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El arte románico de la Baja Cerdaña — comarca de Cataluña que se sitúa al norte de las provincias de Lérida y Gerona (España)— se da principalmente en la arquitectura religiosa de sus iglesias. De muchas de ellas se tiene noticias mediante el acta de consagración de la catedral de Santa María de Urgel, al final del siglo IX, donde consta una lista de sesenta y ocho parroquias, iglesias y villas de la Cerdaña que fueron asignadas como dote a Santa María de Urgel. La importancia de la catedral se enmarca, sobre todo en su condición de sede obispal, ya datada de la época visigótica. La frontera eclesiástica tampoco correspondía a la frontera real establecida en el tratado de los Pirineos del año 1659; hasta el año 1802, de la diócesis de Urgel dependían los treinta y tres pueblos de la Cerdaña francesa. Más tarde la división provincial de 1833 rompió administrativamente la comarca, dividida entre las provincias de Gerona (once municipios) y Lérida (seis municipios).

Las características arquitectónicas principales de sus iglesias son la simplicidad estructural y las dimensiones reducidas. Este arte arquitectónico desarrollado en Cataluña alrededor del siglo X fue llamado por Puig i Cadafalch como el primer románico con corriente artística procedente de Francia e Italia.

El románico se ve representado también en fortificaciones como la de Sant Martí dels Castells en Bellver de Cerdanya, documentado desde el año 1050, como dominio de Ramón Wifredo, después infeudado al vizconde de Castellbó en el año 1134, y el Castillo de Llivia (Llivia), datado del siglo XII y del cual sólo se conservan algunos restos.

Promotores y donaciones
Las iglesias eran promovidas por el obispo, el señor de las tierras, nobles o por la misma población y normalmente se edificaba aprovechando algún muro de anteriores construcciones.

Muchas se donaban por parte de los obispos a monasterios de sus alrededores:
 Monasterio de Sant Miquel de Cuixà: Sant Andreu de Baltarga, Sant Julià de Tartera, Sant Tomàs de Ventajola, Santa Eugenia de Saga y Santa Cecilia de Bolvir.
 Monasterio de San Saturnino de Tabérnolas: Santa Coloma de Ger, Sant Esteve d'Umfred.
 Monasterio de Sant Pere de Rodes: Sant Pere de Osséja.
 Monasterio de Santa Maria de Serrabona: Sant Martí d'Urtx.
 Monasterio de Sant Martí del Canigó: Sant Esteve de Guils, Sant Bartomeu de Bajande y Santa María de Mosoll.

El acto más importante después de su construcción o reconstrucción, era la consagración o dedicación por el obispo de la diócesis, en cuya ceremonia se otorgaba a un santo patrón. Los más frecuentes en la Cerdaña fueron las advocaciones a Santa María y a Sant Martí (san Martín). Se levantaban actas que firmaban algunos de los asistentes, normalmente obispos de otras diócesis o nobles invitados; en la misma acta o en algunos casos en otra adicional, llamada Dotalia, se nombraban los bienes con los que era dotada la parroquia y quiénes eran los donantes. Algunas de estas actas aún se conservan y por ellas se tienen los datos de muchas iglesias, como:
 El obispo Ingobert consagró la iglesia de Sant Andreu de Baltarga en el año 890.
 El obispo Nantigis, la de Santa Eugenia de Sallagosa en el año 913.
 El obispo Guillen Guifré, la de Sant Esteve de Guils, el año 1042.
 Los obispos Pere Berenguer de Urgel y Udalgar de Elna la de Sant Serni de Coborriu el año 1137.
 El obispo Pere de Puigvert la de Sant Pere de Osseja (Alta Cerdaña) el año 1219.
El mantenimiento de sus posesiones originaron una tirantez constante y unas incesantes luchas a lo largo de toda la Edad Media. El condado de la Cerdaña fue invadido en el año 1198 por los cátaros, dirigidos por Ramón Wifredo de Foix y por el vizconde de Castellbó, causando muchos daños especialmente a las iglesias. La crisis albigense (siglos XII y XIII) afectó notablemente la zona más septentrional del obispado, ya que los centros principales del catarismo se ubicaron en territorios fronterizos de Francia (Toulouse, Foix, Carcasona). Su actividad resultó especialmente violenta en la Cerdaña, donde fueron expoliadas y destruidas muchas iglesias.

Iglesias

La mayoría de ellas han llegado al siglo XXI dedicadas al mismo servicio para el cual fueron construidas. No eran en conjunto grandes iglesias, pues se edificaban para las necesidades de las pequeñas poblaciones que tenían a su cargo y eran construidas con proporciones pequeñas, sencillas y homogéneas entre sí: de este modo las primeras pertenecientes al siglo IX y X, estaban realizadas en materiales pobres, piedra sin trabajar, barro, madera y caña, con lo que era fácil que algún incendio las destruyera, o simplemente por la degradación natural del tiempo. Hacia el final del siglo XI ya se hicieron mejores construcciones y se empezó a ver la decoración escultórica en el exterior de tipo lombardo con frisos de arcos ciegos y lesenas.

Un siglo más tarde, las sillerías ya se observan bien talladas y puestas en filas más regulares; algunas paredes están construidas con el aparejo de hileras de piedras inclinadas en forma de espiga opus spicatum como se muestra en la iglesia de Sant Miquel de Soriguerola, y en la mitad del siglo XII se puede ver el arco ojival en las bóvedas.

Las ventanas son pequeñas, generalmente del tipo aspillera y orientadas al este, hacia el sol. El arco de medio punto fue el primero empleado, según la categoría de la iglesia, se utilizaban los portales en degradación y con un número diverso formando las arquivoltas que estaban decoradas con diversos motivos.

Normalmente se comenzaban a construir a partir del ábside, donde es fácil observar una construcción de más calidad, seguramente realizada por personal más experimentado por ser la parte más difícil de la construcción de la iglesia; esta diferencia se puede ver claramente en la de Sant Serni de Meranges y Sant Martí de Víllec.

Arquitectura

Constaban, sin grandes variaciones de edificaciones de una sola nave con ábside de forma semicircular en la cabecera. Normalmente se emplazaban en un lugar bien visible para aprovechar cualquier prominencia del terreno. Las cubiertas eran de bóveda de cañón y un campanario de espadaña sobre el frontispicio. La puerta estaba orientada al mediodía y las hojas de madera estaban ornamentadas con forja. Poseían un terreno adosado al templo para usarlo de cementerio.  La iglesia de Sant Julià de Tartera es la única de la Cerdaña que presenta dos naves con sus correspondientes ábsides.

La nave
La nave es de planta rectangular; algunas se presentan descentradas con respecto al ábside, sin ninguna lógica, lo que hace pensar que es debido a una deficiencia constructiva. Pocas están divididas en tramos por pilares o arcos torales como las de Sant Andreu de Baltarga o la de Santa María de All.

Las primeras en construirse fueron cubiertas con estructuras y vigas de madera; así se encontraban las iglesias de Sant Julià de Pedra y Sant Tomàs de Ventajola, ambas con paredes de muros de unos ochenta centímetros, ya que sólo trasmitían cargas verticales y no necesitaban paredes muy gruesas. La bóveda de cañón propia del románico necesita de robustas paredes para resistirla; según la anchura de la nave y la altura del muro, se acostumbraba a poner para dar un refuerzo una hilera de arcos formeros de unos cuarenta centímetros de grueso adosados en los muros, aplicándose esta solución desde el siglo XII para la reconstrucción de las iglesias, (que habían perdido la cubierta de madera), con una bóveda de piedra. Así se hizo entre otras en Sant Julià de Pedra, Santa Eugenia de Saga y Sant Esteve de Prullans.

Una de las iglesias más grandes, con tres naves, es la de Santa Maria de All, mandada construir por el conde Guillermo Ramón (1068-1095), según consta en un documento del año 1265.

Las ventanas
Las ventanas se abren en las paredes más soleadas, son pequeñas y escasas. Realizadas con arco, las que pertenecen al ábside aún suelen ser más pequeñas y normalmente hay una en el centro. Casi siempre son del tipo de aspillera alta y estrecha, de doce centímetros de anchura por 60/95 de altura. Uno de los motivos principales de estas medidas era la falta de vidrio para cerrarlas y así no dejar pasar a nadie a través de ellas.

Las dovelas del arco en las primeras iglesias son toscas y ligeramente retocadas para darles forma. A medida que pasa el tiempo se fue perfeccionando la técnica y fueron mejor pulidas y mejor trabajadas, adquiriendo la forma de falca. En la iglesia de Sant Julià de Tartera hay ventanas con arco monolítico hecho en una piedra rectangular. En el siglo XIII se alargan, son más numerosas y se decoran como las portaladas con diversos temas de bolas, cabezas y otros. También se enmarcan con arquivoltas como en Sant Julià d'Estavar y Sant Esteve de Guils.

El ábside

Situado en la cabecera del edificio y normalmente por donde se empieza su construcción, el ábside es punto principal de las celebraciones litúrgicas dentro del templo. De planta semicircular con bóveda de cuarto de esfera y siempre en las iglesias de la Baja Cerdaña con una ventana en el centro para recoger las primeras luces del día. En iglesias de comunidades más grandes se acostumbraba pintar su interior al fresco, representando el pantocrátor en el centro y en el resto del tambor, personajes bíblicos o escenas evangélicas. Se han conservado alguna parte de estos murales en Sant Andreu de Baltarga, Sant Julià d'Estavar y Santa María de Mosoll.

En el exterior, aunque hay lisos, es normal que tengan alguna decoración, en el siglo XI la característica es del románico lombardo, que consiste en un friso de arcos ciegos que puede estar agrupado en series de dos o más arcos separados por una franja vertical llamada lesena. Desde el siglo XII el friso se encuentra sobre ménsulas como en las de Santa Eugènia de Saga o Sant Pere d'Olopte. El ábside de Sant Esteve de Guils está decorado con un friso de dientes de sierra, pilastras y medias columnas adosadas con capiteles y ménsulas esculpidas.

La estructura del ábside es más estable que la de la nave, la prueba se tiene en que muchos templos conservan el ábside original y en cambio la nave ha debido ser reconstruida total o parcialmente, como en las iglesias de Estavar o Músser.

La puerta

La situación de la puerta se hacía normalmente orientándola al mediodía, por ser la orientación más cálida. En estas tierras de la Baja Cerdaña también era corriente hacer un porche o pórtico, que servía para proteger la entrada de las inclemencias del tiempo. Normalmente era una construcción ligera de madera y se descubre por las marcas donde se engargolaban las vigas o en muchas iglesias también por las ménsulas de soporte de la viga del tejado. Los porches más modernos de las iglesias de Santa María de Talló y de Sant Pere d'Olopte dan una idea de cómo debían ser los anteriores. A pesar de esto, algunas veces se encuentra la puerta en la fachada de poniente, como en Sant Martí de Víllec o Sant Genís de Montellà, pero se trata de construcciones del siglo XIII. En Sant Julià de Tartera la puerta está situada en el norte, pero no se sabe con certeza si éste era su lugar original.

La forma era de arco de medio punto y en las iglesias pequeñas, tenían la medida de un metro de anchura por unos dos de altura, las más sencillas estaban realizadas con dovelas de piedras planas muy poco retocadas, y más adelante se usaron las puertas con dovelas más elaboradas y se incorporaron combinaciones decorativas con un círculo de piedras alargadas resiguiendo el extradós del arco, como en Santa María de Talló. La puerta con arco ojival se ve en escasas iglesias de la zona como en la de Sant Genís de Montellà y la de Sant Pere d'Olopte. La única con tímpano es la de Sant Iscle y Santa Victòria de Talltendre, liso y muy rudimentario.

Con el tiempo las puertas empiezan a adquirir una ornamentación arquitectónica, aumentan los arcos que la forman, se suavizan las aristas y finalmente se decoran con elementos escultóricos, se alternan las arquivoltas rectangulares con columnas, con diferentes molduras y ornamentos. En Talltendre y Estavar la portalada tiene tres arquivoltas en degradación, inspiradas en las puertas laterales de la catedral de Santa María de Urgel. A Sanavastre, Sant Julià de Tartera y Sant Martí d'Urtx tienen dos arquivoltas. La de Santa Maria d'All tiene tres arquivoltas pero la del medio es un arco tórico sobre columnas en vez de montantes rectangulares. Con cinco arquivoltas se realizaron las de Sant Pere d'Olopte, Sant Serni de Meranges, Santa Cecilia de Bolvir y Santa Eugenia de Saga substituyendo las columnas a dos montantes de las cinco que componen la portada. La puerta de Sant Esteve de Guils es la más fastuosa con siete arquivoltas, alternas y sostenidas sobre columnas.

Forja
Casi todas las iglesias ceretanas han tenido y conservan, ornamentos de forja en sus puertas, desde finales del siglo XII hasta el siglo XV. El hierro se explotaba en toda la Cerdaña desde el Canigó hasta Martinet. La típica forja de rizos continúa siendo el adorno más común de las puertas herradas; estos hierros tenían también la misión de ornamentar y de ser un refuerzo de los batientes de las puertas. Al combinar el mismo elemento se conseguía una gran diversidad de composiciones diferentes con la variación de la colocación de un elemento tan sencillo como es la espiral.

El campanario
El campanario más corriente en las iglesias de la Baja Cerdaña es el de espadaña, que resulta también el más fácil de construir. Normalmente es poco grueso y se coloca sobre el frontispicio de la fachada. Hay de todas las medidas y formas, desde los más pequeños de un solo ojo, como los de Sant Julià de Tartera o de Sant Salvador de Predanies, los de dos ventanales como los de Sant Policarp de Cortàs o Sant Serni de Coborriu que ocupan medio frontispicio y los de anchura igual que de la fachada con dos o tres aberturas como los de las iglesias de Santa María de Mosoll, Sant Julià de Pedra o Sant Bartomeu de Bajande.

Muchos de estos campanarios fueron ampliados o reforzados por el cambio a campanas mayores o bien para ponerlos a más altura para favorecer la propagación del sonido. Otros se reconstruyeron a partir de los grandes terremotos de finales del siglo XIV y principios del siglo XV.

Más tarde se realizaron otras modificaciones al pasar a campanarios de torre como el de Sant Martí de Víllec y el de Sant Julià d'Estavar. Los campanarios de torre eran más costosos y, por lo tanto, se encontraban en iglesias con más poder económico. El único que se ha conservado original es el de Santa Eugenia de Nerellá, y, con la parte inferior original y el resto restaurado, el de la iglesia de Santa María de All.

Escultura
La ornamentación escultórica en estas pequeñas iglesias es de aire popular y solamente se aprecia en alguna de ellas localizada en el exterior: ábsides, ventanas, frisos y portales. Consiste en motivos geométricos y vegetales, animales de la zona, como bueyes, cabras, águilas, búhos, etc.

La representación en cabezas y figuras humanas sacando la lengua en señal de burla o enseñando los dientes es muy corriente; a Adán y Eva se les representa desnudos como también a alguna figura grotesca; los personajes aparecen normalmente con la cabeza descubierta, en la puerta d'All, sin embargo, hay una figura que se cubre con capucha, también en esta misma iglesia una figura está representada como orante con el brazo derecho levantado y el brazo izquierdo cruzado en la cintura, esta actitud de plegaria estuvo vigente en el centro de Europa hasta el siglo VIII, en el siglo XI reaparece vinculada a diversos grupos, entre ellos los cátaros, también en Sant Serni de Meranges se puede ver uno parecido. Hay una figura de Atlante representada en Sant Julià de Estavar y en Sant Pere d'Olopte. La figura desnuda puesta de espalda enseñando las nalgas se encuentra en Santa Cecilia de Bolvir, Santa Maria d'All y en Sant Esteve de Guils.

En los elementos de los frisos de los ábsides de dientes de sierra, el bisel de los arcos en las ventanas y portadas ornamentadas con medias bolas, cabezas, animales, hojas y flores, hay una cierta relación conceptual entre ellas y las obradas en la catedral de la Seo de Urgel, seguramente por la dispersión de los artistas y artesanos que a medida que se acababan las obras de la Seo, tenían que ir en busca de trabajo a las iglesias que se construían o reformaban en aquel tiempo.

Pilas bautismales
Hay muchas pilas en la Cerdaña que son del tipo por inmersión, vaciadas en un bloque de piedra y puestas en el pavimento. Son de carácter muy primitivo y en general lisas como la de la iglesia de Sant Fructuós de Músser. Desde el siglo XIV el bautismo de ablución fue substituyendo el de inmersión, pero éste se continuó practicando en esta diócesis hasta mediados del siglo XVI; a partir de entonces ya se encuentran algunas pilas más pequeñas con ornamentación como en Sant Policarp de Cortàs.

Escultura en talla de madera
Las esculturas en talla de madera policromada de Cristo Majestad y Virgen con Niño, eran las representaciones más numerosas que se modelaban para venerar en cada iglesia. Casi todas se han datado del siglo XII o principios del XIII. Nuevas devociones introdujeron las órdenes mendicantes en el siglo XIII, los altares para las nuevas devociones se hicieron bajo arcos excavados en los muros laterales de la nave, pero se acabó haciendo huecos en las paredes y construyendo capillas adosadas como en la iglesia de Sant Esteve de Prullans.

Cristo Majestad
Se representa en la cruz pero vestido con una túnica hasta los pies con cordón o cíngulo atado a la cintura, tiene los ojos abiertos y en actitud triunfante, algunos con corona real. Parece que su introducción en Cataluña se debió a los pisanos que vinieron hacia el año 1114 para ayudar a Ramón Berenguer III, conde de Barcelona, en su lucha para conquistar las Islas Baleares. Pijoán, José Historia general del arte Volum IX Summa Artis El arte románico siglos XI i XII Ed. Espasa Calpe, Madrid 1949 pàg. 505
 Cristo Majestad de Santa Eulàlia d'Éller, atribuido al taller de Ripoll, tiene una altura de 85 centímetros y se guarda en el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña en Barcelona.
 Cristo Majestad de Santa Maria d'All, de una altura de 79 centímetros datado de principios del siglo XIII. Tiene la cabeza decantada hacia la derecha, está representado con un cierto realismo tanto por el movimiento del cuerpo como el cabello y los pliegues de la túnica. Se guarda en el MNAC.
 Cristo Majestad de Traveseras. Actualmente en el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña.

Virgen con Niño
Se representa sentada en un trono, vestida con túnica, manto y en general con corona, el Niño se encuentra sentado sobre sus rodillas, están mirando los dos de frente. En versiones posteriores se encuentra el Niño ya sentado sobre la rodilla izquierda y con una actitud menos hierática.

Muchas están inspiradas en la Madre de Dios de Cornellá de Conflent, como las de Sant Pere d'Olopte y Santa Maria d'All. La Madre de Dios de la Leche está representada en Puigcerdà y en Sant Serni de Meranges.

Son fácilmente agrupables, por la forma en que el velo cubre la cabeza de la Virgen y baja hasta los pies del Niño, en un tipo de imágenes pertenecientes a las iglesias de Sant Tomàs de Ventajola (desaparecida en 1936), Sant Martí d'Urtx, Santa Cecilia de Bolvir, Sant Serni de Coborriu y Sant Julià de Pedra. Algunas son del siglo XIV, pero se continuaron haciendo con las mismas características de siglos anteriores.

Algunas Virgen con Niño:
 Santa Maria de Talló. Imagen románica de finales del siglo XII o principios del XIII. Se venera en la parroquia de Bellver de Cerdanya. La Virgen sentada en un trono, ampara con las manos a su hijo, sentado en medio de su regazo, sin llegarlo a tocar. Esta imagen mide 89 centímetros de altura.
 Santa María de All. Siglos XII-XIII. Sentada en un trono con columnas en forma de espiral y pomos de piña, madre e hijo llevan túnica, manto y corona, el Niño con la mano derecha bendice y con la izquierda sostiene una bola. Se conserva en el MNAC.
 Sant Pere d'Olopte. La imagen tiene a su hijo sobre la rodilla izquierda en posición frontal, se encuentra sentada en un trono con columnas terminadas con un pomo redondeado. Se conserva en el MNAC.
 Santa Maria de Bastanist. Imagen datada del año 1150 que desapareció durante el incendio de 1936. En la iglesia se encuentra una reproducción.
 Santa Coloma de Ger. Virgen de Ger, es una talla de la segunda mitad del siglo XII, que conserva su policromía original, tiene una altura de 53 cm y se guarda en el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña.

Relación de algunas Virgen con Niño, desaparecidas principalmente durante el año 1936:

 Sant Esteve de Guils
 Santa Eugènia de Saga
 Sant Tomàs de Ventajola
 Sant Climent de Talltorta
 Sant Miguel de Soriguerola
 Sant Martí d'Urtx

 Sant Julià de Pedra
 Santa Cecília de Beders
 Sant Serni de Coborriu
 Santa María de Bastanist
 Sant Martí de Soriguerola
 Puigcerdà. Madre de Dios de la Leche de la iglesia de Santa María
 Sant Serni de Meranges. Madre de Dios de la Leche.

Pintura
En la época del románico y en esta zona de la Baja Cerdaña la pintura mural se empleó en la decoración de los muros interiores de iglesias a comienzos del siglo XI y XII, gracias a la llegada de los artistas de corriente italo-bizantina. En pinturas de frontales de altar abarcan los siglos XI, XII y XIII, con representación en su parte central del Cristo en majestad o la Virgen con el Niño rodeados de compartimentos con escenas de las figuras de los apóstoles o las vidas de los santos correspondientes a la parroquia. Se caracteriza la pintura románica por la uniformidad de los rostros, por la simétrica plegadura de los paños, y el rígido hieratismo con los contornos demasiado firmes o acentuados y por la falta de perspectiva que ofrece la composición en conjunto.

Pintura mural
Las pinturas murales o al fresco se realizaban principalmente en los muros del ábside. En algunas iglesias se extendían por el resto de las paredes, con diversos temas pero casi siempre presididos por el Pantocrátor rodeado por el tetramorfo. Parte de estas obras es muy posible que por su vulnerabilidad al paso del tiempo se hayan perdido, otras han sido encontradas después de alguna restauración, tapadas detrás los retablos añadidos en épocas posteriores o bajo la cal para blanquear la iglesia.
 Sant Julià d'Estavar. Del llamado grupo del Rosellón, pertenece el de la iglesia de Estavar con la representación del Pantocrátor y algún resto de otras figuras en el interior del ábside.
 Sant Andreu de Baltarga. Pintura realizada en la segunda mitad del siglo XII, al ábside con la representación Maiestas Mariae dentro de una aureola sostenida por ángeles, debajo había escenas de la vida de Jesús, con Andrés y Pedro pescando en una barca y Jesús a la orilla del agua, la Santa cena con los apóstoles y el Nacimiento y la Crucifixión. En los arcos pre-absidiales se encontraban Abel con un cordero y Caín con frutos de la tierra. Cuando se hicieron las reformas en la cabecera de la iglesia, las pinturas sufrieron mutilaciones y se conservan solamente algunos fragmentos que se guardan en el Museo Diocesano de Urgel.
 Santa María de Mosoll. En el ábside quedan restos de pinturas murales, que han de ser posteriores al incendio de 1198, en el centro se observa el Cristo en Majestad con el apostolado, hay un fragmento de la crucifixión y partes de decoración de entrelazados y cortinajes.

Frontales de altar

Es importante la pintura sobre tabla realizada para los frontales de altar con temas del Pantocrátor y escenas historiadas sobre los evangelios o las vidas de los santos.
 Sant Miquel de Soriguerola. Pintado por el llamado maestro de Soriguerola a mediados del siglo XIII. En la parte superior izquierda hay tres escenas cada una debajo de una arcada; a la derecha se encuentra la escena de san Miguel y el demonio pesando ánimas (la psicostasis), y una visión del juicio de los bienaventurados. En la parte baja está la Santa Cena, la lucha de san Miguel con el dragón y una visión del infierno. Las medidas son 234 x 95 centímetros. Se conserva en el MNAC.

 Sant Andreu de Baltarga. En el centro tiene la representación del pantocrátor dentro de una mandorla y rodeado de los cuatro evangelistas. Hay dos cuadros más por lado que representan en el lado izquierdo la Virgen María con san Juan y debajo la crucifixión de san Andrés con un soldado. Al lado derecho se encuentra san Andrés y san Jaime y debajo el último cuadro con san Felipe y santo Tomás. Todos los personajes son identificables por la existencia de un rótulo con su nombre. Datado de finales del siglo XII o principios del XIII, tiene unas medidas de 94 x 156 cm, se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña.
 Sant Esteve de Guils. Del siglo XIII se encuentra en el Museo del Prado de Madrid, con la escena central del pantocrátor rodeado del tetramorfo; en la parte derecha de la tabla se encuentra el enterramiento de san Esteban y en la parte izquierda la lapidación del mismo santo.
 Sant Climent de Gréixer. Del siglo XIII con el tema iconográfico del pantocrátor sentado en un trono y el tetramorfo representado en el cuadrante que enmarca la mandorla, a la izquierda las figuras de san Pedro y san Pablo y a la derecha las de san Jaime y san Andrés. Se conserva en el MNAC.
 Santa Eugenia de Saga. En el Museo de Artes Decorativas de París se conserva de esta iglesia un frontal de altar del siglo XIII, atribuido al maestro de Soriguerola, relatando la vida de santa Eugenia.
 Santa María de Mosoll. Sus medidas son de 100 x 168 centímetros. Con dos registros, al superior se aprecian a Gaspar, Baltasar y Melchor, La Virgen con el Niño, san José y la Visitación. En el registro inferior, la Anunciación, san José, María presentando a Jesús, Simeón recibiendo al Niño y la Dormición de la Virgen. Se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña.
 Santa Cecilia de Bolvir. En el Museo Nacional de Arte de Cataluña, se conserva un frontal de altar del año 1200 aproximadamente, con escenas pintadas de la vida de santa Cecilia y san Valeriano.

Monasterios

En la Baja Cerdaña no proliferaron los monasterios que tanto lo hicieron en otras zonas de Cataluña, sin embargo, sí se construyó el monasterio de Santa María de Talló, a unos 600 metros al sur de Bellver de Cerdanya, que ya debería haber sido la iglesia más importante de la zona porque está nombrada en primer lugar en la Dotalia de la consagración de Santa Maria d'Urgel a finales del siglo X; como canónica ya funcionaba el año 891, pues en el acta de consagración de la iglesia de Sant Andreu de Baltarga se anuncia que estaban presentes el arcediano y seis clérigos de Santa María de Talló. Presenta en el exterior unos refuerzos en los muros laterales, realizados con unos contrafuertes semicirculares nada habituales en la arquitectura románica catalana.

Otra iglesia de gran magnitud en la zona fue la de Sant Pere d'Alp, con planta de tres naves cubiertas con bóveda de cañón y reforzada con arcos torales, su vida como monasterio fue corta, entre los siglos XII hasta finales del siglo XIII.

El monasterio de Sant Esteve y Sant Hilari d'Umfred, en Alp, fue el primer monasterio ceretano en el siglo IX. El conde Frèdol el año 815, es el que edificó la celda corrientemente llamada de Sant Esteve d'Umfred. Fueron localizadas sus ruinas, sobre la carretera de Alp a la Molina, en una especie de cabaña de pastor cubierta por una gran losa de pizarra con paredes trabajadas en opus spicatum, que también se encuentra en otras iglesias de esta zona, como la de Santa Cecilia de Bolvir, en la base del ábside de Santa Eugenia de Saga y sobre todo en la de Sant Esteve de les Pereres.

Reconstrucciones
Por las grandes agresiones que ha sido objeto la comarca, sobre todo los movimientos religiosos del catarismo desde el siglo XII y más recientemente la guerra civil española del año 1936, muchas iglesias románicas sufrieron incendios y destrucciones, además de la acción propia del paso del tiempo, por lo que una gran mayoría fueron reconstruidas o sufrieron modificaciones en sus estructuras hacia nuevos estilos arquitectónicos.

A principios del siglo XIII, se observa una gran actividad constructora. Pertenecen a esta época las iglesias de All, Estavar, Guils, Maranges, Bolvir. Otras se han edificado sobre las ruinas de las primitivas románicas, pero conservando su advocación como en la pequeña iglesia de Sant Climent de Estana, reconstruida completamente en el siglo XVI, así como también la de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Llivia. Entre los siglos XVII y XVIII se remodela el frontal de muchas de ellas substituyendo la ventana románica por un óculo, según los cánones artísticos imperantes en la época, añadiendo capillas laterales y como ya no había suficiente con las hornacinas y pequeños armarios para guardar los objetos litúrgicos, se añadieron sacristías con la entrada por el presbiterio o una capilla lateral. Se construyeron numerosos campanarios de torre con altas y puntiagudas cubiertas piramidales.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Arte románico de la Baja Cerdaña
Arte románico de la Baja Cerdaña


text:
Endo Information
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ESIG – Ask an expert
About Endometriosis New Zealand
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ESIG: Ask an expert
Home » ESIG
Endometriosis Special Interest Group (ESIG) was formed by Endometriosis New Zealand (ENZ) in 2008 to act as advisors to ENZ on specific projects. ENZ governs ESIG. ESIG advise on issues relating to endometriosis, contributes to research and voluntarily support the organisation in its endeavours. Individuals who have a special interest in endometriosis, are appointed to ESIG through nomination by the ENZ Trust Board.
ESIG group frequently answer questions about endometriosis from our members. Find the questions and answers here Ask ESIG
Deborah Bush
MNZM. QSM. Dip Tchg. LSB, CEO
Neil Johnson
Dr Fiona Connell
Michael East
Christchurch and Auckland
Simon Edmonds
Dr Guy Gudex
Phill McChesney
Auckland/Hamilton
Dr Ved Prakash (VP) Singh
Dr Lakshmi Ravikanti
Dr Keith Harrison
Jeremy Meates
Dr Digby Ngan Kee
Simon McDowell
Dr Mathias Seidel
Dr Philip Suisted
Louise Hull
Dr Wendy Burgess (Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Hāwea)
Dr Tal Jacobson
Dr Susan Evans
Dr Charles Koh
Jane Girling
Anna Fenton
Leanne Wait
Heba Shaheed
Leena St Martin
Hannah Blakely
Cate Grace
Clarice Hebblethwaite
Courtney Hibberd
Vitalis Skiauteris
Roberta Mek
Anna Ponnampalam
Fali Langdana
Dr Eileen Sables
Co-founder and Chief Executive Endometriosis New Zealand
Director EPP Coaching and Consulting (Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain)
Deborah has had a global influence on health promotion and prevention of endometriosis. Using her experience as a teacher, she developed the world's first Menstrual Health and Endometriosis (me) school education programme in 1997. A unique well-health model promoting early intervention and appropriate management, 'me' is positively and profoundly influencing current data and improving health outcomes in this demographic.
Deborah has contributed to the medical literature through published articles and books and sits on International Boards, advisory and research committees for endometriosis.
She has frequently presented as key note speaker at international academic conferences and as MC at many functions. She was described by the judges at the 2012 Woman of the Year Awards as "a pioneer, a visionary, a highly effective lay person in a specialised medical world bringing relief from disability and pain to thousands."
Deborah has established and maintains:
Endometriosis NZ, a national charitable non-government organisation
health initiatives and ground-breaking programmes for schools, workplaces, hospitals and CME
EPP Coaching and Consulting; her private practice for women and girls with endometriosis and pelvic pain which integrates into treatment centres offering multi-disciplinary expertise.
Deborah's achievements are reflected in the following awards:
Queens Service Medal (QSM), Queen Elizabeth II Birthday Honours, 2003.
Commonwealth Award for Excellence in Women's Health (Endometriosis NZ under her leadership).
Paul Newman Award, 2007.
International Outstanding Service Award, 2011 (for 100th International Women's Day).
Zonta International Woman of the Biennium Award 2011 – 2013.
Woman of the Year – Health and Science, 2012
Woman of Influence Finalist 2014
World Endometriosis Society Board
Order of Merit (MNZM) Queen Elizabeth ll Birthday Honours 2017
Gynaecologist and Fertility Specialist
MD CREI FRANZCOG FRCOG MRCGP, Auckland
Neil is a Gynaecologist and Fertility Specialist in Auckland. In private practice at 105 Remuera Road with Auckland Gynaecology Group (that includes the old Endometriosis Auckland) and Repromed Auckland and in public practice as Medical Director of Fertility Plus at Auckland District Health Board. Neil trained in both the UK and New Zealand, and has a special interest in treating women with endometriosis.
Neil's main clinical interests are endometriosis, fertility, laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgery, menstrual disorders, and colposcopy. With a national and growing international reputation for clinical research in gynaecology and fertility, his main areas of research interest currently include evidence based fertility treatments, endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and ovarian reserve.
He has developed an innovative treatment for endometriosis-related infertility, using lipiodol, a poppy seed oil. Neil is Honorary Associate Professor of Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynaecology at the University of Auckland.
He has served on the Trust Board of Endometriosis New Zealand since 2004 and on the Board of the World Endometriosis Society since 2008 and is President Elect of the World Endometriosis Society (2014-17). He is Immediate Past Chairperson of the RANZCOG Subspecialty Training programme in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, was the inaugural Chair of the Australasian multi-centre clinical research network REproduction And Clinical Trials (REACT-ANZ) and the Reproductive Medicine consensus group ACCEPT (Australasian CREI Consensus Expert Panel on Trial evidence), and is an Associate Editor of the Australasian journal ANZJOG.
http://www.repromed.co.nz/About+Us/Meet+the+team.html
Fiona is a New Zealand trained gynaecologist. She completed her fellowship at The Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne, an accredited advanced laparoscopy training centre. This means she is qualified to perfom the most difficult levels of endometriosis surgery.
Fiona's focus with patients is to understand how their symptoms and concerns affect them and to figure out what they need to be able to live their lives to the full. Her aim is to help patients find a solution that works for their lifestyle and if they need surgery, will always recommend the safest option that will give the least disruption to their life. She understands the complexity of pelvic pain and endometriosis and keeps up to date by attending international conferences and keeping in contact with endometriosis experts internationally. When a broader approach is needed and the answer is not entirely based in gynaecology, she enjoys working with other experts to give the best quality of life possible.
Post Graduate Training/Experience:
Specialist training conducted in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom, namely Newcastle, Christchurch and Liverpool.
Michael first came to New Zealand in 1980 and worked as a house surgeon in Dunedin before eventually going back to the United Kingdom to start his training in obstetrics and gynaecology at Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. Specialist training was undertaken both in the UK and back in New Zealand, starting as a registrar in Christchurch in 1983 and finally settling back in Christchurch in 1988 after completing specialist training, the final leg of which was to obtain a Masters in Obstetrics and Gynaecology through Liverpool University.
Special clinical interests:
Advanced Laparoscopic techniques for endometriosis and pelvic reconstruction and hysterectomy Vaginal mesh reconstructive surgery Development of new surgical instruments Michael, along with his colleagues at the Oxford Clinic, have been at the forefront of introducing and developing Advanced Laparoscopic techniques here in New Zealand and was one of the founding members of the Oxford Clinic in 1996. Oxford Clinic has been an excellent place to work as a laparoscopic surgeon as laparoscopic techniques have evolved over the years. The Women's Health consulting practice has also allowed the collegial support of colleagues Michael Laney, John Doig, Richard Dover, Simon Jones and Janene Brown.
Michael speaks frequently at international conferences on laparoscopic surgery and has published original articles particularly pertaining to a special tool that he has developed to aid the procedure of Laparoscopically Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH.) Michael continues to take an interest in developing new surgical tools.
Professional profile:
Former and current Member of NZ National Committee of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, former Board Member International Gynaecological Endoscopy Society, Clinical Director, Gynaecology, Christchurch Women's Hospital, Director Oxford Clinic Hospital. Previous Clinical Director of Gynaecology at Canterbury District Hospital Board. Currently Michael works both in the public and private arenas. At Christchurch Women's Hospital he works as a gynaecologist and laparoscopic surgeon.
He is also currently on the board of the Oxford Clinic Hospital and is a Director of Insitu Systems, a medical instrument manufacturing company.
Michael is married with four adult children. His wife Jane runs the family vineyard, namely Muddy Water in Waipara which was established in the then fledgling wine growing area of Waipara in 1992 and has risen to become a well respected wine producer, both in New Zealand and overseas.
Michael writes a regular wine critique column for Avenues magazine and has authored two children's books. Current memberships of professional/other bodies: Royal College Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Society of Gynaecological Endoscopy, Australian Gynaecological Endoscopy Society, New Zealand Health and Disability Clinical Advisor.
http://www.oxfordwomenshealth.co.nz/
Simon qualified from Bristol University Medical School (UK) in 1992. After completing his House Officer placements at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, he pursued a career in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, initially at Kings College Hospital, London, before accepting a Registrar rotation in the North-East of England. He moved to Christchurch in 2001 as a Senior Registrar in Gynae/Oncology, and then became New Zealand's first Fellow in Laparoscopic Gynaecology.
Over the 2 years of the Fellowship he completed over 1000 operations.
Simon specialises in laparoscopic gynaecology, particularly in the fields of endometriosis and pelvic pain. He has also developed a special interest in the management of urinary incontinence and prolapse, with recent emphasis in the newly developing field of mesh augmentation of repair surgery. He has an interest in colposcopy and has received further training in the fields of Genitourinary and Psychosexual medicine.
Simon is a Public Consultant at Christchurch Women's and Ashburton Hospitals, and has been a Private Specialist at The Oxford Clinic since 2004. He also provides private clinics and surgery in Ashburton and Invercargill.
He has published research on subjects including antenatal HIV infection and cervical screening, and is currently involved in a project looking at the quality of life experienced by women before and after surgery for endometriosis.
Simon's wife, Tonya, is a General Practitioner in the Redcliffs area of Christchurch, and they have three children; Zac, Nina and Arianne. Current memberships of professional/other bodies: Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Member of the RCOG Faculty of Family Planning Australian Gynaecological Endoscopy Society Senior Clinical Lecturer of the University of Otago Member of the New Zealand Health and Disability Ethics Committee
Simon graduated from St Thomas' Hospital Medical School in London in 1993 and then obtained both his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCSEd) in 1999 and his Membership of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, England (MRCOG) in 2002.
This dual training in surgery and gynaecology has allowed Simon to broaden his practical skills and safely perform more complex surgery laparoscopically, in particular for the treatment of severe endometriosis. He now works at Middlemore Hospital in Auckland, where he is the Training Programme Director for the 1stcentre in New Zealand to be recognized for the Australasian Gynaecological Endoscopy and Surgery Society (AGES) training Fellowship. He also sees patients at www.ascotwomensclinic.co.nz .
Simon understands the importance of training and the sharing of knowledge in his speciality, in particular he is passionate about improving surgical skills and working with a multidisciplinary team to achieve the best results for his patients. He is involved in laparoscopic training courses for trainees and teaches other consultant colleagues new techniques.
He has published in internationally recognised journals and contributed to a book chapter in a recent RCOG Reference book on Laparoscopic surgery.
Simon has also been Chair of the Patient Safety Advisory Group at Benenden Hospital in the UK, is ex clinical lead in gynaecology at Middlemore and is a Director on the board of AGES.
Dr Guy Gudex is a gynaecologist and subspecialist in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (CREI). He has worked in the area of infertility for 25 years and is currently the Medical Director of Repromed Auckland ,a provider of publicly and privately funded tertiary fertility services. Guy graduated from the University of Auckland and did his specialty training in New Zealand and the UK. For many years he convened minimal access surgery surgical workshops at National Womens Health with a focus on the treatment of endometriosis.
He works as a gynaecologist at Auckland Gynaecology Group with a special interest in minimal access surgery http://www.agg.co.nz/OurTeam.aspx
Phill is a highly skilled New Zealand born and trained obstetrician, gynaecologist and fertility subspecialist. He has a particular interest in diagnosing and treating endometriosisis, both as it relates to pelvic pain and to infertility.
In addition to specialising as an obstetrician and gynaecologist, Phill has undertaken 3 years of advanced training in fertility, reproductive endocrinology and minimally invasive surgery. Thus, making him one of the few specialists in New Zealand to complete the Certificate in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (CREI) subspecialist qualification.
Phill has extensive clinical experience in minimal access surgery, performing both laparoscopic and hysteroscopic procedures. He prides himself on thorough investigation and individualised yet evidence based management. He is down-to-earth and is renowned for his caring approach and bedside manner.
Phill consults out of Fertility Associates rooms in Auckland and Hamilton.
http://www.healthpoint.co.nz/private/obstetric-and-gynaecology/dr-phill-mcchesney-hamilton-gynaecologist/
VP is a graduate of University of Bombay and completed his medical degree at King Edward Memorial Hospital in India in 1988. He was part of the pioneering team credited with the first IVF baby in India.
VP worked at National Women's Hospital, Auckland before moving to Waikato in 1997. He completed his Fellowship of Royal Australia New Zealand College of O&G in 2000 and became a consultant at Waikato Hospital and Fertility Associates Hamilton in 2001.
He commenced his private practice at Anglesea Women's Specialists in 2004. VP has a particular interest in diagnosing and treating endometriosis, a painful and life-changing women's disorder.
VP has done pioneering work in endometriosis surgery at Waikato Hospital and his private practice.
VP and his team have treated more than 2000 women with endometriosis. His team has performed around 1000 cases of moderate to severe endometriosis surgery procedure including laparoscopic bowel resection, partial bladder resection for deep endometriotic nodules and hysterectomies.
He is a strong believer in multidisciplinary approach towards endometriosis.
VP also maintains a strong interest in fertility issues. He is the Medical Director of Fertility Associates Hamilton and has particular research interest in endometriosis related infertility.
His other interests are pelvic floor repair, teaching and training junior staff. He is a keen researcher and has published and presented a number of papers at National and International level.
www.angleseagynae.co.nz
MB BS FRANZCOG
Dr Ravikanti started work at Waikato Hospital in 1999 initially as senior house surgeon then trainee.
registrar. She was appointed as Fellow in advanced laparoscopy and pelvic floor surgery from 2006-2007.
During those years she was involved in conducting significant research work in endometriosis, pelvic floor repair and presented a paper on endometriosis surgery and fertility outcomes at World Congress on Endometriosis in Melbourne, 2008 and at RANZCOG.
She was awarded the Fellowship of Royal Australia New Zealand College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Dec 2007 and appointed as consultant in O&G at Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand.
She was awarded Young Gynaecologist Award by Asia Oceania Federation of O&G in 2009. She is enjoying working as Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Waikato Hospital in the field of endometriosis as a special interest. Dr Ravikanti is also part of Fertility Associates since 2007.
Dr Ravikanti and Mr VP Singh work together as a team in complicated cases of severe endometriosis along with colorectal and urology colleagues.
She and her team are strong believers in a multidisciplinary approach to treatment. She is a keen researcher in the area of fertility and endometriosis and has presented a number of papers at National and International level.
Her long term vision is to continue to develop services for women with endometriosis and pelvic floor issues at Waikato Hospital and help the team to create a centre offering expertise that is recognised internationally.
She feels proud to be part of a vibrant and friendly group practice specialising in endometriosis and pelvic floor disorders at Anglesea Women's Specialists in Hamilton, New Zealand.
http://www.royston.co.nz/specialists-a-services/our-specialists/royston-hospital/harrison-dr-keith.html
BHB, MB CHB, MRCOG, FRANZCOG
Dr Jeremy Meates is an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist practising in Hawkes Bay. He has a special interest in laparoscopic surgery and in particular the treatment and management of endometriosis.
He has organised several conferences on laparoscopic surgery including live surgical demonstrations and surgical skills workshops.
He graduated from Otago University in 1990 and did his post-graduate specialist training in Christchurch and in England.
In 2001 he started working at Hawkes Bay Hospital where he is an Intern Supervisor, a member of the Credentialing Committee and Surgical Management Group, and he heads the department's audit committee on Clinical Indicators.
He is a Performance Assessor for the New Zealand Medical Council. In addition to his commitments at the public hospital he also runs a private practice with consulting rooms in Napier and operates at Royston Private Hospital in Hastings.
Digby Ngan Kee FRANZCOG is a graduate of Auckland Medical School and completed specialist O&G training in New Zealand and the UK. He is currently the Clinical Director of Women's Health for Midcentral and Whanganui DHBs and is in private Gynaecology practice in Palmerston North. He is also the Representative of Fertility Associates in Palmerston North. Dr Ngan Kee's main clinical interests are advanced laparoscopic surgery, the treatment of endometriosis, and subfertility investigation and treatment. He served two terms as Vice-President for New Zealand of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and is the holder of the RANZCOG distinguished service medal.
http://www.healthpoint.co.nz/private/specialist/dr-digby-ngan-kee/
Simon attended his primary medical degree at Otago University and is a fellow of the Royal Australia and New Zealand Collge of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RANZCOG) He is a certified subspecialist in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and practices both general gynaecology and Fertility Medicine at Fertility Associates Wellington. He has also completed a Master's in Reproductive Medicine with the University of New South Wales.
Simon has a special interest in Endometriosis, and completed an AGES accredited fellowship in advanced laparoscopic surgery in Brisbane. This primariliy focused on the treatment of advanced endometriosis and complex gynaecological surgery via a minimially invasive approach. Simon is interested in the interplay between endometriosis and infertility, and preserving fertility when complex pelvic disorders are present.
Dr Mathias Seidel works in Tauranga as Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at the Public Hospital and in Private Practice. After graduating from Medical School in Munich Germany he spent his House Surgeon years at Waikato Hospital.
He returned to Germany to advance in complementary medicine and to complete his specialist training. For a number of years he worked as a hospital consultant combining both in daily practice in the field of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
He immigrated in 2002 to the Bay of Plenty. Mathias' interest in pelvic pain and endometriosis has arisen from many patient stories. Medicine and surgery in themselves and alone quite often fail to achieve the best long term outcome. In his approach to map an individual therapy plan,
Mathias includes life style factors, conservative therapeutic measures, and a mainly diagnostic surgical approach.
http://www.gracehospital.co.nz/specialities/gynaecology/
Dr Philip Suisted BPRM PGDipOMG MBChB FRANZCOG is an Obstetrician and Gynaecologist practising at Palmerston North Hospital. He has a special interest in laparoscopic surgery and works together with a senior colleague to provide care for women with endometriosis.
Graduating from Otago University in 2003, Philip completed his post-graduate specialist training in the lower North Island.
He returned to Palmerston North in 2015 where he practices general obstetrics and gynaecology, with particular focus on minimally invasive gynaecology and an interest in fertility. Philip has a role as Clinical Senior Lecturer and Intern Supervisor. His interest and background in research has lead to several publications and collaborations.
He is committed to improving care of women with endometriosis and those with complex and persisting pelvic pain.
Associate Professor M. Louise Hull is a gynaecologist and reproductive medicine specialist with a biomedical science background who has worked in Christchurch, NZ, Cambridge, UK and Adelaide, Australia. She undertook a PhD in Endometriosis at Cambridge University and now leads the Endometriosis Research Group at the Robinson Research Institute (www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/louise.hull). She advocates strongly for women with endometriosis in the media ( @MLouiseHull), at international, national and local conferences and by advancing our knowledge of endometriosis by publishing scientific papers.
Her team has more than 30 publications on endometriosis and infertility and frequently is asked o speak at international conferences. She has developed unique models of endometriosis to explore the basic biology of endometriosis. After undertaking the first series of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Cochrane reviews for endometriosis, her group continues to explore the role of microRNAs, cytokines and environmental factors as risk factors, diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for endometriosis. Assoc. Prof Hull has also undertaken clinical trials for Pharma, has participated in international consensus groups for the World Endometriosis Society and was invited to the round table to develop the Australian National Action Plan for Endometriosis. She was an Associate Editor for Human Reproduction and is an International Ambassador for the World Endometriosis Society (www.endometriosis.ca/about/ambassador/louise-hull).
Associate Professor Hull has a clinical practice, seeing adolescents and adults with endometriosis and fertility problems, at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide and in private practice at O& G, North Adelaide. She co-founded the FertilitySA IVF unit and was their scientific and new developments director from 2009-2018. She supervises honours and PhD students, medical students and fellows, chairs the AGES grant committee, co-ordinates the written exam for the RANZCOG reproductive medicine subspecialty exams (CREI) and sits on the board of 3 companies. Louise is now spending time at Genea Oxford Fertility as part of the Christchurch team.
BHB, MBChB, DipObsGyn, Cert.Pain
Dr Wendy Burgess is an Obstetrician & Gynaecologist at Waitemata DHB and a Senior Clinical Lecturer at the University of Auckland. She graduated from Auckland Medical School and completed a Certificate in Pain Assessment and Management from the University of Otago. She works in the Pelvic Pain clinic at Waitemata DHB.
Other interests include Medical Education and Research. She is a member of the Maternal Sleep Working Group at the Auckland University.
Dr Tal Jacobson MA MBBS MRCOG FRANZCOG, is a Staff Specialist in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Mater Mother's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. Tal specialises in the management of endometriosis, pelvic pain, fibroids, infertility and menstrual disorders. He is an examiner for the RANZCOG membership.
He was a Senior Lecturer and Consultant at the University of Auckland, New Zealand from 2004 to 2010. He trained in the UK at Cambridge, Oxford and London, completing a Fellowship in minimal access (keyhole) gynaecological surgery at St Bartholomew's and the Royal London Hospitals.
His original research on endometriosis, pelvic pain, infertility, and techniques of safe laparoscopic surgery has been published in peer reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. He has been awarded several prizes and awards for his minimal access surgery research.
http://qfg.com.au/fertility-specialists/fertility-doctors/dr-tal-jacobson
Dr Susan Evans is a gynaecologist and laparoscopic surgeon from Adelaide, Australia, who specialises in the management of endometriosis and pelvic pain. She is a Fellow of the Faculty of Pain Medicine, and co-author of the book 'Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain'.
Dr Evans is part of the multidisciplinary pelvic pain clinic 'Pelvic Pain SA' (www.pelvicpainsa.com.au).In her practice, she uses a multidisciplinary approach to the management of chronic pelvic pain, with excisional laparoscopic surgery, medications, counselling, specialist physiotherapy, diet, lifestyle change, and encouraging women to become involved in their own care.
Dr Evans is actively involved in the education of women, medical students, doctors and gynaecologists and a contributor to a wide range of literature from medical textbooks to women's magazines. Her website is at www.drsusanevans.com.au
Dr Koh, M.D. graduated from the University of Singapore and trained in the University of London, where he obtained his specialty degree in obstetrics and gynaecology.
He went to Milwaukee in 1977 as an Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Medical College of Wisconsin, and is currently the Co-Director of the Milwaukee Institute for Minimally Invasive Surgery and Reproductive Specialty Centre. In addition to the practice of infertility and in vitro fertilization, Dr Koh is a pioneer in advanced laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis, and has lectured extensively on this internationally.
He also pioneered a special technique and equipment for laparoscopic hysterectomy called the "Koh System for Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy" and invented instruments for laparoscopic microsurgery.
Dr Koh and his associate, Dr Grace Janik, were the first doctors in the world to perform laparoscopic microsurgical tubal anastomosis in 1992.
Dr Koh recently completed a term as President of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, and currently serves as a National Advisor for the American Association of Gynaecologic Laparoscopists.
He is also a specialty reviewer for various industry journals. In 2009, Dr Koh received the Distinguished Surgeon Award in recognition of his many contributions to the field of reproductive surgery.
http://www.columbia-stmarys.org/Dr_Koh
Associate Professor Alan Lam is one of Australias best known gynaecologists for his expertise in endoscopic treatment of endometriosis and pelvic floor prolapse.
He is an internationally recognised expert and teacher who has been invited to lecture and demonstrate surgery at numerous international and national scientific conferences and workshops iin Australia, New Zealand, Europe, North America, and Asia over the 15 years.
A/Professor Lam holds an academic appointment as Clinical Associate Professor at the Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney where he lectures and teaches medical students on endometriosis and pelvic pain.
A/Professor Lam is a Visiting Medical Officer to Royal North Shore Hospital, North Shore Private, The Mater and St. George Private Hospitals.
He has been directing the internationally renowned CARE Master Classes in Minimally Invasive Pelvic Surgery since 2000. This program is based at the Northern Clinical School Clinical Skills & Simulation Centre, North Shore Private and the Mater Hospitals. It has attracted hundreds of participants from around Australia, New Zealand, Asia Pacific, Middle East, Europe, North America and is accredited by RANZCOG.
A/Professor Lam currently serves on the Board of the World Endometriosis Society (WES) and the International Society Gynecological Endoscopy (ISGE). He served as President of the Australasian Gynaecological Endoscopy and Surgical Society (AGES) between 2007-2011.
BSc(Hons), PhD
Jane is a researcher working in the Department of Anatomy at the University of Otago. She joined the Department after nearly 20 years working in Australia, most recently as a Senior Research Fellow in the Gynaecology Research Centre at the University of Melbourne and Royal Women's Hospital. Her research interests are in uterine biology and women's health, with a particular focus on common gynaecological problems including endometriosis and menstrual and pelvic pain. Jane also has an interest in the impact of menstrual pain and heavy bleeding on girls and their families, and how we can better assist girls and young women to live a full and happy life.
Anna Fenton BHB, MBChB, CCD, PhD, FRACP is a Gynaecological Endocrinologist who completed a PhD in bone cell biology at the University of Melbourne. She was involved in establishing the New Zealand branch of the Australasian Menopause Society and has served on the board of Osteoporosis New Zealand. Anna is currently the clinical leader for the Canterbury District Health Board Bone Density Service. She is actively involved in both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching. She has special interests in the management of premature ovarian insufficiency and the treatment of women after gynaecological cancer. She was co-editor-in-chief of Climacteric, the journal of the International Menopause Society until 2017 and is a Past President of the Australasian Menopause Society. She serves on the PTAC Endocrine sub-committee.
Dip PT, PGDip MT
Company Director Inside Out Physiotherapy
Leanne is a physiotherapist with over 2 decades experience – supporting, educating and empowering clients. Over this time, she has developed a specialty area in pelvic health.
Leanne is passionate and dedicated to health promotion and facilitating best possible outcomes based on a team approach. Her specific areas of interest include pelvic pain encompassing bladder and bowel pain/dysfunction along with painful intercourse (dyspareunia and vaginimus), perineal pain (vulvodynia, pudendal neuralgia) and endometriosis. Physiotherapy has in the past been overlooked in the management and treatment of Endometriosis. Pelvic floor muscle spasm does not usually go away after surgery without treatment and can be part of reoccurring symptoms.
This can be treated successfully by Pelvic Health Physiotherapists using many treatments that may include massage and trigger point therapy, muscle relaxation and down training techniques, exercise and activity modification and dilators/trainers.
Leanne appreciates being a part of people's wellness journeys, and shares their struggles, challenges and triumphs. She feels honoured to help change her client's life for the better and believes in the power of knowledge, open discussion, an individual approach and self-belief. She also believes in striving for better information and treatment options across all cultures and socioeconomic groups.
After completing her Diploma of Physiotherapy, Leanne completed a post graduate diploma in manipulative therapy and has worked in the public and private health system. She now runs her own business, Inside Out Physiotherapy, in Hawkes Bay focusing mostly on the treatment of pelvic health clients.
Click here to download letter from Leanne
Heba Shaheed is a women's health coach and physiotherapist, with a special interest in endometriosis. She is a firm believer in an integrative and multidisciplinary approach to the management of endometriosis.
Diagnosed with endometriosis herself, Heba is an advocate for independence, education and empowerment despite the diagnosis. Through her online platform – www.thepelvicexpert.com – Heba offers educational webinars and blogs on endometriosis and pelvic pain, as well as other women's health and pelvic health concerns. She also offers online programs for endometriosis and pelvic pain, 1-1 telehealth consulting and group coaching programs.
In clinical practice, for women with endometriosis, Heba combines women's health physiotherapy techniques, including pelvic floor assessment and release, with musculoskeletal physiotherapy techniques to address myofascial imbalances through a "whole body approach" as well as pain neurophysiology education, holistic nutrition and wellness coaching, exercise rehabilitation combining yoga therapy and clinical pilates, all with a mix of compassion and empathy.
Heba works closely with some of Australia's leading gynecologists, advanced laparoscopic surgeons and specialist pain medicine physicians to ensure the best outcomes for the women who entrust her with their care.
Master of Arts (First Class Honours), University of Auckland
Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Psychology, University of Auckland
Leena St Martin is a Clinical Psychologist and also the Professional Leader for Psychologists working in physical health settings at Auckland District Health Board (currently 35 psychologists).
She completed her academic degrees at the University of Auckland in 1996. After six years working in community mental health, Leena was drawn to women's health and has been with Gynaecology Outpatients, ADHB since 2001 as well as spending three years at Fertility Associates Auckland. She has also been in private practice since 2001. This vast experience means she routinely assists with pelvic pain, endometriosis, genital pain syndromes, gynaecological cancer, fertility difficulties, relationships, including grief and adjustment to change, self-esteem and identity development, as well as employment-related stress. Leena enjoys opportunities to share this knowledge with wide audiences and via publishing academic papers about her work.
Leena often uses a cognitive-behavioural approach (CBT) within a biopsychosocial framework. The one hour appointment takes the form of a collaborative discussion and is guided by your stated goals. She is accustomed to working closely with other members of the treatment team.
Member of NZ College of Clinical Psychologists (www.nzccp.co.nz)
Registered with NZ Psychologists Board in the clinical scope of practice (www.psychologistsboard.org.nz)
Her work is guided by the NZ Psychological Society's Code of Ethics (www.psychology.org.nz)
Council Member of NZ Pain Society
Member of Psychosocial Oncology NZ
BA (Hons), MSc, PGDipClinPsych
Hannah is a clinical psychologist with extensive experience in all aspects of the psychology of women's health and related fields. She works alongside women and their families who live with endometriosis or similar symptoms including management of; chronic pain, endometriosis treatment associated outcomes, fertility planning, pregnancy and postnatal care, sexual disorders, sexuality issues and the general management of coping with chronic medical treatments.
Hannah works with girls and women who have persistent pelvic pain using psychological strategies and skills from treatment modalities mentioned below to better cope with their daily functioning. Her approach is centred on both the overall well-being of the individual as well as the impact on couples and wider the family system.
Most often utilising the treatment modality, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, or Metacognitive Therapy focusing (incorporating the interactions of thoughts, feelings, behaviour and their processes) as primary treatment modalities. She works well as part of team alongside Obstetric and Gynaecologist Specialists, Nurses, Midwives and General Practitioners.
Specifically, Hannah's background clinical training encompasses all aspects of general mental health and health anxiety, Anxiety disorders, Depression, Post-natal Depression, Adjustment, Loss and Grief, Pain, and Sexuality as well as supporting individuals and couples regarding issues associated with fertility, and child and family dynamics. Patients referred need not be seeing any other medical professional at Oxford Women's Health. Please contact Alison Bush at Oxford Women's Health. Ph: 03 379 0555 for booking details and or contact Hannah directly by Email: hvcblakely@gmail.com
Cate is a NZ Registered Exercise Professional (REPS) and member of the International Confederation of Register for Exercise Professionals) (ICREPs). She brings over a decade of experience in delivering exercise and wellness programs to clients with a range of health conditions. Many of the health conditions she works with are externally invisible which means her clients may not have fitted into conventional exercise models.
As founder and Managing Director of Grace Training NZ, her and her team encourage clients to access their own multi discipline team for the best outcomes. Grace Training NZ is dedicated to listening to clients' health and wellness needs. They support a person centred model, promoting care collaboration and self-management to create solutions that work for individual circumstances.
Cate's career model is part business, part humanitarian, striving for accessible and quality information, services and treatment options. She knows first-hand the challenges facing those with health conditions. She positively manages her own conditions (including Endometriosis and Arthritis) and day-to-day chronic pain with crutches, regular treatment, daily movement, and support from her own multi-disciplinary health team. She combines the wisdom of her experiences with the latest research and believes in encouraging people to care for themselves, appreciate their abilities, treasure their own tribes and enjoy exercise to discover and share their own good news!
Cate is also passionate about advocating for accessibility and inclusion for those navigating the fitness or health sectors. She strives to inspire and empower others to ensure New Zealand achieve greater health and optimal wellbeing.
Her work is reflected in the following accolades received here and abroad
The Register of Exercise Professionals (REPs) Award 2016 for contribution to professionalism and standards in the exercise industry
Arthritis New Zealand PremierAward 2016 for inspiration and role model to others living with health conditions.
Westpac NZ Woman of Influence Finalist 2014
Zonta International Woman in Business Award 2013.
Life Fitness Global Personal Trainer to Watch Finalist 2013
BSc Hons Nutrition Dietetics. NZRD.
Clarice is a UK and NZ Registered Dietitian with 10 years experience as chef and over 20 years as Nutritionist and Dietitian. She is widely regarded as a leading dietitian in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome, identifying and treating food intolerance and supporting nutritional needs for gastrointestinal surgery. Founder of NZ Dietitians Gastroenterology Interest group, Clarice worked for many years in Christchurch hospital and both The Oxford Clinic and then at Forte Health with Oxford Womens Health. She has grown the successful team of Dietary Specialists in Christchurch since 2007 and this is where she now consults. www.dietaryspecialists.co.nz
Clarice is a regular speaker to groups including dietitians, doctors, nurses and health support groups. Clarice has also written several articles for Healthy Food Guide Magazine and has her blog sharing recipes, nutrition and lifestyle tips www.allnourishing.com.
Clarice truly has a passion for guiding people to achieve greater health and optimal wellbeing. Combining the wisdom of her experiences (which include working at Gwinganna health retreat) with the latest research, Clarice believes in helping the person achieve their goals with practical and tasty food ideas that suit their own lifestyle.
BSc, PGDipDiet, Cert. Paed Nutr
Courtney is a NZ registered dietitian with over 10 years' clinic experience specialising in paediatrics and gastroenterology.
She currently works in private practice with her company Nutrition Toolbox Ltd providing dietetic services to the MacMurray Gastroenterology Centre in Auckland (www.macmurray.co.nz).
She has a particular interest in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), FODMAPs, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), women's health and wellbeing and nutrition through the stages from neonates until adulthood.
She is a regular speaker at GP CME evenings, University short course qualifications for doctors and specialists and is involved in numerous special interest groups including the Dietitians NZ gastroenterology group, paediatric group, Auckland regional allergy group and currently serves on the Massey University Dietetic curriculum committee.
She is passionate about improving the health and wellbeing of her clients and ensures good nutritional status whilst helping clients navigate the rocky road of food intolerances.
Together with her clients, Courtney is able to help create a healthy relationship with food and good symptom control.
Courtney has worked for a number of years at Middlemore Hospital as a neonatal and paediatric dietitian. She now devotes her time to providing a wider variety of services at MacMurray Gastroenterology Centre, and being available as a specialist FODMAP speaker at conferences.
BM Ac., NDA, AD Ac., MNZASA reg Acupuncturist
Dr Vitalis has extensive experience in treating reproductive disorders and pain with acupuncture. He is one of a very few European acupuncturists who mastered Chinese language to access the depth of knowledge in acupuncture. He then completed his training in Chinese at Beijing University of Chinese Medicine. Over the years Dr Vitalis has established himself as a recgonised expert in reproductive acupuncture in New Zealand.
Vitalis is a strong supporter of multidisciplinary integrative approach to treatment, especially in complex conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic pain and infertility. He was the first acupuncturist in New Zealand to offer acupuncture to IVF patients at their IVF clinics.
Vitalis is trained in both Western and Chinese Medicine, which allows him for better understanding of your condition and integrative approach. He is registered as an acupuncturist in New Zealand.
Dr Vitalis keeps up to date with the latest reproductive acupuncture and pain research, he has presented as a speaker to educational acupuncturists conferences on the subject of reproductive acupuncture.
Vitalis is a proud father of two. Helping his patients aside, spending quality time with his children is one of his very favourite things.
Vitalis consults from his rooms on Auckland's North Shore, and regularly sees patients at IVF clinics including Repromed, Fertility Associates and Fertility Plus for acupuncture in conjunction with IVF embryo transfer.
Should you be interested to learn how acupuncture can help in your situation, you can get in touch with Vitalis via his website Dr Vitalis Acupuncture Auckland
MTCM, FABORM, MNFNZ
Roberta is a highly skilled reproductive acupuncturist. She qualified with Master's degree (reproductive acupuncture) in HangZhou, Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine. Roberta is the only acupuncturist in New Zealand certified by American Board of Oriental Reproductive Medicine (www.aborm.org), an elite group of practitioners with advanced training and knowledge in reproductive medicine, fertility acupuncture and gynecology.
The drive for empowering women through knowledge led Roberta to become Fertility Educator with Natural Fertility New Zealand. She teaches fertility awareness, pain and stress management during evidence bases fertility workshops since 2015.
Roberta is interested in application of acupuncture in pelvic pain, managing endometriosis symptoms and improving/preserving fertility. Her passion is being the catalyst in positive change for her patients. Her caring personality and warm manner are frequently complimented by her patients.
Roberta consults from Dr Vitalis Acupuncture in Auckland since 2010.
B.Tech, PhD
Anna is a reproductive biologist in the Liggins Institute and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Auckland. She has expertise in epigenetics and endometrial physiology and pathology. Her research interest are endometrial biology, endometriosis, and female infertility and pregnancy complications. Anna is also passionate about public understanding of science, gender equality and making a positive difference in the community.
http://www.wakefield.co.nz/specialists-and-services/our-specialists/specialist-directory/l/langdana,-fali
http://www.wakefield.co.nz/specialists-and-services/our-specialists/specialist-directory/t/tait,-john
http://www.pakurangamedical.co.nz/meet-the-team/doctors/
Strength through support - mā te tautoko, ka whai kaha, ka ora
© Endometriosis New Zealand Ltd. 2020 — Website Designed & Developed by Pinnacle&Co. Ltd.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home What's On 2019
Edwyn Collins announces Ironworks Gig.
Toby Stainton
26 April , 2019
Edwyn Collins to play The Ironworks, Inverness on Monday 2nd September 2019.
Edwyn Collins has announced details of the release of his 9th solo album, Badbea, which is released on his own label, AED, on Friday 29th March 2019. Having released his last album, Understated in March 2013, Badbea is his first release since moving both home and studio to Helmsdale on the North East coast of Scotland in 2014.
Building a new studio from scratch, the impressive Clashnarrow Studios which sits on the hills overlooking Helmsdale, Collins completed work on Badbea with co-producer Sean Read (Dexys, The Rockingbirds) and long-term musical cohorts Carwyn Ellis (Colorama) and James Walbourne (The Pretenders / The Rails).
The track listing of Badbea is as follows:
1. It's All About You
2. In The Morning
3. I Guess We Were Young
4. It All Makes Sense To Me
5. Outside
6. Glasgow To London
7. Tensions Rising
8. Beauty
9. I Want You
10. I'm OK Jack
11. Sparks The Spark
12. Badbea
Additionally, Edwyn has shared Outside, the first track to be taken from the album. In part inspired by his return to the village where his grandfather lived, and somewhere Edwyn spent time over the years, the album title itself, and title track, are taken from and inspired by Badbea (pronounced badbay), a dramatically located abandoned village on a cliff top five miles north of Helmsdale with a history defined by the Highland Clearances of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Elsewhere on the album there are poignant moments of reflection, northern soul 'stompers' in the classic Edwyn Collins tradition, tracks remembering past times with Orange Juice and lyrics inspired by the discovery of over 30 old pre-illness lyric books unearthed while 'de- cluttering' before the move back to Scotland. His fourth long-player completed since 2005 when he suffered two strokes (it follows Home Again 2007, Losing Sleep 2010 Understated 2013), Badbea is an eloquent and contemplative document of his remarkable and on-going rehabilitation. "It's all about looking forward, I guess," Edwyn reflects. "I'm happy. Content with life."
The last few years have also seen Edwyn score a couple of films – the much acclaimed 'biographical' The Possibilities Are Endless in 2014 with Carwyn Ellis and Seb Lewsley and the forthcoming Sometimes. Always. Never with Sean Read which stars Bill Nighy and Sam Riley and is the directorial debut of Carl Hunter, who makes and teaches film in Liverpool and is a long-standing member of The Farm. He has also been kept busy with various projects at Clashnarrow Studios, recent visitors have included Teenage Fanclub, Hooton Tennis Club, Tracyanne and Danny, Meggie Brown (produced by Alex Kapranos), Shopping and David Gray and in conjunction with guitar pedal company Colorsound, Edwyn has helped develop a fuzz pedal called 'The Bum Fuzz'.
Tickets are on sale now and available from the Ironworks box office or online.
Edwyn brings country charm
Previous articleLional Announce New Single
Next articleMurray of Twin Heart – Interview
I've always loved music and spent my late teens and early twenties playing guitar in various bands on Lewis and Aberdeen. Other than playing in some truly terrifying pubs in Aberdeen not much came of it and life became focused on family and having a 'proper' job. Inverness Gigs is an outlet for me to quell my inner frustrated musician and the caliber of local acts has even inspired me to take my own music more seriously again. Who knows, one day I might venture back on stage under the fierce scrutiny of an Inverness Gigs reviewer! You can contact Toby direct at Toby@Igi.gs
LIVE REVIEW – Tumbling Souls, Hootenanny, 28/4/2019
Murray of Twin Heart – Interview
The Citrus Scene – Who are you? 31
Tenement TV Tour for Inverness gig
Danny Mortimer – Who are you? #30
Moteh Parrot & Friends and Nicky Murray hit the road


text:
import { Gutters } from '../../src/utils/gutters';
import { Gutters as DefaultGutter } from '../../src/components/gutters';

describe('Gutters (margin and padding with breakpoints)', () => {
  it('Converts a gutter named breakpoint to value and a wrapped media-query value', () => {
    expect(Gutters(DefaultGutter)).toEqual([
      ['margin-right: 0.625rem;margin-left: 0.625rem;'],
      [
        '@media ',
        'only screen and (min-width: 40em)',
        ' { ',
        'margin-right: 0.9375rem;margin-left: 0.9375rem;',
        ' }',
      ],
    ]);
  });

  it('Converts a gutter named breakpoint to value and a wrapped media-query value with changed gutter type', () => {
    expect(Gutters(DefaultGutter, 'padding')).toEqual([
      ['padding-right: 0.625rem;padding-left: 0.625rem;'],
      [
        '@media ',
        'only screen and (min-width: 40em)',
        ' { ',
        'padding-right: 0.9375rem;padding-left: 0.9375rem;',
        ' }',
      ],
    ]);
  });
});

describe('Gutters (margin and padding with number)', () => {
  it('Converts a gutter number to margin styles', () => {
    expect(Gutters(20)).toEqual(['margin-right: 0.625rem;margin-left: 0.625rem;']);
  });
  it('Converts a gutter number to padding styles', () => {
    expect(Gutters(0, 'padding')).toEqual(['padding-right: 0;padding-left: 0;']);
  });
});

describe('Gutters with negative option', () => {
  it('Converts a gutter number to negative margin styles', () => {
    expect(Gutters(20, 'margin', ['right', 'left'], true)).toEqual([
      'margin-right: -0.625rem;margin-left: -0.625rem;',
    ]);

    expect(Gutters(20, 'padding', ['right', 'left'], true)).toEqual([
      'margin-right: -0.625rem;margin-left: -0.625rem;',
    ]);

    expect(Gutters(-20, 'padding', ['left'], true)).toEqual(['margin-left: -0.625rem;']);
  });
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Hello, and welcome to my week-by-week review of the world. Today I am reviewing Little Orphan Annie.
There are a lot of orphans in the world but the most famous is Little Orphan Annie. She was first a cartoon, and later became a play and movie. Annie proved to be so popular that many other cartoon orphans followed, such as Batman and Superman. I asked a real orphan also named Annie what she thought of Little Orphan Annie. Real-life Annie said it was an unrealistic depiction of orphan life and asked me if I would adopt her.
It's unfortunate that cartoon orphans take the spotlight off of real orphans like Annie. It makes real orphans feel insecure about their singing abilities, and it creates false expectations for prospective parents when faced with the harsh reality of what real orphans are like. I learned that the hard way.
In the original Orphan Annie strip, she is adopted by a man who — judging by his attire — I presume to be a butler. Why a butler would choose to take on the responsibility of a child when he already has so many other responsibilities is beyond me.
For the most part, Annie is an okay kid but I generally find her boring. I much prefer the spunkiness of Punky Brewster. If Punky is an orange soda, Annie is a glass of water with sand in it. Nothing against sandy water. Without sandy water we would never have mud or any of the enjoyable mud-related things. What I'm saying is, Little Orphan Annie is like mud to me.
I feel comfortable saying this because she's not a real girl. If she should ever somehow come to life, I will have to delete this review. If orphans can read, I would feel awful if she read it. I suppose that's one of the best things about her — she isn't real, so I'm free to say whatever I want to about her.
Probably the weirdest thing about Annie is that she never changed her clothes. She always wore the same red dress. Some may see it as a bold fashion statement, or a lack of creativity on the part of her creator Harold Gray. I see it as a symbol of her steadfast inability to change. With a butler for a dad she could have had any dress she wanted because he could have sewn one. Traditionally, butlers can sew.
No one knows whatever happened to Little Orphan Annie. Did she go back to the orphanage like some orphans do when things don't work out? Did she grow up and adopt some orphans of her own? If so, did she force them to all wear matching red dresses in some bizarre attempt to recreate her own childhood?
Maybe she hired a private investigator to find her parents and ask them what the heck. That was my advice to real-life Annie.
BEST FEATURE: Not having any parents makes her origin story a mystery!
WORST FEATURE: Her hair. Have you seen it? It looks her brains were squeezed through the pores of her head like Play-Doh.
Please join me next week when I'll be reviewing an envelope full of cash.


Christine joined the firm as a legal assistant in January 2016. She has over 20 years of experience working in the legal field. Her professional career as a legal assistant includes working for both large and small law firms, including Barker, Rosholt & Simpson, LLP, and Hawley Troxell Ennis & Hawley, LLP.
Christine was born, raised, and educated in Boise, Idaho. She is the proud mother of three adult children and enjoys time with her family. Her other interests include working out, live music, reading a good book or catching the latest movie.


text:
<?php
namespace SeleniumSetupWebDriver\TestCase;

use Facebook\WebDriver\Remote\RemoteWebDriver;
use SeleniumSetupWebDriver\WebDriver\WebDriverFactory;

class BrowserTestCase extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    /** @var RemoteWebDriver */
    protected $webDriver;

    // Default setup.
    // Override this when needed.
    public function setUp()
    {
        $this->webDriver = WebDriverFactory::createFromEnv();
    }

    // Comment or override this to stop the
    // browser from closing.
    public function tearDown()
    {
        if ($this->webDriver instanceof RemoteWebDriver) {
            $this->webDriver->quit();
        }
    }

}


Animal attacks, Ohtani card, and more!
Mets Falling Apart, Jacob deGrom Included | Ichiro Suzuki and Jason Witten Retire, are They First Ballot Hall of Famers?
Fantasy Baseball | Brandon Nimmo Amazing, Ohtani DL Issue, Jose Martinez the Next Justin Upton and a Prospect to Grab Now!


Kyle Caldwell reviews some of the most monumental shifts taking place and outlines how investors can profit.
Identifying tomorrow's winning investments is ultimately what all fund managers are paid to do for a living. However, the statistics show that many active fund managers fail to add value over the long term, when measured against a backward-looking index that reflects companies' past success rather than future potential by listing them in order of size.
Most fund managers will claim not to look in the rear-view mirror and describe themselves as being index-agnostic. A sceptic, though, might find this hard to believe when the performance of these managers and their peers is judged in comparison with the relevant index. Simply put, if a UK fund manager benchmarked against the FTSE 100 index completely avoids the five biggest names in the index, which together account for 28 per cent of the total index, the fund's performance relative to the index will be heavily influenced by the performance of the five giant stocks they do not own.
Therefore, even though many fund managers do look forward and aim to profit from certain trends, the reality is that most of them retain exposure to a selection of the constituents of their benchmark index.
Nonetheless, in many cases a portion of their portfolio will be allocated to companies they think are likely to influence the investment landscape over time. Such firms can be found after identifying the so-called super-trends that are reshaping the world. Here we look at some of the best ideas being followed by leading fund managers.
Huge advances in technology over the past two decades have transformed the way businesses operate and consumers buy goods. There have been numerous influential innovations, with the internet being the biggest game-changer, and over the next decade, it's likely that the speed of technological change will increase.
Tech-savvy businesses have been reaping the rewards, which is why it is no surprise to see that Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft and Amazon are the four biggest companies in the world by market capitalisation. Investors who spotted at an early stage that these businesses would become dominant players will have made a mint. But the quandary facing those sizing up these businesses today is whether the valuations attached to the shares will prove sustainable in the long run. Some investors, including Alasdair McKinnon, manager of The Scottish Investment Trust, are steering clear of big technology names on these grounds.
-Is it time for investors to log out of Facebook?
Other investors, however, including James Anderson, manager of Scottish Mortgage investment trust, argue that the competitive advantages of tech-heavy businesses are worth paying more for. Among the stocks backed by Scottish Mortgage at an early stage that have achieved great success are two of China's biggest tech names, Alibaba and Tencent, which have established both dominance and scale in their respective fields. 'The basic underpinnings of the technological revolution are getting stronger rather than weaker,' says Anderson.
The trouble with a hot trend such as technology is that the 'stock market tends to get carried away', notes James Henderson, manager of Lowland investment trust. Indeed, several technology companies that have never turned a profit are on pricey valuations, including Tesla, Spotify and Snapchat. According to Henderson, the key to playing any super-trend is to look under the bonnet and invest in the sub-sectors that look set to dominate in coming years.
In the technology space, the rise of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) stands out. Sundar Pichai, chief executive officer at Google, recently stated that AI would have a greater impact on the world than the exploitation of fire or electricity. Indeed, advances in AI and robotics are powering what many believe to be the fourth industrial revolution.
Henderson owns Blue Prism, an Aim-listed stock that has seen its share price rocket from £1.11 to £13.22 (as at 6 April 2018), since its stock market listing in April 2016. The firm provides 'software robots' that automate back-office clerical tasks. 'Robotics and AI are viable trends that are real and will change the way many industries operate over time,' says Henderson.
Walter Price, manager of the Allianz Technology Trust, expects AI to becoming an even more significant trend over the next decade. He says there are various ways to profit. 'From consumer goods such as the Amazon Echo to autonomous driving, practical applications of AI are emerging. We expect AI to increasingly be used to make our lives more convenient.' AI is already disrupting a number of other sectors that investors can profit from, adds Price, such as healthcare and financial services.
Another tech sub-sector that many tech-minded investors are focusing on is the so-called 'internet of things', a world in which everyday objects contain technology that connects them online. Mark Sherlock, head of US equities at Hermes, owns the US-listed stock Silicon Labs, a semiconductor company that makes products that enable wireless activity for thermostats and security cameras. 'Super-trends are long-term in nature, but the danger is that any theme could end up being a shortterm fad. The internet of things concept will only become more prominent over time,' says Sherlock.
Cyber security is another sub-sector that looks set to grow over the next decade as businesses are driven to spend more and more money on protecting their data from increasingly innovative hackers. Looking further into the future, quantum computing is an area to watch, according to Mike Fox, manager of the Royal London Sustainable Leaders Trust.
There are various problems, not least the lack of charging points here in the UK. In addition, charging times, ranging from 30 minutes to a couple of hours, will surely need to fall for electric cars to become credible replacements for petrol and diesel vehicles.
However, Jon Forster, co-manager of Impax Environmental Markets investment trust, argues that growth in the electric vehicle market will accelerate in coming decades. 'The combination of swiftly improving technology, initiatives from developing economies, public health concerns pressuring governments to tighten air quality regulations and changes in consumer preferences is driving significant growth in the electric vehicle market. The investment opportunity is global in scope and decades long in outlook,' says Forster.
Investors looking to take advantage of this trend should steer clear of the big car businesses such as Tesla, according to Fox, as valuations have gone through the roof. Tesla, co-founded by Elon Musk, who earlier this year launched a car towards Mars, is another tech firm that has never turned a profit.
'The way I see it, the situation is comparable to the [California] gold rush: we don't want to be buying miners; we prefer to look for the providers of the picks and shovels,' says Fox. He owns Germany-listed Infineon, which provides semiconductor solutions for electric vehicles. He also owns France-listed Valeo, which makes products ranging from sensors to engine parts.
Another investor who has taken a different direction to play the battery revolution is Stephen Bailey, who manages the Liontrust Macro Equity Income fund. He is targeting electric vehicle battery commodities such as lithium, cobalt, nickel and copper.
He says: 'We believe this is best achieved via the diversified miners. We view these stocks as a disruption-proof way of investing in the electric vehicle trend without having to predict which automotive manufacturer or battery technology will become the market leader.' Bailey owns Glencore, Rio Tinto and Anglo Pacific within the theme.
Other more established trends relate to infrastructure and water. In short, there's a great need for infrastructure spending in both developed and emerging market economies, to improve health and transport systems. The same is true with water infrastructure, in the face of ever-increasing demand for effective water management schemes.
Further super-trends will doubtless emerge in coming decades, as technological innovation continues to evolve to meet the increasingly sophisticated needs of the world's growing population.


Please realize that the most expensive is not necessarily the best nor is the least expensive necessarily the worst. There are many things to take into consideration when choosing a method as you can tell from reading this site. Here is the short list of things to consider. The premade swabs are much cleaner than the wrap your own variety and one even has a guarantee. The dry method is by far the cheapest but is only effective around 90% of the time and should only be used in-between wet methods. Please read the rest of the site for detailed information.
We do not encourgae the wrap your own method as there is a much higher potential for unwanted results or damage with this method. Most all of the sensors that we have come across that have had physical damage, were caused when using the wrap your own method.


PolarQuest's Sea Endurance and its crew know a thing or two about the Arctic. The ship sails expeditions to Svalbard every spring and summer. This rugged expedition vessel was built in 1992 and spent the first part of its life as M/S Quest, ferrying passengers up and down Greenland's west coast. The ship was completely refurbished in 2004 and 2005, and now Sea Endurance caters to just 53 passengers per voyage.
The ship offers three Svalbard itineraries: seven-night Springtime in Svalbard, seven-night Svalbard Adventure and 10-night Expedition Svalbard. Each voyage is full of vistas of snow-covered mountains, fjords and sparkling icebergs. A fleet of Zodiacs takes passengers on shore excursions in search of polar bears, Arctic foxes, Svalbard reindeer, fur seals and walruses. Cruisers might also spy seabirds and whales. Some itineraries include a pre-cruise overnight in a Longyearbyen hotel. Sea Endurance also occasionally offers Greenland voyages.
One unique feature of Sea Endurance is its open bridge policy, where you can meet the ship's captain and executive officers and ask them questions about the challenges of sailing the Arctic.
All of Sea Endurance's cabins have windows and private bathrooms with showers. Complimentary bath amenities include hand soap, shower gel and shampoo. Bathrobes are provided for use onboard, and there's a hair dryer in each room. Electrical outlets are 220v, and there are no USB outlets in the staterooms. You also won't find a TV in your cabin unless you book the Owner's Cabin or a Superior Cabin. Those categories do have a TV and DVD player. Just be aware that there's no reception in Svalbard, so you'll be watching DVDs, which are available to borrow from the lounge.
You'll be traveling far afield aboard Sea Endurance, so be aware that the ship doesn't have internet access (i.e., no web surfing). However, for a fee, you can send and receive email through your onboard account. You can't transmit or receive attachments, but at least you can send a message if you're in a pinch.
The Owner's Cabin comes with some additional perks like bathrobes and slippers for both passengers, two wine glasses and two water glasses, a fruit basket that's maintained daily, and free laundry service. At the beginning of the voyage, Owner's Cabin occupants also receive a complimentary bottle of white sparkling wine or Champagne and a minibar stocked with two bottles of water, two cans of beer, two cans of mineral water, two cans of soda and chocolate.
PolarQuest offers a cabin matching program so single travelers can book a shared cabin. Women are matched with women, and men are matched with men. Otherwise, solo travelers can book a twin cabin for single use and will pay a higher fare.
While the main focus is the Svalbard archipelago, there are some pretty delectable meals onboard, as well. The dining room is located on Deck 2 and seats all passengers in one sitting. The space is light and airy, with porthole windows along the walls. Breakfast is served buffet-style and includes items like bread, juice, scrambled eggs, pancakes, yogurt, deli meats and cheeses. Lunch is also a buffet, and it usually features soup, bread and salad, plus a main entree and dessert. Dinner is served at the table as a three-course meal; entrees include fish, meat, pasta and vegetarian options. The chef can handle special dietary requirements, but you must let PolarQuest know before you board the ship.
When you're feeling peckish, head to the Panorama Lounge on Deck 5, where you can get coffee, tea, hot chocolate and cookies all day long.
Sea Endurance's cruise fare includes all meals onboard; beverages including coffee, tea, water and juice; a knowledgeable expedition leader and tour guides; onboard lectures; onshore excursions and activities; comprehensive pre-trip reading material; and an illustrated post-expedition log.
English and Swedish are spoken onboard.


text:
namespace blink {

// When drawing a color managed canvas, the target SkColorSpace is obtained by
// calling CanvasColorParams::GetSkColorSpace(). When drawing media to the
// canvas, the target gfx::ColorSpace is returned by CanvasColorParams::
// GetStorageGfxColorSpace(). This test verifies that the two different color
// spaces are approximately the same for different CanvasColorParam objects.
TEST(CanvasColorParamsTest, MatchSkColorSpaceWithGfxColorSpace) {
  PredefinedColorSpace canvas_color_spaces[] = {
      PredefinedColorSpace::kSRGB,
      PredefinedColorSpace::kRec2020,
      PredefinedColorSpace::kP3,
  };
  for (PredefinedColorSpace color_space : canvas_color_spaces) {
    CanvasColorParams color_params(color_space, CanvasPixelFormat::kF16,
                                   kNonOpaque);
    sk_sp<SkColorSpace> canvas_drawing_color_space =
        color_params.GetSkColorSpace();
    sk_sp<SkColorSpace> canvas_media_color_space =
        color_params.GetStorageGfxColorSpace().ToSkColorSpace();
    ASSERT_TRUE(ColorCorrectionTestUtils::MatchColorSpace(
        canvas_drawing_color_space, canvas_media_color_space));
  }
}

}  // namespace blink