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Meritocracy (merit, from Latin mereō "I earn" and -cracy, from Ancient Greek κράτος kratos "strength, power") is a political philosophy holding that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively based on ability and talent.[1] Advancement in such a system is based on performance measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented.
Early definitions
The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely, as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests."[2] In government or other administration systems, meritocracy, in an administrative sense, is a system of government or other administration (such as business administration) wherein appointments and responsibilities are assigned to individuals based upon their "merits", namely intelligence, credentials, and education, determined through evaluations or examinations.[3]
In a more general sense, meritocracy can refer to any form of government based on achievement. Like "utilitarian" and "pragmatic", the word "meritocratic" has also developed a broader definition, and may be used to refer to any government run by "a ruling or influential class of educated or able people."[4]
This is in contrast to the original, condemnatory use of the term in 1958 by Michael Young, who defined it as a system where "merit is equated with intelligence-plus-effort, its possessors are identified at an early age and selected for appropriate intensive education, and there is an obsession with quantification, test-scoring, and qualifications."[5]
Meritocracy in its wider sense, may be any general act of judgment upon the basis of various demonstrated merits; such acts frequently are described in sociology and psychology. Supporters of meritocracies do not necessarily agree on the nature of "merit"; however, they do tend to agree that "merit" itself should be a primary consideration during evaluation. Thus, the merits may extend beyond intelligence and education to any mental or physical talent or to work ethic.
In rhetoric, the demonstration of one's merit regarding mastery of a particular subject is an essential task most directly related to the Aristotelian term Ethos. The equivalent Aristotelian conception of meritocracy is based upon aristocratic or oligarchical structures, rather than in the context of the modern state.[6][7]
More recent definitions
Although meritocracy as a term is a relatively recently coined word (1958), the concept of a government based on standardized examinations originates from the works of Confucius, along with other Legalist and Confucian philosophers. The first meritocracy was implemented in the second century BC/BCE, by the Han Dynasty, which introduced the world's first civil service exams evaluating the "merit" of officials.[8] Meritocracy as a concept spread from China to British India during the seventeenth century, and then into continental Europe and the United States.[9]
With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancient regime of Europe.[10] In the United States, the assassination of President James A. Garfield in 1881 prompted the replacement of the American Spoils System with a meritocracy. In 1883, The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was passed, stipulating government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation.[11]
The most common form of meritocratic screening found today is the college degree. Higher education is an imperfect meritocratic screening system for various reasons, such as lack of uniform standards worldwide,[12][13] lack of scope (not all occupations and processes are included), and lack of access (some talented people never have an opportunity to participate because of the expense, most especially in developing countries).[14] Nonetheless, academic degrees serve some amount of meritocratic screening purpose in the absence of a more refined methodology. Education alone, however, does not constitute a complete system, as meritocracy must automatically confer power and authority, which a degree does not accomplish independently.
Although the concept has existed for centuries, the term "meritocracy" is relatively new. It was used by British politician and sociologist Michael Young in his 1958 satirical essay[3][15][16][17][18] The Rise of the Meritocracy, which pictured the United Kingdom under the rule of a government favouring intelligence and aptitude (merit) above all else, being the combination of the root of Latin origin "merit" (from "mereō" meaning "earn") and the Ancient Greek suffix "-cracy" (meaning "power", "rule").[19] In this book the term had distinctly negative connotations as Young questioned both the legitimacy of the selection process used to become a member of this elite and the outcomes of being ruled by such a narrowly defined group. The essay, written in the first person by a fictional historical narrator in 2034, interweaves history from the politics of pre- and post-war Britain with those of fictional future events in the short (1960 onward) and long term (2020 onward).[20]
The essay was based upon the tendency of the then-current governments, in their striving toward intelligence, to ignore shortcomings and upon the failure of education systems to utilize correctly the gifted and talented members within their societies.[21]
Young's fictional narrator explains that, on the one hand, the greatest contributor to society is not the "stolid mass" or majority, but the "creative minority" or members of the "restless elite".[22] On the other hand, he claims that there are casualties of progress whose influence is underestimated and that, from such stolid adherence to natural science and intelligence, arises arrogance and complacency.[22] This problem is encapsulated in the phrase "Every selection of one is a rejection of many".[22]
It was also used by Hannah Arendt in her essay "Crisis in Education",[23] which was written in 1958 and refers to the use of meritocracy in the English educational system.
Ancient times: China
According to scholarly consensus, the earliest example of an administrative meritocracy, based on civil service examinations, dates back to Ancient China.[24][25][26][27]a[›] The concept originates, at least by the sixth century BC, when it was advocated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius, who "invented the notion that those who govern should do so because of merit, not of inherited status. This sets in motion the creation of the imperial examinations and bureaucracies open only to those who passed tests."[28]
As the Qin and Han dynasties developed a meritocratic system in order to maintain power over a large, sprawling empire, it became necessary for the government to maintain a complex network of officials.[29] Prospective officials could come from a rural background and government positions were not restricted to the nobility. Rank was determined by merit, through the civil service examinations, and education became the key for social mobility.[29] After the fall of the Han Dynasty, the nine-rank system was established during the Three Kingdoms period.
According to the Princeton Encyclopedia on American History:[9]
One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed in the imperial bureaucracy of China. Tracing back to 200 B.C., the Han Dynasty adopted Confucianism as the basis of its political philosophy and structure, which included the revolutionary idea of replacing nobility of blood with one of virtue and honesty, and thereby calling for administrative appointments to be based solely on merit. This system allowed anyone who passed an examination to become a government officer, a position that would bring wealth and honor to the whole family. In part due to Chinese influence, the first European civil service did not originate in Europe, but rather in India by the British-run East India Company... company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism.
Both Plato and Aristotle advocated meritocracy, Plato in his The Republic, arguing that the most wise should rule, and hence the rulers should be philosopher kings. See Estlund (2003) for a summary and discussion.
Middle Ages: Middle East
After Muhammad's death in 632 CE, the Medinan Ansar debated which of them should succeed him in running the affairs of the Muslims while Muhammad's household was busy with his burial. Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah pledged their loyalty to Abu Bakr, with the Ansar and the Quraysh soon following suit. Abu Bakr thus became the first Khalīfatu Rasūli l-Lāh "successor of the Messenger of God", or caliph, and embarked on campaigns to propagate Islam. First he would have to subdue the Arabian tribes which had claimed that although they pledged allegiance to Muhammad and accepted Islam, they owed nothing to Abu Bakr. As a caliph, Abu Bakr was not a monarch and never claimed such a title; nor did any of his three successors. Rather, their election and leadership were based upon merit.[30][31][32][33]
17th century: spread to Europe
The concept of meritocracy spread from China to British India during the seventeenth century, and then into continental Europe and the United States.[9] With the translation of Confucian texts during the Enlightenment, the concept of a meritocracy reached intellectuals in the West, who saw it as an alternative to the traditional ancient regime of Europe.[10] Voltaire and François Quesnay wrote favourably of the idea, with Voltaire claiming that the Chinese had "perfected moral science" and Quesnay advocating an economic and political system modeled after that of the Chinese.[10]
The first European power to implement a successful meritocratic civil service was the British Empire, in their administration of India: "company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism."[9] British colonial administrators advocated the spread of the system to the rest of the commonwealth, the most "persistent" of which was Thomas Taylor Meadows, Britain's consul in Guangzhou, China. Meadows successfully argued in his Desultory Notes on the Government and People of China, published in 1847, that "the long duration of the Chinese empire is solely and altogether owing to the good government which consists in the advancement of men of talent and merit only," and that the British must reform their civil service by making the institution meritocratic.[34] "This practice later was adopted in the late nineteenth century by the British mainland, inspired by "Chinese mandarin system."[35]
The British philosopher and polymath John Stuart Mill advocated meritocracy in his book, Considerations on Representative Government. His model was to give more votes to the more educated voter. His views are explained in Estlund (2003:57-8):
Mill's proposal of plural voting has two motives. One is to prevent one group or class of people from being able to control the political process even without having to give reasons in order to gain sufficient support. He calls this the problem of class legislation. Since the most numerous class is also at a lower level of education and social rank, this could be partly remedied by giving those at the higher ranks plural votes. A second, and equally prominent motive for plural voting is to avoid giving equal influence to each person without regard to their merit, intelligence, etc. He thinks that it is fundamentally important that political institutions embody, in their spirit, the recognition that some opinions are worth more than others. He does not say that this is a route to producing better political decisions, but it is hard to understand his argument, based on this second motive, in any other way.
So, if Aristotle is right that the deliberation is best if participants are numerous (and assuming for simplicity that the voters are the deliberators) then this is a reason for giving all or many citizens a vote, but this does not yet show that the wiser subset should not have, say, two or three; in that way something would be given both to the value of the diverse perspectives, and to the value of the greater wisdom of the few. This combination of the Platonic and Aristotelian points is part of what I think is so formidable about Mill's proposal of plural voting. It is also an advantage of his view that he proposes to privilege not the wise, but the educated. Even if we agreed that the wise should rule, there is a serious problem about how to identify them. This becomes especially important if a successful political justification must be generally acceptable to the ruled. In that case, privileging the wise would require not only their being so wise as to be better rulers, but also, and more demandingly, that their wisdom be something that can be agreed to by all reasonable citizens. I turn to this conception of justification below.
Mill's position has great plausibility: good education promotes the ability of citizens to rule more wisely. So, how can we deny that the educated subset would rule more wisely than others. But then why shouldn't they have more votes?
Estlund goes on to criticize Mill's education-based meritocracy on various grounds.
19th century: United States
In the United States, the federal bureaucracy used the Spoils System from 1828 until the assassination of United States President James A. Garfield by a disappointed office seeker in 1881 proved its dangers. Two years later in 1883, the system of appointments to the United States Federal Bureaucracy was revamped by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, partially based on the British meritocratic civil service that had been established years earlier. The act stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit, through competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons.[11]
To enforce the merit system and the judicial system, the law also created the United States Civil Service Commission.[11] In the modern American meritocracy, the president may hand out only a certain number of jobs, which must be approved by the Senate.
Australia began establishing public universities in the 1850s with the goal of promoting meritocracy by providing advanced training and credentials. The educational system was set up to service urban males of middle-class background, but of diverse social and religious origins. It was increasingly extended to all graduates of the public school system, those of rural and regional background, and then to women and finally to ethnic minorities.[36] Both the middle classes and the working classes have promoted the ideal of meritocracy within a strong commitment to "mateship" and political equality.[37]
Main article: Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism is a social theory which holds that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a model, not only for the development of biological traits in a population, but also as an application for human social institutions — the existing social institutions being implicitly declared as normative. Social Darwinism shares its roots with early progressivism, and was most popular from the late nineteenth century to the end of World War II. Proponents of Social Darwinism argue that the theory justifies social inequality as being meritocratic. Darwin only ventured to propound his theories in a biological sense, and it is other thinkers and theorists who have applied Darwin's model to unequal endowments of human ambitions. In his book Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness (Palgrave, 2012), the philosopher Khen Lampert, argued that educational-meritocracy is nothing but a post-modern version of Social-Darwinism.
Modern meritocracy in practice
Singapore describes meritocracy as one of its official guiding principles for domestic public policy formulation, placing emphasis on academic credentials as objective measures of merit.[38]
There is criticism that, under this system, Singaporean society is being increasingly stratified and that an elite class is being created from a narrow segment of the population.[39] Singapore has a growing level of tutoring for children,[40] and top tutors are often paid better than school teachers.[40][41][42] Defendants recall the ancient Chinese proverb "Wealth does not pass three generations" (Chinese: 富不过三代), suggesting that the nepotism or cronyism of elitists eventually will be, and often are, replaced by those lower down the hierarchy.
Singaporean academics are continuously re-examining the application of meritocracy as an ideological tool and how it's stretched to encompass the ruling party's objectives. Professor Kenneth Paul Tan at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy asserts that "Meritocracy, in trying to 'isolate' merit by treating people with fundamentally unequal backgrounds as superficially the same, can be a practice that ignores and even conceals the real advantages and disadvantages that are unevenly distributed to different segments of an inherently unequal society, a practice that in fact perpetuates this fundamental inequality. In this way, those who are picked by meritocracy as having merit may already have enjoyed unfair advantages from the very beginning, ignored according to the principle of nondiscrimination."[43]
Meritocracy in the Singapore context relates to the application of pragmatism as an ideological device which combines strict adherence to market principles without any aversion to social engineering and little propensity for classical social welfarism, is further illustrated by Kenneth Paul Tan in subsequent articles:
"There is a strong ideological quality in Singapore's pragmatism, and a strongly pragmatic quality in ideological negotiations within the dynamics of hegemony. In this complex relationship, the combination of ideological and pragmatic maneuvering over the decades has resulted in the historical dominance of government by the PAP in partnership with global capital whose interests have been advanced without much reservation."[44]
Within the Ecuadoran Ministry of Labor, the Ecuadorian Meritocracy Institute[45] was created under the technical advice of Singapore government.
Modern meritocratic movements
According to Osho, only persons with appropriate qualifications should be allowed to vote. Moreover, all politicians should have appropriate college or university degrees. Only the geniuses of the world should govern. Osho suggested that, first the various nations should become meritocracies, after which they could all be joined to form a global meritocracy.[46]
The Meritocracy Party
In 2007 an anonymous British group called The Meritocracy Party published its first manifesto, to which they have now added more than two million words on the subject (discussing Hegel, Rousseau, Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and various other philosophers, scientists, reformers, and revolutionaries). In summary, The Meritocracy Party wants to achieve the following:
1. A world in which every child gets an equal chance to succeed in life.
2. The abolishment of party politics.
3. Only those with a relevant education and work experience should be allowed to vote, rather than just anyone who has reached the age of 18 or 21.
4. The introduction of 100% Inheritance Tax, so that the super-rich elite can no longer pass on their wealth to a select few (their privileged children) rather than the Commonwealth, would mean the end of the elite dynasties and hereditary monarchy.
5. A radically reformed educational system, based on the MBTI personality types, and insights from radical innovators such as Rudolf Steiner and Maria Montessori.
6. To replace free market capitalism with social capitalism and to replace democracy with a fully transparent meritocratic republic, under a meritocratic constitution.
7. The end of nepotism, cronyism, discrimination, privilege and unequal chances.
On their website the Meritocracy Party lists five meritocratic principles and thirteen primary aims. The Meritocracy International is the host of all meritocratic political parties in the world and the place where these may be found by country of origin.[47]
Due to the nature of online interaction, where identity and anonymity are more readily managed than in direct interaction, the effects of offline social inequity often may be discounted in online communities. Intelligence, effort, education, and personality may be readily conveyed in an online interaction, but a person's gender, race, religion, and social standing can be obfuscated easily, or left entirely unaddressed.
Free / open source software projects
The GNOME Foundation, Apache Software Foundation, Mozilla Foundation, and The Document Foundation are examples of (open source) organizations that officially claim to be meritocracies.[48][49][50][51]
See also: Just-world hypothesis
The term "meritocracy" was originally intended as a negative concept. One of the primary concerns with meritocracy is the unclear definition of "merit".[52] What is considered as meritorious can differ with opinions as on which qualities are considered the most worthy, raising the question of which "merit" is the highest — or, in other words, which standard is the "best" standard. As the supposed effectiveness of a meritocracy is based on the supposed competence of its officials, this standard of merit cannot be arbitrary and has to also reflect the competencies required for their roles.
The reliability of the authority and system that assesses each individual's merit is another point of concern. As a meritocratic system relies on a standard of merit to measure and compare people against, the system by which this is done has to be reliable to ensure that their assessed merit accurately reflects their potential capabilities. Standardized testing, which reflects the meritocratic sorting process, has come under criticism for being rigid and unable to accurately assess many valuable qualities nor the potential of students. Education theorist Bill Ayers, commenting on the limitations of standardized testing, writes that "Standardized tests can't measure initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes. What they can measure and count are isolated skills, specific facts and function, content knowledge, the least interesting and least significant aspects of learning."[53] Merit determined through the opinionated evaluations of teachers, while being able to assess the valuable qualities that cannot be assessed by standardized testing, are unreliable as the opinions, insights, biases, and standards of the teachers vary greatly. If the system of evaluation is corrupt, non-transparent, opinionated or misguided, decisions regarding who has the highest merit can be highly fallible.
The level of education required in order to become competitive in a meritocracy may also be costly, effectively limiting candidacy for a position of power to those with the means necessary to become educated. An example of this was Chinese student self-declared messiah, Hong Xiuquan, who despite ranking first in a preliminary, nationwide imperial examination, was unable to afford further education. As such, although he did try to study in private, Hong was ultimately noncompetitive in later examinations and unable to become a bureaucrat. This economic aspect of meritocracies has been said to continue nowadays in countries without free educations, with the Supreme Court of the United States, for example, consisting only of justices who attended Harvard or Yale and generally only considering clerkship candidates who attended a top-five university, while in the 1950s the two universities only accounted for around one fifth of the justices.[54] Even if free education were provided, the resources that the parents of a student are able to provide outside of the curriculum, such as tutoring, exam preparation, and financial support for living costs during higher education will influence the education the student attains and the student's social position in a meritocratic society. This limits the fairness and justness of any meritocratic system.
Another concern regards the principle of incompetence, or the "Peter Principle". As people rise in a meritocratic society through the social hierarchy through their demonstrated merit, they eventually reach, and become stuck, at a level too difficult for them to perform effectively; they are promoted to incompetence. This reduces the effectiveness of a meritocratic system, the supposed main practical benefit of which is the competence of those who run the society.
Meritocracy also has been criticized by egalitarians as a mere myth, which serves only to justify the status quo, with its proponents only giving lip service to equality.[55]
Khen Lampert has argued that the principle of meritocracy stems from neo-capitalist ideas of aggression and competition.[56]
Chris Hayes, a writer on the left, has attributed what he calls the "Fail Decade"—which includes 9/11, the Enron scandal, the invasion of Iraq, Hurricane Katrina, the subprime crisis, and the Great Recession—to the deterioration of America's meritocratic system into one of plutocracy.[57][58]
Differential Education Achievement
Equality of opportunity vs Equality of outcome
Meritocracy in China
Merit (Buddhism)
Ownership society
Merit (Catholicism)
^ a: This is the history of the meritocracy in the technical sense. The vaguer definition of a meritocracy as a "rule by intelligence" has been applied to many ancient Greek, Indian, Chinese, and Jewish thinkers and statesmen. For example, the Sanhedrin, the legislature of Ancient Israel and Kingdom of Judah, is sometimes called as an "intellectual meritocracy", in the sense that its members were drawn from religious scribes and not the aristocracy.[59] Appointment was self-perpetuating, however, and new members were chosen personally by existing members.[60] These are not meritocracies in the administrative sense, in which merit is determined objectively as a "tested competency or ability."[61]
↑ "Definition of merit". Dictionary.com.
↑ Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter W.; Sadovnik, Alan R. (2002). Education and Sociology: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 436. most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms tested competency and ability, and most likely as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests
1 2 Young, Michael (1958). The rise of the meritocracy, 1870-2033: An essay on education and inequality. London: Thames & Hudson. OCLC 3943639.
↑ "Definition of Meritocracy". Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
↑ Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought. Fontana Press. 1988. p. 521.
↑ Aristot. Pol. 2.1261b
↑ Aristotle, (351 BC) Politics. Book Three Part IV. (Jowett, B., Trans)
↑ Casey, Wilson (2009). Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World. Penguin USA. ISBN 978-1-59257-924-2.
1 2 3 4 Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142.
1 2 3 Schwarz (1996), 229
1 2 3 "Civil Service Reform". Digital History. University of Houston. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
↑ What's College For?: The Struggle To Define American Higher Education; Zachary Karabell; ISBN 978-0-465-09152-2
↑ Journal of College Teaching & Learning – May 2008 Volume 5, Number 5 AACSB Accreditation
↑ Furlong, Andy; Cartmel, Fred. Higher education and social justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-22362-6.
↑ Young, Michael (29 June 2001). "Down with meritocracy: The man who coined the word four decades ago wishes Tony Blair would stop using it". The Guardian. London.
↑ Ford, Boris (1992). The Cambridge cultural history of Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-42889-7.
↑ Kamolnick, Paul (2005). The just meritocracy: IQ, class mobility, and American social policy. Westport CT: Praeger. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-275-97922-5.
↑ Best, Shaun (2005). Understanding Social Divisions. London: Sage. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-7619-4296-2.
↑ ""meritocracy" in the Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 3 July 2013.
↑ Young, Michael (1958). p. 11.
1 2 3 Young, Michael (1958). p. 15.
↑ "Crisis in Education" (p. 4).
↑ Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. One of the oldest examples of a merit-based civil service system existed in the imperial bureaucracy of China.
↑ Tan, Chung; Geng, Yinzheng (2005). India and China: twenty centuries of civilization interaction and vibrations. University of Michigan Press. p. 128. China not only produced the world's first "bureaucracy", but also the world's first "meritocracy"
↑ Konner, Melvin (2003). Unsettled: an anthropology of the Jews. Viking Compass. p. 217. China is the world's oldest meritocracy
↑ Tucker, Mary Evelyn (2009). "Touching the Depths of Things: Cultivating Nature in East Asia". Ecology and the environment: perspectives from the humanities. Harvard Divinity School: 51. To staff these institutions, they created the oldest meritocracy in the world, in which government appointments were based on civil service examinations that drew on the values of the Confucian Classics
↑ Sienkewicz, Thomas J. (2003). Encyclopedia of the Ancient World:. Salem Press. p. 434. Confucius invented the notion that those who govern should so because of merit and not inherited status, setting in motion the creation of the imperial examinations and bureaucracies open only to those who passed tests
1 2 Burbank and Cooper (2010), 51.
↑ Azyumardi Azra (2006). Indonesia, Islam, and Democracy: Dynamics in a Global Context. Equinox Publishing (London). p. 9. ISBN 9789799988812.
↑ C. T. R. Hewer; Allan Anderson (2006). Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps (illustrated ed.). Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 9780334040323.
↑ Anheier, Helmut K.; Juergensmeyer, Mark, eds. (9 Mar 2012). Encyclopedia of Global Studies. SAGE Publications. p. 151. ISBN 9781412994224.
↑ Claire Alkouatli (2007). Islam (illustrated, annotated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 44. ISBN 9780761421207.
↑ Bodde,, Derke. "China: A Teaching Workbook". Columbia University.
↑ Huddleston, Mark W. Boyer, William W.The higher civil service in the United States: quest for reform. (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996), 9-10.
↑ Julia Horne, and Geoffrey Sherington, "Extending the educational franchise: the social contract of Australia's public universities, 1850-1890," Paedagogica Historica (2010) 46#1 pp 207-227
↑ Miriam Henry (1988). Understanding Schooling: An Introductory Sociology of Australian Education. Psychology Press. p. 81.
↑ Speech by Singapore Ambassador to France, 28 August 2008. Archived 2 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Ngiam Tong Dow (28 October 2006). "Singapore's elites". Little Speck.
1 2 "Growing trend of uplifting education business in Singapore". Free Library and Tuition. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
↑ "$1 billion spent on tuition in one year". AsiaOne. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
↑ "2015 Private Tuition Rates in Singapore | Epigami Blog". Epigami Blog. 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
↑ Tan, Kenneth Paul (January 2008). "Meritocracy and Elitism in a Global City: Ideological Shifts in Singapore". International Political Science Review. 29 (7-27). doi:10.1177/0192512107083445.
↑ Tan, Kenneth Paul (9 Dec 2011). "The Ideology of Pragmatism: Neo-liberal Globalisation and Political Authoritarianism in Singapore". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 42 (1). doi:10.1080/00472336.2012.634644.
↑ Web page of "Instituto Nacional de Meritocracia de Ecuador" , 12 March 2013.
↑ keran, kerai (29 May 2014). merit the idea of government: how the world should be run. football WC.
↑ kerai, keran (29 May 2014). merit the idea of government: how the world should be run. football WC.
↑ GNOME Foundation - Charter
↑ How the ASF works - The Apache Software Foundation
↑ Mozilla Governance
↑ Welcome - The Document Foundation
↑ Arrow, Bowles and Durlauf — Meritocracy and Economic Inequality, (Princeton,1999)
↑ To teach: the journey of a teacher, by William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8077-3985-5, ISBN 978-0-8077-3985-3, pg. 116
↑ "Death by Degrees". n+1. n+1 Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
↑ Duffy, Jonathan (23 November 2004). "The rise of the meritocracy". BBC News.
↑ Khen Lampert, Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness, Palgrave-Macmillan, UK, 24 December 2012,; ISBN 1137324880
↑ Chris Hayes, Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy (2012) ch 1
↑ See review by Howard A. Doughty in College Quarterly (Spring 2012) 15#2 online
↑ Elazar, Daniel Judah (1985). The Jewish polity: Jewish political organization from Biblical times to the present. Indiana University Press. p. 127.
↑ Novak, David (2005). The Jewish social contract: an essay in political theology. Princeton University Press. p. 134. The Sanhedrin were appointed by those who were members when there was a vacancy
↑ Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter W.; Sadovnik, lan R. (2002). Education and sociology: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 436.
Burbank, Jane and Cooper, Frederick. (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12708-5.
Estlund, David. (2003). Why Not Epistocracy?.
Kazin, Michael, Edwards, Rebecca, and Rothman, Adam. (2010). The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Volume 2. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12971-1.
Kett, Joseph F. Merit: The History of a Founding Ideal From the American Revolution to the Twenty-First Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0801451225
Schwarz, Bill. (1996). The expansion of England: race, ethnicity and cultural history. Psychology Pres. ISBN 0-415-06025-7.
Khen Lampert, Meritocratic Education and Social Worthlessness, Palgrave-Macmillan, UK, 24 December 2012,; ISBN 1137324880
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Meritocracy
Look up meritocracy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Meritocracy Party: Equal Opportunity for Every Child, organizes volunteers to bootstrap meritocracies in communities across the world.
Quinion, Michael (2001-07-21). "World Wide Words: Meritocracy". World Wide Words. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
Bent, Nick. "Time for a more inclusive and progressive definition of meritocracy". Progress Online. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
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text:
New Hampshire Firefighter Loses Life While Battling Brush Fire
Cause of death was said to be natural causes
By Melissa Buja	• Published at 9:57 pm on July 26, 2016
A New Hampshire firefighter has died while battling a brush fire in Lyme.
Officials said Charles Waterbury suffered a medical emergency when he was battling the fire on Sunday. Waterbury, a 10-year veteran of the Oxford Fire Department, was treated at the scene then transported at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center where he was pronounced dead.
The New Hampshire Chief Medical Examiner's Office said that an autopsy determined the cause of Waterbury's death was natural causes due to heart disease.
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Waterbury leaves behind a daughter, grandchild, parents, and two siblings.
His funeral has been schedule for Saturday, July 30 at 11 a.m. in Oxford.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On the hunt for date night ideas? Check out this week's lineup of acclaimed movies showing on the big screen in and around Fresno.
Follow Alex Honnold as he attempts to become the first person to ever free solo climb Yosemite's 3,000-foot-high El Capitan wall. With no ropes or safety gear, this would arguably be the greatest feat in rock climbing history.
Boasting a critical approval rating of 98 percent and an audience score of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, Free Solo has proven to be a critical darling since its release on September 28, with a consensus that "Free Solo depicts athletic feats that many viewers will find beyond reason - and grounds the attempts in passions that are all but universal." The film is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Interested? It's playing at Edwards Fresno Stadium 22 & IMAX (250 Paseo del Centro) through Tuesday, February 12. Click here for showtimes and tickets.
With a critical approval rating of 97 percent and an audience score of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse has been a must-watch since its release on December 14. Per the site's overview of critic reviews, "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse matches bold storytelling with striking animation for a purely enjoyable adventure with heart, humor, and plenty of superhero action." The film is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
You can catch it at UA Broadway Faire Stadium 10 (3351 W. Shaw Ave.), Regal Manchester Stadium 16 (2055 E. Shields Ave.), Edwards Fresno Stadium 22 & IMAX (250 Paseo del Centro), and Maya Fresno 16 & MPX (3090 E. Campus Pointe Dr.) through Tuesday, February 12. Click here for showtimes and tickets.
With a 94 percent critical approval rating and an audience score of 62 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, The Favourite has become a favorite since its release on December 14, with a consensus that "The Favourite sees Yorgos Lanthimos balancing a period setting against rich, timely subtext - and getting roundly stellar performances from his well-chosen stars." The film is nominated for 10 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
It's playing at Edwards Fresno Stadium 22 & IMAX (250 Paseo del Centro) and Maya Fresno 16 & MPX (3090 E. Campus Pointe Dr.) through Thursday, February 7. Click here for showtimes and tickets.
With a 93 percent critical approval rating and an audience score of 78 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, Bumblebee has become a favorite since its release on December 21, with a consensus that "Bumblebee proves it's possible to bring fun and a sense of wonder back to a bloated blockbuster franchise — and sets up its own slate of sequels in the bargain."
You can catch it at Regal Manchester Stadium 16 (2055 E. Shields Ave.), Edwards Fresno Stadium 22 & IMAX (250 Paseo del Centro), and Maya Fresno 16 & MPX (3090 E. Campus Pointe D.) through Tuesday, February 12. Click here for showtimes and tickets.
With their golden era long behind them, comedy duo Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy embark on a variety hall tour of Britain and Ireland. Despite the pressures of a hectic schedule, and with the support of their wives Lucille and Ida – a formidable double act in their own right – the pair's love of performing, as well as for each other, endures as they secure their place in the hearts of their adoring public.
With a 92 percent critical approval rating and an audience score of 89 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, Stan & Ollie has garnered plenty of praise since its release on December 28. The site's critical consensus has it that "Stan & Ollie pays tribute to a pair of beloved entertainers with an affectionate look behind the scenes — and a moving look at the burdens and blessings of a creative bond."
It's screening at Regal Manchester Stadium 16 (2055 E. Shields Ave.) through Thursday, February 7 and Edwards Fresno Stadium 22 & IMAX (250 Paseo del Centro) through Tuesday, February 12. Click here for showtimes and tickets.


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The Best of IWC Webinar Series is a great way to preview the high quality technical content presented at the International Water Conference®.
Attendees can earn 1 PDH credit from the comfort of their own computer.
It is FREE to attend, but registration is required for pdh certification. Multiple viewers on one computer will be required to sign in on the required form distributed at the webinar.
Note: Individual NY P.E.'s requesting the 1 PDH must sign into the webinar via the link provided when registered and are also required to sign a login sheet after completion of the webinar. NY P.E.'s attending the webinar as a group require only one person to register for the webinar. That person is the room moderator for the group and must sign into the webinar via the link provided when registered. Each attendee in the group will be required to sign in and out on the login sheet. The times and signatures are verified by the room moderator.
Topic: Boiler Water — Register Here
Tuesday, March 17, 2020 — Noon – 1:00pm EST
Peter Meyers, ResinTech Inc., West Berlin, NJ
IWC 19-02: The Death of Deep Bed Condensate Polishing
With the ever-expanding capacity of solar and wind power, most thermal power plants are now cycling rather than operating continuously at full power. Cycling dramatically increases the transport of corrosion products and increases both corrosion and metal fatigue. Recent EPRI guidelines for combined cycle plants is to operate at elevated condensate pH, at least 9.6 and preferably 9.8 to 10.0. Although other types of power plants have lower pH guidelines, there is a general push at many older plants that do not have high chrome metallurgy to operate at higher pH as a way of minimizing FAC. The increase in amine (or ammonia concentration) makes condensate polishing more difficult and in some cases spells death for Deep Bed Condensate Polishers.
Deep bed polishers perform several roles including crud removal, fast clean up and minimal time required to reach full power following outages and perhaps most importantly (at least for deep beds), the ability to maintain low levels of sodium, chloride and sulfate, with minor cooling water leaks. However, as condensate pH increases, the polishers exhaust more rapidly. Above a pH of much above 9 it is virtually impossible to regenerate the polishers fast enough to stay in service, at least with the polisher resins in the H/OH form. Ammonia (or amine) form operation is possible with advanced external regeneration systems but beyond a pH of approx. 9.6, the preference of the IX resins for sodium drops to the point where there is no longer any capacity to remove sodium from the incoming condensate. At best, the polishers don't add sodium. At worst, deep bed polishers become a primary source of sodium.
In this paper we present both theoretical arguments and operating experience from several power plants that operate deep bed condensate polishers. The bottom line is that new power plants are less likely to include deep bed polishers. Instead they will change metallurgy, improve condensers and use powdered fiber type precoat filters for crud removal and various powdered resin mixtures for start-up. And what is arguably the most complex ion exchange system ever devised may well join the dinosaurs, dodo's and floppy discs, in the annals of extinction.
Ken Kuruc, Hach, Loveland, CO
IWC 19-03: On-Line Iron Studies using a Film Forming Product and a Film Forming Amine
Film forming products (FFP) and film forming amines (FFA) continue to receive attention as a means of passivating metal surfaces in the steam cycle, especially with systems that cycle frequently. Facilities that have added these products to their cycle need to prove that their investments are effective in reducing both production and transport of corrosion products.
In two separate studies, one using a FFP and the other a FFA, a laser nephelometer is employed along with a laboratory spectrophotometer to quantify on-line concentrations of iron on a continuous basis in the steam cycle. Before and after results will be shared with respect to corrosion product transfer on a real time basis. Data will be shown as the plants progress through conditions such as repetitive load changes and cycling, when corrosion of an untreated surface can be most prevalent. The protective capacity for the specific product utilized will be observed over time to demonstrate its contribution in reducing corrosion product and its transport throughout the steam cycle. Finally, the difference in performance between the FFA and FFP will be discussed.
Topic: ZLD — Register Here
Thursday, April 30, 2020 — Noon-1:00pm EST
Travis Reynolds, GE Power, Knoxville, TN; Cuong Pham, Evergy, Weston, MO
IWC 19-05: Iatan SDE Design, Operation, Maintenance and Operational Costs
After two years of successful operation, performance & emissions compliance, and greater than ninety-eight percent availability, the operating experiences and costs associated with the SDE have been quantified. This paper and presentation will discuss the SDE design approach, operation and maintenance experiences, and costs that have been observed over the past two years of operation.
Josh Dewanaga P.E., and David Ciszewski, SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions, Bellevue, WA; David Rowe, SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions, Norfolk, VA; Lauren Barbir, SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions, Trevose, PA
IWC 19-06: Integrated Water and Wastewater Zero Discharge System for Liquefied Natural Gas Plant: Lessons Learned from Design, Start-Up and Operations
When tackling the daunting task of expanding an existing liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant and managing water demands in an environmentally sensitive area, what are the critical decisions when selecting the design and operational support model for your water and wastewater systems? For a LNG terminal on the East coast, the journey to full operations of its expansion project started six years earlier with the owner evaluating water needs and requirements for the environmental impact in the area. The decision was to select a high recovery water treatment system and a zero liquid discharge system to minimize both water withdrawal and environmental impact. The LNG plant owner (who is also the operator) and EPC firm selected a single company to design the two systems which became one integrated system. This decision proved efficient for both design and start-up phases. When evaluating the operational support model, the resulting decision was to outsource the operations and maintenance to the same company designing the integrated water system. This paper discusses notable events and learnings from design, start-up/commissioning, and first year of operations.
Topic: Mining — Register Here
Thursday, May 21, 2020 — Noon-1:00pm EST
Jonathan Witt, P.E. and Alan Prouty, J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID; Jeremy Aulbach, P.E., Brown and Caldwell, Boise, ID
IWC 19-17: Physio-Biological Removal of Selenium from Mining Impacted Waters
The Smoky Canyon Mine owned by the J.R. Simplot Company constructed the Hoopes Selenium Treatability Study Pilot (Hoopes TSP), which implemented physical and biological treatment to evaluate operational performance of active selenium water treatment from mine-impacted waters. The Smoky Canyon Mine is located within the Idaho Phosphate District, which is rich in sedimentary phosphate ores that are found concurrent with selenium-bearing deposits. Past mining practices have led to elevated levels of selenium in the mine-impacted waters. The physical and biological treatment processes applied include UF, RO, anaerobic biological, and aerobic biological. While these established technologies are routinely applied individually in water treatment, these technologies were applied in an innovative arrangement that shows significant promise in its application to remove selenium from mine-impacted waters. Total selenium concentrations of the mine-impacted waters fed to the Hoopes TSP averaged 0.144 mg/L during the study period presented. Hoopes TSP effluent total selenium concentrations averaged 0.015 mg/L during the study period presented. Details of the mine setting, influent water parameters, treatability study pilot system configuration, and initial 20 weeks of operational results are presented in this paper.
Alex Drak, Roi Zaken Porat and Tomar Efrat, IDE Technologies, Kadima, Israel; Marco Kerstholt, Royal HaskoningDHV, South Africa; Gerald van Houwelingen, Royal HaskoningDHV, Netherlands
IWC 19-20: Mine Impacted Water Minimization Technology – 3 Years of Development
A significant amount of water is used in the mining process, and it is often necessary to treat this water, which is characterized by neutral to low pH and moderate to high total dissolved solids content. Sulfate anions, typically present in this water, are introduced largely as a result of partial oxidation of sulfide-bearing ores (often containing pyrite). Calcium cations are also usually present in water as a result of partial dissolution of dolomitic compounds present in the waste rock. These two ions, with combined concentration close to the gypsum saturation limit, make the treatment process of mine impacted water relatively challenging.
Currently, mine impacted water is usually treated by adding lime to neutralize the acid and precipitate heavy metals as hydroxides. After partial acidification, the effluent from this process is recycled or discharged to the receiving environment. Depending on the pH targeted in the neutralization step, this effluent can still contain a relatively high concentration of sulfate and calcium. Increased concern led to the introduction of recommended guideline values for the sulfate concentration in the discharged effluent. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the recommended values for the sulfate concentration are generally below 500 mg/L.
The demand to produce water with sulfate concentration in the 250 – 500 mg/L range poses a technological challenge not yet sufficiently addressed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies to address these challenges. A recently developed technology, MaxH2O Desalter, containing an RO system with an integrated salt precipitation unit, makes it possible to achieve the required sulfate concentration. This paper presents the results of a 3 year development process of the MaxH2O Desalter technology. Different types of mine impacted water, collected from different mine sites, were treated. The results show that the system can reach recoveries of over 85%, at which the calcium sulfate saturation index theoretically reaches over 1,000%, which could lead to sudden
calcium sulfate precipitation on the RO membrane. In practice, in the MaxH2O Desalter process, the calcium sulfate saturation index was maintained in the range of 200% – 400%, by continuous precipitation of carbonate and sulfate compounds in the integrated salt precipitation unit. The system operated without the addition of chemicals other than antiscalant and calcium carbonate seeds and produced pellets with more than 90% dry solids content, which did not require further sludge dewatering treatment. These results show the significant advantage of the developed system as a treatment alternative for mine impacted water. The developed system saves operational costs compared to current sulfate reduction technologies by decreasing chemical consumption and decreasing the amount of sludge to be discharged, with competitive investment costs given the high water recovery that can be achieved in this new process. If the produced brine were to be treated (e.g., using a high-density sludge treatment process) a very significant reduction in total dissolved solids in the finally discharged water (upon blending the treated brine with permeate) could be realized.
Topic: Industrial Wastewater — Register Here
Tuesday, June 18, 2020 — Noon – 1:00pm EST
Brian Moore, Ph.D., Arcadis, Clifton Park, NY
IWC 19-26: Advanced Wastewater Recycle at an Automotive Plant in Silao, Mexico
A major automotive manufacturer manufactures engines, transmissions and full-size trucks at a large manufacturing complex in Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico. The Site employs approximately 6,000 personnel. Additionally, there are approximately 4,000 contracted employees on site in any given day. The site has experienced dramatic growth and is currently under construction to add nearly 3 million square feet of new production facilities.
For all freshwater the Site relies on six groundwater wells, which they must frequently rotate (in/out of service) to obtain the water needed for manufacturing operations. In addition to very high taxes for groundwater extraction, the aquifer levels are declining; the aquifer has been identified as stressed and the region is expected to have continued growth in population, agriculture and industry (World Bank, 2004). As such, the aquifer cannot provide the additional 30-40% water required following the plant expansion.
Considering its environmental goals, the status of the region and aquifer and to reduce production disruption risk, the automotive manufacturer has embarked on a comprehensive water recycling program to maximize water reuse for manufacturing processes.
An array of concepts for treatment and recycle were developed and vetted relative to key project criteria (e.g. percent of wastewater recycled, robustness, operability, CapEx and OpEx, etc). The treatment train selected for this new water recycle system includes a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) in Phase I; the performance/operability of these processes benefit from strategic upstream and waste segregation components to the project. A future phase of the project would include on- site treatment of the brine from the RO process, recovering even more water through application of zero-liquid discharge technology (evaporator/ crystallizer combination with mechanical vapor recompression).
During this IWC presentation, we intend to walk the audience through the entire process for Phase 1 of the project, including feasibility assessment, water and constituent mass balance, concept development and refinement, design, construction and start-up (on-line Feb 2019). We will also discuss Phase II of the project.
Mark Knight and Nicolas Hameon-Denis, SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions, Oakville, ON, Canada; Shane Lund, SUEZ Water Technologies & Solutions, Trevose, PA; Jordan Schmidt, Brad McIlwain and Shawn Watkins, LuminUltra Technologies Ltd., Fredericton, NB, Canada
IWC 19-57: How Hot is Too Hot? Reviewing the Treatment Performance of Refinery WWTP Biological Treatment Systems Operating at High Temperatures
This study reviews the treatment performance and microbial ecology of two North American refinery WWTP biological treatment systems which continuously operate between 38°C to 52°C. Results from both refinery WWTP's show that biological treatment systems can effectively remove organic compounds and nitrify ammonia above 35°C which can provide certain advantages when optimizing an industrial WWTP, upgrading upstream processes or building a new green field plant.
Topic: Reverse Osmosis — Register Here
Thursday, July 23, 2020 — Noon-1:00pm EST
Rich Franks, P.E., Alexandra Rubin and Craig Bartels, Ph.D., Hydranautics, Oceanside, CA; Peter Cartwright, P.E., Cartwright Consulting Co., Minneapolis, MN
IWC 19-33: The Contrarian Use of Chlorine to Control Biofouling in RO Membranes
It is well known that the reverse osmosis membrane's polyamide chemistry is incompatible with chlorine. This limitation of the polyamide chemistry is sometimes referred to as the Achilles Heel of RO membranes. In many RO systems, the absence of a continuous biocide such as chlorine leads to extreme biofouling, rapid performance degradation, frequent cleanings, extended downtime and shortened membrane life. However, regardless of this stated incompatibility, there does exist a low level of tolerance before damage to the molecular structure of the membrane causes a noticeable change in RO performance. This tolerance, which is affected by a number of variables, has gradually increased over the years as the membrane chemistry has evolved. Today's membranes are more highly crosslinked than those of previous generations. These latest chemistries result in lower pressures and better rejection; including better rejection of more challenging constituents such as silica and organics. These better chemistries have the added benefit of being more robust and, therefore, more chemically tolerant. This includes improved tolerance, not only to caustic or acid cleanings, but also to chlorine. Though no membrane supplier promotes these membranes as chlorine tolerant, their improved durability makes the use of chlorine to control biofouling an option worth considering when confronted with extreme biofouling. At least one RO plant is experimenting with intermittent exposure to low levels of chlorine for the purpose of managing biofouling. After a biofilm is allowed to build on the membranes, as evidenced by decreasing permeability and increasing differential pressure, periodic chlorine dosing is initiated. Though the chlorine improves membrane performance, the permeability and differential pressures do not return to their original, baseline values; the intention being to minimize chlorine exposure and maintain some foulant as a protective layer. This paper will present the chemistry behind past and current chlorine limitations. RO membranes exposed to chlorine in the laboratory will be analyzed. The RO system operating data, both before and during chlorine dosing, will also be presented. Analysis of elements extracted from the RO system will be shared in order to further characterize the membrane performance and chemistry after "real world" chlorine exposure.
Elke Peirtsegaele, MICRODYN-NADIR, Goleta, CA
IWC 19-36: Innovative Spiral-Wound Membrane Elements for High Temperature Desalination Applications
Water desalination has become one of the most important methods of alleviating water shortages and meeting stricter environmental regulations across the world. While spiral-wound reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane elements have proven very successful in a variety of desalination applications, more and more applications are emerging that require spiral-wound membrane elements capable of handling high temperatures or extreme cleaning conditions. Because industry-standard RO and NF water elements are limited to a maximum operating temperature of 45°C (113°F), membrane manufacturers are investigating alternative materials to build high temperature elements for applications where standard RO and NF elements cannot be used.
This paper explains how data is used to determine when more robust element components (i.e. materials of construction) such as feed spacers, permeate carriers, permeate tubes and outerwraps are needed to develop elements that can handle different levels of elevated temperatures. Elements constructed with these alternative materials fall into four categories based on temperature tolerance:
Warm temperature operation (up to 60°C continuous)
High temperature operation (up to 80°C continuous)
Heat-sanitization (sanitization up to 90°C)
Extreme cleaning at high pH and high temperature (up to pH 13 and 75°C)
Overall, this paper focuses on why high temperature spiral-wound elements are needed, which applications require these types of elements and how different element components can be combined to tackle an even broader range of applications than ever before.
Historical Papers
As an offering of the high quality technical content presented at the IWC, please review these historical papers from IWC-past. Technical Papers from more recent conferences, and our archived history, can be found here. Check back often, as content will be updated on a regular basis.
Please click on title to download paper
IWC 95-02: A COMPARISON OF A SELECTIVE RESIN WITH A CONVENTIONAL RESIN FOR NITRATE REMOVAL
G.L. Dimotsis, Sybron Chemicals Inc., Birmingham, NJ
F.X. McGarvey, Sybron Chemicals Inc., Birmingham, NJ
IWC 09-36: Steam Generation Using Produced Water: Lessons Learned
Martin R. Godfrey, Nalco Company, Naperville, Illinois
Keywords: Produced Water, OTSG, Evaporator, Steam Generation, SAGD
Prepared Discussion for IWC 09-36:
Discusser: Melonie Myszczyszyn, CNRL Facilities Engineer, Alberta, Canada
IWC 07-24: Equipment Design Considerations for Lime and Ion Exchange Treatment of Produced Water in Heavy Oil Extraction
Robert Holloway, Holloway Associates, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
Gordon Page, Page Technology Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
John E. Fair, P.Eng., Fair Canada Engineering Ltd., Calgary, Alberta
Author's Closure for IWC 07-24:


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Woman alleges male friend stole her money
By Anthony RuizAlice Echo-News Journal
A woman reported a robbery early Monday morning when a male friend of hers allegedly stole $1,000 from her wallet during a fight in a Best Western motel room in the 1300 block of S. Highway 281.
According to the report, at 12:15 a.m. Monday Officer Cristobal Gonzalez was dispatched to the Best Western, located at 1350 S. Highway 281, in reference to an assault and possible robbery.
Upon arrival, Gonzalez made contact with the victim who stated she had just been assaulted by a male friend who also took $1,000 out of her wallet and left running south from the area.
According to the report, the victim told Gonzalez she and the man were hanging out earlier that day and were then given a ride to the motel by another male friend of hers.
She stated to the officer that once in the room, her friend became upset and asked her why she was flirting with the friend who had given them a ride. She stated she was surprised the man was acting like that because they were not dating.
The victim told Gonzalez as she was laying on the bed the suspect then punched her on the left side of her jaw and then reached under her and tried to get her wallet.
She stated she and her friend struggled back-and-forth for the wallet, but he took her wallet, removed $1,000 from it and left with only the money.
EMS was notified and arrived to treat the victim who refused to be transported to the hospital. CID was also notified.


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Diversity Partnership
L.G.B.T.Q. Resources
Nurturing Tolerance
Together Against Bullying
Together Against Bullying brochure
We'd like to welcome you to the Bethel School District's Equity and Achievement Department. We serve as a resource and leader in promoting Bethel's commitment to equitable and accessible opportunities for all members of the Bethel School District community.
We fully embrace our rich, diverse school community as expressed through race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, ability, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, religion, national origin, immigration status, language background, language proficiency, and family structure.
Bethel School District is dedicated to educating all students to their fullest potential and building a culture of excellence that is grounded in principles of equity; an environment that fosters intellectual, social, physical, emotional, and ethical growth for all students.
If the Equity and Achievement Department can be of any assistance to you, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Debbie Carlman
Director, Equity and Achievement
The Bethel School District strongly promotes an appreciation for cultural awareness and a respect for differences among individuals.
The Equity & Achievement director is responsible for investigating an/or mediating racial or other equity complaints at schools; conducting diversity trainings with students and staff to build awareness; and meeting with community groups to solicit input on programs, problems and solutions.
The district sponsors a "diversity partnership" with a group of district staff and community members to promote greater understanding of multiculturalism throughout the school system.
Equity & Achievement Director
Teaching Tolerance Promotes social justice, tools for tolerance, and ways to counter hate


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Home News report jordon ibe ready to take pay cut to join celtic
Report: Jordon Ibe ready to take pay-cut to join Celtic
According to Football Insider, Bournemouth winger Jordon Ibe is ready to take a pay-cut to join Celtic in the summer transfer window.
Ibe is out of contract at Bournemouth at the end of the season, and with no new deal in place, the former Liverpool winger is set to leave the Premier League club.
The report has claimed that the 24-year-old winger is ready to take a pay-cut from his £40,000-a-week salary.
Celtic reportedly wanted to sign the 24-year-old on loan from Bournemouth in the summer of 2019 and have kept tabs on his situation this season.
Football in England and Scotland is suspended at the moment due to the coronavirus pandemic.
According to WhoScored, Ibe has made just two substitute appearances in the Premier League for Bournemouth so far this season, while in 2018-19, he made nine starts and 10 substitute appearances in the league, scoring one goal and providing one assist in the process.
During the 2017-18 campaign, the 24-year-old made 22 starts and 10 substitute appearances in the league for the Cherries, scoring two goals and providing six assists in the process, while back in 2016-17, he made 13 starts and 12 substitute appearances in the league, according to WhoScored.
Jordon Ibe
Previous article Report: Arsenal among 3 English clubs interested in Newcastle United's Matty Longstaff
Next article Report: West Ham United's chief executive Karren Brady expressed a note of caution on the realities of finishing the season during Thursday's meeting between Premier League clubs


Use the cut clove of garlic to rub the inside of the fondue pot. Pour dry white wine into fondue pot and bring to a simmer over medium heat on stovetop.
In a small bowl, combine the Kirsch and cornstarch.
A little at a time, add the grated cheeses to the fondue pot and stir constantly. Do not let the cheese/wine mixture boil.
When the cheese has just melted, gradually stir in the Kirsch and cornstarch mixture, the lemon juice, the dried mustard, and the nutmeg.
Allow fondue to simmer, stirring constantly, until cheese just starts to thicken. You will be disappointed if the cheese mixture is runny.
Move fondue pot to fondue setup, and serve with various accoutrements for dipping.


The 2200 is the oil-lubricated version of 2100 with higher pressure and flow capacities. This is a robust multistage centrifugal pump that is interchangeable with Roto-Jet pump models and 2100.
Higher efficiencies using improved patented hydraulics.


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The Oleta River, situated north of Miami, drains the northern Everglades into Biscayne Bay, allowing freshwater to reach the Atlantic Ocean. Today, it is the only natural river in Miami-Dade County that has not been dredged and channelized. Its seven miles (11 km) of shoreline are largely undeveloped, making the Oleta River Corridor a vestige of wilderness in a matrix of urbanization.

Between the Everglades and Biscayne Bay, over six miles (10 km) of trail have been developed for use by off-road vehicles: slightly more than a mile of expert singletrack, a half-mile of intermediate singletrack, almost three miles (5 km) of novice singletrack, and more than two miles (3 km) of paved pathway. They all connect in what is essentially an out-and-back, but various loops of different lengths and difficulties can be ridden off the main out-and-back.

The extinct Tequesta Indians canoed the waters of the Oleta River over 400 years ago and today, a Tequesta village and midden site is preserved nearby as a reminder of the river's past human history. This area now represents one of the last wilderness areas available to wildlife in northern Miami-Dade County.

Gallery

See also
Oleta River State Park

References
 Trails.com
 AcademicDB

Rivers of Florida
Bodies of water of Miami-Dade County, Florida

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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NorthEast United beat Mumbai City 1-0 to start ISL season in style
TNM NewsDesk Nov 21, 2020
Indian Super League match between NorthEast United FC and Mumbai City FC on November 21 | Photo: ISL
Winless for more than a year, a new-look NorthEast United FC displayed some brilliant football to overcome Mumbai City FC 1-0 in the season 7 of the Indian Super League (ISL) on November 21.
Kwesi Appiah (49') scored the lone goal from a penalty after the Islanders were reduced to 10-men following Ahmed Jahouh's red card just before the breather.
In the early stages, it looked like NorthEast United were aiming for nothing more than a goalless draw, extreme caution visible in their game plan.
Predictably, it was Mumbai who dominated the first half. The Islanders were neat and proactive for long spells, though they were unable to find a cutting edge. Despite having players like Jahouh, Hugo Boumous, and Rowllin Borges, all capable of creating magic on their day, Sergio Lobera's side failed to get a single shot on target in the first 45 minutes.
They did hold the lion's share of the possession that occasionally resulted in hopeful efforts. In the 12th minute, Adam le Fondre's cross from the right wing found striker Bartholomew Ogbeche. The resulting effort though was intercepted by NorthEast United defender Ashutosh Mehta. In the next few minutes, an Ogbeche header went over the bar while Jahouh took two attempts from distance. A clear-cut chance though was still eluding Lobera's men.
Then, the match took an unexpected turn as Jahouh, who was dictating things from midfield, was sent off with a straight red, a couple of minutes before halftime. His offence was a studs-up challenge on NorthEast United's Khassa Camara.
Gerard Nus' men capitalised on their numerical advantage soon after the restart. The Highlanders were awarded a penalty in the 49th minute when the ball struck Borges' arm after NorthEast's Dylan Fox had headed in a short corner. Appiah sent keeper Amrinder Singh in wrong direction.
With Mumbai now under pressure, NorthEast United took control over the game with Khumanthem Meetei and Appiah making regular inroads. Lobera made a tactical change replacing Ogbeche with Stephen Goddard, giving Le Fondre a central role up front. Mumbai had a rare opportunity in the 65th minute when Sarthak got his head to a cross, but his effort sailed inches over the bar. Lobera's team kept knocking on the door in the final quarter, but an equaliser eluded them.
Popular musician DJ Brahmin held for alleged possession of drugs
We will not start as favourites against Kerala Blasters, says NEUFC coach Gerard Nus


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Q: Mathematics and programming I read a lot of blogs and forum posts about mathematics in programming and made a conclusion for myself that basic mathematics is needed in programming. I'm not a good mathematician. But is it somehow possible to improve my logical and algorithmic thinking without going deep into science of mathematics? Are there any exercises or some books that could help me to improve these skills so that I could become an good architect?
Thank you in advance.

A: Work through Project Euler.
The beginning of CLRS Algorithms has a bit on number theory, discrete math, combinatorics, probability, graph theory, and other really useful stuff.  It's teaching exactly what is applicable to algorithms, and skipping everything else.

A: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_Mathematics <-- Written specially for you by Donald Knuth!

A: You might be interested in Project Euler for exercises.
Here's an interesting article, if you haven't seen it already, that discusses learning math via Wikipedia:
http://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2006/03/math-for-programmers.html

A: Great suggestions above - to put some of this in context, there's a great project to reform math education in high school.  It might help you understand some of the frustrations of learning math and how to overcome those difficulties.
Remember - much of math education is to exercise your ability to think abstractly and to solve problems.   Both of these skills take practice and sometimes, even though you may not see the direct connection between the problems and so-called "real life", there's always something to learn and practice by working out the problems.

A:
But is it somehow possible to improve my logical and algorithmical thinking without going deep into math science?

But logic and problem solving is the basis of mathematics.
I suspect the real problem is with how mathematics is taught, and what you (and your previous teachers) think mathematics is. I'd recommend A Mathematician's Lament, for a better explanation of what mathematics is, versus what we are normally taught is mathematics.

Are there any excercises or some books that could help me to improve these skills so that I could become an good architect?

Yes, others have given you a better list of suggestions than I could, but the basic idea is yes you can learn to be better at mathematics, in particular the mathematics that most commonly pertains to Computer Science and programming.
I'm assuming you mean a software architect, because traditional architecture, like engineering, has a firm foundation in applied mathematics. Anyhow, good software architect need to be comfortable enough to do informal problem and algorithmic analysis, which does require a mathematical basis.
I would normally say if you could learn equivalent to the typical first year university mathematics requirements for a computer science degree (i.e. first year of calculus, discrete math(s) or linear algebra), it would go a long way to make you a better Computer Scientist, and better programmer or architect. It is not impossible without, but it can make you be better at your job (quicker to evaluate or solve problems correctly, efficiently and effectively).
Good luck.

A: I'd say that the math you need depends on the problems you're asked to solve.
The problems you're asked to solve depend on the math skills you have.
Anyone who says you only need 4th grade math is also telling you that you cannot reasonably expect to have a chance to solve more challenging problems.
I would point out that computers have changed mathematics and applications.  My engineering education consisted of a lot of calculus and closed-form solutions using pencil and paper.
My first career meant applying discrete, numerical analogs to those techniques on computers.
If you want to do that kind of work, it's best to learn a lot about numerical methods and linear algebra.
Google's Page Rank was a $25B eigenvalue problem when this paper was published.  Google's market cap is $144B today.
Computer graphics are very mathematically intensive.  If you like graphics, better learn matricies well.
Statistics are terribly important, especially when you have oceans of data available to you on the web.  Learn R and basic statistics cold.
Read something like "Programming Collective Intelligence" to see what kinds of novel problems will require some sophisticated math.
If you want to solve those kinds of problems, best to get busy.

A: The emphasis on what constitutes "Discrete Mathematics" in Computer Science undergraduate curriculums has shifted in the past forty years.  It used to be that such courses would cover material such as abstract algebra and go into concepts such as 'sorts' and 'kinds', which is useful for algebraic specification of programs.  If that is the sort of math you think you will enjoy, then buy an old book on Discrete Maths, like this one: Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science (1977) $5 shipped!
I don't believe the ridiculously expensive Susanna Epps book contains similar material, and should know, since that hideously overpriced book is what I had to use in my freshman Discrete Maths class (2003) -- I can't believe the price has almost doubled since its outrageous price even then!

A: You don't need to know calculus to be able to program. Computer programming is composed of very simple math operations, just addition, subtraction, multiplication, decimal rounding, and even long division (4th grade math comes in handy).
Counters are extremely useful; you need to know how to start at zero and count up. Simple. Most languages are zero based meaning that start with zero instead of starting with one. Many learners forget that. Increment and preincrement (for example, i++ and ++i) increase the variable i by one after or before using the variable in the statement.
Logical operators are huge in programming. Less than and greater than are used frequently to test for a certain value and stay within proper limits. You need to realize that i < 5 is the same as 5 > i but they calculate to either true or false. When used like so: if (i < 5) ... when i = 4, then it is equivalent to if (true) ...
Likewise the AND, OR, and NOT operators are important for boolean testing. You may want to know if (i < 5 && i >= 0) ... which means if i is less than five AND i is greater than or equal to 0. NOT (!) and OR (||) act in a similar way.
Some languages require you to differentiate between integers and decimals (or floating point numbers). Integer mathematics makes use of rounding in ways that is different for each language. Decimal numbers have different issues with accuracy as operations become more complex.
Some advanced techniques involve the modulus operation (%). All that does is take the remainder of dividing two numbers. It is useful for distinguishing between even and odd numbers (e.g. rows in a table).
More general information on basics of computer programming including control structures and operators:
http://computerprogramming.suite101.com/

A: theres a lot of types of programming. If you're designing wireless compression algorithms you'll probably want a masters degree in engineering. If you're making an online color-picker, you'll be fine with high school trig.

A: Mathematics for Computer Science, a free course book from Princeton gives a good coverage of the maths relevant to programming and computer science in general.

A: It is true that a good base in mathematics will help in programming a lot! To enhance your algorithmic thinking you can try solving combinatorics questions. Sometimes some mathematical results serve to reduce the complexity of code, so if you want to solve basic problems then make yourself comfortable with High school mathematics at least. I suggest you to read "The Art Of computer Programming" by Donald E. Knuth and "Concrete Mathematics" by Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth and Oren Patashnik. I think Concrete Mathematics will give you a good foundation of mathematics for computer science, you should give it a try.
Best of Coding!

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This entry was posted on Wednesday, November 17th, 2010 at 11:01 am and is filed under Physics, QCD.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Congratulations! I am quite impressed though still have to digest the paper. It has been an experts opinion that the YM mass gap problem is beyond perturbation theory.
"Energy-mass spectrum of Yang-Mills bosons is infinite and discrete", arXiv:math- ph/09034727. That paper purported a mathematically rigorous (also Higgsless) solution of the Clay Institute YM gap problem.
Physics in May 2009 but withdrawn after 18 months of their indecision. Currently a purified version is in preparation for a mathematical journal.
Thank you a lot for your comment. As you know, I tried to do some ads to your work but without too much success so far (see my post here). Contrarily to what I used to think, physics community responds more promptly also for the reason that there are other ways to check if something does work or not without too much demand for rigor.
About the question of experts and perturbation theory, you should know that it was an idea (let me say a prejudice) of both mathematicians and physicists that the only perturbation theory available is that with a small parameter. But, as I have shown, a problem has two sides. All started on 1992 but the most important paper of the series is this one published on Physical Review A. One can always gets a perturbation series for a differential equation when a parameter goes to zero but also when this same parameter goes to infinity. The series are dual each other in the sense that a series has a development parameter being the inverse of the other. From this I was able to manage problems in almost all areas of physics and QCD is the last of the series, the reason why, twenty years ago, I started all this.
I have looked at your paper and the fact that you get an estimation of the spectrum being the one of a harmonic oscillator implies that your arguments are sound as this conclusion was drawn in d=2+1 from lattice computations and seems in agreement with the spectrum of the theory computed in d=3+1. I have asked to my colleagues to check all this through their computations on the lattice of the Green functions and I hope the answer should not delay too much.
Sorry for you not so good conclusion with JMP. What appears a mystery to me is why some papers get immediate hype and others, like yours, do not while coming from respectable colleagues. I hope these few lines will help you to go through.
I was a student of great I. Gelfand, who, universal as he was, had a special predilection for mathematical physics, an important subject at his celebrated seminar in Moscow. In particular, he invented path integral independently from Feynman but, unfortunately rejected by caustic L. Landau and his cohort of physicists.
graduate school time. Otherwise the famous Atiyah-Singer index theorem might have different names.
but rigorous mathematical QFT based on Gelfand triples from 55 years ago as well as on Hida white noise calculus. Most of my difficulties with (math) physicists are due to the conflict with their paradigms. Just as in the Gelfand-Landau case!
As I can see you have a fine list of masters on your education. I should say the same from the physics side as I have had very good physicists in Rome that taught me so much that it was impossible not to do good research.
The question you put forward says to me that somehow my idea that mathematicians could be more fair than physicists is plainly wrong. Both communities share identical problems. My idea arises from the fact that in mathematics there is no other way than right or wrong while physicists can live for a lot of years in a middle earth where something "could be surely proved right in the future and we can take it as a paradigm". Most of this relies on experiments that the current technology cannot yet afford. This means that some people can build an entire career with something never proved right in his/her lifetime. This is the reason why I chose research arguments that could be proved right or wrong in a very few time if someone should take the time to take a look at them. This is a short path and when it works it works in the finest way.
For my results on Yang-Mills equations I have had the experience of the intervention of a famous mathematician. His intervention helped me to give a right form both to the result and its proof. Of course now he is on a harsh position. He agreed with my latest proof (in the way you can read here) but he will not support my work at all. Of course, I am a physicist and this is not so important. I care more for the support of my community that I have always had. Besides, we have stronger ways to see if something is right and wrong because this can be read from experiments. This is without any appeal. The point is that, if I am right, behaviors like that will go into the spotlight and remembered forever. But Nature may prove me wrong and we can forget it all.
Finally, I hope that your results will be supported by your community as I am convinced that you are supporting mine and mathematics displays different ways to arrive at the same goal.
May I have references to those lattice computations?
About d=2+1 there is this paper by Bruce McKellar and Jesse Carlsson. You should check, by the same authors, also this. These authors do calculations using a lattice theory and arrive at the conclusion that the spectrum is that of a harmonic oscillator. You can also read other papers about from them here. So far, no general consensus has been reached about this, mostly because a harmonic oscillator spectrum implies a trivial theory and people, for a lot of years, believed that Yang-Mills theory was not trivial when a mass gap emerges. Here "trivial" means that the theory is free in this low energy limit. Of course, one should see at this the other way round as a trivial limit at lower energies grants the existence of asymptotic states to produce a meaningful quantum field theory at increasing energies and doing analytical calculations to compare with experiments. This is something physicists are very eager to find because there is a lot to be understood yet at low energies in what is seen in accelerator facilities.
For d=3+1 there are a couple of classical papers on lattice computations performed on computers. This one and this one but the first gives the mass spectrum through pure numbers and you can easily check by yourself that mass ratios go approximately like the series 3,5,7,… of a harmonic oscillator. Both groups miss the ground state at n=1 because they worked with too small volumes and such states are lost in the noise.
There are other theoretical approaches supporting this conclusion in d=2+1 that also appeared in archival journals. They do not give a proof of the mass gap but just guess the vacuum functional and produce from it the spectrum that is given by the zeros of Bessl functions. Indeed, these zeros have the sequence proper to a harmonic oscillator in the limit considered. If you need these refs I will give you the links.
Finally, there are the lattice computations of the Green functions of Yang-Mills theory. But you can read about this in my latest posts here or, if you have more time, in my oldest ones. These researchers show inequivocally that the Green function for the Yang-Mills field reaches a finite non-zero value lowering momenta and the running coupling goes to zero in the same limit. These are the chrisms of triviality and you are left with a harmonic oscillator spectrum for the theory.
All this agrees perfectly well with my mathematics. I think you should be delighted.
Certainly, because of the YM self-interaction the YM spectrum cannot be additive (unlike with harmonic oscillator). However your result is asymptotic, and my is an estimate of the spectrum from below.
An intrigue here is that non-additivity of the YM spectrum suggests an inner structure of YM bosons!
Yes, I am at the trivial fixed point. This is the reason why I have a harmonic oscillator spectrum. Your lower bound just says this.
I agree that an inner structure could explain this (asymptotic) spectrum: A stringy one?