I've been speaking with the researchers who are working on the statin study about some of the other implications of their work. As was first discovered by Dr. Awad's research group, they have demonstrated that CCM hemorrhage/lesion development is probably related to inflammation in the blood vessels or to some kind of injury. In normal blood vessels, the endothelial layer responds to insults and then returns to its normal state. In CCM, the endothelial layer responds to insult but does not return to its normal state. The researchers believe statins facilitate the return of the endothelial layer back to its normal state.
1. First and foremost, don't smoke!
5. Get plenty of rest, wash your hands frequently, reduce your stress where possible to reduce your vulnerability to infectious diseases.
Obviously, even if you do all of these things, you may still have a bleed or develop more lesions, but I think their findings confirm what so many of you had already noticed.
I may move this thread to a new forum because it is so important, and I don't want to see it sink down the list.
If you have the genetic form of the illness and are not already on statins, please consider contacting me or Dr. Kevin Whitehead about participating in the study (contact info below).
Why would getting a flu shot be important?
Well, to be graphic, throwing up puts alot of pressure on your head. It has been known to give people a bleed.
Kirk, I am sorry to tell you this, but you kind of qualify under the "infirm"
I see there is new info today. I contacted him yesterday. I just started lipitor a month ago so I think I mite have met the standards. Execpt I just started lipitor. Sounds like I'm out as well.
Well, to be graphic, throwing up puts alot of pressure on your head. �It has been known to give people a bleed.
� �Kirk, I am sorry to tell you this, but you kind of qualify under the "infirm"
Seriously, I'll ask my doctor what he thinks about it. Again, flu shots are not given as much here as in the US.
Flu shots are important to minimize the chance of triggering a cytokine cascade - the type of immune response that CCM endothelial cells have difficulty recovering from. In other words, it's best not to get sick if one can avoid it. Influenza is a serious and mostly avoidable illness that would certainly trigger a cytokine cascade. The researcher believes that this why there may be a seasonal effect for bleeds - they are more likely to happen during autumn/winter when people are more likely to have colds or flu.
And I agree with Libby - for the purposes of a flu shot, you can now be considered infirm.
Topic moved from Support Forum to new Drug Trials forum.
This is AMAZING news! �Congratulations to you and all of the physicians and scientists you work with. �I've shared this with one scientist at work to get her input, she does research on her own knock-out mice for breast cancer and knows Dr. Capecchi. �It is incredibly exciting to think that an already FDA approved medication may possibly end up being helpful for our disorder - WOW! And thank you for the advice about flu shots and keeping our immune systems strong - this is exactly the kind of information we all need.
I mentioned this study to my GP this morning, and he said that statins have a lot of side effects (notable muscle and articular pain). He says he has lots of patients who can't take them. This contrast with the information I saw announcing the study, saying that the medications are commonly used and don't have many side effects.
Not trying to spoil the party, but it's something to be considered. This said, maybe the dosages needed for us would be lower than those needed to lower cholesterol?
Oh for heaven sakes, Kirk, people in the States use statins all the time. And what side effect is not worth putting up with if it meant fewer permanent bleeds and permanent brain damage. I mean, really.
This is giving a lot of people hope.
It is already an approved FDA drug for cholesterol.
I think it would be fantastic for people to be in the trials.
But, again, if they will help us, with our particular condition, I'm all for it.
Ok, Kirk. The first statin I was on gave me side effects. The next statin, which I am still on, gives me no side effects at all.
I have a call in to my neurologist to find out when my big gleeds stopped (which we have been wondering about, as they have definitely slowed down). I think it was a little bit after taking the statin, but I am so brain injured, I can't remember.
My side effect was having trouble going to the bathroom. That is nothing compared to brain injury. There are lots of Statins. I don't know if one was suggested in the article.
They mentioned two of them, but apparently they all have similar effects, though different ones will cause different side effects.
"If statins work, they do so by reducing inflammation, not because they lower cholesterol. Statins block the production of mevalonate leading to inhibition of platelet clumping and reduction of inflammation in the artery walls. However, simple changes in the diet can achieve the same effect without also cutting off the body?s vital supply of cholesterol:"
It's true that the article said something about inflammation being the trigger for bleeds. There's been a lot written about "anti-inflammatory diets" (some of it serious, much of it wacky), and I wonder how important this would be for us? I doubt any researchers will be looking into it, as there aren't enough of use around to study (who have had bleeds, at least), but I'm going to do some reading about it. At worst, this diet does have a lot of common sense (avoid refined sugars, polyunsaturated fats, etc.).
Kirk - the debate about the cholesterol lowering properties of statins have absolutely nothing to do with their use for CCM. It is the anti-inflammatory property that is key. If you'd like to talk about statins for heart disease, could you please move the discussion up to the Old Timers board as it is confusing and off topic here.
This is wonderful news. To think that such a simple and widely available drug may help is great. Also it is good news about the flu jab - I am given the flu jab each year because of my cavernoma, so in the UK at least this seems to be standard practice. However, I think we need to remind ourselves that the effect of statins is likely to be by degrees rather than absolute. I have been on a high dosage of statins for some years because of high cholestorol - the statins have caused me no ill effects and I have controlled my cholesterol levels because of them. Yet in that time I have had a good numbers of 'oozes' from my cavernoma. So it is clear that statins alone will not stop cavernomas in their tracks. But if, statistically, they help (reducing seriousness of bleeds? reducing overall incidence of bleeds in a population?) then this is, as I have said, simply wonderful news.
There are two feature articles - one is by Ben Kleaveland from Mark Kahn's lab at the University of Pennsylvania and the other is by Kevin Whitehead (see the long thread below).
This is a really big deal for visibility in the scientific community and most especially for the potential of making CCM research funding a priority at the US National Institute of Health. �NIH funds almost all the CCM research that has happened, including a few overseas projects. �CCM has come of age!
Even a journal like that can't get the illustration right? What the heck is that illustration supposed to be anyway?
It says " On the cover, a color-enhanced magnetic resonance image of the brain shows multiple congenital malformations of the cerebral vasculature (red). " I never had a color enhanced MRI. I have no reason to believe that isn't an accurate picture.
Well, it's not a picture of CCMs... They don't look like that.
I asked Dean Li, the primary investigator about this. He said, "They bought a picture and did not use ours---I have no idea where the malformation is?but I think they liked the colors."
Yea, my thought is that it's more colorful than anything else... Those red bits look kind of like leeches.
I think in the magazine cover picture the little white dots are evidence of prior bleeds and the little red snakey things are the weakened veins/arteries (correct me because I dont know which one) that have the slightly bulging red areas in them. The bulges I think are the actual cavernomas and if they were magnified more, they would look like blown up bubble gum with a series of small lines in them - almost hair like projections superimposed against a transparent surface. At least that's what the pictures of mine in my brain look like.
Cavernomas (CAs, or CCMs) are not "bulges" in blood vessels, but are rather clusters of tiny blood vessels, which is why they are often described as looking like raspberries or like pieces of popcorn.
As for diet, it is a question that is worth examining, in my opinion. The problem is that there are so many options it's hard to really pin down what may work. I'm glad yours is working for you; I don't know anything about celiac disease, but your headaches may or may not be related to your CAs, so it's hard to tell.
Wow, thank you for the great news about CCM making the new cover of Nature Medicine, Connie. �Awesome! �Thank you once again for all of your hard work w/the researchers.
And as for diet, I believe strongly that it has a major impact on our health. �Latest book I have discovered which is simply amazing is "Anti Cancer: A Way of Life" by Dr. David Servan-Schreiber - at age 31 he was a physician/neuroscience researcher who was dx'd with a cancerous brain tumor. �I highly recommend his book for anyone who is serious about making important, healthy changes in diet, outlook, etc. �CCM may not be cancer but we all want a strong immune system and now we also want to keep inflammatory responses way down based on the findings from Connie's research team. �This book will be a huge help.
I would like to clarify what I said and your response to it...so that we all maintain our credibility here. We were talking about the picture of the MRI on the cover of Nature Medicine and offering subjective descriptive responses. Cavernomas on the skin may look like popcorn or "raspberries". I have those kind on my upper thigh and my ankle. When I had an angiogram done I watched the dye seep when it hit the brain and in just one place it looked very much like the little bulge in the picture on the cover of Nature Medicine. I imagine there is some variety depending on the degree of magnification and the type of picture....mri, angiogram.... and of course we know some types of measurement do not pick up occult lesions at all. A cavernoma is a weakness in the cell wall, that is what I have been told. Regarding my comment about headaches, I was trying to provide affirmation that I think you are on target. There is a relationship between inflammation and diet and cavernomas. I know there is a relationship between headache and cavernomas because both times I have had a major bleed, it has been associated with a headache. One of the best things about this site has been learning that other people struggle with the headache thing. Thanks to all of you who take the time to share so honestly. You wouldnt believe how much it helps and encourages me to know you are out there.
Can you post the ISBN number off the book? �Then I can order it easily off line.
Cavernomas may have weaknesses in the endothelium, which is why they bleed, but that is not how they are formed.
I've learned so much from this book, it really opened up my eyes to the things we should eat and, more importantly, the things we should avoid. �For example, I know now that high fructose corn syrup is really, REALLY bad and that cancer cells really like that stuff, so I will do whatever I can to avoid it. �(I knew that before but for some reason this book brings the message home in a good way that makes a lot of sense.) He talks about changing one's "terrain" -- all different things, not just food -- it's really interesting. �Hope you like it, too!
For example, I know now that high fructose corn syrup is really, REALLY bad and that cancer cells really like that stuff, so I will do whatever I can to avoid it.
Does he offer any proof about this? I mean, cancer rates are actually dropping in recent years, and lots of people got cancers back in the 70s and earlier before high fructose corn syrup was "invented". I'm just saying... I take this things with much skepticism unless I see something that looks like proof.
This said, you don't _need_ high fructose corn syrup; it's just a highly concentrated sugar, and you're better off not consuming too much sugar. The best thing is to drink water instead of soda.
I agree that it contributes to obesity, but I've never seen any suggestion that it causes or promotes cancer.
In this review we examine the mechanisms (causes) underlying the increased glucose consumption observed in tumors within a teleological context (consequences). In other words, we will ask not only "How do cancers have high glycolysis?" but also, "Why?" We believe that the insights gained from answering the latter question support the conclusion that elevated glucose consumption is a necessary component of carcinogenesis. Specifically we propose that glycolysis is elevated because it produces acid, which provides an evolutionary advantage to cancer cells vis-�-vis normal parenchyma into which they invade.
Feb 26, 2009 - ROCHESTER, Minn. ? Mayo Clinic researchers have shown that patients who were taking statins before a stroke experienced better outcomes and recovery than patients who weren?t on the drug ? even when their cholesterol levels were ideal. The finding is reported in the current issue of the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.
?We were trying to determine if the daily use of statins had more of an impact on stroke patients than simply lowering their ?bad? (low-density lipid) cholesterol,? explains lead researcher Latha Stead, M.D. ?We already knew statin use improved outcomes in general, so we focused on the patients who had optimal LDL levels and found it still had quite significant value.?
Researchers identified 508 patients who were diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke in the emergency department during the 22 months from March 2004 to December 2005. Among that number, 207 had their lipid levels measured within 15 days either side of the stroke incident ? and had LDL levels at or below 100 mg/dL, which is considered optimal for healthy individuals. Roughly half the cohort of 207 had been taking statins. Researchers also adjusted for age, gender and stroke severity.
Others on the research team were Lekshmi Vaidyanathan, M.B.B.S.; Gautam Kumar, M.B.B.S.; M. Fernanda Bellolio, M.D.; Robert Brown, Jr., M.D.; Smitha Suravaram, M.B.B.S.; Sailaja Enduri, M.B.B.S.; Rachel Gilmore, M.B.B.Ch.; and Wyatt Decker, M.D., all of Mayo Clinic.
To obtain the latest news releases from Mayo Clinic, go to www.mayoclinic.org/news. MayoClinic.com (www.mayoclinic.com) is available as a resource for your health stories. For more on Mayo Clinic research, go to www.mayo.edu.


You'd be hard pushed to use the full allowance in this bad boy. For £25PM, this SIM only deal from 3 gives you 2,000 minutes, 5,000 texts and all-you-can-eat data.
As if all that wasn't enough, you also get an additional 5000 3-to-3 minutes.
Offer valid till 31 March 2011.
yes indeed, or pay £10 extra per month (albeit 24 month contract) and get a iphone 4 too and a spotify premium membership for the life of your contract !


Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe!
Our world today would be very different without the inventions of Nikola Tesla. Explore the life and work of one of history's greatest scientists—his influences, inventions, challenges and triumphs.


text:
New USDA Rule Ramps Up Oversight of Organic Food
FRIDAY, Jan. 20, 2023 (HealthDay News) — Organic food will soon have to comply with stricter labeling guidelines under new requirements announced Thursday by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
In what the Organic Trade Organization (OTA) called the biggest change since the USDA organic program was first founded in 1990, the new requirements include that all imported organic food be certified by the USDA National Organic Program.
The rule increases certification of more supply chain businesses and boosts authority for inspections, record-keeping, traceability, and fraud prevention. The rule also builds on the USDA definitions for organic food, which must use "natural substances and physical, mechanical, or biologically based farming methods to the fullest extent possible."
The new program will start in March, and companies must comply within a year. The OTA had lobbied for the changes and said in a statement the regulation "will do much to deter and detect organic fraud and protect organic integrity throughout the supply chain."
Organic food does big business in the United States, where customers spent $63 billion in 2021 for food free of pesticides and contaminants, the Associated Press reported.
Working to ensure customers were getting what they paid for, the U.S. Department of Justice recently indicted those alleged to have been involved in a multimillion-dollar fraud operation to export nonorganic grain to the United States with the intent of selling it as a certified organic product, the AP reported.
Associated Press Article

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nostalgia for Iraq's Baathist past lingers amid the ruins of Mosul's old city.
Mosul, Iraq - Amid the rubble and devastation of the old city in west Mosul, it was difficult to imagine that Bulgaria would be the one thing local people would want to talk about the most.
In the deserted Nineveh Street in al-Sa'aa (clock) neighbourhood, I met Adel Hassan, who had recently returned to his damaged home after having run out of money to pay rent for an apartment in the relatively less devastated east Mosul. He said he was the only one in his area to have come back.
I asked about his life now, but he was curt in his replies. "Zein" (good) was the answer to each of my questions.
When he found out I am from Bulgaria, he was eager to ask me one: "Is Bulgaria 'zein' now? Was it better before? Socialism was good?"
"We had more dictatorship than socialism," I answered.
He waved his hand, told me I had lost the plot, and departed with his young wife, Amira.
Communist Bulgaria seemed to be remembered fondly by the few people (all middle-aged Muslim men) I could find to talk to in the empty streets of al-Sa'aa neighbourhood.
"I went to Bulgaria in the 1980s. It was very beautiful and cheap," Faris Ibrahim told me. He had just re-opened his small shop, spending his own money to repair the damage that the fighting had caused last year.
"I spent just 150 dinars on my trip to Bulgaria. This was the standard of living we enjoyed back then. We were the masters of the world. And where are we now - us, the masters of the world?" he said. Today that sum of money can buy you half a kilo of potatoes in Mosul.
The time my interlocutors were reminiscing about was indeed a time of prosperity for the Nineveh province and its capital city. Mosul was the birthplace of a number of high-ranking Baathist officials and army generals, which ensured that it was well-provided for by the state.
When oil prices shot up after the 1973 oil crisis, Saddam Hussein's regime used part of the revenue to build vast infrastructure projects and improve education. In the 1980s, while the war with Iran was devastating the southeast of the country, especially Basra, the northwest continued to prosper. Major infrastructural projects were still being built, including the Mosul Dam and the Fifth Bridge on the Tigris river.
Throughout this time, Baathist Iraq kept close relations with the Eastern bloc, especially Bulgaria, under the patronage of the Soviet Union. Cultural, educational, military and trade relations flourished.
The local economy was strong enough for many Muslawis (Mosul residents) like Ibrahim to afford the day-and-a-half car trip through Turkey to Bulgaria. Back then, the Iraqi passport used to open up many doors in the Eastern bloc and beyond and the Iraqi dinar was stronger than the US dollar.
Today, some of the Iraqis who do make it to Bulgaria are refugees seeking to reach Western Europe and unlike the communist regime, the current Bulgarian government has hardly made them feel welcome. Iraqi refugees like all others have endured the violent pushback policies of the Bulgarian state at its southern border with Turkey. For example, in January 2015, after 12 Iraqi Yazidi men were severely beaten and robbed during a pushback by the Bulgarian border police, two of them froze to death near the border.
Since the early 2000s, Iraqi-Bulgarian relations also have a new patron. In 2003, shortly after the US invasion, the Bulgarian government, which at that time was eager to earn favour with Washington and join NATO, sent hundreds of Bulgarian troops to back the war effort.
The justification the Bulgarian government gave for the deployment of Bulgarian troops for a mission the United Nations had not approved was that it was seeking to get back the $3.5bn in debt Iraq had accumulated buying Bulgarian weapons during the 1980s and secure reconstruction contracts for Bulgarian firms. It got neither.
In 2007, the Bulgarian government - under pressure from the Bush administration - cancelled 90 percent of the debt. The following year the mission of the Bulgarian troops ended; 13 of them died during the deployment.
The nostalgia for the prosperity and security under the Baathist regime I saw in Iraq was not limited to Sunni Muslims alone. Older Christians I talked to in the nearby Christian-majority city of Bakhdida also shared similar views, and so did individual Baghdad-educated Kurds (albeit not so directly).
Reminiscing about the old days is perhaps one way to process the shocking devastation that stares at you at every corner of Mosul's old city. Intense air raids by the US-led coalition helped to destroy whatever historical heritage the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS) group had not, along with civilian homes, schools, hospitals, etc. Once a vibrant, diverse and prosperous area, the old city is now but a shadow of its old self.
"This used to be a busy shopping street. To the right and to the left, all these were shops," Joheir Halil told me. "Now, it's all destroyed."
Just three shops were open in the area - one of them belonging to his friend Ibrahim. Halil's own carpentry shop has also been damaged and he hasn't been able to reopen it yet. He had worked in it for four decades, renting the space from the church across the street.
"We used to run and play together here in this street 'til 3am in the summers - us, Muslim kids, and the Christian kids," recalled Halil.
When ISIL captured the city in June 2014, it forced Christians - who had lived there for almost two millennia - to choose between converting to Islam and leaving. Christian families chose the latter. Today, a year and a half after the liberation of Mosul, Halil knows of only one Christian who has returned to the old city.
"This used to be their city," he murmured under his breath.
Across the street, the Latin Church still stands, the crosses at the top of its two domes missing and its famous clock - which gave the name to the neighbourhood - removed. Underneath its wall, a big sign of the ICRC warns people of the dangers of mines and unexploded ordinance. Just a few hundred metres away are the remains of al-Nuri Mosque, in which 2014 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi announced the creation of the ISIL caliphate.
Apart from the lack of security and the trauma of what had happened, Christian, Muslim and other residents of the old city are reluctant to return also because of the absence of basic services.
"There is no electricity, no water, no services. When it rains, everything floods because there is no sewage," said Ibrahim.
Aid and reconstruction are slow to come to the old city. Both Ibrahim and Halil say that local residents have not received much outside help so far, although efforts to clear out the rubble and mend the roads could be seen.
According to Dr Muzahim al-Khayat, president of Nineveh University and head of the Reconstruction Team of Nineveh province, reconstruction of residential areas is not the first priority of the local authorities and international aid agencies.
In a phone conversation, he said that for now, the main focus of the reconstruction effort is infrastructure and then universities, schools and hospitals. A UNDP project for the rehabilitation of 4,500 partially destroyed homes in the old city is likely to start over the next year, he said.
Reconstruction will be a slow process in Mosul and its old city. If the plan which Dr al-Khayat and his colleagues had submitted to the government is fully implemented, it would take more than eight years to restore the city. But even then Mosul is unlikely to reach the prosperity it once enjoyed.
"There is no future, no hope here," Ibrahim said.
Observers have expressed concern that the growing grievances over the lack of reconstruction in some areas could feed resentment among local people and encourage them to join ISIL's remnants.
Asked whether he fears ISIL returning, Ibrahim was categorical: "It will not come back. We've already seen this film. It has ended."
A day after this conversation, a bomb exploded at a busy market in Mosul's Qayyara district, killing six and injuring more than 30.


A fabulous value on vellum! This collection of vellum offers endless possibilities for creating gorgeous scrapbook layouts, cards, tags, invitations and announcements. Stamp on the vellum, emboss designs on them, or use to replicate frosted glass in your designs. The see-through quality of this paper is unique and brings a sheer element to cardmaking, scrapbooking and more. In this set of 8½"x11" papers, you'll have 30 sheets of vellum: 20 white sheets and 10 sheets with tiny white hearts printed on them. (We love to tear the edges on some designs, too.) So pretty!
I use these in cards. They aen't heavy-duty but work well, especially the ones with the small hearts on them. These work well for any love-themed card (e.g. Valentines Day, engagement, wedding; anniversary).


The City of Brisbane Investment Corporation (CBIC) has completed construction of the Chermside Library, North Regional Business Centre and Marchant ward office on the corner of Kittyhawk Drive and Hamilton Road in Chermside.
convenience for the community by providing Council facilities and services in one central location.
The Chermside Library has now reopened at 375 Hamilton Road (ground floor), Chermside. Find out more about the Chermside Library opening hours.


Perched atop a green hill, with stunning panoramic views, alongside ancient fortified battlements, built in 1348 by Charles IV, and surrounded by historic monuments. This is a veritable shrine to culinary excellence, housed in an elegant, modern glass pavilion where the main dining space is located. There are great views in all directions. Outside, on the terrace, a green lawn and garden, decorated with sculptures stretches out before you as you dine. The head chef and his team leave no stone unturned to bring you exceptional dishes based on international cuisine using the best seasonal ingredients, homemade pasta and fresh fish.The wine cellar boasts a collection of, over one hundred, champagnes and vintage wines, including 1968. And also premium spirits, some dating back 100 years. The staff and sommelier will be glad to pair wines with appropriate dishes. The exceptional setting, ideal in the warm spring and summer months, the fabulous food and attentive service make this an exceptional and unmissable dining experience.


Gaithersburg Garage Door Inc. has received 4.9 out of 5 stars based on 258 customer surveys.
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Gaithersburg Garage Door sells, services, and installs garage doors and garage door openers. The company also installs entry doors, patio doors, and retractable awnings.
Gaithersburg Garage Door offers a 100 percent customer satisfaction guarantee.
Started by current president Peter Giglio in 1988 as a one-man operation, the company has grown to fifteen employees and ten trucks.
Gaithersburg Garage Door is a Clopay Master Authorized Dealer and holds memberships in the International Door Association (IDA) and the National Association of the Remodeling Industry (NARI). The company is also licensed to perform work in Virginia.
All technicians are employees of Gaithersburg Garage Door, and the company does not use subcontractors.


Overview of Halong Bay Experience Local Life Along Mekong River Mekong River Cruise in Asia - HOT TREND There is no doubt that the Vietnam is brimming with beautiful, charming places. Large cities like Hanoi or in Saigon offer a great deal to a person wanting to experience today's Vietnam. But if you are wanting to strip away the cars and scooters, high rise apartments or fast food restaurants and experience something more authentic, exit these major cities and visit one of many picturesque Vietnamese villages that are filled with old-world charm and tranquil beauty. Is this some what modern travelers are searching for? We've made a list of some of 5 favorite small villages that you should plan to spend some time in or take a few days. Away from the bustle of big city life, each has a unique charm and atmosphere.
Located 45 km west of the center of Hanoi, Duong Lam is the finest example of typical northern ancient Vietnamese villages. You can get there by renting a car with driver from your hotel (around 80 dollars US or so for the day). Undertaking thousands years of history, the village still possesses its original structure with banyan tree, water well, communal house, endless rice fields... Duong Lam is a good place to learn about Vietnamese history and culture. This is the birthplace of two national heroes: King Ngo Quyen and King Phung Hung. It's a very atmospheric place to walk around, and villagers (many of whom appear to be octogenarians) are particularly friendly and keen to chat.
Ban Pom Coong (Pom Coong Village) is a small village in Mai Chau town (4-hour drive from Hanoi). The village is tucked away in the mountains of northern Vietnam and is inhabited mostly by Thai people. The village is an ideal haven from the pressure of life with its lush landscape and relaxing atmosphere. The community still lives in a 'pure Thai' space. Recently, many villagers open up their homes for homestays and sell handicrafts for souvenirs, gorgeous embroidered bags and brocade products in bright colors while others help entertain tourists by traditional music performances or serving regional specialties like sticky rice cooked in bamboo cylinders, "man" pig (a small breed that we can carry in our arm), can liquor (wine drunk out of a jar through pipes).
Visiting Pom Coong Village, tourists also have a chance to stay on stilt houses with local host family, enjoy home made meals with them and immerse in traditional culture by joining traditional song and dance performances with friendly ethnic people. Here, artisan booths offer chock full of handicraft items for sale: handmade scarves, purses, coin pouches, and other textile goods... You can buy lovely one without having to haggle on price. Purchasing souvenirs is a good way to support the local community, you know.
While staying in Vietnam you can see many different kind of lifestyles. One of these impressive lifestyles is living on a floating house. There are some floating villages in Halong Bay where communities of fishermen make their living, not near the bay or on any island but on their boats and rafts of bamboo and styrofoam to float. Among them, Vung Vieng belongs to Bai Tu Long Bay in a less touristy area. To get to the village, you can book one of numerous cruise tours that allow you sailing through the magical bay. Halong Bay is famous for its many thousands of limestone karsts and these form the backdrop for the village. Between the imposing and steep limestone mountains, you'll find clusters of floating houses which become a floating village. Traditionally, villagers earn their money from the ocean. They catch fish and sell it. Living in the middle of ocean, if they need anything, they have to go to Cat Ba town or to the mainland. Touring the village, you have an opportunity to meet locals and see what it is like to live daily life. When you look at the floating village with their small houses, big enough for a family to sleep in, you wonder how they survive. Imagine, you don't have running water, no electricity only a generator and well... you're living on the water.
Lat Village is located at the foot of Langbiang Mountain, about 16km outside Da Lat city center. It's also known as the Chicken Village. Coming here, you'll see a giant chicken statue in the center of the village and there is a story behind it. A visit to this village is truly an eye-opening look into the simple life of the tribes live here. The Lat , Chill, Ma and K'ho people, they are among some of the poorest of Vietnam's indigenous minority peoples. Their main income is, as it always has been, derived from farming. They also practise traditional silk weaving and textiling. The villagers are very poor. You can help the comunity by purchasing some handmade items. There are beautifully soft scarves waiting in stalls ready to be sold. If you don't want to buy something, bring some school supplies for children. Pens, pencils, crayons or notebooks are the perfect gift.
Sometimes it's worth going far off the beaten track, so rather than sticking to the big-name attractions, head out and discover an adorable little village. Being home to a tranquility you won't often find in large cities, small villages where local residents still running cottage industries like rice wine brewing, rice paper production or hand weaving of sleeping mats offer a completely different experience and another insight into a culture. Of course, this is only a very small selection of villages that you will find scattered across Vietnam. They may be tiny, but have plenty of character. That said, each can be fit into a day, so don't doubt taking a day out to visit one of these beautiful villages in Vietnam!


Just in case you hadn't noticed, bell sleeves are making big waves in the fashion world, riding in on that upswell of throwback everything. The flowy, flared style serves up a healthy dose of boho flair, while driving closet classics into full-blown fashion-forward territory. If you're looking to shake your favorite staples, these 13 tops and frocks are the way to do it.
1. Monki Printed Bell Sleeve Romper ($55): A bright graphic print isn't the only thing this playful onesie has going for it — bell sleeves bring in an extra layer of style and offer a cool contrast to add-ons like studded ankle boots and patterned tights.
2. Cooperative Brooklyn Bell Sleeve Mini Dress ($69): Do the denim thang while getting your bell-sleeved fix with this structured mini frock, a silk scarf and leather knee-high boots.
3. Mango Ruffled Sleeve Blouse ($60): Get a little frilly with those flared sleeves, like on this pretty pale lavender top. To cut the flirty feminine edge, pair it up with an asymmetric mini or flares and elevated ankle boots.
4. Be Bop Striped Bell-Sleeve Shift Dress ($27): This effortless number is vying for a place of prestige in your go-to rotation with it's lightweight fabric and laid-back silhouette. Wear it on its own or layer over a pair of embellished leggings and a statement bag.
5. H&M Dress With Lace Trim ($50): Between the bright autumn-approved color, high neckline and lacy trim, this ladylike number ticks all of those fall style boxes. For a bit of "It girl" edge, pair it with a shearling vest and standout belt, or with funky socks and platform kicks.
6. Zara Bell Sleeved Striped Sweater ($50): Give those standard Breton stripes an of-the-moment upgrade with free-wheelin' sleeves. Killer with classic denim or a suede midi skirt, this versatile topper is a true wardrobe game-changer.
7. Oh My Love Bell Sleeved Button-Down Shirt ($85): Sleeves are a whole new way to do the A-line thing. The tie-front neck give this classic white shirt a hint of '70s flair. Whether you wear it long or tucked in, it's sure to turn some heads.
8. ASOS Top in Crepe With Bell Sleeve ($23): Next-level tees are always a good idea, and this bell-sleeved beauty takes the cake. Toss it over everything from structured A-line midis to cigarette pants and denim overalls.
9. Free People Edie Stripe Tunic ($70): Casual weekend wear just got a whole lot cooler. With a relaxed silhouette, high-low hemline and mock neck, this flare-sleeved tunic adds a chic, carefree feel to any off-duty outfit.
10. H&M Glittery Jumpsuit ($70): Step aside, LBD — this shimmery onesie is taking over the reign of Number One "Night Out" Look. Rock it with over-the-knee steppers or a sassy pair of lace-up flats.
11. Babel Flair Bell Sleeved Tunic ($79): This top packs 2x the trend power with a lace-up front and light floaty sleeves. Style it with plaid bottoms, high-shine brogues and a wide-brimmed hat.
12. H&M Patterned Flounced Dress ($70): This flirty, flouncy dress is perfect for the office. Just add a statement necklace and killer heels for the ultimate #girlboss getup.
13. The Fifth Label All Stars Top ($65): Forget the frock for a night out and opt instead for impactful pieces like culottes and a boxy bell-sleeved top. Seal the sartorial deal with sleek, strappy sandals and a colorful, metallic-trimmed clutch.
What do you think of bell sleeves? Will you be wearing them this season? Tell us in the comments!


With the Internet so easily available nowadays, I decided (just for the fun of it but also out of curiosity) to do a Google search to see how many entries 1 could find for "heritage and history". In a split second no fewer than 840 000 results appeared. I felt exhausted even before I even started surveying the results. This gives a sense of how history educators must sometimes feel when they have to teach content or facilitate, but still have to find the time on a daily or weekly basis to engage with meaningful ideas and activities as part of the History curriculum. This is especially true for heritage assignments that from 2012 will, among others, be the focus in the Grade 10 History curriculum.
• Gives some concluding suggestions on heritage, history and the History curriculum.
Although heritage topics - with their always highly debateable associations with history and memory - are not part of my daily professional focus and concern, I also from time to time stumble on their inevitable presence in the recording of local and regional history. When doing so, and also with preservation of the local environment at the back of my mind, I am more often than not aware that history educators from all the provinces, and from particular regions and localities, can do so much more to support awareness of local history2 and local heritage3 as a form of identity.4 Through practical means (for example learner assignments that can also be linked to most History curriculum themes, and are thus not "wasted") this activity could contribute to preserving local history (as a non-negotiable foundation to support the understanding and appreciation of local heritage). These inputs could eventually expand the archived memories of their own area that responsible institutions of local areas preserve or that are archived elsewhere.
The point I am also making is that local history and local heritage preservation cannot be the task only of local or national government or a limited number of local historians/heritage-preservation organisations in our country. Therefore heritage education will (and should) have a place in History curricula once History educators are willing to provide space to previously neglected or marginalised narratives as a living (intangible) or visible (tangible) heritage. Heritage is not only to be explored occasionally or mostly ignored, but must be passionately and constructively engaged with inside and outside classrooms and lecture halls (as so many educators pointed out during the SASHT 2010 conference). As heritage will always have the appearance of being in motion (and is not fixed)5 its "acknowledgement" in formal history education could and should rather be used as human experiences that support the making of any history, or as a tool contributing to the understanding of expressions of the broader past.
The professional engagement which I, and other historians, have is then to record local histories (this could be approached from various angles such as economic, religious, educational, environmental, etc.) so that History educators and others can also use these contents as fundamental historical contexts, for example in heritage assignments.
Another personal engagement (at least in this writing) is to make History educators aware of the fact that the broader History curricula of the General Education and Training (GET) and Further Education and Training (FET) phases do not "ignore" local history and local heritage. Their "useability" and "practicality" in the teaching of History curriculum themes lie in the way the History educator methodologically structures his or her theme content so that learners, for example, can understand international events through local examples, and vice versa. The rest of the discussion will be devoted to this "second" engagement, with the point of departure being some form of conceptual understanding, and then exposing history educators to some practicalities and local South African sources that they can use to enrich their local history research and heritage activities for History learners.
It is generally known that perhaps no national history and memory can be representative and/or complete without considering some milestones in local historical events that sometimes contribute, or have contributed, to mind-shifting decision making at all levels of authority and in the community. Although these events may be associated only with one particular group, community, race, gender or even age group, contributions (historically recorded, or through oral/anecdotal memories or visual expressions as heritage), they remain part of the local and also the broader national history.
To my mind local history and local heritage in the 21 st century should not be ignored or "de-balkanised" (a term used by a speaker during the SASHT 2010 conference) to support notions such as "rainbow nationalism".6 Exploring local histories in the knowing, using and appreciating of heritage and history in general (but certainly for History educators exploring a history theme in a History curriculum in an all-inclusive way)7 may spontaneously pave the way for "nation building".8 Thus it is a form of open-minded approach that may perhaps contribute to another second form of identity among all, which features traces of "rainbow or liberal nationalism",9 and which could serve as a form of identity bonding of the South African nation, but does not ignore or disrespect the differences and identities of the various communities.
Because all communities and individuals have a heritage, just as they all have a past, Heritage Day in South Africa is for the "all"12 and the "us" in the country. I would like to think, without wanting to provoke an enormous conceptual debate, that history should serve as a cornerstone of representative and reliable information from which heritage activities in South African education are developed and facilitated. Heritage outcomes could then serve the purpose of leading to inventive actions and/or creativity in many forms. In the process it could even allow opportunities to assemble unique information to be unlocked (by interested experts) and preserved for future generations.
• Artistic expressions in all their variety.
To be able then to "serve" the theme of "heritage", at least in the recently accepted South African History curriculum for schools (CAPS document), History educators will probably rely heavily on the guidance of learner and teacher textbooks. As these books can only provide direction on one theme to a limited extent, the independent-thinking History educator should explore his or her local environment and region more intensively to use the local/regional historical legacy as efficiently as possible in an educational environment.
As a start, to acquaint oneself and learners on a local topic so as to reach the heritage part, in my view searching for available information on a specific local community (close by or even elsewhere) would be one of the first obligations of the educator. Because some information on local histories is not readily accessible to some History educators, I have listed several related local history articles13 on a variety of places in South Africa (see below). They are mostly written by historians or researchers in other disciplines known to be experts in a particular field or area of research. These articles are mostly based on extensive research (and thinking), and could serve as valuable points of departure to unlock a specific local past, or to present debates on the past.
Some articles can also be used in various History curriculum themes (in a national and even international context) to provide the educator (and learners) with additional knowledge to be able to come to a more informed understanding of a theme under discussion. Once History educators have identified a few articles in the selection below that would serve their purpose, the way to obtain them would be to ask a local library to trace them through an interlibrary service or to investigate their availability through various search engines on the Internet. History societies or/and institutions that publish journals could also be approached. As a last resort the SASHT could also serve as an intermediate source to provide history educators with specific history articles or other historical information. The website www.sashtw.org.za (for subscribers) can be used for such enquiries. It is hoped that after making the effort to find sources of information on local history and local heritage in the form of articles in the four historical journals (there are more) cited here, educators will continue their research in other publications and books and use the information for its educational and historical value.
Selections of history articles are given below which appear in four well-received journals on South African history (although they are by no means "complete sets" of local history and local heritage history). They are valuable sources of information on local history and local heritage history. The hope is that History educators will consider using those articles that they find informative for explaining the context of a particular theme, or will consider using the content in practical local history or heritage excursions as views or perspectives.
- H Giliomee. Democracy and the frontier. A comparative study of Bacon's rebellion (1676) and the Graaff-Reinet rebellion (1795-1796), SAHJ, 6(1),1974.pp.30-51.
- H Richard. Farming and politics in the Karoo, and Earstern Cape. 1910-1924, SAHJ, 12(1),1980,pp.48-64.
- A Appel. Port Elizabeth, c.1855-1875: Enkele sosio-ckonomiese aspekte, SAHJ, 16(1),1984,pp.101-117.
- W Dealing. Slavery and amelioration in the Oraalï-Rcinct Disrrict. 1823-1830, SAHJ, 27(1),1992,pp.75-94.
- R Ross. Grahamstown versus Cape Town, SAHJ, 36(1).1997.pp.277-283.
- TJ Stapleton, 'Him who destroys all': Reassessing the early career ol Faku, King ot the Mpondo, c.1818-1829, SAHJ, 38(1).1998,pp.55-78.
- DW Myburgh, The origin of towns in the Eastern Cape Midlands, Contree 4. 1978,pp. 24-29.
- KS Hunt. When the tailway came to Grahamstown, Contree, 6,1979,pp.24-28.
- S Sampson. Fort England as a military base, Contree, 8 1980.pp.16-20.
- M Rainier, Fort Donald and the Abalondolozi Regiment. Contree, 9 1981.pp.24-29.
- A Appel, Aan die Grobbelaarsrivier' - 'n greep uit die vestigingsgeskiedenis van Oudtshoorn tot 1848, Contree, 10 1981,pp.9-15.
- KS Hunt, The Grahamstown City Hall - The tale of two foundation stones. Contree, 10 1981,pp.27-31.
- OJO Ferreira, Onder-Kouga: Oorsig van 'n kontrei. Contree, 14 1983.pp.5-16.
- GL de Kock, 'n Geografiese ontleding van die eksplorasie in die sentraal-weskusgebied van Suid-Afrika, Contree 16 1984,pp.20-23.
- KS Hunt. Grahamslown's Assumption Convent, Contree, 17 1985.pp.25-28.
- HC Hummel, The month of August - An Annales approach to the history of Kowic, August 1881 to August 1914, Contree 18 1985,pp.18-26.
- EJ Inngs. Mfengu beach labour and Port Elizabeth harbor development, 1835-1870, Contree 21 1987,pp.5-12.
- JM Berning. The construction and use of Grahamstown Cathedral's towers, Contree 22 1987,pp.15-19.
- S Caldwell. Segregation and plague: King William's Town and the plague outbreaks of 1900-1907, Contree 29 1991.pp.5-10.
- HO Terblanche. Die Armblanke-vraagstuk in Port Elizabeth. 1916-1934: 'n Verkennende studie. Contree, 33 1993.pp.29-35.
- A Mabin. Capital, coal and conflict: the genesis and planning of a company town at Indwe. Contree, 34 1993,pp.21-31.
- E Nel and CM Rogerson. Incipient local economic development in the Eastern Cape. 1909-1947. Contree 37 1995.pp.1-10.
- JK Coetzee and Geofrey T Wood. The struggle for democracy in the 1980's: oral accounts of political activists involved in the insurrection in Grahamstown, Contree 38 1995.pp.9-22.
- OJO Ferreira. Kwaade Martha Ferreira van die Swarte Ommegang. SAJC, 4(4),Desember1990.pp.225-243.
- A Heroldt. The colonial municipality: A case study of Uitenhage. SAJC, 5(3),July1991.pp.79-87.
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- D Radford. The early suburbs of Grahamstown: An outline of their development/. SAJC, 6(3),July1992,pp.97-104.
- RC Fischer & J Booysen. Fortified frontier farmhouses: English precedent for rhe Eastern Cape. SAJC, 8(1).1994.pp.1-11.
- M Burden, Volksweervoorspelling in Outeniekwa. SAJC, 8(2),1994.pp.71-78.
- JC Visagie. Pieter Jacobus de Wet (1790-1843) en die voorgeskiedenis van Aliwal-Noord. SAJC, 19(2).November 2005.pp.111-126.
- E.D Gerryts, 'n Geskiedenisbrokkie afkomstig van Humansdorp Historia, 3(3),1958,p.182.
- R Snyman. The history of Adelaide, Historia, 7(4).1962.pp.278-281.
- HO Terblanche. Die trek van die Afrikaner na Port Elizabeth. Historia. 22(2).1977.pp.90-107.
- JR Heaton. The dismissal of John Mitford Bowker, resident agent amongst the Gqunukwebe and Mfengu at Fort Peddie, 1836-1839. Historia. 23(2),1978,pp.112-121.
- HO Terblanche. "Louisa Meyburgh: Heldin van die Stad", Historia. 24(2).1979.pp.12-20.
- FA van Jaarsweld, 'n Afrikanerperspekrief op die Groot Trek: Simbool en ritueel, Historia. 33(2).1988.pp.11-26.
- HJ van Aswegen. Die vcrstcdcliking van die Nie-Blanke in die Oranje-Vrystaat. 1854-1902. SAHJ, 2(1).1970.pp.19-37.
- W van der Merwe. Die Berlynse sendelinge van Bethanie (Oranjc-Vrystaat) en die Kora, 1834-1856, SAHJ, 17(1).1985.pp.40-63.
- K Schoeman. Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasies Toornberg en Hephzibah. 1814-1818. SAHJ, 28(1),1993.pp.221-234.
- K Schoeman. Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasis Ramah, Konnah en Philippolis, 1816-1828. SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.132-152.
- K Schoeman, Die Londense Sendinggenootskap en die San: Die stasie Boesmanskool en die einde van die sending, 1828-1833, SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.85-97.
- DB Coplan. Erasing history: The destruction of Beersheba and Platberg African Christian communities in the Eastern Orange Free State. 1858-1983. SAHJ, 61(3),2009,pp.505-520.
- JC Moll. Dorpstigting in die Oranje-Vrystaat. 1854-1864, Contree. 2.1977.pp.23-28.
- AC Oberholster, Parys on the Vaal, Contree, 3,1978.pp.10-14.
- CC Eloff. Die sogenaamde verowerde gebied: Omstrede grensstreek tussen die Oranje-Vrystaat en Lesotho (Basoetoland), Contree, 4,1978,pp.4-24.
- JWN Tempelhoff, Eersteling- Bakermat van die Suid-Aftikaanse goudmynbedryf, Contree, 9 1981,pp.5-11.
- DA van der Bank. Mushroom Valley-onderstandskamp, Contree 30 1991.pp.5-9.
- H van Aswegen, Grensverhoudinge in die Noord-Westelike Transgariep: die lotgevalle van die Kora tot 1858. Contree, 33 1993,pp.19-26.
- P Erasmus. The 'Lost' South African tribe - rebirth of the Koranna in the Free-State, New Contree 50. 2005.pp.77-93.
- SM Botes. Die ou goewermentsgebou in Bloemfontein: van regeringskantore tot letterkundige museum. SAJC, 5(4).Oktober 1991.pp.143-160.
- CJP le Roux. Sandklip en sandklipkerke in die Oranje-Vrystaat. SAJC, 7(3).Junk 1993.pp.47-55.
- HJ Lubbe. Die invloed van kultuur en politick op straatnaamgewing in Bloemfontein. 1946-1986. SAJC, 8(2).1994.pp.47-53.
- SM Botes. Die stoommeule en bierbrouery op die tetrein van Fort Drury. Bloemfontein, 1868-1920. SAJC, 15(2).November 2001.pp.1-20.
- SM Botes. Laat-Victoriaanse invloed op die intetieur-inrigting van twee van Bloemfontein se bekendste wonings. 1880-1900. SAJC, 17(1).Junk 2003.pp.115-140.
- C Twala. "Ulundi-Kaya": The dwelling of Thomas Mtobi Mapikela in Bloemfontein (Mangaung) - its historical significance. SAJC, 18(1).June 2004.pp.63-79.
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- Haasbrock, Die swembadgeskiedenis van Bloemfontein. SAJC, 21(1).June,2007,pp.57-71.
- P Labuschagne, 100 years of Galloway 'Boeresport' in the Free State, SAJC, 21(2),November 2007.pp.62-80.
- C Twala, Winnie Mandela banishment house in Brandfort (Majwemasweu) - its historical significance, 1977-1985, SAJC, 22(2),November 2008.pp.66-85.
- SF Malan, John George, Fraser: Die rol van 'n Engelstalige in die Vrystaat (1840-1927), Historia, 13(2).1968.pp.113-119.
- Anon., Die gedenkposscëls van die Suid-Aftikaanse nasionale spele in Bloemfontein, Historia. 14(2).1969,pp.131-133.
- C Kros, Experiencing a century in a day: Making more of Gold Reef City. SAHJ, 29(1).1993.pp.28-43.
- E Delmont. The Voortrekker monument: Monolith to myth, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.76-101.
- RM Ralinala, Countering municipal monopoly in Mamelodi: An economic struggle, 1953-1961. SAHJ, 46(1),2002,pp.203-218.
- C Dugmore. From the 'Devil's dorp' to 'Fair dorp': The transformation of Krugersdorp from a transient mining boomtown into a stable settler town. 1887 to 1905. SAHJ, 62(2),2010.pp.338-355.
- S du Preez, Die eerste bewoners van kerkplein. Pretoria. Contree. 3. 1978.pp.5-9.
- KSO Beavon & CM Rogerson. The persistence of the casual poor in Johannesburg. Contree, 7 1980.pp.15-21.
- FJ Nöthling, Behuisingskemas vir Gekleurdes in Pretoria 1900-1924. Contree 8 1980,pp.21-31.
- EJ Carruthers, The growth of local self-government in the peri-urban areas north of Johannesbutg. 1959-1969. Contree. 10 1981.pp.16-23.
- T Naidoo. The temple at Melrose. Contree. 15 1984.pp.28-30.
- AG Oberholster. Goudstad so byna 'n spookdorp, Contree, 20 1986.pp.8-10.
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- FA Steytler. 'n Voorttekkermonument te Pretoria. Voorstel van Pres. Kruger op 16 Desember 1888. Historia, 3(1).1958,pp.3-7.
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- AC van Vollenhoven. Fon Daspoortrand as deel van die fortifikasieplan van Pretoria. SAJC, 4(1).Januarie 1990.pp.8-23.
- PJJ Prinsloo. Vestigingsfases in die omgewing van Vereeniging, SAJC. 9(2).1995.pp.104-124.
- JS Bergh. "Die aanvangsjare van die Berlynse Sendingstasie Wallmannsthatal SAJC. 10(1).Mei 1996.pp.74-86.
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- ES van Eeden, The effect of mining development on the cultural experience of the Carletonville community, SAJC, 12(1),May 1998,pp.75-89.
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- S Badenhorst. 'n Ondersock na die oorblyfsels van die Irene-Weeshuis en -skool (1902-1907). SAJC,15(2).November 2001.pp41-60.
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- CJ van Vuuren, Ndebele place names and settlement in Pretoria. SAJC, 20(1),June 2006,pp.78-99.
- LJ Louwrens, The origin and meaning of the place name Tshwane. SAJC, 20(1),June 2006.pp.100-124.
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- AJ Potgieter. Die vestiging van swart woongebiede in en om Johannesburg. 1900-1933. Historia, 28(2),1983.pp.47-72.
- MS Appelgryn, Johannesburg onder die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republick, Historia. 31(2),1986,pp.3-9.
- M Hugo, Die dagboek as historiese bron - met verwysing na die dagboek van HC Bredell. Historia, 34(2),1989,pp.108-118.
- I Greeff, Two Victoria Crosses near Krugersdorp, Historia. 36(2),1991.pp.17-30.
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- CC Saunders. The Transkeian Rebellion of 1880-81: A case-study of Transkeian resistance to white control, SAHJ,	8(1).1976.pp.32-39.
- CA Hamilton, 'An appetite for the past": The re-creation of Shaka and the crisis in popular historical consciousness, SAHJ, 22(1),1990,pp.141-157.
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- JB Brian. Mariannhill Monastery. 1882-1982. Contree, 13 1983.pp.27-30.
- RF Harwell. Greytown: A South African townscape. Contree. 14 1983,pp.17-19.
- A de V Minnaar, The establishment and growth of Empangeni. Contree 15 1984.pp.5-19.
- RF Harwell and RW Brown, Voorttekker Pieter Mauritz Burg. Contree 16 1984,pp.16-19.
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- AL Muller. Coastal shipping and the early development of the Southern Cape, Contree 18 1985.pp.5-9.
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- TJ Stapleton, Gathering under the Milkwood tree: The development of Mfengu tribalism in the Eastern Cape(1878-1978). New Contree, 41 1997,pp.207-218.
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- US Küsel. Die Hermannsburgse sendelinge en hulle nageslagte in Suid-Afrika. SAJC, 6(4).September 1992.pp.134-142.
- H Smit, Die bergpasse wat Mosselbaai met die Klein-Karoo verbind - 'n historiese oorsig. SAJC, 21(2),November 2007.pp.139-158.
- JN Brink. Die prestasies van die Zoeloe-agterryer Jonas san Touder. Historia, 3(1).1958.pp.61-62.
- Anon., Die eerste blankes in Natal met spesiale verwysing na die Farewell-Tsjaka-ootcenkoms. Historia, 9(2),1964.pp.129-135.
- GS Nienaber. Ou kerkgeboue in Natal. Historia, 11(2).1966.pp.120-124.
- IM Perert. Tour of historical sites in Natal and Zululand: Natal Educational Activities Association. Historia, 11(4)1966. pp.267-272.
- SJ Maphalala, The story of compensation, silver and bronze medals for the Zulus after the Anglo-Boer War. Historia, 24(2).1979.pp.26-31.
- Anon., Die gedenkskrif van Anna Elizabeth Retief. Hiaorii. 12(4).1967.pp.265-275.
- Anon., "Die Voortrekker Uys-familie vanaf 1704. Historia, 12(4).1967.pp.276-279.
- FJ du Toit Spies. Onsekerheid in verband met die Gelofre van 1838, Historia, 33(2).1988.pp.51-62.
- S Morrow, Heritage and historically Black universities (HBU's): the view from Fort Hare". Historia, 47(2),November 2002.pp.446-456.
- JC van der Walt, Zululand true stories, 1780-1978. (Richardsbaai. 2007). Historia, 52(2).November 2007.pp.311-312.
- JWN Tempelhoff and H Nemudzihadi. Riding the storm: Makhado. Venda and the nineteenth century South African Republic (1864-1895), New Contree, 45.1999.pp.101-116.
- JA van Schalkwyk. Visuele kommunikasiemiddele: Die kleredrag van die Molepo/(Visual means of communication: The clothing of the Molepo). SAJC, Ou reeks 3(2),Julie 1986.pp.17-22;42.
- JCA Boeyens, Nuwe lig op die uitleg van Schoemansdal/ (New light on the layout of Schoemansdal). SAJC, 1(2),Junie 1987.pp.182-186.
JA van Schalkwyk, Die kultuuthistoriese betekenis van die Berlynse sendingstasies in die Blouberg-omgewing. Noord-Transvaal/(The Berlin Missionary Society in the Blouberg area of the Northern Transvaal). SAJC, 4(4).Desember 1990.pp.244-249.
- M Naudé. Oral evidence on the construction of vernacular farm dwellings in the Waterberg (Limpopo Province), SAJC, 18(1),June 2004,pp.34-62.
- R Donaldson & I van der Merwe. Apartheid urban development and transitional restructuring in Pietersburg and environs. Historia, 45(1).May 2000.pp.118-134.
- A Mabin & G Pirie. The township question at Pilgrims Rest. 1894-1922. SAHJ, 17(1).1985,pp.64-83.
- RTJ Lombard, Torbanite - 'n dorp te koop, Contree, 9 1981.p.30.
- JWN Tempelhoff. Komatipoort: Oostelike poort van Transvaal, Contree 11 1982,pp.5-18.
- C de Jong. Dullstroom. 1884-1984, Contree, 17 1985,pp.29-30.
- GH Pirie. Public administration in Pilgrims Rest. 1915-1969. Contree 19 1986,pp.27-32.
- L Wichmann, The diary of Gladys Isabel Barry: Pilgrim's Rest 1915-1930, SAJC, Old series 1(2),July 1984,pp.8-10;15.
- JW Abrie. Korrespondensie: Die familie Joubert, Elandspruit, distrik Lydenburg. SAJC, 3(1),Januarie 1986,p.45.
- C van Wyk, Die Campbell-watermeul op Pelgrimsrus/(The Campbell water-mill at Pilgrim's Rest), SAJC,(Old series),3(2),Julie 1986,pp.43-46.
- C Plug, Early scientific and professional societies in the Transvaal: Barberton 1887-1889, SAJC, 4(3),July 1990,pp.190-199.
- C Plug, Early scientific and professional societies in the Transvaal: Barberton 1887-1889. SAJC, 4(3).July I990.pp.190-199.
- JFT Bartmann. Woningbou in Pelgrimsrus (1873-I971), SAJC, 4(4).Desember 1990,pp.203-215.
- JFT Bartmann. Pelgrimsrus en die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902), SAJC, 5(2),April 1991.pp.41-51.
- I Plug & C. Van Wyk-Rowe, The recent past in bone: Faunal remains from the kitchen middens of an early 20th century residence. Pilgrim's Rest. SAJC, 8(2).1994,pp.43-46.
- M Naudé, Vernacular stone buildings and structures on farmsteads in the southern districts of the Mpumalanga Province, SAJC, 14(2),November 2000,pp.31-63.
- AC van Volllenhoven & AJ Pelser. The re-assessment of the Albasini ruins, Kruger National Park, South Africa, SAJC, 23(2).November 2009.pp.99-126.
- DW Hoffmann, Die magasyn op Lydenburg Historia, 3(3),1958,p.1.
- MD Steyn, Gedenksaaltjie op Middelburg, Transvaal. Historia, 7(1).1962.
- Anon., Uit die briewe van Antony de Vletter, huisonderwyser, staatmakcr, in diens van die 'Nieuwe Republiek', wildjagter, gouddelwer, eerste onderwyser en posmeester van Dullstroom, 1882-1888, Historia, 7(2),1962,pp.106-120.
- AP van der Merwe, Plaastoekenning en plaasname in die omgewing van Ohrigstad en Oos-Transvaal, Historia, 9(1),1964.pp.53-58.
- F Malunga. Foreign African migrant labour at the Messina copper mines. Historia, 47(1),2002.pp.270-290.
- JA du Pisani & JJ Hugo, 'n Hongaarse entrepreneur, in die ZAR: AH Nellmapius se vervoerskema na Delagoabaai. 1874-1983. Historia, 52(2).November 2007.pp.83-111.
- JJ Marais, Carnarvon: Oorsig van die geskiedenis van die dorp en distrik. Contree, 1.1977,pp.16-20.
- E. Immelman. Die St John-Anglikaanse Kerk, Victoria-Wes, Contree, 1,1977.p.29.
- JCS van der Merwe. Vanwyksvlei: 'n Streekshistoriese skets, Contree, 6,1979,pp.12-17.
- PHR Snyman. Ontstaan en groei van Postmasburg. Contree, 13,1983,pp.4-26.
- PHR Snyman. Daniëlskuil - Die tronk mite. Contree, 17.1985.pp.21-24.
- PHR Snyman. Die Langeberg-Rebellie en die totstandkoming van Olifantshoek. Contree, 19.1986.pp.16-26.
- PHR Snyman, Die rol van sendelinge, die owerheid en ekonomiese faktore in die ontstaan van Kuruman, 1886-1913. Contree, 22.1987.pp.5-14.
- M Broodryk. Die ontwikkeling van Boesmanland gedurende die negentiende eeu, Contree, 30.1991,pp.29-35.
- A Mabin. Visiting our urban past: the Kimberley mine and Pilgrims Rest Museums. Contree 36.1994,pp.31-41.
- JJ Oberholster & B Humphreys, Die Campbell Sendingkerkie. Historia, 6(4),1961,235-248.
- JEH Grobler. Jan Viljoen, the South African Republic and the Bakwena. 1848-1882. SAHJ, 36(1),1997.pp.240-255.
- F Morton, Cattleholders. Evangelists and socioeconomic transformation among the BaKgatla of Rustenburg district, 1863-1898, SAHJ, 38(1),1998,pp.79-98.
- JG Orford, A street called boom - Some glimpses of pioneer Klerksdorp. Contree, 2,1977.pp.14-16.
- GN van den Bergh, Machaviestat 1839-1889: Potchefstroom se eerstc swart woonbuurt. Contree, 34 1993,pp.1-10.
- J Bottomley, The death of trooper Alexander Aberline, F Squadron, NSW Imperial Bushmen at Lichtenburg 2 October 1900, New Contree, 50,2005.pp.59-75.
- T Graham. Boschdal, Robinson, and Schoch: A triad out of Rustenburg/(Boschdal, Robinson en Schoch: 'n Rustenburgse drietal). SAJC, 1(2),June 1987,pp.156-162.
- CJ van Vuuren. Die Hoëveldboer en die Ndebelestamskool. SAJC, 1(2).Junie 1987.pp.163-169.
- EL Buys. Die kommersiële drukkers- en uitgewersbedryf in Potchefstroom (1857-1902). SAJC, 4(2),April 1990.pp.88-95.
- GN van den Bergh, Die watermeulens van Potchefstroom. 1874-1888, SAJC, 7(4).September 1993.pp.87-99.
- WJ Pretorius, Totemism and historical development of poetry in the Sotho languages with special reference to the Kwena totem. SAJC, 21(2).November 2007.pp.43-61.
- ES van Eeden. & PJJ Prinsloo, Buisfontein: 'n Ryke pionierserfenis vanmeleë as toekomstige toeriste-aantreklikheid. SAJC, 22(1).Junie/June 2008.pp.1-22.
HM Rex, Die Kruger-huis op Boekenhoutfontein. nr 336, Distrik Rustenburg. Historia, 1(1),1956.62-76.
- P de Klerk, Streeksgeskiedskrywing en koloniale verhoudinge: Die Wes-Kaapse platteland en die Karoo, New Contree, 58.2009,pp.1-37.
- D Sleigh. Die naam van Constantia/(The name of Constantia). SAJC, Ou reeks 2(2),Julie 1985.pp.4-7.
- J Walton, Early Cape lime-kilns, SAJC, 1(1),March 1987,pp.23-25.
- GL de Kock & J Brand, Historiese dorpsbeeld van Stellenbosch. SAJC, 2(1).Januarie 1988.pp.1-6.
- EP Engel, Die plump dames van Stellenbosch - die simboliese betekenis van 'n wyserplaat. SAJC, 3(4).Oktober 1989,pp.333-336.
- H Fransen. Die Kaapse 'preekkerk' en sy oorsprong SAJC, 3(4).Oklober 1989.pp.314-324.
- PW Grobbelaar. Noordwes-Kaapse volksverlelkuns. SAJC, 5(3).Julie 1991.pp.106-112.
- MHC du Preez. Die Lucas-tabak van Piketberg, SAJC, 5(4).Oktober 1991,pp.169-173.
- MHC du Preez. Rachel de Beer en die spookmeisie van Uniondale. SAJC, 9(2).1995.pp.125-131.
- S le Roux. Presedente vir die Kaapse moskee I [available up to series IV]: Agtergrond vir die gebou as hisioriese teks. SAJC. 10(1).Mei 1996.pp.44-59.
- M Olivier. The role of the tea-table in the daily lives of rural colonial woman as observed by visitors to the Cape, SAJC, 11(1).May 1997.pp.13-26.
- R Marks & M Bezzoli. The urbanism of District Six. SAJC, 11(1).May 1997.pp.48-69.
- JG van der Merwe, 'n Verkenning van die vryetydsbesteding onder die Maleise slave aan die Kaap. SAJC, 11(2),November 1997,pp.23-29.
- JT Kemp. Greylon - a unique Overberg village. SAJC, 14(1),June 2000.pp.41-66.
- S le Roux. Vryknegte in die Kaapse boubedryf. SAJC, 14(2).November 2000.pp.64-82.
- RA Laing. Stained glass at the Cape during the DEIC period, SAJC, 15(1).June 2001,pp.74-84.
- JT Kemp, The oak tree in history and its legacy in the Western Cape. SAJC. 16(2).November 2002.pp.66-93.
- L Rabe. Taal as identiteit - Die "Duitsc" Afrikaanssprekende gameenskap Philippi, SAJC, 17(2),November 2003,pp.46-68.
- F Fairer-Wessels, A literary pilgrimage to Robben Island as inspired by Nelson Mandela's Long walk to freedom. SAJC, 9(2).November 2005.pp.1-16.
- H Claassens & F Pretorius, Die bydrae van Jan van Riebeeck tot die verskeidenheid groente en vrugte aan die Kaap. 1652-1662. SAJC, 20(2).November 2006.
- G Groenewald, Slavery and the church in the Stellenbosch district during the eighteenth century, SAJC, 24(2),November 2010.pp.25-36.
- L Rabe. Living history - the story of Adderley Street's (lower sellers, SAJC, 24(1),June 2010.pp.83-104.
WJ de Kock. Slaves and slave regulations at the Cape: 1806-1834. Historia, 3(3).1958.
- NA Coetzee, Jacobus Coetsee: Die boerepionier van Groot Namakwaland. Historia, 3(3).1958,pp.169-178.
- M Boucher, Ex Glande Quercus, Bishop Griffith at the Cape: The Catholic background (1803-1837) and the first frontier 'visitation' of 1838, Historia, 11(4),1966.245-255.
- M W Spilhaus. The story of Ryk Tulbach III. Historia, 17(1). 1972. pp. 4-11 [Editions I-II are not cited but can be retrieved in earlier Historia editions].
- C Pretorius. Die verhaal van Anna Marais en die slaaf Claas van Bengalen. Historia. 24(1),1979.pp.42-49.
- M Boucher. The voyage of a Cape slaver, Historia, 24(1).1979.pp.50-58.
- A Appel. Die ontginning van die inheemse houtbosse op die Kaapse Skiereiland, 1652-1795. Historia 22(2).1977.pp.141-151.
-J Raubenheimer, Die Hugenote-gedenkgebou, Koningin Victoriastraat 48. Kaapstad. Historia, 25(1).1980.pp.28-31.
It is noticeable that a very limited number of articles have been written on the local history and heritage of some of the provinces. To find out why this is so would require time and space, and would be part of another whole debate on the need for more local history research.
Perhaps an argument could be made that some of the articles suggested above may be very outdated and only serve to discuss a particular group. However, there is not sufficient reason to ignore them, as they are valuable for understanding and explaining local histories and aspects of heritage. History should thrive on multiple perspectives to help readers to come to an informed understanding of events. Avoiding some perspectives in some articles can just lead to another way of becoming one-sided or ignorant.
Creative educators may wish to explore other sources that contextualise heritage and the heritage history of some groups in South Africa in a national or wider context. In this regard a few articles have been identified from the aforementioned journals that may be of value.
- C Kross. Tokens of the past? SAHJ, 29(1).1993,pp.3-4.
- TA Dowson & JD Lewis-Williams, Myths, museums and Southern African rock art, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.44-60.
- A Ncttleton. Arts and Africans: Hierarchies of material culture. SAHJ. 29(1).1993.pp.61-75.
- J Deacon. Archacological sites as national monuments in South Africa: A review of sites declared since 1936, SAHJ, 29(1),1993.pp.118-131.
- V Bickford-Smith & R Mendelsohn, Film and history studies in South Africa revisited: Representing the African past on screen, SAHJ, 48(1).2003.pp.1-9.
- D Morris. Rock art as source and resource: Research and responsibility towards education, heritage and tourism, SAHJ, 49(1).2003.pp.193-206.
- S Marschall, "Transforming the landscape of memory: The South African commemorative effort in international perspective". SAHJ, 55(1),2006,pp.165-185.
- A Grundlingh, "Revisiting the 'Old' South Africa: Excursions into South Africa's tourist history under Apartheid, 1948-1990", SAHJ, 56(1),2006,pp.103-122.
- A van der Vlies. 'Local' writing. 'Global' reading, and the demands of the 'Canon': The case of Alan Paton's Cry. the Beloved Country. SAHJ, 55(1).2006.pp.20-32.
- H Ludlow, Using local history to apprentice undergraduate students into the practices of the histotian. SAHJ, 57(1).2007,pp.201-219.
- S Marschall. "Pointing to the dead: Victims, maityrs and public memory in South Afiica". SAHJ, 60(1).2008, pp.103-123.
- BB Maaba. Challenges to repatriation and preservation of tangible heritage in South Afiica: Black art and the experiences of the Ifa lerthu Foundation. SAHJ, 60(3).2008.pp.500-513.
- T Simpson. 'Umkhonto we Sizwe. We are waiting for you: The ANC and the township uprising. September 1984 - September 1985. SAHJ, 61(1),2009.pp.158-177.
- Mark Ingle, Community-based conservation: Intrinsic versus extrinsic values. New Contree, No.51(May 2006).pp.115-131.
- JC Moll. Drie Suid-Afrikaanse provinsies kry 'n Afrika aanskyn: Die motiewe vir en proses van naamsverandering van Gauteng, Limpopo en Mpumalanga ('n koerantstudie). New Contree 52,2006,127-147.
- AE Duffey, Ruiteimonumente in Suid-Afrika, SAJC, Ou reeks 1(1),Januarie 1984,pp.28-30.
- PH Kapp. Onlstaan en ontplooiing van die Afrikaanse kultuur I. SAJC, Ou reeks 1(2).Julie 1984.pp.27-30.
- PH Kapp. Ontstaan en ontplooiing van die Afrikaanse kultuur II, SAJC, Ou reeks 2(1),Januarie 1985,pp.11-13.
- J Claassen. Functional and symbolic use of domes and arches in some examples of South African religious architecture, SAJC, 1(2),June 1987,pp110-120.
- J Grobler, Ontspanning in die Suid-Afrikaanse swart gemeenskap: 'n Kultuurhistoriese perspektief, SAJC, 1(4),Desember 1987.pp.321-337.
- GJ Nieuwoudt, Leuses van Transvaalse skoolwapens, SAJC, 4(2),April 1990,pp.102-105.
- GG Cillié, Afrikaanse liederwysies - 'n besondere erfenis. SAJC, 5(1).Januarie 1991.pp.19-28.
- D Radford. The carriage house and stables in South African domestic architecture. SAJC, 5(4),October 1991.pp.135-142.
- PW Grobbelaar. 'Wat maak oom Kalie daar?': Die verhaal van 'n volksdeuntjie. SAJC, 6(3).Julie 1992.pp.112-117.
- SJ Jooste. Die betekenis van die Britse regimentsorkeste vir die Suid-Afrikaanse musieklewe van die negentiende ceu. SAJC, 9(1).1995.pp.38-48.
- RC Fischer. Three iconologies of the boer dwelling, SAJC, 10(1).May 1996.pp.31-43.
- LA Changuion. Die lewe in die Groenpuntkrygsgevangekamp rydens die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899-1902, SAJC, 10(2),November 1996.pp.55-71.
- CJ van Vuuren. Horses, carts and taxis: Transportation and marginalization in three South African communities. SAJC, 13(1),May 1999.pp.90-103.
- J Hattingh & A Wessels, Life in the British blockhouses during the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902, SAJC, 13(2),November 1999.pp.39-55.
- AC van Vollenhoven, Die kenmerke en herkoms van die volkslied, Sarie Marais, SAJC, 14(1),Junie 2000,pp.92-109.
- A van Vollenhoven & JW van den Bos, 'n Eerste fase ondersoek na die Britse blokhuisstelsel van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902) in die Transvaal (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek). SAJC, 14(2).November 2000,pp.94-112.
- S Marshall, learning from the African vernacular: A practical application of the African renaissance?, SAJC, 15(1),June 2001.pp.1-15.
- M Burden & T Weil. Die interaksie tussen Jood en Afrikaanssprekende op die Suid-Afrikaanse platteland, 1880-1950, SAJC, 16(2),November 2002,pp.94-109.
- H Raath. Oorsprong van die term hartbeeshuis. SAJC, 17(2),November 2003.pp.78-94.
- FP Verster, & M Burden. Die spotprente van T.O. Honiball: 'n Kultuurhistoriese waardebepaling. SAJC, 19(1).Junie 2005.pp.1-17.
- FP Verster, Die strokiesreekse van T.O. Honiball: Kaspaas versus Kalie. SAJC, 19(2).November 2005.pp.72-88.
- SJ Jooste. Excerpts and aneedotes of cullural-historical interest from the history of wind music in South Africa (c. 1770-1900). SAJC, 19(2),November 2005,pp.89-110.
- H Haath. Oorsprong van die Suid-Afrikaanse bootvormige hartbeces- of dakhuis. SAJC, 19(2),November 2005,pp.168-189.
- WJ Pretorius, Wedersydse kulturele verryking in die ontwikkelingsgang van Afrikkans en die Afrikatale in Suid-Afrika. SAJC, 22(1),Junie 2008,pp.85-111.
- J Strauss, Die skoolmuseum. Historia, 3(1).1958.pp.54-56.
- JH van den Berg, 'n Interessante sportsoort uit die ou dae. Historia, 4(2),1959,p.137.
- AAJ van Niekerk. Pogings om 'n klaskamermuseum vir Geskiedenis op te bou. Historia, 6(1),1961.pp.51-54.
- Anon., Historiese gedenkwaardighede. Historia, 10(1).1965,pp.35-40.
- DC Grobler, Die Long Toms. Wat het van hulle geword?, Historia. 10(3),1965.pp.186-191.
- E Miles. Die Skilderwerk van Maggie Laubser. Historia, 10(3).1965.pp.192-200.
- SH Pelissier, Die graf van Antjie Scheepers. Historia, 10(4),1965,pp.293-298.
- R van Graan. Die werk van David Canty en die plek daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse landskapskilderkuns. Historia, 13(1).1968.pp.47-54.
- SH Pelissier. Die graf van Isak leeuboud. Historia, 13(3).1968,pp.192-197.
- M & E Schoonraad. 'n Ontluikende kunstenaar. Walter Westbrook, Historia, 13(3),1968,pp.198-202.
- FA van Jaarsveld. 'n Feeslied, gedig in die jaar 1838. Historia, 13(4)1968.pp.246-248.
- M Schoonraad. Dr JH Pierneef: Biografiese skets en sy belangstelling in die rolskuns. Historia, 14(2),1969,pp.118-130.
- EP Engel, Die skilderye van Boudin	in Suid-Afrika, Historia, 18(3),1973.pp.195-199.
- CAR Schulenburg, Boerekrygsgevangenes van Bermuda II: Begrafplaas op eiland, Historia, 24(1).1979.pp.20-41.
- SM Ndlovu, Heritage routes for the liberated South Africans: using oral history to reconstruct unsung heroes' and heroines' routes into exile in the 1960s, Historia, 47(2),November 2002,pp.479-510.
- G Allen. "The case of the volkscustodian and the professor: heritage versus history". Historia, 47(2),November 2002,pp.399-420.
- C Kross, Heritage vs history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),2003.pp.326-336.
Occasionally history journals that mostly focus on South African history also publish research on other areas in southern Africa because of the interconnectedness of the histories of neighbouring countries. A few research articles have been found in (he four history journals, bur more could probably be identified in other journals covering Africa and specifically southern Africa.
- DN Beach. The Adendorff Trek in Shona History. SAHJ. 3(1).1971.pp.30-48.
- T Keegan. The dynamics of a South African kingdom: Nineteenth century Lesotho reassessed. SAHJ, 30(1).1994.pp.109-120.
- AB Smith, The Kalahari Bushmen Debate: Implications for Archaeology of Southern Africa, SAHJ, 35(1),1996,pp.1-15.
- J Wright, Sonqua, Bosjesmans, Bushmen, abaThwa: Comments and Queries on Pre-Modern Identifications. SAHJ, 35(1),1996,pp.16-29.
- EA Maré. Batalha as 'n heilige plek (Batalha as a sacred place), SAJC, 3(2),April 1989.pp.93-108.
- Anon., Discovery of the Zimbabwe ruins. Historia, 9(2).1964.pp.126-128.
- GC Mazarite, "Oral traditions as heritage: the historiography of oral historical research on the Shona communities of Zimbabwe. Some methodological concerns". Historia, 7(2).November 2002.pp.421-445.
• JD Snowball & S Courrney, Cultural heritage routes in South Africa: Effective tools for heritage conservation and local economic development, Development South Africa, 27(4),210,pp563-576.
• S Marshall, Reordering the past: Monuments and architectural heritage in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Repenser les limites : l'architecture à travers l'espace, le temps et les disciplines, Paris, INHA (« Actes de colloques »), 2005. Available at: http://inha.revues.org/1691 of Collections électroniques de I'INHA.
• Ciraj Rassool, 'The rise of heritage and reconstitution of history in South Africa', Kronos. Journal of Cape History, 26,(2000),1-21.
• The Yesterday&Today, from 1981 as "Gister en Vandag/Yesterday and Today" also hosts a number of heritage related articles.
• Transformations in southern Africa after 1750 (the example of Shaka later in this discussion was developed from this topic).
• Colonial expansion after 1750.
• How has Shaka been portrayed - past and present (or representations of Shaka)?
• What sources/evidence are there for our histories of Shaka?
• Why was Shaka portrayed in this way?
These questions have been raised because in the last thirty years or so the statue of Shaka still sparks interest among South Africans, the Zulu people in particular, and many others worldwide who have an interest in the AmaZulu kingdom and its history. By 2010 the perception was that Shaka's image is still well recognised, as he has for years been idolised in a popular film and through a wide variety of other media.16 2 His image as a person has also been honoured by naming places and buildings after him. Among others there are the uShaka Marine World - an aquatic theme park that opened in 2004 in Durban - and the King Shaka International Airport at Durban which opened in May 2010. In the new CAPS History curriculum for Grade 10, which deals specifically with this local and regional history, including its interconnectedness with South Africa and southern Africa's history, educators are challenged to consider past and recent interpretations of the history of Shaka's leadership of the AmaZulu. Also to be valued is Shaka's image as it relates to heritage and legacy histories, such as his image in individualistic thinking and/or various artistic expressions, which may or may not complement the most recent historical research, but which still rely on selective or perhaps skewed past memory. One example that could provoke an interesting debate, considering recent historical research, combined with perceptions of Shaka's image created by observers, past writers and oral tradition, is the dismantling of the sculpture of Shaka just weeks after its unveiling in May 2010 at King Shaka airport in Durban. To my mind this outcome also requires extensive debate by practitioners of history and institutions and groups concerned with preserving the country's heritage. It was mentioned earlier that heritage mostly appears to be in motion and is not fixed (this implies that it can be a heritage built on informed/uninformed or skewed/transformed images or expressions of a specific past). I would like to repeat that the "acknowledgement" of heritage in formal history education could and should rather be used as human experiences (we may even add perceptions) that support the making of any history, or as a tool contributing to the understanding of expressions of the broader past that feature tangible and intangible heritage. Acknowledgement of the variety of expressions we categorise as heritage also leads to other debates on human rights, such as the right of expression and to what extent any form of political ideology can interfere or intervene.
For the purposes of our example, the focus will be on the dismantled sculpture which is a tangible heritage expression of King Shaka, respected as a leader of the AmaZulu in present-day KwaZulu-Natal. A few newspaper reports are provided below as sources of expressions of the representativeness of the 2010 Shaka sculpture on Shaka as a leader. Excerpts from recent research by historians are also provided (and should be further explored) to support a more informed and deliberated point of view.
A very interesting recent portrayal was the unveiling of a sculpture of Shaka on 8 May 2010 at the new King Shaka International Airport in Durban (35 kilometres north of the Durban city centre at the request and with the funding of the Dube Trade Port close to the airport. The sculpture was created by Andries Botha. The bronze sculpture of King Shaka without a spear is accompanied by sculptures of Nguni cattle, which therefore differs from past images of Shaka as an intrepid, merciless warrior. Botha thus dropped the previous lionised image of Shaka as a warrior.
Perhaps also important to note is that Botha's sculpture was created in honour of Shaka at the King Shaka International Airport. Although the statue was unveiled in May 2010 as part of the FIFA World Cup activities, the statue was dismantled on 13 June 2010 because some members of the Zulu royal house raised concerns about its true reflection of Shaka.
If I were the educator of a group of Grade 10 learners, I would have developed a history assignment as well as a heritage assignment from the section on Shaka in Topic 4 of the curriculum.
Of all the books written on Shaka and the Zulu, E. A. Ritter's "Shaka Zulu" (1955) is almost certainly the most widely read. It remains the only substantial so-called 'biography' of Shaka ... Historians who doubt Ritter's veracity, and quibble about his fictionalising, or who no longer wish to cite him as a source at all, unquestioningly incorporate assertions or episodes found nowhere outside "Shaka Zulu"... Ritter's use of written sources is ... extremely limited and selective, even disingenuous, and his evocation of oral traditions so dubious as to be practically useless to the historian... Ritter, while clearly working within a 'great man' paradigm of history, paradoxically attempts to decentre Shaka as cause of a sub-continental wave of violence (the 'mfecane', a term Ritter himself does not use), while lionising his nation-building personality. The defence is based partly on chronology, partly on Ritter's overriding concern to present a more sympathetic protagonist: 'by no conceivable stretch of the imagination can Shaka be blamed for the devastations' of the early 1800s; these were largely Zwide's and other 'desperadoes'" doing, while the empire builder Shaka 'destroyed only in order to rebuild'.
Source: Dan Wylie, "A dangerous admiration: E.A. Ritter's Shaka Zulu", South African Historical Journal, 28(1),1993,pp.98-118.
Source: Paul Maylam, "The death of the Mfecane?" South African Historical Journal, 25(1)1 1991,pp.163-166.
Source: Alan Webster, "The Mfecane paradigm overthrown, South African Historical Journal, 25(1)1 1991,pp.170-172.
Source: Carolyn Anne Hamilton, "'The character and objects of Chaka': A reconsideration of the making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' motor", The Journal of African History, 1992,33,pp.37-63.
Source: CA Hamilton, "An appetite for the past': The re-creation of Shaka and the crisis in popular historical consciousness", South African Historical Journal, 22(1990),pp.141-157.
Compare the image of Shaka (see image A below) and the recent one by Andries Botha (image B) and try to find all the differences and similarities.
Source: G Arde, "We could quickly fill parks with monuments to stupidity", Sunday Tribune, 6 June 2010.
Andries Botha's sculpture of King Shaka is a thought-provoking, stirring and inspirational rendition that raises Shaka above the clichéd, colonial stereotype as the 'noble savage' and places this leader squarely in the vernacular of the 21st century: a Renaissance man who was a warrior in the pursuit of his dreams, yet a courageous visionary who understood that the dream is about laying down one's weapons - and was that not also the genius of Nelson Mandela? Removing this sculpture was an outrageous and tragic act of vandalism that desecrated all the cultural values in our constitution and that we upheld with suffering and sacrifice during the time of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Source: T Charter, "Removal of King Shaka statue an act of vandalism", The Mercury, 21 June 2010.
Source: G Arde, "Boet's philosophy", News & Views, 6 June 2010.
Give a one-sentence overview of the author's/creator's sentiment raised or expressed in each of the sources.
List the arguments in sources A to C that you: 2.1) can associate with, and/or: 2.2) dissociate from, giving a proper motivation based on what you have learned so far in History about Shaka (1 page max.).
3.4) Members of the community.
Lastly, mention that this heritage assignment can even include a visit to places associated with Shaka's childhood, his activities as a warrior and places commemorating his legacy. If travel and funding are problems, explore an example of an outstanding or disputed leadership closer to your locality, and deal with the content discussion in a similar way as was done with King Shaka.
The key purpose of the discussion in this article was to remind history educators of, and introduce them to, the exciting opportunities and challenges of local histories in the knowledge, use and appreciation of heritage and history in History curricula. Several examples of local history sources, reflecting the nine provinces of South Africa, were listed to explore their content value in History curricula, and also to consider their historical value when assignments on heritage are the focus. From the possibilities offered as examples of assignments (including the questions), the hope is that History educators will sufficiently emphasise the value of extensive historical research to complement and acknowledge South Africa's heritage legacies and expressions in their tangible and intangible forms.
1 For valuable theory on heritage and debates on whether history should be associated with heritage, etc. consult, among others, the following sources: JD Snowball & S Courtney, Cultural heritage routes in South Africa: F.ffectivc tools for heritage conservation and local economic development? Development Southern Africa, 27(4),October 2010,pp.563-576; N Sheperd, "Heritage", in N Sheperd and S Robins (Eds.), New South African keywords (Jacana, Johannesburg, 2008),pp.116-128 ; K Ronan, "Memory, place and nation-building: Remembering in the 'New'South Africa",pp.1-48, School for International Training Program, 2007 accessed from www.google.co.za as viewcontent.pdf; J Carruthers. Africa Forum on "Heritage and History", accessed from on H-Africa: http://h-nct.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx6clist=h-africa&month=9810&week=c&msg=sv82DZpkATFzGc7zqbklFKA&user=&pw=, 20 October 1998.
2 In the context of this discussion local or regional history is recognised as the unity of all historical branches related to history. In regional history the past is studied from a local angle from above and below. Its methodology therefore also features an interest in smaller communities/individuals, their activities, experiences or/and contributions in their own environment, of which some local events also may lead to broader outcomes. Compare "Editorial": Contree: Journalfor South African urban and regional history,1(January 1977),p.3.
3 In the context of this discussion heritage is basically defined as an individual or collective memory/oral conceptions of the past as expressed in the present. There is no exact relationship of the past in the present. It can also appear as being both a point of identity and difference. See N Sheperd & S Robins (Eds.), New South African keywords, (Jacana, Johannesburg, 2008),p.117: C Kros, Heritage vs. history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),May 2003,pp.326-336.
4 C Kros, Heritage vs. history: the end of a noble tradition? Historia, 48(1),May 2003,p.328.
5 Compare N Sheperd & S Robins (Eds.). New South African keywords, Jacana, 2008.p.123.
7 Compare the discussion by M Winstanley, "History and the community", in A Booth and P Hyland, History in higher education: New directions in teaching and learning, Blackwcll, Massachusetts USA, 1996,pp.207-221; H Ludlow, "Using local history to apprentice undergraduate students into the practices of the historian", South Africa Historical Journal, 57(2007),201-219.
8 This argument does not contradict the view that any country should explore ways of creating a national identity.
9 "These are conceptual expressions that academia have tossed around recently. See S Marschall, "Making money with memories: The fusion of heritage, tourism and identity formation in South Africa", Historia, 50(1),May 2005,p.118.
10 Compare K Ronan, "Memory, place and nation-building:School for International Training Program, 2007, www.google.co.za as viewcontent.pdf, p. 15; C Rassool, "The rise of Heritage and Rcconstitution of History in South Africa", Kronos, 26,2000,pp.1-21.
11 Also compare DoE, CD compilation titled, "Celebrating our heritage." Constitutional values highlighted in the manifesto on values, education and democracy. Race and values in education, Pretoria, ca 1996.
12 Compare J Carruthers, Africa Forum on "Heritage and History", H-Africa: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowsc.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=9810&wcek=c&msg=sv82DZpkATFzGc7zqbkFKA&uscr=&pw=, 20 October 1998.
13 Although the existence of a wide variety of local history books is not mentioned here, educators should explore their local regions museums, libraries and local governments for information, lhese pieces of information can be very handy in providing a solid basis of history content for local heritage assignments.
14 The articles listed in each or the provinces are not given in any specific order.
15 The publication edited by G Curhbertson, A Grundlingh and M-L Suttie, titled Writing a wider war. Rethinki gender, race and identity in the South African War, 1899-1902 (David Phillip, CapeTown2002) should not ignored in providing additional background to a well recorded period in South Africa's history.
16 As examples see - G Mersham, Ihe discourse of the historical television drama - the case of 'Shaka Zulu', South African Cultural Historical Journal, 5(2),April 1991,pp.70-77;- G Mersham. History, television and Shaka Zulu, South African Cultural Historical Journal, 5(1),January 1991,pp.10-19.