For our History 297 class, we had to read Robert Cirno's essay Military Histories Old and New. Seeing as I heavily enjoy reading military history, I enjoyed reading about the ways military historians write. Recently there has been a new movement within the study of military history. Historians have been focusing on the study of the social and political influences on war and vis a versa. Cirno contrasted Ramold and Shaffer, two civil war historians, and focused on how the African-American man was accepted into the military. From there, Cirno talked about the increase in writings on "the greatest generation" and the various forms of racial and gender politics that took place during World War II. One such result from this is the fact that WWII historians no longer view the Holocaust and the military campaigns of the Wehrmacht as being separate. That the Nazi army had played a major role in the Holocaust. Cirno backed this up by referencing Edward Westermann, who wrote that the Wehrmacht was acting out the Holocaust as the army pushed East during Operation Barbarossa. From this, Cirno reinforces the idea that social and political ideas can be very closely tied to the actions of the military. This, he explained, was not a new idea. This had been the thinking of Medieval Historians for over a century.
Cirno brought up the issue of the "Military Revolution", which has been of some debate for military historians. It refers to the drastic change of going from an army that relied upon cavalry and feudalism to a uniformed army with guns. Various military historians have tried to pinpoint when this truly began and what exactly caused it. There are those who believe it came about from the Thirty Years War or from much further before then. Personally, I am in agreement with the Thirty Years War theory, as it was the war in which the Swedish Empire came into existence and created combined arms tactics, as well as many other reforms. But I digress. Cirno notes that, if the revolution happened before the Thirty Years War, then that would mean the Absolute Monarchies came from military restructuring and not the other way around. From this, Cirno brings up the point that social and political issues not only influence the military during war, military structure influences society.
Good! Make sure to bring these points up in class.


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Gallery Lucid
Doug LaRue - A Solo Show
On March 9th, Gallery Lucid will be presenting a solo show by Doug LaRue. This will be something a little different than the artists we typically present. Doug is an Austin-local painter, photographer, and ink artist.
He was exposed to a wide range of creative expression at an early age and embraced the organic nature of painting expressed by his mother, and the technical aspects of Photography and Design he drew from his father, an Engineer.
LaRue took classes in photography at SMU and interned with several photographers including Dan Coleman, a peer of Ansel Adams in the 60's. He got a BS in Environmental Design while working as a photojournalist and artist for newspapers and magazines
Doug is always creating. He has worked in architecture, been a creative director, a medical illustrator, a photographer, cinematographer, a painter, and he owned and operated an arts Zine in Austin.
Join us for his solo show. It will be sponsored by The Brewtorium; lite fare will be provided, and the show will run through April 6th.
Elliot Rogers: "Mindscapes" - A Solo Art Show
Join us for a FREE reception and art show at Gallery Lucid with artist Elliot Rogers for his first solo show - "Mindscapes" as we celebrate his vibrantly colored, mind-bending artwork from 6pm to 9pm on Dec. 15th. Elliot constructs hypnotic spaces and surreal mindscapes which reflect his inner meditative visions and explore the connection between the self and the alien other. Pair this with live music by Fyo͞oɡ (aka William Allan Ross), as well as a preview of Elliot's upcoming album of electronic music (Mystic Prism).
Elliot's work is the kind you can get lost in while listening to ethereal tones that warp along with the fold of psychedelic patterns on the canvas. The magic is that Elliot composes and performs that very music. He is known for reality-challenging art and chill, flowing music. Elliot's art combines aspects of surrealism, abstraction, and psychedelic visionary art. Using vibrant colors, mathematical forms, and repetition, he constructs hypnotic spaces, which reflect inner meditative visions and explore the connection between the self and the alien other. His art combines aspects of surrealism, abstraction, and psychedelic visionary art. Using vibrant colors, mathematical forms, and repetition, he constructs hypnotic spaces, which reflect inner meditative visions and explore the connection between the self and the alien other.
Elliot will have large and small original paintings, as well as prints and giclées available for purchase. We usually require that purchased paintings stay up throughout the show, but as this is the gift-giving season, we will be allowing those who desire to take the works home with them that night!
Enjoy complimentary creative spirits from Dulce Vida Tequila -Austin (including a return of the favorite Perfect Paloma)
Leah Dorrian - "Visions Rising" Closing Reception sneak peek video
Join Gallery Lucid for this highly-anticipated FREE EVENT on December 8th, as we welcome back visionary artist Leah Dorrian to close out her first solo-artist exhibition. Not only are we welcoming her back, we are welcoming her to Austin. She loved Austin so much when she visited for the opening of her show, she decided this is where she wants to live! Our city is different and amazing and artists from everywhere recognize it the moment they get to Austin.
Join us from 6pm to 9pm to meet Leah Dorrian, enjoy liquors and liqueurs provided by Revolution Spirits, deliciously dark craft beer brewed by Black Star Co-op, and delicious organic coffee from Fat Cat's of Austin.
Leah's art is a form of communication which expresses the subconscious, spirituality, beauty, divinity, and nature in various archetypal modalities. It is embedded with symbols and messages that invite the viewer into intuitive contemplation of the intrinsic nature of the human experience beyond our physical reality. Venturing deep into the mind, Leah's art captures the reverberations of what she has discovered and wishes to share with the collective consciousness to illuminate an ambience of mystery, magic, and peace. From Akashic Records to torroidal unfoldings, Leah's works epitomize the upward shift of human consciousness.
10% of sales for the entire run of the show will go to benefit All Things Wild Rehabilitation. ATW rescues and rehabilitates sick, injured, orphaned, and displaced wildlife and release them back into the appropriate habitat and also provides sanctuary for all animals in need. This charity was chosen by the artist, Leah Dorrian.
Thanks to all of our amazing sponsors!
Artist Spotlight - Leah Dorrian
We met Leah Dorrian as she traversed her way across the U.S. in her transition move from Maryland to California. She found herself in Austin and decided to see if there were any visionary art galleries in Austin. She walked in and we were instantly attracted to her spirit. As we spoke, Leah began to effuse art, light, and empathy and it quickly became obvious that she was more than just a traveler who stumbled into our visionary establishment.
Leah's art is a form of communication which expresses the subconscious, spirituality, beauty, divinity, and nature in various archetypal modalities. It is embedded with symbols and messages that invite the viewer into intuitive contemplation of the intrinsic nature of the human experience beyond our physical reality. Venturing deep into the mind, Leah's art captures the reverberations of what she has discovered and wishes to share with the collective consciousness to illuminate an ambience of mystery, magic, and peace.
In 1995, Leah Dorrian was gifted from the universe to her mother Jill and father, John in Rockville, Maryland. She came into the world with two older siblings and one more to come. Her childhood was filled with creative freedom in the realms of art and music, where she developed what would become a lifelong passion for both.
When she was six, her mother encouraged her to develop her artistic skills further by submitting works to a professional artist's guild where she was accepted and began to create amongst inspiring and accomplished artists. She says she will never forget her first day. She spent three hours at an adult-sized stool, hovering over her workspace, creating a landscape painting of a mountain and lake with a sailboat floating off into the distance.
"This was the beginning of my humbling journey within the artistic world where I started studying and making art with intention, using it as a tool to explore my imagination, spirituality, and the vast possibilities of creation."
She attended the Arts and Communications Academy in Frederick, Maryland where she continued studies in art history and studio art, becoming a featured artist in galleries of the Walter's Art Museum of Baltimore and the Delaplaine Art Center of Maryland. She received her Bachelor's degree in graphic design at the University of Maryland.
In her sophomore year, after delving deeper into yoga and meditation practices and experiencing profound shamanic and transcendental experiences, her art began to take on a surrealistic quality that matured into the visionary artworks that epitomize the messages and energetic representations of matter in other realms of the subconscious that she was exploring. She has live painted at various music and art festivals including Envision Festival in Costa Rica, the Conscious Collective in Pennsylvania, Clustxr in West Virginia, and Kinnection Campout in Tennessee.
After graduating, she created began a freelance art and design business Dorrian Designs, working with clients on projects from logo designs to huge mural paintings, tattoo designs to documentary music scores- and anything else creative that was in alignment with her heart! She is more than just an art creation machine, she embraces traveling, photography, reading, hiking, dancing, singing, and connecting with nature and people.
On September 1. 2018, she set off from her studio in Maryland to embark on a month and a half long adventure across the country to paint en plein air in awe-inspiring settings within National Parks. Drawing from her love of nature, wildlife, music, and environmental sustainability, I created works of art and musical pieces that brought an awareness to the importance of cherishing nature. Her work is a conduit and invitation to the viewer to unconditionally embrace the vast expanse of their consciousness. She views herself as a dedicated artist for the global awakening of humanity.
Join us November 18th at Gallery Lucid from 6pm-9pm for an evening of beauty, insight, and expression.
A portion of the proceeds go to All Things Wild, an Austin organization that promotes respect and compassion for all wildlife through public education and awareness; to rescue and rehabilitate sick, injured, orphaned and displaced wildlife and release them back into the appropriate habitat; and to provide sanctuary for all animals in need.
Artist Spotlight - Juan Villegas
Juan Villegas was born in the city of Cali, Colombia, on May 25th 1987 into a family of entrepreneurs, artists, and musicians. With such a rich family environment, he quickly started developing an interest in the arts.
After graduating high school in 2005, Juan moved to Austin, Texas to continue his journey in art and graduated from Sam Houston State University with a bachelor of Fine Arts, focusing in drawing and painting.
His work consists of dreamlike images occurring where fantasy and reality meet and where time and memory shift. His images invite the viewer to step into a realm of higher consciousness where the subconscious and the physical world dance and fly together. By applying a poetic and often metaphorical language via his painting, Juan seduces viewers into a world of equilibrium where intervals of allegory articulate the streams of our human condition.
Artist Spotlight - Elliot Rogers
Elliot Rogers' work is the kind you can get lost in while listening to ethereal tones that warp along with the folds of psychedelic patterns on the canvas. The magic here is that Elliot composes and performs that very music.
He's known for reality-challenging visionary and psychedelic art and his chill and flowing rock, dance, and electronic music, Elliot is an artist that provides an immersive experience for the senses. We are excited to present his visual stylings, once again, in a number of collaborations with Texas-based artists.
Elliot Rogers doing his Magic at Happy Clouds Party. Photo by Pete Smith.
Elliot Rogers creating musical magic. Original photo by Dave Rabbitt LeClair, psychedelic visual supplementation by Erik Kuykendall.
MUSIC, LOVE & CRAWFISH. Photo by Dave Rabbitt LeClair.
You will often hear Elliots aural creations drifting from our gallery. He creates soundscapes that generate an environment that allows for comfort and creative flow. You can check out his Soundcloud station here.
Come meet Elliot in person at the Merging Perspectives show at Gallery Lucid this Saturday, September 8th at Gallery Lucid. Not only can you enjoy beautiful art, you will be supporting Art from the Streets, an Austin-based, volunteer-run organization that provides homeless and struggling artists with materials to create unique and affordable artwork in Austin.
Artist/Musician Spotlight - Dixon Stovall
Dixon Stovall will be showing work for the 3rd time in our gallery on September 8th. Dixon is an Austin, TX-based artist whose influences include biomechanical and futuristic architectural patterns, physics, mathematical, and biologic patterns. His interpretation of the subconscious realms challenges viewers to create their own perception of future realities.
Dixon has recently released his most recent album, a compilation of melodic bass music with glitchy dreamscapes and dustings of melodic guitar he has entitled, "Habitual Changes" saying:
I've spent a good bit of time working on this music, trying to convey the emotions/changes I've gone through since the start of this project. Big thanks to Jackson Fred for the mastering, advice, patience, and for being an all around great human. Also thanks to dear friend Elliot Rogers for helping me remix my painting "Terraformulation" for the cover art.
Habitual Changes by Dixon Stovall
You can listen to and download Dixon's new album here. To contact him for commissions, click here. To view more of his work on his website click here, check out his Instagram here and his FB page here. But to really get a chance to connect with Dixon, come meet him in person on Sept. 8th!
8/24/2018 1 Comment
Merging Perspectives: Collaborative Art Show opens Sept. 8th
MERGING PERSPECTIVES
Collaborative Art Show
There's something powerfully magnetic about a work crafted by two or more artists - a sense of tension and cooperation that makes the finished pieces stand apart from solo works. The release of control when working with a fellow artist opens the door to insight and enlightenment so very different from what an artist achieves on their own.
"As our world evolves, so do we. Artists around the globe are working together in ways that amplify the beauty they create by working collaboratively. Working in flow with other artists increases our abilities and insight regarding art, peers, patrons, and our community. Collaborative art champions community, creativity, and the power of collective effort."
-Erik Kuykendall
Gallery Lucid is celebrating the growing trend of collaboration within a work of art with several Texas-based artists creating surreal, visionary or altered-perception works. Opening reception will feature artists in attendance, refreshments and live music.
Throughout the Merging Perspectives show, Gallery Lucid is very proud to be donating 10% of all art sales to Art from the Streets, a non-profit organization whose gallery and studio provides a safe and encouraging environment in which the positive spirit of homeless and at-risk people is nurtured through artistic expression, and provides them with a source of pride and income through the sale and display of their work.
Contributing artists:
Elliot Rogers
Dixon Stovall
Evan Wagoner ("Axiom")
Rosemary Allen
Juan Villegas
William Allan Ross
Byron Aldrich
Vervain Hellsdottir
Zena Siren
Share in our celebration! Meet the artists, take in the art, interact with your community.
Merging Perspectives: Collaborative Art Show
Opening reception: September 8th, 6-9pm
September 8th through October 14th
Host: Gallery Lucid, 7101 Easy Wind Dr. #3101
Musical Artist Spotlight - Michael Garfield
We are excited to welcome Michael Garfield, host of the"Future Fossils" podcast, as our featured musician for the Surreal Summer Visions show at Gallery Lucid on August 4th at 7pm.
Michael writes music for which new words must be invented. Simultaneously tender and apocalyptic, chill and energetic, intensely technical, yet vulnerable tunes that re-imagine folk and psychedelic rock alike, updating "solo artist with guitar" to suit our age of planetary renaissance.
Marrying the singer-songwriter and electronic live producer, Michael's live sets nimbly shift from ecstatic instrumental improvs to deftly executed fretboard-tapping etudes to athletic songcraft of heart-breaking sweetness – pointing past the genre and techniques to bring his audiences into lush and atmospheric, driving and dynamic spaces spanning folk tradition and the avant-garde.
Austin Artist Spotlight - Eris Gentle
Through sculpture, painting, film and performance arts, Eris Gentle expresses the intensity and absurdity of human existence using everyday objects and forms to express everything from spiritual awakening to madness.
Eris is a multimedia artist who hails from New Orleans, but is now based in Austin. As she appreciates the intensity and dynamic nature of life and uses painting, drawing, clay sculpture, film, and performance to tell her stories and to challenge our views on the nature of why we are here.
"I" by Eris Gentle 12"x9" Acrylic Ink
Her work acknowledges the surreal elements and underlying enchantments in everyday objects, landscapes, and human forms. She's fascinated by subjects that normally don't come up in conversation like the phenomenon of dreaming, psychedelic experiences, spiritual awakening, and how we understand this reality. Her creations appear to be an intentional invitation to generate discussions about such intriguing ideas.
You can check work out at Gallery Lucid until August 27, 2018 and find more examples of her work on her Instagram page or her website.
...To a very unique healing center encased within an art gallery specializing in visionary, surrealism, and psychedelic art.
All Acrylics All Things Wild Rehabilitation Art Art Exhibit Art From The Streets Artist Call Artist Spotlight Art Opening Art Submissions ATX Art ATX Music Austin Austin Art Class Austin Artist Austin Artist Meetup Austin Art Scene Austin Musician "Axiom" Birds Black Star Coop Brandy Rainey-Amstel Byron Aldridge Caterina Suttin Chris Gilmer Christopher Lee Gilmer Closing Reception Collaborative Art Contemporary Art CoSM Dixon Stovall Dulce Vida Dulce Vida Tequila Elliot Rogers Erik Kuykendall Eris Gentle Evan "Axiom" Wagoner Evan-wagoner-axiom Fall Fat Cat's Organic Coffee Flow Artist Future Fossils Gallery Lucid Greg Pettit Hang Drum Healing Center J.C. Amorrortu Jewelry Artist Juan Villegas Kalee Espitia Leah Dorrian Live Painting Low Brow Art Melanie Farris Michael Garfield Muralist Music Painter Painting Workshop Pen & Ink Psychedelic Art Psychedelic Music Robert Page Rosemary Allen RP Watson Sacred Geometry Summer Surrealism Texas Texas Art Tourmaline Todd Shepherd TX Vervain Hellsdottir Visionary Art Visionary Art Class Visionary Artist Meetup Visionary Art TV William Allan Ross Wire Wrap Jewelry Zena Siren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Joseph Sinel
Start Again ft. Samantha Jade – Stan Walker
NZEDGE > News > Society > Politics and Economics > New Zealand Eases Abortion Restrictions
New Zealand Eases Abortion Restrictions
Lawmakers have voted to liberalise New Zealand's abortion law and allow unrestricted access during the first half of pregnancy, ending the country's status as one of the few wealthy nations to limit the grounds for abortion during that period, Richard Pérez-Peña reports for The New York Times.
Members of Parliament also greatly loosened restrictions on abortions in the latter half of pregnancy, with language that opponents say amounts to no meaningful limitations until the moment of birth, Pérez-Peña reports.
Lawmakers voted 68 to 51 to approve the bill, which would take effect a day after receiving assent from the Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy.
New Zealand's existing law on abortion, adopted in 1977 and amended a few times, treats termination, even early in pregnancy, as a crime, though officials say that no one has ever been prosecuted for it. The new law would remove it from the criminal statutes, and provides no penalties for violation.
The existing law does allow for some exceptions – about 13,000 abortions a year are performed legally, the Government said – as when a woman's physical or mental health is endangered. Critics claim that has made it common for women to feign mental illness to obtain abortions, and for doctors to play along.
But even then, the approval process has been difficult and slow.
"The current framework requires women seeking an abortion to maintain a fiction about their mental health," Justice Minister Andrew Little said. "They have to consult multiple practitioners, multiple health professionals. And what that has done in New Zealand is caused women, those who get an abortion, to get it much later in the pregnancy than is desirable."
The new law will allow a woman to obtain an abortion on demand up to 20 weeks into a pregnancy. Beyond that point, abortion would be legal only "if the health practitioner reasonably believes that the abortion is clinically appropriate in the circumstances."
But the bill does not say what counts as appropriate. It states only that the practitioner must consult with at least one other colleague, and take into account "all relevant legal, professional and ethical standards", the woman's physical and mental health and "overall well-being", and the age of the foetus.
Most countries in Africa, Latin America and the Middle East have abortion laws that are as restrictive as New Zealand's has been, or more so. But among the most highly developed countries, only Poland and South Korea do, according to groups that study the issue.
Ireland had the most complete ban in Europe until the law was changed in December 2018. Australia's most populous state, New South Wales, decriminalised abortion last September.
Original article by Richard Pérez-Peña, The New York Times, March 19, 2020.
Tags: abortion Andrew Little New York Times (The)
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Heavily quilted wall quilt pattern. This pattern is very densly stitched and takes quite a while to stitch out. I recommend a sturdy thread as there are many backtracked and heavily stitched areas. Use a thin batting and non-stretchy fabric for best results with pattern match-up. Even tension on the quilt sandwich is also very important. Use at least 4 side clamps per side to stabilize the edges. I keep a little more tension than normal on the rollers for this type of quilt, too.


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Our Lady of Fátima
Title: Our Lady of Fátima
Subject: Marian apparition, Fatima Prayers, Pontevedra apparitions, Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism, Consecration and entrustment to Mary
Collection: Angelic Apparitions, Marian Apparitions, Our Lady of Fatima, Portuguese Culture, Titles of Mary
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fatima
The canonically crowned image of Our Lady of Fátima enshrined within the Chapel of Apparitions
Fátima, Portugal
13 May - 13 October 1917
Lúcia Santos
Jacinta and Francisco Marto
Marian apparition
Holy See approval
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima, Fátima, Portugal
Our Lady of Fátima (Portuguese: Nossa Senhora de Fátima, formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fatima Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Fátima European Portuguese: [1]) is a Roman Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary based on apparitions reported to be experienced by three shepherd children at Fátima. The three children were Lúcia Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto.
The vision is also referred to as Our Lady of the Rosary because the children said the vision called herself the "Lady of the Rosary" and she appeared holding a rosary.
Pope Pius XII granted a Canonical Coronation to the venerated image enshrined at the Chapel of the Apparitions on 13 May 1946. The reported apparitions at Fátima were officially declared worthy of belief by the Catholic Church, which commemorates the event on the same date. The events at Fátima gained fame due to elements of secrets, prophecy and eschatology, particularly with regard to Second World War and possibly more global wars in the future. Chief among these is also the alleged urgent need for the Consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.
The Blessed Jacinta and Francisco Marto in the apparitions of Pontevedra.
Initial apparitions 1.1
Miracle of the Sun 1.2
Three Secrets of Fátima 2
First two secrets 2.1
Fate of the three children 2.2
Consecration of Russia 2.3
Third Secret 2.4
Controversy around the Third Secret 2.5
Fátima prayers and reparations 3
Pilgrimage 4
Political aspects 5
Official position of the Catholic Church 6
Popes and Fátima 7
Footnotes 9.1
Bibliography 9.2
Location of Fátima, Portugal.
Three Portuguese children, Lucia dos Santos, Jacinta Marto, and Francisco Marto, were young and without much education when they reported the apparition of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917. The local administrator initially jailed the children and threatened that he would boil them one by one in a pot of oil. The children were consoled by the other inmates in the jail, and then led the inmates in praying the Rosary.[2][3]
With millions of followers and Roman Catholic believers, the reported visions at Fatima gathered widespread respect. After a canonical inquiry, the visions of Fátima were officially declared "worthy of belief" in October 1930 by the Bishop of Leiria-Fátima.[4] Popes Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI voiced their acceptance of the supernatural origin of the Fátima events. John Paul II credited Our Lady of Fátima with saving his life following an assassination attempt on the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima, 1981. He donated the bullet that wounded him to the Roman Catholic sanctuary at Fátima, Portugal and it was placed in the crown of the Virgin's statue.[3]
Initial apparitions
In the spring and summer of 1916, nine-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto were herding sheep at the Cova da Iria near their home village of Fátima, Portugal. They claimed to have experienced the visitation of an angel on three separate occasions. The angel taught them prayers to pray, to make sacrifices, and to spend time in adoration of the Lord.[5]
On May 13, 1917, Lúcia described seeing a lady "brighter than the sun, shedding rays of light clearer and stronger than a crystal goblet filled with the most sparkling water and pierced by the burning rays of the sun". While they had never spoken to anyone about the angel, Jacinta divulged her sightings to her family despite Lucia's admonition to keep this experience private. Her disbelieving mother told neighbors as a joke, and within a day the whole village knew.[6] Further appearances were reported on June 13 and July 13. In these, the lady asked the children to do penance and Acts of Reparation and make personal sacrifices to save sinners. According to Lúcia's account, the lady also confided to the children three secrets, now known as the Three Secrets of Fátima.
The children subsequently wore tight cords around their waists, performed self-flagellation using stinging nettles, abstained from drinking water on hot days, and performed other works of penance.[6]
Thousands of people flocked to Fátima and Aljustrel in the following months, drawn by reports of visions and miracles. On August 13, 1917, the provincial administrator Artur Santos[7] (no relation to Lúcia Santos), believing that the events were politically disruptive, intercepted and jailed the children before they could reach the Cova da Iria. The administrator interrogated and threatened the children to get them to divulge the contents of the secrets. Lúcia told him everything short of the secrets, and offered to ask the Lady for permission to tell the Administrator the secrets.[8] Prisoners held with them in the provincial jail later testified that the children led them in praying the rosary. That month, instead of the usual apparition in the Cova da Iria on the 13th, the children reported that they saw the Virgin Mary on 15 August, the Feast of the Assumption, at nearby Valinhos.[6]
Miracle of the Sun
Chapel of Apparitions, built at the place where the Fátima apparitions were reported.
Page from Ilustração Portuguesa, 29 October 1917, showing the people looking at the Sun during the Fátima apparitions attributed to the Virgin Mary.
As early as July 1917 it was claimed that the Virgin Mary had promised a miracle for the last of her apparitions on October 13, so that all would believe. What happened then became known as the "Miracle of the Sun". A huge crowd, variously estimated between 30,000 and 100,000,[9] including newspaper reporters and photographers, gathered at the Cova da Iria. The incessant rain had ceased and there was a thin layer of cloud. Lúcia, seeing light rising from the lady's hands and the sun appearing as a silver disk, called out "look at the sun". She later had no memory of saying this.[6] Witnesses later spoke of the sun appearing to change colors and rotate like a wheel.[10] Witnesses gave widely varying descriptions of the "sun's dance". Poet Afonso Lopes Vieira and schoolteacher Delfina Lopes (with her students and other witnesses in the town of Alburita), reported that the solar phenomenon was visible up to forty kilometers away.[10] However, the phenomenon was not visible in other parts of the globe, where the Sun was noticeable at the time of the supposed miracle.
Columnist Avelino de Almeida of O Século (Portugal's most influential newspaper, which was pro-government in policy and avowedly anti-clerical),[6] reported the following: "Before the astonished eyes of the crowd, whose aspect was biblical as they stood bare-headed, eagerly searching the sky, the sun trembled, made sudden incredible movements outside all cosmic laws - the sun 'danced' according to the typical expression of the people."[11] Eye specialist Dr. Domingos Pinto Coelho, writing for the newspaper Ordem reported "The sun, at one moment surrounded with scarlet flame, at another aureoled in yellow and deep purple, seemed to be in an exceeding fast and whirling movement, at times appearing to be loosened from the sky and to be approaching the earth, strongly radiating heat".[12] The special reporter for the October 17, 1917 edition of the Lisbon daily, O Dia, reported the following, "...the silver sun, enveloped in the same gauzy purple light was seen to whirl and turn in the circle of broken clouds...The light turned a beautiful blue, as if it had come through the stained-glass windows of a cathedral, and spread itself over the people who knelt with outstretched hands...people wept and prayed with uncovered heads, in the presence of a miracle they had awaited. The seconds seemed like hours, so vivid were they."[13]
No movement or other phenomenon of the sun was recorded by scientists at the time.[6] Not all witnesses reported seeing the sun "dance". Some people only saw the radiant colors, and others, including some believers, saw nothing at all.[14][15]
Various explanations have been advanced. Auguste Meessen, a professor at the Institute of Physics, Catholic University of Leuven, points out that looking directly at the Sun is known to cause phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness. Meessen contends that retinal after-images produced after brief periods of sun gazing are a likely cause of the "dancing" effects, and the colour changes were caused by the bleaching of photosensitive retinal cells.[16] Meessen observes that solar miracles have been witnessed in many places where people have been encouraged to stare at the sun. He cites the purported Marian apparitions at Heroldsbach, Bavaria, Germany (1949) as an example where exactly the same optical effects as at Fátima were witnessed by more than 10,000 people.[16] However, critics of this theory point to the fact that the crowd was not encouraged to look at the sun until the alleged miracle was already underway- the children did not tell the crowd to expect a sun miracle. Additionally, people in towns up to forty kilometers away, who had no knowledge of the alleged supernatural events at Fatima, also reported seeing the phenomenon. Another theory is a mass hallucination stimulated by the religious fervor of the crowd.
Some onlookers reported other phenomena, including luminous mist and the showers of flower petals seen around and above the tree during previous visitations.
While the crowd was staring at the sun, Lucia, Francisco, and Jacinta said later they saw images of the Holy Family, Our Lady of Sorrows with Jesus Christ, and then Our Lady of Mount Carmel. They said they saw Saint Joseph and Jesus bless the people.[17]
The "Second Secret" predicted a great sign in the night sky which would precede a second great war.[18][19] On January 25, 1938 (during solar cycle 17), bright lights, an aurora borealis appeared all over the northern hemisphere, including in places as far south as North Africa, Bermuda and California.[18][19] It was the widest occurrence of the aurora since 1709[20] and people in Paris and elsewhere believed a great fire was burning and fire departments were called.[21] Lúcia, the sole survivor of the three children at the time, indicated that it was the sign foretold and so apprised her superior and the bishop in letters the following day.[18][19] Just over a month later, Hitler seized Austria and eight months later invaded Czechoslovakia.[18][19]
Three Secrets of Fátima
First two secrets
Lúcia Santos (left) with her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto, 1917
The first secret was a vision of hell, which Lúcia describes in her Third Memoir as follows:
"Our Lady showed us a great sea of fire which seemed to be under the earth. Plunged in this fire were demons and souls in human form, like transparent burning embers, all blackened or burnished bronze, floating about in the conflagration, now raised into the air by the flames that issued from within themselves together with great clouds of smoke, now falling back on every side like sparks in a huge fire, without weight or equilibrium, and amid shrieks and groans of pain and despair, which horrified us and made us tremble with fear. The demons could be distinguished by their terrifying and repulsive likeness to frightful and unknown animals, all black and transparent. This vision lasted but an instant. How can we ever be grateful enough to our kind heavenly Mother, who had already prepared us by promising, in the first Apparition, to take us to heaven. Otherwise, I think we would have died of fear and terror."[22]
The second secret included Mary's instructions on how to save souls from hell and convert the world to the Christian faith, also revealed by Lúcia in her Third Memoir:
"You have seen hell where the souls of poor sinners go. To save them, God wishes to establish in the world devotion to my Immaculate Heart. If what I say to you is done, many souls will be saved and there will be peace. The war is going to end: but if people do not cease offending God, a worse one will break out during the Pontificate of Pius XI. When you see a night illuminated by an unknown light, know that this is the great sign given you by God that he is about to punish the world for its crimes, by means of war, famine, and persecutions of the Church and of the Holy Father. To prevent this, I shall come to ask for the consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart, and the Communion of reparation on the First Saturdays. If my requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred; the Holy Father will have much to suffer; various nations will be annihilated. In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, and she shall be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world."[23]
Fate of the three children
Statue depicting the Immaculate Heart of Mary as described by Sister Lúcia.
Lúcia became a postulant at the Dorothean convent in Tui or Tuy, Galicia in 1928. Francisco (1908–1919) and Jacinta Marto (1910–1920) died in the Great Spanish Flu Epidemic of 1918-20; they were declared venerable by Pope John Paul II in a public ceremony at Fátima on May 13, 1989. He returned there on May 13, 2000 to declare them 'blessed' (a title of veneration below that of sainthood; see Canonization). Jacinta is the youngest non-martyred child to be beatified.
Sister Lúcia reported seeing the Virgin Mary again in 1925 at the Dorothean convent at Pontevedra, Galicia (Spain). This time she said she was asked to convey the message of the First Saturday Devotions. By her account a subsequent vision of Christ as a child reiterated this request. In 1929, she reported that Mary returned and repeated her request for the Consecration of Russia to her Immaculate Heart.
Sister Lúcia reported that she saw Mary in private visions periodically throughout her life. Most significant was the apparition in Rianxo, Galicia, in 1931, in which she said that Jesus visited her, taught her two prayers and delivered a message to give to the church's hierarchy.
In 1947, Sister Lúcia left the Dorothean order and joined the Discalced Carmelite Order in a monastery in Coimbra, Portugal. Lúcia died on February 13, 2005, at the age of 97. After her death, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI), head of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, ordered her cell sealed off. It is believed this was because the evidence needed to be examined in the course of proceedings for her possible canonization.[24]
In 1936 and again in 1941, Sister Lúcia said that the Virgin Mary had predicted the deaths of two of the children during the second apparition on June 13, 1917. Olímpia Marto (mother of the two younger children) and others say that her children ecstatically predicted their own deaths many times to her and to curious pilgrims.[25] It was reported to be the first thing Jacinta told her mother when she spoke to her after the initial apparition.[26] According to the 1941 account, on 13 June, Lúcia asked the Virgin if the three children would go to heaven when they died. She said that she heard Mary reply, "Yes, I shall take Francisco and Jacinta soon, but you will remain a little longer, since Jesus wishes you to make me known and loved on Earth. He wishes also for you to establish devotion in the world to my Immaculate Heart."[27]
Exhumed in 1935 and again in 1951, Jacinta's face was found incorrupt, undecayed. Francisco's body, however, had decomposed.[28]
Consecration of Russia
Statue of Pope Pius XII in Fátima, Portugal. Just as a few years ago We consecrated the entire human race to the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God, so today We consecrate and in a most special manner We entrust all the peoples of Russia to this Immaculate Heart...
According to Sister Lúcia, the Virgin Mary promised that the Consecration of Russia would lead to Russia's conversion and an era of peace.[6]
Pope Pius XII, in his Apostolic Letter Sacro Vergente of 7 July 1952, consecrated Russia to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Pius XII wrote,
Just as a few years ago We consecrated the entire human race to the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary, Mother of God, so today We consecrate and in a most special manner We entrust all the peoples of Russia to this Immaculate Heart...[29]
In 1952 the Pope said to the Russian people and the Stalinist regime that the Virgin Mary was always victorious. "The gates of hell will never prevail, where she offers her protection. She is the good mother, the mother of all, and it has never been heard, that those who seek her protection, will not receive it. With this certainty, the Pope dedicates all people of Russia to the immaculate heart of the Virgin. She will help! Error and atheism will be overcome with her assistance and divine grace." [30]
Popes Pius XII and John Paul II both had a special relationship with Our Lady of Fátima. Pope Benedict XV began Pacelli's church career, elevating him to archbishop in the Sistine Chapel on May 13, 1917, the date of the first reported apparition. Pius XII was laid to rest in the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica on October 13, 1958, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima.
Pope John Paul II again consecrated the entire world to the Virgin Mary in 1984, without explicitly mentioning Russia. Some believe that Sister Lúcia verified that this ceremony fulfilled the requests of the Virgin Mary.[31] However, in the Blue Army's Spanish magazine, Sol de Fátima, in the September 1985 issue, Sister Lúcia said that the ceremony did not fulfill the Virgin Mary's request, as there was no specific mention of Russia, and "many bishops attached no importance to it." In 2001, Archbishop Tarcisio Bertone issued a statement, claiming that he had met with Sister Lúcia, who reportedly told him, "I have already said that the consecration desired by Our Lady was made in 1984, and has been accepted in Heaven." Sister Lúcia died on February 13, 2005, without making any public statement of her own to settle the issue.
Some maintain that, according to Lúcia and Fátima advocates such as Abbé Nicholas Gruner, Russia has never been specifically consecrated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary by any Pope simultaneously with all the world's bishops, which is what Lúcia in the 1985 interview had said Mary had asked for.[32][33][34]
However, by letters of August 29, 1989 and July 3, 1990, she stated that the consecration had been completed; indeed in the 1990 letter in response to a question by Rev. Father Robert J. Fox, she confirmed:
I come to answer your question, "If the consecration made by Pope John Paul II on March 25, 1984 in union with all the bishops of the world, accomplished the conditions for the consecration of Russia according to the request of Our Lady in Tuy on June 13 of 1929?" Yes, it was accomplished, and since then I have said that it was made. And I say that no other person responds for me, it is I who receive and open all letters and respond to them.[35]
In the meantime, the conception of Theotokos Derzhavnaya, Orthodox Christian venerated icon, points out that Virgin Mary is considered actual Tsarina of Russia by the religious appeal of Nicholas II; thus "Consecration of Russia" may refer to return of Russian monarchy. The icon was brought to Fatima in 2003 and 2014, together with another significant icon, the Theotokos of Port Arthur.[36]
Third Secret
Statue of Our Lady of Fátima in the Church of Santa María Madalena, Madalena, the Azores, 2007. The devotion is especially popular among Catholics in Lusophone countries and the Portuguese diaspora.
The third secret, a vision of the death of the Pope and other religious figures, was transcribed by the Bishop of Leiria and reads:
"After the two parts which I have already explained, at the left of Our Lady and a little above, we saw an Angel with a flaming sword in his left hand; flashing, it gave out flames that looked as though they would set the world on fire; but they died out in contact with the splendour that Our Lady radiated towards him from her right hand: pointing to the earth with his right hand, the Angel cried out in a loud voice: 'Penance, Penance, Penance!' And we saw in an immense light that is God: 'something similar to how people appear in a mirror when they pass in front of it' a Bishop dressed in White 'we had the impression that it was the Holy Father'. Other Bishops, Priests, Religious men and women going up a steep mountain, at the top of which there was a big Cross of rough-hewn trunks as of a cork-tree with the bark; before reaching there the Holy Father passed through a big city half in ruins and half trembling with halting step, afflicted with pain and sorrow, he prayed for the souls of the corpses he met on his way; having reached the top of the mountain, on his knees at the foot of the big Cross he was killed by a group of soldiers who fired bullets and arrows at him, and in the same way there died one after another the other Bishops, Priests, Religious men and women, and various lay people of different ranks and positions. Beneath the two arms of the Cross there were two Angels each with a crystal aspersorium in his hand, in which they gathered up the blood of the Martyrs and with it sprinkled the souls that were making their way to God."[37]
Controversy around the Third Secret
Lúcia declared that the Third Secret could be released to the public after 1960. Some sources, including Canon Barthas and Cardinal Ottaviani, said that Lúcia insisted to them it must be released by 1960, saying that, "by that time, it will be more clearly understood", and, "because the Blessed Virgin wishes it so."[38][39] Instead, in 1960 the Vatican published an official press release stating that it was "most probable the Secret would remain, forever, under absolute seal."[40] This announcement triggered widespread speculation. According to the New York Times, speculation over the content of the secret ranged from "worldwide nuclear annihilation to deep rifts in the Roman Catholic Church that lead to rival papacies.".[41] The Vatican withheld the Third Secret until 26 June 2000.
Even then, some sources believe that the four-page, handwritten text[42] of the Third Secret released by the Vatican in the year 2000 is not the full text of the secret.[43][44][45][46] Some alleged that Cardinals Bertone, Ratzinger and Sodano concealed the existence of another, one-page document, containing information about the Apocalypse and a great apostasy.[43][44][45]
The Vatican has maintained its position that the full text of the Third Secret was published. According to a December 2001 Vatican press release (subsequently published in L'Osservatore Romano), Lúcia told then Archbishop Tarcisio Bertone in an interview that the secret had been completely revealed and published.[47][48][49]
During his apostolic visit to Portugal between May 11 and 14, 2010 on the 10th anniversary of the beatification of Jacinta and Francisco Marto,[50] Pope Benedict XVI explained to reporters that the interpretation of the third secret did not necessarily refer to the attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II in Saint Peter's Square in 1981. The Third Secret of Fátima, said Benedict XVI, "has a permanent and ongoing significance" and that "its significance could even be extended to include the suffering the Church is going through today as a result of the recent reports of sexual abuse involving the clergy".[51]
Fátima prayers and reparations
Prayers of
Golden Arrow
Morning offering
First Friday Devotions
First Saturday Devotions
Rosary of Holy Wounds
Reparation to The Trinity
Reparation to Virgin Mary
Many Roman Catholics recite prayers based on Our Lady of Fátima. Lúcia later said that, in 1916, she and her cousins had several visions of an angel calling himself the "Angel of Portugal" and the "Angel of Peace" who taught them to bow with their heads to the ground and to say "My God, I believe, I adore, I hope, and I love you. I ask pardon for those who do not believe, do not adore, do not hope and do not love you." Lúcia later set this prayer to music and a recording exists of her singing it.[52] It was also said that sometime later the angel returned and taught them a eucharistic devotion now known as the Angel Prayer.[53][54]
Lúcia said that the Lady emphasized Acts of Reparation and prayers to console Jesus for the sins of the world. Lúcia said that Mary's words were "When you make some sacrifice, say 'O Jesus, it is for your love, for the conversion of sinners, and in reparation for sins committed against the Immaculate Heart of Mary.'" At the first apparition, Lúcia wrote, the children were so moved by the radiance they perceived that they involuntarily said "Most Holy Trinity, I adore you! My God, my God, I love you in the Most Blessed Sacrament."[55] Lúcia also said that she heard Mary ask for these words to be added to the Rosary after the Gloria Patri prayer: "O my Jesus, pardon us, save us from the fires of hell. Lead all souls to heaven, especially those in most need."[56]
In the tradition of Marian visitations, the "conversion of sinners" is not necessarily religious conversion to the Roman Catholic Church, for that would be the "conversion of heretics or apostates who are 'outside the church and alien to the Christian Faith' according to Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical on the Unity of the Church, Satis Cognitum". Conversion of sinners refers to general repentance and attempt to amend one's life according to the teachings of Jesus for those True Catholics who do profess the faith truly, but are fallen into sins. Lúcia wrote that she and her cousins defined "sinners" not as non-Catholics but as those who had fallen away from the church or, more specifically, willfully indulged in sinful activity, particularly "sins of the flesh"[57] and "acts of injustice and a lack of charity towards the poor, widows and orphans, the ignorant and the helpless" which she said were even worse than sins of impurity.[58]
The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima is one of the largest Marian shrines in the world.
An estimated 70,000 people assembled to witness the last of the promised appearances of the Lady in the Cova da Iria on October 13, 1917. The widely reported miracle of the sun was a factor that led to Fátima quickly becoming a major centre of pilgrimage. Two million pilgrims visited the site in the decade following the events of 1917.[59] A small chapel - the Capelinha - was built by local people on the site of the apparitions. The construction was neither encouraged nor hindered by the Catholic Church authorities. On May 13, 1920, pilgrims defied government troops to install a statue of the Virgin Mary in the chapel,[60] and the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was first officially celebrated there in January 1924. A hostel for the sick was begun in that year. In 1927 the first rector of the sanctuary was appointed and a set of Stations of the Cross were erected on the mountain road. The foundation stone for the present basilica was laid the next year.[61]
1930 was the year both of official church recognition of the apparition events as "worthy of belief" and the granting of a papal indulgence to pilgrims visiting Fátima. In 1935 the bodies of the visionaries Jacinta and Francisco were reinterred in the basilica. Pope Pius XII granted a Canonical Coronation of the statue of Our Lady of Fátima in 13 May 1946 which drew such large crowds that the entrance to the site had to be barred.[62]
Today pilgrimage to the site goes on all year round and additional chapels, hospitals and other facilities have been constructed. The principal pilgrimage festivals take place on the thirteenth day of each month, from May to October, on the anniversaries of the original appearances. The largest crowds gather on 13 May and 13 October, when up to a million pilgrims have attended to pray and witness processions of the statue of Our Lady of Fátima, both during the day and by the light of tens of thousands of candles at night.[63]
The devotion to Our Lady of Fatima in the Roman Catholic Church has a long history of association with rightist and even fascist groups. At the time of the apparitions, Portugal was undergoing tensions between the secularizing Republican government and more conservative elements in society. The Catholic opposition compared the actions of the Portuguese government to the contemporary actions of the Russian Bolsheviks.[64] Later in Spain, as the forces of the Republic gathered strength, the Virgin Mary was to be found leading the armies of the faithful ranged against the Godless.[65] During the Spanish Second Republic, the Virgin Mary would be seen on Spanish soil at Ezquioga. Ramona Olazabal insisted Mary had marked the palms of her hands with a sword. Seers gained much credence in Integrist and Carlist circles. The visions at Ezquioga were widely covered in the press, as were the sixteen other visitations of the Virgin to Spain in 1931. Conservative elements in the Spanish Church actively encouraged the Fatima devotion as a way of countering the perceived threat of atheistic Communism. In Portugal and its former colony of Brazil, Fatima and right-wing groups were also strongly identified. When Hitler invaded Russia in 1941, many Catholics interpreted this in terms of the Fatima apparitions thinking the Virgin's prophecy at long last was about to be fulfilled. Some Catholics willingly joined the fight and enlisted in the Spanish Army's Blue Division that was engaged on the Eastern front.
The publication of Sister Lucia's Memoirs after the outbreak of WW II and the focus on Russia and "her errors" in the alleged messages of the Lady further renewed this anti-communist element. The Nicholas Gruner have interpreted the message of Fatima in a more extreme fashion and have been censured by the Church. These groups are generally opposed not just to Communism, but to modernism, and the innovations of the Second Vatican Council.[64][67]
Official position of the Catholic Church
Inside the Basilica of the Rosary
Private revelations do not form part of the deposit of faith of the Catholic Church, and its members are not bound to believe in any of them. However, as a matter of prudence, assent would normally be expected of a Catholic based on the discernment of the Church and its judgment that an apparition is worthy of belief.[68][69] After a canonical enquiry, the visions of Fátima were officially declared "worthy of belief" in October 1930 by the Bishop of Leiria-Fátima.[70]
Popes and Fátima
Ecclesiastical approbation does not imply that the Church provides an infallible guarantee on the supernatural nature of the event. Theologians like Karl Rahner argued, however, that Popes, by authoritatively fostering the Marian veneration in places as Fátima and Lourdes, motivate the faithful into an acceptance of divine faith.[71] Popes Pius XII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI all voiced their acceptance of the supernatural origin of the Fátima events in unusually clear and strong terms. After the local bishop had declared that (1) the visions of the three children are credible and (2) the veneration of the Blessed Virgin is permitted, the Portuguese bishops approved and declared the genuine supernatural nature of the event. The Vatican responded with granting indulgences and permitting special Liturgies of the Mass to be celebrated in Fátima.[16] In 1939, Eugenio Pacelli, who was consecrated as a bishop on May 13, 1917 — the day of the first apparition — was elected to the papacy as Pius XII, and became the Pope of Fátima.[72] One year after World War II had started, Sister Lúcia asked Pope Pius XII to consecrate the world and Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. She repeated this request on December 2, 1940, stating in the year 1929, the Blessed Lady requested in another apparition the consecration of Russia to her Immaculate Heart. She promised the conversion of Russia from its errors.
Statue depicting Our Lady of Fátima.
On May 13, 1942, the 25th anniversary of the first apparition and the silver jubilee of the episcopal consecration of Pope Pius XII, the Vatican published the Message and Secret of Fátima. On October 31, 1942, Pope Pius XII, in a radio address, informed the people of Portugal about the apparitions of Fátima, consecrating the human race to the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin with specific mention of Russia. (See below)[73] On December 8, 1942, the Pontiff officially and solemnly declared this consecration in a ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome. On May 13, 1946, Cardinal Masalla, the personal delegate of Pius XII, crowned in his name Our Lady of Fátima, as the Pope issued a second message about Fátima:
"The faithful virgin never disappointed the trust put on her. She will transform into a fountain of graces, physical and spiritual graces, over all of Portugal, and from there, breaking all frontiers, over the whole Church and the entire world".[74]
On 1 May 1948, in Auspicia quaedam, Pope Pius XII requested the consecration to the Immaculate Heart of every Catholic family, parish and diocese.
"It is our wish, consequently, that wherever the opportunity suggests itself, this consecration be made in the various dioceses as well as in each of the parishes and families." [75][76]
On May 18, 1950, the Pope again sent a message to the people of Portugal regarding Fátima: "May Portugal never forget the heavenly message of Fátima, which, before anybody else she was blessed to hear. To keep Fátima in your heart and to translate Fátima into deeds, is the best guarantee for ever more graces".[77] In numerous additional messages, and in his encyclicals Fulgens corona (1953), and Ad Caeli Reginam (1954), Pius XII encouraged the veneration of the Virgin in Fátima.
At the end of the Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI renewed the consecration of Pius XII to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and in an unusual gesture, announced his own pilgrimage to the sanctuary on the fiftieth anniversary of the first apparition. On May 13, 1967, he prayed at the shrine together with Sister Lúcia. This historic gesture further cemented the official support for Fátima. Pope John Paul II credited Our Lady of Fátima with saving his life following the assassination attempt on Wednesday, May 13, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima, in 1981.[42] He followed the footsteps of Paul VI, on May 12, 1987, to express his gratitude to the Virgin Mary for saving his life. The following day, he renewed the consecration of Pius XII to the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin.[16]
On May 12 and 13, 2010, Pope Benedict XVI visited the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima and strongly stated his acceptance of the supernatural origin of the Fátima apparitions. On the first day, the Pope arrived at the Chapel of Apparitions to pray and gave a Golden Rose to Our Lady of Fátima "as a homage of gratitude from the Pope for the marvels that the Almighty has worked through you in the hearts of so many who come as pilgrims to this your maternal home". The Pope also recalled the "invisible hand" that saved John Paul II and said in a prayer to the Blessed Virgin Mary that "it is a profound consolation to know that you are crowned not only with the silver and gold of our joys and hopes, but also with the 'bullet' of our anxieties and sufferings".[78] On the second day, Pope Benedict's homily pronounced in front of more than 500,000 pilgrims a reference to the Fátima prophecy about the triumph of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and related it to the final "glory of the Most Holy Trinity".[79][80]
Fatimah
Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima
Church of the Most Holy Trinity (Fatima, Portugal)
Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary
Consecration and entrustment to Mary
Fatima Movement of Priests
First Saturdays devotion
The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952 feature film)
Pontevedra apparitions
Rosary and scapular
Signum Magnum
Sanctuary of Christ the King
The legend of Nazaré
Our Lady of Fatima Higher Secondary School, Aligarh, India
^ The Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation is
^ John De Marchi, The Immaculate Heart, New York: Farrar, Straus and Young
^ "In virtue of considerations made known, and others which for reason of brevity we omit; humbly invoking the Divine Spirit and placing ourselves under the protection of the most Holy Virgin, and after hearing the opinions of our Rev. Advisors in this diocese, we hereby: 1) Declare worthy of belief, the visions of the shepherd children in the Cova da Iria, parish of Fátima, in this diocese, from 13 May to 13 October 1917. 2) Permit officially the cult of Our Lady of Fátima.", Bishop of Leiria-Fátima, October 13, 1930.
^ "Apparitions of the Angel", EWTN
^ a b c d e f g (De Marchi 1952)
^ Stanley Jaki God and the Sun at Fatima (1999) Real View Books, Michigan, p15
^ Lúcia explained this in an interview with seminary professor Manuel Formigão, published in John De Marchi's True Story of Fatima, entire text online, page found 2011-06-21.
^ Estimates of the crowd size range from "thirty to forty thousand" by Avelino de Almeida, writing for the Portuguese newspaper O Século ( ), to one hundred thousand, estimated by Dr. Joseph Garrett, Professor of Natural Sciences at Coimbra University (De Marchi 1952, p. 177), both of whom were present that day (De Marchi 1952, pp. 185–187)
^ a b Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 14, no. 142, October 1988
^ (De Marchi 1952, p. 144)
^ Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima
^ Jaki, Stanley L. (1999). God and the Sun at Fátima. Real View Books, ASIN B0006R7UJ6
^ a b c d Auguste Meessen 'Apparitions and Miracles of the Sun' International Forum in Porto "Science, Religion and Conscience" October 23–25, 2003 ISSN: 1645-6564
^ Lucia Santos, Fatima in Lucia's Own Words, entire text online at scribd.com, found 2010-12-04. Lucia's first four memoirs, written for the investigation for her cousins' canonization.
^ a b c d Petrisko, Thomas W., Rene Laurentin, and Michael J. Fontecchio, The Fatima Prophecies: At the Doorstep of the World, p. 48, St. Andrews Productions 1998
^ a b c d Hessaman, Michael The Fatima Secret, Random House 2008
^ "Aurora borealis glows in widest area since 1709" - [Chicago Daily Tribune, January 26, 1938, p.2
^ "Aurora borealis startles Europe. People flee, call fireman" - [New York Times, January 26, 1938, p.25 ]
^ Lucia de Jesus, Fátima In Lucia's Own words (1995), The Ravengate Press, pp101,104
^ Lucia de Jesus, Fátima In Lucia's Own Words (1995), The Ravengate Press, pp. 104
^ Sister Lucy's Cell Ordered Sealed by Cardinal Ratzinger by Christopher Ferrara. Article in the Fatima Crusader, #79, p. 15, text online found 2010-05-15.
^ "She said too, that she would take us all to heaven..." In John DeMarchi's 1952 book True Story of Fátima, entire text online, page found 2011-06-21.
^ Lúcia Santos, Fátima in Lúcia's Own Words, First Memoir, written in 1936, entire text online, page found 2011-06-21.
^ (De Marchi 1952, p. 62)
^ "When both coffins were opened, nothing was found of Francisco but his bones, but Jacinta's face was intact and incorrupt, she seemed to be only asleep, waiting for the Resurrection, and the good odor of Paradise hung about her. Her mother was one of those who saw her." - William Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, p. 217.
^ PIUS PP. XII, Epist. apost. Sacro vergente anno de universae Russorum gentis Immaculato Mariae Cordi consecratione, [Ad universos Russiae populos], 7 iulii 1952: AAS 44(1952), pp. 505-
^ Sacro Vergente 12
^ Consecration of Russia FAQ at catholicdoors.com, with quotations from Lúcia and pointing out possible signs that the 1984 consecration was sufficient. Page found 2010-05-19.
^ Apocalyptic Times at Catholic Counter-Reformation, Abbe Georges de Nantes' website. Page found 2010-05-19.
^ Kramer, Father Paul. The Devil's Final Battle (1st Edition). (Content available for free online).
^ Sister Lucy States: "Russia Is Not Yet Properly Consecrated" at Fr. Nicholas Gruner's website, fatima.org. Page found 2010-05-19.
^ Fátima - 1984 Consecration EWTN Expert Answers, accessed July 9, 2010
^ (Russian) Orthodox Shrines Visit Fatima (in Russian: English translation here.
^ The Message of Fatima (2000), The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
^ Vatican Discloses the 'Third Secret' of Fatima, New York Times, May 14th, 2000.
^ Vatican - Apostolic Journey to Portugal on the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of the Beatification of Jacinta and Francisco, young shepherds of Fátima (11–14 May 2010)
^ ABC News - Pope Benedict XVI and the 'Third Secret' of Fatima
^ EWTN Special, Calls of the Fatima Message, 2009.
^ Our Lady of Fatima http://www.fatima.org/
^ Story of Fátima http://www.salvemariaregina.info/SalveMariaRegina/SMR-104.html
^ William Thomas Walsh, Our Lady of Fatima, p. 52.
^ Walsh, p. 220.
^ Walsh, p. 90.
^ From an undated letter written by Lúcia and quoted in Fátima, caminho da paz (Fátima, the Path to Peace) by A. M. Martins (Braga, 1983), p. 88-89. Reprinted in The Whole Truth of Fatima, Part 4, webpage found 2010-04-30.
^ Ian Bradley, Pilgrimage: A Spiritual and Cultural Journey, Lion Hudson (2009), p. 68
^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe, Ed. Ring, Salkin, La Boda, Taylor & Francis, (1996), ISBN 1-884964-02-8, p. 245
^ Leo Madigan, A pilgrim's handbook to Fatima, Gracewing Publishing, 2001 pp. 20-24
^ Leo Madigan, A pilgrim's handbook to Fatima, Gracewing Publishing, 2001 pp. 24
^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe, p. 245
^ Pope Benedict XIV, De Serv. Dei Beatif
^ EWTN Apparitions
^ "In virtue of considerations made known, and others which for reason of brevity we omit; humbly invoking the Divine Spirit and placing ourselves under the protection of the most Holy Virgin, and after hearing the opinions of our Rev. Advisors in this diocese, we hereby: 1) Declare worthy of belief, the visions of the shepherd children in the Cova da Iria, parish of Fátima, in this diocese, from 13 May to 13 October 1917. 2) Permit officially the cult of Our Lady of Fátima.1 ", Bishop of Leiria-Fátima, 13 October 1930.
^ Karl Rahner, Visionen und Prophezeiungen, München 1960
^ H M Köster, Fatima, in Bäumer, Marienlexikon, II, 448 1940,
^ AAS, 1942, 313
^ AAS 1946 246.
^ Auspicia quaedam, 21
^ AAS 148, 171
^ AAS 1951, 780
^ ZENIT - Fatima Shrine receives Golden Rose
^ Catholic Online (www.catholic.org) - Our Lady of Fatima: Pope Benedict's Homily. 'I too Have Come as a Pilgrim'
^ Vatican - Homily of His Holiness Benedict XVI on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Beatification of Jacinta and Francisco, young shepherds of Fátima. Esplanade of the Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima. Thursday, 13 May 2010.
Joe Nickell: Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures: Prometheus Books: 1998: ISBN 1-57392-680-9
Nick Perry and Loreto Echevarria: Under the Heel of Mary: New York: Routledge: 1988: ISBN 0-415-01296-1
Sandra Zimdars-Swartz: Encountering Mary: Princeton: Princeton University Press: 1991: ISBN 0-691-07371-6
Walsh, William:Our Lady of Fatima: Image: Reissue edition (October 1, 1954): 240 pp: ISBN 978-0385028691
Sanctuary of Fátima - Official website
The Chapel of Apparitions (Live 24h)
"Fátima in Sister Lúcia's own wordsOnline version of the book: " (in PDF format free to download)
"Fátima in Sister Lúcia's own wordsOnline version of the book: ", all five memoirs, with background information and explanatory material.
Official Vatican statement releasing the message of Fátima
The Wax Museum of Fátima
Wax Museum "Life of Christ" in Fátima
Sacred Destinations: Shrine of Our Lady of Fátima (Portugal)
Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) and Our Lady and Islam: Heaven's Peace Plan Relationship between Mary, Islam and the Fátima apparitions.
"The True Story of Fatima" - Book by John De Marchi containing first-person accounts, including those of newspaper reporters and the children themselves. Entire text online.
The 13th Day - 2009 film about Fátima, produced by Ian and Dominic Higgins
Fatima - DVD of a 1997 film released in Italy and Portugal
"The Call To Fatima" Documentary about the story and the message, explaining Lúcia's book Calls of the Fatima Message.
United Nations' pilgrim statue of Our Lady of Fátima
High Resolution image of Our Lady of Fátima
Pictures of Fátima
1917 Fátima events
The Miracle of the Sun
Fátima prayers
Artur Santos
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Church built on the site
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text:
Le  () est un arrondissement urbain situé à l'est de Hô Chi Minh-Ville au Viêt Nam.

Présentation

Le district 10 se divise en 15 quartiers (phường).

Références

Galerie

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Articles connexes

10e arrondissement d'Hô Chi Minh-Ville

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: PHP OOP Call to a member function on a non-object driving me nuts I'm currently programming a script to list all teams in my database, within the list will be the teams payment info I have two functions which care called for when displaying the data. The code is use it below:
          $teams = $teams->team_list();
          foreach ($teams as $team) {

          $payments = $teams->fetch_team_payment_info($team['team_id']);
           echo $team['team_id'];
          }

The $team->team_list() works without any errors and does what it is suppose to however the
          $payments = $teams->fetch_team_payment_info($team_id);

Does not.
I have correctly set the $teams class using the code below:
    $teams = new teams($g8b_db);
    $teams->entryYear = $system->get_entry_year();

    class teams {
        private $db;
        public $entryYear;

        public function __construct(Database $db) {
            $this->db = $db;
        }

        public function team_list() {
            $sql = "SELECT td.*, CONCAT(me.First_Name,' ', me.Surname) AS managers_full_name, me.Telephone AS managers_telephone
            FROM `team_details` td
            JOIN `members` me
            ON me.id = td.managers_user_id
            WHERE td.entry_year = '" . $this->entryYear. "'";
            $registered_teams = $this->db->fetch_all_array($sql);
            return $registered_teams;
        }

        public function fetch_team_payment_info($team_id) {
            $fetch_payments = $this->db->fetch_array_assoc($this->db->query("SELECT `method`, `account_holder`, `date` FROM `payments` WHERE `team_id`='".$team_id."'"));
            $team = $this->db->fetch_all_array("SELECT `status` FROM `team_details` WHERE `team_id`='".$team_id."'");

            if ($team['status']=="0") {
                $status_text = "Marked As Unpaid";
            } elseif ($team['status']=="1") {
                $status_text = "Marked As Paid";
            } elseif ($team['status']=="2") {
                $status_text = "Rejected";
            }

            $payment_method             =     $fetch_payments['method'];
            $payment_account_holder     =     $fetch_payments['account_holder'];
            $payment_date               =     $fetch_payments['date'];
            $payment_text = "".$payment_method." by ".$payment_account_holder." on ".$payment_date."";

            if ($payment_method == "Paypal") {
                $label_end_payment = "primary";
            }
            if ($payment_method == "Bank Transfer") {
                $label_end_payment = "info";
            }

            $payment_label = ''.$payment_method.'';

            $data = array(
                'payment_label'          => $payment_text,
                'status'                 => $status_text
            );
            return $data;
        }
        }

I can not understand why this error would be displaying if team_list is working.
Any help to shed some light on the issue would be greatly appreciated

A: You've reassigned $teams in a loop.
team_list() does not return "teams" class, so you get an error.
There is many ways to fix it, here is one of them:
foreach ($teams->team_list() as $team) {
  $payments = $teams->fetch_team_payment_info($team_id);
  echo $team['team_id'];
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
ART ADVISORS
PRESS & CONTACTS
ROCHELLE GOLDBERG WINS THE BFSP#03
Rochelle Goldberg (1984, Vancouver, CA) earned her MFA from Bard College (NY), and currently lives and works in Berlin. She was the recipient of the 2015 Louis Comfort Tiffany Award, and was the Artist-in-Residence at the Atelier Calder in the Spring of 2017. Recent solo exhibitions include The Plastic Thirsty, SculptureCenter, New York; A Worm Filled Body, Parisian Laundry, Montreal; No Where, Now Here, GAMeC, Bergamo; Intralocutors, Miguel Abreu Gallery, New York; Pétroleuse, Éclair, Berlin; 1000 "emotions", Federico Vavassori, Milan. Selected group exhibitions: Artists Institute, NY; Manoir de la Ville de Martigny; Kunstverein Dortmund; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Okayama Art Summit, Okayama; Front Desk Apparatus, New York; What Pipeline, Detroit; Fondation d'entreprise Ricard, Paris; Atelier Calder, Saché; WeissFalk, Basel; Oracle, Berlin; Catriona Jeffries, Vancouver.
Forthcoming projects will include a residency at the Chinati Foundation, Marfa, Texas (2018) and solo exhibitions at Casa Masaccio, San Giovanni Valdarno (2018) and The Power Station, Dallas (2019).
ROCHELLE GOLDBERG IS THE WINNER OF THE THIRD EDITION OF THE BATTAGLIA FOUNDRY SCULPTURE PRIZE
Rochelle Goldberg wins a bursary, an artist-residency in the historical Fonderia Artistica Battaglia and an exhibition of the winning artwork produced during the residency. The exhibition will open in April 2019, during the next edition of Miart, Milan's Contemporary Art Fair.
The theme of the third edition of the BFSP, the Skin, focuses on the great potential of surface translation of lost-wax bronze casting. Since ancient times all materials were converted into bronze to achieve accuracy of material textures into bronze sculpture interpretation. Investigating both organic textures and artificial ones, we invited the selected artists to reflect upon the dialogue that can be created between a form and its surface, through the positive and negative translations intrinsic in the lost-wax process.
After a careful analysis of the finalists' projects, selected by 10 international advisors, the Jury of the BFSP announced that the winner of the BFSP#03 is Rochelle Goldberg (1984, Canada) with the project "Intralocutors", selected for the artistic research process and coherent reflection within this year's theme, translating an iconic image into a further state, through various surface contact layers.
The Jury considered "Intralocutors" the most coherent project to the theme of the BFSP#03 call as it works as an active intervention, both technical and conceptual, on a pre-existing ceramic model: a fully developed sculptural approach, deeply relevant for what concerns materiality and the lost-wax technical process, taken to a further level of understanding within the positive/negative steps.
Rochelle Goldberg's work "stages sculptural topographies composed of living, ephemeral, and synthetic materials".
As the artist states in the BFSP #03 proposal:
" Intralocutors, is a project that re-assigns agency to written-over subjects in the face of falsely ascribed mythology. It is engaged through materializing a composite figure that activates an absent position. If many women over time were compressed into the role of one Mary, then Mary too can be many as we try again to meet her.
Mary of Egypt, popularly pillars forth evoking self-preservation as brutality, the patron saint of flesh, specifically carnal flesh and its abandonment, leaves a legacy misunderstood as a mutual rejection between her corporeal-self and the world, rather than her own decisive action. Through her desert entry, she escapes the material world that she no longer needs to 'know.'
Her forlorn figure has become an emblem for the possibility to choose both love and peace and the further possibility to both choose and reject the world for which we live in. Over time her weathered flesh layers as her environment so that her environment, the desert, in turn, becomes her flesh––a hybrid surface that conveys the accumulation of contact a body endures through time. Her resurrection signals the return to say "hello," "hello I am here," "hello she will be here," "hello they have always been here."
The Intralocutor wears herself, her world, and everything she touches, thousands of years of material refinement in the lost-wax-bronze casting
process are pressed up against how our ideas of skin, surface, protection, survival, body, gender, and life have changed and will continue to change."
INTRALOCUTORS
Intralocutors, is a project that re-assigns agency to written-over subjects in the face of falsely ascribed mythology. It is engaged through materializing a composite figure that activates an absent position. If many women over time were compressed into the role of one Mary, then Mary too can be many as we try again to meet her. Mary of Egypt, popularly pillars forth evoking self-preservation as brutality, the patron saint of flesh, specifically carnal flesh and its abandonment, leaves a legacy misunderstood as a mutual rejection between her corporeal-self and the world, rather than her own decisive action. Through her desert entry, she escapes the material world that she no longer needs to 'know.' Her forlorn figure has become an emblem for the possibility to choose both love and peace and the further possibility to both choose and reject the world for which we live in. Over time her weathered flesh layers as her environment so that her environment, the desert, in turn, becomes her flesh––a hybrid surface that conveys the accumulation of contact a body endures through time. Her resurrection signals the return to say "hello," "hello I am here," "hello she will be here," "hello they have always been here." As the Intralocutor wear's her self, her world, and everything she touches, thousands of years of material refinement in the lost-wax-bronze casting process are pressed up against how our ideas of skin, surface, protection, survival, body, gender, and life have changed and will continue to change.
Copyright ©2019 Fonderia Artistica Battaglia


Provide a refresh button/option in each blade.
Scenario i found this need: provisioning a SharePoint farm. In the process of Azure assets creation, when i look at the resource group blade, i need to hit F5 to see the process of different VMs, cloud services etc being created.
Not high level priority but can be useful.
"Browse Everything" should only show everything I HAVE. there is no way to easily see everything I have deployed like I can in the current portal.


Graduate School of Education professor emeritus Gerald S. Lesser, a legendary educator and curriculum developer for the children's television show "Sesame Street," died on Thursday. He was 84.
Lesser—described by former student Joseph H. Blatt '70 as a "real visionary who didn't stop innovating"—joined the Ed School faculty in 1963, where he taught developmental psychology and its application to education until he retired in 1998.
Lesser chaired the Ed School's Human Development Program, which had focused entirely on cross-cultural studies of child rearing.
Over the following decade, Lesser added faculty in many other specialties more directly related to educational practice, including educational television.
"He was instrumental in forwarding the idea of 'edutainment,'" said Ed School graduate Charlotte F. Cole, vice president of international education, research, and outreach at what is now called the Sesame Workshop.
Lesser's devotion to his work with children, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, was evident in his persistence in developing programming material that would help give all children a chance to develop and reach their highest potential.
"He really saw 'Sesame Street' as a vehicle for giving all children a chance [to learn] in a way that was fun and engaging and meaningful to them culturally," Cole said.
Lesser had an "excellent sense of humor" and had the ability to get people to communicate across their various areas of expertise, according to Blatt, director of the Ed School's Technology, Innovation, and Education Masters Program.
Ed School Dean Kathleen McCartney holds the Gerald S. Lesser Professorship in Early Childhood Development.
Lesser is survived by his wife, his children and their families.


We believe that "Effective Trade Facilitation is a win-win scenario for both trade and governments".
Long waiting times at borders, inappropriate fees, cumbersome formalities, and inadequate or unclear rules and regulations, can all become serious obstacles to trade, and as a consequence adversely affect investment, employment and trade-led development.
Trade facilitation has emerged as a key factor for international trade efficiency. This is due to its impact on competitiveness and market integration and its increasing importance in attracting direct foreign investments. Over the last years, it has gained prominence in the international political agenda, which has culminated in the conclusion of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) in December 2013 in Bali.
Our work is mainly focused on the World Trade Organization TFA and how to make your work easier.
Webb Fontaine has deployed Single Window platforms for trade in Nigeria called the Nigeria Integrated Customs Information System (www.trade.gov.ng), Côte d'Ivoire (www.guce.gouv.ci) and Bahrain (www.ofoq.gov.bh), as well as a proof-of-concept in Armenia for 2 certificates.


Entrance to Great Smoky Mountains National Park is free. The park is one of the few national parks where no entrance fees are charged. Find out why!
Fees are charged for activities such as overnight camping ($14-23 per night) and pavilion rental at picnic areas.
The America the Beautiful - National Parks and Federal Recreational Lands Pass is an annual pass that covers entrance fees at sites managed by the National Park Service, USDA Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Land Management.
If you are 62 or older or receive disability benefits, you may be eligible for the senior or access pass. As of August 28, 2017, senior passes will increase to $80. Great Smoky Mountains National Park visitor centers no longer sell senior passes. Please check at Smokemont, Elkmont, or Cades Cove campground. Get more information about Senior or Access passes at the USGS website.


text:
Greenwich Free Press (https://greenwichfreepress.com/around-town/arts/fabulously-decorated-trees-donated-for-4th-annual-festival-to-support-historical-society-programming-191593/)
Fabulously Decorated Trees Donated for 4th Annual Festival to Support Historical Society Programming
By: greenwichfreepress | December 7, 2022
The Greenwich Historical Society's Cos Cob lobby will be transformed into a winter wonderland celebrating the talents of local designers, merchants, non-profits and other organizations who donate their talents to decorate the trees and make homes festive sanctuaries for the holidays.
Greenwich Historical Society's Barbara Johann puts finishing touches on the display in the lobby of the Cos Cob campus, Photo: Laura McCormick
Trees, which range from traditional Christmas styles to bold, one-of-a-kind designer looks, will be on display for viewing, purchasing or bidding via a silent auction at the Historical Society, December 8 and 9 from 9am – 5pm and December 10 from 11am – 7pm. For more information and a list of the generous organizations who donated trees: https://greenwichhistory.org/event/festival-of-trees-2022/
Open to the public at no cost.
December 8 & 9: 9:00am – 5:00 pm
December 10: 11:00am – 7:00pm
Historical Society campus, 47 Strickland Road in Cos Cob
https://greenwichhistory.org/event/festival-of-trees-2022/
Barbara Johann
Greenwich Historical Society
Sustainability Committee & Coffee For Good Present Free Talk: A Farmer's Perspective on Food and Climate Change
Historical Society to Premiere Stirring Documentary of Basketball Great, Worthy Patterson
Greenwich Symphony Announces Concerts Jan 28-29 in the GHS Performing Arts Center
View all Arts Posts →
Raised in Greenwich and a student at Greenwich High School, Worthy Patterson was the first black player to captain a sport at UConn. He became the first UConn alumnus, as well as one of the first generation of black basketball players, to play in an NBA game as a member of the St. Louis Hawks.
Greenwich Historical Society Holiday Extravaganza Returns with the Festival of Tabletop Trees, Puppet Shows, Bush Holley House Tours
Greenwich Historical Society to Stage Major Exhibition on John Henry Twachtman: One of America's Preeminent Impressionists
View all Greenwich Historical Society Posts →
2022 Turkey Trot Raises $65K for Greenwich Public School Programs
GAMANOS: Greenwich Veterans Deeply Concerned About MI Under Consideration for Arch St and Greenwich Ave