with first equipping yourself with the right education. Having a solid Degree in Broadcast Journalism can set you on the path to assuming diverse roles in the web and television journalism space, including that of a host/anchor. Check out Seamedu School of Pro-Expressionism's comprehensive degree course in journalism offered at its Pune campus now!


Green Roof Systems goes beyond the fashionable green roof movement and provides solid information on building accessible space, often as important public space, over structure. It offers brief coverage of the entire process, including planning and collaboration, and focuses on the technical aspects of these roof systems, their components, and their applications.
Susan K. Weiler, Fasla, is a partner at OLIN, a landscape architecture and urban design firm based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She lectures widely and teaches landscape architecture at Temple University, where she developed its landscape engineering and construction curriculum. She is the recipient of the 2003 Green Roof Award of Excellence.
Katrin Scholz-Barth is a consultant from Washington, D.C., currently working to help establish green roofs in the Middle East. A national expert in green roof technology, she leads efforts in ecological planning and design both in the United States and the Middle East. She taught at Harvard University and the University of Pennsylvania and is former director of sustainable design for the HOK Planning Group, a business unit of The HOK Group, Inc. She is also the recipient of the 2003 Green Roof Award of Excellence.
Chapter 1 Replenishing Our Diminishing Resources: Integrating Landscape and Architecture.
Chapter 2 Beyond the Property Line: Ecological, Economic, Spatial, and Social Benefits of Green Roof Systems.
Chapter 3 Envisioning Green Roof Systems: From City Scale to Project Scale.
Chapter 4 Green Roof Systems at the Project Scale: Site and Architectural Considerations.
Chapter 5 Considerations in Developing Structural Systems for Green Roof Systems.
Chapter 6 Component Parts: Inert and Dynamic.
Chapter 7 Putting the Parts Together: The Design and Documentation Process.
Chapter 8 The Bidding and Construction Process.
Chapter 9 Minimizing, Managing, and Insuring Risk.
Chapter 10 Maintenance Requirements and Performance Evaluation.


text:
Q: PHP version not equal to Homebrew's on OSX I'm using OSX, I just installed php71 using
brew install php71

when I run
php -v

I get the correct php version. However if I unlink php71 using
brew unlink php71

And i run
php -v

I still see that php71 is installed.
Any idea how I can fix this? I'm trying to get php56 to be the current one.

A: You need to rehash your shell's lookups of programs after installing or uninstalling anything. Under bash use:
hash -r

Then try to see if your PATH is correct, or you have any aliases set up with:
type php

If that tells you an answer including the word alias, you have an alias set up and should  unset it with:
unalias php

If it tells you anything beginning with:
/usr/local/...anything.../php

it means you still have a homebrew PHP at that location. If you want to use the Apple-supplied PHP, make sure /usr/local/bin is near the right-hand end of your PATH and that /usr/bin is nearer the left-hand end of your PATH.
If it tells you anything beginning with:
/usr/bin

it means you are running an Apple-supplied PHP. If you want to run a homebrew PHP instead, make sure that /usr/local/bin is near the start (left-hand end) of your PATH.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A 4 bed 3 bath townhouse with views across to the lake at La Mata and beyond to the Mediterranean is offered for sale in Ciudad Quesada. On the main floor, the property has an open plan sunny lounge/dining room with an archway leading into a large fitted kitchen, there is also a shower room on this floor and patio doors that open onto a tiled courtyard where the utility cupboard is located. The ground floor consists of a further lounge area with patio doors leading from the driveway, there is a bathroom and 2 double bedrooms with fitted wardrobes. A spiral staircase leads up to the main floor. The top floor of the house has a further 2 double bedrooms both with fitted wardrobes and balconies plus a large family bathroom. With off road parking in a private road and just 10 properties sharing the community swimming pool, this property would make a great holiday home or permanent residence.


text:
Турското националноосвободително движение в България е нелегална организация на български турци, противопоставяща се на т.нар. "Възродителен процес".

Основана във Варна през юли 1985 година, тя просъществува до лятото на 1986 година, когато е разбита от Държавна сигурност, около 200 участници са арестувани, а 18 от тях са осъдени и вкарани в затвора. Според множество косвени данни в създаването на организацията активна роля играе самата Държавна сигурност. Организацията е предшественик на ДПС.

Kато "неформална" тя цели да огласи провеждащия се в България "Възродителен процес" зад граница, провежда пропаганда и агитация сред населението по места, организира протести.

На учредителното събрание на организацията участват Сали Ахмед, Касим Дал и Неджеметин Хак и още двама души, всички от село Дръндар, един от Провадия, двама от Шуменско и единадесет от Толбухински окръг (дн. Добричка област), макар ученик включва се и Рушен Риза, за който се установи, че се е подвизавал и като агент на ДС под псевдонима "Петър", Агент Петър, като даже впоследствие е станал началник на политическия кабинет на Мехмед Дикме.

Организацията първоначално е оглавявана от Неджметин Хак, неин идеолог е Ахмед Доган. Бъдещият лидер на ДПС по това време е агент на Държавна сигурност.. Той ѝ налага своята концепсия за ненасилствени форми на борба и разграничаване от тероризма. В изготвената от Ахмед Доган "Програмна декларация на Турското националноосвободително движение в България", в т. ІІІ. Основни задачи на ТНОДБ, Б. Форми на политическа борба, се предвижда като задача "Организиране на митинги и демонстрации (походи) за освобождаване на задържаните народолюбци и членове на ТНОДБ."

Колкото и да е странно за една противодържавна организация, като се афишира, тя не цели придобиване на автономия или отцепване на територии и присъединяване към Турция, защото счита, че хората, чиито интереси защитава са много по-близки с българите, отколкото с анадолските турци и турската държава. Целите ѝ са възстановяване на арабско-турските имена, ислямски обичаи и изяви на традиционен език и култура и да бъдат признати за малцинство. Не е ясно доколко е използвана от турските и българските служби да прокарване на техните цели.

Мястото на Доган в организацията е спорно. Сали Ахмед и Емин Хамди, участници в организацията, твърдят, че той не е сред нейните основатели, а се присъединява към организацията и я оглавява през 1986 г., "като по-образован". Според ДПС, по това време той "основава нелегална организация във връзка с насилствената смяна на имената на турците в България." През 1992 г. година бившият висш служител на разузнаването Радослав Райков заявява, че Ахмед Доган е внедрен в организацията, а след това е осъден, заедно с други нейни ръководители, за да му бъде изградена легенда с оглед на бъдещо прехвърляне на разузнавателна работа в Турция.

Източници

 Веселин. Борба без оръжие! Турско националноосвбодително движение в България (1985 – 1986). Документи, С., 436 с.

Националноосвободителни движения
Закрити политически организации в България
Основани в България през 1985 година
История на България (1945 – 1989)
Закрити организации във Варна
Възродителен процес

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: show and hide navigation bar on toggle navigation I am trying to do responsive navigation bar.I have updated show in state and I have written the function to setstate the show as a false.If I click on toggle button.It is working show and hide in both mobile and desktop view.But i need it to update only in mobile view.I want to update to mobile site responsive.Help me out of it.Here is my code:
import React, { Component } from "react";
class NavBar extends Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      show: true,
    };
  }

  clickToggle = () => {
    this.setState({
      show: !this.state.show,
    });
  };

  render() {
    return (

                Ortho Life Hospital

                <button
                  className="navbar-toggler"
                  type="button"
                  data-toggle="collapse"
                  data-target="#navbarSupportedContent"
                  aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent"
                  aria-expanded="false"
                  aria-label="Toggle navigation"
                  onClick={this.clickToggle}
                >

                </button>

              {this.state.show ? (

                      Home

                        About Us

                          History

                          Vision and Mission

                          Why Ortho?

                        Department

                          Medical

                          Allied

                      Media

                      Contact Us

              ) : null}

    );
  }
}

export default NavBar;


-Article 20: Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions.
-Article 21:Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion.
-Article 22: Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc.
-Article 26 (1): Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places.


text:
Why is multi-factor authentication so important?
A password isn't enough for modern day security – it's time to layer up
Multi-factor authentication is a bit like having a flu jab or an annual physical you know you should do it, and you know it's good for you, but it's also a time consuming faff. Besides, you didn't catch flu last year and you feel completely healthy, so why bother?
In the same way, multi-factor authentication can seem like an unnecessary extra hurdle to jump over in order to get at the data you need, be that logging into your email or accessing a corporate database. A single-factor system, such as a unique password, has worked fine until now (or so it seems), so why bother gilding the lily?
The reality, however, is the same as with health: just because you didn't get an infection previously, doesn't mean you won't get one this year and just because everything seems ok on the outside, doesn't necessarily mean there isn't a problem lurking deep inside.
Frankly put, not using multi-factor authentication can be a seriously reckless course of action.
What is multi-factor authentication?
Before getting much further, it's worth considering what we mean by multi-factor authentication.
In short, it's where a user has to input one or more additional security details as well as their password, PIN code or similar, in order to gain access to whatever information or service is protected by these measures.
The world's most secure PCs
Four tips for educating users on security
Why a software security suite isn't enough
A common example of this is the sending of a one-time security code by text to a phone number associated with the account. Administrators (or, if it's a consumer product, the user) can decide with what frequency this second verification step has to be completed, whether it's for every day, every week, every month, each time a new device is used, or whichever parameters or combinations of parameters they wish.
Other examples include a number randomly generated by an external device, such as a key fob, a dedicated phone app that is used to confirm a genuine logon attempt, or a biometric scanner. The latter can be found in security systems such as Microsoft's Windows Hello, built into Windows 10, which offers a way to strengthen authentication through fingerprint and facial recognition.
None of these represents multi-factor authentication in their own right, however, but must be used in conjunction with each other and/or a password.
Why is multi-factor authentication important?
Passwords are the most common form of login authentication across the spectrum of technology. But they're also incredibly fallible.
One of the main failing points of passwords is they rely on the individual remembering them, which leads to the use of weak passwords. If the password is memorable, it's often a "dictionary password" a real word that could be found in the dictionary or a slight modification thereof, or perhaps a person's name or it's something personal to the individual such as their mother's maiden name or the town where they grew up.
If the person's account comes under attack from cyber criminals, both of these are easy to crack depending on the method being used. A targeted attack could use social media to find out details about the individual's personal life, while a phishing attack could try to lure them into handing over these details. Memorable passwords, meanwhile, can be cracked by special software within seconds. Indeed, even long and complex passwords can be cracked, meaning even best practice isn't enough any more.
This isn't to say that passwords are useless they're still the best first line of security we have for most services. But multi-factor authentication means that even if a determined and skilled attacker is able to get past this initial stage of defence, they will be thwarted by the request for a second, separate form of identification.
Rolling out multi-factor authentication
As with any new technical initiative, rolling out multi-factor authentication is both easy and hard.
From an administrative point of view, it will often be a case of simply adjusting security settings of any given software, app or service to require all users to set up multi-factor authentication.
From a practical standpoint, however, there will certainly be resistance from at least some staff and maybe even most. While there's no way to avoid this completely, we're sorry to say, it can be reduced and mitigated.
First, ensure that you have the rest of the board supporting you. Nothing will cause any initiative to fall through quicker than if you don't have the support of the highest levels of management.
Next, ensure that you have communicated what's happening to other divisional and team managers and why it's important. If possible, get them to participate in a pilot program so that they can see how it will work in practice. This will help increase buy-in at this level and also mean you can avoid tickets being raised for simple questions thanks to peer support.
Make the IT team available at the point of implementation to help guide the process and troubleshoot. Nothing will aggravate people more when they're already facing a technical difficulty than feeling they've been left high-and-dry by the people who are supposed to help them.
Finally, make it simple. If your company issues smartphones to employees, then pushing out an authenticator app to all devices may be quite simple to achieve, although there will be some additional training involved. On the other hand, if you operate on a partial or complete BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) basis, then it's almost certainly easier to have all users associate their mobile number with their account and use text message-based authentication. Simplicity such as this means less support and maintenance for the IT team and a much lower level of learning and adaptation for users.
Ultimately, there's no 100% foolproof way to protect data, but multi-factor authentication bolsters defences significantly for relatively little effort or investment. And, with careful implementation, it can be relatively pain-free too.
Find out how HP business devices can protect your workers with multi-factor authentication.
Innovation at Work
How LogPoint uses MITRE ATT&CK
Hackers using COVID vaccine as a lure to spread malware
HP Pro c640 Chromebook review: Nailing the basics
Cyber criminals bypassing MFA to access cloud service accounts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The study is published in the November 7, 2012, online issue of Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
"Our study helps to identify exactly which variants of this gene may be associated with obesity and diabetes, and independently, may play a role in cognitive decline for people in middle age," said study author Eric Boerwinkle, PhD, with the University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston.
For the study, researchers followed 8,364 Caucasian people and 2,083 African-American people between the ages of 45 and 64, with no history of stroke, for six years. Participants were tested for four different variants of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. They were also given three tests that measured memory, speed of processing information and language skills.
The study found that after six years, whites who had two copies of either of two FTO variants had three times the average change in score on the verbal memory test compared to participants who did not have the gene variants. The results did not change after considering factors such as age, gender, education, diabetes, high blood pressure and body fat. There was no such association in African-Americans.
"Although the amount of change was modest, finding the genetic pathways in which these variants are involved and how they contribute to a decline in memory could help scientists develop new treatments for early prevention," said Boerwinkle.
To learn more about cognition, visit http://www.aan.com/patients.
The American Academy of Neurology, an association of more than 25,000 neurologists and neuroscience professionals, is dedicated to promoting the highest quality patient-centered neurologic care. A neurologist is a doctor with specialized training in diagnosing, treating and managing disorders of the brain and nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. For more information about the American Academy of Neurology, visit http://www.aan.com .


Does The Lonesome Young bring something new to the tale of feuding families and forbidden love or does just it just blend in with the other novels that take a spin on Romeo and Juliet's tale.
The Rhodales and the Whitfields have been sworn enemies for close on a hundred years, with a whole slew of adulterous affairs, financial backstabbing, and blackmailing that's escalated the rivalry to its current state of tense ceasefire. Now a meth lab explosion in rural Whitfield County is set to reignite the feud more viciously than ever before. Especially when the toxic fire that results throws together two unlikely spectators—proper good girl Victoria Whitfield, exiled from boarding school after her father's real estate business melts down, and town motorcycle rebel Mickey Rhodale, toolate as always to thwart his older brothers' dangerous drug deals. Victoria and Mickey are about to find out the most passionate romances are the forbidden ones.
is a modern take on the story of Romeo and Juliet. Published April 8th 2014 by Razorbill, the star players in this novel are Mickey Rhodale and Victoria Whitfield. From feuding families, these two know that they should stay far away from each other, but instead, they just can't keep their hands off each other.
Lucy Connors delivers an interesting take on the story that has been told repeatedly. The underlining bases of the story is the forbidden love between two families who hate each other. Incorporating characters such as Juliet's Nurse, played by Victoria's grandmother, the Romeo's friend, played by his friend Dennis, the novel has many similarities between the Shakespeare's tragic love story. Now, that is where the similarities end.
This is not a complete copycat where the two lovebirds die at the end, taking their lives, but instead a story full of angst and deep character development. The story shows us viewers just who the characters are and how imperfect their lives are. For Victoria Whitfield, she is the glue of the family, the only thing holding it together. She has a drug-addled sister, and parents who don't care about anything but their appearance to the community, her only solace being horse riding on her family's ranch. She is an incredibly compassionate character who has to face many difficulties with her family as she struggles to hold together her own emotions and world. While her selflessness is a very captivating trait in the novel, there are times when she comes off as the "Mary Sue" type character, which puts her narrative in a dull perspective. That is not to say that reading from her point of view is overall bad, but often times, the readers will find themselves groaning at her seemingly dull perspective.
With Mickey on the other hand, the reader is offered a reading from a character who has quite the difficult life and anger issues. His character is fraught with character flaws, but within his narrative, there is deep side to his character as he pushes to fight against the legacy his family has built for him, a corrupt legacy full of bending the laws and drug dealing. Conners' does a much better job creating his character and making his stand out. For Mickey's characterization, Conners' delves into the character and shows readers his internal struggle, creating an inside plot for this novel that makes the overall story development and outside plot connect the characters to the overall struggle of being together.


text:
Q: What is a Degenerate Class? Since no one has asked yet, and I've yet to find a suitable answer; simply put: What is a Degenerate Class?
Examples of various languages would be helpful...Except UML. :P

A: From here I'm guessing that it's a class with no behavior (i.e. no methods).

A: I'm also looking for a definitive answer, here's how I've understood it so far from google:
In mathematics, degeneracy signifies the limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another, usually simpler, class.

*

*the point is a degenerate case of the circle as the radius approaches 0

*the circle is a degenerate form of an ellipse as the eccentricity approaches 0

In programming, following this concept of 'collapsing' into something simpler, degeneracy seems to be used in a number of ways:
1. A class with no methods or just a main method:
Big Java:

Finally, you have seen classes with only a main method. Their sole purpose is to start a program. From a design perspective, these are somewhat degenerate examples of classes.

Effective Java 2nd edition:

Item 14: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields
Occasionally, you may be tempted to write degenerate classes that
  serve no purpose other than to group instance fields:

// Degenerate classes like this should not be public!
class Point {
  public double x;
  public double y;
}

2. A class with less specificity that causes it to behave like another simpler class:
Learning Java:

For example, the class of List and List share the plain old Java class List. List is called the raw type of the generic class. Every generic has a raw type. It is the degenerate, "plain" Java form from which all of the generic type information has been removed and the type variables replaced by a general Java type like Object.

Effective Java 2nd edition:
// The worst possible legal hash function - never use!
@Override public int hashCode() { return 42; }

It's legal because it ensures that equal objects have the same hash code. It's atrocious because it ensures that every object has the same hash code. Therefore, every object hashes to the same bucket, and hash tables degenerate to linked lists.

3. The simplest, emptiest instance of a class possible:
Big Java:

However, sometimes you get into philosophical questions dealing with degenerate inputs: empty strings, shapes with no area, and so on.


Our RV sites will be open year round for all our vacation guests, visiting tradespeople and camping groups..
For seasonal camping including the winter months - please call 888-964-7271 for details.
Stay in Prince George at one of the nicest RV parks around where you will find friendly hospitality from your hosts. Free WiFi Internet access, ice, phone, fax, some available TV, laundry rooms & hiking trails nearby. Located 5 km West on Hwy 16 off Hwy 97, hidden from the city lights and noise but only 5 minutes away from major shopping centers, fuel, propane, pubs, restaurants, churches and our local movie theatre.
and mobile home sites for year round living.
Pets on a leash are also welcome.


text:
Home Automobiles Olectra-Evey Trans wins 150 EV bus order from PMPL
Olectra-Evey Trans wins 150 EV bus order from PMPL
Olectra Buses
HYDERABAD, India, January 8, 2020 /PRNewswire/ — Electric mobility leader and pioneer in electric bus manufacturing Olectra Greentech and Evey Trans Private Limited (EVEY) have received the letter of award from Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd. for 150 electric buses under FAME-II scheme of Government of India. The order is for the supply of 150 electric buses on Gross Cost Contract (GCC) / OPEX model basis for a period in the range of 10-12 years (Contract period).
EVEY Trans will procure these 150 electric buses from Olectra Greentech, which shall be delivered over a period of 12 months. The maintenance of these buses shall also be undertaken by the company during the contract period.
With this new order, the total electric buses to be delivered by Olectra Greentech Limited (OGL) against above and earlier orders are over 900 buses. These 150 buses order are a part of recently announced L-1 bidder for 353 buses (disclosed on 16th December).
"We are happy to announce that we have bagged 150 electric buses of 12 meters from Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal (PMPL). OGL/EVEY is already operating 150 buses in Pune and with this new order, the fleet size will be 300 Electric buses, which is highest in the country. This is a proud moment for both OGL & EVEY Trans," said Sharat Chandra, CEO & CFO, Olectra Greentech Limited.
These 12-Meter Air-Conditioned buses will have a seating capacity of 33 + Wheelchair + Driver with electronically controlled air suspension to ensure a comfortable ride to the passengers. The buses will be equipped with CCTV cameras to ensure the safety of the commuters, a wheelchair for differently-abled and elderly people, Emergency button, USB Sockets for mobile charging. The lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery installed in the bus enables it to travel more than 200 km on a single charge based on traffic conditions. The technologically advanced electric bus has a regenerative braking system which allows the bus to recover part of the kinetic energy lost in braking. The high-power charging system enables the battery to get fully recharged in between 2 and 5 hours. It has electronically controlled air suspension to ensure comfortable travel.
FAME-II
Olectra Greentech Limited
Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal
Sharat Chandra
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text:
package org.bitcoinj.core;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;

import org.junit.Test;

import org.bitcoinj.params.MainNetParams;

public class DumpedPrivateKeyTest {
    @Test
    public void testJavaSerialization() throws Exception {

        DumpedPrivateKey key = new DumpedPrivateKey(MainNetParams.get(), new ECKey().getPrivKeyBytes(), true);
        ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        new ObjectOutputStream(os).writeObject(key);
        DumpedPrivateKey keyCopy = (DumpedPrivateKey) new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(os.toByteArray()))
                .readObject();
        assertEquals(key, keyCopy);
    }

    @Test
    public void cloning() throws Exception {
        DumpedPrivateKey a = new DumpedPrivateKey(MainNetParams.get(), new ECKey().getPrivKeyBytes(), true);
        // TODO: Consider overriding clone() in DumpedPrivateKey to narrow the type
        DumpedPrivateKey b = (DumpedPrivateKey) a.clone();

        assertEquals(a, b);
        assertNotSame(a, b);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Yes, I like research, but I don't want to stay in academia.
It turns out I'm not the only one. A study in 2017 shows that over time PhDs' interest in an academic career is decreasing and there are even 25% of students who have completely lost interest in academia.
Then, here comes the reality, when you type "PhD" into search engines, you will only see academic jobs. In fact, when I asked my professor for advice, he only tells me sad truths – having a PhD is a burden in non-academic jobs.
So, what could PhDs do outside academia?
I am passionate about listening to people's stories and make their voices heard!
I would love to learn from your story! Thanks for sharing with me and fellow PhDs!


This week we will only have class on Monday and Tuesday as the 6th graders will be going to Keystone on Wednesday through Friday.
On Monday students will share their vocabulary graffiti word and receive a list of Holes vocabulary. We will read and discuss chapter 5 and choose a nickname to go by while reading the novel.
On Tuesday vocabulary 2 words are due and we will go over them in class to be sure all definitions are correct. I have changed the vocabulary requirements for literacy. Period 5 will receive one new word a day for a total of 5 by the next Tuesday, and Period 6 will receive 5 words on Wednesday to complete. Definitions will be due a week after they were assigned. The test will still be two weeks after receiving the words.The test over vocabulary 2 will be next Wednesday, September 24. Please be sure your child is learning the definitions. Students will also read Holes chapters 6-14.
I now have access to Infinite Campus. Please check it for current grades and missing assignments.


text:
Utah doctor charged in husband's drinking death wants the case dismissed
Posted 10:49 am, July 9, 2018, by Ben Winslow, Updated at 05:28PM, July 9, 2018
SALT LAKE CITY -- A physician accused of manslaughter and abuse of a vulnerable adult in connection with her husband's drinking death is asking for a judge to dismiss the case against her.
Dr. Ina Amber appears in court on July 9, 2018. (Image by Pete Deluca, FOX 13 News)
Dr. Ina Amber's attorneys appeared to take the judge by surprise on Monday. She was in court for what was scheduled to be an arraignment. Instead, her lawyers announced they would be filing a motion to quash. The motion, if granted, would essentially dismiss the entire case against her.
Dr. Amber's lawyers also asked for another judge to hear the motion.
Utah doctor accused of manslaughter in husband's death appears in court
"It's an unusual circumstance," 3rd District Court Judge Richard McKelvie said.
The decision delayed the case until at least September.
Rustin James Orr in a video played during Dr. Ina Amber's preliminary hearing. (Courtroom evidence)
Dr. Amber is accused of supplying drugs and alcohol to her husband, Rustin James Orr, contributing to his death at their home in 2014. But Dr. Amber's defense has argued she was a victim of domestic violence at the hands of her late husband and had repeatedly tried to wean him away from alcohol. Records show Orr had a history of arrests for substance abuse and disorderly conduct-related charges.
"We don't believe she's committed a crime in this case," said Mark Moffat, one of Dr. Amber's attorneys. "All she was trying to do was save his life because he was a chronic alcoholic who drank himself to oblivion."
The court's presiding judge will find a new judge to hear the motion to quash. Dr. Amber continues to practice medicine while the case is pending, Moffat said.
"This has been hanging over her head for a long time. Despite the charges here, she loved her husband very much. Her husband passes away, then she gets charged with causing his death. It's really hard for her to deal with," Moffat said.
Utah doctor charged with manslaughter in connection with husband's death
Topics: Dr. Ina Amber, manslaughter, Rustin Orr, utah
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Inspired by vibrant culture and disco glam in 1990s. The collection is a dedication to those who has dreams,and dare to pursue them. This season, Ray Chu uses much richer texture such as novelty textile from moody jacquard denim, shimmering disco ball glittery strips in knit to matte finishing vinyl in saturated colour of red and yellow. Colours of neon green and disco ball silver in this collection brings out the bizarreness. This collection started simply with 80- 90s elements by applying in to the long slim flared pants, glossy fitted top and frayed edge denim ensembles in different shade of blues from indigo to a shade of horizon blue plus adding dramatic contrasting proportion of fitted crop top to a slouchy high waisted paper bag jeans. With introducing rustic brown soft washed twill denim in frayed edged cropped pants, snab button up shirt and oversized houndstooth overcoat, all of which represent the brand's uninhibited spirit and bringing more genderless elements to the future direction to the brand.
2018 AW collection "Kinship Battle" is influenced by the film 'Royal Tenenbaums'. A film set in the 70's based on a family with child prodigies. After being disconnected with each other for many years, on a random winter's day all the members of the Tenenbaums family reunited. The reunion led to a series of strange events. Like every family, the childhood memories of the designer are filled with bittersweet moments. Sabrina uses toy guns, marbles, paper dolls, rockets, and retro posters that represents the quarrels and sweet memories between siblings. Embroidery is used to show the close bond of a family, while wool and faux fur is used to represent the affectionate warmth given by family. The silhouettes of this collection draws influence from the 70's, with the use of surreal prints. Sabrina deconstructs these surreal prints to create a new and unique print. The collection's clean cut silhouettes brings out an elegant and sophisticated charm. The careful tailoring use of Neoprene fabric allows the garment to move freely with the body. The 2018 AW collection consists of Wool, Neoprene, Faux Fur, and Twill fabrics that are produced and manufactured in Taiwan, with sporty detail added for comfort. The combined blend of inspiration and thoughts have become the spiritual motif of this year's Autumn and Winter collection.
ZEEMOU ZENG is an innovative, premium and cutting-edge designer brand. Founded by Zeemou Zeng in 2017, the company currently specialises in fine jewellery, fashion accessories and crystal ware and also provides bespoke jewellery services. Zeemou Zeng's philosophy is to create unique designs which possess both functionality and beauty. The brand offers new value through its unique design, exquisite craftsmanship and 'can do' attitude.
Launched in 2011, South Lane is a Scandinavian accessories brand with a focus on an understated yet striking aesthetic. Originally inspired by fashion and architectural trends in Stockholm's artistic Södermalm district, the brand's ethos is Bold Minimalism. Retaining its avant-garde aesthetic and Scandinavian minimalism, the new AVANT collection refines its roots, combining its artistic Swiss-made craftsmanship and premium Italian leather with industrial edge and luxury feel. The AVANT timepieces are individually hand-scratched, resulting in a raw, industrialised and avant-garde detailing where no two pieces are the same.
Defined as a mysterious brand, living between positive and negative space, HAZE is an emotional connection between the urban nature of the founder's home city, and the environment-at-large. Founded in late 2013, HAZE is a collective of products, primarily focused on eyewear with a basis for curiosity of unfamiliar materials and designs, as a reaction to the world in which people live and work. Since launch, HAZE has developed a loyal following of sophisticated and celebrated clientele for its high quality products in the fashion and lifestyle categories.


Here at ASCLS, we LOVE our volunteers!
Volunteers are integral to the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science's success. Our goal with our new volunteer management system is to capture all of our volunteer opportunities and establish a simple process for engaging volunteers.
Being part of the volunteer pool means that you are interested in learning about future volunteer opportunities available through ASCLS Connect. When you're opted into the pool, you will receive email alerts as soon as a new opportunity opens up that matches your qualifications and interests.
Opting In is easy- with one click, you are added to ASCLS's Pool of Volunteers. This means that when new opportunities come up, you'll be the first to learn about them. Once opted in, you can of course suspend your opt-in request at any time. Just set the Invite me to volunteer when opportunities match my expertise? toggle from 'Yes to 'No' on your volunteer profile to no longer receive invitations.
Check out and consider volunteering for the opportunities now open! The full listing of volunteer posting is available through the Volunteer Opportunities List.


text:
An error estimator for real-time simulators based on model order reduction
Icíar Alfaro1,
David González1,
Sergio Zlotnik2,
Pedro Díez2,
Elías Cueto ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1017-43811 &
Francisco Chinesta3
Model order reduction is one of the most appealing choices for real-time simulation of non-linear solids. In this work a method is presented in which real time performance is achieved by means of the off-line solution of a (high dimensional) parametric problem that provides a sort of response surface or computational vademecum. This solution is then evaluated in real-time at feedback rates compatible with haptic devices, for instance (i.e., more than 1 kHz). This high dimensional problem can be solved without the limitations imposed by the curse of dimensionality by employing proper generalized decomposition (PGD) methods. Essentially, PGD assumes a separated representation for the essential field of the problem. Here, an error estimator is proposed for this type of solutions that takes into account the non-linear character of the studied problems. This error estimator allows to compute the necessary number of modes employed to obtain an approximation to the solution within a prescribed error tolerance in a given quantity of interest.
Real-time simulation of non-linear solids is always a delicate task due to the heavy computational cost associated with the linearization of the equations. Applications are ubiquitous, ranging from industrial uses [1] to surgery planning and training [2, 3] or movies [4].
Probably, the field in which more effort has been paid to the development of real-time simulation techniques is that of computational surgery [5–10]. This is because surgery training systems are equipped with haptic peripherals, those that provide the user with realistic touch sensations (force feedback). Just like some 25 pictures per second are necessary for a realistic perception of movement in films, haptic feedback needs for some 500 Hz to 1 kHz in order to achieve the necessary realism. The difficulty of the task is thus readily understood: to perform 500–1000 simulations of highly non-linear solids (soft tissues are frequently assumed to be hyperelastic), possibly suffering contact, cutting, etc.
Among the very few truly non-linear surgery simulators developed so far, one can cite [10–13]. Essentially, the former employ some type of explicit, lumped mass, Lagrangian finite elements to perform the simulations, possibly including an intensive usage of GPUs. However, in previous works of the authors, see [13–16], a different approach has been studied by employing model order reduction techniques, see Fig. 1.
Surgical simulator. Prototype of surgical simulator developed by the authors. On the left, the haptic peripheral is shown
Basically, our approach to real-time simulations consists on the off-line computation of a sort of high-dimensional solution to the problem at hand,
$$\begin{aligned} {\varvec{u}} = {\varvec{u}} ({\varvec{x}}, t, q_1, q_2, \ldots , q_p), \end{aligned}$$
where \(\varvec{u}\) represents the essential field of the problem (usually, the displacement field of the solid), \(\varvec{x}\) the coordinates of each physical point, and \(q_1, q_2, \ldots , q_p\) a set of parameters that could affect the solution and whose meaning will be clear in brief.
Equation (1) thus represents a sort of response surface in the sense that it provides with the solution for any physical coordinate, time instant and value of the p parameters. Instead of response surface, and to highlight the fact that no set of a priori experiments will be necessary to obtain such a response in our method, we prefer to call Eq. (1) a computational vademecum [17], inspired by the work of ancient engineers (such as Bernoulli, for instance [18]), who compiled sets of known solutions to problems of interest.
The problem with an approach such as that introduced in Eq. (1) is that such an expression is inherently high dimensional. If we try to discretize the governing equations of the problem so as to obtain an approximation to Eq. (1), and do it by a mesh-based method such as finite differences, volumes or elements, we will soon realize that the complexity of the problem will make us run out of computer memory very soon. This is due to the well-known exponential growth of the number of degrees of freedom (nodes of the mesh) with the number of dimensions of the problem. In other words, the well-known curse of dimensionality [19].
In order to overcome the curse of dimensionality, the authors proposed some years ago a technique inspired by proper orthogonal decomposition methods (POD) that generalizes its properties to high dimensional spaces and operates a priori. Such a technique has been coined as proper generalized decomposition (PGD) [20–24] and its main characteristic is to assume that the essential field (1) can be approximated in a separated form, i.e.,
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{u} (\varvec{x}, t, q_1, q_2, \ldots , q_p) \approx \sum _{i=1}^n \varvec{F}_i(\varvec{x}) \circ \varvec{G}_i(t) \circ \varvec{Q}_i^1(q_1)\circ \varvec{Q}_i^2(q_2) \circ \ldots \circ \varvec{Q}_i^p(q_p), \end{aligned}$$
where the symbol "\(\circ \)" appears for the Hadamard, Schur or entry-wise product of vectorial functions. Since functions \(\varvec{F}_i(\varvec{x}),\varvec{G}_i(t) ,\varvec{Q}_i^1(q_1), \varvec{Q}_i^2(q_2), \ldots , \varvec{Q}_i^p(q_p)\) are a priori unknown, one readily recognizes the inherent non-linear character of the problem of finding such an approximation (even if the governing equations are linear). PGD operates through a greedy algorithm, in which usually a fixed point alternating directions algorithm is used. More details will be given in the "Formulation of the problem in a PGD setting".
One crucial problem related to such an approximation, see Eq. (2), is the choice of the number of terms n employed in the approximation. Being the main objetive of a simulator to provide the user with a realistic force feedback, the aim of the work presented herein is to develop a suitable error estimator that allows us to fix the number of functional products n necessary for a given tolerance in the error of the transmitted force. The literature on error estimation for model order reduction is vast, see [25–31], to name but a few. In "Formulation of the problem in a PGD setting" we recall the basics of the PGD approach to the problem at hand. In "One possible explicit linearization of the formulation" we revisit one of the possible linearization of the problem and, finally, in "An error estimator based on the dual formulation" we develop the sought error estimator for the force feedback. The paper is completed with two different numerical examples in "Numerical examples" that show the performance of the method.
Formulation of the problem in a PGD setting
As a model non-linear problem hyperelasticity has been chosen. This constitutes a sufficiently general theory, with important implications in the simulation of soft living tissues [32, 33], for instance, and therefore in surgical simulators as an ubiquitous example of the restrictions placed by real-time constraints.
In what follows we follow closely the explicit linearization procedure first developed by the authors in [13], although more sophisticated approaches were developed in [15]. For the sake of simplicity, consider a particularly useful instance of the vademecum given by Eq. (1),
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{u} = \varvec{u}(\varvec{x}, \varvec{s}), \end{aligned}$$
i.e., a generalized solution of the displacement field of a solid undergoing a load at any possible point of its boundary, \(\varvec{s}\). Therefore, the loading point \(\varvec{s}\) acts here as the parameter \(q_1\) in (1). For simplicity, we assume the acting force \(\varvec{t}\) as vertical and of unity module (a more general setting can be established by letting \(\varvec{t}\) itself be an additional vectorial parameter). Under this rationale, the weak form of the static equilibrium equations of the solid can be established as find the displacement \(\varvec{u}\in \mathcal H^1\) such that for all \(\varvec{u}^*\in \mathcal H^1_0\):
$$\begin{aligned} \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _\Omega \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u}^*: \varvec{\sigma }d\Omega d{\bar{\Gamma }}=\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Gamma _{t2}} \varvec{u}^*\cdot \varvec{t} d\Gamma d{\bar{\Gamma }} \end{aligned}$$
where \(\Gamma =\Gamma _u \cup \Gamma _t\) represents the boundary of the solid, divided into essential and natural regions, and where \(\Gamma _t= \Gamma _{t1}\cup \Gamma _{t2}\), i.e., regions of homogeneous and non-homogeneous, respectively, natural boundary conditions. \(\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}\) stands for the symmetric part of the gradient. \(\bar{\Gamma }\subseteq \Gamma _{t2}\) represents the possible loading area within the exposed surface of the body and is actually a choice of the analyst. In surgery simulators, it is often taken as the portion of the organ surface accesible for the surgeon. Here, \(\varvec{t}=\varvec{e}_k \cdot \delta (\varvec{x}-\varvec{s})\), where \(\delta \) represents the Dirac-delta function and \(\varvec{e}_k\) the unit vector along the z-coordinate axis.
In the spirit of PGD techniques, the external load is then decomposed (by applying SVD techniques, for instance) as
$$\begin{aligned} t_j \approx \sum _{i=1}^m f^i_j(\varvec{x}) g^i_j(\varvec{s}) \end{aligned}$$
where m represents the order of truncation and \(f^i_j, g^i_j\) represent the jth component of vectorial functions in space and boundary position, respectively. Following Eq. (2), the high dimensional solution of the problem will be sought as
$$\begin{aligned} u^n_j(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})=\sum _{k=1}^n X_j^k(\varvec{x})\cdot Y_j^k(\varvec{s}), \end{aligned}$$
where the term \(u_j\) refers to the j-th component of the displacement vector, \(j=1,2,3\) and functions \(\varvec{X}^k\) and \(\varvec{Y}^k\) represent the separated functions used to approximate the unknown field.
PGD techniques proceed by finding iteratively new terms improving this approximation in a greedy framework. Therefore, if a new functional pair \(\varvec{R}(\varvec{x}) \circ \varvec{S}(\varvec{s})\) is sought,
$$\begin{aligned} u^{n+1}_j(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})= u^n_j(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})+ R_j(\varvec{x})\cdot S_j(\varvec{s}), \end{aligned}$$
a linearization algorithm is compulsory, since the unknown is now a pair of functions. This is usually accomplished by iterative fixed point, alternating directions algorithms that proceed as follows.
Computation of \(S(\varvec{s})\) assuming \(R(\varvec{x})\) is known
If standard assumptions of variational calculus are applied,
$$\begin{aligned} u^*_j(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})= R_j(\varvec{x})\cdot S^*_j(\varvec{s}). \end{aligned}$$
This admissible variation of the (high dimensional) displacement field, indicated by the star symbol, is then injected into the weak form of the problem, Eq. (3), thus giving
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _\Omega \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*) :\varvec{\mathsf C} :\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \left( \sum _{k=1}^n \varvec{X}^k\circ \varvec{Y}^k+ \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}\right) d\Omega d{\bar{\Gamma }}\nonumber \\&\quad =\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Gamma _{t2}} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*) \cdot \left( \sum _{k=1}^m \varvec{f}^k \circ \varvec{g}^k \right) d\Gamma d{\bar{\Gamma }}, \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _\Omega \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*):\varvec{\mathsf C} :\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}) d\Omega d{\bar{\Gamma }}\nonumber \\&\quad =\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Gamma _{t2}} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*)\cdot \left( \sum _{k=1}^m \varvec{f}^k \circ \varvec{g}^k \right) d\Gamma d\bar{\Gamma } - \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega } \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}\left( \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^* \right) \cdot \mathcal R^n d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\mathcal R^n\) represents:
$$\begin{aligned} \mathcal R^n = \varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u}^n. \end{aligned}$$
Since the symmetric gradient operates on spatial variables only, we arrive at:
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _\Omega (\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*): \varvec{\mathsf C} :(\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}) d\Omega d{\bar{\Gamma }}\nonumber \\&\quad =\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Gamma _{t2}} (\varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^*)\cdot \left( \sum _{k=1}^m \varvec{f}^k \circ \varvec{g}^k \right) d\Gamma d\bar{\Gamma }- \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega } \left( \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}^* \right) \cdot \mathcal R^n d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\end{aligned}$$
where all the terms depending on \(\varvec{x}\) are known and hence all integrals over \(\Omega \) and \(\Gamma _{t2}\) (support of the regularization of the initially punctual load) can be computed to arrive at an equation for \(\varvec{S}(\varvec{s})\).
Computation of \(R(\varvec{x})\) assuming \(S(\varvec{s})\) is known
Proceeding in an entirely similar way,
$$\begin{aligned} u^*_j(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})= R^*_j(\varvec{x})\cdot S_j(\varvec{s}), \end{aligned}$$
which, substituted in the weak form of the problem, Eq. (3), gives
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _\Omega \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\varvec{R}^*\circ \varvec{S}):\varvec{\mathsf C} :\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \left( \sum _{k=1}^n \varvec{X}^k\circ \varvec{Y}^k+ \varvec{R}\circ \varvec{S}\right) d\Omega d{\bar{\Gamma }}\nonumber \\&\quad =\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Gamma _{t2}} (\varvec{R}^*\circ \varvec{S}) \cdot \left( \sum _{k=1}^m \varvec{f}^k \circ \varvec{g}^k \right) d\Gamma d{\bar{\Gamma }}. \end{aligned}$$
Again, all the terms depending on \(\varvec{s}\) (load position) can be integrated on \(\bar{\Gamma }\), thus giving an elasticity-like problem to obtain the function \(\varvec{R}(\varvec{x})\).
One possible explicit linearization of the formulation
The simplest hyperelastic constitutive model is the Kirchhoff–Saint Venant (KSV) model. Despite its well-known instabilities in compression, KSV provides with a very neat formulation in which to apply the developments that are to come. Therefore, for the sake of simplicity, we assume that the energy density functional is given by
$$\begin{aligned} \Psi = \frac{\lambda }{2}(\text {tr}(\varvec{E}))^2+\mu \varvec{E}:\varvec{E} \end{aligned}$$
where \(\lambda \) and \(\mu \) are Lame's constants. The Green-Lagrange strain tensor, \(\varvec{E}\), is classically defined as
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{E}=\frac{1}{2} (\varvec{F}^{T} \varvec{F} -\varvec{I}) =\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u} + \frac{1}{2}(\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u} \cdot \varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^T) \end{aligned}$$
where \(\varvec{F}=\varvec{\nabla {u}}+\varvec{I}\) is the gradient of deformation tensor. Correspondingly, the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor can be obtained by
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{S}=\frac{\partial \Psi (\varvec{E})}{\partial \varvec{E}}=\varvec{\mathsf {C}}:\varvec{E} \end{aligned}$$
in which \(\varvec{ \mathsf {C}}\) is the fourth-order constitutive (here, linear elastic) tensor.
The simplest linearization of the resulting problem comes from an explicit assumption in which load is applied in a series of pseudo-time increments \(\Delta t\), producing displacement increments \(\Delta \varvec{u}(\varvec{x},\varvec{s})\). At each time increment, the previously described PGD fixed point alternating directions algorithm is employed. So, by introducing the non-linear strain measure given by Eq. (14), into this incremental framework, the following expression is obtained:
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{E}^{t+\Delta t} = \varvec{\nabla }_s \left( \varvec{u}^t + \Delta \varvec{u} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( \varvec{\nabla }(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u}) \cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u})\right) . \end{aligned}$$
Equivalently, admissible variations of strain take the form
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{E}^*= & {} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\Delta \varvec{u}^*) + \frac{1}{2}(\varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*))\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u})+\frac{1}{2}\varvec{\nabla }(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u})\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\Delta \varvec{u}^*) \nonumber \\= & {} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\Delta \varvec{u}^*) + \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u}) \end{aligned}$$
By substituting into the weak form of the equilibrium equation, Eqs. (16) and (17) the following left hand side term of Eq. (3) is obtained
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{E}^* : \varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{E} d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\quad = \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \left( \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\Delta \varvec{u}^*) + \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u})\right) :\varvec{\mathsf {C}}\nonumber \\&\qquad :\left( \varvec{\nabla }_s \left( \varvec{u}^t + \Delta \varvec{u} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( \varvec{\nabla }(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u}) \cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\varvec{u}^t+\Delta \varvec{u})\right) \right) d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }. \end{aligned}$$
To linearize Eq. (18), in [13] a strategy is proposed by keeping in the formulation only constant terms and those linear in \(\Delta \varvec{u}\). The resulting weak form is composed by the following long albeit simple collection of terms:
$$\begin{aligned}&\int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{E}^* : \varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{E} d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\quad = \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}(\Delta \varvec{u}^*):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}(\Delta \varvec{u}^*):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\Delta \varvec{u}) d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}(\Delta \varvec{u}^*):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\frac{1}{2}\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^t\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }^{(s)}(\Delta \varvec{u}^*):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^t\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T (\Delta \varvec{u}) d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T\varvec{u}^t:\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T\varvec{u}^t:\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} (\Delta \varvec{u}) d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T\varvec{u}^t:\varvec{\mathsf C}:\frac{1}{2}\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^t\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T\varvec{u}^t:\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^t\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T (\Delta \varvec{u}) d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\Delta \varvec{u}):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\varvec{\nabla }^{(s)} \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }\nonumber \\&\qquad + \int _{\bar{\Gamma }}\int _{\Omega (t)} \varvec{\nabla }(\Delta \varvec{u}^*)\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T(\Delta \varvec{u}):\varvec{\mathsf C}:\frac{1}{2}\varvec{\nabla }\varvec{u}^t\cdot \varvec{\nabla }^T \varvec{u}^t d\Omega d\bar{\Gamma }. \end{aligned}$$
Despite the apparent complexity of these equations, a very simple scheme results that has provided, however, very good results.
However, a critical issue remains in this case (or, in general, when dealing with PGD approximations of non-linear problems), which is that of selecting the number of terms n composing the approximation, see Eq. (4). This must be done on the basis of predictions given by a suitable error estimator, which is the main objective of this work and will be detailed in the following section.
An error estimator based on the dual formulation
What Eq. (19) represents in fact is an incremental, explicit linearization of the originally non-linear problem. Thus, by using a compact notation, we can say that at pseudo-time step p the weak form of the problem looks like
$$\begin{aligned} a^p(\Delta \varvec{u}, \Delta \varvec{u}^*)=b^p(\Delta \varvec{u}^*). \end{aligned}$$
Errors in the PGD solution of this linearized equation come from two sources. First, the separated representation of the solution, given by Eq. (2), involves a truncation of the sum at a number n of terms. Secondly, the sought functions \(\varvec{F}_i\), \(\varvec{G}_i\), ..., are actually expressed by projecting them onto a finite element mesh of size h. In brief, the following diagram depicts the situation:
where we have denoted \(e_{\text {PGD}}=\Vert \varvec{u}_h^{n=\infty }-\varvec{u}_h^{n}\Vert = \Vert \varvec{u}-\varvec{u}_{h=0}^n\Vert \) and \(e_{\text {FEM}} = \Vert \varvec{u}_{h=0}^n-\varvec{u}_h^n\Vert =\Vert \varvec{u} -\varvec{u}_h\Vert \). Finally, the sought, total committed error would be \(e= \Vert \varvec{u} -\varvec{u}_h^n\Vert \).
It is noteworthy to mention that, if the FE mesh size, h is not chosen judiciously, the total error in the simulation, composed by the sum of the FEM error plus the PGD error, will never get below a prescribed tolerance despite the number of modes added to the PGD approximation. Therefore, care must be paid not only to the number of terms n in the PGD approximation, but to the mesh size, h.
The objective of this paper is to determine the number of terms necessary to reach some error threshold in the non-linear problem given by Eq. (3), equipped with the non-linear constitutive equations (13). This error assessment is performed by establishing a (here, linear) functional \(\ell ^o(\cdot )\), used to extract certain quantity of interest. For the application we are pursuing (surgery simulators with haptic feedback), this quantity of interest would be the perceived reaction force at the peripheral. The main advantage of the linearization introduced in Eq. (19) is precisely that within each time step the increment in the reaction force is a linear function of the increment of (vertical, for simplicity) displacement (at the loading point), i.e.,
$$\begin{aligned} \ell ^o(\Delta \varvec{u}_h^n)=\Delta u_z(\varvec{x}_0, \varvec{s}_0), \end{aligned}$$
in other words, the increment of vertical displacement at \(\varvec{x}_0\) provoked by the load acting at \(\varvec{s}_0\). In our approach, since we interested in estimating the error on the force value, we simply take \(\varvec{x}_0=\varvec{s}_0\), with \(\varvec{x}_0\) a particular point on the loading surface.
Following [34] (although other approaches are equally feasible for PGD, see [35–37]), the error in the quantity of interest is obtained through an auxiliary problem, often referred to as dual or adjoint problem. In [34], the exact solution of the auxiliary problem is replaced by a more accurate solution, which in a PGD context can naturally be obtained by performing some extra enrichment increments (i.e., letting n grow sufficiently to a value N).
Therefore, the dual or adjoint problem will now look like
$$\begin{aligned} a(\Delta \varvec{u}^*,\varvec{\varphi })=\ell ^o(\Delta \varvec{u}^*), \end{aligned}$$
with \(\varvec{\varphi }\) the dual unknown. The error in the quantity of interest could therefore be computed by
$$\begin{aligned} \ell ^o(e)=b(\varvec{\varphi })-a(\varvec{u}_h^n,\varvec{\varphi }), \end{aligned}$$
or, equivalently,
$$\begin{aligned} \ell ^o(e)=a(e,\varepsilon )\le |e| \cdot |\varepsilon |, \end{aligned}$$
with \(\varepsilon =\Vert \varvec{\varphi }-\varvec{\varphi }_h\Vert \). As mentioned before, the exact solution of the dual problem, \(\varvec{\varphi }\) is not often available, so that it is approximated as
$$\begin{aligned} \varvec{\varphi }\approx \varvec{\varphi }_h^{N \gg n }. \end{aligned}$$
Although different possibilities exist, see for instance [31], in [34] different strategies were analyzed to determine the necessary value of N. For instance, results taking \(N=n+5\), \(N=2n\) or, simply, \(N=n\) were analyzed. In general some extra terms, say 5, are enough to determine a good dual solution.
In what follows, we show two examples of application of the proposed methodology for two non-linear problems, formulated under the framework of the theory of hyperelasticity.
Model for the beam bending problem
Deformed beam for a particular location of the point load
Numerical examples
Cantilever beam
We consider the example of a cantilevered Kirchhoff-Saint Venant beam whose geometry is shown in Fig. 2. Beam nodes are assumed fixed at one of the ends, while the rest of the degrees of freedom are assumed to be free. The mesh is composed by tetrahedral elements, with \(3\times 3\) nodes in the \(40\times 40\) mm\(^2\) cross-section and 21 nodes in the longitudinal direction, 400 mm long. Material parameters were Young's modulus \(E=2\times 10^{11}\) Pa and Poisson's coefficient \(\nu =0.3\). The applied force is assumed to be always vertical and its value taken as \(10^8\) N.
The deformed configuration of the beam for one particular location of the load is shown in Fig. 3. The four first modes \(\varvec{X}^k(\varvec{x})\), \(k=1,2,\ldots , 4\) are shown in Fig. 4.
First four spatial modes \({\varvec{X}^k}({\varvec{x}})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\)
For this example we have considered that the load could be applied at any of the 24 farthest nodes of the upper face of the beam (nodes within the black rectangular area in Fig. 2). For this admissible loading region, the resulting first four modes \(\varvec{Y}^k(\varvec{s})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\), are depicted in Fig. 5.
First four spatial modes \({\varvec{Y}^k}({\varvec{s}})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\)
The loading process was solved by taking \(p=8\) pseudo-time steps, both for the primal and dual problems. The dual problem was solved by applying a stopping criterion such that \(\Vert \varvec{\varphi }^{n+1}-\varvec{\varphi }^{n}\Vert \le 10^{-8}\). With such a criterion, the computation of \(\varvec{\varphi }\) involved eight modes, one per time step. The evolution of the predicted error with the number of modes n employed in the computation of the primal variable is shown in Fig. 6.
Convergence of the error with the number of modes n
Model for the liver palpation problem. In red, the region in which loading is allowed
It is important to note that, despite the fact that we have considered 24 possible positions for the load vector, the fact of finding up to 60 modes to express the solution is not an inconsistency. One could think that obtaining a singular value decomposition of the 24 displacement vectors corresponding to the distinct 24 possible load positions would give up to 24 possible modes to express the high-dimensional solution \(\varvec{u} (\varvec{x}, \varvec{s})\). However, in this case we have performed an explicit, incremental solution of the non-linear problem, by dividing it into \(p=8\) pseudo-time steps. Therefore, in none of the examples shown the limit number of 24 modes has been reached. The highest number of modes for a particular load increment was 11, thus very far from 24. This is consistent with our previous experience in the development of computational vademecums by PGD techniques.
In addition, modes for the different load steps are not mutually orthogonal. An additional compression of the modes with the so-called PGD-projection, see [38], provides with a very restricted number of modes. In this case, the modes could be compressed so as to consider less than 12 modes for the whole loading process without further increase in the error in the approximation.
Palpation of the liver
In this example we apply the dust developed error estimator to the simulation of liver palpation. The liver model, already shown in Fig. 1, is essentially the same developed in previous references by the authors, see details in [13, 14].
The model, see Fig. 7, is composed by 2853 nodes and 10,519 linear tetrahedra. For the ease exposition, a Kirchhoff-Saint Venant constitutive law with E = 160,000 Pa and \(\nu =0.48\) is considered. More sophisticated constitutive laws are equally possible, see [7] and references therein. In Fig. 7 the region \(\bar{\Gamma }\) in which the load can be applied has been highlighted in red. Only 66 nodes have been chosen as candidates for loading, but of course even the entire surface of the organ can be chosen, as in [13], for instance.
First four spatial modes of the liver problem, \({\varvec{X}^k}({\varvec{x}})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\)
As in the previous example, the first four spatial and loading modes \(\varvec{X}^k(\varvec{x})\) and \(\varvec{Y}^k(\varvec{s})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\), are depicted in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively. A load of 30 N was applied in a sequence of three pseudo-time steps (a quasi-static process is here considered, see [16] for details on the dynamic problem).
First four spatial modes of the liver problem, \({\varvec{Y}^k}({\varvec{s}})\), \(k=1, \ldots , 4\)
Fig. 10
Convergence of the error with the number of modes n for the liver problem
The dual problem was solved by applying a stopping criterion such that \(\Vert \varvec{\varphi }^{n+1}-\varvec{\varphi }^{n}\Vert \le 10^{-8}\). The evolution of the predicted error with the number of modes n employed in the computation of the primal variable is shown in Fig. 10.
In applications with haptic response, the development of a suitable error indicator of the force being transmitted to the user is of utmost importance, as can be readily understood. In this paper, we have developed a method for the error estimation in such a quantity of interest for a real-time simulator based on the use of reduced order models. In particular, proper generalized decomposition techniques have been employed.
Based on previous developments of the authors, an explicit linearization of the originally non-linear constitutive equations in the framework of PGD has been employed. This renders the problem in the form of a sequence of linear problems, for which an error estimator in the spirit of [34] has been employed. It is based on the employ of the so-called dual problem as a stopping criterion for the original (or primal) one.
The result is the first example (up to our knowledge) of an error estimator for non-linear problems in the framework of PGD methods in general, and haptic simulators in particular.
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IA, DG and SZ participated in the development of the proposed technique and implemented it in Matlab. PD, EC and FCh developed the technique, checked the results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through Grant Numbers CICYT DPI2014-51844-C2-1-R and 2-R and by the Generalitat de Catalunya, Grant Number 2014-SGR-1471. This support is gratefully acknowledged.
Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna, s.n., 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
Icíar Alfaro, David González & Elías Cueto
Laboratori de Càlcul Numèric, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
Sergio Zlotnik & Pedro Díez
GeM, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 1 rue de la Noe, 44321, Nantes, France
Francisco Chinesta
Icíar Alfaro
Sergio Zlotnik
Pedro Díez
Elías Cueto
Correspondence to Elías Cueto.
Icíar Alfaro, David González, Sergio Zlotnik, Pedro Díez, Elías Cueto and Francisco Chinesta contributed equally to this work.
Alfaro, I., González, D., Zlotnik, S. et al. An error estimator for real-time simulators based on model order reduction. Adv. Model. and Simul. in Eng. Sci. 2, 30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40323-015-0050-8
Error estimation
Verification and validation for and with reduced order modeling


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text:
, also known as  Her Lonely Lane, is a 1962 black-and-white Japanese drama film directed by Mikio Naruse, starring Hideko Takamine. It is based on the autobiographical novel of the same title by writer Fumiko Hayashi and its stage adaptation by Kazuo Kikuta.

Plot
Fumiko Hayashi is a young woman who cannot find a decent job and has been dumped by her boyfriend; she writes on the side. Fumiko's friends tell her that her writing about her life in poverty is excellent and impressive, but no publishing company will buy her autobiographic novel. She continues working as a bar girl and a factory worker and gets together with another aspiring writer, Fukuchi, who has also been struggling to sell his work. Despite the fact that she does all she can for him and cares for him while he suffers from tuberculosis, he abuses her verbally and eventually physically. She walks out of him, returns, and then walks out again. Yasuoka, a warm-hearted and hard-working man, helps Fumiko in every way possible and asks for her hand, but she rejects his proposal—to Fumiko, Yasuoka is more of a friend than a lover. After these struggles, the film ends with her literary success.

Cast
 Hideko Takamine as Fumiko Hayashi
 Akira Takarada as Fukuchi
 Daisuke Katō as Yasuoka
 Tatsuo Endō as Chief editor
 Kinuyo Tanaka as Kishi, Fumiko's mother

References

External links
 Uhlich Keith. " Review: A Wanderer's Notebook." Slant Magazine, 1 March 2006.

 A Wanderer's Notebook on Mubi

1962 drama films
1962 films
Japanese black-and-white films
Japanese drama films
Toho films
Films based on works by Fumiko Hayashi
Films directed by Mikio Naruse
Films produced by Sanezumi Fujimoto
Films based on autobiographical novels
1960s Japanese films
1960s Japanese-language films


text:
Virginia R. BROWN
10 Oct 1852 - 1 Mar 1901
RESIDENCE: Amite Co. MS
BIRTH: 10 Oct 1852, Mississippi
DEATH: 1 Mar 1901, Mississippi
BURIAL: John Huff Cemetary, Amite Co. MS
RESOURCES: See: [S295] [S893]
Father: Adolphus BROWN C.S.A.
Mother: Rebecca E. KINNESON
Family 1 : John Fletcher HUFF C.S.A.
Newton Adolphus HUFF
Johnie Fealding HUFF
Malissie HUFF
Alice Irene HUFF
Eleanor HUFF
Albert Marcellus HUFF
Edgar HUFF
Marvin Howell HUFF
McTyre HUFF
James Bascom HUFF
Howard HUFF
Lamar HUFF
_Adolphus BROWN C.S.A._|
| (1821 - 1864) m 1850  |
|                       |   __
|                       |  |
|                       |__|
|                          |__
|--Virginia R. BROWN
|                           __
|                        __|
|                       |  |__
|_Rebecca E. KINNESON __|
(1821 - 1863) m 1850  |
Philip DARNELL
OCCUPATION: London Barrister
RESIDENCE: ENG and bef 1664 MD
RESOURCES: See: notes [S2455]
Family 1 : Mary CALVERT
Henry DARNELL "the Immigrant"
Father: Henry DARNALL b: 1564 in Essondon, England; Mother: Mary TOOKE b: BEF. 22 SEP 1573. Virginia Genealogist Queries Vol. 990; "The Darnall, Darnell Family", 1955 H.C. Smith.
WARIN FITZ GERALD
____ - 1159
Father: WARINE (Gerold) FITZ GERALD
1. Warin FitzGerold (dsp 1159, Chamberlain)
_WARINE (Gerold) FITZ GERALD _|
|                              |
|                              |   __
|                              |  |
|                              |__|
|                                 |__
|--WARIN FITZ GERALD
|                                  __
|                               __|
|                              |  |__
|______________________________|
Lucy HAMNER
ABT 1770 - BEF 1816
RESIDENCE: of Albemarle Co. VA
RESOURCES: See: notes
Father: Jeremiah HAMNER
Mother: Rebecca HARPER
John Robinson, who married Lucy Hamner (now deceased), daughter of Jeremiah.
_Nicholas HAMNER III___+
_William HAMNER ________|
|                        |_______________________
_Jeremiah HAMNER ____|
|                     |                         _Leonard HENLEY Sr.____+
|                     |                        | (1673 - 1761) m 1700
|                     |_Mary Elizabeth HENLEY _|
|                       (1733 - 1787) m 1749   |
|                                              |_Elizabeth RICHARDSON _+
|                                                (1675 - ....) m 1700
|--Lucy HAMNER
|                                               _______________________
|                                              |
|                      ________________________|
|                     |                        |
|                     |                        |_______________________
|_Rebecca HARPER _____|
|                         _______________________
|________________________|
Lucy HIGGINBOTHAM
RESIDENCE: VA
RESOURCES: See: [S849]
Father: (RESEARCH QUERY FAMILY GROUP) HIGGINBOTHAM
Family 1 : Francis Marion HIGGINBOTHAM
Lelia HIGGINBOTHAM
Warren HIGGINBOTHAM
Vernon HIGGINBOTHAM
_(RESEARCH QUERY FAMILY GROUP) HIGGINBOTHAM _|
|                                             |   __
|                                             |  |
|                                             |__|
|                                                |
|                                                |__
|--Lucy HIGGINBOTHAM
|                                                 __
|                                              __|
|                                             |  |__
|_____________________________________________|
Stacy Lee (HYLTON) HILTON
!LIVING
Marvin LENOIR
RESIDENCE: MS
Family 1 : Hazel CARRUTH
+Carruth LENOIR
Hon. Maj. John LEWIS of Sweet Springs
24 Aug 1758 - 5 Jun 1823
TITLE: Hon. Maj.
OCCUPATION: Lawyer, Senator in VA. General Assembly
RESIDENCE: Sweet Springs, VA
BIRTH: 24 Aug 1758, Monroe Co. Virginia
DEATH: 5 Jun 1823, Sweet Springs, Virginia
BURIAL: Sweet Springs
RESOURCES: See: [S2106] [S2310] [S2794]
Father: William LEWIS M.D.
Mother: Anne MONTGOMERY
Family 1 : Jane Sophonisba THOMPSON
Family 2 : Mary PRESTON
MARRIAGE: Oct 1793
+Susanna LEWIS
+Anne Montgomery LEWIS
+Margaret Lynn LEWIS
"Capt. John Lewis married first Jane Sophonisba Thompson of S.C. on 7-24-1788. They had two children, Eugenia Lewis b.1789 m. Col. W. S. Thompson of S.C. and Sophia Lewis b.1790 who died young.
Capt. John Lewis b.8-24-1758 d.6-5-1823 of Sweet Springs m. Mary Preston in October 1793. 9 children:
1. Susanna Lewis married Mr. Henry Massie of Virginia.
2. Mary Lewis married Mr. Woodville, a lawyer of Botetourt, Va.
3. William Lewis married: 1st Miss Stuart (Stewart ?) of South Carolina. 2nd Miss Thompson 3rd Miss Letitia P.Floyd.
4. Anne Montgomery Lewis (1802-1850) married Hon. John Howe Peyton (1778-1847).
5. Sarah Lewis, fifth child of Mary Preston and John Lewis, married another John Lewis of Kenawa.
6. Margaret Lynn Lewis (1806-1876) married John Cochran of Charlottesville, Va.
7. Benjamin Lewis married Miss Smith of S.C.
8. Thomas Lewis died young.
9. Pollydora Lewis married Mr. Gosse."
_Andrew LEWIS ___________________+
_John LEWIS "the Immigrant"___________|
| (1678 - 1762) m 1715                 |
|                                      |_Mary CALHOUN ___________________
|                                        (1652 - ....)
_William LEWIS M.D.__|
|                     |                                       _WILLIAM LYNN Laird of Loch Lynn_
|                     |                                      | (1672 - ....)
|                     |_Margaret LYNN _______________________|
|                       (1698 - 1773) m 1715                 |
|                                                            |_MARGARET PATTON ________________
|                                                              (1676 - ....)
|--John LEWIS of Sweet Springs
|                                                             _________________________________
|                                                            |
|                      _Alexander MONTGOMERY "the Immigrant"_|
|                     | (1710 - 1768)                        |
|                     |                                      |_________________________________
|_Anne MONTGOMERY ____|
|                                       _________________________________
|                                      |
|_Elizabeth THOMSON ___________________|
(1710 - ....)                        |
|_________________________________
WILLIAM IV de PERCY Baron
BIRTH: 1193, Alnwick, Northumberland
BURIAL: Sallay Abbey, England
RESOURCES: See: LDS (AFN:924R-L4) [S1007] [S2025] [S2174] [S2182]
Father: HENRY de PERCY 6th Baron Percy
Mother: ISABEL BRUCE
Family 1 : ELLEN de BALIOL
MARRIAGE: ABT 1234, Red Castle, Augushire, Scotland
+HENRY de PERCY 7th Baron
Family 2 : JOAN BRIWERE
AGNES de PERCY
by de Balliol, Ellen
Child 1: de Percy, Henry, Baron Percy 7th, b. abt 1235
Child 2: de Percy, Ingram d. 1262
Child 3: de Percy, William, Canon of York, b. abt 1236
Child 4: de Percy, Walter
Child 5: de Percy, Alan
Child 6: de Percy, Jocelin
by Briwere, Joan Briwere, dau of William, Sir and de Valle, Beatrice.
Child 1: de Ferlington, Joan
Child 2: de Percy, Agnes
Child 3: de Percy, Alice
Child 4: de Percy, Anastasia
Child 5: de Percy, daughter
_GODFREY I "The Bearded" de LOUVAIN Duke of Lorraine_+
_JOCELINE de LOUVAIN Baron Percy____|
| (1105 - 1180)                      |
|                                    |_IDA Chiny de NAMUER Countess of Namuer______________+
|                                      (1078 - 1117) m 1103
_HENRY de PERCY 6th Baron Percy_|
| (1156 - 1198)                  |
|                                |                                     _WILLIAM III de PERCY 4th Baron______________________+
|                                |                                    | (1112 - 1175)
|                                |_AGNES de PERCY ____________________|
|                                  (1134 - 1204)                      |
|                                                                     |_ADELIZA (Alice) de CLARE of Tonbridge_______________+
|                                                                       (1115 - 1148)
|--WILLIAM IV de PERCY Baron
|                                                                      _ADAM BRUCE Baron of Skelton_________________________+
|                                                                     | (1099 - 1143)
|                                 _ADAM III de BRUCE Baron of Skelton_|
|                                | (1126 - 1196)                      |
|                                |                                    |_AGNES de AUMÂLE Countess of Aumale__________________+
|                                |                                      (1103 - 1130)
|_ISABEL BRUCE __________________|
(1160 - 1230)                  |
|                                     _____________________________________________________
|                                    |
|_JUETTE de ARCHES __________________|
(1130 - 1206)                      |
|_____________________________________________________
James Caldwell SUBLETT
OCCUPATION: farming, , livestock and merchandising
RESIDENCE: Clinton, Hickman Co. KY
BIRTH: 30 Nov 1830, Oldham Co. KY
DEATH: 28 Feb 1869, Hickman Co. KY
Father: James SUBLETT
Mother: Susan EDZARD
He owned many stores and residences in Clinton and erected a geat number of buildings there. He held offices of magistrate, public administrator and guardian of minors. [S180]
_Louis Lewis SUBLETT\SOBLET _+
_Lewis SUBLETT III___|
|                     |_Frances MAGRUDER ___________
|                       (1730 - ....)
_James SUBLETT ______|
|                     |                      _John James TRABUE __________+
|                     |                     | (1714 - 1775) m 1744
|                     |_Mary TRABUE ________|
|                       (1758 - 1792) m 1779|
|                                           |_Olympe (Olympia) DUPUY _____+
|                                             (1729 - 1822) m 1744
|--James Caldwell SUBLETT
|                                            _____________________________
|                      _____________________|
|                     |                     |_____________________________
|_Susan EDZARD _______|
|                      _____________________________