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Category: Neoliberalism
Whose Polycrisis?
January 27, 2023 January 27, 2023 Farwa SialLeave a comment
'if God the Father had created things by naming them, Elstir recreated them by removing their names, or by giving them another name'.
Marcel Proust (II, 566)
An emerging consensus originated in the US has declared 2022 as the year of the 'Polycrisis', with a view to marking the beginning of an era of turbulence and unrest in the global economy. Under this conceptualisation, recent events including the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change catastrophes, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the rise in energy and food prices are generally postulated as separate crises, which can have an effect on each other but nevertheless have separate origins. This centrifugal analysis of events predicates on the decline of the uni-polar world order, as well as acknowledging the emergent structural weaknesses in the traditional western powers; all of which can be loosely interpreted as occurring in a period during which power is dispersing and perhaps as a consequence of this dispersion, the current drivers of crisis have multiplied, leading to a multitude of crises, in contrast to preceding historical instances.
In spite of the current use of the term, the origins of the Polycrisis date further and can be more sparsely contextualised. However, there is no doubt that it has now become an important neologism for conventional western media and policy institutes, especially adopted by Bretton Woods Institutions, as well as other leading investors.
Civil society has also used this term as a neat summary, however, theirs is a critical response and is not interchangeable with how powerful International Financial Institutions (IFIs), policy think-tanks and investors use the term. In this sense, the instrumentalisation of this neologism, seems to have more value than its meaning, with the discernible possibility that any perceived political mileage of the Polycrisis, is a complete transformation away from its intellectual roots. Nonetheless, as an artefact, the intellectual roots and the political role of the Polycrisis merits an integrated analysis beyond its instrumentalisation.
A remarkable feature of liberal thought is the tendency towards identification of social phenomena through the selective elevation of their key distinguishing features, which are abstract enough to form 'systems' and neutral enough to subsume the inherent contradictions of capitalist development. Pandemics, climate breakdown, wars and global deflationary pressures are not mere externalities of the capitalist system but intrinsic to its operations- long predicted by a diverse group of thinkers. That these events converge in time is a political outcome, subject to planetary limits, not abstract systemisation, as the Polycrisis seems to imply.
Critical responses to the Polycrisis have pointed towards its disregard in accounting for the long and sustained crisis of the capitalist world order and a resort towards 'brute empiricism' to conceptualise things as they appear to be, rather than questioning what is occurring beneath mere appearances. Prima-facie accounts often seek to capture the zeitgeist in the endeavour to simplify things. However, there is a need to differentiate between simplification and reductionism. As a concept, the Polycrisis is simultaneously all-encompassing as well as abstract.
In an attempt to grasp both these aspects, this short blog starts with a focus on three messages of the Polycrisis: a) the qualitative nature of change, b) the drivers or causes of crises and c) the role of Bretton Woods Institutions in adopting the concept. In addition, the blog proposes an alternative way of understanding the contemporary crisis, which hinges on the decline of the western capitalist model, followed by some thoughts on multipolarity and geopolitics.
Agrarian Change in the Lap of Neoliberal Growth: Field perspective from India
May 21, 2022 May 21, 2022 srishtiydvLeave a comment
If I had to describe three central characteristics of the Indian economy—its three defining features in the neoliberal period—they'd be i) premature de-industrialization and expansion of the services sector, ii) growth in the absence of formal job-creation, and instead an explosion of informality, and iii) the declining share of agriculture in value added even as its share in employment remains sizeable. In June-July 2019, I did intensive fieldwork in Sangli, a village in Rewari district in southern Haryana, to make sense of the ways in which these processes interact with agrarian change and play out for agrarian households, i.e. the contemporary Agrarian Question [1].
Sangli is in Haryana, where Green Revolution techniques (high yielding seed varieties, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and agricultural machinery like tractors and threshers) were adopted early on. It also happens to be close to the industrial belt that extends from the national capital Delhi to its surrounding districts, where foreign capital has congregated in the neoliberal era. This makes it an interesting place to study processes of generation and re-investment of agrarian surpluses, and to peer into the relationship between "modernized" agriculture and neoliberal industrial and urban growth that has dwarfed the rural economy.
Neoliberal capitalism and the commodification of social reproduction, from our home to our classroom
February 8, 2022 alemezzadriLeave a comment
It is official: we are getting ready for another round of industrial action in the UK higher education sector. For those who may be wondering what the current UCU national strike 2021-22 is all about, a short recap may help. Higher education UCU members are striking because of planned pensions cuts that risk pushing academic staff into 'retirement poverty'; to fight against ever-growing labour casualisation in universities; and because of the growing inequalities of gender, race and class the UK higher education sector has nurtured in the last five decades. Colleagues at Goldsmith – to whom we shall extend all our support – are also fighting against planned mass staff redundancies.
We – higher education workers and students – were on this picket before, so many times, fighting other policies deepening the process of commodification of education. We were on this picket fighting cuts in real wages – which education workers are still experiencing. We were on this picket to fight against the trebling of university fees for our BA students. At SOAS, where I work, we were on this picket to fight against cuts to our library, against Prevent, against the deportation of SOAS cleaners on campus ground – an event which remains the darkest chapter of SOAS industrial relations and for which the university has not yet apologised in recognition of the harm caused to the SOAS 9 and to all our community. We hope the school will acknowledge the need to do so, so that we can move forward, together.
We were at other demonstrations and on other picket lines, protesting against austerity, in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, against climate change, against racism and in support of Black Lives Matter, against gender violence. The picket really is a sort of archive, which can be consulted backward to reconstruct a history of attacks to our rights – at work, at home, or both.
And if we consult this archive, we can clearly see a pattern emerging in the last decades, a pattern which in fact connects neoliberal Britain with many other places in the world economy, which have also experienced processes of neoliberalisation. All the pickets and demonstrations, become a sort of tracing route; we can reconnect the dots spread across a broader canvas. These dots design a specific pattern; that of a systematic attack to life and life-making sectors, realms and spaces.
Neoliberal capitalism, starting from the 1980s, has promoted a process of systematic de-concentration of resources in public sectors, and particularly in so-called 'socially reproductive sectors', that is those that regenerate us as people and as workers. This attack has been massively felt in the home, which has become a major battleground for processes of marketization of care and social reproduction. The withdrawal of the state from welfare provisions, the rise and rise of co-production in services (i.e. the incorporation of citizens' unpaid labour in public service delivery; a practice further cheapening welfare) – and processes of partial or full privatisation of service delivery in healthcare and education have generated massive reproductive gaps. These gaps have been filled through outsourcing of life-making to others. Homes have become net users of market-based domestic and care services. The in-sourcing of nannies, au-pairs, and elders carers, from a vast number of countries in the Global south and transition economies have remade the home as a site of production and employment generation, at extremely low costs.
January 10, 2022 January 6, 2022 John NarayanLeave a comment
By Ishan Khurana and John Narayan
A number of commentators have recently suggested neo-liberalism is dead, or is in a process of retreat. During the disruption of global commodity chains caused by the Covid 19-pandemic, free-market policies that have dominated the global economy for the past 40 years appear to have less purchase. Here, authors point to a reversion to a national form of capitalism and protectionism, the questioning of globalization and return of state intervention in the economy. A prime example is the Biden regime's approach to the US economy, which has turned to deficit driven social spending, expansion of union rights and protectionist measures to public procurement. This hasn't come out of nowhere – with the neo-liberal global economy being zombie-like since the 2008 global financial crisis.
The fracturing of the global economy along national lines may herald conflict and a new cold war between the US and China. However, the retreat of neo-liberalism also seems to offer a possible opening – through a critique of globalization and a return of the state. Here, a rejuvenated politics of the left may be able to avoid the pitfalls of an emergent authoritarian capitalism and launch a new national form of progressive politics around welfare policies such as the Green New Deal and Universal Basic Income in locations such as the UK and US.
Neo-liberalism is in trouble, but missing from these debates about its demise is a discussion of neo-liberalism in the Global South and, thus, the reality of what the crisis of neo-liberalism means for all rather than simply those within the Global North.
The partnership trap in the Indonesian gig economy
June 20, 2021 July 4, 2021 Arif Novianto2 Comments
In the last three months, there have been three strikes by gig workers in Indonesia. Problems related to harsh working conditions, injustice, and the decline in the welfare of gig workers became the main issues in the three strikes. The biggest strike was carried out by GoKilat couriers (delivery service from the Gojek platform company) for 3 days on 8-10 June 2021 involving nearly 1,500 couriers or almost 80% of active couriers on GoKilat. A day later, couriers from Lala Move went on strike spontaneously for three days by mass deactivating accounts on their platform application.
Prior to the two strikes above, on April 6, 2021, a strike was carried out by Shopee Express couriers for 1 day in Bandung, Indonesia, involving around 1,000 couriers. The Shopee Express courier strike was motivated by a cut in the payment they received. The new rules reduce courier revenue from 2,500 rupiah (US$0.17)/package to only 1,500 rupiah (US$0.10)/package and that is the only income earned by the couriers. In other words, they did not earn basic income equal to the minimum wage in the province where they work. Moreover, they did not have health insurance, decent working hours, overtime pay, leave /holiday rights, and severance pay. The working conditions were worse due to the fact that the vehicles (motorcycle) used are theirs and they had to pay fuel cost.
With such a wage system, to be able to earn the minimum wage in Bandung City in 2021 of 3,742,267 rupiah (US$263.16) per month for instance, couriers have to deliver 2,495 packages monthly—not including fuel and maintenance costs they have to pay. It means that they would have to deliver about 104 packages per day to the customers. If, on average, a package is delivered in 10 minutes, they need 17 hours per day, far above the decent 8 hours work day. This oppressive work system for gig workers is possible and there is no prohibition from the Indonesian government, due to the courier's status as an independent contractor or "mitra" (partner) for the platform company, instead of labor.
The precarious and uncertain working conditions stem from the misclassification of their employment status. Companies classifies them as "partners", so that they could avoid the obligation to provide the minimum wage, health insurance, overtime pay, severance pay, 8 working hours per day, and holiday rights if they were labor, although the working relationships between the companies and their couriers represents the employer-employee relationships as there are shift work for the couriers, work control by the companies, requirements in recruitment such as contracts of employment, and the companies unilateral rules established by the companies.
Neoliberalism and global development before and after the Washington Consensus: Agricultural credit at the World Bank
June 17, 2021 May 17, 2021 Nick BernardsLeave a comment
We've witnessed a revival of debates about the Washington Consensus and the future of neoliberalism in recent months. Recent increases in public spending have led several commentators to conclude, or lament, that decades of neoliberal consensus have been shattered. Much of this debate is misguided, rooted in a mistaken dichotomy between 'states' and 'markets', and a corresponding conception of neoliberalism as primarily involving a reduction in the role of the former. Efforts to rehabilitate the Washington Consensus, meanwhile, rely on flimsy and heavily ideological counterfactuals.
In this post, I want to take up another angle on this question, asking: what is 'the market' in practice? In particular, I take a closer look at the emergence of the idea that 'interest rates should be market-determined'. This was a core tenet of the 'Washington Consensus' in John Williamson's original formulation. It was also, historically, a key argument of neoliberal economists. From the early 1970s, several influential pieces (e.g. McKinnon 1973; Shaw 1973) urged the deregulation of interest rates, arguing that while usury caps were intended to assist small farmers, they wound up forcing banks to concentrate on relatively low-risk loans to government or large-scale industry.
In practice, though, the relatively simple proposition that 'interest rates should be left to the market' invited a whole range of difficult questions and political challenges.
In a recent article in New Political Economy tracing the history of World Bank agricultural credit programmes (Bernards 2021), I show how neoliberal approaches to development have never really involved 'shrinking the state' and unleashing markets so much as fraught and failure-prone efforts to figure out who and what should be governed by, and how to construct, markets.
The Techfare State: The 'New' Face of Neoliberal State Regulation
June 15, 2021 May 21, 2021 alibhagatLeave a comment
By Ali Bhagat and Rachel Phillips
A recent article in the New York Times takes aim at 'How Big Tech Won the Pandemic', highlighting how in the last year alone, Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Facebook posted a combined revenue of more than $1.2 trillion. While the pandemic has resulted in the loss of both work and life the world over, companies like Amazon have managed to expand their warehouses and their cloud computing infrastructure—and reaped unprecedented profits in the process. As the Times put it, 'the pandemic created a peculiar economy that benefited some people and industries, including in technology, even as it battered others.'
But as many commentators have pointed out, the explosive growth of the tech giants must also be understood in relation to more overtly political conditions. It may be true that the technology industry has maintained a liberal, progressive, and socially equitable visage throughout the pandemic, even as it has subtly extended its multi-tentacled reach into new physical and digital spaces. Indeed, we know by now, that Big Tech has long thrived on regulatory evasion and the exploitation of legal grey areas and this is a dominant reading within critical political economy which has been at pains to point out how laissez-faire regulatory environments—particularly in the United States—have allowed the tech industry to sniff out and exploit new sources of profit, including those that have arisen as a result of the COVID-19 crisis.
In this literature, then, the tendency is to assume that it is an absence of state intervention that has underpinned the technology industry's growing economic (and political) power. With our conception of techfare, however, we aim to push beyond these explorations of how Big Tech evades state control. Instead of focusing on state absences, we set out to highlight an equally significant dynamic: how the technology industry has become deeply entwined with the activities of the neoliberal state.
Our research agenda is centred on one key question: how has the dramatic post-2008 growth of the American technology industry interacted with—and been shaped by—the neoliberal regulatory projects that have prevailed during this time? In pursuing this question, we focus on one pivotal arena of neoliberal statecraft in which Big Tech companies increasingly participate, but where their presence has gone largely unnoticed: the disciplining of the relative surplus population, particularly through consumer debt, policing, and imprisonment.
Neoliberalism and Resistance in South Africa: Economic and Political Coalitions
June 1, 2021 May 18, 2021 ans012Leave a comment
In the first quarter of 2021, amidst the social and economic devastation wrought by the Covid-19 pandemic, the South African Treasury announced, and subsequently defended, its decision to refrain from increasing the country's extensive social grant payments—which now reach 18 million impoverished citizens—beyond the growth in inflation. Treasury officials have argued that a larger increase in social welfare protection is simply not currently feasible given the country's rapidly rising public debt—which has now breached 80% of the debt/GDP ratio—and investor demands for fiscal consolidation. This type of fiscal restraint is unfolding in a context of heightened wealth inequality and an official unemployment rate now above 30%.
Those familiar with the financialization scholarship pertaining to developing countries—that strand which portrays the global financial markets as a force that can alter committed policy trajectories on a whim (Koelble, 2004), as well as the more nuanced literature (Mosley, 2000; Hager, 2017; Streeck, 2014; Ansari, 2017)—may recognize the Treasury's framing of South Africa's fiscal dilemma. However, as much of the international development literature on industrial upgrading and state policy has noted (Wade, 2018; Alami, 2019; Rodrik, 2006), there is a third option available to policy-makers in developing countries beyond the binary of debt build-up vs. austerity; namely, comprehensive, employment generating state-led development.
This is precisely the case I make in my new book, published by Palgrave (2021), Neoliberalism and Resistance in South Africa: Economic and Political Coalitions. In addition to documenting the onset of a financialized accumulation regime in post-apartheid South Africa since the democratic transition and the ANC's adoption of economic liberalization, the monograph also highlights the missed opportunities that could have allowed the country to embark on a self-sustaining path of industrial up-grading, inclusive development, and internal revenue generation. Such missed opportunities include the early rejection by party leaders of the heterodox "Macro-Economic Research Group" (MERG) policy cluster, the removal of the trade unions from broader macro-policy-making processes, the rejection of a modest reconstruction and wealth tax, and the abandonment of much of the "Reconstruction and Development Program" (RDP) platform in favor of the orthodox "Growth, Employment, and Redistribution" (GEAR) package in 1996. Had some of these missed opportunities been pursued, South African state officials would likely be in a much better position to currently adopt expansionary fiscal policies, and perhaps could have lifted their citizens out of poverty via inclusive development instead of cash-transfers.
Yet, as my monograph further documents, since the democratic transition Treasury officials have continued, despite recommendations from other government ministries such as the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), to veto or oppose heterodox policy proposals that could potentially offer South Africa a path away from the current neoliberal quagmire. Such proposed polices include capital controls, export taxes on raw materials, the utilization of foreign exchange reserves to capitalize State-Owned-Enterprises (SOEs), and targeting specific industrial sectors for subsidies and state promotion.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It should come as no surprise to those of you that have been reading this blog even a little that I changed my mantel décor yet again:). It became very striking to me as I was searching Pinterest for Easter decorating and mantel ideas for inspiration that very few pictures of Easter decorating related to the miracle of Easter.
While my family enjoys regular Easter traditions of decorating and hiding eggs and eating ham and deviled eggs it is really important to us that my kids know why we celebrate Easter, because of Jesus. So today, I am sharing my Easter mantel and a simple cross craft:).
My girlfriend had shared some simple crosses that her son made and I was inspired to make some with my youngest. We were able to make these using supplies we had at home. Sticks, some kitchen twine and modeling clay.
It was Tucker's job to break the sticks while I wrapped the string around the sticks. He helped me place them in the modeling clay:).
I placed the 3 simple stick crosses we made next to a "He is Risen" sign I made with a sharpie and an MDF board.
To add color to my Easter mantel I brought in a few branches from our pear and cherry trees in our yard. Thank goodness for Spring flowers:).
I laid a flower pot on it's side with a bird's nest inside to symbolize the empty tomb that Jesus rose from.
Don't forget to Pin our Easter Mantel & Simple Cross Craft!!!
LOVE this! I agree, even in my own decorating for Easter, Jesus is lacking. Thank you for this wonderful reminder of why we celebrate this beautiful holiday. Shared.
Thanks so much for stopping by to see our Easter mantel Amy!
I love this idea! A few Christmases ago, the kids and I made stars out of twigs. Think we'll try this next!
Thank you so much for stopping by to see my Easter mantel Ebony! I hope you and the kids have fun making these:) Happy Easter!
Thank you so much for stopping by to see my Easter mantel Julie!
Love this and love your site! I'm following you on Facebook, Pinterest, and Instagram! I pinned it, too!


The first event of this year's Smart Connections program themed Leveraging You Presentation Skills was hosted by Edmonton Region Immigrant Employment Council ( ERIEC ) on June 15th, 2017 at the Matrix Hotel, Edmonton.
The keynote presentation was made by Gord Sheppard on how to create awesome meetings and how to be effective in marketing yourself at a job interview, networking event or any other gathering.
A panel of HR experts shared their perspectives on some core job search questions: looking for a job, pre-screening process, the job interview and more. The number of participants that gathered around the panelists at the end of the event, all waiting for their turn to have a brief chat is a testament to how important the information from the panelists meant to the participants and how much more they all needed.
Thank you to all of the participants, community partners, employers, speakers and HR panelists for their contribution and collaboration in helping to make another great ERIEC event!


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What Technology Will Look Like In Five Years
Diomedes Kastanis	4 years
Diomedes Kastanis Contributor
Diomedes Kastanis is VP of the Chief Innovation Office at Ericsson, supporting advancement of the company's technology vision and innovation.
More posts by this contributor
Productive mobility is poised to give business a virtual boost
As a driver of technical innovation for a software company, a huge part of my job depends on forecasting how current tech trends will play out, merge, dissipate or expand. Here are some of my predictions of what the world will look like in 2020.
Revised Notions Of Ownership
Think of the things you use every day: your smart phone, your computer, your desk and so on. You own most — if not all — of those things.
However, in the future, you'll probably share most of them.
We've recently seen a huge rise in the sharing economy; not only can you stay in someone else's house via Airbnb, but you can sail in someone else's boat through Sailo, fly in someone else's private plane via OpenAirplane and go snowboarding with someone's else's board via Spinlister.
This is only the first wave. Major players like Google, Apple and Uber are developing car technology so that, in five years, rather than driving to the office in a car you own, you'll drive to work in a car you ordered on your cell phone that morning. If you wanted, you could drive a different make and model every day.
Five years from now, companies will have to go glocal if they want to survive.
Oh, and that office? Not only has it been chosen to be optimally located for you and the co-workers you need to meet with, but it's pre-loaded with your information and work preferences.
The sharing system is far more efficient, as it enables resources to be active 24/7 rather than just when we're personally using them. And because everything will be tailored to our needs and desires, we'll still feel like what we're using is "ours."
In the past, we relied solely on keyboards to control our devices. Then, speech recognition technology came along, and now has improved to the point where we don't have to touch our gadgets if we don't want to.
The next logical progression is mind-controlled technology. Scientists have already developed prosthetics that amputees can operate with their brains. A new wireless transmitter allows paralyzed patients to control their TVs, computers and wheelchairs with their thoughts.
In the future, I believe these brain-computer interfaces will be universal. Rather than say, "Hey, Siri," you'll think, "Hey, Siri."
Some of the most promising players in this area right now include Emotiv, a bioinformatics company using EEG technology to develop brain-computer interfaces, and BrainGate, a research team that's created a wireless transmitter for paralyzed patients.
Furthermore, the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne has developed "shared control" technology that augments EEG and gives paralyzed people even more mobility with their wheelchairs.
Connected, But Simple
Right now, there's a lot of excitement about the Internet of Things. We're connecting everything: your thermostat, your refrigerator, your car, your garage, your garden… That means lots of sensors and meters. We'll be measuring, tracking and analyzing even more than we already do.
But in 10 years, as it matures, we'll see this connected ecosystem simplify.
Rather than gauging if the toilet has enough water, the soap bottle is full enough and the lights are the perfect level, your smart bathroom can ask, "How was your visit?" You can say "Good," or perhaps, "Bad — there wasn't enough soap." This eliminates the need for so much tracking, and makes the experience feel more human. Ultimately, our devices will rely on our feedback just as much as data.
Luigi Atzori, Antonio Iera and Giacomo Morabito, senior members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, are among those calling for a more "social" IoT.
Thanks to the relative ease of travel and the ubiquity of social and communication apps, we already live in a globalized world. The challenge is taking a global presence and adapting it to each region.
In the future, everything will be "glocal:" a localized version of a global trend. A current example of this is playing out with Uber in India. Because Indian consumers tend to care more about getting to their destination for a good price rather than "in style," Uber launched a rickshaw-on-demand service in Delhi. And to get around government regulations, Delhi users can pay for their rides in cash.
Virtual Reality Is Reality
The New York Times made headlines this month for sending its print subscribers Google Cardboard viewers along with their Sunday paper. Now you can experience the news through virtual reality; in five years, you'll be able to experience everything through virtual reality (VR).
There's no doubt about it — 2020 will be an exciting time.
But VR itself will have changed. Rather than being an alternate reality, it'll be incorporated into your existing reality. Say goodbye to bulky, wrap-around goggles that close you off from the external world. Say hello to discreet technology that puts you in an immersive 3D VR environment with an unimpeded view of the surrounding environment and a broad field of view.
There are current initiatives to develop low-cost, augmented-pixel technology that's far less isolating. In addition, Magic Leap, an American startup that's raised more than half a billion dollars in funding, has also hinted that its launch product won't require a screen.
In 2020, after becoming non-invasive, VR will integrate into many facets of our life, from entertainment and education to work and exploration.
Between new definitions of "yours" and "mine," new ways to control our devices, new mechanisms for streamlining IoT, new requirements for being local and global and new advancements in virtual reality, we've got lots of change coming. There's no doubt about it — 2020 will be an exciting time.


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Q: defining half of the module in one package and other half in another in python I want to do this.
In package 1
xyz
  __init__.py
  abc
     __init__.py

In package 2
xyz
   efg
      __init__.py

to get an overall view with both combined. This is possible to do in java even though the classes are in separate jars. Is this something I can do in Python even if I have 2 separate eggs for it?

A: pkgutil.extend_path() can be used to merge multiple packages found on sys.path together. Note that each must be a proper package on its own.
## In xyz/__init__.py:

import pkgutil
__path__ = pkgutil.extend_path(__path__, __name__)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Last modified 3740 days ago (April 22, 2009)
Baseball and softball teams win eight of 10
By MIKE NORRIS
In an April 9 match completed Monday because of inclement weather, Hillsboro High School tennis players Taylor Hagen and Clay Shewey earned a championship on their home court.
The duo played in the number one doubles bracket and knocked off Kolton Talbott and Ryan Yenni of Smoky Valley, 8-5, to start its run.
An 8-3 victory in the semifinals led to a match-up with Conway Springs' Kayle Barkley and Cole Ebenkamp.
It would be their closest match of the day, but Shewey and Hagen held off Barkley and Ebenkamp, 8-6.
The Trojans finished second as a team with 55 points, one behind champion Hutchinson Trinity.
Heading into the week the Hillsboro baseball team had yet to win a game at 0-2.
After taking five of six games from league foes this past week, all of a sudden the 5-3 Trojans look like contenders.
It began April 14 with a doubleheader split at Hoisington.
The bats were on fire in game one as the Trojans banged out 12 hits and scored 13 runs to win by three.
Jacob Fish was 3-4 with three RBI's and Jacob Edwards picked up the win on the mound.
After an 11-7 loss in game two, the Trojans headed to Marion Thursday for makeup games with the Warriors.
The team led 7-0 a week earlier before rain washed the slate clean.
It did not matter to HHS as they notched two wins, 13-5 and 19-7.
The Trojans lit-up Marion pitching for 30 hits in the two games.
Daniel Jost had the hottest bat for Hillsboro, going 6-9 with a home run and three RBI's in the two games.
In the 19-7 victory, seven Trojans had at least two hits, led by Edwards, Fish, and Dylan Funk who each had three.
Luke Moore went the distance on the mound to earn the victory.
Isaac Leihy picked-up the victory in game one. He pitched five innings, allowed four hits, three runs, two earned, and struck out seven.
Jost was 4-5 while Tyler Ediger and Ben Bebermeyer each had two hits.
The big week continued with a Friday sweep at Smoky Valley.
Pitching was the key for Hillsboro in the two games as it won 6-3 and 14-4.
Fish allowed just one run in 4.1 innings, earning the win in game one, while Jacob Edwards threw a complete game in the nightcap.
Jost continued his torrid hitting tear going 3-3 with an RBI in game two.
Fish was 3-4 with four RBI's while at least six Trojans knocked in a run.
Hillsboro will be at home Friday against Lyons.
The young Hillsboro softball continues to win.
Despite taking the field with mainly freshmen and sophomores, the Lady Trojans won three of four games against Hoisington and Smoky Valley this past week to improve to 5-1.
In an opening game victory April 14 at Hoisington it was five freshmen and a junior who contributed most.
Freshman Courtney Weber threw a complete game, allowing just two runs on six hits while striking out four.
Fellow freshmen Steph Sanders, Franny Gottsch, Krista Reimer, and Samantha Koons went a combined 8-12 with six RBI's.
Koons had a game-high three hits, while junior Briana Loewen was 2-3 with an RBI.
Another freshman picked-up a complete game victory on the mound in game two when Gottsch allowed just four runs, three earned, while striking out seven.
It was Koons again leading the team at the plate, going 2-4 with three RBI's.
Weber also had two hits and an RBI.
Weber picked-up another win on the mound Friday against Smoky Valley.
Muddy conditions at Hillsboro moved the games to Lindsborg, but the Lady Trojans were the "home team."
They dropped their first game of the season, 14-5, but came away with a split by also sneaking out a 9-8 victory.
After jumping ahead 5-1 in the first inning, HHS held on to its three-run lead in the final inning despite giving up two runs.
The Lady Trojans will be at home Friday to take on Lyons.
Both Hillsboro squads took third place April 14 at the Haven meet.
Ishmael Morris led the way for the boys' team as the only first-place medalist.
His time of 11.59 seconds in the 100-meter dash and 23.30 in the 200, were good enough for gold medals.
The girls' team did not have any first-place finishers, but did take four of the six spots in the 100m dash.
Dakota Kaufman was second with a time of 13.62, and took third in the 200 behind teammate Tiffany Rooker who was second.
The Trojan golf squad took the course only once this past week, but it was against tough competition at Hidden Lake Golf Club, Wichita.
Andover Central dominated the Wichita Collegiate meet with a 299.
Hillsboro was 11th of 12 with a 360.
The tournament was filled with 4 and 5A schools, but the Trojans did manage to earn one individual medal.
Daniel Kunantaev was one of two golfers to shoot 77 and took 10th place on a scorecard tiebreak.
Jake Kenney and Devin Dick were the next Trojan finishers, after each shot a 93.
The Trojans will be in action Tuesday at the Bennington invitational.
For complete sports coverage, see Page 6
Last modified April 22, 2009


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Five must-have skills for a career in PR
From communication to creativity, here are the top five areas to focus on if you want to succeed in PR
Looking for a job in PR? Explore the range of vacancies on Guardian Jobs and find the perfect role for you
Alastair Turner
Wed 16 Jan 2013 04.30 EST First published on Wed 16 Jan 2013 04.30 EST
Having good communication skills under pressure is essential in PR. Photograph: Marttila / Rex Features
A career in PR takes more than a good degree. To be successful you need to be an all-rounder with skills in everything from research and communication to writing and creativity. Here are the top five skills the sector favours:
1. Communication skills
Most importantly, if you're considering a PR career you will have to be a good communicator. You will not only need to be a confident speaker, but an excellent listener too. This doesn't necessarily mean you will have studied for an English or foreign language degree, you could be a scientist or technologist who has a great knack for explaining complex concepts.
A PR professional has to be sensitive to subtle nuances in language and culture because the job will involve communicating with a range of people across different mediums (social media, in person, on the telephone and in writing) across different territories. You will need to be able to appreciate other people's priorities and pressures.
2. Research skills
A PR person needs to be a good researcher in order to communicate accurately and authoritatively on a subject, so science or history graduates, for example, would be well-placed to deliver on this skill. You will have to keep track of fast-paced markets and be knowledgeable about your clients and their needs. You must keep up-to-speed with current affairs and enjoy learning about new markets. If you are naturally inquisitive, you'll enjoy the research aspect of PR.
3. Writing skills
You will be expected to write engaging content for clients, whether that's a guest article in a magazine, a case study or a press release. Graduates who have an excellent grasp of grammar and experience of writing a range of content – from essays to presentations and briefings – will be able to hit the ground running.
You'll also need to have good attention to detail, which not only comes in handy when writing, but also proofing other people's work. This is a vital skill to have, particularly under pressure, and it underpins good writing, research and communication.
4. International mindset
There has been an increased demand for language skills because of the globalisation of business. For instance, a UK client may lack the budget for a large PR programme on the ground in a foreign market, but has an immediate need for engaging content in that language on their website or blog. So the more languages a PR professional has under their belt, the greater their opportunity for international postings and new business.
There is plenty of scope for graduates who are fluent in foreign languages to write foreign-language content and research industry news, not to mention the option for sabbaticals or exchanges with other offices.
5. Creativity
A career in PR will present you with countless opportunities to be creative, not only in terms of writing, but also in coming up with new ways to promote businesses and approaching new clients. PR is a profession which constantly calls for fresh ideas and lateral thinking, so having a creative streak can be a crucial skill to bring you to career success.
Alastair Turner is managing director of Aspectus PR
PR careers


So apparently Sean Kingston didn't get jumped by Migos. At least that's what he claimed in a newly posted video.
"Look at your boy, man. Do it look like I got jumped?" asked the singer. "I look as smooth as ice. Real top shotta."
By now you've probably heard about the alleged incident that took place at the Sands Expo and Convention Center in Las Vegas. According to TMZ, Kingston was pummeled by the "Bad & Boujee" rappers and then was later handcuffed and questioned by police following a traffic violation.
Meanwhile, The Game threw some shots at the Jamaican-American crooner after he caught wind of the rumored fight.
"I'm psychic," he wrote in a meme. "Sean Kingston fat a-- gon' get jumped in Vegas 30 min ago. #TwinkiesFlyingEverywhere, #RainDropDropKickDonutsFallinOuttaFatB-tch, #BraUnSnapped, T--tiesJigglinOnTheWayDownNSh-t."
At this point, it's safe to assume that people are waiting for Migos to comment on all this, because they have the power to shut the rumored fight down or confirm it.
Until then, you can see the clip of Kingston above and The Game's post below.


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Cash windfall for joined up journeys in Linlithgow
Published: 09:28 Tuesday 21 August 2018
Linlithgow and Linlithgow Bridge Community Council has triumphed to the tune of £27,000 after netting a coveted transport grant.
The result is thought to be especially impressive as the organisation is the only community group in the area to benefit from a £681,000 funding pot gifted to 10 organisations across the country.
Other successful community applications were believed to have the backing of established rail campaign groups but the bold Linlithgow bid was launched purely on its own steam.
The welcome cash from the Local Rail Development Fund will allow members to increase better bus connections to Linlithgow from surrounding towns and villages.
Cabinet Secretary for Transport, Infrastructure and Connectivity Michael Matheson MSP said: "Providing funding for transport appraisals like this one will allow the successful applicants to consider the transport issues and opportunities affecting their local communities. It has been great to hear, first-hand, the enthusiasm and drive behind them.
"Helping communities bring forward proposals to tackle these specific, local rail connectivity issues, will allow us to consider potential projects as part of our plans for future railway investment."
Community council chairman Martin Crook said: "We are obviously absolutely delighted but we are also aware that this is a big challenge.
"Our motivations are to work with West Lothian Council, the bus operators and the community to ensure the survival of the vital bus services in and around Linlithgow.
"We intend to partner with these same groups to develop services to better connect Linlithgow and reduce the reliance on local government subsidies.
"We believe with better marketing, route planning and scheduling, it should be possible to operator the L1 bus, in particular, on a more commercial. This funding will help primarily with the second of these goals.
"It will help the community council start the process of making bus services to Linlithgow station better.
"As bus services have declined the people who used to rely on them now often drive, clogging up car parks and the town centre.
"It is a great chance for more communities to benefit from the expansion of the rail service capacity."
Fresh setback for garden project in Linlithgow
Bo'ness recycling update
In pictures: Bo'ness Fair Day parade


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Home | Tag Archives: Amy's Everyday Astronomy
Tag Archives: Amy's Everyday Astronomy
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Science: This Week in Science Episode 3
November 30, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
Hello and welcome to our post-Thanksgiving episode of This Week in Science.
If you're still feeling stuffed, or are getting ready to devour some delicious leftovers, you'll definitely want to tune in while you relax. Today, I'll be talking turkey and sharing some important scientific research and history.
So, sit back and spend the next seven and a half minutes with me as we unravel the mysteries of the scientific world.
Remember, if you have questions about science or technology, or anything I've talked about this week, feel free to shoot me an email at acooley@epheraldpost.com.
To listen to past episodes, click here.
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Organic Compounds found in Saturn's moon Enceladus
October 6, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
Although the Cassini mission ended in September 2017, the data collected is still being examined by scientists. So much had been transmitted by the probe that it will take decades to sift through it all.
Recently, a science team led by Nozair Khawaja of the Free University of Berlin, were studying some of this data collected by the spacecraft's Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA), which detected ice grains emitted from Enceladus into Saturn's E Ring.
The scientists used the CDA's mass spectrometer measurements to determine the composition of the material in the grains.
Powerful hydrothermal vents regularly eject material from the core of Enceladus. This material mixes with water from the moon's massive subsurface ocean and then is released into space as water vapor and ice grains.
The team discovered new molecules condensed into the ice grains that turned out to be nitrogen and oxygen bearing compounds. These compounds were determined to be organic, the ingredients of amino acids.
Here on Earth, similar compounds are part of a chemical reactions that also produce these building blocks of life. Hydrothermal vents on our ocean floor provide the heat and energy that fuels these reactions. This lends to the belief that the hydrothermal vents on Enceladus might operate in the same way, by supplying the energy needed to produce amino acids.
And now, these organic compounds have been verified in the plumes of Enceladus.
"If the conditions are right, these molecules coming from the deep ocean of Enceladus could be on the same reaction pathway as we see here on Earth. We don't yet know if amino acids are needed for life beyond Earth but finding the molecules that form amino acids is an important piece of the puzzle," said Khawaja, whose findings were published October 2nd in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
These new findings work to complement the discovery made by the team last year of large, insoluble complex organic molecules that are believed to float on the surface of Enceladus' ocean. These finding are what prompted the team to dive deeper with this recent work. Their goal was to hopefully find the ingredients, dissolved in the ocean, that would be needed to form amino acid formation.
"Here we are finding smaller and soluble organic building blocks – potential precursors for amino acids and other ingredients required for life on Earth," said co-author Jon Hillier.
"This work shows that Enceladus' ocean has reactive building blocks in abundance, and it's another green light in the investigation of the habitability of Enceladus," added co-author Frank Postberg.
Cassini-Huygens is a mission cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. To learn more about the mission and the science learned from its data, visit the official website.
For a daily dose of Amy's Everyday Astronomy:, like and follow her Facebook Page, check out her webpage; to read previous articles, click here.
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Journey through the Solar System – Earth
Our home planet. An ecological wonder full of a variety of different types of animal and plant life, vast mountains and plains, and sunsets that awe and inspire. A place we know intimately. But how much do we really know about our own little corner of the universe?
There is so much to learn about our planet that it cannot all be covered in one podcast. Perhaps in the future we can more in-depth into what makes our planet unique. For today, though, we'll just do a quick flyby. And who knows, you might just learn something you didn't know before.
So hit play and I'll tell you a little more about this place we call home: Earth.
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Calling All Kids! NASA/JPL needs your help to Name the Rover
August 28, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
Do you dream of traveling to space and visiting other worlds?
With NASA working hard to get humans to the Moon to stay, one of the goals of this new initiative is to go beyond the moon to the planet Mars. Before the first humans arrive on the Red Planet, though, there is still so much we don't know about it. That's why NASA/JPL is working tirelessly on the next phase in Mars exploration, the Mars 2020 Rover.
Now that they've finished putting all major instruments onboard, and have finished the initial function checks, the team is preparing the rover and its sky crane descent stage for the next big test: simulating the vibration dynamics of launch, as well as the thermal environment the rover will experience on the Martian surface.
But they still need your help.
This week, NASA/JPL has opened up the Mars 2020 Name the Rover Essay Contest and invited all students in the United States to enter. This contest is open to all public, private, and home schools.
The grand prize winner will not only get to name to new rover, but they will get to travel to watch this new Martian explorer launch in July 2020 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.
"This naming contest is a wonderful opportunity for our nation's youth to get involved with NASA's Moon to Mars missions," says Jim Bridenstine, NASA Administrator. "It is an exciting ay to engage with a rover that will likely serve as the first leg of a Mars Sample return campaign, collecting and caching core samples from the Martian surface for scientists here on Earth to study for the first time."
Want to enter for your chance to name the next Mars Rover? Students in grades K-12 must submit their proposed rover name, along with a short essay of 150 words or less, explaining why their name should be chosen.
Entries must be received by November 1, 2019. These essays will be divided into three groups, by grade level and then judged on the appropriateness, significance, and originality of both the name and the essay.
Fifty-two semifinalists will be chosen from each group. These semifinalists will represent their respective state or U.S. territory. From there, three finalists will be chosen to advance to the final round.
The final selection process will involve the public having an opportunity to vote online in January 2020 on the nine finalists that are chosen.
NASA will announce the winning name on February 18, 2020—exactly one year before the rover is due to land on the surface of Mars.
"Our Mars 2020 rover has fully taken shape over the past several months, as the project team installed various components onto the chassis: the computer brain and electronics; wheels and mobility system; robotic arm; remote sensing mast; the seven science instruments; and finally, the sample caching system," says George Tahu, Mars 2020 program executive. "All that's missing is a great name!"
Send your entries here and YOU could be the one to name the next Mars Rover.
Are you over the age of 18 and wish you could participate? You can! NASA/JPL still needs help judging all the entries they receive. If you're willing to donate 5 hours of your time to read some great essays, apply to be a judge here.
Stay tuned, we'll tell you all about the winner and new rover name once they have been chosen!
https://elpasoheraldpost.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Mars2020_Rover_Naming_Contest-3840.mp4
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Journey through the Solar System – The Sun
July 30, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
Do you ever wonder how the planets formed and why are they all so different?
Perhaps you want to know where comets and asteroids come from?
I hope you'll join me for this special series, where I will be answering those very questions, and more.
There are many wonders out in the vast universe. So many, in fact, that I've been studying the cosmos for many years, and still learn something new every day. It is my hope that I can help you understand it better, too.
With that in mind, in the next several episodes, I will take you on a journey through our solar system, starting at the center.
Hit play and listen in as I teach you more about our very own star: the Sun.
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Talking History Channel's 'Unidentified'
July 15, 2019	Lifestyle, Tech
In this episode I talk about the Season 1 finale of Unidentified, a show that is available on the History Channel.
It's a subject I'm following closely given all the new evidence that's come to light in the public view recently. Plus, let's face it, the idea of aliens is just so fascinating.
If you've seen anything interesting in the skies, feel free to let me know! You can send me an email to acooley@epheraldpost.com, or drop a message to my Facebook page.
And if you'd like to learn more about what I talk about, check out the links below:
To read my article about this here in the El Paso Herald-Post
For full episodes of Unidentified, click here.
For full episode of Ancient Aliens click here.
To learn more about MUFON, click here.
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Area 51 Will Be Expecting You
I know you've all seen it. An event created on Facebook where 539,000 people have showed their intent to storm the "secret" government facility known as Area 51 on September 20th of this year.
The hosts of this large scale infiltration claim "They can't stop us all," stating, "We will all meet up at the Area 51 Alien Center tourist attraction and coordinate our entry. If we Naruto run, we can move faster than their bullets. Let's see them aliens."
If you've ever seen the movie Independence Day, you know that one of the most popular conspiracy theories about this place is that it is a research center where alien technology is reverse engineered since perhaps as early as the supposed Roswell crash in 1947.
Many movies, television shows, and articles have been made about this mysterious place.
Over the years, many have attempted to venture out there to find the truth. But none have been successful. Multiple signs with warnings for trespassers can be found in the seeming middle of nowhere. SUVs are always spotted watching those that dare venture too close.
In fact, with an easy Google search, there can be found accounts of confrontations with these supposed security guards that some have dubbed "camo dudes."
Wild theories aside, the government spent years denying the existence of Area 51. That is, until 2013. That was the year that the National Security Archive was able to obtain a classified CIA document that chronicled the history of the U-2 spy plane. In 1998, a heavily redacted version of this same document had been released, but not much could be gained from reading it.
Thanks to the Freedom of Information Act, this newly released document told of an airfield, not used by the military since WWII, that was selected in 1955 in order to test the U-2. Undoubtedly, these test flights accounted for many of the UFO sightings reported in the area.
Following the U-2's entry into service, Area 51 was used to develop and test many other aircraft including the A-12 (OXCART) reconnaissance plane, and the Nighthawk F-117 Stealth fighter.
This not-so-secret Air Force military installation is located at Groom Lake in southern Nevada and is likely still under heavy security. But since the creation of the Facebook event, many have shown their true humor at this crazy idea. The memes are everywhere.
Whether you believe that aliens have been housed there, or that flying saucers or other alien craft are being studied in dimly lit hangars, it's probably not the safest bet to join the masses.
Given the publicity this stunt has garnered, several things can be deduced: either the government will move all interesting craft (and extraterrestrial bodies) out of the facility, or many arrests will occur due to trespassing on government property, or worse. Because, let's face it, they know you're coming.
And you can bet they'll be waiting…
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Video+Story – Titan's Dragonfly
June 27, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
So much buzz on the cosmic scene has been about methane on Mars. Earlier this week, I told you all about a larger than usual methane deposit being sniffed out by the Curiosity Rover.
Unfortunately, the methane detected has since wafted away.
But one place that not many people talk about contains methane in such abundance that it rains liquid methane. Lakes, rivers, and seas of methane flow on its surface. And the atmosphere is largely made up of…you guessed it: methane.
This place is Saturn's largest moon, Titan.
"Titan is unlike any other place in the solar system, and Dragonfly is like no other mission," said Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for Science. "It's remarkable to think of this rotorcraft flying miles and miles across the organic sand dunes of Saturn's largest moon, exploring the processes that shape this extraordinary environment. Dragonfly will visit a world filled with a wide variety of organic compounds, which are the building blocks of life and could teach us about the origin of life itself."
Dragonfly is part of NASA's New Frontiers program, which includes New Horizons, Juno, and OSIRIS-Rex. This program supports missions that have been identified as top solar system exploration priorities by the planetary community.
"The New Frontiers program has transformed our understanding of the solar system, uncovering the inner structure and composition of Jupiter's turbulent atmosphere, discovering the icy secrets of Pluto's landscape, revealing mysterious objects in the Kuiper belt, and exploring a near-Earth asteroid for the building blocks of life," said Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division. "Now we can add Titan to the list of enigmatic worlds NASA will explore."
Dragonfly Courtesy of NASA
Set to launch in 2026, the Dragonfly mission will arrive at Titan in 2034 where it will explore a multitude of diverse locations looking for prebiotic chemical processes that are common to both Titan and Earth.
Some of these locales include organic dunes to the floor of an impact crater where liquid water and complex organic materials may once have existed.
Its first stop is the equatorial "Shangri-La" dune fields. This area is terrestrially similar to the dunes in Namibia in southern Africa.
Dragonfly will explore this area in short flights of up to 5 miles (8 kilometers), taking samples from compelling areas along the way. It will continue to "leapfrog" along until it reaches the Selk impact crater. All these sites were chosen using data collected from the Cassini spacecraft.
During its 2.7-year mission, Dragonfly will also investigate the moon's atmospheric and surface properties, as well as its subsurface ocean. Like Earth, Titan has a nitrogen-based atmosphere. Because it rains methane, other organics are formed in the atmosphere and fall like light snow.
This means that the moon's weather and surface processes are similar to those that may have given rise to life our planet.
This will be the first time NASA will fly a multi-rotor vehicle on another world. Dragonfly will employ eight rotors and fly much like a large drone. Because Titan has such a dense atmosphere—four times denser than Earth's—this will make it possible for Dragonfly to be the first vehicle able transport its entire science payload to new locations via flight.
In the end, the lander will have flown more than 108 miles (175 kilometers), doubling the distance traveled by all the Mars rovers combined.
"With the Dragonfly mission, NASA will once again do what no one else can do," said NASA Administrator, Jim Bridenstine. "Visiting this mysterious ocean world could revolutionize what we know about life in the universe. This cutting-edge mission would have been unthinkable even just a few years ago, but we're now ready for Dragonfly's amazing flight."
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Strange sounds from Space
June 21, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle, Tech
While this is true, it doesn't mean space is completely devoid of sound. Audio waves require a medium such as air in order to be heard.
However radio, and other, transmissions are still traveling the reaches of space, waiting to be recorded and played for whomever may be listening.
What I have for you today are some of the most notorious, and perhaps even unique recordings of sounds from space. I recommend listening with earbuds or a headset of some type for best quality.
However, if you choose to listen on the speakers of your laptop or other device, and you have animals around (like cats or dogs), some of the sounds can cause strange reactions in them.
If you're interested in hearing the audio from the original source from which I got them, the links are provided below:
WOW Signal
Earthly Chorus
Female Cosmonaut
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: The Salty Seas of Europa
"All these worlds are yours, except Europa. Attempt no landing there."
Most of us are familiar with this famous final message sent from Hal-9000 to all humanity. The movie 2010, based on the writings of Arthur C. Clarke, tantalized us with the possibility of what could be hiding under the icy crust of Europa. But our curiosity didn't stop with mere images on a screen.
Last September, I told you all about a new mission in the works at NASA/JPL, called the Europa Clipper. Though the mission isn't set to launch until sometime around 2022-2025, this hasn't slowed the science being conducted in order to learn more about the frozen Jovian satellite.
The fourth largest moon of Jupiter was found to have liquid water under its icy surface back in the 1990s by the Galileo probe. These findings were confirmed when the Hubble Space Telescope spotted plumes of water shooting out into space in 2014.
On June 12th of this year, however, findings of something even more interesting were published in Science Advances.
If you've ever looked at pictures of Europa, you'll have noticed that the surface is marked by deep lines and dark yellow (almost rust colored) features. And indeed, using visible-light spectral analysis, planetary scientists at Caltech and NASA's JPL have discovered that the yellow color that is visible on the surface is composed of sodium chloride. This is the compound known on Earth as table salt and is the principal component of sea salt.
This is exciting because it suggests that the salty subsurface of the Europa ocean may be more like those of oceans here on Earth than scientists previously thought.
Back when the Galileo probe was in the area, it carried an infrared spectrometer to examine the composition of the moon's surface. This spectrometer found water ice and a substance that appeared to be magnesium sulfate salts (like Epsom salts). But no one thought to look at the visible light spectrum for analysis.
"People have traditionally assumed that all of the interesting spectroscopy is in the infrared on the planetary surfaces, because that's where most of the molecules that scientists are looking for have their fundamental features," said Mike Brown, Professor of Planetary Astronomy at Caltech and co-author of the Science Advances paper.
"No one has taken visible-wavelength spectra of Europa before that had this sort of spatial and spectral resolution. The Galileo spacecraft didn't have a visible spectrometer. It just had a near-infrared spectrometer, and in the near-infrared, chlorides are featureless," said Caltech graduate student, Samantha Trumbo, lead author of the paper.
So how did scientists go from magnesium sulfate to sodium chloride?
Higher spectral resolution data from the Keck Observatory on Maunakea suggested that scientists weren't actually seeing magnesium sulfates on Europa because the spectra of regions expected to reflect the internal composition lacked any of the characteristic sulfate absorptions. Most sulfate salts possess distinct absorptions, and these serve as fingerprints for compounds that should have been visible in the higher-quality Keck data.
"We thought that we might be seeing sodium chlorides, but they are essentially featureless in an infrared spectrum," Brown said.
To test this idea, JPL scientist Kevin Hand used sample ocean salts, bombarded by radiation to simulate Europa-like conditions. What he found was that several new and distinct features arose in the sodium chloride after the irradiation.
In fact, they changed colors to the point that they could be identified with an analysis of the visible spectrum, and sodium chloride turned a shade of yellow similar to what is visible in the geologically young area of Europa known as Tara Regio.
"Sodium chloride is a bit like invisible ink on Europa's surface. Before irradiation you can't tell it's there, but after irradiation the color jumps right out at you," said Hand.
Taking a closer look with the Hubble Telescope, the team was able to identify distinct absorption in the visible spectrum that matched the irradiated salt precisely. This confirmed that the yellow color of Tara Regio reflected the presence of irradiated sodium chloride on the surface.
This finding doesn't guarantee that sodium chloride is derived from the subsurface ocean, but the study's authors propose that it does warrant a reevaluation of the geochemistry of Europa.
"Magnesium sulfate would simply have leached into the ocean from rocks on the ocean floor, but sodium chloride may indicate the ocean floor is hydrothermally active," Trumbo said. "That would mean Europa is a more geologically interesting planetary body than previously believed."
In the end, a familiar ingredient seems to have been hiding in plain sight on the surface of Europa for a long while now. Knowing about its existence makes studying this fascinating natural satellite of Jupiter even more compelling than it was already.
"We've had the capacity to do this analysis with the Hubble Space Telescope for the past 20 years," Brown said. "It's just that nobody thought to look."
Podcast – Amy's Everyday Astronomy: The UFO Phenomenon
June 7, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle, Tech
UFO sightings have been a topic of debate for decades. And it's no secret that attempts to report such sightings to official channels have often been met with ridicule.
However, that seems about to change, as I detailed in an article back in April called: UFOs and Project New Book.
Since then, other media outlets around the country have exploded with news of recently released Navy pilot videos and theories about what the footage truly shows.
The real question, I think, is WHY is this so prevalent? Why is everyone, including government and military officials, having such an open discussion about a topic that was once so taboo that official investigations took place behind the closed doors of secret government agencies that were the subject of rumor and conspiracy theories?
Listen to my new show above as I share my own theories about this.
If have theories of your own, or a strange experience you want to share, I'd love to hear it. Feel free to comment below or send me an email: acooley@epheraldpost.com
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Quantum Physics and Time Travel
May 22, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
If you've ever seen a Back to the Future movie, you've probably been tantalized by the idea of going back in time to change things for the better. And if you're an avid Star Trek fan, you probably understand a great deal about the fundamentals of temporal mechanics. Yet, here in the real world, time travel is all but impossible, depending on who you ask.
A recent article in the New York Times talks about how quantum physicists are trying to tackle the possibility of time travel, at least on a quantum level.
Quantum physics can be a real head-spinner for most people. After all, dealing with the subatomic world can be difficult to comprehend when you're talking about things that are so small, they cannot be seen and only barely measured. Especially when you must consider Einstein's "spooky action at a distance" and the Schrödinger equation.
Here's how these work:
Einstein supposed that two particles could become linked by the strange quantum property of entanglement. These two particles become entangled when they are created at the same place and time in space.
Over time, these particles are separated. However far apart they get from one another makes no difference. According to mathematics, whatever happens to one of the particles affects the other despite the distance between the two. And that is known as spooky action at a distance.
The Schrödinger equation is a differential math equation that is used to describe quantum mechanical behavior. Sometimes referred to as the Schrödinger wave equation, it is used to measure how the wavefunction of a physical system evolves over time.
Basically, this will tell you the probability of finding a particle at a given point (position). Keep in mind that Schrödinger also postulated that if you put a cat in a box with something that could kill it (a radioactive element, for example) and sealed the box, you would not know the true fate of the cat until you opened the box and observed it.
So, until you did that, the cat would exist as simultaneously both alive and dead.
So, how does this tie into the work done by the quantum physicists? Using computers, of course.
A regular computer, much like one you are likely using to read this, processes a series of ones and zeros (bits), known as binary code. As it does this, each bit can only be a one or a zero at a given time. But in a quantum computer, these bits become qubits. This means that the processing code can be a one AND a zero at the same time.
This allows it to perform thousands of calculations simultaneously, as long as no one tries to look at the answer until the end (like Schrödinger's cat). Using a quantum computer, the quantum physicists attempted to make a wavefunction go backward.
Google's top of the line quantum computer has 72 qubits. For the experiment, the physicists used an IBM that only had 5, utilizing only 2-3 of these at a time. They put the qubits into an entangled state while mimicking a virtual (artificial) atom.
In this way, using the spooky action at a distance ideal, they were able to tap one of the qubits with a series of microwave pulses, which directly affected its counterpart. After a millionth of a second, they applied another microwave pulse to put a halt on the "evolution" program in hopes of reversing their phase so the qubits could devolve to their more youthful states.
In layman's terms, they tapped a qubit, causing it and its spooky counterpart to vibrate. Then they tapped them again to stop the vibration and hoped that the qubits would show no signs of ever having been tapped in the first place.
And this actually worked 85% of the time when using only two qubits. But when the scientists used three qubits, they only achieved their goal 50% of the time.
"It remains to be seen whether the irreversibility of time is a fundamental law of nature or whether, on the contrary, it might be circumvented," the team wrote in their February paper posted online.
In the end, it will take computers with hundreds of qubits in order to achieve the lofty ambitions of quantum mathematicians. At which time, the team's time-reversal algorithm could be used to test them. Until then, reversing the aging process of a single particle will remain too complicated for even nature, herself.
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Curiosity Rover to continue investigation of Mt. Sharp
The dream of having humans explore the surface of Mars is one on which NASA is hard at work. But until that time comes, we still have some very awesome science being conducted by our rover counterpart, Curiosity.
Since 2014, NASA's Curiosity Rover has been climbing Mount Sharp. Rising 3 miles (5 kilometers) from the base of Gale Crater, this area has proven to be an excellent place for investigation.
This is largely because there are several regions that are especially intriguing since they each represent a different period in the history of Mount Sharp.
As highlighted in the video, the chief among these interesting areas is a clay-bearing unit where Curiosity just started analyzing rock samples. Clay is especially exciting because it typically only forms where water was once (or is still) present.
Other intriguing targets along the rover's proposed path include the rocky cliffs of the sulfate-bearing unit, where the sulfate minerals might be an indication of drying in ancient Martian times.
Because sulfates are salts that form when sulfuric acid reacts with another chemical, this could be a good indication that this area was once very wet. In fact, cutting a path through the sulfate unit is an area known as Gediz Vallis.
This area is believed to be a dried riverbed, and Curiosity will be studying this, too, as it continues its ascending journey of Mount Sharp.
Visiting these places is the key for scientists to learn more about the history of water on the mountain which will unlock better understanding as to how climate changes occurred and why water disappeared from Mars billions of years ago.
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: A (Lunar) Raisin in the Sun
Last week, I told you all about InSight detecting its first likely Marsquake. In the article, I mentioned how scientists have been studying quakes on the moon since the Apollo missions.
Recently, Nature Geoscience published a new paper where they took another look at these shallow moonquakes to establish possible connections to some very young surface features, known as lobate thrust fault scarps.
Our moon has these basins called "mare" where it is thought that the last geologic activity occurred long before the dinosaurs roamed Earth. These mare, thought to be tectonically dead, were surveyed using over 12,000 images taken by the Luna Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC).
It was revealed that at least one of the lunar mare has been cracking and shifting as much as other parts of the Moon. In fact, it's possible that this is still happening.
"Wrinkle ridges" are curved hills and shallow trenches that are thought to be created by a lunar surface that is contracting as the Moon loses heat and shrinks. These features were revealed in the images taken by LROC and the findings were published in Icarus on March 7, 2019.
While previous research had found similar features in the Moon's highlands, these wrinkle ridges have never been seen in the basins, until now.
Nathan Williams, a post-doctoral researcher at JPL, led the study that was published in Icarus. He and his co-authors focused on a region known as Mare Frigoris (Cold Sea) that is near the Moon's north pole.
In this study, they estimated that while some of the ridges may have emerged in the last billion years, while others might be no older than 40 million years. In geologic terms, that's pretty young, especially given that these basins were thought to have been dead for the last 1.2 billion years.
Because there is no liquid core, or molten movement under the surface of the Moon, there are no tectonic plates. Instead, the tectonic activity happens as the Moon slowly loses heat from when it was formed billions of years ago. And this heat loss is causing the interior to shrink, thus crinkling the surface which creates these distinctive features.
"The Moon is still quaking and shaking from its own internal processes," Williams said. "It's been losing heat over billions of years, shrinking and becoming denser."
So how are scientists able to determine how old these wrinkled ridges are?
Easy – by studying impact craters.
As meteor impacts happen, the surface material is flung up, covering nearby terrain. More impacts mean more debris. This process, known as impact gardening, alters the landscape. Because smaller craters (about the size of a football field) can typically fill to the brim with this type of debris in under a billion years, this gives scientists a basis for time measurement.
Since the images captured by LROC revealed crisp tectonic features, like the wrinkle ridges that cut through the debris, this allowed Williams and his team to deduce that the ridges emerged within the past billion years or so. And these wrinkle ridges are slowly giving the Moon a raisin-like appearance.
Not to worry, though. The lunar shrinkage is indictable to the naked eye. It will still be eons before life on our planet notices measurable changes to the Moon when it's full. Until then, take yourself outside and look up! The Moon still shines in all her lunar glory, and Jupiter has become visible in the night sky, once again. And you never know what else you'll see, if you just keep your eyes to the skies!
And if you have a question about the universe, send it to acooley@epheraldpost.com and I'll feature it in an upcoming article!
Amy's Everyday Astronomy: Your Questions Answered – Radio Waves in Space
May 6, 2019	Amy's Everyday Science, Lifestyle
"How is it that things like planets, stars, and other things in space give off radio sounds?"
I love this question. It's interesting to think that something like a planet or star would give off radio signals that can be recorded and heard. In fact, on YouTube there are several videos of the sounds of different planets and stars. They are eerie to listen to and I recommend doing so with headphones or earbuds.
In order to understand why and how this sound happens, one must first understand magnetic fields, which most planets and stars have.
The magnetic field of planets are usually, as far as scientists know, caused by the liquid of or near a planet's core. So, for Earth, as an example, the core is solid nickel/iron but is surrounded by molten liquid. The churning of this liquid conducts electricity and has an electric charge.
Every planet's magnetic field can differ depending on the core. So, in the case of Mars, the magnetic field is not contiguous around the planet's entirety, likely because its core has solidified and there is no liquid surrounding it. This means that the ancient remnants of its magnetic field are only present in some areas of the planet, itself.
The magnetic field allows a given planet to maintain an atmosphere (and remain habitable if it's in the goldilocks zone of its parent star).
Without such a field, the highly charged particles emanating from the parent star would blow the atmosphere away and cause other damage to the planet, making it completely uninhabitable. A lack of magnetic field will prevent a planet from producing and maintaining an ozone layer such as Earth's, which keeps out the other harmful rays of the sun.
For stars, magnetic fields are formed differently.
Stellar magnetic fields are caused by the motion of conductive plasma produced inside a star. If you've ever seen pictures of the sun, you'd have noticed large loops of plasma that come out from the surface and go back down again. These regions are caused by the convection happening inside the star as the plasma heats and cools in circular patterns, rising and falling again within the star.
These cause localized areas of electromagnetism. Typically, where the magnetic activity is highest is the areas where we see sunspots.
As charged particles, like those emanating from a stellar body, come into contact with a planet or star's magnetic field, those particles are accelerated. These speedy particles can give off radio emissions that can sound like whizzes, pops, tones, and even regular static.
Now I bet you're wondering: "What about rogue planets? If they are not a part of a solar system and are just floating freely in space, do they give off radio signals?"
The answer is: Yes, they do.
Charged particles, like those that we talked about above, continue to travel through space. Remember Newton's first law of physics: an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. This law applies to charged particles, as well. So, anything that emanated from a stellar body will continue to travel through space until it encounters something. And that includes rogue planets.
While the radio signals given off by this encounter will differ compared to that of any other body nearer to a star, there will still be something that can be recorded and heard.
In the end, any object in the cosmos that has a fluctuating magnetic field can produce radio waves. This means that anything, even asteroids and comets, can emit radio waves that can be detected.
If you'd like to hear some of the sounds recorded by NASA, you can do so by clicking here.
In the meantime, grab your lawn chairs and head outside on any given evening. While you can't hear the radio signals with your own ears, you never know what you'll see if you just keep your eyes to the skies.
Have a question about physics, astronomy, or a specific NASA mission? Email them to acooley@epheraldpost.com and be sure to check out my Facebook page and website for all kinds of interesting information about the universe!
For a daily dose of Amy's Everyday Astronomy:, like and follow her Facebook Page; to read previous articles, click here.


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Women's Aid welcomes political party commitments to domestic violence
Home Women's Aid welcomes political party commitments to domestic violence
Susie Marwood, 10th April 2015 19th December 2019 , Press releases, Domestic violence, General Election 2015, Labour party
Chief Executive of Women's Aid Polly Neate said:
"Women's Aid welcomes the commitment made today by the Labour party to protect funding for 10,000 more police officers. This should mean that victims of domestic violence receive an improved response to reported incidents, but only if these officers are given regular specialist domestic violence training and have a good understanding of the issues involved. Better response times can mean the difference between life and death, if the response is appropriate.
We also welcome the proposal for a ban on community resolutions in domestic violence cases which pose serious risk to victims and minimise the offence of the perpetrator. We know from survivors' experiences that when the perpetrator is given a simple caution they believe that they are 'getting away with it', it has little impact on offending behaviour and victims are not given the specialist support they need.
While Women's Aid welcomes the proposal to create a new Commissioner to respond to victims, including those affected by domestic and sexual violence, we believe that there needs to be a Minister of State within the Cabinet Office responsible for preventing and addressing violence against women.
With an average of two women being killed by a current or former partner every week in England and Wales, it is vital that domestic violence is on the agenda for all political parties: this means making sure the police response is consistent and effective and responsibility for addressing it is at the highest level in Government."
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