text:
namespace BitFunnel
{
    //*************************************************************************
    //
    // TreatmentPrivateSharedRank0ToN
    //
    // Two rank 0 rows followed by rows of increasing rank until the bit density
    // is > some threshold. Due to limitatons in other BitFunnel code, we also
    // top out at rank 6.
    //
    //*************************************************************************
    TreatmentPrivateSharedRank0ToN::TreatmentPrivateSharedRank0ToN(double density,
                                                                   double snr)
    {
        // TODO: what should maxDensity be? Note that this is different from the
        // density liimt that's passed in.
        const double maxDensity = 0.15;
        // Fill up vector of RowConfigurations. GetTreatment() will use the
        // IdfSum() value of the Term as an index into this vector.
        //
        // TODO: we should make sure we get "enough" rows if we end up with a
        // high rank private row.
        for (Term::IdfX10 idf = 0; idf <= Term::c_maxIdfX10Value; ++idf)
        {
            RowConfiguration configuration;

            double frequency = Term::IdfX10ToFrequency(idf);
            if (frequency > density)
            {
                // This term is so common that it must be assigned a private row.
                configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(0, 1));
            }
            else
            {
                // TODO: fix other limitations so this can be higher than 6?
                const Rank maxRank = (std::min)(Term::ComputeMaxRank(frequency, maxDensity), static_cast<Rank>(6u));

                int numRows = Term::ComputeRowCount(frequency, density, snr);
                configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(0, 2));
                numRows -= 2;
                Rank rank = 1;
                while (rank < maxRank)
                {
                    double frequencyAtRank = Term::FrequencyAtRank(frequency, rank);
                    if (frequencyAtRank >= density)
                    {
                        configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(rank,
                                                                         1));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(rank,
                                                                         1));
                    }
                    ++rank;
                    --numRows;
                }

                double frequencyAtRank = Term::FrequencyAtRank(frequency, rank);
                if (frequencyAtRank >= density)
                {
                    configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(rank,
                                                                     1));
                }
                else
                {
                    if (numRows > 1)
                    {
                        configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(rank,
                                                                         numRows));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        configuration.push_front(RowConfiguration::Entry(rank,
                                                                         1));
                    }
                }
            }

            m_configurations.push_back(configuration);
        }
    }

    RowConfiguration TreatmentPrivateSharedRank0ToN::GetTreatment(Term term) const
    {
        // DESIGN NOTE: we can't c_maxIdfX10Value directly to min because min
        // takes a reference and the compiler has already turned it into a
        // constant, which we can't take a reference to.
        auto local = Term::c_maxIdfX10Value;
        Term::IdfX10 idf = std::min(term.GetIdfSum(), local);
        return m_configurations[idf];
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}

The space environment around Earth (geospace) does not exist in a steady state. The dynamical changes in geospace is termed space weather. Space weather is primarily driven by interactions between the Sun's output (in terms of solar radiation and the magnetized solar wind) with the Earth's magnetosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration continuously monitors the solar wind upstream from Earth with satellite observatories orbiting Lagrangian point L1 along the Sun-Earth line. The solar wind energy is transferred to the Earth's magnetosphere via complex mechanisms~\citep{dungey1961interplanetary}, leading to perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field called geomagnetic storms.

Geomagnetic storms drive a spectrum of potentially catastrophic disruptions to our technologically-dependent society, among the most threatening being critical disturbances to the electrical grid in the form of \textit{geomagnetically induced currents} (\code{GICs}). Due to their proprietary nature, publicly available \code{GIC} data are limited. However, a cohort study of insurance claims of electrical equipment provides evidence that space weather poses a continuous threat to electrical distribution grids via geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}~\citep{Schrijver:2014, eastwood2018quantifying}. \code{GICs} also pose threats to oil pipelines, railyways and telecommunication systems.
In the case of extreme, but historically probable geomagnetic storms, the economic impact due to prolonged power outages can exceed billions of dollars per day ~\citep{Oughton:2017}. For this reason, there is urgency among public and industry stakeholders to improve monitoring and forecasting of space weather impacts like geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}.

The geomagnetic field is continuously monitored, importantly with sparse spatial coverage, by a network of roughly 200 ground magnetometers~\citep{gjerloevSuperMAGDataProcessing2012} and by a constellation of 66 satellites collectively known as the \textit{Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment} (\code{AMPERE}~) project ~\citep[AMPERE;][]{Waters:2020} in low Earth orbit. The spatially-sparse magnetometer measurements are typically synthesized into global indices (e.g. \textbf{Dst}, \textbf{Kp}, and \textbf{AE} ; see appendix for more details) as measures of the \emph{geoeffectiveness} of space weather perturbations. Like most indices, they are good as indicators but are too far removed from the underlying governing equations of the system. This makes interpretability and forecasting (whether by physics-based or physics-agnostic ML models) difficult.

GICs are driven by geoelectric fields through Ohms law, $\vec{J} = \mathbf{\sigma} \vec{E}$ (the displacement current is negligible), where $\vec{J}$ is the current, $\mathbf{\sigma}$ the conductivity tensor, and $\vec{E}$ is the electric field. The geoelectric field is related to the ground magnetic field perturbations through the Faradays law of induction $ - \nabla \times \vec{E} = \frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$, where, $\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$ is the rate of change of magnetic field on the Earth's surface and can be derived from the time derivative of magnetic perturbation based on ground Earth magnetometers.

\begin{figure}[t!]
  \centering
  \hspace*{-1.7cm}
  \includegraphics[width=1.2\textwidth]{figures/architecture.pdf}
  \caption{
    Model architecture. Solar Wind data are summarized into an embedding vector using a \textit{Gated Recurrent Unit} (GRU) which is then passed to a \textit{Multilayer Perceptron} (MLP) to output the predicted spherical harmonics coefficients from where we can extrapolate values for specific locations.
  }
  \label{fig:architecture}
  \vspace{-1.0em}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Our contributions are:}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Using simulation data from a physics-based (\code{MHD}~) model to validate a compressed sensing technique to recover global maps (in spherical harmonic basis) of the geomagnetic perturbation from sparse measurements. This improves the temporal cadence of such maps by $>$10x. \vspace{-0.5em}
    \item Developing a Deep Learning model that operates in the spherical harmonics space, allowing for global modeling of the magnetic field disturbances, combined with powerful non-linear autoregressive models (RNN, 1D-CNN) to capture the influence of solar wind data.

\end{enumerate}
\vspace{-1.0em}

\section{Datasets}

We used data describing Earth's magnetosphere and solar wind properties between \texttt{1 Jan 2013} and \texttt{31 Dec 2013}. We used \code{OMNI}~\; dataset for solar wind data, which captures the interplanetary magnetic field components (IMF), velocity and temperature of the solar wind as well as the clock angle. \footnote{Solar wind measurement is performed by ACE and WIND satellites at the L1 Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system}. For Earth's magnetic field, we used \code{SuperMAG}~\; dataset~\citep{gjerloev2012supermag} which consists of geomagnetic perturbations measurements from ground earth stations located at various places around the globe.

Finally, we used a simulation-derived dataset based on simulations conducted with Open Geospace General Circulation Model (\code{Open GGCM})~\citep{raeder2001geomagnetic}, a magnetohydrodynamics (\code{MHD}~) model. Lacking a global and spatially-complete ground-based magnetometer array we must rely on the first principles \code{MHD}~\; model to constitute a global ground truth dataset. Furthermore, this allows us to validate our approach on finer resolution than one supported by \code{SuperMAG}~\; and \code{AMPERE}~\; dataset. However, note that the \code{MHD}~\; model is not a substitute for actual perturbation measurements, for many short-scale phenomena are missed by such models~\citep{raeder2001geomagnetic}.

\section{Methodology}

In order to properly forecast GICs, we need to be able to model the relationship between the solar wind parameters and interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF) with the Earth system. Due to the scarcity of GIC data, the comparatively abundant magnetometer data and the relationship between the two, a logical step is to create models to predict $\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$. Such models provide complete spatial coverage and permit the study of the nature of the connection between the solar wind and the Earth.

\subsection{Spherical Harmonics Decomposition}

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.23\textwidth}
    \centering
    \vspace{-2.7em}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.23]{figures/supermag_reconstruction_hstack.png}
    \caption{Ground truth observations (top) and Spherical harmonic reconstruction (bottom) of \texttt{dbn\_nez}.}
    \label{fig:supermag_recons}
    \vspace{-6.9em}
\end{wrapfigure}

Any scalar field over the unit sphere can be expressed as $f(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \sum_{m=-n}^{n} a_{nm} Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$, where $$Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi) := \color{gray} \sqrt{\frac{2n+1}{4\pi} \frac{(n-m)!}{(n+m)!}} \color{black} e^{i m \theta} P^m_n(\cos(\phi)),$$ and $P^m_n(\cos(\phi))$ are the associated Legendre polynomials. These  functions $Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$ are solutions to Laplace equation in a 3-D spherically symmetric coordinate system. If the sum is truncated at maximum harmonic degree $N$, $f(\theta,\phi)$ is approximated as  $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{n=0}^{N} \sum_{m=-n}^{n} a_{nm} Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$. Defining $i = n^2 + n + m$, the double sum can be written as  $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{i=0}^{(N+1)^2-1} a_{i} Y_{i}(\theta,\phi)$. If the 2D fields over $\theta,\phi$ are unrolled as one-dimensional arrays, we have  $\tilde{f} = \mathcal{B} \vec{a}$, where $\vec{a}=(a_i)$ is the tuple of spherical harmonic coefficients, and  $\mathcal{B} = (\vec{b}_i)$ is the basis matrix wherein column vector $\vec{b}_i$ represents the basis function $Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi$).

\subsection{Experimental Design}

\subsubsection{Reconstruction}

With \code{SuperMAG}~ data, we have spatially sparse samples $y$ which can be any component of the geomagnetic field, or its deviation from a reference field) measured at \~200 stations. Note that only the Northern Hemisphere is considered in this analysis, for it has an extensive coverage (in contrast to the extremely sparse coverage in the Southern Hemisphere). The spherically symmetric reconstruction thus is $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi)$, and this reconstruction as evaluated at the station locations is $\tilde{y}$. Thus, we first construct a set of coefficients $\vec{a}$ from this sparse set of measurements, considered all the measurements across the globe at each time step. There are two constraints imposed for obtaining the set of coefficients:

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.6\textwidth}
    \centering
    \vspace{-1.7em}
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{figures/L1maxovertimemaxstations.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{figures/r2maxovertime.png}
    \caption{L1 error (left) and R2 (right) "knee" determination.}
    \label{fig:L1_R2_knee}
    \vspace{-0.4em}
\end{wrapfigure}

\vspace{-4pt}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item The coefficient set must be sparse: This is to prevent power leakage and coupling across multiple modes.
    \item As small $N$ as possible: Since, in theory, an infinite number of modes can fit the observations, but a parsimonious model is required to limit overfitting. Furthermore, we would not want unnatural, localized artifacts due to high number of modes, thereby motivating a constraint on $n$.
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{-4pt}
To mitigate constraint ($1$), we apply a Lasso regression technique~\citep{Lasso} with the spherical harmonic functions as the basis.

The Lasso regression comes with a regularization term $\alpha\lVert \vec{a}\rVert_1$, where $\lVert \vec{a}\rVert_1$ is the L1-norm of the coefficients and $\alpha>0$ is a hyperparameter. This, and constraint ($2$) are mitigated by varying both $\alpha$ and the maximum number of modes $N$, and searching for a knee in a defined error metric, subject to the smallest maximum modes. The sweep parameters are detailed in Table.~\ref{reconstruction_sweep}, and two metrics are used -- Maximum L1 error across all stations and time, and maximum R2 metric (coefficient of determination) across all time steps. The maximum L1 error tells us the worst performance across the dataset, and thus we seek the most acceptable worst possible performance. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:L1_R2_knee}, the "knee of goodness" can be seen corresponding to $\alpha = 0.1$, and 20 maximum modes. These parameters are fixed in our analysis.

An example reconstruction of the data from 2017, considering stations above $40^\circ$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:supermag_recons}. Here, we compare the north facing component of $\partial d / \partial t$ from \code{SuperMAG}~ and its reconstruction. Similarly, the comparison of spherical harmonic reconstruction for the \code{MHD}~ simulation is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mhdreconstr}. Note here, that the reconstruction is performed by sampling the \code{MHD}~ simulation at locations of \code{SuperMAG}~ stations alone.

\subsubsection{Forecasting}

Next, we construct a forecasting model which uses solar wind data (\code{OMNI}~) to forecast the global magnetic field perturbation. For this experiment we use a similar setup as \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~. We feed 25 minutes of solar wind activity into a Gated Recurrent Network (GRU) to map the sequence into an embedding vector. We then feed the embedding into a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to output the spherical harmonics coefficients which model the global magnetic field perturbation; specifically we focus on north component of $\partial d / \partial t$ as a proof of concept. In contrast to \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~, we use the whole sequence as input to a non-linear autoregressive model and we do not apply feature engineering to the \code{OMNI}~ data. Instead we use the raw features (see appendix for detailed list of features). The architecture can be seen in fig.~\ref{fig:architecture}.

We benchmark this work against the state-of-the-art \emph{empirical} model by Wiemer \textit{et al.}~\citep{weimer2013empirical}. To evaluate the performance we first compare on the validation set on \code{SuperMAG}~ but also we compare on simulations conducted with \code{MHD}~ model for two weeks worth of activity. The results are summarized in table~\ref{performance}.

\section{Results And Discussion}

\begin{figure}[!t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.65\linewidth]{figures/Spherical_harmonic_mhd.png}
    \caption{Comparison of reconstruction with the MHD simulation. Left: MHD simulation; center: MHD simulation sampled at SuperMAG station locations; right: Reconstruction.}

    \label{fig:mhdreconstr}
    \vspace{-1em}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-1em}
\begin{table}[!h]
  \caption{Forecasting model performance}
  \label{performance}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lrr}
    \toprule
    Model       & \code{SuperMAG}~ (val) RMS (nT) $\downarrow$ & \code{MHD}~ RMS (nT) $\downarrow$ \\
    \midrule
    Ours.       & \textbf{24.23}                                   & \textbf{27.02}             \\
    \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~     & 28.35                                            & 35.72                      \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

With this work, we show and evaluate the reconstruction of the global magnetic perturbation field using spherical harmonics with LASSO regularization to promote sparsity in the coefficients. We show that it is possible to reconstruct from sparse measurements like the ones provided by \code{SuperMAG}~ stations, and we evaluated on \code{MHD}~ data to show that the reconstruction is similar to the global field modeled by \code{MHD}~, suggesting that the results of such models can be compressed in spherical harmonics space by compressed sensing techniques. Additionally, we show that by using a Deep Neural Network to forecast in the spherical harmonics space, we can improve over existing state of the art (\cite{weimer2013empirical} model~) by {14.53\%}\; on \code{SuperMAG}~ and {24.35\%}\; on \code{MHD}~ dataset (summarized in table~\ref{performance}).

\section*{Broader Impact}

Geomagnetic storms drive a spectrum of potentially catastrophic disruptions to our technologically-dependent society, among the most threatening being critical disturbances to the electrical grid in the form of \textit{geomagnetically induced currents} (\code{GICs}). Due to their proprietary nature, publicly available \code{GIC} data are limited. However, a cohort study of insurance claims of electrical equipment provides evidence that space weather poses a continuous threat to electrical distribution grids via geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}~\citep{Schrijver:2014, eastwood2018quantifying}. \code{GICs} also pose threats to oil pipelines, railways and telecommunication systems. In the case of extreme, but historically probable geomagnetic storms, the economic impact due to prolonged power outages can exceed billions of dollars per day ~\citep{Oughton:2017}. For this reason, there is urgency among public and industry stakeholders to improve monitoring and forecasting of space weather impacts like geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}. With this work, we progress towards better and faster forecasting models which will help us shield our infrastructure from solar-wind related hazards.

\begin{ack}
This project was conducted during the 2020 NASA Frontier Development Lab (FDL) program, a public-private partnership between NASA, the SETI Institute, and commercial partners. We wish to thank, in particular, NASA, Google Cloud, NVIDIA, Intel and SRI, for supporting this project. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the SuperMAG collaborators.
\end{ack}

\section{Introduction}

The space environment around Earth (geospace) does not exist in a steady state. The dynamical changes in geospace is termed space weather. Space weather is primarily driven by interactions between the Sun's output (in terms of solar radiation and the magnetized solar wind) with the Earth's magnetosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration continuously monitors the solar wind upstream from Earth with satellite observatories orbiting Lagrangian point L1 along the Sun-Earth line. The solar wind energy is transferred to the Earth's magnetosphere via complex mechanisms~\citep{dungey1961interplanetary}, leading to perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field called geomagnetic storms.

Geomagnetic storms drive a spectrum of potentially catastrophic disruptions to our technologically-dependent society, among the most threatening being critical disturbances to the electrical grid in the form of \textit{geomagnetically induced currents} (\code{GICs}). Due to their proprietary nature, publicly available \code{GIC} data are limited. However, a cohort study of insurance claims of electrical equipment provides evidence that space weather poses a continuous threat to electrical distribution grids via geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}~\citep{Schrijver:2014, eastwood2018quantifying}. \code{GICs} also pose threats to oil pipelines, railyways and telecommunication systems.
In the case of extreme, but historically probable geomagnetic storms, the economic impact due to prolonged power outages can exceed billions of dollars per day ~\citep{Oughton:2017}. For this reason, there is urgency among public and industry stakeholders to improve monitoring and forecasting of space weather impacts like geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}.

The geomagnetic field is continuously monitored, importantly with sparse spatial coverage, by a network of roughly 200 ground magnetometers~\citep{gjerloevSuperMAGDataProcessing2012} and by a constellation of 66 satellites collectively known as the \textit{Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment} (\code{AMPERE}~) project ~\citep[AMPERE;][]{Waters:2020} in low Earth orbit. The spatially-sparse magnetometer measurements are typically synthesized into global indices (e.g. \textbf{Dst}, \textbf{Kp}, and \textbf{AE} ; see appendix for more details) as measures of the \emph{geoeffectiveness} of space weather perturbations. Like most indices, they are good as indicators but are too far removed from the underlying governing equations of the system. This makes interpretability and forecasting (whether by physics-based or physics-agnostic ML models) difficult.

GICs are driven by geoelectric fields through Ohms law, $\vec{J} = \mathbf{\sigma} \vec{E}$ (the displacement current is negligible), where $\vec{J}$ is the current, $\mathbf{\sigma}$ the conductivity tensor, and $\vec{E}$ is the electric field. The geoelectric field is related to the ground magnetic field perturbations through the Faradays law of induction $ - \nabla \times \vec{E} = \frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$, where, $\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$ is the rate of change of magnetic field on the Earth's surface and can be derived from the time derivative of magnetic perturbation based on ground Earth magnetometers.

\begin{figure}[t!]
  \centering
  \hspace*{-1.7cm}
  \includegraphics[width=1.2\textwidth]{figures/architecture.pdf}
  \caption{
    Model architecture. Solar Wind data are summarized into an embedding vector using a \textit{Gated Recurrent Unit} (GRU) which is then passed to a \textit{Multilayer Perceptron} (MLP) to output the predicted spherical harmonics coefficients from where we can extrapolate values for specific locations.
  }
  \label{fig:architecture}
  \vspace{-1.0em}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Our contributions are:}
\vspace{-0.5em}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Using simulation data from a physics-based (\code{MHD}~) model to validate a compressed sensing technique to recover global maps (in spherical harmonic basis) of the geomagnetic perturbation from sparse measurements. This improves the temporal cadence of such maps by $>$10x. \vspace{-0.5em}
    \item Developing a Deep Learning model that operates in the spherical harmonics space, allowing for global modeling of the magnetic field disturbances, combined with powerful non-linear autoregressive models (RNN, 1D-CNN) to capture the influence of solar wind data.

\end{enumerate}
\vspace{-1.0em}

\section{Datasets}

We used data describing Earth's magnetosphere and solar wind properties between \texttt{1 Jan 2013} and \texttt{31 Dec 2013}. We used \code{OMNI}~\; dataset for solar wind data, which captures the interplanetary magnetic field components (IMF), velocity and temperature of the solar wind as well as the clock angle. \footnote{Solar wind measurement is performed by ACE and WIND satellites at the L1 Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth system}. For Earth's magnetic field, we used \code{SuperMAG}~\; dataset~\citep{gjerloev2012supermag} which consists of geomagnetic perturbations measurements from ground earth stations located at various places around the globe.

Finally, we used a simulation-derived dataset based on simulations conducted with Open Geospace General Circulation Model (\code{Open GGCM})~\citep{raeder2001geomagnetic}, a magnetohydrodynamics (\code{MHD}~) model. Lacking a global and spatially-complete ground-based magnetometer array we must rely on the first principles \code{MHD}~\; model to constitute a global ground truth dataset. Furthermore, this allows us to validate our approach on finer resolution than one supported by \code{SuperMAG}~\; and \code{AMPERE}~\; dataset. However, note that the \code{MHD}~\; model is not a substitute for actual perturbation measurements, for many short-scale phenomena are missed by such models~\citep{raeder2001geomagnetic}.

\section{Methodology}

In order to properly forecast GICs, we need to be able to model the relationship between the solar wind parameters and interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF) with the Earth system. Due to the scarcity of GIC data, the comparatively abundant magnetometer data and the relationship between the two, a logical step is to create models to predict $\frac{\partial \vec{B}}{\partial t}$. Such models provide complete spatial coverage and permit the study of the nature of the connection between the solar wind and the Earth.

\subsection{Spherical Harmonics Decomposition}

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.23\textwidth}
    \centering
    \vspace{-2.7em}
    \includegraphics[scale=0.23]{figures/supermag_reconstruction_hstack.png}
    \caption{Ground truth observations (top) and Spherical harmonic reconstruction (bottom) of \texttt{dbn\_nez}.}
    \label{fig:supermag_recons}
    \vspace{-6.9em}
\end{wrapfigure}

Any scalar field over the unit sphere can be expressed as $f(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \sum_{m=-n}^{n} a_{nm} Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$, where $$Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi) := \color{gray} \sqrt{\frac{2n+1}{4\pi} \frac{(n-m)!}{(n+m)!}} \color{black} e^{i m \theta} P^m_n(\cos(\phi)),$$ and $P^m_n(\cos(\phi))$ are the associated Legendre polynomials. These  functions $Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$ are solutions to Laplace equation in a 3-D spherically symmetric coordinate system. If the sum is truncated at maximum harmonic degree $N$, $f(\theta,\phi)$ is approximated as  $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{n=0}^{N} \sum_{m=-n}^{n} a_{nm} Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi)$. Defining $i = n^2 + n + m$, the double sum can be written as  $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi) = \sum_{i=0}^{(N+1)^2-1} a_{i} Y_{i}(\theta,\phi)$. If the 2D fields over $\theta,\phi$ are unrolled as one-dimensional arrays, we have  $\tilde{f} = \mathcal{B} \vec{a}$, where $\vec{a}=(a_i)$ is the tuple of spherical harmonic coefficients, and  $\mathcal{B} = (\vec{b}_i)$ is the basis matrix wherein column vector $\vec{b}_i$ represents the basis function $Y_{nm}(\theta,\phi$).

\subsection{Experimental Design}

\subsubsection{Reconstruction}

With \code{SuperMAG}~ data, we have spatially sparse samples $y$ which can be any component of the geomagnetic field, or its deviation from a reference field) measured at \~200 stations. Note that only the Northern Hemisphere is considered in this analysis, for it has an extensive coverage (in contrast to the extremely sparse coverage in the Southern Hemisphere). The spherically symmetric reconstruction thus is $\tilde{f}(\theta,\phi)$, and this reconstruction as evaluated at the station locations is $\tilde{y}$. Thus, we first construct a set of coefficients $\vec{a}$ from this sparse set of measurements, considered all the measurements across the globe at each time step. There are two constraints imposed for obtaining the set of coefficients:

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.6\textwidth}
    \centering
    \vspace{-1.7em}
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{figures/L1maxovertimemaxstations.png}
    \includegraphics[width=0.48\linewidth]{figures/r2maxovertime.png}
    \caption{L1 error (left) and R2 (right) "knee" determination.}
    \label{fig:L1_R2_knee}
    \vspace{-0.4em}
\end{wrapfigure}

\vspace{-4pt}
\begin{enumerate}
    \item The coefficient set must be sparse: This is to prevent power leakage and coupling across multiple modes.
    \item As small $N$ as possible: Since, in theory, an infinite number of modes can fit the observations, but a parsimonious model is required to limit overfitting. Furthermore, we would not want unnatural, localized artifacts due to high number of modes, thereby motivating a constraint on $n$.
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{-4pt}
To mitigate constraint ($1$), we apply a Lasso regression technique~\citep{Lasso} with the spherical harmonic functions as the basis.

The Lasso regression comes with a regularization term $\alpha\lVert \vec{a}\rVert_1$, where $\lVert \vec{a}\rVert_1$ is the L1-norm of the coefficients and $\alpha>0$ is a hyperparameter. This, and constraint ($2$) are mitigated by varying both $\alpha$ and the maximum number of modes $N$, and searching for a knee in a defined error metric, subject to the smallest maximum modes. The sweep parameters are detailed in Table.~\ref{reconstruction_sweep}, and two metrics are used -- Maximum L1 error across all stations and time, and maximum R2 metric (coefficient of determination) across all time steps. The maximum L1 error tells us the worst performance across the dataset, and thus we seek the most acceptable worst possible performance. As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:L1_R2_knee}, the "knee of goodness" can be seen corresponding to $\alpha = 0.1$, and 20 maximum modes. These parameters are fixed in our analysis.

An example reconstruction of the data from 2017, considering stations above $40^\circ$ is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:supermag_recons}. Here, we compare the north facing component of $\partial d / \partial t$ from \code{SuperMAG}~ and its reconstruction. Similarly, the comparison of spherical harmonic reconstruction for the \code{MHD}~ simulation is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mhdreconstr}. Note here, that the reconstruction is performed by sampling the \code{MHD}~ simulation at locations of \code{SuperMAG}~ stations alone.

\subsubsection{Forecasting}

Next, we construct a forecasting model which uses solar wind data (\code{OMNI}~) to forecast the global magnetic field perturbation. For this experiment we use a similar setup as \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~. We feed 25 minutes of solar wind activity into a Gated Recurrent Network (GRU) to map the sequence into an embedding vector. We then feed the embedding into a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) to output the spherical harmonics coefficients which model the global magnetic field perturbation; specifically we focus on north component of $\partial d / \partial t$ as a proof of concept. In contrast to \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~, we use the whole sequence as input to a non-linear autoregressive model and we do not apply feature engineering to the \code{OMNI}~ data. Instead we use the raw features (see appendix for detailed list of features). The architecture can be seen in fig.~\ref{fig:architecture}.

We benchmark this work against the state-of-the-art \emph{empirical} model by Wiemer \textit{et al.}~\citep{weimer2013empirical}. To evaluate the performance we first compare on the validation set on \code{SuperMAG}~ but also we compare on simulations conducted with \code{MHD}~ model for two weeks worth of activity. The results are summarized in table~\ref{performance}.

\section{Results And Discussion}

\begin{figure}[!t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.65\linewidth]{figures/Spherical_harmonic_mhd.png}
    \caption{Comparison of reconstruction with the MHD simulation. Left: MHD simulation; center: MHD simulation sampled at SuperMAG station locations; right: Reconstruction.}

    \label{fig:mhdreconstr}
    \vspace{-1em}
\end{figure}

\vspace{-1em}
\begin{table}[!h]
  \caption{Forecasting model performance}
  \label{performance}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lrr}
    \toprule
    Model       & \code{SuperMAG}~ (val) RMS (nT) $\downarrow$ & \code{MHD}~ RMS (nT) $\downarrow$ \\
    \midrule
    Ours.       & \textbf{24.23}                                   & \textbf{27.02}             \\
    \cite{weimer2013empirical} model~     & 28.35                                            & 35.72                      \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
\end{table}

With this work, we show and evaluate the reconstruction of the global magnetic perturbation field using spherical harmonics with LASSO regularization to promote sparsity in the coefficients. We show that it is possible to reconstruct from sparse measurements like the ones provided by \code{SuperMAG}~ stations, and we evaluated on \code{MHD}~ data to show that the reconstruction is similar to the global field modeled by \code{MHD}~, suggesting that the results of such models can be compressed in spherical harmonics space by compressed sensing techniques. Additionally, we show that by using a Deep Neural Network to forecast in the spherical harmonics space, we can improve over existing state of the art (\cite{weimer2013empirical} model~) by {14.53\%}\; on \code{SuperMAG}~ and {24.35\%}\; on \code{MHD}~ dataset (summarized in table~\ref{performance}).

\section*{Broader Impact}

Geomagnetic storms drive a spectrum of potentially catastrophic disruptions to our technologically-dependent society, among the most threatening being critical disturbances to the electrical grid in the form of \textit{geomagnetically induced currents} (\code{GICs}). Due to their proprietary nature, publicly available \code{GIC} data are limited. However, a cohort study of insurance claims of electrical equipment provides evidence that space weather poses a continuous threat to electrical distribution grids via geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}~\citep{Schrijver:2014, eastwood2018quantifying}. \code{GICs} also pose threats to oil pipelines, railways and telecommunication systems. In the case of extreme, but historically probable geomagnetic storms, the economic impact due to prolonged power outages can exceed billions of dollars per day ~\citep{Oughton:2017}. For this reason, there is urgency among public and industry stakeholders to improve monitoring and forecasting of space weather impacts like geomagnetic storms and \code{GICs}. With this work, we progress towards better and faster forecasting models which will help us shield our infrastructure from solar-wind related hazards.

\begin{ack}
This project was conducted during the 2020 NASA Frontier Development Lab (FDL) program, a public-private partnership between NASA, the SETI Institute, and commercial partners. We wish to thank, in particular, NASA, Google Cloud, NVIDIA, Intel and SRI, for supporting this project. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the SuperMAG collaborators.
\end{ack}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text: Q: document.getElementById("ID") returns Object in IE11 and Dom element in edge document.getElementById("ViewSearchBar") is returning Dom object like [object Object] in IE11, where as the same query Returns Dom element in Edge like <span id='ID'>. Hence I am confused, as properties and methods differ on the way the output is rendered. Also please let me know why we see that difference.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Catapult: Ronan Healy
Gavin McMahon
Ronan Healy is the CEO of Catapult, an events production agency with offices in Dublin, New York, and LA. Ronan launched the company in 1999 in Dublin and over the past 20 years has built an agency that is recognized for its creativity. Catapult have worked on iconic events around the world; from Web Summit to Arthur's Day, Elon Musk's Hyperloop One Exhibit, The Festival of Speed, and recently Smart Cities New York.
We also hear from two Irish startups.
Emma Waldron, CEO & Founder of Wilde joins us to talk about her shoppable streaming platform for women, by women. We also discuss diversity and inclusion in Hollywood and how Wilde aims to collaborate with producers in Hollywood to encourage more diversity in the industry.
Garret Flower, CEO & Co-Founder of ParkPnP and ParkOffice, the AirBnB of parking spaces. They have recently launched ParkOffice in the US, allowing companies to manage and automate their parking by using their spaces most efficiently.
Hosted by Patrick McAndrew
Did you like this post? Get plenty more like it and always up to date information on what is going on in the #digitalirish community, delivered straight to your inbox.
Digital Irish is a non-profit organization with communities in New York City, London and Chicago. Our goal is to promote Irish innovation globally, providing companies and startups with access to resources such as professional networking opportunities, talent and investment.
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© Digital Irish - All rights reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
> By Catalogue Number
4430.0 - Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia: Summary of Findings, 2018 Quality Declaration
Latest ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 24/10/2019
Autism in Australia
Children with Disability
Mixed outcomes for people with disability (Media Release)
In 2018 there were 4.4 million Australians with disability, 17.7% of the population, down from 18.3% in 2015.
The prevalence of disability increased with age - one in nine (11.6%) people aged 0-64 years and one in two (49.6%) people aged 65 years and over had disability.
Disability prevalence was similar for males (17.6%) and females (17.8%).
5.7% of all Australians had a profound or severe disability.
Almost one-quarter (23.2%) of all people with disability reported a mental or behavioural disorder as their main condition, up from 21.5% in 2015.
Of those with disability (living in households):
one-third (33.4%) of those aged 15 years and over had completed year 12 or equivalent, up from 31.4% in 2015
one in six (16.1%) aged 15 years and over had a Bachelor degree or above, up from 14.9% in 2015
37.9% of those aged 15-64 years said their main source of personal income was a government pension or allowance, down from 41.9% in 2015
59.7% of people had their need for assistance fully met, down from 62.1% in 2015
one in 10 (9.6%) aged 15 years and over had experienced discrimination in the previous 12 months because of their disability, up from 8.6% in 2015
labour force participation for those aged 15-64 years has remained stable since 2015 at 53.4%, in contrast to an increase in the participation rate for people without disability (84.1%)
11.4% of those with a profound or severe disability (aged 15-64 years) were working full-time up from 7.9% in 2015.
One in every six Australians (15.9% or 3.9 million people) was aged 65 years and over (up from 15.1% in 2015).
Most older Australians (persons aged 65 years and over) were living in households (95.3%), with 4.6% living in cared accommodation.
Half (49.6%) of all older Australians had disability (similar to 2015).
1.3 million older Australians living at home needed some assistance with everyday activities, and of these, almost two-thirds (65.9%) had their need fully met (down from 69.2% in 2015).
Two-thirds (68.1%) of older Australians (who reported income) lived in a low income household (a household earning less than $756 per week).
Almost all older Australians had participated in social activities at home (97.4%) or outside their home (94.4%) in the previous three months.
There were 2.65 million carers, representing 10.8% of all Australians (down from 11.6% in 2015).
Females were more likely to be carers (12.3% of all females) than males (9.3% of all males).
There were 235,300 young carers (under the age of 25), down from 274,700 in 2015.
3.5% of all Australians were primary carers.
Seven in ten (71.8%) primary carers were women.
Over one-third (37.4%) of primary carers had disability, twice the rate of non-carers (15.3%).
The most common reason primary carers gave for taking on a caring role was a sense of family responsibility (70.1% of all primary carers).
Half (50.2%) of all carers lived in a household in the lowest two equivalised gross income quintiles, twice that of non-carers (25.6%).
This page last updated 24 October 2019


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text:
Nigeria can pay living wage, says Oshiomhole
in Featured, News, News Update
National Chairman of the All Progressives Congress (APC) Comrade Adams Oshiomhole said yesterday that Nigeria can afford living wage for workers.
He said non payment of salaries by governors creates a viscious circle leading to low production and eventual loss of jobs.
Oshiomhole said as a governor, he told his colleagues that payment of salaries was no burden, but a means of enhancing the development potential of the state, adding that the country's major problem is stealing of public resources in the name or salary payment.
The former Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) president spoke on a television programme.
He said: "My views are clear, that payment of wages is not an act of kindness for an employer to pay the employees' wages at the end of the month… Even the Holy Bible says that the laborer is entitled to its wages.
"I think, again, this is where President Buhari stands out clearly. He has publicly asked public sector employers; how do you sleep when you have not paid your employers for one year. But he did not stop at lamenting it, he went on to provide the much- talked about bailout fund and said, 'please use this money to pay your workers and pay pension arears.
"And even the deductions from states that was done under the PDP in the name of settling our foreign debts, they went into state treasury and they over deducted; that was done under the PDP. But under President Muhammadu Buhari's government, even inspite of the huge financial challenges that he faces, decided that in order to assist the states to meet up with their social obligations, to begin to pay what is now referred to as Paris Club refund.
"He has done that two, three instalments and each time the governors are told that you must use this money, among other things to settle pension arrears and be up to date in the payment of salaries.
"But I am very proud that this President has rich conscience, he recognises that the Nigerian worker deserves his wages and that is why he has publicly lamented that there are governors who have not paid salaries as at when due, whether they are PDP or APC, it is immaterial. And in seeking to deal with it he has also provided support across party divide and I think that is statesmanship at its best.
"As for my views on the minimum wage, I tried to deal with it as a governor. I told my colleagues then that wage is not a burden in the society. In economics, when people work and get paid, purchasing power is enhanced and because purchasing power is enhanced producers will respond to that by seeking to produce more goods and services. And in the process they will recruit more hands.
". My being in government or now chairman of a party cannot change what I believe in.
"The real problem in the public sector is money being stolen in the name of salaries, I find it embarrassing when we talk about ghost workers. And I ask the question, who counts ghosts. It is only in Nigeria that ghosts are known."


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Robert Tignor and CoachingWebsites expressly disclaim all warranties and responsibilities of any kind, whether express or implied, for the accuracy or reliability of the content of any information contained in this site, and for the suitability, results, effectiveness or fitness for any particular purpose of the content. You are solely responsible for your use or reliance on such information and any foreseeable or unforeseeable consequences arising out of such use or reliance. In no event will Robert Tignor or CoachingWebsites be liable for any damages resulting from the use of or inability to use, the content, whether based on warranty, contract, tort or other legal theory, and whether or not Robert Tignor or CoachingWebsites is advised of the possibility of such damages. In no event will Robert Tignor's and CoachingWebsites's aggregate liability exceed U.S. $100.


We're launching a new web interface for the clinic! Feel free to check it out and look around!
John sought care from the Pocatello Free Clinic in March of 2013. He has no insurance and hasn't worked for several years due to severe neurological symptoms caused by a subarachnoid cyst. His symptoms resolved after having a brain shunt inserted. A few months after this procedure, John came to our clinic complaining of nausea, headaches, dizziness, and back pain. Upon examination, Jeff Williams, DC, could not find John's drainage tube.
Dr. Williams immediately called his friend, Dr. Morgan, a neurologist, and scheduled John for the next day. X-rays showed that John's drainage tube was not connected to his shunt and had settled in his pelvic cavity.
Dr. Morgan was willing to do the surgery at no cost but, John was not able to get scheduled for surgery immediately since he had to go through the process to get the fees waived from the hospital and the anesthesiologist. He came to our clinic weekly for chiropractic care and as his symptoms worsened, he saw several volunteer physicians. We were able to help him pay for anti-nausea prescriptions for several months.
We are happy to report that John is now recovering from brain surgery and an additional surgery to remove the drainage tube from his pelvic cavity. He reports that he is feeling fantastic and is so grateful for all the individuals and organizations that helped him make it to this day.
Matt came to the Pocatello Free Clinic (PFC) in January 2013 hoping to be seen that day by a doctor. Matt did not have medical insurance and was homeless and living in a van. We normally operate off a waiting list but luckily, Dr. Bill Woodhouse was there that day and made time for him. Matt had several complaints including uncontrolled diabetes, diarrhea, severe weight loss, neuropathy in his feet, decreased appetite, and a large basal cell carcinoma on his lower lip.
A week later, Matt saw Dr. Naeem Rahim for a follow up visit. Dr. Rahim took a picture of the basal cell carcinoma on Matt's lip and sent it to Dr. Earl Stoddard, a local dermatologist, along with a plea for help. Dr. Stoddard responded that he would be willing to remove it free of charge and scheduled Matt for an appointment immediately. Dr. Rahim also contacted Dr. Charles Evans, a gastroenterologist in Pocatello, who was willing to check Matt for colon cancer at no charge. Matt was overwhelmed with gratitude.
Dr. Stoddard successfully removed the cancer on Matt's lip and said it was the most extensive procedure he has ever done. It is amazing to see the difference in Matt after he had the surgery. He is a much more confident person.
Matt has continued to come to the PFC for follow up, mostly because he needs help paying for prescriptions. Most recently he was referred to Dr. Brandon Wilde, a local podiatrist. Dr. Wilde treated diabetic ulcers on Matt's feet at no cost.
Matt has qualified for disability due to the medical records from our clinic, and will soon no longer need our assistance.
Matt has benefited more than any other patient from the coordinated efforts of concerned volunteer healthcare providers. His life has literally been changed, and he received services totaling over $30,000 from the Pocatello Free Clinic network.
The only viable choice for clients staying at the Emergency Shelter is the Pocatello Free Clinic. The clinic has been an integral part of Pocatello's health service providers for over 40 years and many of our low-income households depend on the clinic for help with their medical and dental needs.
Tell us how the PFC has helped you!


With many of us starting to take the marathon running seriously, we need to start focusing on the intricate details that go into running a safe, injury-free run.
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Care should be taken not to be too overenthusiastic, or underprepared, as both of these extremes can lead to unwanted injuries, thus self-sabotaging your marathon dream.
As a Physiotherapist, I can help your team go through with the marathon, with a better knowledge about the biomechanics of injuries and how to prevent and/or tackle them if they occur. I shall help clarify your doubts, misconceptions and discard myths regarding running.
Also, many of us choose not to run the marathon, because of some pain or the other. It's important for us to understand that all patients need not skip the marathon. They should undergo proper evaluation, rehabilitation, and then can resume running, once given the green signal by the physiotherapist.


text:
 [
   Main Table Of Contents
| Table Of Contents
| Keyword Index
| Categories
| Modules
| Applications
 ]

doctools_plugin_apiref(n) 1.1 tcllib "Documentation tools"

Name

doctools_plugin_apiref - doctools plugin API reference

Table Of Contents

Table Of Contents

Synopsis

Description

OVERVIEW

FRONTEND COMMANDS

PLUGIN COMMANDS

Management commands

Formatting commands

Bugs, Ideas, Feedback

See Also

Keywords

Category

Copyright

Synopsis

dt_copyright

dt_file

dt_mainfile

dt_fileid

dt_fmap symfname

dt_format

dt_imgdata key extensions

dt_imgdst key extensions

dt_imgsrc key extensions

dt_lnesting

dt_module

dt_read file

dt_source file

dt_user

ex_cappend text

ex_cget varname

ex_cis cname

ex_cname

ex_cpop cname

ex_cpush cname

ex_cset varname value

ex_lb ?newbracket?

ex_rb ?newbracket?

fmt_initialize

fmt_listvariables

fmt_numpasses

fmt_postprocess text

fmt_setup n

fmt_shutdown

fmt_varset varname text

fmt_plain_text text

Description

This document is intended for plugin writers, i.e. developers
wishing to write a doctools formatting engine for some output
format X.

It specifies the interaction between the doctools package
and its plugins, i.e. the interface any doctools formatting engine has
to comply with.

This document deals with version 1 of the interface.

A reader who is on the other hand more interested in the markup
language itself should start with the
doctools language introduction and proceed from there to the
formal specifications, i.e. the doctools language syntax and
the doctools language command reference.

OVERVIEW

The API for a doctools formatting engine consists of two major
sections.

On the one side we have a set of commands through which the plugin is
able to query the frontend. These commands are provided by the
frontend and linked into the plugin interpreter. Please see section
FRONTEND COMMANDS for their detailed specification.

And on the other side the plugin has to provide its own set of
commands which will then be called by the frontend in a specific
sequence while processing input. They, again, fall into two
categories, management and formatting.
Please see section PLUGIN COMMANDS and its subsections for
their detailed specification.

FRONTEND COMMANDS

This section specifies the set of commands through which a plugin,
also known as a doctools formatting engine, is able to query the
frontend. These commands are provided by the frontend and linked into
the plugin interpreter.

I.e. a doctools formatting engine can assume that all of the following
commands are present when any of its own commands (as specified in
section PLUGIN COMMANDS) are executed.

Beyond that it can also assume that it has full access to its own safe
interpreter and thus is not able to damage the other parts of the
processor, nor can it damage the filesystem.
It is however able to either kill or hang the whole process, by
exiting, or running an infinite loop.

Coming back to the imported commands, all the commands with prefix
dt_ provide limited access to specific parts of the frontend,
whereas the commands with prefix ex_ provide access to the
state of the textutil::expander object which does the main
parsing of the input within the frontend. These commands should not be
except under very special circumstances.

dt_copyright

Query command. It returns a string containing the copyright
information the doctools processor was configured with. The relevant
option is -copyright).

dt_file

Query command. It returns the full path of the file containing the
input currently processed by the engine. This may be an included file.

dt_mainfile

Query command. It returns the full path of the toplevel file containing
the input currently processed by the engine.

dt_fileid

Query command. It returns the name of the file containing the input
currently processed by the engine, without path, nor extension.

dt_fmap symfname

Query command. It returns the actual pathname to use in the output in
place of the symbolic filename symfname. It will return the
unchanged input if no mapping was established for symfname.

The required mappings are established with the method map of
a frontend, as explained in section OBJECT METHODS
of the documentation for the package doctools.

dt_format

Query command. It returns the name of the format associated with the
doctools formatting engine.

dt_imgdata key extensions

Query command. Access to the image map. Looks for an image recorded
under the key and having on the specified extension. If a
matching image is found its data is returned as the result of the
command. Otherwise an empty string is returned.

dt_imgdst key extensions

Query command. Access to the image map. Looks for an image recorded
under the key and having on the specified extension. If a
matching image is found its destination path in the output is returned
as the result of the command. Otherwise an empty string is returned.

dt_imgsrc key extensions

Query command. Access to the image map. Looks for an image recorded
under the key and having on the specified extension. If a
matching image is found its origin path is returned as the result of
the command. Otherwise an empty string is returned.

dt_lnesting

Query command. It returns the number of lists currently open.

dt_module

Query command. It returns the name of the module the input currently
processed belongs to.

dt_read file

Controlled filesystem access. Returns contents of file for
whatever use desired by the plugin.
Only files which are either in the same directory as the file
containing the engine, or below it, can be loaded. Trying to load a
file outside of this directory causes an error.

dt_source file

Controlled filesystem access. This command allows the doctools
formatting engine to load additional Tcl code it may need.
Only files which are either in the same directory as the file
containing the engine, or below it, can be loaded. Trying to load a
file outside of this directory causes an error.

dt_user

Query command. It returns the name of the current user as known to the
tcl interpreter the frontend controlling the formatting engine resides
in.

ex_cappend text

Appends a string to the output in the current context.  This command
should rarely be used by macros or application code.

ex_cget varname

Retrieves the value of variable varname, defined in the current
context.

ex_cis cname

Determines whether or not the name of the current context is
cname.

ex_cname

Returns the name of the current context.

ex_cpop cname

Pops a context from the context stack, returning all accumulated
output in that context.  The context must be named cname, or an
error results.

ex_cpush cname

Pushes a context named cname onto the context stack.  The
context must be popped by cpop before expansion ends or an
error results.

ex_cset varname value

Sets variable varname to value in the current context.

ex_lb ?newbracket?

Returns the current value of the left macro expansion bracket; this is
for use as or within a macro, when the bracket needs to be included in
the output text.  If newbracket is specified, it becomes the new
bracket, and is returned.

ex_rb ?newbracket?

Returns the current value of the right macro expansion bracket; this
is for use as or within a macro, when the bracket needs to be included
in the output text.  If newbracket is specified, it becomes the
new bracket, and is returned.

PLUGIN COMMANDS

The plugin has to provide its own set of commands which will then be
called by the frontend in a specific sequence while processing
input. They fall into two categories, management and formatting. Their
expected names, signatures, and responsibilities are specified in the
following two subsections.

Management commands

The management commands a plugin has to provide are used by the
frontend to

initialize and shutdown the plugin

determine the number of passes it has
       to make over the input

initialize and shutdown each pass

query and initialize engine parameters

After the plugin has been loaded and the frontend commands are
established the commands will be called in the following sequence:

    fmt_numpasses -> n
    fmt_listvariables -> vars
    fmt_varset var1 value1
    fmt_varset var2 value2
    ...
    fmt_varset varK valueK
    fmt_initialize
    fmt_setup 1
    ...
    fmt_setup 2
    ...
    ...
    fmt_setup n
    ...
    fmt_postprocess
    fmt_shutdown
    ...

I.e. first the number of passes and the set of available engine
parameters is established, followed by calls setting the
parameters. That second part is optional.

After that the plugin is initialized, the specified number of passes
executed, the final result run through a global post processing step
and at last the plugin is shutdown again. This can be followed by more
conversions, restarting the sequence at fmt_varset.

In each of the passes, i.e. after the calls of fmt_setup the
frontend will process the input and call the formatting commands as
markup is encountered. This means that the sequence of formatting
commands is determined by the grammar of the doctools markup language,
as specified in the doctools language syntax specification.

A different way of looking at the sequence is:

First some basic parameters are determined.

Then everything starting at the first fmt_varset to
fmt_shutdown forms a run, the formatting of a
single input. Each run can be followed by more.

Embedded within each run we have one or more passes,
each starting with fmt_setup and going until either the next
fmt_setup or fmt_postprocess is reached.

If more than one pass is required to perform the formatting only the
output of the last pass is relevant. The output of all the previous,
preparatory passes is ignored.

The commands, their names, signatures, and responsibilities are, in
detail:

fmt_initialize

Initialization/Shutdown.
This command is called at the beginning of every conversion run, as
the first command of that run. Note that a run is not a pass, but may
consist of multiple passes.
It has to initialize the general state of the plugin, beyond the
initialization done during the load. No return value is expected, and
any returned value is ignored.

fmt_listvariables

Initialization/Shutdown and Engine parameters.
Second command is called after the plugin code has been loaded,
i.e. immediately after fmt_numpasses.
It has to return a list containing the names of the parameters the
frontend can set to configure the engine. This list can be empty.

fmt_numpasses

Initialization/Shutdown and Pass management.
First command called after the plugin code has been loaded. No other
command of the engine will be called before it.
It has to return the number of passes this engine requires to fully
process the input document. This value has to be an integer number
greater or equal to one.

fmt_postprocess text

Initialization/Shutdown.
This command is called immediately after the last pass in a run. Its
argument is the result of the conversion generated by that pass. It is
provided to allow the engine to perform any global modifications of
the generated document. If no post-processing is required for a
specific format the command has to just return the argument.

Expected to return a value, the final result of formatting the input.

fmt_setup n

Initialization/Shutdown and Pass management.
This command is called at the beginning of each pass over the input in
a run. Its argument is the number of the pass which has begun. Passes
are counted from 1 upward.
The command has to set up the internal state of the plugin for this
particular pass. No return value is expected, and any returned value
is ignored.

fmt_shutdown

Initialization/Shutdown.
This command is called at the end of every conversion run. It is the
last command called in a run. It has to clean up of all the
run-specific state in the plugin.
After the call the engine has to be in a state which allows the
initiation of another run without fear that information from the last
run is leaked into this new run.
No return value is expected, and any returned value is ignored.

fmt_varset varname text

Engine parameters.
This command is called by the frontend to set an engine parameter to a
particular value.
The parameter to change is specified by varname, the value to
set in text.

The command has to throw an error if an unknown varname is
used. Only the names returned by fmt_listvariables have to be
considered as known.

The values of all engine parameters have to persist between passes and
runs.

Formatting commands

The formatting commands have to implement the formatting for the
output format, for all the markup commands of the doctools markup
language, except lb, rb, vset, include, and
comment. These exceptions are processed by the frontend and are
never seen by the plugin. In return a command for the formatting of
plain text has to be provided, something which has no markup in the
input at all.

This means, that each of the 49 markup commands specified in the
doctools language command reference and outside of the set of
exceptions listed above has an equivalent formatting command which
takes the same arguments as the markup command and whose name is the
name of markup command with the prefix fmt_ added to it.

All commands are expected to format their input in some way per the
semantics specified in the command reference and to return whatever
part of this that they deem necessary as their result, which will be
added to the output.

To avoid essentially duplicating the command reference we do not list
any of the command here and simply refer the reader to the
doctools language command reference for their signature and
description. The sole exception is the plain text formatter, which has
no equivalent markup command.

The calling sequence of formatting commands is not as rigid as for the
management commands, but determined by the grammar of the doctools
markup language, as specified in the doctools language syntax
specification.

fmt_plain_text text

No associated markup command.

Called by the frontend for any plain text encountered in the
input. It has to perform any and all special processing required for
plain text.

The formatted text is expected as the result of the command,
and added to the output. If no special processing is required it has
to simply return its argument without change.

Bugs, Ideas, Feedback

This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain
bugs and other problems.
Please report such in the category doctools of the
Tcllib Trackers.
Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either
package and/or documentation.

See Also

doctools, doctools_intro, doctools_lang_cmdref, doctools_lang_faq, doctools_lang_intro, doctools_lang_syntax

Keywords

document, formatter, formatting engine, manpage, markup, semantic markup

Category

Documentation tools

Copyright

Copyright © 2007-2010 Andreas Kupries <andreas_kupries@users.sourceforge.net>


Floral Artistry By Alison Ellis | » What's your personal wedding bouquet style?
What's your personal wedding bouquet style?
Each couple has their own style and each bride has her own bouquet style based on the types of flowers she's drawn to, the overall style of the wedding, the look of her dress and her "vision" of a perfect bridal bouquet.
You may have no idea what your vision is, and to this all I can say is–you'll know it when you see it!
Whether you've been keeping a secret Pinterest board of the bouquet that you stumbled upon 5 years ago (loooong before you were engaged!–don't worry your secret is safe with me!) or you feel like you may never figure out what you want, if your florist "gets you" then you will likely get the right bouquet.
Today I have 8 different bouquet styles for all seasons.
A spring bouquet with an upscale country style shot by Daria Bishop Photographers includes tulips, lilac, roses and fresh lavender for a May wedding.
A garden-inspired bouquet in soft pastels has a romantic feeling with garden roses & nerine lilies.
Classic white blooms are always in season and never go out of style. Pictured here are antique hydrangea, garden roses, ranunculus, sweet peas, lisianthks and freesia.
For a bride who's not afraid of color this bold bouquet adds a fun pop with ranunculus, delphinium, stock, sweet William, freesia, lilies & geranium foliage.
Callas in orange & pink create a clean, modern shape. Dahlias and ranunculus add a little texture.
A seasonal fall bouquet that's both a little bit country and bridal. Casual sunflowers mixed with formal callas & roses along with berries & foliage are distinctly autumn.
Winter weddings in Vermont make me think of classic whites with textured greens. Winter weddings don't have to be "holiday".
What's your wedding style? How much is it influenced by the season?


text:
Malta plane crash: Five French customs officials killed, says government
Officials work at Luqa airport in the aftermath of the plane crash (Getty)
By Gareth Platt
The five people who died in a plane crash in Malta this morning were customs officials, the French government has said.
The plane crashed in a field and burst into flames shortly after takeoff in Luqa at around 7.20am this morning. The flight was reportedly bound for Libya.
The French government said the victims were part of a customs surveillance operation which had been ongoing for several months.
It has also been confirmed that there are no survivors of the crash.
It had been previously been reported that the victims were working for the EU border agency Frontex, but the organisation subsequently denied this.
Investigations into the cause and circumstances of the crash are ongoing.
Malta Plane Crash
Malta crash
French customs


Did you know that any volunteering work that you do during your school and college days can actually come handy in helping you get into your dream job or dream company… and even better… volunteering activities can help you identify your dream job! Share your volunteering experiences, concerns, queries, and anything else.
Let's just first clear this out that Debates and Elocution are two different things all together. A debate refers to a discussion or an interactive argument with another person on a particular topic whereas elocution means giving a public discourse with the speaker giving emphasis on the pronunciation, gestures, tone, pitch, vocals, grammar, style, and delivery.


text:
HOMICIDE-COLD CASE
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department's Homicide Squad are seeking the public's help in obtaining information in connection with a Cold Case Homicide that occurred in Freeport, New York.
On November 4, 1982, the remains of a young female were discovered in a dumpster on North Main Street near the intersection of Mount Joy Avenue in Freeport. The above images were created using facial recognition to depict what the victim may have looked like in life. She is estimated to have been in her teens or twenties and possibly 5' to 5'3" in height. She was found wearing the above pictured necklace, as well as a yellow heart pendant with the letter "K" in the center and a necklace with a small green stone.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify the pictured victim, or with any information about the subjects or this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS(8477)
Reference CSU#88-20 when leaving a tip
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help with locating and identifying the pictured subject who is wanted in connection with a Criminal Mischief that occurred in Seaford, NY.
On June 25, 2020, at approximately 10:00 P.M., the subject intentionally damaged an ATM machine in the Bethpage Federal Credit Union located at 4006 Merrick Road in Seaford. The subject first struck the machine with his fists but then retrieved multiple objects from his vehicle which he usedto cause further damage, which amounted to $5000.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify the subject, or anyone with information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Reference CSU# 108-20 when leaving a tip
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police are seeking the public's help in identifying and locating the subjects wanted in connection with a Robbery that occurred in Wantagh, New York.
On June 1, 2020, at approximately 1:00 P.M., a male and a female subject used the threat of deadly force to take property from the victim who was walking in the vicinity of Colridge Road in Wantagh. The subjects fled in the pictured newer model Mercedes Benz bearing gold NY license plates.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who is able to identify these subjects, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help with identifying the pictured subject. The subject is wanted in connection with a Burglary that occurred in South Farmingdale, New York.
On April 9, 2020, at approximately 11:15 P.M., the subject unlawfully entered Woody's Goodys convenience store, located at 695 Main Street in South Farmingdale, and stole money and lottery tickets.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who knows the identity or whereabouts of the subject, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subject. The subject is wanted in connection with an assault that took place in Manhasset, New York.
On March 7, 2020, at approximately 6:13P.M., while at the GAP, located at 1950 Northern Boulevard in Manhasset, the subject assaulted an employee with a store iPad causing injury to the employee's face and mouth.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who knows the identity of the subject, or anyone with any information about this case to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244 -TIPS (8477)
Reference CSU# 38-20 When Leaving a Tip
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subject. The subject is wanted in connection with a Grand Larceny that occurred in Westbury, New York.
On February 4, 2020, at approximately 7:12 P.M., the subject stole two laptops from the Microcenter store located at 655 Merrick Avenue in Westbury.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify the subject, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subject. The subject is wanted in connection with a Grand Larceny that occurred in Valley Stream, New York.
On Sunday, November 10, 2019, at approximately 10:44 A.M., the subject stole the wallet of a customer from a register at the Home Depot located at 101 Green Acres Road in Valley Stream.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify this subject, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subjects. The subjects are wanted in connection with a Robbery that occurred in Elmont, New York.
On July 19, 2019, at approximately 1:27 A.M., the subjects entered the 7 11 store located at 1571 Hempstead Turnpike in Elmont, displayed a handgun and a pink tazer, and demanded money and goods. Both subjects are described as black males, over 6 feet in height. The second subject had a triangular tattoo (pictured in composite sketch) visible on his right forearm.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify these subjects, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244-TIPS (8477)
Please Reference CSU 190-19 When Making A Tip
CRIMINAL POSSESSION OF A FORGED INSTRUMENT
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subject. The subject is wanted in connection with a Criminal Possession of a Forged Instrument incident that occurred in Seaford, New York.
On June 12, 2019, a Seaford resident mailed a personal check which was subsequently forged and deposited by the subject at bank in Ronkonkoma, NY.
Crime Stoppers is asking anyone who can identify this subject, or with any information about this crime to call our toll free hotline: 1-800-244- TIPS (8477)
Crime Stoppers and the Nassau County Police Department are seeking the public's help in identifying the pictured subjects. The subjects are wanted in connection with a Grand Larceny that occurred in Oceanside, New York.
On Sunday, May 5, 2019, at approximately 1:35 P.M., the subjects stole merchandise from the Banana Republic store located at 3515 Long Beach Road in Oceanside. The merchandise was valued at $11,807.03.
Page 1 of 4 35 Records Prev | Next


Our next session 23 of Davos Experience in Tokyo Series is scheduled for Friday, February 20. This time, we want to challenge you to develop new creative, (probably crazy) ideas for two products that have been developed and marketed.
One is THETA developed & marketed by Ricoh and the other is RingU developed at KMD. Both of these are from ideas we got from our past participants and friends, and NOT from the company or institution.
If you are interested in hacking the products (i.e. what you can make these products do, rather than figuring out their functions), join us on Friday, February 20.
For details and registration, follow this link.
We will post the video of our last session last Friday, January 23 soon. So stay tuned.
Workshop at companies w top commitment..


There are several layers of coatings that are applied to the acrylic Blue Light Screen Protector panel. These coatings are Blue Light Reduction, Anti-Flicker, Scratch Resistance and a Hard Coating. The panels width is 21.06 and must be wide enough to cover the viewable screen, but does not need to cover edge to edge.
Blue Light Blocking Screen Protectors for daily viewing of LED monitors. There are several layers of coatings that are applied to the acrylic Blue Light Screen Protector panel. These coatings are Blue Light Reduction, Anti-Flicker, Scratch Resistance and a Hard Coating. Our Blue Light Screen Protector for viewing PC and LED screens will offer you the best protection available for your eyes and you will notice distortion free viewing. What Blue Light Is: Wave lengths of Blue Light are between 380nm and 495 nm in the range of visible lights. Blue Light has strong energy with very short waves, very close to the wave length of UV light. Bluelight is widely used in LED light sourced products such as PCs, Cell Phones, Tablets, Game machines and TVs. The vitreous body and the crystalline lenses in the eye absorb UV lights but HEV Blue Light reaches the retina with strong energy. The impact of HEV Blue Light is believed to cause eye fatigue and may even cause age-related macular degeneration, according to some experts. A prolonged exposure of the eye to Blue Light is now believed to be a health hazard called Blue Light Hazard. Does not block any of the colors, including the color Blue. How Much Blue Light Is Reduced: Blue Light Screen Protectors remove 100% UV Light and dangerous HEV Blue Light up to 100%, while allowing for the maximum transparency of all the colors. An average of 45% Blue Light reduction between 380nm~495nm offers overall protection. This means you get high definition quality viewing without the dangerous HEV Blue Light in the visible light spectrum. Bad Light Reduced - Good Light Enhanced. While reducing the Hazardous HEV Blue Light, other light is enhanced and all colors will appear clearer now that the Blue Light scatter has been removed. Terms: Anti-bluelight, anti-blue light, blue light, blue-violet light, CVS, Computer Vision Syndrome, Sleep Better, Circadian Rhythm.
- Design allows for easy installation and removal. Sizes available to fit most LED flat panel monitors.
- Blocks 100% of Hazardous UV light and reduces HEV Bluelight up to 100% with excellent Color Transmittance.
- Absolutely the best optical quality Blue Light Blocking Panel available today.
- Anti-Blue Light blocking between 380nm~495nm for wide range HEV protection.
- Reduces digital eye strain when viewing LED screens: Office PC, Home PC, eSports or eGaming.


text:
Q: Texboxes empty alert button If I don't input any number in text-boxes I get an alert NaN .Instead of that I want an alert("please input a number") .
I've try few things but I've got 3 pop'up one with NaN and one with my message.
function sum() {
    var a = parseInt(document.getElementById("num1").value);
    var b = parseInt(document.getElementById("num2").value);
    var c = parseInt(document.getElementById("num3").value);
    var sum = (a * b) + (b * c) / (a + b);
    alert("result".value = sum)
}

A: You can check if a variable is a number by using isNaN.

function sum() {
  var a = parseInt(document.getElementById("num1").value);
  var b = parseInt(document.getElementById("num2").value);
  var c = parseInt(document.getElementById("num3").value);

  if (!isNaN(a) && !isNaN(b) && !isNaN(c)) {  //Check if all 3 varables are number
    var sum = (a * b) + (b * c) / (a + b);
    alert("result " + sum);
  } else {
    alert("please input a number");
  }
}
<input type="text" id="num1">
<input type="text" id="num2">
<input type="text" id="num3">

<input type="button" value="Sum" onclick="sum()">

Doc: isNaN()


text:
Duhé est un nom de famille notamment porté par :

 Lawrence Duhé (1887-1961), clarinettiste et chef d'orchestre de jazz américain ;

 John Malcolm Duhé, Jr. (1933-), juge américain, membre de la cour d'appel des États-Unis de la cinquième circonscription ;

 A. J. Duhe (1955-), joueur de football américain ;

 Elley Duhé (1992-), chanteuse et compositrice américaine.

Patronyme français

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Brian carefully made its way through that chosen night with its precious cargo.
The streets were empty of life beyond the occasional scrum of youths gathering on street corners and in front of the now vacant rows of shops. Elsewhere, the night housed the urgent passage of an ambulance, a police car or a fire engine. Apart from these obvious reminders of what was going on beneath their noises, there was a sort of peace, the type that comes before a storm.
Most people, not directly involved in events, had decided to keep indoors.
Laura sat in the passenger seat with Nick at the wheel.
A memory of driving gave him a confidence that would have amazed his passenger, who still sat dazed at the side of him. Although he didn't know it, he had never driven a car before in his life. These were Laura's dead husband's. Nick even knew those little things that are learnt through an unbroken relationship between man and vehicle. He knew how not to slam the accelerator to the floor as Brian would cough and splutter to a standstill.
For years, the carburettors had been a little dodgy and, regardless of the times the car had been at the main dealers, the problem refused to go fully away. Laura had inherited the car when Simon had moved on to another, newer model. 'Middle-age' he had claimed as his excuse. That newer car had not survived the accident either, meaning that the expected onrush of middle-age had never had the chance to truly manifest itself. A sound of a gun broke the uneasy peace.
Nick was the first to react.
Outside, tens of youths were emerging from the shadows. Nick had only to look once to decide that now was the time to ease down on the peddle. Some of the youths were carrying knives, others had clubs, but a few were unmistakeably holding guns. The first shot had missed by inches. The owner of the gun was now readjusting his aim through a volley of expletives. The others were trying to make up the ground between them and the Volvo.
One of Fairfields' old patients had given them the tip-off when he had picked up sight of the car on the city's CCTV. They had set up their ambush in the knowledge that their prey would be going that way. A number of the soon to be assailants had broken into a builders' merchants and were wielding ugly-looking house bricks. They threw them in unison and one smashed onto the roof of the car denting it and causing Laura to snap out of any remaining dreamy state.
Nick second guessed how this would run. The trap had been sprung and they were being pushed towards what they believed would be a possible escape. If Nick was to stay on this road, there would be some other surprise waiting for them. Something that would stop them either through force or guile.
Nick eased his foot calmly down upon the accelerator and began to put some distance between themselves and the gang. As soon as he was out of their sight, he turned off the main road and into a side street. He then switched off the car's lights and drove quietly into the night.
He would take the back roads.
Half a mile ahead, two police cars were waiting for a certain speeding driver to make their night. They too had been former residents of Fairfields House. They would have a longer wait than they had intended.
In the protection of some helpful shadows, Michael watched them from across the street.
He was unsure as to whether he should approach them for help or to keep his position secret. There was something about the way they were watching the road that reminded him of carrion waiting for the kill to be completed.
Minutes earlier, he had heard what he thought was a shot from a gun. There had been a brief commotion and then the sound of a car picking up speed. There had been something about the way it had moved up through the gears that reminded him of Brian and his temperamental ways. Then the sound had quietened and disappeared. Pushing deeper into the shadows, Michael heard the unruly advance of feet. He decided that he was not going to hang around and find out who they belonged to.
He knew his way from here and could keep out of sight. There were lots of alleyways that he could navigate his way along.
He disappeared into the night moments before the first of the gang arrived.


Here's an excerpt from THE TWELVE NIGHTS OF CHRISTMAS, Nina's contribution to HOT WINTER NIGHTS, in which the dashing hero, Rollo Gillingham has only twelve nights to win back Penelope Pembroke, the woman he left with his promise to return ten years before. Come Christmas Day, which will she choose—the man she loves or the man her parents want her to marry?
Rollo shook his head at the mess and disrepair he unhappily beheld. How would he ever get this shambles in good enough order to live in, let alone host a Twelfth-Night celebration? The amount of work and money he would have to invest to put this place back in tolerable shape seemed staggering at present.
Outside, the horse whinnied and snorted. Something scuttled nearby, an animal of some sort. Then, he saw eyes. Lambent and greenish gold, they stared at him unwinkingly from the back of the hall. Seeing they belonged to a feral cat, which no doubt kept the mice population under control, he walked on, crushing leaves and twigs underfoot. When he came to the door leading into the parlor, he lifted the latch and went in.
Because the windows were boarded, the room was too dark to see much of anything. As he felt his way along, he bumped a small table, knocking over a candlestick. Righting it, he put the taper back in its socket and groped in his pocket for his vesta case. After two or three strikes, the match caught with a hiss.
Smelling sulphur, he lit the wick and picked up the candle. In the light, he saw the decaying bones of the room he remembered. The formerly gleaming wainscoting was now warped and water-stained, the hand-painted wallpaper was peeling in swaths, and the carved marble mantelpiece was covered in soot, grime, and cobwebs.
Inside, his heart was in a similar state of neglect.
He went upstairs to have a look around, checking his fob-watch frequently. When it was almost time to meet Penelope, he returned to the first floor. Hearing delicate footsteps and the rustle of petticoats passing by the house, he hurried outside to catch her, his stomach as knotted as the cloth at his throat.
She wore a long woolen cloak whose hood hid her face from his view. He yearned to run to her, to sweep her into his arms and kiss her the way he'd wanted to last night. The way he used to do before he went away. The way that took him out of himself and the world.
How could she give up what existed between them simply to please her parents?
"No." The word came out in a cloud of vapor.
His own derelict interior tremored as she moved nearer to him. He bent to kiss her cheek, inhaling her heady rose-water fragrance. Though red from the cold, her skin felt warm against his lips. He hoped she might turn so her mouth met his. When she did not, he stepped back, nursing his disappointment. In the pale gray light of the overcast morning, he could see the fine lines the years had wrought at the corners of her eyes and mouth.
"I was indeed," he said with growing disquiet.
He studied her as he awaited her response. Her golden hair hung in ringlets around her face and at the nape of her neck. The rest was pulled back into a mass of cascading curls. Fixating on her mouth, he watched the color come and go in her bottom lip as she worried the plump flesh there with her teeth. When the tip of her tongue darted out to bring moisture to the area, the urge to kiss her overpowered him.
Clenching against the compulsion, he moved his gaze southward. The wind was blowing her frock in a way that revealed to him the most intimate contours of her figure. The small swell of her belly…the gentle curve of her hips…the long muscles of her thighs…the soft triangular swell where her legs and hips converged.
Desire struck a match inside him. Seizing her by the upper arms, he pulled her to him and captured her mouth with his own. When she parted her lips a touch, he pressed his tongue between them. She tasted of marmalade, which she must have had for breakfast. He savored the citrusy flavor; savored everything his senses took in as her mouth yielded to his. The sweet fragrance in his nostrils. The pliant flesh under his fingers. The warm, willing body molded to his like sculpting clay.
Nina Mason is an incurable romantic who strives to write love stories that entertain and edify. A research fanatic, she goes to great lengths to ensure the locations and time periods in her books are accurately portrayed (and thanks the Powers That Be for the internet). Born and raised in Southern California, Ms. Mason lived in Oregon briefly before moving to Georgia, where she lives with her husband, daughter, two cats, and a Westie named Robert. When she isn't writing, she makes historic dolls, fairy babies, and putters in her ever-expanding garden.


Achieving deep reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is required to limit the risks we face from climate change. This assessment presents an overview of recent studies examining GHG emission pathways that are compatible with limiting average global temperature rise to levels close to 2°C or at least below 2.5°C by 2100. In particular, the major socio-economic input assumptions and major outputs (technology changes, changes in energy demand, share of fossil and alternative energy sources, costs of reducing GHGs, and other implications such as air quality) are concisely compared.


text:
Melolontha porcina är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Nicholas Marcellus Hentz 1830. Melolontha porcina ingår i släktet Melolontha och familjen Melolonthidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skalbaggar
porcina


In Gingr, you can manually charge and discount in a variety of ways. There are certain settings that you will need to configure to fully customize how you can discount or upcharge a transaction. These settings impact all users across all locations.
Before you get started, take a moment decide if you want to enable or disable the ability for coupons to be applied in, in bulk, to every line item in a transaction or if you would prefer for staff to apply a coupon to each item in the cart that needs to be discounted.
Allow Coupons Cart Wide: Set this to yes if you want to allow users to apply a coupon, in bulk, to every item in the cart at one time.
Allow Open Line Item: Set this to yes if you created any open line items in the previous step. Otherwise, set to no.