How To Fix The Printer Status Offline Windows 10 In A Couple Of Minutes?
The Printer status offline Windows 10 is a very common issue which is recently appearing on many Windows 10 OS based systems. This issue primarily attacks its users after a system update or OS update. It is mainly caused by the OS incompatibility problems, which are a very common thing to happen as we install a new version of the OS. Apart from that, this issue is also triggered by a misconfiguration of the settings. Many new users are unable to set their printer properly. This thing causes various types of issue and the printer status offline issue on Windows 10 is one of them.
There are many solutions that you can apply to the printer status offline Windows 10 that you are facing now. But all of them works on different problematic sections of the printer. However, it is quite tough to pinpoint the particular segment which is causing this issue on your system and printer. That's why you should apply all the solutions one by one and hope one of them satisfy your case.
But, before start applying any advanced solutions, reboot your system and printer once. This will eliminate all the small causes which might trigger these issues like improper settings and other software glitches.
The first thing that you should check after the reboot is the printer's connection medium. If you have connected your printer with a wired connection. Then, verify the cable and its working properties. After that, check your printer's functionality, where you have to go ahead and try to connect with another system in order to verify it.
Now, if you are using wireless connection medium like bluetooth or wifi then check their settings on your printer and system. While doing that, make sure that the printer you want to use is the default printer.
Now, if the Hardware section is functioning perfectly and still your printer keeps going offline Windows 10, then it's time to check and troubleshoot the software section. In the Windows OS, there is an in-built error correction tool which is known as the Troubleshoot tool. It is able to fix almost every issue and error of Windows OS and things connected or related to it. And we will recommend you to use it. And if it fails to solve the issue, then the Troubleshoot tool will inform you about the problematic sections. It will help you in the problematic section hunting task.
After that Troubleshooting process, the next thing you should try is the Reinstall method.
To do that, open the Windows setting page, and click on the Device option. Now on the Devices page, you will get the Printers & Scanners option. Click on it and enter into its page. There you will find the Remove device option, click on it. A window will appear on your screen.
If your printer's name is present there then remove it. Once you have done that, come back on the Printers & Scanners page and then tap on the Add a printer or scanner option. Now, you just need to follow the instructions provided on your screen in order to complete the process.
First, launch the Windows Run Dialogue Box by pressing the Windows key and R key together.
Now on that box, type control panel on it and hit the Enter key.
On the Control Panel page, click on the Devices and Printers option. You will find it under the Hardware and Sound section.
After doing that, go to the official website of the printer manufacturer and download the latest Printer application. While doing that, make sure that you are downloading the correct version of the application. This will help you to avoid future incompatibility issues. Now, once the downloading process gets completed. Install it and then, verify the issue.
In some situation, it has been found that the Printer Status Offline issue is occuring due to turn off printer status. This thing can be fixed with the help of Setting page and Use Offline option.
To turn it on first, open the Control Panel by using the WinX menu. Press the Windows key + X simultaneously to launch the WinX menu. Now there you will get the Control Panel option. Click on it and launch its page.
Now there you will get the Devices and Printers option under the Hardware and Sound section. Click on it in order to enter its page.
After clicking on that option a new window will arise. On that window. Click on the Printer option and expand it.
Now, on that expand the menu you have click on the Pause Printing and User Printer Offline option one by one.
Once you complete those steps, the Status of your printer's status should change and solve the issue.
The Service page will instantly appear on your screen. Now there you have to locate the Printer Spooler option and then double-clicks on it.
A pop window will arise. There, click on the Stop option. That click will stop the Printer Spooler service.
Now, wait for a few seconds and then hit the Start option. Once the service starts showing the running status again. Click on the OK button and close the page.
After that, verify the presence of Printer Status Offline Windows 10 and other issue related to it.
Now if you are facing this error on a networked printer then there is a solution that can fix this issue on your system. In this solution, you just need to add another printer on your system, Many networked printer users have tried this method and got a positive result.
To start this method, the first thing you need to open is the Run Dialogue Box by pressing the "Windows Key + R".
Then on the Control Panel page, click on the Devices and Printers option and launch its page.
After this, right click on your printer's name and open-up the context menu.
Instantly a pop-window will appear on your screen. On that window tap on the Ports tab.
Inside that tab, you have to click on the Add Port… button.
Now, a new window will arise, There you need to select the Standard TCP/IP Port option and then hit the New Port option.
Enter the IP address and Port Name of your printer and then tap on the Next button. If you don't know the IP address of your printer then visit the official website of your printer manufacturer or open up your manual. You will get it there.
The wizard will now take is time to set everything up and after it completed that, select the Standard TCP/IP option from that list once again and hit the Next button.
Once you have done that, hit the Finish button and verify the issue.
We hope our solutions and suggestions are helpful to you with the Printer Status Offline Windows 10. For more tech-related info, keep following our articles.


Malacañang, October 17, 2005 (OFFICE OF THE PRESS SECRETARY) No rally policy on Mendiola designed to avoid repeat of 1987 bloody incident.
Eighteen years after 17 farmers were felled by bullets in the bloodiest street protest in Metro Manila, the "Mendiola Massacre" continues to haunt the country and influence police response to rallies in the historic bridge.
Malacanang is determined to forestall a repeat of the massacre that left the nation in a state of shock, Press Secretary and Presidential Spokesman Ignacio R. Bunye said in his regular weekly column: The View From the Palace, which comes out tomorrow (Monday).
Defending the police for keeping away the groups that tried to cross Mendiola bridge and march towards Malacanang last Friday night, Bunye pointed out that "Mendiola has been the scene of bloody clashes before. Remember the Mendiola massacre?"
Seventeen farmer-demonstrators were killed when shooting broke out on Mendiola bridge on Jan. 22, 1987.
Bunye said that if the rallyists were allowed to cross Mendiola bridge, "there is a great temptation for provocateurs or even plain emotional protesters to call for assault on sentries and the outcome could have been worse."
He said the police will continue to "act in accordance with standard operating procedures to protect the public interest."
"There is only one rule for all Filipinos. You break the law, you are taken into account for it. This rule applies to the rich and the poor, the powerless and the powerful – it has nothing to do with politics," Bunye said.
"It is high time we put sense and order in our society and the police have the thankless job of doing it," he added.
Earlier, he pointed out that the government is not out to curtail the right of the people to express themselves. "What we are only requesting is for them to hold the (rallies) in the proper places."
This way, dispersal of rallies and traffic gridlock would be avoided and people could go about their business without suffering the inconvenience and hassle caused by mass actions in public places, he said.
The Manila city government has designated certain areas, including historic Plaza Miranda, as freedom parks where rallies are allowed.
We leave the investigation of the rally dispersal last Friday to the proper authorities in order to avoid a repeat. But the police had reason to keep groups away from Mendiola. Mendiola has been the scene of bloody clashes before. Remember the Mendiola massacre?
If the rallyists get in there, there is a great temptation for provocateurs or even plain emotional protesters to call for assault on sentries and the outcome could have been worse.
Meantime, the police will continue to act in accordance with standard operating procedures to protect the public interest.
There is only one rule for all Filipinos: You break the law, you are taken into account for it. This rule applies to the rich and the poor, the powerless and the powerful—it has nothing to do with politics. It is high time we put sense and order in our society and the police have the thankless job of doing it.
We got this note from Rep. Dodo Cagas: The police need no retraining. They were doing their job in accordance with law and the rules of engagement relative to crowd control. The so-called senior citizens were asking for it. They had no rally permit and Mendiola is no-no to rallies. The President need not apologize for anything.
Celso Ricafort of Marikina City wrote: The use of a solemn procession for political destabilization is the highest form of sacrilege which the genuine faithful must denounce in the strongest terms. This is like the devil using the Scriptures.
On the anniversary last Tuesday of the enactment of the Local Government Code, local government authorities and Malacanan jointly launched "Kilos Asenso", an ambitious project to further stimulate development in the countryside. President Gloria ordered the release of P17.5 billion, representing the unreleased portion of the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA).
President Gloria hopes that Kilos Asenso would be instrumental in implementing the 10-point Legacy Agenda to fight poverty and build a strong nation.
She called on Governors, Mayors and Barangay Chairmen and other local government executives to, among many other tasks, spread the miracle of microfinance by partnering with accredited microlending institutions.
There are over 800,000 registered small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Imagine the economic impact, if only these SMEs, with appropriate assistance, can generate at least one new job each.
The President also rallied the local government executives to initiate and encourage discussions on charter change in every barangay. The President believes that our economic liberation and political stability can best be achieved with a renewal of hope that comes from changing our political system.
We are glad to hear from ConCom Chair Jose Abueva, ConCom Secretary General Lito Lorenzana and Deputy Secretary General Romela Bengzon that the proceedings and schedules of the Constitutional Commission are on track.
The commissioners have already constituted themselves into various committees and they are about to start their regional consultations so that the voices of the people could be heard on various issues that would definitely impact on future generations of Filipinos.
The ConCom has until the middle of December to complete their consultations and submit their recommendations on proposed constitutional amendments.
This early, we are sensing a shift of preference from the presidential to a parliamentary system with a decentralized structure of governance that would remove the gridlock that keeps us from catching up with our neighbors.


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Wilson Disease
What is Wilson disease?
Where does the copper come from?
If it is a copper disorder, why is it called Wilson disease?
What kind of gene is abnormal in Wilson disease?
What is known about the gene?
How is Wilson disease inherited?
Does Wilson disease occur more often in some populations than in others?
What kind of disease occurs with Wilson disease?
When does the disease begin?
What kind of liver disease occurs with Wilson disease?
What neurologic problems occur with Wilson disease?
Can Wilson disease affect other organs?
How is Wilson disease diagnosed?
Can Wilson disease be treated?
What is penicillamine and what does it do?
Is penicillamine a good treatment for Wilson disease?
What are the other treatments?
Are these the only treatments?
Is treatment lifelong or can it be stopped at some point?
How should treatment be monitored?
Is a special diet necessary?
Are there any other treatment strategies?
What about liver transplantation for Wilson disease?
Is it okay to drink alcohol if a person has Wilson disease?
If a person has Wilson disease and gets pregnant, what should that person do about medication during the pregnancy?
If a person has Wilson disease, will that person's children get it?
Since it is a genetic disease, what about family studies?
Guide to technical words
Eve A. Roberts, M.D., FRCPC
Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,
The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Wilson disease (technical name: hepatolenticular degeneration) is an inherited disorder of copper handling in the liver. Copper is not packaged properly into its carrier protein in the liver, and it is not excreted efficiently into the bile. Consequently, copper accumulates in liver cells. When too much copper is in liver cells, it spills into the blood stream and is deposited in other organs, mainly the brain and the eyes.
Copper is found in many foods. Trace amounts are essential for good health, but too much copper can be toxic. Most people excrete the extra copper that they do not need, but persons with Wilson disease cannot do this adequately.
Wilson disease is named after an eminent neurologist, Kinnear Wilson, who first described the disease in 1912. Although born in the United States, he worked mainly in England. He described progressive neurologic disease in children in the same family, although he observed that some children also had liver disease. The ring of copper deposited in the eye, near the iris, called the Kayser-Fleischer ring, was described only a few years earlier. Copper's role in damaging the liver was confirmed in the late 1940s. The genetic pattern of inheritance (called autosomal recessive) was determined in 1960. The gene that is abnormal in Wilson disease was identified in 1993. The technical name for this gene is ATP7B, but it also is called WND. The gene is located on chromosome 13.
The gene that is abnormal in Wilson disease (ATP7B) is the blueprint for a protein found mainly in liver cells but also in some brain cells and in certain parts of the kidney. In liver cells, this protein uses energy stored in the cell to move copper out of the cell, which is why the protein is called a "copper-transporter." If the gene is abnormal, then the protein is not put together correctly and does not work.
The gene is large, with over 80,000 base pairs organized in 22 coding units. By looking at the patterns in the gene, scientists can predict the features of the protein it makes. The protein has a tail of 6 units to bind copper and a zone to make a hole, or "pore" in a membrane, through which copper moves; it also has the mechanism for capturing cellular energy to fuel the whole process of transporting copper. This gene is complicated. Thus far, approximately 200 different mutations (or abnormal changes) in this gene have been identified.
Autosomal recessive inheritance means that a person must have 2 abnormal versions of the WND gene to get the disease. The change that makes a gene abnormal is called a "mutation." In Wilson disease, some people have 2 copies of the same mutation, but many people with Wilson disease have 1 copy of 2 different mutations. Either way, having 2 abnormal WND genes means a person has Wilson disease. If a person has only 1 abnormal gene, then that person is a carrier of the disease but does not get the disease. The parents of a person with Wilson disease are obliged to be carriers.
Wilson disease is considered to be rare. It occurs worldwide at the rate of 1 per 30,000 population, meaning that the carrier rate is approximately 1 per 90 population, which is a relatively high rate compared to many inherited diseases. Wilson disease is found in all racial groups. In a few places, the rate of Wilson disease is unusually high; for example, in Sardinia off the coast of Italy, the disease rate is approximately 1 per 10,000 population.
Younger patients typically have signs of liver disease, and the liver disease can be highly variable. Many adult patients primarily have neurologic disease, usually with problems relating to movement. These patients usually have signs of liver damage. Some children and teenagers mainly develop neurologic disease. A minority of patients has only psychiatric symptoms. Although copper can be deposited in the eye, it does not disturb eyesight.
Since Wilson disease is genetic, it is with a person from birth. Most people remain asymptomatic for years and do not know that they have Wilson disease. Children as young as 3 years can have severe liver disease from Wilson disease. Some adults develop only neurologic problems due to Wilson disease when they are in their fifth decade. In general, liver problems from Wilson disease become evident in people aged 5 through 40 years. Those persons with neurologic problems from Wilson disease become symptomatic when they are aged 10 through 55 years.
One of the complicated aspects about Wilson disease is that it leads to many different types of liver disease some severe, some not. At an early stage, Wilson disease may cause slight enlargement of the liver, possibly with extra fat in the hepatocytes. At a later stage, the liver becomes scarred or cirrhotic, often without any symptoms of liver disease. Patients with clinically evident liver disease can have an acute illness similar to viral hepatitis or resembling an autoimmune liver injury. Exceptionally, sudden and rapidly progressive liver failure can occur. This usually is accompanied by an abrupt and severe anemia, poor clotting function, changes in mental function (eg, stupor, coma), and renal failure.
Symptoms of Wilson disease affecting the nervous system are extremely variable, but with 2 main patterns. Movement disorders include tremors, involuntary movements, poor coordination, and loss of fine movements. Many patients actually have decreased movement; they get a stiffness of movement, mincing pattern to their gait, and loss of relaxed and spontaneous facial expression. They also may have garbled speech, drooling, and difficulty swallowing. In teenagers, excessive clumsiness, unexplained deterioration in school performance, and change in handwriting from large round letters to small jagged letters warrant consideration of Wilson disease. Personality or mood changes or depression may accompany these symptoms. Seizures are uncommon with Wilson disease. Intellect is normal.
Copper can accumulate in the heart muscle and result in an abnormal heart rhythm. Copper overload in the pancreas can cause pancreatitis. Copper can cause red blood cells to break down (hemolytic anemia), leading to some jaundice. Gallstones also may result. Copper can interfere with various endocrine organs. In particular, women with Wilson disease may have difficulty becoming pregnant or have repeated miscarriages.
Relatively simple blood and urine tests may be enough to determine whether or not a person has Wilson disease. The concentrations of copper and ceruloplasmin in the blood are low. The amount of copper excreted in the urine over 24 hours is higher than normal. Blood tests to determine liver function are performed. A computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain may be performed. The eyes should be examined carefully with a slit lamp to see if early Kayser-Fleischer rings are present. More complicated tests include sampling a small amount of the liver by a liver biopsy to examine the liver under the microscope and to measure the actual amount of copper in the liver tissue. Genetic testing can be performed with a blood sample to determine gene patterns that go with Wilson disease or to detect specific mutations.
Wilson disease was one of the first liver diseases for which effective, lifesaving treatment was found. Currently, several possible treatments are available for Wilson disease. These treatments are the chelators, penicillamine and trientine, and the metallothionein-inducer, zinc. Other treatments are essentially experimental.
In use since 1956, penicillamine is a treatment for Wilson disease. It binds copper and increases the excretion of copper in the urine. This treatment may increase the amount of the safe storage protein for copper, called metallothionein, in liver cells. Penicillamine has other unrelated actions that include inhibiting the immune response and interfering with the formation of collagen (a protein in fibrous tissues). Although originally identified as a breakdown product of the antibiotic penicillin, this drug currently is manufactured by itself, without involving penicillin. Penicillamine may deplete vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in the body; therefore, extra vitamin B6 is taken with it.
Penicillamine has been a lifesaving treatment for Wilson disease since it first was discovered, and many specialists still regard it as the first-line treatment for Wilson disease. Although this treatment works for most people, it can have adverse effects, including fever and rash soon after starting the drug, damage to the kidneys causing protein to leak into the urine, problems with the bone marrow so that blood counts drop dangerously low, and complicated damage to numerous organs at the same time (ie, "lupus-like" drug reaction). Some patients who mainly have neurologic problems with Wilson disease get worse neurologically soon after starting penicillamine; this problem is usually, though not always, transient. A patient having any of these adverse effects may need to change to another treatment. The blood count and urinalysis have to be monitored whenever penicillamine is used. Some specialists believe that penicillamine is flawed as a treatment because of the potential for these adverse effects and advocate using other treatments.
Trientine is a very different chemical from penicillamine, but it is also capable of binding copper and of increasing the amount of copper excreted in the urine. This treatment does not have the risk for adverse effects like penicillamine. When trientine is substituted for penicillamine, the adverse effects of penicillamine usually stop. Anemia may develop because this drug also can bind iron, and, rarely, it may cause nausea because of stomach irritation. Trientine is not quite as strong a binder of copper as penicillamine, but, in day-to-day experience, this difference is not important. Zinc, taken in very high doses, removes copper from the body by increasing the amount of metallothionein in the cells lining the intestinal tract. Copper is bound within these cells and lost in the feces as these cells turn over every 3-5 days. Zinc is surprisingly strong and quite specific for eliminating copper from the body. This treatment has few adverse effects, but it can cause stomach irritation (gastritis).
A few other copper-binding agents have been tried and largely discarded from general use because they were unpleasant to take (eg, daily injections) or had unacceptable adverse effects. Some agents are still under development (eg, tetrathiomolybdate), which means that their effectiveness and adverse effects are not yet fully known. The safety and effectiveness of combining treatments also is not fully determined.
Most people can be treated satisfactorily with the currently available treatments (ie, penicillamine, trientine, zinc). Any of these treatments must be used daily for life. If a treatment has to be stopped because it is causing an adverse effect, another treatment must be substituted. Stopping successful treatment altogether inevitably leads to major deterioration. If treatment is started again, it may not work. In most cases, liver transplant then becomes the only effective treatment available.
Most patients have follow-up visits twice a year to ensure that they are generally healthy. Their physician conducts a physical examination and monitors for adverse effects of drug treatment. Blood counts, liver tests, and urinalysis are performed, and the level of copper and ceruloplasmin in the blood is checked. The amount of copper excreted in the urine in 24 hours is checked approximately once a year to ensure that treatment is effective. A follow-up slit lamp examination of the eyes may be performed to see whether the Kayser-Fleischer rings disappear.
Especially in the first year of treatment, foods that have very high concentrations of copper should be avoided. These foods are shellfish, nuts, chocolate, mushrooms, and organ meats (eg, brains, liver). Since the latter do not play an important role in the average North American diet, shellfish, nuts, and chocolate are the foods to target. Advice from a dietitian may be helpful and is mandatory for practicing vegetarians. Well water or water brought into the household through copper pipes should be checked for copper content. In general, municipal water supplies do not have to be checked. A water purifying system may be advisable if the copper content of the water is high.
Copper may damage liver cells and other cells in the body by causing the formation of activated chemical intermediates. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may neutralize these chemicals. High doses of vitamin E may be used in addition to a drug to bind copper.
Most patients with Wilson disease can be treated successfully just with medication, and liver transplant is not necessary. A few patients who do not respond to treatment require a liver transplant. The rare patient whose first sign of Wilson disease is acute liver failure requires immediate liver transplantation. Some patients on treatment who have very severe neurologic disease improve if they undergo a liver transplant, but, presently, the use of liver transplantation to treat the neurologic disease remains controversial. Patients who fail to comply with medical therapy may develop overwhelming liver damage, which can be treated adequately only by a liver transplant.
Alcohol can cause damage to liver cells that is similar in some ways to the kind of damage caused by copper; therefore, drinking alcohol is not advised in those persons who have Wilson disease.
Although a small risk exists that the medication for Wilson disease will damage the baby, the greatest risk to the baby occurs if the disease is not well controlled during pregnancy. Therefore, taking the medication during pregnancy is important for those women with Wilson disease. Management of the pregnancy by a high-risk obstetrics team may be advisable depending on the severity of the underlying liver disease.
Since Wilson disease is inherited by an autosomal recessive pattern, a person must have 2 abnormal genes to get Wilson disease. This means that if a person with abnormal genes marries a person with normal genes, the children inherit 1 abnormal gene and 1 of the mate's normal genes. The children are carriers of the disease, but they do not have Wilson disease. If a person with normal genes marries a person who is a carrier of Wilson disease (ie, has 1 abnormal gene), then a 50-50 chance exists with each pregnancy that the child will have Wilson disease.
As soon as 1 child in the family is diagnosed with Wilson disease, all brothers and sisters should be tested. Each child has a 1 in 4 chance of being affected with the disease. Initial studies can be limited to a physical examination; blood tests of liver function; the concentration of copper and its carrier protein, ceruloplasmin, in the serum; and a measurement of the amount of copper excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period. If these studies are suggestive of Wilson disease, further studies may be required. Such studies may include a slit lamp examination of the eyes for Kayser-Fleischer rings, a liver biopsy, and CT scan or MRI of the brain. Since patients who begin treatment before they have any symptoms have the best prognosis, performing these studies is important. If the tests are inconclusive, they should be repeated several times, at 6- to 12-month intervals. If genetic testing is available, an excellent alternate approach is to use genetic testing to confirm who is affected and who is not. The genetic findings in the child with Wilson disease and parents can be used to guide the studies in the other children. Although a genetic approach provides the best data, because so many different mutations exist, it may be difficult to identify which mutation(s) are present in an individual family.
Research is aimed at understanding as much as possible about the protein that is coded for by the ATP7B gene. Research is ongoing to identify as many mutations of the ATP7B gene as possible and to understand why Wilson disease is so variable as a clinical disease. Research also is focused on learning exactly how copper damages the liver and other organs so that even safer and more effective treatments for Wilson disease can be found. Because other inherited diseases involving copper overload occur, some researchers are studying the basis of those diseases.
Hepatolenticular degeneration: The scientific name for Wilson disease, without using the name of the physician who discovered it, meaning that the main damage is to the liver and to the lenticular area of the brain Ceruloplasmin: The protein in the blood that carries over 95% of the copper in the blood stream Metallothionein: A storage protein for copper and other metals inside of cells Chelator: Any chemical that binds a metal such as copper Mutation: A change in a gene leading to the abnormal function of the protein for which the gene codes Kayser-Fleischer ring: Deposit of copper in the eye, close to the iris; characteristic of Wilson disease but also found in other conditions with copper overload
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical /disorders/wilsons_doc.htm http://www.medgen.med.ualberta.ca/database.html
Sass-Kortsak A. Wilson's disease. A treatable liver disease in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1975;22:963-984. Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Wilson's disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1984. Walshe JM. Wilson's disease presenting with features of hepatic dysfunction: a clinical analysis of eighty-seven patients. Q J Med. 1989;70:253-263. Danks DM. Disorders of copper transport. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1995: 4125-4158. Roberts EA, Cox DW. Wilson disease. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;12:237-256. Sanchez-Albisua I, Garde T, Hierro L, Camarena C, Frauca E, de la Vega A, et al. A high index of suspicion: the key to an early diagnosis of Wilson's disease in childhood. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;28:186-190. Wilson DC, Phillips MJ, Cox DW, Roberts EA. Severe hepatic Wilson's disease in preschool-aged children. J Pediatr. 2000;137:719-722. Brewer GJ. Practical recommendations and new therapies for Wilson's disease. Drugs. 1995;50:240-249. Sternlieb I. Wilson's disease and pregnancy. Hepatology. 2000;31:531-532.
Dr. Roberts obtained her medical degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and trained in hepatology at The Royal Free Hospital under Professor Dame Sheila Sherlock. She is currently professor of paediatrics, medicine, and pharmacology at the University of Toronto and a hepatologist at the Hospital for Sick Children.
Copyright 2012 Eve A. Roberts, M.D., All Rights Reserved


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Home » Blog » The History of Black Spirituality by Payton Udo
The History of Black Spirituality by Payton Udo
The History of Black Spirituality
By Payton Udo
As Black authors, educators, and activists strive to continue educating people of all races about Black culture, we must remind non-Black people to please not appropriate any practices that are shared within this article, or other facets of Black and/or African culture.
Black history month is vital for bringing awareness to the contributions that Black people have provided society; to highlight those who accomplished great feats in a time when they would not be celebrated. For thousands of years, Black accomplishments, knowledge, and beliefs were dismissed so that they would not compete with the "white man's story," and now, we work hard to level the playing field, and educate on what has been silenced or forgotten.
While universal knowledge of Black history is lacking, knowledge of Black spirituality has also failed to be part of common knowledge. Due to the fact that we do not have tangible records of traditional African beliefs, and the effects of colonization, which sprouted Evangelism in African countries, a lot of knowledge about traditional African spirituality has been lost or forgotten. This article aims to bring awareness to the roots of Black spirituality through discussing what we know about traditional indigenous beliefs, past societies who have left us clues, and how slavery impacted the current affairs of Black spirituality.
Traditional African Spirituality
The reason we do not have an ample amount of knowledge about traditional African spirituality is because most of its knowledge has been passed down orally, or by word of mouth. There are no handwritten books about the matter, or relics that have been left behind to study. With so many specific tribal dialects throughout the continent, there is a range for different beliefs and practices between tribes, making it hard to generalize traditional African Spirituality.
Although there are several differences between tribes, Africa's indegenous spirituality does share some commonalities. Overall, the worldview for African spirituality is "truly holistic", according to Jacob Olupona, a professor of indigenous African religions at Harvard Divinity school. "For example, sickness in the indigenous African worldview is not only an imbalance of the body, but also an imbalance in one's social life, which can be linked to a breakdown in one's kinship and family relations or even to one's relationship with one's ancestors." Throughout the continent, ancestors play an important role in African cosmology, but other spirits and deities may also take part, varying from tribe to tribe (Chiorazzi).
Crystals Used in Traditional Tribal Spirituality
As indigenous tribes from all over the world have been drawn to using tools of nature for spiritual purposes, tribes in Africa are no different. Some crystals used in western Africa include gold, which was used as an adornment for rites of passage and bridal ceremonies in the Ivory coast and further south. In Nigeria, red and pink coral beads are commonly used by women for the ability to stimulate blood flow and assist in healthy fertility, while in Mali, amber (shown above) and copal jewelry was worn to invoke pride, strength, and positive character (Leavy). It is vital to remember that the majority of popular crystals that we know today are formed abundantly in African countries. Fluorite, Rose Quartz, Ruby, Topaz, Malachite, Azurite, Rhodonite, Aquamarine, and Citrine can be found in Madagascar, Namibia, and other southern African countries (The AfroMystic).
To purchase healing crystals from a Black-owned crystal shop, please check out Chakra Zulu Crystals, the Melanin Mystic Shop, or Little Crystal Galaxy.
Ancient Egypt is probably the most well renowned Ancient African civilization. With the remains of astounding pyramids and countless hieroglyphs, the Egyptians have left us plenty to study about their culture and beliefs. Some Egyptian knowledge that is widely referred to in New Age spirituality today includes the use of sacred geometry and astrology. Although it is not the same astrological signs that we are familiar with today, an Egyptian zodiac does exist! This civilization studied the stars to advance their agriculture, as well as tied many deities to the sun and the stars, like Isis or Ra.
Crystals Used in Ancient Egypt
The utilization of crystals in ancient Egypt is commonly glanced over, even though the Egyptians were not shy with their spiritual use of crystals. Crystals were embedded into spiritual tools and amulets. Records show Egyptians using Lapis lazuli for its healing properties, stating it can "draw disease out of the body through the stones, into the air or water" (Leavy). Cleopatra lined her palace with the precious stones, and even crushed lapis to use as eye makeup-- believed to promote psychic vision and clarity. Other crystals used by ancient Egyptians include Carnelian, frequently used by their soldiers and in elixirs to heal the body (The AfroMystic). Malachite was also used as a protective amulet, or for pigment and paint for temples and statues (Leavy).
Slavery and Spirituality
Slavery had a great impact on Black spirituality, as many tribal traditions and religions were dispersed throughout the world. This dispersion of African people during the transantlatic slave trade is referred to as the "African Diaspora." The mixing of cultures produced room for altered worldviews and religions, thus, African Diaspora religions were born. African Diaspora religions include practices like Santeria, an Afro-Cuban folk religion developed from the beliefs and customs of the Yoruba people, while incorporating some elements of the Catholic religion. Hatian Vodou is also a mix of traditional Western African religions and Christianity. According to Olupona, "African spirituality has always been able to adapt to change and allow itself to absorb the wisdom and views of other religions," using other faiths to complement their spiritual practice in order to get tangible results (Chiorazzi).
The Yoruba, a tribe on the west coast of Africa, were able to hold on to their religion and mask their beliefs behind Catholicism, as the deities they worshiped, Orishas, could be hidden behind the names of Catholic Archangels. Even with these strategies to hold on to their beliefs, it is important to remember the amount of culture and tradition lost due to slavery and Evangelism. Just as enslaved people were killed or punished for trying to learn how to read, practicing their own religion was frowned upon by slave owners as well, and could have serious consequences.
Crystal Use During Slavery
In a recent excavation of Charles Carroll's home, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and Maryland State Senator, slave quarters were discovered on the ground floor with items thought to have been used by enslaved people related to African divination and conjuring practices. The items found included several crystals, a piece of an ivory ring, and a bubble shell native to Florida or the West Indies (Jones).
Other excavations of slave quarters show similar findings. In Thomas Jefferson's slave quarters at Mulberry Row, crystals, cowrie shells, a horn ring, pierced coins, and a game counter with a star-like design on it were found (Patten 1992). Quartz crystals and other associated artifacts have been found on other archaeological sites in Maryland, Virginia, and elsewhere. In all these cases mentioned above, crystals, specially marked pottery, coins, reworked glass or stone, beads, and other items of material culture have been found in contexts associated with the working and living spaces used by enslaved people. These spaces would also later be occupied by free African Americans (Jones).
As more light is shone on Black accomplishments, it is my hope that this light can also illuminate the culture and beliefs held by African people that have been forgotten or dismissed. With a continent full of a variety of cultures, there is much to learn from the African people and their worldview. This lack of knowledge impacts some of us more than others, as there is a whole race of people who may not know their spiritual roots! But for those of you who come from African descent, I hope this article has shown you a bit of what lies underneath the soil of your garden.
If you're looking to connect with Black-owned apothecaries, healing practices, wellness spaces, herbalists, spiritual teachers and more, please check out this amazing list of 175 Black Healers & Wellness Spaces created by Jade Marks of @69herbs.
Chiorazzi, Anthony. "The Spirituality of Africa" Harvard Gazette, Harvard Gazette, 6 Oct. 2015, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/.
Daizy. "Are Crystals Even for Black People?" The AfroMystic, The AfroMystic, 14 Dec. 2016, http://www.theafromystic.com/blog/2016/12/10/are-crystals-for-black-people.
Jones, Lynn. "Crystals and Conjuring at the Charles Carroll House, Annapolis, Maryland." African Diaspora Archaeology Network, African American Archaeology, Applied Archaeology and History Associates, 2000, http://www.diaspora.illinois.edu/a-aanewsletter/newsletter27.html
Leavy, Ashley. "The History of Crystal Healing – Crystals in Egypt & the Mid-East" ACP Program, Class 1, Love & Light School of Crystal Therapy
Leavy, Ashley. "The History of Crystal Healing – Crystals in Africa" ACP Program, Class 1, Love & Light School of Crystal Therapy
Patten, M. Drake. "African-American Spiritual Beliefs: Testimony From the Slave Quarter" The Dublin Seminar, June 1992. The Afro-American of Human Issues
About the author: Payton Udo
After learning about the world's religions in her high school world history class, Payton wondered why there was little information about the religions practiced near her father's home country in West Africa. This lack of information sparked a search of understanding her spiritual roots. Now, when she is not busy working as a neonatal RN, Payton enjoys studying wellness & the mind/body/spirit connection, practicing yoga, and unleashing her creative side through photography and music.
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Thank you Payton for shedding light on this secret of sorts. Africans and people of the African Diaspora had and still have our own magical and mystical ways of healing the mind, body and spirit. Also a an African American owner of a stone, mineral sand crystal boutique called Violets In Bloom, I am proud to circulate this blog!! Thank you also Love and Light School as an alumni you never cease to keep us educated!!
Ava www.myVioletsinbloom.com


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Lutheran Church of Hope - Ankeny
1924 Southwest 3rd Street
Ankeny , IA
41° 43' 49.1916" N, 93° 37' 35.472" W
Iowa US
Interiors, Cultural, Community
Architecture, Interiors
Lutheran Church of Hope is the suburban satellite campus of a large Evangelical Lutheran Church in the heart of Iowa. The church is a place of sanctuary and connection within a rapidly expanding contextual environment composed of mixed-use development along an arterial street connecting multiple neighborhoods. The simple, white precast concrete form sits in stark contrast to the earth tone sided and shingled environment of the surrounding suburb.
The 24/7 chapel anchors the structure to the site, reaching upward with a symbolic cross, and reaching outward with a wall that forms the southern face of the main gathering space. The gathering wall, which grows from the chapel form, gradually increases in porosity to provide views to and from the worship environment. These porous walls will always remain the primary focus, serving as an organizing device to inform facility growth over time. The volumes of the church are contained within a simple rectangular footprint wrapped by smooth, white concrete walls. Within the worship space, white interior folded wall surfaces continue to wrap space and volume and culminate in a glass cross that is revealed through light.
The twenty-acre site is developed with low-maintenance native vegetation and a pond to manage storm water for the larger series of residential and commercial lots surrounding it. Over time, a prayer walk and a memorial grove of trees will surround the pond.
As phase one of development for a fast-growing congregation, the programmatic functions include a 700-seat flexible worship space, a gathering space, 24/7 chapel, coffee shop, nursery, offices, and educational facilities. In addition, the ministry provides a kitchen and food pantry function for those in need within the larger community. To support this new satellite congregation, the structure creates a setting for connection, community and sanctuary.
"We were impressed with what the architect could do with a small budget in creating very compelling spaces and an overall project that seemed like a really great community asset." "[The project is a] real accomplished use of materials and taking these very industrial materials and ennobling them in certain way to bring it up to an institutional level." "Very restrained and elegant project." — AIA Kansas City Jury Comments, 2015
"[The project's] commitment to contrast, light and dark, and texture with daylight, make each move matter — each window, each slot, each bend, curve, fold or slit in the chapel, so carefully done. Sparse interiors, streamlined palette, and exposed bones of the building keep one aware of simple things. This is a religious, timeless place. Clear expansion plan will only amplify the power of the diagram." — AIA Central States Jury Comments, 2016
"This project is a fine example of creative architects' skill of doing much with little – delivering a skillful composition with clear, straightforward detailing that elevates its modest palette of materials and suburban site. The inventive manner in which light is introduced into the tower and the sanctuary is surprising and powerful. The design presents for us an inventive merging of common building components, systems and textures – all controlled by a sophisticated compositional eye." — AIA Kansas Jury Comments, 2016
AIA Kansas
Merit Award, Excellence in Architecture
AIA Central States Region
Honor Award, Excellence in Architecture
AIA Kansas City
AIA Iowa
Excellence in Design, Honor Award
https://www.bnim.com/sites/default/files/project_pdfs/lutheran-church-of-hope-ankeny_0.pdf


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The aim of the dissertation is to monitor the process of information system implementation and its impact on the changes in the organizational structure and in strategic goals. Achieving this task is based on monitoring and evaluating the process of implementing the information system, on monitoring its impact on factors which affect the necessary changes in the organizational structure of enterprises and affect the strategic objectives of the enterprise. The data will be obtained on the basis of scientific methods designed for this purpose and they will be divided into parts of a questionnaire survey and of a managed interview. Within the framework of the questionnaire, the entire process will be evaluated in three dimensions: level of management, user level and the process level. The result of the dissertation will be either a confirmation or a refutation of the hypothesis related to the impact of IS implementation on the strategic objectives and on the organizational structure of the company. On this basis a defined procedure will be created for the implementation of information system monitoring and regulating changes in the strategic objectives and in the organizational structure. This procedure can serve as a guide for general use within companies, and on the basis of its results a decision will be made as to whether it is possible to use it in practice.
The main aim of this dissertation is to identify the factors influencing the decision-making of enterprises on entering the capital market in selected CEE countries and formulate recommendations for further development of this form of financing. The key methodological tool is the collection of primary data by means of a questionnaire in which respondents (usually in the CFOs position) expressed their views on the issues related to internal and external factors affecting IPO activity. The results of the questionnaire survey show that the strongest motives for IPO implementation are the ability to raise capital to finance investment opportunities, improve publicity and image of the company, reduce debt, and be recognized by a relevant financial community as an important company. Among the barriers that most affect IPO implementation are the obligation to disclose company information that is key to a competitive advantage, asymmetry of information between external investors and the company, the interest in retaining decision-making control over the company, and the existence of alternative administratively less complex capital resources at the time of implementation of IPO. As per CFOs macroeconomic factors that have the greatest impact on IPO are favorable conditions in the stock market, favorable conditions in the sector in which the company operates, favorable GDP growth, and the use of banking loan at a relatively low interest rate. The results of the dissertation are the basis for the formulation of recommendations for potential IPO candidates.
The master thesis is focused on efficiency evaluation of company IN-EKO TEAM, s. r. o. The theoretical part contains the relevant information from professional publications, basic concepts are explained here and models supporting business management, business process modeling models, and models emphasizing self-evaluation are presented. The second part is an efficiency evaluation by using the selected START Plus model. The key part is the suggestion part in which measures will be proposed to improve the efficiency of examined subject.
This master´s thesis focuses on the assessment of the financial and business performance of the company SVITAP J. H. J. spol. s r. o. by using the methods of benchmarking. First part of the work provides a theoretical background for the issue. The second part of the thesis contains instroduction of the company and situational analysis of the company. In the main part of the thesis is the acutal benchmarking of the company with selected competitors. On top of that I present possible recommendations for the selected company in order to enhance or even eliminate identified weaknesses.
The bachelor's thesis focuses on the evaluation of the financial situation of the selected company in the years 2012 - 2016. The theoretical part describes selected indicators and information sources necessary for their calculation. The indicators are then used in the practical part and their results evaluated. The suggestions are made to improve the situation on the basis of the values detected.
The bachelor thesis focuses on the evaluation of financial situation of selected compa-ny in the years 2012 to 2016. Specifies the methods of financial analysis that are per-formed. It contains an analysis of the current state of the company and proposals for improving the situation for future development.
This bachelor´s thesis focuses on the evaluation of the financial situation of the selected company Keramika Letovice spol. s r. o. for the period 2012 - 2016. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter there is an introduction to the objectives and methodology of the work. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical part and the definition of used indicators, which will be used in the next chapter dealing with the analysis of the current situation. The final chapter will propose measures to improve the financial situation of the selected company.


Fiction. Short Stories. GenPop Books, 2018 ISBN is 978-0-9985126-4-8 If luck is on an author's side, a book reaches its audience at the right time. Elena Georgiou's The Immigrant's Refrigerator can confidently make this claim. Populated with a cast of characters that shine the light on what it means to be an outsider in the early part of the 21st century, this story collection takes its reader into the private lives of those who have entered a country legally, others who were forced to enter illegally, and the rest who call a country home as a result of birth; characters searching for what they need to sustain them on their journeys towards a future that will not only be a place of refuge, but also one of hope.


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Leadership & Strategy
Merck one step ahead in combating diabetes in Africa
By mahlokoane percy ngwato
Follow @AfricaBizReview on Twitter and @HealthCareGlbl
Merck, a leading healthcare product developer, is collaborating with Universities in Africa and Asia to introduce European Accredited diabetes management qualifications.
Our sister publication Healthcare Global also reported on Merck's education initiatives in both Africa and Asia.
The 5-year program has been successfully implemented across Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, Angola, Ghana, Tanzania, and Mozambique; it will expand into further sub-Saharan countries in coming years.
Rasha Kelej, Vice President of Merck Serono said: "The socio-economic burden of the disease can be reduced by timely interventions from trained healthcare professionals, so as many patients can be prevented from becoming diabetics at early stages."
The Merck Capacity Advancement Program aims to expanding professional capacity in R&D, clinical research, supply chain integrity and efficiency, and pharmacovigilance. Due attention is given to providing adequate education to medical and pharmacy undergraduates, in addition to physicians and pharmacists in difficult to reach areas.
Merck has been managing diabetes cases since the late 1950s when it developed metformin; it is now seeking to raise awareness of the condition in less developed countries through public education and supporting local health care systems to help prevent, diagnose and manage the disease.
As part of its Capacity Advancement Program (CAP) over 5,000 African medical students in partnership with universities including Nairobi, Makerere, Namibia and Ghana, will benefit from the management training.
Merck is planning to target more than 15,000 students by the end of 2018, expanding to more African, Asian, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries with particular focus on non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer, thyroid dysfunction and fertility management.
As Africa's middle class grows in line with economic sophistication and growth, there will be an inevitable increase in the incidence in diseases of affluence; having education and training in place will doubtless save many lives.
tanzaniakenyaMozambiqueNamibia
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James McManus: Former Newspaperman and CBS News Reporter
From a death notice in the Washington Post:
James J. McManus, a former Indiana newspaperman and later a CBS News correspondent, died May 17 in Madison, GA. He was 90.
Mr. McManus was born in Ohio, spent his boyhood in rural Indiana and became a journalist after graduation from Indiana University. He was an Indiana newspaper, radio and television reporter and broadcaster and later a White House correspondent, whose assignments carried him to more than 50 nations around the world. He retired from CBS News in 1988, but continued to work as a freelance writer and video producer. He also taught communications at Georgia State University.
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Bubus Tutus – Unique tutus, baby and toddler outfits
by Staff Writer | Oct 4, 2020 | Featured | 0 comments
It has been said that some ideas are born in the least expected environments. This is true for Bubu's Tutus, an emerging tutu clothing brand. Bubu's Tutus is a brand under the company Chez Bubu (Pty) Ltd, a family-owned clothing and accessories business.
The flagship products for the business are tutu outfits for babies and toddlers and the range has since expanded to other items such as baby bloomers, rompers, and tutu outfits for older ages. The brand's main focus has been on female outfits; however, the business strategy includes expanding into male clothing in the near future. The company supplies South Africa and Zimbabwe and will soon be expanding into Botswana.
Thembelihle Ngulani
One of the founders of the business, Thembelihle Ngulani says that the business was inspired by her 18-month-old daughter, Bubuya. She says for her first birthday, she wanted a certain design for a tutu skirt and only had a few days before her birthday to shop around for it. She struggled immensely to get the design that she wanted, which resulted in buying fabric and making the tutu skirt herself. What helped was that she had some previous exposure to fashion and fabrics from high school and she had a domestic sewing machine that she had received as a gift.
"This gave me a chance to experiment with the tutu, as designing has always been my passion. I got positive feedback on the designs and I got a light bulb moment and was encouraged to try and sell the products, and the business has been growing since then. I design the outfits and make samples myself and the orders are made by professional tailors. I am an Occupational Health and Safety practitioner by profession and I also have business administration knowledge from my Masters Degree in Business Administration of which I graduated whilst pregnant with my baby girl, Bubuya," says Thembelihle.
They are reacheable via Instagram, Facebook, sales agents, and business to business (B2B) sales. Bubus Tutus are now also available at Takealot.
To place an order, visit their website https://chezbubu.co.za/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/bubustutus/
Tel: 083 533 4592.
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Q: Struggling to visualise conformal mapping
I'm really struggling to visualise why certain conformal mappings give me these new geometries. In particular, I'm struggling to understand the figure I attached above: the author of the figure claims that the following mapping was used:
$$w=\log z$$
I tried to understand this by letting $z=re^{i\theta}$ and so $w=\log r + j\theta$. This gives me for $w=u+jv$ that $u=\log r$ and $\theta = v$. Now how do I go from the $w$-plane to the $z$-plane?
For the left boundary on the $w$ plane, I have $u=0$, which gives me $r=1$, or a unit circle. But since $v\in[0,\pi]$, I only get a half unit circle centred at the origin. I'm guessing this corresponds to the "Insulation" label in the $z$-diagram.
For the bottom boundary, I have $v=0$ and so $\theta=0$, meaning I'm somewhere on the positive axis. Since $u\in[0,-\infty]$, I'm not sure what to do now since $u=\log r$. What am I missing?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Dean Hanson Memorial Scholarship Committee has distributed the applications and a press release was in the Cortez Journal last week.
MLS Tour Schedule has been updated by the committee and the new schedule and maps have been distributed to the membership.
Realist training for AE and a few key members will be held in Durango on March 18. They do not have room for all membership, so someone who attends the training in Durango will do some training with our membership here.
Colorado Land is hosting some education at First National Bank - 1031 Exchange Essentials – March 27 9:30-10:30 and Minerals, The Other Real Estate Right – March 27 10:45-12:00 – Let Marie know if you would like to attend.
Denise has ordered a new supply of lead booklets. If you need any, contact her at the Board Office. She will be attending the AE Institute in Baltimore March 20 – 26, and the Board Office will be closed from March 19 – March 28.


I am a Sydney based interiors and property stylist, passionate about all things homewares and design. I spent a chunk of my working life as a lawyer followed by a career in the public service. But that's not the most important part of my story. What I think is pretty cool is what happened when I was not working. As a mum to three young boys, I enjoyed three periods of extended maternity leave. During this time, I discovered that a well presented, organised and beautiful space made all the difference to my day. I thoroughly enjoyed being home because it had such a positive effect on my well-being. I started to look at spaces differently and realised it's not just about how things look, but more importantly - how they feel.
And now, I just can't help it. I go to my sister's apartment and move around her dining table or re-position her artwork, I go to a friend's place and insist she buy a plant for a particular corner of her home... I think in cushions, rugs, lamps... And, yes, I might even dream about it. There is so much potential in working with what you already own, with a dash of something new here and there… and so the philosophy behind "The Upstylist" was born.
I specialise in creating beautiful and thoughtful spaces - either to live in and enjoy - or to sell. While these are very different design outcomes, they have one thing in common - a beautiful interior that feels just right.


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Q: tinymce removes line breaks so all text is in a continuous chunk with no paragraphs I'm using TinyMce textarea editor and have a problem. As you probably know Tinymce transforms a standard html textarea into a rich text editor.
On our 'edit listing' page we call up some text from our db for the user to edit (previously in a standard textarea, now in the tinymce textarea.
Previously the standard textarea would preserve linebreaks and the user would get several paragraphs of  text in the text area, now with tinyMCE they get a huge chunk of text with no linebreaks. (I have pasted an example of an entry in our db below - as you can see it has line breaks in it by tinymce seems to be ignoring them when it displays them in the editor).
Just to clarify my issue is now that tinymce is stripping something when I submit the form, it's that when I pull text (that contains line breaks) from the db and populate the tinymce textarea with that data (for the user to edit) in the tinymce textarea - the text appears (in the tinymce textarea) as one massive chunk of text with my paragraphs (whereas in a standard textarea it is nicely formatted with linebreaks)
Any help on how to resolve this would be greatly appreciated - do I need to use some sort of populate() type function to put the text in, or maybe I need to replace all the linebreaks with a different special character that tinyMCE will recognise as a line break and preserve?..
Thanks in advance.
Nick
example from db:

Here is line one
Here is line two
And here is line three
Which appears in tinymce as:

Here is line one Here is line two And here is line three

A: I faced a similar a problem, a while back and had questions just like yours. Also I finally ended up on SE just like you.
Anyway, I think I have the solution to your problem. If you are using PHP as your server side language, then you should use nl2br() PHP function.
Suppose you have stored your content fetched from the database in a php variable. Something like this:
$content = $row['content'];

Now when displaying it on to your screen, use the nl2br() function.
echo nl2br("<p>".$content."<p>");

Now, this part inside () depends on how you want to output the data. And I will leave it to you to figure that part out.
Hope this helps.


On March 10 (Sun), Osaka Game Market 2019 was held at Intex Osaka in cold rainy weather. It was the eighth Game Market in the Kansai region since it started taking place there in 2012. With steady growth of the show, 395 booths exhibited in the hall covering an area of 6729 m², and the attendance was 6,900 according to the official announcement by the Game Market Management Office.
While the venue has become larger by 30%, long queues and congestion were still witnessed in front of popular booths.
Osaka's daytime temperature was approximately 14° C on this day. At Intex Osaka, the facilities other than the halls are located outside, so the outside air kept flowing in and brought chilliness into the hall. This chilliness must have been felt quite severely especially by the people who began queuing two hours before the opening to buy the limited copies of some board games. Nonetheless, as the crowd of people queuing surged in at the opening, I felt as if the temperature in the venue rose by 1-2° C.
Mattel, a company that sells games such as Blokus and UNO throughout Japan, had their booth. It was their first time participating as an exhibitor in a Game Market, including both Tokyo and Osaka. Their main target is the mass market. A move by such a company to participate in Game Market suggests the growth of this event. Mattel says that their person in charge decided to participate after seeing a Tokyo Game Market in 2018. Many people stopped by their booth, and their games sold well.
A sample of the Mobile Suit Gundam co-operative game, which has gathered many fans' attention, was on display prior to its release at the end of March 2019. The growth of the market opens the way to the release of licensed board games, which used to be quite difficult in the past.
I would never have thought I could play a prototype of a game from overseas at Game Market, but even before the launching of the Kickstarter project to release Glen More II: Chronicles, its prototype was being displayed and demoed by Engames. Visitors could play the prototype with how-to-play instructions. Engames plans to release its Japanese edition jointly with the original publisher near the end of 2019.
The number of newly-released board games from Japan at this year's Osaka Game Market was approximately 164 titles. If you add to this the number of board games from overseas, TRPG, TCG, escape game books, traditional games, and puzzle games, the number would easily exceed 200 titles.
Pentaland is a medium-weight board game produced by Neugier, a student group from Kyoto University. Select a cell from the pentagonal action space and perform the action using the workers indicated there. While you are required to collect resources and construct buildings, the limited workers and spaces to place the resources call for management skills. The effects of some buildings may help your management, while some may impose restrictions in exchange for high scoring points.
KOBE (from luck movies) is a game about making profits by loading various trading items onto your ships. You can make higher profits by collecting fewer types of items, so try to minimize the types of items you have through means such as adjusting your hand and buying items from other players. The rule that allows you to buy items from other players facilitates a tactical gameplay.
Fuji 99 (from sangenya) is a race game to descend to the 99th basement floor of Mt. Fuji by drawing cubes from your bag and advancing your player pieces. Depending on the color of the cubes you have drawn, you may use some cards' special abilities or you may end up overdrawing. The game comes with story books (with multiple endings), and only the winner can read a backstory explaining why they were heading to the basement floor of Mt. Fuji.
Colorful Pyramid (from Kocchiya) is a card placement game to tap the stones forming your pyramid in order to acquire more stones and stack them by placing those with matching colors and values on top of each other. You may also use divine special abilities to handle trouble.
Mr. Face is a new game from Oink Games, which has regularly participated in Game Market with a block booth. It is a game of conveying the situation stated on the chosen card to other players by placing and arranging facial parts on a blank face, like Fukuwarai (or "Lucky Laugh", a traditional Japanese game played around the Lunar New Year).
"TAGPLAN" is a tool to facilitate the counting of children's activities, such as homework and household chores, by weekly calendar and sticky notes.
Just before this Game Market, nine board game cafés in the local Kansai region announced the "Board Game Selection". New and recently-released games sent for the selection were played at these cafes, and the most recommendable and best games were announced.
The selected games, such as Era of Hunting, which received the Best Game Award, were on display along with the trophy and leaflets at the venue. I hope that this event will be held again next year.
Lastly, I would like to mention some notable accessories. Pieces that may be used for TRPG and board games (from Suekichi Koubou) were being displayed on the Agricola board.
These wood-burned tags have messages such as "I'm off to the loo", "You're welcome at this table", and "Help me reduce my unplayed games", and they would be useful for situations frequented at board game gatherings.
The next events will be Game Market 2019 Spring (May 25 [Sat] - 26 [Sun]), Game Market 2019 Autumn (November 23 [Sat] - 24 [Sun]), and Osaka Game Market 2020 (March 8 [Sun]).


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CONSTITUTION of Hillcroft Lacrosse Club ("Hillcroft" or "the Club") approved by committee 28/10/2020. Effective as of 29/10/2020.
1.1 The name of the Club shall be Hillcroft Lacrosse Club.
2. Objects
2.1. The objects and main purposes of the Club shall be to provide facilities, teaching, development, practice and competition and to promote participation in the amateur sports of men's, women's and junior lacrosse in London. Membership shall: 2.1.1. Membership of the club shall be open to anyone interested in the sport on application, regardless of sex, age, disability, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, religion or other beliefs, except as a necessary consequence of the requirements of Lacrosse. 2.1.2. The club may have different classes of membership and subscription on a non-discriminatory and fair basis. The club will keep subscriptions at levels that will not pose a significant obstacle to people participating. The club shall act in compliance with the protections afforded by the Equality Act 2010. 2.1.3. The Club shall implement the England Lacrosse Diversity Policy (as may be amended from time to time).
2.2. The Club shall be affiliated to England Lacrosse ("the Governing Body"), the South of England Men's Lacrosse Association ("SEMLA") and the South East Women's Lacrosse Association ("SEWLA"), and shall adopt and conform to the rules of these organisations and to such other bodies as the Club may determine from time to time.
2.3. The business and affairs of the Club shall at all times be conducted in accordance with the Bye Laws and Articles of Association of the Governing Body and in particular:
2.3.1. all playing members shall be eligible as defined in England Lacrosse's Bye Laws; and
2.3.2. the Club shall act in accordance with the Governing Body's Safeguarding and Protecting Young People in Lacrosse Policy and Reporting Procedures, and shall recognise that the welfare of children is everyone's responsibility and that all children and young people have a right to have fun, be safe and be protected from harm.
2.3.3. members of the Club shall comply with the Club's Code of Conduct at all times.
2.4. By virtue of the affiliation of the Club to the Governing Body, SEMLA and SEWLA, the Club and all members of the Club acknowledge that they are subject to the rules and regulations of:
2.4.1. SEMLA;
2.4.2. SEWLA;
2.4.3. England Lacrosse, and;
2.4.4. World Lacrosse, the governing body for the sport of lacrosse in all its disciplines.
3. Membership
3.1. The total membership of the Club shall not normally be limited. If however the Committee considers that there is a good reason to impose any limit from time to time then the Committee shall put forward appropriate proposals for consideration at a General Meeting of the Club.
3.2. All persons who assist in any way with the Club's activities shall become members of the Club and England Lacrosse, and must pay the relevant England Lacrosse membership fee.
3.3. Any person who wishes to become a member of the Club must formally register via the Club website atwww.hillcroftlacrosse.com.
3.4. The club committee may refuse membership, or remove it, only for good cause such as conduct or character likely to bring the club or sport into disrepute. Appeal against refusal or removal may be made to the members.
4. Subscription and Other Fees
4.1. The annual membership fees (as applicable) shall be determined from time to time by the Club Committee, who in so doing shall make special provision for different classes of membership as the Annual General Meeting shall determine.
4.2. A member's subscription fee shall be due on joining the Club and thereafter on the 1stof September each year.
4.3. Any member whose subscription is unpaid by the date falling 30 days after the due date for payment may be suspended by the Committee from some or all Club activities until such payment is made.
4.4. The Committee shall, from time to time, have the power to determine the annual membership subscription and other fees. This shall include the power to make such increase in the subscription, with any increase in subscriptions to be advised to the members in writing, including the reasons for any change, at the next Annual General Meeting.
4.5. All surplus income or profits are to be reinvested in the club. No surpluses or assets will be distributed to members or third parties.
5. Resignation, expulsion and disciplinary action
5.1. A member wishing to resign membership of the Club must notify the Chair or Secretary in writing. They shall not be entitled to have any part of their membership fee or any other fees returned.
5.2. The Committee shall have power to expel a member when the Club's Code of Conduct has been broken or, in its opinion, it would not be in the interests of the Club for the individual to remain a member.
5.3. Members of the Committee must form a panel hearing of no less than 4 members, and vote, by a two-thirds majority, in favour of the member's expulsion.
6. Committee
6.1. The Committee shall consist of the Chair, Secretary, Treasurers (together "the Executive Officers of the Club"), at least one Captain per team, a Welfare Officer and further elected members all of whom must be members of the Club.
6.2. The Executive Officers and Committee members shall be proposed, seconded and elected at the Annual General Meeting each year and shall remain in office until their successors are elected at the next Annual General Meeting. Any vacancy occurring by resignation or otherwise during the season may be filled by the Committee until the next Annual General Meeting.
6.3. Committee meetings shall be held not less than four times per season. Quorum will be five members of the Committee. Decisions of the Committee shall be made by a simple majority and in the event of equality of votes the Chair shall have the casting vote.
6.4. Further to clause 10.1, the Committee shall have power to settle disputed points not otherwise provided for in this Constitution.
7. Annual General Meeting
7.1. The Annual General Meeting of the Club shall be held each year on a date following the end of the playing season, but no later than 31stAugust.The date, time and venue for the Annual General Meeting shall be fixed by the Committee.
7.2. The purpose of the Annual General Meeting is to transact the following business: 7.2.1. to receive the Chair's report of the activities of the Club during the previous year; 7.2.2. to receive and consider the accounts of the Club for the previous year and the Treasurer's report as to the financial position of the Club, and; 7.2.3. to elect the Executive Officers and other members of the Committee.
8. Special General Meeting
8.1. A Special General Meeting may be called at any time by the Committee. A Special General Meeting shall be called by the Club within 28 days of receipt by the Secretary of a written request signed by not less than ten members, stating the purposes for which the meeting is required and the resolutions proposed.
9. Procedure at the Annual and Special General Meetings
9.1. Notice of the Annual and any Special General Meetings, with a written agenda and any resolutions to be proposed will be circulated via email no less than 14 days in advance of the meeting.
9.2. The Chair, or in the Chair's absence a member appointed by the Committee, shall take the chair at the Annual and Special General Meetings, and the Secretary, or in his/her absence a member of the Committee, shall take minutes.
9.3. Quorum for the Annual and any Special General Meetings shall be eight members.
9.4. Each member present shall have one vote and resolutions shall be passed by a simple majority. In the event of an equal number of votes for and against, the Chair shall have a casting or additional vote.
10.By-Laws
10.1. The Committee shall have power to make, repeal and amend such by-laws as they may from time to time consider necessary for the wellbeing of the Club which by-laws, repeals and amendments shall have effect until set aside by the Committee or at a General Meeting.
11.Dissolution
11.1. A resolution to dissolve the Club shall only be proposed at a General Meeting and shall be carried by a majority of at least three-quarters of the members present and entitled to vote. A specific date for the dissolution shall be included in the resolution. 11.2. Upon dissolution of the club any remaining assets shall be given or transferred to another registered CASC, a registered charity or the sport's governing body for use by them in related community sports.
12.Amendments to the Constitution
12.1. The constitution can only be changed through agreement by majority vote at an AGM or Special General Meeting.


Beautiful condo in Townsquare at Sierra Verde, a 2 bed 2 bath with a GARAGE and additional assigned carport space! Inside you will find an efficient, open floor plan, neutral tile in all the right places, carpet in bedrooms. The kitchen features black appliances, pantry, and breakfast bar overlooking the family room. The master features double sinks and separate toilet room. This unit is very clean, move-in ready, and conveniently located close to the clubhouse, pool and park. Furniture is available on a separate bill of sale.