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Potential of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixture on the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani disease complex of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
Manzoor R. Khan1 &
Zaki A. Siddiqui1
Effects of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis alone, and in combinations for the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani disease complex of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), were studied. Application of P. putida or B. subtilis to plants with M. incognita or P. betavasculorum or R. solani singly or in combinations caused a significant increase in plant growth parameters and the activities of defense enzymes. A significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, viz., Fv/Fm, ɸPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR were recorded in plants treated with P. putida or B. subtilis over pathogen-inoculated plants. Inoculation of P. putida results in a higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than B. subtilis. Maximum reduction in nematode multiplication and galling occurred when a mixture of P. putida and B. subtilis was used. Soft rot and root rot indices were 3 when Pectobacterium betavasculorum and Rhizoctonia solani were inoculated alone. The disease indices were rated 5 when these pathogens and M. incognita were inoculated in combinations. Inoculation of P. putida/B. subtilis with P. betavasculorum or R. solani reduced soft rot and root rot indices to 2 out of 3, while the use of P. putida + B. subtilis reduced indices to 1. Disease indices were reduced to 2–3 out of 5, when P. putida + B. subtilis were used to plants inoculated with two or three pathogens. The principal component analysis showed significant correlations among the various studied attributes. Two principal components explained a total of 86.1 and 93.4% of the overall data variability. Therefore, the use of P. putida together with B. subtilis had the potential for successful management of disease complex of beetroot.
Beetroot, Beta vulgaris L., is a high nutrient vegetable crop distributed throughout the world and is being used commercially to produce red juice and natural pigments. It provides many health benefits, especially for disorders characterized by chronic inflammation (Clifford et al. 2015).
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is a parasite of a wide range of vegetable crops including beetroot (Mashela 2016). It induces root galls, which severely limit the yield of beetroot (Arora and Saxena 2003). Pectobacterium betavasculorum causes vascular necrosis and soft rot disease of beetroot, as well; causes wilting and black streaks on the leaves and petioles; and in severe cases, may secrete various extracellular digestive enzymes (Nedaienia and Fassihiani 2011). Rhizoctonia solani is also an important pathogen of beetroot (Abawi et al. 1986), causing pre-and post-emergence death of seedling, crown rot, and root rot. These pathogens are often associated with the roots of beetroot under field conditions, causing a disease complex.
Management of plant disease, using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), is an eco-friendly and host-targeted (Biswas et al. 2012). PGPR is a diverse group of free-living soil bacteria that colonize the rhizosphere, promote plant growth, and increase the yield of agriculture crops (Kumar et al. 2016). The association of roots with PGPR can protect plants more specifically from soil-borne pathogens and can assist to acquire more nutrients and grow better by producing phytohormones (Lugtenberg and Kamilova 2009). PGPR can activate different plant defense mechanisms for the management of plant pathogens (Lee et al. 2015). Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. are known as the dominant antagonists of plant pathogens in the rhizosphere (Mhatre et al. 2018).
Fluorescent pseudomonads exhibit many traits that make them appropriate as biological control agents (Pastor et al. 2016). They may protect plants via induced systemic resistance (Kumudini et al. 2017), production of extracellular lytic enzymes, and antimicrobial secondary metabolites for biocontrol (Olorunleke et al. 2015). The rhizospheric strains of Pseudomonas have also shown a biocontrol potential against plant-parasitic nematodes (Tabatabaei and Saeedizadeh 2017). Bacillus subtilis produces a wide variety of antimicrobial substances and extracellular lytic enzymes, which inhibit the growth of plant pathogens (Sajitha and Dev 2016). This bacterium may promote plant growth and induce host systemic resistance (Sha et al. 2016).
Generally, a single biocontrol agent is used for the control of plant disease, which sometimes leads to its inconsistent performance. A single biocontrol agent is not active in all soil environments or against all pathogens that attack the host plant. The combinations of biocontrol agents may be useful for biocontrol of different plant pathogens via different mechanisms of disease suppression (Akhtar and Siddiqui 2008). Moreover, mixtures of biocontrol agents that require different optimum temperature, pH, and moisture conditions may colonize roots more aggressively and improve plant growth and the efficacy of biocontrol (Siddiqui 2006). Dual inoculation with biocontrol agents having different mechanisms of action is known to provide greater biocontrol against plant pathogens (Guetsky et al. 2002). Researchers around the world are striving to identify potential biocontrol agents that when mixed may result in a synergistic response in controlling plant diseases.
Therefore, the role of P. putida and B. subtilis individually, and their combinations on the management of M. incognita, P. betavasculorum, and R. solani disease complex of beetroot under greenhouse conditions was investigated.
Preparation and sterilization of soil mixture
The sandy loam soil used in this study was collected from a field of Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The soil and river sand were mixed in a ratio of 3:1 (v/v). Soil samples were passed through a 2-mm sieve before analyses, and the following properties were determined: porosity and water holding capacity by hydrometry; pH, conductivity, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) using soil: distilled water in pH and conductivity meters. Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl digestion (Nelson and Sommers 1972) and phosphorus by phosphomolybdic blue colorimetry (Jackson 1958), while flame photometer analyzed potassium. The soil mixture having pH 7.5, porosity 44%, water, holding capacity 40%, electrical conductance 0.62, available N 95.8 mg/kg soil, available P 8.8 mg/kg soil, and available K 157.0 mg/kg soil was added to jute bags, and small amount of water was poured into each bag. Sterilization of soil was done at 137.9 kPa for 20 min. The soil was allowed to cool before the filling of earthen pots with 1 kg of sterilized soil.
The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in two sets. The first set had four experimental variables: (A) control, (B) M. incognita, (C) P. betavasculorum, and (D) R. solani, and this set received the following four treatments: (1) control, (2) P. putida, (3) B. subtilis, and (4) P. putida + B. subtilis (4 × 4 = 16 treatments) (Tables 1, 2, and 3). The second set comprises of five variables: (a) Control, (b) M. incognita + P. betavasculorum (M + P), (c) M. incognita + R. solani (M + R), (d) P. betavasculorum + R. solani (P + R), and (e) M. incognita + P. betavasculorum + R. solani (M+P+R). This set also received the same four treatments: (1) control, (2) P. putida, (3) B. subtilis, and (4) P. putida + B. subtilis (4 × 5 = 20 treatments). Each treatment including the control was replicated five times.
Table 1 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the plant length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of beetroot infected with Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
Table 2 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the chlorophyll content, and the activities SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL of beetroot infected with Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
Table 3 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of beetroot infected with Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
Growth and maintenance of test plants
Beetroot seeds (cv. New Ruby Queen) were surface-decontaminated with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 min, followed by three times washings in sterilized water. Five seeds were sown in each pot, and thinning was done after germination to maintain one plant per pot. Plants were placed in a glasshouse and water was provided whenever required. Two days after thinning, seedlings received the treatments, while un-inoculated plants served as a control.
Nematode inoculum
Meloidogyne incognita was collected from the beetroots and multiplied on the eggplant, Solanum melongena L., using a single egg mass. Egg masses were hand-picked from heavily infected eggplant roots with the help of sterilized forceps. These egg masses were washed by sterilized water and then placed in a small sieve (1-mm pore size) having a cross-layer of tissue paper. The sieve was then placed in a Petri plate containing distilled water deep enough to contact the egg masses. The assemblies were kept in an incubator running at 25 ± 1 °C to obtain the sufficient number of second-stage juveniles required for inoculation. The newly hatched second-stage juveniles were collected every 24 h and fresh water was added, and the process was repeated daily. For counting newly hatched juveniles, an average of five counts was made to determine the density of nematodes in the suspension. The volume of the nematode suspension was adjusted in such a way that each milliliter may contain 200 infective juveniles of M. incognita. Ten milliliters of this suspension (i.e., 2000 freshly hatched M. incognita juveniles) was used for inoculation.
Preparation of bacterial inoculum
The bacterium P. betavasculorum was isolated from infected beetroots exhibiting necrosis and rot symptoms, following surface sterilization with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Roots were cut into small pieces and placed aseptically in Petri dishes containing nutrient agar medium (Himedia Laboratories, India) at 30 ± 1 °C for 24 h. Bacteria developed on the medium were identified using Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology (Garrity et al. 1984). For the confirmation of identity, nutrient agar plates were streaked separately with a pure colony of P. betavasculorum and incubated at 30 ± 1 °C for 24 h. For inoculum, single colonies from a 24-h old pure culture of P. betavasculorum were inoculated separately into nutrient broth (Himedia Laboratories, India) flasks and incubated at 30 ± 1 °C for 72 h. Cell density was determined and measured 1.2 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml.
Preparation of fungus inoculum
The fungus, R. solani was isolated from infected beetroots exhibiting root rot symptoms following surface sterilization with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution as described for a seed above. Roots were cut into small pieces and placed aseptically in Petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (Himedia Laboratories, India) at 25 °C for 15 days. For obtaining sufficient inoculum, R. solani was inoculated by a sterile inoculation needle into Richard's liquid medium (Riker and Riker 1936) containing 10 g potassium nitrate, 5 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2.5 g magnesium sulfate, 0.02 g ferric chloride, 50 g sucrose, and 1000 ml distilled water. The Richards liquid medium was prepared and filtered through a muslin cloth and sterilized in an autoclave at 103.4 kPa for 15 min in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 80 ml of liquid medium. The flasks were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C for 15 days. The liquid medium was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1. The fungal mycelia mat on the filter paper was washed in distilled water and excess water and nutrients removed with blotting paper. The inoculum was prepared by mixing 10 g of fungal mycelium in 100 ml of distilled water and blending it (10,000 rpm) for 30 s in a Waring blender. Ten milliliters of the suspension, containing 1 g fungus, was used for inoculation of beetroot seedlings.
Preparation of inoculum of biocontrol agents
The PGPR strains, viz., Pseudomonas putida (MTCC No. 3604) and B. subtilis (Acc. No. 2274), were obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. These isolates were sub-cultured on nutrient agar, and the inoculum was produced on nutrient broth incubated at 30 ± 1 °C for 72 h. Ten milliliters of suspension (1.2 × 105 cells/ml) was used as inoculums.
Inoculation technique
Two-week-old, well-established seedlings were used for the inoculation of pathogens and biocontrol agents. For inoculation, the soil around roots was carefully removed, and suspensions of M. incognita, P. betavasculorum, R. solani, P. putida, and B. subtilis were uniformly poured around roots and the soil replaced. In control pots, a similar amount of water was poured in the same way around the roots.
Determination of growth parameters
The plants were harvested 90 days after inoculation. The length of the plant was recorded in centimeters from the top of the first leaf to the end of the root. Excess of water was removed by blotting before weighing the plant for fresh weight. The plants were cut with a knife above the base of the root emergence zone to separate the shoot and root. The shoot and root were kept in an oven at 80 °C for 3 days for dry weights.
Enzyme assay
To determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), polyphenol oxidase (PPO, EC 1.10.3.1), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) samples were ground in liquid nitrogen and homogenized on ice bath with different buffers to assay different enzymes: 3 ml solution containing 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), 0.1 mM EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetate), and 1% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) for SOD, CAT, and PPO; 1.2 ml of 200 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 8.8) was used for PAL. The homogenate was centrifuged at 13,000g for 20 min at 4 °C. The supernatants obtained were used as the crude enzyme source to assay enzymatic activities. Spectrophotometric determinations were performed using a UV visible spectrophotometer (UV-1700, Shimadzu, Japan).
The SOD activity was estimated by the method of Beyer and Fridovich (1987). CAT was assayed according to the method of Aebi (1984) by monitoring the disappearance of H2O2 at 240 nm. The activity of PAL was determined, based on the production of trans-cinnamic acid by employing the methodology of Tian et al. (2006). PPO activity was performed using catechol as a substrate following the methodology of Yu et al. (2014).
Estimation of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence
Chlorophyll content in the intact leaves was measured with the help of SPAD chlorophyll meter (502 DL PLUS, Spectrum Technologies, USA). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using a saturation-pulse fluorometer (PAM-2000, Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). Before the measurement, leaf parts were dark adapted for at least 30 min in order to relax the reaction center. In the dark-adapted leaves the minimal fluorescence (F0) and maximum fluorescence (Fm) were measured by applying a low measuring beam having a light intensity of 125 mmol m−2 s−1; however, under light-adapted condition, minimal fluorescence (F0′) and maximum fluorescence (Fm′) were measured in the same leaves with a saturating light intensity of 720 mmol m−2 s−1, together with steady-state fluorescence (Fs). The variable fluorescence (Fv and Fv′) was determined using the values of Fm − F0 and Fm − F0′, and actual PSII efficiency (ɸPSII) was calculated as Fm′ − Fs/Fm′, maximal efficiency of PSII by using Fv/Fm. The intrinsic efficiency of PSII was measured by using Fv′/Fm′, and photochemical quenching was calculated as (Fm′ − Fs)/Fv′ and NPQ as (Fm˗Fm′)/Fm′.
Nematode population and number of galls per root system
To obtain nematode counts, a 250-g subsample of well-mixed soil from each treatment was processed by Cobb's sieving and decanting technique followed by Baermann funnel extraction. The suspension was collected after 24 h and numbers of nematodes counted in five aliquots of 1 ml of suspension from each sample. The means of five counts were used to calculate the population of nematodes·kg−1 soil. To estimate the numbers of juveniles, eggs, and females inside roots, a 1-g subsample of roots were macerated in a Waring blender and counts made from the suspension obtained. The numbers of juveniles and females of nematodes present in roots were calculated by multiplying the number of M. incognita juveniles and females present in 1 g of the root by the total weight of root. The numbers of galls per root system were also counted.
Soft rot and root rot indices
Soft rot and root rot symptoms on roots were observed. Soft rot and root rot indices were determined by scoring the severity of disease on visual observations of disease symptoms. Disease rating was on a scale from 0 to 5 where 0 = no disease (no soft rot/root rot symptoms observed), 1 = soft rot/root rot symptoms up to 12.5% on root, 2 = soft rot/root rot symptoms 12.6 to 25% on root, 3 = soft rot/root rot symptoms 25.1 to 37.5% on root, 4 = soft rot/root rot symptoms 37.6 to 50% on root, and 5 = more than 50% soft rot/root rot symptoms on roots.
Data were statistically analyzed through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using R (2.14.0) statistical software (package library, agricolae), followed by Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) to find out the significance (p ≤ 0.05) of the data. The principal components analysis (PCA) was carried out to determine variability among various studied attributes using Origin (2018b) software.
Beetroot infected with single pathogens
Influence on growth attributes
The inoculation of P. putida/B. subtilis, or their mixture to plants without pathogens, caused a significant increase in plant growth attributes over the un-inoculated control (Table 1). Plants inoculated with M. incognita/P. betavasculorum or R. solani showed a significant reduction in growth parameters than the un-inoculated control (Table 1). R. solani caused a maximum reduction in plant length (35.21%), in shoot fresh weight (41.07%), in root fresh weight (44.16%), in shoot dry weight (41.09%), and in root dry weight (44.09%), followed by M. incognita and P. betavasculorum (Table 1). The application of P. putida/B. subtilis or their mixture to plants with pathogens resulted in a significant increase of plant growth characters. A combined application of P. putida + B. subtilis caused the highest significant increase in plant length (37.04%), in shoot fresh weight (58.02%), in shoot dry weight (57.87%), in root fresh weight (57.83%), and in root dry weight (57.48%) over M. incognita inoculated plants. The use of P. putida with B. subtilis caused the highest significant increase in plant length (34.47%), in shoot fresh weight (51.48%), in shoot dry weight (51.35%), in root fresh weight (64.66%), and in root dry weight (51.35%) over P. betavasculorum inoculated plants. The application of P. putida with B. subtilis caused a highly significant increase in plant length (43.08%), in shoot fresh weight (62.48%), in shoot dry weight (62.45%), in root fresh weight (65.28%), and in root dry weight (65.10%) over R. solani inoculated plants (Table 1).
Influence on chlorophyll content and the activities of defense enzymes
Inoculation of P. putida, B. subtilis, and their mixture to plants without pathogens caused a significant increase in chlorophyll content and the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL over un-inoculated control (Table 2). Plants inoculated with M. incognita/P. betavasculorum or R. solani showed a significant reduction in chlorophyll content and significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL (Table 2). R. solani caused a maximum reduction of 39.02% in chlorophyll content and a maximum increase in the activities of SOD and CAT, followed by M. incognita and P. betavasculorum (Table 2). However, the highest increase in the activities of PPO and PAL was recorded in plants inoculated with P. betavasculorum, followed by R. solani and M. incognita (Table 3). The application of P. putida, B. subtilis, and their mixture to plants with pathogens resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll content and the activities of enzymes. The maximum increase in chlorophyll content and increased activities of defense enzymes was recorded in treated plants with the mixture of P. putida plus B. subtilis followed by P. putida/B. subtilis (Table 2).
Influence on chlorophyll fluorescence
Application of P. putida, B. subtilis, and their mixture to plants without pathogens caused a significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, viz., Fv/Fm, ɸPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR, over un-inoculated control (Table 3). The inoculation of M. incognita/P. betavasculorum or R. solani caused a significant reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence attributes over un-inoculated control (Table 3). R. solani caused a maximum significant reduction of 30.11% in Fv/Fm, 27.98% in ɸPSII, 33.70% in qP, 21.88% in NPQ, and 17.81% in ETR, followed by M. incognita and P. betavasculorum, respectively. The application of P. putida or B. subtilis or their mixture to plants with pathogens caused a significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence characters. The maximum increase in the attributes of chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded in treated plants with the mixture of P. putida plus B. subtilis, followed by P. putida/B. subtilis alone (Table 3).
Influence on soft rot and root rot indices
Soft rot and root rot indices recorded 3, when P. betavasculorum and R. solani was inoculated, respectively (Fig. 1a). The indices were reduced to 2, when P. betavasculorum and R. solani inoculated plants were treated by P. putida or B. subtilis. The application of P. putida + B. subtilis to plants with P. betavasculorum and R. solani reduced disease indices to 1 (Fig. 1a).
Effects of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixture on disease indices (a, b), root galling (c, d), and nematode multiplication (e, f) in beetroot infected with single, two or more pathogens. M Meloidogyne incognita, P Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and R Rhizoctonia solani
Influence on nematode multiplication and galling
The nematode population and galling were high, when M. incognita was inoculated alone (Fig. 1c, e). Application of P. putida or B. subtilis caused a significant reduction in the number of galls and nematode multiplication. The combined application of P. putida + B. subtilis resulted in higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than caused by either of them singly (Fig. 1c, e).
The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) from all the treatments and their effects on various studied attributes are shown in Fig. 2a. The PCA explained a total of 86.1% (PC1 = 66.9%; PC2 = 19.2%) of observed variability in the data (Fig. 2a). Significant positive correlations were found in plant growth parameters, viz., PL, SFW, RFW, SDW, and RDW, with chlorophyll fluorescence attributes, viz., Fv/Fm, ɸPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR, respectively. Plant growth parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence characters were also found positively correlated with different enzymatic antioxidants like SOD, CAT, and defense enzymes such as PPO and PAL. The SOD and CAT activity was also positively correlated with PPO and PAL activity. The attributes of plant growth and chlorophyll fluorescence were negatively correlated with disease indices, nematode population, and galling. The increase in the activity of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL showed a negative correlation with nematode multiplication, galling, and soft rot and root rot indices. The PCA also clearly identified the ameliorative influence of P. putida, B. subtilis, and their mixture on various studied attributes as judged from the segregation of different treatments in the biplot (Fig. 2a, b).
The biplots of principal component analysis, comparing the effects of B. subtilis, P. putida, and their mixtures on various studied attributes of beetroot infected with a single pathogen (a), and two or three pathogens simultaneously (b). PL plant length, SFW shoot fresh weight, RFW root fresh weight, SDW shoot dry weight, RDW root dry weight, CHL chlorophyll content, SOD superoxide dismutase, CAT catalase, PPO polyphenol oxidase, PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Fv/Fm maximal PSII efficiency, ɸPSII photochemical efficiency of PSII, qP photochemical quenching, NPQ non-photochemical quenching, ETR electron transport rate, C control, M Meloidogyne incognita, P Pectobacterium betavasculorum, R Rhizoctonia solani, Bs Bacillus subtilis, and Pp Pseudomonas putida
Beetroot infected with two or three pathogens
The inoculation of M. incognita plus P. betavasculorum or M. incognita plus R. solani or P. betavasculorum + R. solani or all the three pathogens together caused a significant reduction in plant growth attributes over the un-inoculated control (Table 4). The maximum reduction in plant growth parameters was noticed, when all the three pathogens were inoculated together, followed by the inoculations of M. incognita + R. solani, M. incognita + P. betavasculorum, and P. betavasculorum + R. solani (Table 4). The application of P. putida or B. subtilis or their mixture to plants with two or three pathogens resulted in a significant increase in plant growth parameters. The maximum increase in plant growth parameters was recorded in treated plants with the mixture of P. putida + B. subtilis, followed by P. putida and B. subtilis (Table 4).
Table 4 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the plant length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of beetroot infected with two/three pathogens simultaneously in a disease complex incited by Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
The inoculation of M. incognita + P. betavasculorum or M. incognita + R. solani or P. betavasculorum + R. solani or all the three pathogens together caused a significant reduction in chlorophyll content, while the inoculation of these pathogens resulted in a significant increase in the activities of defense enzymes, viz., SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL (Table 5). The inoculation of three pathogens together caused maximum reduction (59.47%) in chlorophyll content and maximum increase (62.74%) in SOD activity and CAT activity (46.90%), followed by the inoculation of M. incognita + R. solani, M. incognita + P. betavasculorum, and P. betavasculorum + R. solani. However, the inoculation of P. betavasculorum + R. solani resulted in a high increase (30.06%) in PPO activity and PAL activity (17.51%), followed by M. incognita + P. betavasculorum, M. incognita + R. solani, and co-inoculation of three pathogens (Table 5). The application of P. putida or B. subtilis or their mixture to plants with two or three pathogens resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll content and the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL. The maximum increase in chlorophyll content and the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL were recorded in treated plants with the mixture of P. putida + B. subtilis, followed by P. putida and B. subtilis (Table 5).
Table 5 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the chlorophyll content, and the activities of SOD, CAT, PPO, and PAL of beetroot infected with two/three pathogens simultaneously in a disease complex incited by Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
Inoculation of M. incognita plus P. betavasculorum or M. incognita + R. solani or P. betavasculorum + R. solani or all the three pathogens together caused a significant reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, viz., Fv/Fm, ɸPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR, over un-inoculated control (Table 6). The maximum reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence attributes was noticed, when all the three pathogens were inoculated together, followed by the inoculations of M. incognita + R. solani, M. incognita + P. betavasculorum, and P. betavasculorum + R. solani (Table 6). The application of P. putida or B. subtilis or their mixture to plants with two or three pathogens resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The maximum increase in chlorophyll fluorescence was recorded in plants treated with the mixture of P. putida + B. subtilis, followed by P. putida and B. subtilis (Table 6).
Table 6 Influence of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixtures on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of beetroot infected with two/three pathogens simultaneously in a disease complex incited by Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani
Soft rot and root rot indices recorded 5, when M. incognita, P. betavasculorum, and R. solani were inoculated together (Fig. 1b). The indices were reduced to 3 when plants inoculated with two pathogens were treated with P. putida or B. subtilis and were reduced to 4 in plants with three pathogens. Indices were further reduced to 2 when plants inoculated with M. incognita plus P. betavasculorum/R. solani or P. betavasculorum + R. solani were treated with P. putida + B. subtilis. The index recorded 3 when plants with three pathogens were treated with P. putida + B. subtilis (Fig. 1b).
The application of P. putida caused a higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication, followed by B. subtilis (Fig. 1d, f). The combined application of P. putida + B. subtilis caused greater reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than that caused by either of them alone. Inoculation of P. betavasculorum or R. solani also had an adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication. P. betavasculorum had greater adverse effect on galling and nematode multiplication than R. solani. Co-inoculation of P. betavasculorum and R. solani had a more adverse effect than their individual inoculation (Fig. 1d, f).
The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) from all the treatments and their effects on various studied attributes are presented in Fig. 2b. The PCA obtained explained a total of (93.4%) (PC1 = 73.9%; PC2 = 19.5%) of variability in the data (Fig. 2b).
The application of P. putida and B. subtilis when applied singly and in combination acted as antagonists against M. incognita, P. betavasculorum, and R. solani in reducing nematode multiplication, galling, decreasing soft rot and root rot indices, and by enhancing growth of beetroot plants. Pseudomonads have been used to enhance plant growth and to protect a wide range of plants from several biotic stresses (Beneduzi et al. 2012). P. putida was used for the biocontrol of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Simeoni et al. 1987). It also reduced the disease severity of bacterial spot in sweet pepper (Tsai et al. 2004). The rhizospheric strains of Pseudomonas have shown pathogenic mechanisms against plant-parasitic nematodes (Tabatabaei and Saeedizadeh 2017). Several strains of Bacillus are also known to suppress nematodes and promote plant growth (Tabatabaei and Saeedizadeh 2017).
The P. putida and B. subtilis exhibit many traits that make them appropriate as biological control agents against a wide range of pathogens (Pastor et al. 2016). They may protect plants via induced systemic resistance (Kumudini et al. 2017), production of extracellular lytic enzymes (Sajitha and Dev 2016), competition with pathogens for organic carbon and iron on the root surface (Höfte and Bakker 2007), and antimicrobial secondary metabolites (Olorunleke et al. 2015). The enhanced disease protection by using a mixture of P. putida and B. subtilis could be because of the combined mechanisms and the availability of more accessible nutrient sources and suppression of pathogens.
In the present investigation, P. betavasculorum and R. solani adversely affected the multiplication of M. incognita. These findings are in accordance to Khan and Siddiqui (2017) who found the inhibitory effect of bacterium and fungus on the multiplication of M. incognita. The establishment of bacterial or fungal pathogen induces certain modifications in root system which are not favorable for nematodes (Hussain and Bora 2009).
The application of P. putida and B. subtilis both alone and in combination significantly enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, viz., SOD and CAT, in response to pathogenic infection. The antagonistic bacteria enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes as a defensive mechanism against multiple pathogens (Singh and Gaur 2017). The activation of antioxidant system in response to oxidative burst after pathogen infection has been proposed for conveying the signal transduction for downstream defense responses (Liu et al. 2017). SOD catalyzes the dismutation of O2*− into H2O2, and O2, and a change in the activity of SOD may indicate an increased concentration of intracellular O2*− (Wang et al. 2004). In this way, the increased SOD activity may have contributed to an increase in H2O2 concentration, which results in the enhanced plant defense responses against pathogens (Shetty et al. 2008). However, excessive accumulation of H2O2 is potentially harmful to the host plant, and to prevent damage, it must be converted into substances, which are less dangerous to the cell. The catalase is the main enzymatic H2O2 scavenger in plant cells is frequently used to catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 into water rapidly and molecular oxygen (Scandalios et al. 1997). Therefore, the high activities of SOD and CAT in the present study suggested that the antioxidant defense system was maintained at a high level in plants colonized by P. putida and B. subtilis in response to pathogenic infection.
Beneficial microbes stimulate a variety of defense enzymes in host plants in response to the pathogenic attack (Raj et al. 2016). The highest activities of PAL and PPO reduced the disease incidence. PPO, a copper-containing bifunctional enzyme, is known to hydroxylate and oxidize phenolic compounds into highly reactive ortho-quinones, which possess antipathogenic properties (Li and Steffens 2002). The enhanced activity of PPO participates in plant defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens and pests (Kampatsikas et al. 2019). Moreover, PAL catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, resulting in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins and phenolic compounds (Garcion et al. 2014). These compounds had a vital role in the protection of plants against a wide range of pathogens (Mierziak et al. 2014). Hence, the increase in the activity of PPO and PAL may prevent the pathogenic infection of beetroot due to the colonization by P. putida and B. subtilis and accumulation of the defense enzymes.
A significant reduction in chlorophyll content was observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita, P. betavasculorum, and R. solani. Chlorophyll pigments mainly capture light via photosystem II, with consequent electron transport. Plants suffer significant pigment loss when exposed to pathogen infection (Berova et al. 2007) also observed in the present study. The increase in chlorophyll content has been attributed to the increased photosynthetic leaf area of plants due to inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Ali et al. 2011).
Among the various attributes of chlorophyll a fluorescence, Fv/Fm, which reflects the quantum efficiency of PSII, is an excellent indicator of plant stress (Maxwell and Johnson 2000). In the stressed plants, a reduction in Fv/Fm values as observed in this study may indicate photoinhibition and damage to PSII (Araújo and Deminicis 2009). A decrease in NPQ values as recorded in the present study may indicate damage in the antennae pigments. This parameter is regarded as a very sensitive indicator of photosynthetic inhibition (Ricart et al. 2010). These results are supported by several previous findings in which pathogenic infection led to a decline in Fv/Fm, ØPSII, qP, NPQ, and ETR (Su et al. 2017), and a decrease in photosynthesis might be due to a downregulation of photosynthesis or damage of the photosynthetic apparatus.
In this investigation, P. putida and B. subtilis, as well as their mixture, were able to maintain the photosynthetic performance of pathogen-inoculated plants suggesting the protective role of these bioagents on photosynthetic apparatus and growth improvement in beetroot under biotic stress. The enhanced effects of biocontrol agents in combination against pathogens have been attributed to the potential synergistic effects of the different mechanisms (Manasfi et al. 2018). The mixture of microbes may enhance the genetic diversity of biocontrol systems, persist longer in the rhizosphere, and utilize a broader range of biocontrol mechanisms to suppress the pathogens.
The combined application of P. putida and B. subtilis improved plant growth, and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes and induced high levels of defense enzymes. The combined use of these biocontrol agents caused more reductions in galling, nematode multiplications, and disease indices. Therefore, P. putida together with B. subtilis may be used for the management of disease complex of beetroot.
All data of the study have been presented in the manuscript.
ETR:
Electron transport rate
Fv/Fm:
Maximal PSII efficiency
NPQ:
Non-photochemical quenching
PAL:
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
PPO:
Polyphenol oxidase
ɸPSII:
Photochemical efficiency of PSII
qP:
Photochemical quenching
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The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work.
The first author is thankful to Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, and University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for the award of University Fellowship to carry out this work.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, 202002, India
Manzoor R. Khan
& Zaki A. Siddiqui
Search for Manzoor R. Khan in:
Search for Zaki A. Siddiqui in:
ZAS designed the experiment and drafted the manuscript. MRK carried out the experimental work and performed the statistical analysis. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Zaki A. Siddiqui.
This manuscript is in accordance with the guide for authors available on the journal's website. Also, this work has not been published previously and is approved by both authors.
Both authors approve to the publication.
Khan, M.R., Siddiqui, Z.A. Potential of Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, and their mixture on the management of Meloidogyne incognita, Pectobacterium betavasculorum, and Rhizoctonia solani disease complex of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Egypt J Biol Pest Control 29, 73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-019-0174-0
Beta vulgaris
Bioagents
Disease complex
Defense enzymes


text:
The EuroCup Women 2012–13 will be the eleventh edition of FIBA Europe's second-tier international competition for women's basketball clubs under such name. It will be contested by 30 teams from 15 countries, and it is scheduled to run from 24 October 2012 to 14 March 2013.

Group stage

Round of 16

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Final

References

EuroCup Women seasons
2012–13 in European women's basketball leagues

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
iPhone 8 Adoption Expectedly Lower After First Weekend of Sales as Customers Await iPhone X
Monday September 25, 2017 6:00 am PDT by Joe Rossignol
New data shows iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus adoption was lower than previous models over the first three days of availability.
During the first weekend of sales, the devices combined for an estimated 0.7 percent market share of all iPhone models, the lowest since the iPhone 5s in 2013, according to mobile engagement platform Localytics.
With an estimated 0.4 percent market share, the iPhone 8 Plus recorded higher first weekend adoption than any Plus-sized iPhone ever, as demand continues to shift towards the larger 5.5-inch smartphone.
It is important to note the data does not represent actual sales of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus, but measures users who have received the devices and started using one of the 37,000 apps integrated with the Localytics SDK.
The slow start for the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus is unsurprising, as the type of customers who would rush to purchase a new iPhone during the first weekend are likely waiting for the iPhone X to launch in November.
"Apple is betting big on the iPhone X, and so far it looks like consumers may be doing the same," said Localytics.
Apple stopped releasing first weekend sales numbers for new iPhone models last year, as demand typically outweighs supply, so the company feels it is no longer a representative metric for investors or customers.
In years past, we've announced how many new iPhones had been sold as of the first weekend following launch. But as we have expanded our distribution through carriers and resellers to hundreds of thousands of locations around the world, we are now at a point where we know before taking the first customer pre-order that we will sell out of iPhone 7.
These initial sales will be governed by supply, not demand, and we have decided that it is no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers. Therefore we won't be releasing a first-weekend number any longer.
iOS 11's estimated 22 percent adoption is also lower than previous versions through the first six days of availability.
These numbers may or may not be completely accurate, but together with shorter lines reported at Apple retail stores on iPhone 8 launch day, there is an overall sense there will be overwhelming demand for the iPhone X.
Tag: Localytics
Related Forum: iPhone
LIVEFRMNYC
I'm not buying into the "everybody is waiting for the iPhone X" excuse.
Aluminum213
No one wants a four-year-old giant bezel design? Shocking
Of course no-one wants a phone that's going to be considered dated in 2 months.
Not that I'll be buying the ugly X phone either though.
justperry
Exactly this, I think that one is just too expensive, I actually hopes it sells way less than Apple is expecting so they might consider pricing on new iPhones, they just got too expensive in the last few years.
Piggie
Ask Tim Cook.
He will get up on stage and with a straight face say he's overwhelmed by the amazing response to the new phone and could not be more delighted with how much people love them.
bad03xtreme
I will be getting an 8 model, my 6 is dying and I will never spend $1k on a phone plain and simple.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Walmart Gets Hammered on Lower E-Commerce Growth
Going into Walmart Inc.'s (NYSE: WMT) fourth-quarter and full-year 2017 financial report, investors were feeling pretty confident. The company had put up several quarters of solid sales growth and increasing comps, but it was the impressive e-commerce gains that had investors convinced that Walmart could effectively counter its online nemesis, Amazon.com. Walmart had seen more than 50% year-over-year e-commerce growth in each of the past three quarters, and investors were hoping for more of the same.
Those expectations took it on the chin when Walmart reported e-commerce gains in the fourth quarter of 23% year over year, the lowest increase seen in over a year. Walmart's stock to fell more than 10% in the wake of its financial release -- producing the single biggest dollar decline in the company's history. It's important for investors to remember, however, that this was the first full quarter without the benefit of the Jet.com acquisition. With that in mind, let's look at the rest of the numbers to see if they're as bad as Wall Street is making out.
It's really not that bad
For its just-completed fourth quarter, Walmart reported revenue of $136.3 billion, up 4.1% year over year. Comparable same-store sales grew 2.6%, while comp traffic grew 1.6%, both year over year. It also marked the 14th consecutive quarter of growth for Walmart.
Walmart's margin was pressured by a combination of lower prices and a higher percentage of online sales, as shipping tends to make those sales less profitable. Walmart has also been making additional products available to online shoppers; the total now exceeds 75 million products.
The combination of lower margin and several discrete items, including restructuring charges and a loss on extinguishment of debt, caused Walmart's diluted earnings to fall 40% to $0.73 per share, compared with $1.22 in the prior-year quarter. Excluding the discrete items of $0.60 per share would have resulted in essentially flat earnings.
Walmart experienced what it called "operational challenges" during the holiday season. The company increased seasonal inventory for items such as toys and electronics but ended up out of stock on staples and "more everyday items." This is obviously a sign of growing pains as Walmart ramps up its e-commerce business to compete with rival Amazon.
One of the initiatives the company has planned will be to take the smart-cart technology from Jet.com and integrate it into Walmart's e-commerce operation. Jet boasts much higher units per transaction than Walmart, so the company believes this change will drive higher growth. As customers add more items to the online shopping cart, they are rewarded with lower prices. Shoppers are also rewarded if they forgo returns or pay with a debit card.
"We have good momentum in the business with solid sales growth across Walmart U.S., Sam's Club, and International," said CEO Doug McMillon. "We're making real progress putting our unique assets to work to serve customers in all the ways they want to shop, and I want to thank our associates for their great work this past year. We're making decisions to position the business for success and investing to win with customers and shareholders."
What the coming year will bring
Walmart is forecasting comp sales for the coming year to grow at least 2% at its U.S. Walmart stores and between 3% and 4% at its Sam's Club locations. The company expects consolidated net sales to increase between 1.5% to 2% after being negatively affected by the decision to close certain Sam's Club stores and to remove tobacco from certain clubs. This also includes winding down its Brazilian first-party e-commerce business. Walmart still expects e-commerce sales to grow 40% for fiscal 2019, while generating earnings per share of $4.75 to $5.00.
Given the combination of growth, higher comps, and much higher online sales growth than what other brick-and-mortar retailers have generated, the massive blow to the stock price is likely a wild overreaction -- and investors may be getting Walmart for a bargain at this price.
10 stocks we like better than Walmart Inc.When investing geniuses David and Tom Gardner have a stock tip, it can pay to listen. After all, the newsletter they have run for over a decade, Motley Fool Stock Advisor, has tripled the market.*
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Regina Schlank Pyle: "Every spring my private high school in New York commemorates the holocaust by giving a special presentation to honor a beloved instructor who was a holocaust survivor. It was my pleasure to introduce my elementary public school classmate, Michael Bornstein, author of "Survivors Club: The True Story of a very Young Prisoner of Auschwitz." Michael was one of the youngest to be liberated by the Russians and his story is a testament to love and endurance. I traveled in China for three weeks this spring with a close friend. The impetus for the trip was for me to finally visit Beijing where my dear friend, Bikui, lives. He worked with my late husband, Tom, in 2000, they became good friends and he's been in my life ever since. We started in Beijing and Bikui showed us all of the non-touristy sights and then we began a tour created for us by an excellent company. After Beijing we went to Xian to see the terracotta warriors, then to Chendgu to see the pandas, then a river trip through the Three Gorges and ending in Shanghai. Bikui arranged to have a business trip there so he was a wonderful guide. To say the least it was an eye opening trip and caused me to realize that the USA lags behind China is so many ways. Of course their style of government allows them the ability to forge ahead in many ways we can't but in the past 30 years or so have created a fantastic highway system, hi-speed rail and excellent air lines, cellular technology, sophisticated cities with gleaming architecture and a highly educated population. And with a population of almost 1.4 billion, there are plenty willing to be sweepers who keep the streets immaculate. The people were most welcoming and the weather sunny and smog free! In early June I attended what would have been Tom's 50th reunion of the Harvard Business School. We were married and shared that fantastic experience so it was wonderful to reconnect with many of his section mates and share memories.


text:
August Sieghardt (* 13. März 1887 in Nürnberg; † 29. Oktober 1961 in Prien, Oberbayern) war ein deutscher Journalist und Schriftsteller.

Leben und Wirken
Sieghardt war zunächst als Redakteur in Kufstein, später als freier Schriftsteller und Journalist in Nürnberg tätig. Er arbeitete bei der Bayerischen Staatszeitung, der Nürnberger Zeitung und der Fränkischen Berg- und Wandersportzeitung mit. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg siedelte er nach Grassau/Chiemgau über. Neben seinen Feuilletons veröffentlichte er vor allem kulturhistorische Heimat-, Wander- und Reisebücher, vielfach zur Fränkischen Schweiz.

Der Nachlass von Sieghardt wird im Gemeindearchiv Grassau verwaltet.

Sieghardt zu Ehren wurden Straßen in Nürnberg, Gößweinstein und Grassau nach ihm benannt.

Werke (Auswahl)

 Der Wendelstein und seine Bergbahn – Ein Führer für die Fahrgäste. 1919, München
 Im Bannkreis der Wiesent. 1925, Carl Koch Verlag Nürnberg
 Der Michelsberg bei Hersbruck, ein Geschichts- und Landschaftsbild. 1925, Verlag Karl Pfeiffer, Hersbruck
 Nordbayerische Burgen und Schlösser. 1934, Buchverlag Erich Spandel, Nürnberg
 Burgen und Schlösser der bayerischen Ostmark. Gauverl. Bayerische Ostmark, Bayreuth, 1938 (Digitalisat).
 Nürnberg – Wesen und Schicksal einer Stadt. 1950, Sebaldus-Verlag, Nürnberg
 Fränkische Schweiz – Romantisches Land. 1952, 1. Auflage, Glock und Lutz, Nürnberg
 Nürnberg alt und neu – Handbuch und Stadtführer. 1954, Glock und Lutz, Nürnberg
 Fränkische Schweiz Reise- und Wanderführer. 3. Auflage, 1956, Glock und Lutz Verlag, Nürnberg
 Nürnberger Umland. Landschaft – Geschichte – Kultur – Kunst mit Hinweisen für Ferienaufenthalt und Wandern. 2. Auflage, 1961, Glock und Lutz Verlag, Nürnberg
 Teufelshöhle Pottenstein. Hrsg. von Julius Steeger & Co. GmbH, Bayreuth 1961
 Bayerischer Wald. Landschaft – Geschichte – Kultur – Kunst. 2. Auflage, 1962, Glock und Lutz Verlag, Nürnberg
 Fränkische Schweiz. Glock und Lutz, Nürnberg 1971, aus der Bibliothek Deutsche Landeskunde
 Teufelshöhle Pottenstein. 3. Auflage. 1992.

Quellen
 Reinhard Löwisch: Sie lebten für die Region und erhielten sie lebendig. nordbayern.de, 4. Januar 2016
 Reinhard Löwisch: August Sieghardt in der Fränkischen Schweiz – Ein Erinnerungsblatt seines Wirkens zum 60. Todestag. Sommer 2021 (PDF, 10,6 MB)
 https://www.booklooker.de/B%C3%BCcher/Angebote/autor=August+Sieghardt

Einzelnachweise

Journalist (Deutschland)
Autor
Deutscher
Geboren 1887
Gestorben 1961
Mann


Construction Project Management Software Software module in the Construction Software is built to handle the projects in the more effective manner. Every construction project differs and various, and so the projects needs to be managed accordingly.
Project management software software inside the construction industry might be described since the overall planning, integration of several project phases and control of the job directed at fulfilling the requirements of clients. Construction project management software software also targets developing a financially and functionally achievable project. A highly effective planning of budget, scheduling of tasks, resource allocation and utilization is required to put it on in the more effective manner.
Construction companies appoint project managers to function on parts of construction management. Manual planning and implementation usually takes a few days to effectively have the preferred outcome. Construction keeper might be a solution for managers to handle construction planning and organization problems.
The primary features to think about in the construction project management software software module are estimating the cost from the work, project planning, budget management, cost control, resource allocation, communication, quality management, collaboration of several project units and administration systems which deal with the complexness of projects.
An online construction ERP software packages are helpful for companies concentrating on multiple projects. It may be simpler to enable them to have the updates in the projects everywhere and anytime. Outdated fliers and business card printing of construction project management software software can lead to chaos and confusion leading to many mistakes and repetitive work.
Construction projects undergo many changes through the implementation phase and using effective Construction Keeper like Blue Dolphin, the managers, the subcontractors, infrastructure developers as well as the builders have the progress anytime and everywhere. It will help them coordinate various tasks better. Nowadays the competitiveness, profitability and growth and development of many construction companies depend on the type of management tool they'll use.
• Project Scheduling and Rescheduling: Using advanced project management software software software, the scheduling of occasions, sources and materials is possible effectively. It may be simpler for companies to handle various task durations.
• Information: Everything relating for the project, sources and expenses might be utilized using an excellent construction keeper. Many other information for instance early challenges from the work, holidays, and workload planning during holidays, cost maintenance and optimum use of sources available can also be acquired using this module in the construction keeper.
• Labor Needs: Using information available using Project Management Software Software software, it may be much easier to know the actual man power needs. The management can recruit more labor in line with the needs. This could save your time of control of the business. The success of the building company depends largely about how exactly they manage their projects. Using advanced construction project management software software software in construction business ensures more precision, better implementation plus much more organization. You should know of requirements of the business before selecting Construction project management software software software. Using this method, the business can pick the right construction software.


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An examination of imagery used to represent fundamental British values and British identity on primary school display boards
(PDF 1,262.1 kb)
Authors: Moncrieffe, Marlon; Moncrieffe, Audrey
It is observable that display boards are being applied widely by primary schools as visual representations for teaching and learning about the stated fundamental British values of democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and the mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs. The research presented by this article is based upon analysis of 27 display boards from primary schools across England, including findings from in-depth interviews with three primary school teachers. We wanted to identify and to understand how discourses of British national identity such as monoculturalism and multiculturalism are reified by schools and teachers through the imagery used on primary school display boards in the representation of fundamental British values. Our research makes an original contribution to the debate on teaching and learning about national identity, by offering empirical evidence both of representations of fundamental British values and of teacher interpretations of the policy.
Keywords: FUNDAMENTAL BRITISH VALUES; IMAGERY; MONOCULTURALISM; MULTICULTURALISM; NATIONAL IDENTITY


This is the perfect appetizer gift set to get any holiday party started. The Cheeseballs & Two Wines Gift Set comes complete with a cheeseball, crackers, and a circular serving board. This is the perfect holiday treat that is worth sharing with family and friends. The two bottles of wine may be upgraded from the drop-down menu below.
Cheeseball - Classic Cheeseball: This is hands down one of the yummiest treats to serve at your next holiday party. Packed with cream cheese, cranberry and bacon bits, this is a perfect addition to any holiday platter.
Cheeseball - Classic Cheeseball: This is hands down one of the yummiest treats to serve at your next holiday party. Packed with cream cheese, cranberry and almonds, this is a perfect addition to any holiday platter.
Crackers - Gone Crackers Olive Oil & Cracked Pepper: Made with a high quality of ingredients, Gone Crackers offers delicious gourmet crackers in a variety of unique flavors.
Crackers - Capeachio's Wheat Crackers: A classic staple of any appetizer. CaPeachio's Peppercorn and Poppy Crackers will complete any starting course and are perfect for any occasion. Better yet, they are Kosher, vegan-friendly, and GMO-free.
Jelly - Delish Apple Jelly: Made from rich apples, this delightful gourmet jam is the perfect sweet spread for pastries, toast, crackers, and more.
Cheese Knives - Cheese Knives: This gift comes complete with a cheese knife with wooden handle, perfect for helping to share cheese or chocolates.
Cutting Board - This gift basket is presented with a beautiful wooden cutting board, perfect for serving snacks this holiday season.
This gift was terrific for our friends and they found it very useful. It was full of treats & the cheese balls were amaze and the cutting board & server were great additions! They loved the wines as well. We always use this site, but it's our 1st time selecting this item. We will certainly order it again!!
The basket was delivered with all the given items before the due time and looked nice. The crackers were crunchy and the cheeseballs too were delish. There was enough in it to be enough for a family or a group of pals. Nice basket to enjoy. Would purchase again.
Arrived a day earlier than expected! Sent to my brother who is an outstanding cook and baker with discriminating taste, like myself and he said that everything was of great quality! The cheese balls was something he was very excited to try. Good for any occasion, as I sent this to him for the holidays as he is in the process of getting divorced and wanted to do something nice for him.
Both the varieties of the cheeseballs were great (though I liked the almond one a bit more) and the wines made the nice partners for them. Didn't sample the jelly but the crackers were good. Recommended.


Learn about the benefits of logging in to the Hope Church website.
If you have been attending Hope for a short time or for several months, take a step to getting more involved by attending THE FIRST STEP.
Join Pastor Stephen Kirk, Hope Church staff members and others for this guest get-together on May 15th.
Aspire's season is coming to an end and we'd like to invite you to come to the Grand Finale.


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Browsing War Relocation Authority by Issue Date
War Relocation Authority
Jump to a point in the index: (Choose month) January February March April May June July August September October November December (Choose year) 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011
Community government in war relocation centers.
United States. War Relocation Authority.; Kimball, Solon Toothaker. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
Japanese Americans educated in Japan: The Kibei.
Embree, John F. 1908-1950.; United States. War Relocation Authority. Office of Reports.; United States. War Relocation Authority. Community Analysis Section.; United States. War Relocation Authority. (War Relocation Authority; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1944)
Administrative highlights of the WRA program.
United States. War Relocation Authority.; Pitts, Malcolm E. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
The wartime handling of evacuee property.
United States. War Relocation Authority. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
Relocation of Japanese-Americans.
United States. War Relocation Authority. (War Relocation Authority; U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1943)
Dealing with Japanese Americans.
The relocation program: a guide book for the residents of relocation centers.
United States. War Relocation Authority. (War Relocation Authority; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1943)
Legal and constitutional phases of the WRA program.
United States. War Relocation Authority.; Glick, Philip M. 1905-; Ferguson, Edwin E. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
People in motion: the postwar adjustment of the evacuated Japanese Americans.
United States. War Agency Liquidation Unit.; Cullum, Robert M. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1947)
Impounded people: Japanese Americans in the relocation centers.
United States. War Relocation Authority.; Spicer, Edward Holland, 1906- (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
The evacuated people: a quantitative description.
The relocation program.
Buddhism in the United States.
United States. War Relocation Authority. Community Analysis Section. (War Relocation Authority; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1944)
Semi-annual report.
Stresses and strains of center life.
United States. War Relocation Authority. Community Analysis Section.; McFarling, J. Ralph (Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
Token shipment: the story of America's war refugee shelter.
United States. War Relocation Authority.; Marks, Edward B. (U.S. Government Printing Office; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
Relocating a people.
WRA: a story of human conservation.
United States. War Relocation Authority. (Department of the Interior; War Relocation Authority; Denison University; Government Documents Round Table of Ohio; Date: 1946)
Segregation of evacuees.


Dindigul Dragons is all set to take on Madurai Panthers in Qualifier 1 on Thursday, August 09, 2018. DIN and MAD finished in the first and second position with ten points each. In Today's Dream11 Match Cricket Match Prediction of DIN vs MAD Qualifier 1, TNPL 2018, we will cover Pitch Report of Indian Cement Company Ground, Tirunelveli, Probable Playing 11, Toss Prediction, Fantasy Cricket Tips/News and Who Will Win?
Who Will Win the 1st Qualifier T20 Match, Between DIN vs MAD and Toss Prediction?
Where Can You Watch the Live Streaming of DIN vs MAD, Qualifier 1 or Channels to Watch?
Dindigul Dragons and Madurai Panthers, both the teams have finished in the top position in the league stage. Both the teams have won 5 matches and lost two games. Both the teams have an equal chance of winning. According to our astrology prediction, MAD will win the match today.
The team winning the toss should opt to bowl first as chasing is comparatively easy on this ground. According to our astrology prediction, MAD will win the toss and ask DIN to bat first.
Date: The match will be played on the 9th of August 2018 (Thursday).
Match: Tamil Nadu Premier League, 2018, DDD vs Madurai, Qualifier 1.
Venue: Tirunelveli, Indian Cement Company Ground.
Time: 1:45 PM GMT, 07:15 PM IST, 07:15 PM Local.
Scoring runs in the first half of the game will not be that easy. The seamers will get swing and movement in the first couple of overs. The batsman can score good runs if they managed to handle the initial swing. The spinners will also come into the game in the middle overs. Overall the pitch will assist all the three departments. The one who will bend their back the most will be benefited the most.
Note: If you know how the pitch will play, then you can select your team according to the pitch. Make use of the pitch while selecting your team for fantasy leagues. From the above pitch report, you would have understood that making a team with a combination of all three departments would be a wise choice.
It is expected to be partly cloudy throughout the day. It will be mostly sunny in the second half of the day. The cricket fans and fantasy users can see the complete game as no rain is predicted. It will be a hot and humid day. The temperature is expected to be 30-Degree Celsius and the humidity to be 56%, which may go up to 70%.
Note: The weather condition will favour the batsman.
If you are a Siechem Madurai Panthers fan, the statistics may make you unhappy. MAD and DIN have played three matches against each other and MAD have to register a single win. In the last encounter, DIN defeated MAD by 9 wickets with 28 balls remaining.
Note: If you have the record and statistics of previous matches. You can make a fair idea that about the winning team.
The TNPL will be broadcasted in Tamil and English language by Star Sports.
India: Star Sports 1, Star Sports 2, Star Sports HD1, Star Sports HD2, Star Sports Tamil, Hotstar.
N Jagadeesan, Hari Nishanth, and R Vivek are the key performers of Dindigul Dragons Team. Ravichandran Ashwin is on national duty, so he will not play. Hanuma Vihari and Arpit Vasavada will no play being outstation players. DIN is expected to play with the same playing 11.
NS Chaturved, M Mohammed, ME Yazh Arun Mozhi, Balchander Anirudh, M Silambarasan, Trilok Nag, N Jagadeesan (c & wk), Hari Nishanth, R Vivek, Mohan Abhinav, Varun Totadri.
R Vivek, N Jagadeesan (c & wk), Ramalingam Rohit, Hari Nishanth, Adithya Arun, NS Chaturved, Nivethan Radhakrishnan, Balchander Anirudh, N Ramakrishnan, M Mohammed, ME Yazh Arun Mozhi, Mohan Abhinav, Jagannathan Kaushik, M Silambarasan, Ra Aravind, Trilok Nag, M Sujendran, Varun Totadri.
Arun Karthik, Thalaivan Sargunam, and Jagatheesan Kousik are the key players of Madurai Panthers Team. Amit Verma and Raphy Gomez will not play the match being outstation players. MAD will play with the same playing 11, although they lost their last game.
Thalaivan Sargunam, Arun Karthik (wk), D Rohit, Rahil Shah, Abhishek Tanwar, R Karthikeyan, Shijit Chandran, Jagatheesan Kousik, Kiran Akash, Varun Chakravathi, SP Nathan.
Thalaivan Sargunam, Arun Karthik (wk), Nilesh Subramanian, D Rohit (c), SS Karnavar, Jagatheesan Kousik, R Karthikeyan, Varun Chakravathi, PS Sivaramakrishnan, SP Nathan, Rahil Shah, Shijit Chandran, Lokesh Raj, Abhishek Tanwar, Vikram Jangid, Kiran Akash, MS Promoth, Jaganath Sinivas, Tushar Raheja.
Fantasy Cricket Expert Tips: Both the players are good. You can select anyone. 51.91% of the users have selected N Jagadeesan in their Dream11 Teams and 46.83% of the users have selected Arun Karthik in their Dream Teams. Make a combination of the above players for multiple teams.
This Team is for Head to Head Leagues and Small Leagues.
Conclusion: This is it for Today's Dream11 Fantasy Cricket Match Prediction of DIN vs MAD, 1st Qualifier T20 Match, which will be played on Thursday 9th August. We have covered all the details required to win any fantasy leagues.
We have covered players recent and past performance, dream11 guru and crictom prediction, all the latest news and updates of Dindigul Dragons Team and Madurai Panthers Team, weather report of Tirunelveli, dream 11 best teams, keys players, the best choice for captain and vice-captain, where to watch the live match of MAD vs DIN, 1st Qualifier T20 Match and the details of live streaming of Tamil Nadu Premier League (TNPL), 2018.


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Drew Stafford has struggled all season. ©2013, Dan Hickling, Olean Times Herald
Struggling Stafford to sit tonight as Gerbe returns for Sabres
MONTREAL – Naturally, getting benched for tonight's game against the Canadiens is disappointing, Drew Stafford said. The struggling Buffalo Sabres winger, who has only four goals in 31 games this season, hasn't been a healthy scratch in years.
But the 27-year-old veteran, an assistant captain, understands why interim coach Ron Rolston will sit him.
"I mean, it's no secret I haven't been getting on the score sheet," Stafford said this afternoon following Buffalo's skate inside the Bell Centre. "But other than that, it's pretty simple."
Winger Nathan Gerbe, a healthy scratch the last two games, will replace Stafford. Slick winger Thomas Vanek will return after a one-game absence (hip), so tough guy John Scott will sit.
What was Rolston's message to Stafford?
"We want everyone to play and play hard," Rolston said. "We got a lot of guys. We got some tough decisions right now."
Stafford, who scored twice last Saturday and netted the shootout-tying goal in Thursday's 5-4 win over Toronto, has been blunt about his struggles this season. He scored 31 goals two seasons ago and 20 times last year.
"I don't know if surprised is the right word," Stafford said about sitting. "I mean, it's definitely disappointing. It's his decision, and something I have to respect and have to work my way getting back in the lineup."
Stafford, whose name has been swirling in trade rumors, has been adamant he won't quit on the Sabres.
"Obviously, I'm not going to stop," he said. "I've told you guys before the game reveals your character. The kind of situation right now, this is obviously extremely disappointing. We've been winning a couple games as well. I definitely want to be a part of the solution. … I have to be a professional."
Gerbe, meanwhile, didn't agree with his short benching.
"No, I thought I've been playing really well, getting chances when I'm out there and working hard," said Gerbe, who has three goals in 25 games. "So that's all I can control."
Rolston added: "We know what Nathan brings. He brings a lot of energy and he can skate."
Barely a month into the job, Rolston has put some of his mark on the team. In addition to Gerbe and Stafford, Marcus Foligno, Jochen Hecht and Patrick Kaleta have recently been healthy scratches. Hecht and Kaleta were steamed about it, too.
Ryan Miller will start in goal tonight. Rolston said he didn't consider starting backup Jhonas Enroth, who played strongly during a 3-2 overtime win here Tuesday.
Author Bill HoppePosted on 03.23.13 10.12.15 Categories Enroth, Foligno, Gerbe, Hecht, Kaleta, Miller, Montreal Canadiens, Rolston, Scott, Stafford, Vanek
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(P/B) BOYS WILL BE BOYS
POWER, PATRIARCHY AND TOXIC MASCULINITY
FORD CLEMENTINE
Εκδότης: ONEWORLD
Τιμή Πολιτείας
The incendiary new book about toxic masculinity and misogyny from Clementine Ford, author of the best-selling feminist manifesto, Fight Like A Girl. Fearless feminist heroine Clementine Ford's incendiary first book, Fight Like A Girl, is taking the world by storm, galvanising women to demand and fight for real equality and not merely the illusion of it. Now Boys Will Be Boys examines what needs to change for that equality to become a reality. It answers the question most asked of Clementine: 'How do I raise my son to respect women and give...
(P/B) HOW TO TEACH QUANTUM PHYSICS TO YOUR DOG
ORZEL CHAD
The international bestseller from the author of Breakfast with Einstein Emmy is no ordinary dog. When adopted from the shelter by physics professor Chad Orzel, she becomes immediately fascinated by his work. Could she use quantum tunnelling to get through the neighbour's fence? How about diffracting round a tree to chase squirrels? Or using virtual particles to catch bunnies made of cheese? Taking Emmy's anarchic behaviour as a starting point, Orzel explains the key theories of quantum physics. From quarks and gluons to Heisenberg's uncert...
(P/B) THE NEW WILDERNESS
(EXPORT EDITION)
COOK DIANE
(P/B) MAN V. NATURE
(P/B) A RUMI ANTHOLOGY
RUMI JALAL-AL-DIN
Comprising two books of translations by Reynold A. Nicholson, Rumi Poet and Mystic and Tales of Mystic Meaning, this new anthology offers 170 passages from Rumi's greatest works in one volume. (From the publisher)...
(P/B) MY LIFE ON THE ROAD
STEINEM GLORIA
The New York Times bestseller Gloria Steinem had an itinerant childhood. Every fall, her father would pack the family into the car and they would drive across the country, in search of their next adventure. The seeds were planted: Steinem would spend much of her life on the road, as a journalist, organizer, activist, and speaker. In vivid stories that span an entire career, Steinem writes about her time on the campaign trail, from Bobby Kennedy to Hillary Clinton; her early exposure to social activism in India; organizing ground-up movemen...
(P/B) MINDSIGHT
TRANSFORM YOUR BRAIN WITH THE NEW SCIENCE OF KINDNESS
SIEGEL J. DANIEL
Using interactive examples and case histories from his clinical practice, Dr Siegel shows how mindsight - the innovative integration of brain science with the practice of psychotherapy - can be applied to alleviate a range of psychological and interpersonal problems. Practical and profound, this book shows us how to harness the power of our minds, master our emotions, heal our relationships, and transform our sense of well-being. (From the publisher)...
(P/B) THE HEN WHO DREAMED SHE COULD FLY
HWANG SUN-MI
This is the story of a hen named Sprout. No longer content to lay eggs on command only to have them carted off to the market, she glimpses her future every morning through the barn doors, where the other animals roam free, and comes up with a plan to escape into the wild-and to hatch an egg of her own. An anthem for individuality and motherhood, The Hen Who Dreamed She Could Fly has captivated millions of readers in Korea. Now the novel is making its way around the world, where it has the potential to inspire generations of readers the way...
(P/B) THE BIG PICTURE
ON THE ORIGINS OF LIFE, MEANING, AND THE UNIVERSE ITSELF
CARROLL B. SEAN
Where are we? Who are we? Do our beliefs, hopes and dreams hold any significance out there in the void? Can human purpose and meaning ever fit into a scientific worldview? Award-winning author Sean Carroll brings his extraordinary intellect to bear on the realms of knowledge, the laws of nature and the most profound questions about life, death and our place in it all. From Darwin and Einstein to the origins of life, consciousness and the universe itself, Carroll combines cosmos-sprawling science and profound thought in a quest to explain o...
(P/B) THE BOOK OF NIGHT WOMEN
JAMES MARLON
This is the story of Lilith, born into slavery on a Jamaican sugar plantation at the end of the eighteenth century. Even at her birth, the Night Women - a clandestine council of fierce slaves plotting an island-wide revolt - recognize a dark force in her that they treat with both reverence and fear. But as Lilith comes of age and begins to understand her own feelings and identity, she dares to push at the edges of what is imaginable for the life of a slave woman. And as rebellions simmer and unspoken jealousies intensify, Lilith's powers a...
(P/B) TURKEY
THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY
AHMAD FEROZ
This concise history tells the story of Turkey, a country caught between the ideologies of East and West. From its beginnings as a disparate group of tribes to its status as the first secular republic in the Islamic world, Ahmad provides a full survey of Turkey's chequered past. Covering nearly 1,000 years of history, from the eleventh-century invasion of Anatolia to attempts at European integration and involvement in the 2003 war with Iraq, Ahmad unpicks the debates and puts historical disputes in context. This updated edition also examin...
(P/B) SOLOVYOV AND LARIONOV
VODOLAZKIN EUGENE
Can we ever really understand the present without first understanding the past? From the winner of the 2019 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Prize, and the author of the multi-award winning Laurus, comes a sweeping novel that takes readers on a fascinating journey through one of the most momentous periods in Russian history. What really happened to General Larionov of the Imperial Russian Army, who somehow avoided execution by the Bolsheviks? He lived out his long life in Yalta leaving behind a vast heritage of undiscovered memoirs. In modern day Ru...
(P/B) MOUTHFUL OF BIRDS
SCHWEBLIN SAMANTA
A SPELLBINDING COLLECTION OF STORIES FROM A MAJOR INTERNATIONAL LITERARY STAR The crunch of a bird's wing. A cloud of butterflies, so beautiful it smothers. A crimson flash of blood across an artist's canvas. Spine-tingling and unexpected, unearthly and strange, the stories of Mouthful of Birds are impossible to forget. Samanta Schweblin's writing expertly blurs the line between the surreal and the everyday, pulling the reader into a world that is at once nightmarish and beautiful. An exhilarating tour de force guaranteed to leave the puls...
(P/B) WHAT THE BUDDHA TAUGHT
RAHULA WALPOLA
This clear and informative guide draws on the words spoken by the Buddha to convey the true nature of Buddhist wisdom. It also features an illustrative section of texts from the Suttas and the Dhammapada, a glossary of Buddhist terms and an up-to-date bibliography. (From the publisher)...
(P/B) ZULEIKHA
YAKHINA GUZEL
WINNER OF THE BIG BOOK AWARD, THE LEO TOLSTOY YASNAYA POLYANA AWARD AND THE BEST PROSE WORK OF THE YEAR AWARD. A sweeping, multi-award winning novel set in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, as gangs of marauding soldiers terrorise and plunder the countryside. Zuleikha, the 'pitiful hen', is living in the home of her brutal husband and despotic mother-in-law in a small Tatar village. When her husband is executed by communist soldiers for hiding grain, she is arrested and sent into exile in Siberia. In the first gruelling winter, hund...
(P/B) JOHN CROW'S DEVIL
Jamaica, 1957 On a day beginning with a bad omen - black vultures, known locally as John Crows, crash through the local church windows - a handsome and charismatic stranger drags the village preacher from his pulpit and takes over both church and congregation. Promising vengeance and damnation, he wastes no time delivering both, and in doing so starts a power struggle that sets the village of Gibbeah on a path to destruction. With language as taut as classic works by Cormac McCarthy, and a richness reminiscent of early Toni Morrison, John...
(P/B) HUMILIATION
FLORES PAULINA
Pride and disgrace. Nostalgia and revenge. Tenderness and seduction. From the dusty backstreets of Santiago and the sun-baked alleyways of impoverished fishing villages to the dark stairwells of urban apartment blocks, Paulina Flores paints an intimate picture of a world in which the shadow of humiliation, of delusion, seduction and sabotage, is never far away. This is a Chile we seldom see in fiction. With an exceptional eye for human fragility, with unfailing insight and extraordinary tenderness, Humiliation is a mesmerising collection f...
(P/B) OTHERWORLD
LAST REALITY
SEGEL JASON, MILLER KIRSTEN
Welcome to real life 2.0. Are you ready to play? There are no screens. There are no controls. You don't just see and hear it - you taste, smell, and touch it too. In this new reality there are no rules to follow, no laws to break. You can live your best life. It's a game so addictive you'll never want it to end. Until you realize that you're the one being played. Step into Otherworld. Leave your body behind. The frightening future that Jason Segel and Kirsten Miller have imagined is not far away. Otherworld asks the question we'll all soo...
(P/B) A HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN 21 WOMEN
A PERSONAL SELECTION
MURRAY JENNI
From the bestselling author of A History of Britain in 21 Women The history of the world is the history of great women. Marie Curie discovered radium and revolutionised medical science. Empress Cixi transformed China. Frida Kahlo turned an unflinching eye on life and death. Anna Politkovskaya dared to speak truth to power, no matter the cost. Their names should be shouted from the rooftops. And that is exactly what Jenni Murray is here to do. (From the publisher)...
(P/B) WEIRDER MATHS
AT THE EDGE OF THE POSSIBLE
DARLING DAVID, BENERJEE AGNIJO
Even the most enthusiastic of maths students probably at one time wondered when exactly it would all prove useful in 'real life'. Well, maths reaches so far and wide through our world that, love it or hate it, we're all doing maths almost every minute of every day. David Darling and Agnijo Banerjee go in search of the perfect labyrinth, journey back to the second century in pursuit of 'bubble maths', reveal the weirdest mathematicians in history and transform the bewildering into the beautiful, delighting us once again. (From the publisher...
SONIK, ΤΕΥΧΟΣ 105, ΙΑΝΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ-ΦΕΒΡΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ 2017
ΟΙ ΥΠΝΟΒΑΤΕΣ (ΤΡΙΤΟΣ ΤΟΜΟΣ)
ΜΑΓΙΚΟΣ ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ - ΣΤΕΝΣΙΛ ΣΤΟ ΔΡΟΜΟ