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Reform of the law of defamation – the defence of honest opinion
In Northern Ireland, the Minister for Finance has just published a Review of the Law of Defamation, prepared for it by Andrew Scott (Associate Professor of Law, LSE). Prof Scott had prepared a consultation paper for the Northern Ireland Law Commission (NILC) in November 2014. The consultation period closed on 20 February 2015. The NILC itself closed on 31 March 2015. So Prof Scott's final Report (pdf) was submitted directly to the Ministry for Finance, which has just published it. The Report builds on the work of the NILC, draws on the consultation responses that it received, assesses the recent experience of the law of defamation in England and Wales under the Defamation Act 2013, and sets out recommendations for reform of the law of defamation in Northern Ireland. Most of the recommendations require legislation by the Northern Ireland Assembly, so a Bill to this effect is included as Appendix 1 to the Report. A second draft Bill that would merely emulate the 2013 Act in Northern Irish law is included as Appendix 2.
The Report recommends that, to a significant extent, measures equivalent to the provisions of the 2013 Act should be introduced into Northern Irish law. However, one of the substantial changes from the 2013 Act relates to the proposed new defence of honest opinion. In section 3 of the 2013 Act, the defence of honest opinion is as follows:
(1) It is a defence to an action for defamation for the defendant to show that the following conditions are met.
(2) The first condition is that the statement complained of was a statement of opinion.
(3) The second condition is that the statement complained of indicated, whether in general or specific terms, the basis of the opinion.
(4) The third condition is that an honest person could have held the opinion on the basis of—
(a) any fact which existed at the time the statement complained of was published;
(b) anything asserted to be a fact in a privileged statement published before the statement complained of. …
The Report recommends that a drafting error be corrected, and that the section should be substantively amended in two further ways
it should be possible for a publisher to rely not only on true underpinning facts or privileged statements as the basis for his or her opinion, but also on "facts" that he or she "reasonably believed to be true at the time the opinion was published". This expands the defence, especially so as to defend the position of social media commentators …
it is recommended that it be made clear that the defence extends to cover "inferences of verifiable fact". This is intended to clarify an aspect of the defence that is agreed to be the current law by many legal commentators, but on which there remains a measure of uncertainty in English law …
In Ireland, section 20 of the Defamation Act, 2009 introduced a similar defence of honest opinion, but required that the opinion relate to a matter of public interest (section 20(2)(c)). Given that there is a public interest defence elsewhere in the 2009 and 2013 Acts, there is no need for a public interest requirement in the defence of honest opinion. The Irish section should be amended to come into line at least with the 2013 Act, if not with the NI proposals. Their publication today is very welcome indeed, and Prof Murray is to be commended for his excellent Report. The Irish Act is in need of revision, but none is envisaged in the Government's Legislation Programme (pdf). Nevertheless, a review of the operation of the 2009 Act is due, and it is to be hoped that the English experience of the 2013 Act and the Northern Ireland Report will be taken into account – in particular, to make the defence of honest opinion workable.
2016-17 Reform, Defamation
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5 Reply to "Reform of the law of defamation – the defence of honest opinion"
20 July, 2016 at 2:37 pm
Paul Tweed leads criticism of recommendations for defamation law reform
Belfast lawyer Paul Tweed of Johnsons Solicitors has told Irish Legal News that recommendations to extend British defamation law reforms, including the "serious harm" test, to Northern Ireland would cause legal costs to "go through the roof". …
However, Mr Tweed, who has been involved in high-profile defamation actions in the UK and Ireland, said Dr Scott's proposed reforms would complicate the "perfectly adequate defamation law in place".
Mr Tweed told Irish Legal News: "In my opinion it will increase costs dramatically, and could end up putting out the likes of some of the smaller publications that do get bogged down in litigation.
"You'll be aware in England that the 2013 Act has run into the same problem where we have costs, we're talking about costs of £300,000 plus, just to hear an interrogatory application on the serious harm rule."
He added: "It suits lawyers – I act for newspapers and claimants, so if that's the case, so be it. I personally am totally against any of the recommendations being implemented."
Mr Tweed also said a High Court committee is due to publicly disagree with Dr Scott's recommendations.
He told ILN: "I sit on two High Court defamation committees and one of them is due to report shortly. Andrew Scott's report is certainly not in sync with the report that's about to come out from the High Court committee, which is made up of members of both the defence side, acting for newspapers, and the plaintiff side."
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Written by Broderick Schwinghammer December 21, 2018 December 22, 2018
Weekend Prediction (Dec 21-Dec 23-Christmas Day) Batten Down the Hatches, This is Gonna be a Long Weekend…Merry Christmas Everyone!!!
Fair warning, these predictions are highly likely to be waaaaaayyyyy off. Why? Because we are entering Christmas weekend ("Gird your loins!" he said, inserting cheap Devil Wears Prada reference for comedic effect) and this is not only one of the most packed movie weekends of the year, but also (shocking) one of the slowest moviegoing weekends. That latter should come as no surprise. People are running around, trying to get presents last minute, some people are leaving town, some a coming into town, and most people frankly just want to spend time with their families. As a result, moviegoing behavior is highly erratic, with most tending to underperform or just see slow business, though some do make a break for it and have great openings. Overall, however, movies that open during Christmas weekend tend to generate most of their grosses after opening weekend, in some cases 70% their grosses.
In terms of major releases, this weekend will see five new titles enter the frame: Aquaman, coming on the heels of its phenomenal overseas performance, Mary Poppins Returns, which got a head start by opening on Wednesday, Bumblebee, hoping that its strong reviews (stronger than both Aquaman and even Mary Poppins Returns, to the surprise of many) can help to turn the tide of the ailing Transformers franchise, and Second Act and Welcome to Marwen, each looking to pick at the scraps. All of these will be competing with potentially strong holdovers in Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, The Mule (which is eyeing the 50+ crowd and thus has no competition), and The Grinch which is specifically likely pose a pretty large threat to the rest of the competition given the strength of the film's performance up to now and the fact of every movie in the likely top ten, The Grinch just about as Christmas-y as you can get.
Without a doubt, Aquaman will be coming in first place this weekend, both in the 3-day weekend frame and the 5-day frame through Christmas Day (Friday through Tuesday). The film came on the tracking boards with projections around $65 million, however, in an effort to drum up buzz, Warner Bros. decided to gamble and open the film in the highly violate Chinese film market first. This could have easily spelled disaster for the film as the film market in China is always highly crowded and even films that open well can easily fall off the map within the next weekend. However, this gamble thoroughly paid off as the film opened two weeks ago to a stunning opening weekend gross of $93 million, the highest grossing Chinese opening weekend for any of the DCEU movies as well as Warner Bros. highest opening weekend of all time in China. Their luck doesn't stop their though, as the film not only opened well in the Middle Kingdom, but has continued to hold well for the past two weeks, having already amassed $189 million in China for a combined international total (the film has been rolling out internationally since the opening two weeks ago, which highly unusual for a blockbuster to do before opening in the US) of $266 million, all before it opens this weekend! This has generated great headlines for the past two weeks and was the perfect primer for the next phase of Warner Bros. plan.
Last weekend, the film did open in the US, but, taking a page from Sony and Jumanji last Christmas, it was not directly open to the public. Instead, in an effort to get the ball rolling with audiences stateside, Warner provided advanced screenings to Amazon Prime members. This was another gamble, as these people would be the deciding factor with regard to the film's critical reception. The reviews were already pouring in, and while they were indeed better than expected, they eerily echoed the early word regarding Justice League, which debuted to severely weak reviews, emphasizing how the film was "fun" and not much else (to Aquaman's credit, the reviews are actually pretty solid; not incredible, but miles ahead of the vast majority of DCEU offerings, currently sitting at 68% on Rotten Tomatoes, thus comfortably positive). These Amazon exclusive screenings would be the first time the public laid eyes on the film, and their reaction would set the tone going forward. Thankfully, audience reaction from those screenings was stellar, with many social media reactions once again emphasizing the film's "fun factor" but also its scale and spectacle and how the film is more than worth seeing on the big screen given its incredible worldbuilding (my personal favorite reaction was, "It's like a Star Wars movie, but underwater!"). On top of it all, the film made nearly $3 million from these early screenings, more than the $1.86 million that Jumanji made from its Amazon screenings last year; a great sign for Aquaman given that Jumanji went on to power through Christmas and the month of January, and even challenge Star Wars: The Last Jedi for box office dominance while it climbed its way to a global gross of $962 million.
So where does that leave Aquaman for this weekend? Pretty well off actually. Despite early tracking suggesting a $65 million debut, the increased interest and the positive buzz for the film has raised those expectations into the $70-$80 million range, and that is just within the 3-day regular weekend frame. In the 5-day (Friday to Tuesday) frame, the estimates are surpassing $100 million, which is already quite good for a late December release. Some are predicting in the range of $110-$120 million while others have some lofty predictions of $150 million. Personally, while I am typically very reluctant to overestimate, I feel pretty confident about Aquaman. From what I can tell, interest is quite high, and I personally can see the film breaking $80 million in the 3-day frame. As for the 5-day weekend, I definitely don't feel it will break into $150 million, but I can see it cracking $120 million (I don't feel as confident with the 5-day, but if Aquaman does catch on, it will power its way to the top).
In second place, we are likely to find Mary Poppins Returns. This film is tricky to predict as it is eschewing the typical 5-day Christmas Weekend frame in favor of a *takes a deep breath* 7-day frame. Yes, Mary Poppins Returns opened on Wednesday and in doing so, we are gonna have to examine its Opening Weekend gross in the context of how the film performed over the course of SEVEN DAYS! Let me repeat: This movie's opening weekend is going to be A FULL WEEK LONG! I honestly don't know whether to be impressed with Disney that they are shrewd enough to open the film early so it can get a headstart and potentially dominate the moviegoing conversation for A FULL WEEK, or if they are genuinely concerned about/don't have a lot of faith in the film and are giving it A FULL WEEK to make as much money as it can. In either case, the unorthodox strategy is making projections quite difficult to come by.
Early projections had misleading headlines saying that Mary Poppins would see an opening weekend of $70+ million, a great opening for the reported $130 million budgeted feature, but further examination made it clear that this projection was one for the 7-day frame. That would amount to about $10 million per day (obviously not exactly because kids have school and people need to work this Wednesday through Friday) which, in turn, would lead to a 3-day opening weekend gross projection between $28-$30 million, suddenly not so hot for the picture. Looking at the progression of the projections up to this point, there hasn't been too much of a change. The 3-day projections have admittedly gone up into the $35 million range, however, the 7-day frame projections haven't changed all that much, ranging from $70-$75 million. Only, making it there when Aquaman (from a rival studio no less) manages to pull in at least $100 million in just 5-days would not make for the best comparison, especially given that the Mary Poppins brand from Disney is so beloved.
Now, it is important to remember that Christmas releases usually open small, just as I mentioned above, and they can potentially amass an audience through word-of-mouth over the Christmas weekend. Jumanji also comes into play in this scenario as the unlikely major hit opened to just $36 million over the Christmas weekend last year before growing exponentially in popularity. Mary Poppins also has the benefit of being an semi-surprising awards contender this Oscar season, having not only netted four Golden Globe nominations in the Comedy/Musical categories (Best Motion Picture, Best Actress for Emily Blunt, Best Actor for Lin-Manuel Miranda, and Best Original Score), but also landing Best Actress nods for Blunt's turn as Mary Poppins at both the Screen Actors Guild Awards and Critics' Choice Awards, thus firmly cementing her status as a contender for a Best Actress Oscar nomination. The film also garnered a position on both the American Film Insitute's and National Board of Review's "Top 10 Films of the Year" lists. This kind of publicity will undoubtedly be an asset to the film as Disney can not only use the nominations in marketing the film, but the film's presence at various televised awards ceremonies might further entice viewers to head to the theater throughout January (especially if it wins anything) and maybe even through February should the film score some coveted Oscar nominations.
There is something worrisome developing though. I am beginning to wonder if this movie is really being as well received as it seems. Early word on the film from industry insiders said that it was "magnificent". Obviously, such reports are to be taken with heaping grains of salt, but the appearance of the film on the above mentioned top ten lists, as well as its awards nominations, seemed to indicated that the early praise was not hyperbole and that the film was indeed worthy of Best Picture contention. Then the actual reviews dropped. Now, they are far from bad; the film's Rotten Tomatoes score is currently sitting at about 78% and its Metacritic Score at 65. However, this is not what is typically expected of a film that is potentially in contention for Best Picture. Those kinds of film typically see Rotten Tomatoes scores in the 80%s (usually around 85% or more) and Metacritic scores in the high 70s. This, to me, suggests a certain bit of dissatisfaction with the film, not enough to write it off, but enough to criticize. The actual reviews reflect this as well, complementing Blunt endlessly as well as the charmingness of the film, but also criticizing how it apes the original (at best, the film seems to play like a charming but noticeable retread of the first, and at worst it is said to feel like a hollow imitation). Because of this, I'm genuinely curious as to how this film will fare with audiences at large. The Wednesday night audience seemed to like it enough, giving it an "A-" Cinemascore, but I wonder how it will change as the weekend/WEEK goes on. The film made a respectable $4.8 million this past Wednesday, but I am currently lowballing it with a prediction of $28 million in the 3-day frame. As for its performance through Christmas (whether in the 5-day or 7-day frame), I'm completely stumped. Keep a close eye on this one.
Third and fourth place are actually looking to be really close, and that situation is not helped by the fact that both films looking to occupy those spaces are competing for a very similar audience. Bumblebee and Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse are both targetting families and younger audiences, the former with its more retro, nostalgic, and frankly, child-friendly take on the Transformers franchise (harkening back to the original cartoon) and the later offering quick-witted animated spectacle featuring your friendly neighborhood Spider-Men and Spider-Women (interesting side note: Bumblebee is the live-action directorial debut of Laika-founder and Kubo and the Two Strings director Travis Knight, whose animation background makes the film's competition with the animated Spider-Man movie all the more intriguing). At first glance, my immediate instinct would be to say that Spider-Verse will come away the clear winner in this battle, besting Bumblebee to take third place thanks to the strength and reputation of the brand, the critical support it has been receiving thanks to all its awards and nominations, and the incredibly enthusiastic audience response. However, to the surprise of many, Bumblebee actual possesses several of those very things.
Yes, the Transformers film franchise (beginning with the first Michael Bay-helmed movie) has never been nearly as beloved by audiences as Spider-Man has, at least not in terms of brand reputation. Marred with complaints of about crude humor, the over-sexualization and degradation of female characters, and the films devolving into "CGI-messes" as they progress, the Transformers films have been seeing worse and worse reviews with every entry. Nothing ever changed in the films, however, since the franchise continued to pump out money for parent studio Paramount with every entry, particularly overseas. This all came to a halt, however, with the last entry, The Last Knight, which actually bombed in theaters as the bottom completely fell out from under it in terms of international grosses. With a complete lack of support from the US audience to boot, the film was the first financial loss in the franchise and clearly signaled to the executives at Paramount that things needed to change. Fast forward two years later and we have Bumblebee, a movie with every odd stacked against it: It's franchise on life support, featuring a script from a woman (Christina Hodson) whose last film had nearly a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes (that being Shut In), a director who'd never directed a live-action film before, and a star (Hailee Steinfeld) who was coming off a string of flops and underperformers (namely The Edge of Seventeen and Pitch Perfect 3). And yet, despite all of this, the first reactions from press screenings emerged as overwhelmingly positive, eventually translating to a positive Rotten Tomatoes score (a first for this franchise) of, wait for it, 95%!!!! Yes, the reviews for Travis Knight's Transformers spin-off have been nearly unanimous in their praise for the film, citing Hailee Steinfeld's likable and engaging performance, the simplicity of the Transformer's designs (a more stripped down and action figure-like look that harkens back to the original series), the fluidity of the visual effects and action scenes, the humor, and the overall level of heart in the film as its best qualities. It should go without saying that Bumblebee is being hailed as the best Transformers film ever made (at least in live-action), which would normally be a backhanded compliment, but by the looks of the reviews, it seems that this is merely the verbalization of genuine admiration.
So, coming back to the discussion of which film will take third place, I still would go with Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, but I fully recognize that Bumblebee is potentially a force to be reckoned with. The main assets that Spider-Verse has its corner are that it has already been out for a week (during which time it has so far had a truly great performance in terms of day-to-day grosses), thus has already engendered at least solid general audience support, and that the film has an "A+" Cinemascore, a major feat that only 80 films in the past 40 years have accomplished. This kind of Cinemascore tends to foreshadow incredible success down the line, and for that reason, I see Spider-Verse dropping only around 25% in the coming 3-day weekend frame for a gross of around $26 million, if not more. However, one should never underestimate the Transformers fanbase, especially not fans of the original series. That is Bumblebee's secret weapon, that it taps into that nostalgia and embraces it. Bumblebee is projected for a $22-$26 million opening in the 3-day frame, and I would be willing to bet that it debuts at around $25 million in the end. This would put it in fifth place behind Spider-Verse, but if Bumblebee truly strikes a chord with audiences, particularly families, it will leapfrog over the competition with no hesitation. As for the 5-day frame, estimates peg it at around $35-$40 million.
Rounding out the top five is likely to be The Mule. As I've mentioned in my previous post, The Mule is in a very good position to make money this weekend as it has absolutely no competition in the market. Last week, the film premiered to solid reviews but, most importantly, played to an audience predominately over the age of 50. Not only this, but this audience was relatively balanced, with men making up 54% of the audience and women making up 46%, showing that Clint Eastwood appeals to almost everyone in that age demographic. With this information, it is clear to see that The Mule has an advantage in this crowded weekend full of family-friendly fare in that it does not have to fight with any other movie for an audience. Its audience is clearly defined and more than willing to come out for the film as there are few movies out there that specifically cater to it. The only real obstacle standing in the film's way is that audience members may be spending time with family, but even then, I predict a healthy 35% drop for a gross of about $11.3 million, in line with the last few of Clint Eastwood's films.
Outside of the top five is where we will be finding the most of our holdovers, most notably, December's box office MVP, The Grinch. This is it, this is the moment, this is the time for The Grinch to shine. All through the month (and last month for that matter), The Grinch has dominated, holding beautifully from weekend to weekend, leapfrogging over Creed II and eventually overtaking Ralph Breaks the Internet, and riding the wave of yuletide cheer all the way to becoming the highest grossing Dr. Suess film of all time. If there was any way for this film to go out on top (because you know it's going to drop off the face of the earth after Christmas), it would be with this weekend. Leading right into Christmas The Grinch is bound to drop by, at max, 20%. This would make for a gross of $9.3 million in sixth place, though I could totally see this movie grossing even more as it is bound to do so anyway in the 5-day frame. Expect a very large boost for the film's daily gross on Christmas day, and potentially for it to push past the live-action Grinch to become the highest grossing Dr. Suess movie domestically as well as the second highest grossing Christmas film in the US (under Home Alone).
In seventh place, we're looking at Jennifer Lopez's Second Act from STX Entertainment which, despite looking quite promising, I personally feel is opening way too late. If you can't already tell by the 3116-word count up to this point in the post, this weekend is absolutely packed and there is very little room to breath. Second Act looks like a lovely, feel-good, overall fun time at the movies, and I genuinely feel that there is a large audience for this film. Unfortunately, the release is being handled by STX Entertainment, a company with whom I have a love-hate relationship with. On one hand, STX has great ideas and they are packaging and developing a lot of projects that look very promising down the line. Second Act was one of those such projects in my eyes, one that was perfectly packaged for success. Starring Jennifer Lopez as a woman who reinvents herself, going from supermarket worker to high-powered businesswoman with her street smarts, the film recalls her earlier work like Maid in Manhattan, which is still one of her most popular films today, and is actually receiving positive notices on social media which praise the film as a feel-good and funny movie with a wonderful message about knowing your worth. Unfortunately, STX is burying the film in a weekend full of bigger studio pictures where it doesn't stand a chance.
Originally, the film was scheduled for a November 21st release where it could play right into Thanksgiving, which would have been great as the film totally feels like a November release. However, reportedly "incredible" test screenings led STX to reposition the film in December for Christmas. While it certainly fits the spirit of the holiday, the fact that STX missed just how crowded the weekend was is baffling, and if a projection of around $6 million in the 3-day frame isn't enough evidence of this, STX is in for a rude awakening when the film gets completely lost in the shuffle. One can only hope that Second Act can manage at least half the box office strength showed by The Greatest Showman last Christmas. Reviews for the film aren't great, but after seeing the similarly reviewed (and frankly, similarly themed) I Feel Pretty earlier this year and finding it absolutely delightful and highly underrated, I'm having some trouble taking bad reviews of STX films seriously (at least the studio has that going for them).
Eighth and ninth places look to contain another fight between two films, this time Ralph Breaks the Internet and Robert Zemeckis' Welcome to Marwen. Based on the 2010 documentary, Marwencol, the film tells the story of Mark Hogancamp (played by Steve Carrell) who survives a brutal assault by five men but loses his memory due to brain damage. In an attempt to regain his memory, Mark creates an art installation of a World War II village, populated with figurines based off of the kind women in his life who eventually try to help him heal so he can testify against his attackers. Originally meant to be an Oscar contender, the film's awards chances stopped in there tracks when the first trailer debuted, with many reacting negatively to the visual effects used to bring the figurines to life in fantastical animation sequences. Things have only gotten worse as the reviews have poured in, being overwhelming negative (or mixed at best), and the film also finds itself in the same boat as Second Act, stuck in a crowded market and (even worse) not really knowing what audience it appeals to. The film is looking at a potential $5 million debut, but will likely come in ninth place for Christmas as it is going up against the more well-regarded Ralph which is also taking aim at a weekend gross around $5 million. Rounding out the top ten will likely be Mortal Engines, which will be dropping at least 55% for a gross of $3.3 million, falling right out of the top ten almost as fast as it came in (maybe even faster if Once Upon a Deadpool can pop in ahead of it).
Finally, in the specialty market, The Favourite and Mary, Queen of Scots will each expand into over 780 theaters, but will likely get nowhere near the top ten thanks to the massive crowd occupying it. The Polish Best Foreign Language film Oscar frontrunner this year, Cold War, also debuts in three theaters for a qualifying run. I would normally be expecting a big per-theater-average given the number of awards the film has won already, but given the underwhelming performance the near-equally lauded Capernaum last weekend, I'm not counting it. I'm also a bit biased in this assumption as I saw the film last October when I attended the Miami Film Festival-GEMS. I plan to publish a review this weekend, but I can say here that I was pretty disappointed with the film. I admit to having high hopes given my familiarity with director Pawel Pawlikowski's previous film, the stunning and devastating Ida which won a Best Foreign Film Oscar in 2015, and while I can say that Pawlikowski certainly retains a stunning artistic eye and penchant for creating atmospheric visuals and a dreary sense of place, the story was just too sparse and the characterization of the characters just too underdeveloped. While star Joanna Kulig certainly adds energy and vitality to her role (truly a stand out), her love interest is dead-eyed and weights the film down considerably. I truly believe that the film is garnering such massive acclaim almost exclusively on name recognition for its director.
On Christmas day, there will also be limited releases for Nicole Kidman's Destroyer, a hard-boiled and dirty L.A. crime drama from director Karyn Kusama, and Felicity Jones' Ruth Bader Ginsberg biopic On the Basis of Sex, each hoping for Oscar consideration that neither is likely to get. My saying that is not meant to be rude, it is simply a fact; neither film has strong enough reviews nor the industry support it needs to break through. Kidman did receive a Golden Globe nomination for her turn in Destroyer, which many critics have labeled as the greatest performance of her career, but the film, outside of her performance, is widely regarded as subpar; plus its distributor, Annapurna, has bigger fish to fry with Vice. Yes, the Dick Cheney biopic starring Christian Bale as the titular Cheney, alongside Amy Adams, Sam Rockwell, Steve Carrell, Tyler Perry, and Bill Pullman, is also set for a Christmas day wide release. The film is directed by The Big Short's writer/director Adam McKay, who won an Oscar for the film back in 2016. Interestingly enough, McKay's longtime friend, producing partner, and Gary Sanchez Productions co-founder, Will Ferrell, also will be opening a film on Christmas day, the comedic Holmes & Watson, a Step-Brothers style take on Sherlock Holmes with John C. Reily in tow. How these two wide releases will perform on Christmas day is a complete mystery as neither seems like a fit with the Holiday, but who knows, maybe they will surprise us.
Posted in Box Office Rundowns.Tagged adam mckay, Aquaman, box office, bumblebee, christmas, destroyer, holmes & watson, jennifer lopez, mary poppins, mary poppins returns, mary queen of scots, mortal engines, movies, on the basis of sex, Ralph Breaks the Internet, second act, spider-man, SpiderVerse, stx entertainment, the favourite, The Grinch, the mule, transformers, vice, welcome to marwen, will ferrell.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Start external VPN Software via Selenium I am writing tests with Selenium. Before every test, I should open a VPN connection.
To do this, I should navigate to a website link, insert credentials, and when I click on Login, a pop up ask me to open the software on PC. Then it will connect automatically.
Manually with my browser, it works, but when I start the test, it click on Login, and then I get: "JRE" is not installed on your machine. Install "JRE" and retry.
I don't know how to do this.
How can I fix this?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


OK OK OK. I'll disclose and admit from the outset: I enjoy networking.
I like connecting with other people and finding out who they are and what makes them tick. I like interacting with real life 3D characters, that perhaps I may have only read about or watched on the telly. I like learning about and from them.
Though I appreciate at times networking can be scary and a waste of time, its purpose is to help someone out at some point, to connect and establish whether there is a reason to connect again.
We enjoy doing business with those we like and trust. Trust is built on giving and receiving help. It takes time to build. If you put in the effort to establish trust and help someone else out, you will reap networking's tangible and intangible rewards.
So, how can you take the 'work' out of networking?
How can you take the edge off and enjoy it?
Ask 'what do I want to achieve from it'? 'What's my purpose attending?' Ensure your outcome is specific and write it down.
For example, if your outcome to attend an event is to 'get a job' or 'find a new client', it's likely your interactions and conversations will be unfocussed and reek of unstructured desperation.
If your outcome is to 'make contact with 2 new people, learn about their industry, help them in some way and exchange business cards to connect again', your sharper focus will funnel your conversation and interactions to achieve this outcome.
There are loads of events going on every day and night of the week. Do your homework and select an event that is fit for your purpose.
Are you seeking an event where your suppliers, customers, innovators, thought leaders or competitors will or won't be? Are you looking for an event outside your industry to broaden your network?
Get yourself into a state of mind where you are open and willing to chat, listen and learn.
If you are keen to learn and keen to share your learning's with others, your whole interaction and engagement with others will change. People will respond better to you and you to them.
What do you have to give to your new contact? What piece of information or 'thing' could you share with them, which they would value? Or what have you learnt from the keynote speaker? How could you use that information in your role?
Small talk leads to common ground. Common ground cements a bond to pick up later on. Later on may lead to big talk.
Start by asking open questions to promote conversation and establish common ground. You could chat about what interested them in attending this event, how the event is going, what they thought of the keynote speaker, what's been the most interesting thing they have learnt, if they have any thoughts on some current affair issue…. Ask them about them.
Thank them for sharing whatever they have provided to you.
Follow up with those you have already met periodically. Continue to review your networks (LinkedIn is a great networking management tool) and intermittently get in touch with your contacts.
How nice is it when someone gets in touch with you out of the blue? How nice is it when someone remembers your face or your name at an event you were at last month or the month before?
Take the edge off and learn. Try some new techniques. Connect first and give first and see what happens.
That you shared your unique talents with the world?
That you made a contact with someone who could help you out later on or even become a friend?
Q: What tips help you network with ease?


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Home » Development » Democracy in Africa — The Case of Ghana
Democracy in Africa — The Case of Ghana
The eve of President-elect Barack Obama's inauguration is a good time to reflect on the subject of peaceful transition of power. Although U.S. presidential elections are costly, interminably long, and often filled with lies and half-truths, there is a majesty associated with the post-election transition of power. President Bush, who was more often than not Obama's target of choice during the elections, has been gracious to the next occupant of the White House during the transition period and has publicly wished him well. Not all transitions of power around the world are peaceful; although there are some encouraging signs. A short sidebar in a recent issue of The Economist trumpeted that "some stories are best told using graphs and charts." In the magazine's print edition, the story was titled "The death of the military coup"; they labeled it differently on their Web site. As shown in the attached image, the apparent demise of military coups is graphically impressive.
Of course the fact that recent years have witnessed fewer coups doesn't mean that despots and would-be dictators aren't still among us — Zimbabwe and Venezuela provide ample evidence of that. The graph does support the fact that democracy has made some halting strides over the past decade. Ghana provides a good African case study ["Ghana's Example: How one African nation has made democracy work," Washington Post editorial, 9 January 2009]. The editorial staff writes:
"African politics were shaped in the past year by two disastrous presidential elections — that of Kenya in December 2007, which ended in a fraud-marred impasse and triggered ethnic violence in which more than 1,000 people died; and Robert Mugabe's first-round defeat and second-round theft of a Zimbabwean poll, which has prompted a catastrophic national collapse. But democracy in Africa is not dead, as the small but influential nation of Ghana demonstrated over the past month. Its two-round election for president ended with a razor-thin margin of victory for the opposition candidate. There was no major fraud or violence: The winning candidate, John Atta Mills, promised to 'be president for all'; his opponent, Nana Akufo-Addo, accepted defeat and publicly congratulated his opponent. On being sworn in Wednesday, Mr. Atta Mills became the second opposition candidate to peacefully succeed an elected president since Ghana returned to democracy in 1992. A pioneer of Africa's independence movement in the 1960s, Ghana is the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to accomplish that political feat. For the rest of the continent — including its giant and perpetually unstable neighbor, Nigeria — Ghana offers a demonstration that such political maturity pays off. Ghana's average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent during the past six years has been one of Africa's highest, and the country has become a favorite of foreign investors as well as donors."
Ghanaians will have to celebrate a few more peaceful transitions before they can feel confident that democracy is likely to persist. Nevertheless, any peaceful transition of power in Africa is an event worth celebrating. As the editorial goes on to point out, democracy doesn't mean that challenges disappear or that prosperity is assured.
"Mr. Atta Mills faces serious challenges, including growing transshipment of cocaine through Ghana to Europe — and the corruption that the drug trafficking has engendered. He will also need to skillfully manage the country's recently discovered offshore oil, which could propel Ghana to greater prosperity or mire it in the political and economic diseases that afflict Nigeria and other petro-states. For now, however, the new president and his country can bask in the congratulations that have poured in from the European Union, the United Nations and the United States — not to mention from Ghana's neighbors. 'The conduct of the people of Ghana provides a rare example of democracy at work in Africa,' said Kenya's prime minister, Raila Odinga. As Mr. Odinga knows all too well, it's an example from which Kenya, Zimbabwe and other states could learn."
An earlier article in a different newspaper published just before the election, reminds us that democracy doesn't automatically eliminate political abuses or corruption ["Ghana's Image, Glowing Abroad, Is Beginning to Show a Few Blemishes at Home," by Lydia Polgreen, New York Times, 22 December 2008]. Polgreen reports:
"Just a few years ago, democracy's march across Africa seemed unstoppable. These days, it seems stalled: vote rigging in Nigeria, a convulsion of ethnic violence after disputed elections in Kenya and outright theft at the polls in Zimbabwe are among the most recent signs. That may be why those looking for reasons to be hopeful about democracy in Africa have their sights set on Ghana, the first sub-Saharan country to wrest independence from colonial power, and now a nation that appears to be bucking the antidemocratic trend."
According to Polgreen, the people of Ghana are proud of their democracy, but, as the old adage says, "still waters run deep" and there are numerous issues bubbling just below the surface that could change the course of events there.
"Ghana has long been a favorite of foreign donors and Western governments in a region often known for brutal civil wars, corruption and tyranny. With its growing economy and squeaky-clean image, Ghana is a frequently cited success story. Yet roiling just below the surface are tensions over how the country has been governed, who is benefiting from economic growth and whether corruption is on the rise. Some people here worry that the country's image as a bastion of peace and democracy is merely a sign of the low expectations outsiders have for Africa. 'Let's allow that Ghana has achieved some things,' said Yao Graham, a writer and activist who leads the Third World Network, a research and advocacy institution with a regional office here. 'But for this to be the yardstick of a continent is to set very low expectations for a billion people across Africa.'"
As noted earlier, the election was a hard-fought and close-run affair. In the end, it was likely the economy that tipped the balance toward the opposition. Sound familiar?
"The opposition said that the governing party's record looked impressive on paper, but that in reality many Ghanaians found themselves worse off than before. 'This has been a period of increasing corruption and a broadening gap between rich and poor,' said James Gbeho, a senior opposition official who has served in many top government posts over the years. 'For most people, progress has been an illusion.'"
Polgreen reminds us of Ghana's recent history and how quickly democrats can turn in to despots.
"Ghana has long been a symbol of Africa's vast promise, but also of the many pitfalls that have plagued the continent in the postcolonial era. After it won independence in 1957, the Pan-African ideas of Ghana's founding leader, Kwame Nkrumah, helped inspire a generation of liberation struggles. But the dream soon soured. His ideas forged a strong national identity that helped Ghana escape the ethnic strife of many of its neighbors. Still, Mr. Nkrumah's poorly planned efforts to quickly build an industrial economy drained the country's treasury and hobbled its growth, historians say. Multiparty democracy gave way to single-party rule. The economy collapsed. Mr. Nkrumah, once seen as a hero for all of Africa, was overthrown by the military in 1966, and few here mourned his departure. He was exiled to Guinea, and in 1972 he died an angry, bitter man."
Polgreen makes an interesting comparison between former British colonies to underscore the point that there is a big difference between "promise" and "performance."
"Ghana's slide was emblematic of the continent's slumping fortunes, especially when compared to booming Asian nations. Ghana won its independence the same year as Malaysia, another former British colony. But 50 years later, Ghana remains among the poorest nations of the world, while Malaysia is far ahead of it in many measures of development, including per capita income, life expectancy, literacy and school enrollment. This African giant, it seemed, had feet of clay."
Nevertheless, the word "promising" continues to crop up when people talk about Ghana. Ghanaians, however, are tired of hearing that their future "looks promising." They want to see results.
"Like many countries on the continent, Ghana stumbled through seasons of shaky civilian government and iron-fisted military rule, only to emerge in 1992 as a multiparty democracy once again. Jerry Rawlings, the dashing and sometimes ruthless air force flight lieutenant who had first seized power in a coup in 1979, voluntarily gave up his military uniform and ran in elections. He won two four-year terms and stepped aside in 2000 when constitutional term limits barred him from running again. Ghana again became a bellwether of African progress, helping usher in an era of hope for peace and prosperity across the continent."
Ghana is what my colleague Tom Barnett would call a Seam state. A country that lies between the disconnected and impoverished countries he calls the Gap and countries of the developed world he calls the Core. Seam states are moving in the right direction, but still suffer from many of the maladies that affect Gap states — including corruption and crime. Polgreen reports that Ghana finds itself in that very position.
"The country has become a hub of the growing cocaine trade between Latin America and Europe, and there have been indications from investigators that some government officials may have been involved. Corruption is widely perceived to be on the rise. Despite the economic growth, many people here say the wealth is not shared. … Indeed, the success of the opposition in the parliamentary elections was a surprising blow to the governing party. Across Accra, the capital, taxi drivers, shopkeepers and laborers exchange a finger-rolling gesture that is the universally acknowledged shorthand for the opposition's slogan: change. But in Accra's sleek new shopping mall, where the country's small but growing middle class can buy flat-screen TVs, brand-name sneakers and plush imported furniture to a jangling soundtrack of Christmas carols, voters were more optimistic about the country's current state. 'Ghana's future is very bright,' said Larry Oppong-Attah, a 19-year-old student. As he tapped out text messages on a shiny Samsung cellphone, he said he hoped for a career in marketing."
The biggest blow to Ghana's future came with the downturn of the international economy and falling oil prices.
"Both parties … promised a raft of public spending, paid for by recent offshore oil discoveries. But the low price of oil may scuttle plans to drill. Gold is also essential to the country's economy, and as with all commodities, its price has experienced some steep drops in recent months. 'If you look at democracy as what a country offers its people, there are many questions to be asked,' said Mr. Graham, the writer. 'In Ghana we have growing inequality, an economy that is not creating jobs, and young people do not see a future here. By that standard, prospects for the future are not necessarily so bright.'"
The good news for Ghana is that oil prices are not predicted to remain low and its nascent oil sector may mature just as the global economy once again booms. The country is ripe for an approach like Development-in-a-Box™ because it has a relatively stable and secure environment, it needs to create jobs and diversify its economy, and it needs to control corruption and crime before they become the defining features of the country. Like the editors of the Washington Post, I applaud Ghana for pursuing democracy and the peaceful transition of power. At the same time, I encourage Ghana's leaders to start quickly down the road that leads to better economic conditions through better governance and diversification.
Is Your Supply Chain Prepared for War?
Over half-a-century ago, musician Edwin Starr musically asked, "War, what is it good for." His answer, "Absolutely nothing." He may be correct; nevertheless, geopolitical violence


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Icy weather brings calls for help
TUESDAY, 3 JULY, 2018 I For immediate release
With icy cold weather gripping most of the country, The Salvation Army is one of the organisations to which people living on the streets or in need turn for help.
The organisation receives many calls warm clothing and blankets at this time of extreme cold in the country. In addition, its churches provide hot soup and bread to hundreds of people every week throughout the year.
Major Carin Holmes, PR Secretary for the Southern Africa region of The Salvation Army says: "This winter is proving particularly cold. I appeal to the public to give generously to support the homeless and needy through the work of The Salvation Army.
"Giving help can be as easy as sending an SMS message to our Helpline, 42290, with the word "Winterhelp" in the SMS. The cost of the SMS is only R30, the majority of which goes towards assisting the needy," Major Holmes added.
Warm clothes and blankets are also welcome and can be taken to the local Salvation Army church for distribution.
Alternatively, members of the public can make direct contributions into the bank account of The Salvation Army. Details are:
Bank: First National Bank
Branch: Braamfontein
Account name: Salvation Army Red Shield Appeal
Reference: Please give your name and "Winterhelp" as a reference.
Companies wishing to contribute in kind are asked to contact Major Holmes on 011-718-6745, or on 082-994-4351.
ISSUED BY QUO VADIS COMMUNICATIONS ON BEHALF OF THE SALVATION ARMY
Media Contact: Ruth Coggin
Quo Vadis Communications
CLICK HERE to e-mail Ruth Coggin
Client Contact: Major Carin Holmes
CLICK HERE to e-mail Carin Holmes


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This smoothie recipe will make about 4 12-oz. glasses. If you have a smaller blender or desire a smaller quantity, cut the recipe in half.
Wash the pineapple, twist or cut off the leaf top, and slice lengthwise into wedges. Cut off the rind, and place the pineapple in the container of a high speed blender, such as a Vita-Mix. Peel the bananas and add to the blender container. Add the blueberries, flax seeds, and ice. Cover, and run at high speed until smooth.


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Q: Is it possible to compile a simple Java code in Android Studio? I already have Android Studio, but not Eclipse.
Do I have to install Eclipse in order to test some simple Java code? Or is it possible using Android Studio?
What is the difference between both?

A: The cool thing about Android Studio is that it delegates the build process to Gradle. And with Gradle, building a plain Java application is a matter of adding the necessary plugin to the build.gradle file.
apply plugin: 'application'

mainClassName = "com.your.package.MainClassName"

And you don't need to go through the new project wizard. Just make a project directory, create a build.gradle file in it with the script above. Put your java source code is in 'src/main/java'.
In Android Studio click 'Import Project (Eclipse, Gradle, etc.)', open the project directory and select the build.gradle file. Choose OK to configure Gradle wrapper. When the import is finished press RUN and let the plugin do the rest.
Note, that the 'application' plugin also implicitly applies the Java plugin.
More about these plugins here:
https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/application_plugin.html and here:
https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/java_plugin.html

A: I haven't tested it yet.But this is the first thing i found when i googled it:
Tested on Android Studio 0.8.6 - 1.2.2
Using this method you can have Java modules and Android modules in the same project and also have the ability to compile and run Java modules as stand alone Java projects.
Open your Android project in Android Studio. If you do not have one, create one.
1.Click File > New Module. Select Java Library and click Next.
2.Fill in the package name, etc and click Finish. You should now see a
   Java module inside your Android project.
3.Add your code to the Java module you've just created.
4.click on the drop down to the left of the run button. Click Edit
   Configurations...
5.In the new window, click on the plus sign at the top left of the
   window and select Application
6.A new application configuration should appear, enter in the details
   such as your main class and classpath of your module. Click OK.
7.Now if you click run, this should compile and run your Java module.
and you might wanna check This Thread.

A: What is the difference?
Android Studio is built by intellij for googles Android framework. It is specifically made for making App's (APK is made out of it). Now intellij also has their own IDE (Integrated development environment) that looks a lot similar but is designed to build things other than apps like JAR's and website pages.
Eclipse is also an IDE and will essentially do what intellij's IDE does. Eclipse also can build APK's (although google recommends and only supports Android Studio now). In terms of difference for IDE's it is between its generally up to users preference for coding in.
From my own experience; I would only use Android Studio for writing app's and another IDE for any other type of program.

A: Please open the below link.
It shows how to run an normal java code in android studio.
https://github.com/libgdx/libgdx/wiki/Gradle-and-Intellij-IDEA#running-your-project
Referenced from the link:Running Java application in Android Studio

A: From this way you can check Java modules in Android studio.This is easy way to compile and run Java Code in Android studio.
First of all Open your Android project in Android Studio. If you do not have any then create one project.
Click File > New Module.Select Java Library and click Next.
Write your package name, etc and click Finish. You should now able to see a Java module inside your Android project.
Add your code or any program in java language to the Java module you've just created.
Click on the drop down to the left of the run button. Click Edit Configurations...
In the new window,You'll see a + sign,click on the plus sign at the top left of the window and select Application
A new application configuration must be appear,enter in the details such as your main class and java classpath of your module.
Click on OK button.
Now if you click run, this will compile and run your Java code which you written.


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From Bartels comes this single cask bottling from a Bourbon hogshead. A bit sweet in the smell mixed with some grassy and floral notes. It is a bit more fruity than the normal triple distilled Auchentoshan whisky from Bourbon barrels.
Some spices and honey (and floral) sweetness mixes at first in the taste. A little alcohol, but nothing noticeable. Again some fruity notes appear here in the finish. Like the sweetness you get from dried fruits, but without that heavy dried fruit flavor.
A lot of fruit influence considering it comes from a Bourbon hogshead. I really like the sweetness that varies in all of the stages. I know it is cask strength, but I would recommend being careful with water. I will give this 85/100 (21/21/22/21).


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EXPERT REACTION: Measles weakens your immune system for years
If you haven't had the MMR vaccine, catching measles can cripple your immune system for years. Two separate studies examining the immune systems of unvaccinated children before and after measles infection found that the disease creates a kind of immune amnesia that leaves you more vulnerable to future viral and bacterial infections. Luckily, the vaccine prevents this immune amnesia and saves you from lots of other nasty bugs.
Journal/conference: Science
DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6485
Organisation/s: Harvard University, USA; Wellcome Sanger Institute, UK
Funder: This work was supported by a grant from the Value of Vaccine Research Network to S.J.E. and M.J.M.; a grant from the Gates Foundation to S.J.E.; an NIH/NIAID U24 grant to H.B.L. and S.J.E.; a grant from the European Union Seventh Framework Program (grant 202063) and a grant from the Academy of Finland (Centre of Excellence in Molecular Systems Immunology and Physiology; grant 250114) to M.K.; NIH R01 DK032493 to M.R.; NIH R21 AI095981 and R01 AI131228 to D.E.G.; and a grant from PREPARE Europe (EU FP7 grant 602525) to R.L.d.S. S.J.E. is an Investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
From: AAAS
In Unvaccinated Children, "Immune Amnesia" Occurs in the Wake of Measles Infection
Two separate investigations into the immune systems of 77 unvaccinated children before and after measles infection have revealed the infection can cripple immunity against viruses and bacteria for the long-term, creating a kind of "immune amnesia" that leaves individuals more vulnerable to future infections by other pathogens. Based on these findings, published in Science Immunology and Science, scientists emphasize once more the need for widespread vaccination, which may not only prevent measles, but may also prevent the weakening of "herd immunity" to other kinds of pathogens.
Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, nearly every child experienced measles infection. Vaccination has helped lead to an 80% reduction in measles cases between 2000 and 2017, saving an estimated 21.1 million lives. However, because of a combination of antivaccination campaigns, nonvaccinating religious communities, and limited access to the vaccine, measles continues to affect more than seven million people annually worldwide, causing upwards of 100,000 deaths. Reduced vaccination alone has led to a nearly 300% increase in measles infections since 2018. To help estimate the impact of vaccination, Velislava Petrova et al. and Michael Mina et al. investigated the hypothesis that measles can instigate immune suppression, which can persist for months to years even after the disappearance of visible symptoms, like the characteristic measles rash. This hypothesis has already been supported by previous studies, including evidence that associates measles with up to 50% of childhood deaths from infectious diseases. However, precisely how post-measles immune suppression unfolds in humans is unknown.
In Science Immunology, Petrova and colleagues sequenced antibodies produced by B cells – one of the primary immune cells able to recognize a virus and deploy attacks against it – from 77 unvaccinated children. The children ranged in age from four to 17 years old, did not have a history of natural measles and were from three Orthodox Protestant schools in the Netherlands. By comparing the children's B cell data before and after measles infection, the researchers identified two indications of immune suppression from measles: incomplete restocking of the B cell pool and compromised immune memory due to depletion of B cell clones. In additional animal studies, the scientists found measles-infected ferrets already vaccinated against the flu became less immune to the virus and experienced more severe symptoms upon secondary flu infection.
In Science, Mina and colleagues used a tool called VirScan to analyze the responses of antibodies in the unvaccinated children before and after measles infection. The technology tracks antibodies to thousands of viral and microbial antigens in the blood. The researchers found that the disease wiped out 11 to 73% of the antibody repertoire across individuals two months after measles infection, severely compromising immune memory of various infectious agents even after recovery. Antibody depletion was not observed in infants vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella. Furthermore, in measles-infected macaques, 60% of the antibody repertoire was undetectable for at least five months. Though rebuilding the antibody repertoire is possible through reexposure to the pathogens, this could take months or years and might pose several health risks, the authors say. A related Focus by Duane Wesemann describes both studies in further detail.
Paper in Science. The URL will go live after the embargo ends
Related report in Science Immunology. The URL will go live once the embargo ends.
Expert Reaction
These comments have been collated by the Science Media Centre to provide a variety of expert perspectives on this issue. Feel free to use these quotes in your stories. Views expressed are the personal opinions of the experts named. They do not represent the views of the SMC or any other organisation unless specifically stated.
Professor Raina MacIntyre is Head of the Biosecurity Research Program at the Kirby Institute from the University of New South Wales (UNSW)
This research strengthens the evidence that measles infection cripples the immune system even after recovery from measles. Specifically, the ability of the body to produce antibodies to any infections (not just measles) is impaired.
This means people who get measles are at increased risk of other infections after they recover from measles.
At a time when measles is on the rise worldwide, with the UK and other European countries losing WHO elimination status for measles in August this year, the risk of measles is higher than it has been in a long time.
It is critical that high levels of infant vaccination are maintained, and that travellers seek vaccination advice before they travel.
If adults are unsure of their vaccination status, it is recommended to get vaccinated.
The risks of being unvaccinated are not only that of measles, which is a potentially fatal infection, but also other infections because of the effect it has on the immune system.
Last updated: 31 Oct 2019 12:48pm
Declared conflicts of interest:
Dr Roger Lord is a lecturer (Medical Sciences) with the Faculty of Health Sciences at The Australian Catholic University and Research Fellow with The Prince Charles Hospital (Brisbane).
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection which can cause potentially serious fatal complications in unvaccinated individuals. Overseas travel by unvaccinated individuals is commonly associated with outbreaks.
Eight recent cases involving airline passengers believed to be infectious between 8th-16th October 2019 have been reported by Queensland Health and the number has risen to 19 as the infection spreads.
Viral transmission is by secretions from the nose or mouth of an infected person several days before or after the development of a rash.
Progression of the infection is associated with high fever and may include complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, transient hepatitis and bacterial super-infection.
Severe measles associated bacterial infection is linked to a transient suppression of the immune system from the viral infection.
The recent publications in Science Immunology and Science by Velislava Petrova et al. and Michael Mina et al. are significant to our further understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in this immune suppression and importance of vaccination.
Treatment for measles once acquired is largely only supportive care so vaccination to prevent spread of the disease of the utmost importance.
Additionally, while prevention is better than cure understanding the process behind measles associated immune suppression will improve treatment options for infected individuals.
Professor Nikolai Petrovsky is from the College of Medicine and Public Health at Flinders University
For some time it has been recognised that many viruses have evolved particular tricks to actively block or suppress the human immune system, when infecting an individual, thereby ensuring the virus is able to replicate and shed for long enough to infect other individuals before the immune system gets the upper hand and is hopefully able to control and defeat the virus.
This immune suppression caused by the virus can in some cases last much longer than the infection itself, with individuals infected by the influenza virus showing evidence of impaired immunity and susceptibility to other respiratory tract infections for weeks or even months following the initial influenza infection.
Traditionally this immune suppression caused by viruses was mainly thought to act via suppression of the innate immune system, as well as by paralysis of T cells within the adaptive immune system.
What is particularly surprising in this work is that measles infection is shown to be able to deplete already existing memory B cell and antibodies already present in the individual, part of the adaptive immune system previously thought to be relatively resilient against viral attack.
Nevertheless, it was known that the measles virus receptor CD150/SLAMF1 is highly expressed on memory T, B, and plasma cells, resulting in their infection by the measles virus and subsequent depletion, explaining how measles virus is able to disarm adaptive immune memory.
This study characterised the antibodies in individuals before or after measles infection or vaccination and showed that measles infection but not measles vaccination was able to specifically depleted memory antibody responses against a broad range of other pathogens, thereby potentially leaving individuals recovering from measles infection vulnerable to many other infections, to which they would otherwise have been protected.
This study yet again dispels the dangerous myths perpetuated by homeopaths and other 'natural' healers who claim that exposure of infants to natural infection is important to 'strengthen' children's immune systems.
This terrible misinformation has been used to justify not just refusals of parents to vaccinate their children but even the shocking practice where parents have infection parties where children are deliberately exposed to other children with measles or other viral infections in order to deliberately infect them.
Such practices should clearly be globally outlawed and parents subjecting their children to deliberate infection should arguably be faced with criminal charges as should any practitioners advocating or supporting such misguided behaviour.
Not only does this study highlight the stupidity of such practices, but also the extreme dangers posed.
Not only does natural infection expose the children to the potentially devastating consequences of measles infection, but also as highlighted here, will weaken rather than strengthen their immune systems, so that even if they are lucky enough to escape serious consequences of the primary infection, they are still left prone to catching other infections due to the long term immune suppression mediated by the primary infection.
This almost certainly explains the reason for community studies showing individuals infected with measles have an increased rate of increased sickness and death for up to 5 years after their infection when compared to individuals that have not had measles infection.
This immune suppression is not apparent in those vaccinated against measles, who are thereby protected both against the risk of a serious measles infection that could otherwise cause permanent disability or even death, but will also be protected against the long-term immune suppression caused by the measles infection.
Almost certainly, the same situation applies to other vaccine-preventable viruses such as influenza, once again emphasising the importance of adequate vaccination to protect the community against the harmful primary and secondary consequences of infection by such viruses.
Nikolai has declared that he is Research Director for Vaxine Pty Ltd


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text:
import { BoundingBoxCalculator3D } from '../geometry/box3d.js';
import { Octree } from '../geometry/octree.js';
import { GetMeshType, MeshType } from './meshutils.js';
import { Model } from './model.js';
import { Topology } from './topology.js';

export function IsModelEmpty (model)
{
    let isEmpty = true;
    model.EnumerateMeshInstances ((meshInstance) => {
        if (GetMeshType (meshInstance) !== MeshType.Empty) {
            isEmpty = false;
        }
    });
    return isEmpty;
}

export function GetBoundingBox (object3D)
{
    let calculator = new BoundingBoxCalculator3D ();
    object3D.EnumerateVertices ((vertex) => {
        calculator.AddPoint (vertex);
    });
    return calculator.GetBox ();
}

export function GetTopology (object3D)
{
    function GetVertexIndex (vertex, octree, topology)
    {
        let index = octree.FindPoint (vertex);
        if (index === null) {
            index = topology.AddVertex ();
            octree.AddPoint (vertex, index);
        }
        return index;
    }

    let boundingBox = GetBoundingBox (object3D);
    let octree = new Octree (boundingBox);
    let topology = new Topology ();

    object3D.EnumerateTriangleVertices ((v0, v1, v2) => {
        let v0Index = GetVertexIndex (v0, octree, topology);
        let v1Index = GetVertexIndex (v1, octree, topology);
        let v2Index = GetVertexIndex (v2, octree, topology);
        topology.AddTriangle (v0Index, v1Index, v2Index);
    });
    return topology;
}

export function IsTwoManifold (object3D)
{
    function GetEdgeOrientationInTriangle (topology, triangleIndex, edgeIndex)
    {
        const triangle = topology.triangles[triangleIndex];
        const triEdge1 = topology.triangleEdges[triangle.triEdge1];
        const triEdge2 = topology.triangleEdges[triangle.triEdge2];
        const triEdge3 = topology.triangleEdges[triangle.triEdge3];
        if (triEdge1.edge === edgeIndex) {
            return triEdge1.reversed;
        }
        if (triEdge2.edge === edgeIndex) {
            return triEdge2.reversed;
        }
        if (triEdge3.edge === edgeIndex) {
            return triEdge3.reversed;
        }
        return null;
    }

    if (object3D instanceof Model) {
        let isTwoManifold = true;
        object3D.EnumerateMeshInstances ((meshInstance) => {
            if (isTwoManifold) {
                isTwoManifold = IsTwoManifold (meshInstance);
            }
        });
        return isTwoManifold;
    } else {
        const topology = GetTopology (object3D);
        for (let edgeIndex = 0; edgeIndex < topology.edges.length; edgeIndex++) {
            const edge = topology.edges[edgeIndex];
            if (edge.triangles.length !== 2) {
                return false;
            }

            let edgeOrientation1 = GetEdgeOrientationInTriangle (topology, edge.triangles[0], edgeIndex);
            let edgeOrientation2 = GetEdgeOrientationInTriangle (topology, edge.triangles[1], edgeIndex);
            if (edgeOrientation1 === null || edgeOrientation2 === null || edgeOrientation1 === edgeOrientation2) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

export function HasDefaultMaterial (model)
{
    for (let i = 0; i < model.MaterialCount (); i++) {
        let material = model.GetMaterial (i);
        if (material.isDefault && !material.vertexColors) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

export function ReplaceDefaultMaterialColor (model, color)
{
    for (let i = 0; i < model.MaterialCount (); i++) {
        let material = model.GetMaterial (i);
        if (material.isDefault) {
            material.color = color;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Suffolk County Police Second Squad detectives are investigating a crash that seriously injured a child in Huntington Station today.
Ralph Williams was traveling on Academy Place, in a 2003 Chevy Trailblazer and attempted to make a left turn onto New York Avenue, when he struck three children in the crosswalk, who were crossing New York Avenue from the west side to the east side with their mother, Dorothy Blue, 35, of Medford. Blue was crossing the roadway with her four children ages 3-11 at 2:42 p.m.
Three of the children sustained injuries and were transported to Huntington Hospital via Huntington Community Rescue. A three-year-old girl suffered a laceration to a finger, and an 11-year-old- girl suffered a minor head injury. A six-year-old boy suffered a serious head injury and is scheduled to be transferred to Schneider Children's Hospital in New Hyde Park.
Williams, 49, of Westbury was not injured and stayed at the scene of the crash.
The vehicle was impounded for a safety check, and the investigation is continuing. Detectives are asking anyone with information to call the Second Squad at 631-854-8252.


text:
Millionaire By 20: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Men In Black's Actor Will Smith
Stemming from his success as an actor and a musician, he made his first million by the time he was 20.
By RiYa Chawla
Born on September 25th, Will Smith is an American actor, producer, rapper and songwriter: everything at once. Getting in the acting industry in the late 80s, success paved its way for an energetic, charismatic and outgoing Will, making him a fan favorite among spectators. When winning a Grammy for his music wasn't enough, he added five Golden Globe Awards for his career in acting. With no trace of slowing down, his latest anticipated movie, 'Suicide Squad' hit the box office and earned a whooping 719 million dollars! On his 48th birthday, here are few cherished and astounding things you need to know about the beloved artist:
1. Will Smith never applied to college, because he wanted to rap
Source: Clashmusic
He was admitted in pre-engineering summer program at MIT for high school students, but he didn't attend it.
He said, "My mother, who worked for the School Board of Philadelphia, had a friend who was the admissions officer at MIT. I had pretty high SAT scores and they needed black kids, so I probably could have gotten in. But I had no intention of going to college."
2. He won the first Grammy award in rap category
Kick-starting his career in music with his childhood friend Jeffery by forming a duo "DJ Jezzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince", they won the first Grammy awarded in Rap category in 1988. He was also the first Hip-hop artist to be nominated for an Academy Award.
3. He was bankrupt in 1990s
Source: Conservativepost
Spending money without worry and underpaying his taxes in 1988-1989, he eventually ended up being bankrupt with IRS assessing a $2.8 million tax debt against smith. They took away many of his possessions and garnished his income.
4. He was a multi-millionaire before the age of 20
Source: Boomsbeat
As of 2014, Will Smith's net worth is $250 million. Stemming from his success as an actor and a musician, he made his first million by the time he was 20. Starting with 2002's Men in Black till 2008's Hancock, each of these eight consecutive movies he starred in grossed over $100 million.
5. He's the most bankable star worldwide according to Forbes
Source: Esquire
Consistently listed in the Fortune Magazine under 'Richest 40' as being among the wealthiest Americans under the age of 40, 17 of the 21 movies of Smith in a lead role accumulated $100 million each, making him the most bankable star.
6. He has topped the list of Hollywood's Best Paid Actors
Source: Hollywoodreporter
Chosen 1st on Forbes' list of Hollywood's Best Paid Actors, Smith raked in an estimated $80 million between 2007-2008. In 2014, his films grossed over $6.6 million at the global box office.
7. Smith and his son Jaden played father and son in two movies
Source: Newsbeat
The pursuit of happiness of 2006 on a biographical drama and a science fiction After Earth which released on 2013.
8. Will Smith helped his daughter Willow with her hit song 'Whip my hair'
Willow Smith, Will Smith's daughter, launched her career in music with her single 'Whip My Hair' and Will helped her through. The song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard hot 100 and was also nominated for Video of the Year at BET Awards of 2011.
Title image: Rightwingnews
RiYa Chawla (WRITER)
Riya Chawla, is currently pursuing Literature and Psychology from Nagpur. Being a vehement writer and an avid reader, she longs to bring complexities to an end and help commas become inverted.


Rare Opportunity! Same owner since 1979. This modified bi-level at the end of a cul-de-sac is loaded with extras. Vaulted ceiling, skylights, sun room, newer water heater, A/C and high efficient furnace, fireplace, exterior metal roll-a-therm blinds on all windows, newer shingles, underground sprinklers, composite deck, separate basement rear entrance, huge backyard with fruit trees, RV parking, finished double attached garage. Excellent location close to park & schools.


The newest US travel ban was put in place by executive order a new travel ban on September 24, 2017. Chad, Venezuela and North Korea were added to this travel ban, the Sudan and Iraq were on previous versions of US President Trump's travel ban and are removed from the new one.
Canada does not restrict travel or immigration by country of origin or nationality. Our immigration system emphasizes family reunification and economic growth. Canada welcomes immigrants who meet the criteria set forth by the IRCC to help build a stronger Canada.
The new travel ban goes into effect Oct 18; it will be phased in and apply to foreign nationals from countries that have refused to share information on terrorism and other issues with the U.S. government. It does not apply to anyone who already has a US Visa.
Does the travel ban affect Canadians?
Canadian dual citizens are not affected by the new travel ban because dual nationals from the affected countries can travel as usual with a passport from a country not on the list. Visitors to Canada are not affected by the US travel ban unless their trip also includes visiting the United States.


During this program, you won't need to take the week off from work, own a juicer or fancy kitchen gadgets. There will be no denial of pleasure of delicious food.
Finally get results from one Simple Program. FINALLY.


text:
Q: Problems extending pandas Panels dynamically, DataFrame by DataFrame I want to construct a pandas panel dynamically, using the following - simplified - code:
import pandas as pd
rows=range(0,3)
pl=pd.Panel()
for i in range(0,3):
    pl[i]=pd.DataFrame()
    for j in rows:
        pl[i].set_value(j,'test_value','test')

Which seems to work fine. But when I the try to index the individual dataframes by
for i in range(0,3):
    print pl[i]

I get the output
Empty DataFrame
Columns: []
Index: []
Empty DataFrame
Columns: []
Index: []
  test_value
0     test20
1     test21
2     test22

Why are the first two frames empty?

A: Use two for loops to solve this problem:
import pandas as pd

rows=range(0,3)
pl=pd.Panel()

#first for loop to create dataframe
for i in range(0,3):
    pl[i]=pd.DataFrame()

#Second for loop to assign values
for i in range(0,3):
    for j in rows:
        pl[i].set_value(j,'test_value','test')

This time you won't get empty dataframes :)


Los Pacos is currently one of the best and most recognised restaurants for quality traditional Oaxacan cuisine.Our first restaurant was founded in 1985 in the City of Oaxaca (The restaurant in the Colonia Reforma); currently we have one more in the 'centro historico' area of the City (The restaurant near Santo Domingo). At Los Pacos we strive every day to ensure that our clients enjoy the most exquisite typical Oaxacan dishes, accompanied with typical mezcals and the best and most exclusive wines.At Los Pacos we offer cocktails, private parties, weddings, first communions, 'quince años', Business meetings, cultural events etc. The capacity of the restaurants for events is between 35 and 200 people for breakfasts, lunches and dinners, and up to 350 for cocktail parties. We have sound and video equipment and children's play area. We also offer a banquet service in private rooms, gardens etc.
For whatever additional information that you may require please don't hesitate to contact us, it will be a pleasure to speak with you.


Wreaths & Wines was a success!
Our fundraiser on Nov. 22 raised close to $6000! Thanks to the public's generous contributions, we look forward to helping more children #ReshapeTheirWorld in 2019.
There are 9,330 children and teens in Alberta living with a mobility disability that makes daily life a struggle for them and their families.
ARK wants to reshape these children's worlds.
With the support of our donors, sponsors, and our great team of volunteers, ARK is able to help change the lives of these young Calgarians and their families for the better.
and renovating bathrooms to improve accessibility (just to name a few).
Our team has years of experience with making homes more accessible. We also have members with extensive renovation and nonprofit management experience.
ARK receives nominations from a variety of sources for families that would benefit from an ARK renovation. We work endlessly to make sure that our renovations are suitable for the children that we work with, and that their parents are part of the decision making every step of the way.
We aim to complete one to two renovations a year with the generous support of our donors and sponsors.
Our current project is for 8 yr old Caleb who was born with Polymicrogyria which is a neurological disability. Caleb has limited mobility having to rely on a wheelchair or to be carried by his parents. Now that he is getting older and heavier, managing in a regular bathroom is quite difficult. ARK will be renovating the main floor bathroom to be fully accessible making daily life so much easier for Caleb and his parents.
If you would like to support Caleb and his family or any of our future projects, please consider becoming a donor or sponsor.
Want the latest news about how our donors, sponsors, and volunteers are making a difference and reshaping the world of children with disabilities? We'll deliver it straight to your inbox.
Any contribution will help make sure children do not have to unduly struggle with accessibility in their own home.
We rely on the generous monetary and in-kind donations of companies and organizations to help make sure each project is a success.
We are in the process of growing our base of committed volunteers to fill the variety of positions needed to fulfill our mission. There are many options and levels of time commitment available.
Do you know a deserving family whose child is in need of our services. Please don't hesitate to let us know.
Help us build a brighter future for children in Calgary suffering from mobility challenges.


text:
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <title>Git Hub</title>

  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1">

  <meta name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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  If you"re seeing this message, that means JavaScript has been disabled on your browser, please enable JS    to make this app work.


3 With PWM fan it can lower the noise when fan is working, also can extend the life of fan. B: We are an ISO9001 factory, have the QC team to check it from raw material to finished products. 3 How can I get the samples9 Re: Samples it can offered after paid sample fee and shipping fee, we can arrange shipping within 1 days if on stock .
2.Products are supplied to over 50 countries. 5.No reclaimed material used to ensure high quality. 10.Professional QC and R&D teams to assure high quality.
2 YRS Zhongshan Liter Trade Co., Ltd.
2,We will custom Plastic,Foam,Carton,Wooden Package for the goods. 4,Dimensions will check by caliper again before shipping . brown packing paper will be placed in each layer,and the side mark and case number will be marked.
LED equipment round aluminum extrusion heat sink. 1.LED heatsink 2. Aluminium heatsink used for LED light 3. Perfect design of heatsink 4. Heatsink can be process as request4. In view of the wide spread use of LEDs as indicators and 5.in other lighting applications, a suitable means of heat dissipation is essential for perfect functioning and a long service life. 6. Any OEM, please send us drawings or samples, then we will quote you the competitive price and provide the best service.
Finish: Anodized, powder coating, brush, mill finish available C. Procedure: Preciously Cutting, milling, drilling, punching, CNC machining are all available. D. Price and produce according to drawing and sample. E.
2 YRS Mianyang Qili Hongsheng Technology Co., Ltd.
Alibaba.com offers 14,319 round heat sink products. About 43% of these are aluminum profiles, 38% are heat sinks.
A wide variety of round heat sink options are available to you, such as 6000 series, 1000 series, and 4000 series. You can also choose from heat sink, door & window, and decorations. As well as from t3-t8, t351-t851, and o-h112. And whether round heat sink is is alloy, or non-alloy.
There are 14,319 round heat sink suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying country is China (Mainland), which supply 100% of round heat sink respectively.
Round heat sink products are most popular in North America, Western Europe, and Domestic Market.
You can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers, including 6,473 with ISO9001, 4,351 with Other, and 1,371 with ISO14001 certification.


To sum up, nursing is a profession where years of managerial skills, prolific health care knowledge and implementation of health systems are mustered up. It's not only demanding in terms of efforts but also requires precision of knowledge and command of skills as one mistake can bring great harm to other's life. Therefore, students have to experience real life challenges in their nursing assignments, nursing tasks and projects. And that's why bestassignment.net has come up with its ambidextrous professionals and best experts for nursing homework help to assist students in their nursing learning tasks.
Our best experts for nursing homework/ best experts for nursing assignments are well aware of your concerns and ethical code of conduct, henceforth; they are here to provide you the most original, flawless, reliable and appropriate nursing assignment guide and nursing homework aid than else. Our nursing homework help team at bestassignment.netcomprises of most paramount nursing assignment writers, nursingteaching experts and nursing professionals who have years of experience so to deliver you the most reliable knowledge and skills. Our nursing homework help/ nursing assignment help staff better knows that its being a healthcare profession involves stringent research work, tedious notes making and lengthy assignment writing to complete any simple to complex nursing homework. However, with our highly qualified nursing experts and PhD credential holders at bestassignment.net, all difficult and burdensome tasks become easy to accomplish and comprehensible than ever before.
At bestassignment.net, best nursing homework help services are being rendered to students at every time through our 24/7 online help service. With your single question or concern sent to us, our nursinghomework help experts revert back to you with their solutions in least of time. Our nursing assignmentwriters are not only the most proficient in their work but they also guarantee plagiarized free, original content within your set deadline. All you have to do is to send us your nursing homework or nursing assignment details and see our nursing homework help service working for you.
We also provide nursing dissertation writing help, clinical nursing assignment help, nursing essay help, nursing custom essays, nursing school assignment help, nursing research paper writing help and so on. These are just the highlights of what we aim to furnish at bestassignment.net. Your real experience with our nursing homework help experts will be more amazing and incredible for you when you will experience your excellence and high grades in your nursing skills and nursing assignments.


text:
var expect = require('chai').expect;
var helperLoader = require('../');
var expressApp = require('express')();
var app = require('./fixtures');
var request = require('supertest');

describe('Express Route Loader', function () {
    var agent;

    before(function () {
        agent = request(app);
    });

    it('should register non async helpers', function (done) {
        agent
            .get('/helper')
            .expect(200)
            .expect('Non-async barc.com')
            .end(done);
    });

    it('should register async helpers', function (done) {
        agent
            .get('/asyncHelper')
            .expect(200)
            .expect('Async tos.txt. I like test')
            .end(done);
    });

    it('should throw an error if the folder doesn\'t exist', function () {
        expect(function () {
            helperLoader(expressApp, 'idefdontexist');
        }).to.throw(/Sorry, I'm not sure where that folder is.../);
    });

    it('should throw an error a string is passed as the first argument', function () {
        expect(function () {
            helperLoader('notanexpressapp');
        }).to.throw(/Please pass in a express-hbs instance as the first argument/);
    });
});


Good all round knowledge of Thai cuisine of a high standard. Duties to include management, financial control and responsibility for supervision and training of all staff. (2 cooks, 2 assistant cooks, 2 kitchen porters and casual workers) in the preparation and the presentation of classic Thai dishes in a very busy environment. At least 4 years experience at this level is required.


text:
Terp Traditions: Unfurling the Flag
By Luke Amato '22
The Alumni Association wouldn't exist without the strong community of Terps - our alumni, current students, family members, faculty and staff. Their contributions to the Alumni Blog offer unique and fresh perspectives on everything from career advice, binge-worthy TV shows and podcasts, tackling life after graduation and more.
A couple times every year, my father gets together with his old UMD classmates. Reliving their days at Bentley's(and several drinks into the night), they tell me, "Your younger generation doesn't love UMD as much as we do." To that, I ask them, "Have you ever seen someone love a flag this much?"
I know out-of-state alumni may have something to say about this, but I like to think that Maryland has one of the best flags in the country. To Terps, the red, white, black and gold represent more than just a state, these colors represent the colors of our university. What better way to honor the flag and our colors than to make it ginormous and drop it over hundreds of eager UMD student fans at home games to the theme song of 2001: A Space Odyssey?
According to Jordan Looby, assistant athletic director at UMD, the flag unfurling was a brainchild of Carrie Blankenship, now the senior associate athletic director for external operations. Blankenship had been dreaming of a giant flag unfurling at sporting events and when the flash mob exhibited how important the student section is to the overall stadium atmosphere, she saw her chance to make this dream a reality.
The flag debuted on March 6, 2013 when the men's basketball team took on UNC. The flag unfurling was an instant hit with fans and has been done at every home men's basketball game and football game ever since, as well as some select women's basketball games and men's lacrosse games.
Alongside the flash mobs and the Turgeonites (the Coach Turgeon lookalikes who sit behind the bench) at men's basketball games, the flag unfurling over the student section is proof that this new generation of Terps has the capacity for tradition and serious passion. It also serves as the extra jolt of adrenaline we need to power through the grogginess of the under-12 timeout and keep giving 100% until the final buzzer.
The Alumni Blog connects you with the latest at UMD. Check out articles on advancing your personal and professional goals, elevating your UMD pride, and celebrating Terp traditions, legacies and accomplishments. For even more content, follow the Alumni Association on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
Legacy Award: Karel Petraitis
Legacy Award: Greg Schaub '82
Legacy Award: Rebecca Evans Carroll Ed.D. '66
EnTERPrenuer Award: Brett Schulman '95
EnTERPrenuer Award: Steve Touw '99
EnTERPrenuer Award: Cate Luzio '97
Friday Five: A Year In Pictures
Research Award: Ruth Kastner '82, M.S. '92, Ph.D. '99
Research Award: Samuel Ramsey Ph.D. '18
Research Award: Autumn Griffin Ph.D. '20


I had been working for Horizon Meat and Seafood for 6½ years when they closed their doors. This was on December 23rd, two days before Christmas in 2011. I was at a loss. I enjoyed what I was doing, and I loved the quality of the products I was selling. My customers had become my friends, and I looked forward to servicing them. The following day I contacted several customers who invested in me the first year because they believed in me. Thus the birth of JT's Gourmet Delivery, LLC in January 2012.
I am a member of The Reading, PA Chamber of Commerce, LinkedIn, Facebook, and Pinterest.
I sell only the finest quality of food available to me. I give a written guarantee to let you know I stand behind my products. I like to see you every 60 to 90 days. It comes with free home delivery within a 75-mile radius. I also offer shipping right to your door.


text: from .api import BonsaiAPI