text:
Q: File not uploading with JQuery + ExpressJS I am trying to upload a form with JQuery Form plugin to a Node.Js + ExpressJS server ( http://malsup.com/jquery/form/#download ) ,but I'm getting this error:
Parsing file
Parsing done
Saving file
{ domain: null,
  _events: {},
  _maxListeners: 10,
  size: 861,
  path: 'C:\\Users\\Me\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\d85fe6075dabfc8a69e978b40eed14c6.html',
  name: 'feed.html',
  type: 'text/html',
  hash: null,
  lastModifiedDate: Fri Dec 06 2013 19:43:51 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time),
  _writeStream:
   { _writableState:
      { highWaterMark: 16384,
        objectMode: false,
        needDrain: false,
        ending: true,
        ended: true,
        finished: true,
        decodeStrings: true,
        defaultEncoding: 'utf8',
        length: 0,
        writing: false,
        sync: false,
        bufferProcessing: false,
        onwrite: [Function],
        writecb: null,
        writelen: 0,
        buffer: [] },
     writable: true,
     domain: null,
     _events: {},
     _maxListeners: 10,
     path: 'C:\\Users\\Me\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\d85fe6075dabfc8a69e978b40eed14c6.html',
     fd: null,
     flags: 'w',
     mode: 438,
     start: undefined,
     pos: undefined,
     bytesWritten: 861,
     closed: true } }
Saving done
Showing Errors
{ [Error: ENOENT, rename 'C:\Users\Me\AppData\Local\Temp\d85fe6075dabfc8a69e978b40eed14c6.html']
  errno: 34,
  code: 'ENOENT',
  path: 'C:\\Users\\Me\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\d85fe6075dabfc8a69e978b40eed14c6.html' }
127.0.0.1 - - [Fri, 06 Dec 2013 14:13:51 GMT] "POST /upload HTTP/1.1" 400 61 "http://localhost:8080/" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.63 Safari/537.36"
Showing Errors complete

The client side is working fine, but the server side seems to say that the file needs to be renamed. Although I looked through the directory and the file did not exist there at all after I tried uploading. Having a tough time decoding this error: Here's the server side code:
var fs = require('fs');
var util = require('util');
var path = require('path');
var formidable = require('formidable');

var upload = {

    parse: function parse(req, res, next) {
        console.log("Parsing file");
        var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
        form.encoding = 'utf-8';
        form.uploadDir = process.env.TMP || process.env.TMPDIR || process.env.TEMP || '/tmp' || process.cwd();
        form.keepExtensions = true;
        form.type = 'multipart';
        form.parse(req, function (err, fields, files) {
            req.files = files;
            next(err);
        });
        console.log("Parsing done");
    },

    save: function save(req, res, next) {

        console.log("Saving file");
        // validate if upload was successful
        if (!req.files || !req.files.userfile) return next(new Error('Upload data not received, can\'t proceed.'));

        var userfile = req.files.userfile;
        // examine this object for available attributes
        console.log(userfile);

        // ensure public/data dir exists
        var dataDir = 'public/data';
        var target = path.join(dataDir, userfile.name);

        fs.rename(userfile.path, target, function (err) {
            req.uploadLink = target.replace(/public/gi, '');
            next(err);

            // cleanup
            fs.unlink(userfile.path, function () {});
        });
        console.log("Saving done");
    },

    respond: function respond(req, res, next) {
        console.log("Responding");
        var response = {
            result: 'success',
            upload: req.uploadLink,
            message: 'File uploaded!'
        };
        res.status(200).json(response);
        console.log("Response complete");
    },

    errors: function errors(err, req, res, next) {
        console.log("Showing Errors");
        console.log(err);
        var response = {
            status: 'failure',
            message: 'File upload failed!'
        };
        res.status(400).json(response);
        console.log("Showing Errors complete");
    }
};

module.exports = upload;


Rolling Sky may be a very challenging game, but it will also prove to be one of the most interesting and elating you have played in a very long time. You are required to evade so many traps in the game an also jump over so many barriers. Believe you me, there is no other game that can get you addicted as fast as this game. It is you r best friend on those lonely and boring days when you just need something to keep yourself entertained. Everything about the game is superb and its control is top line. It is free for download and you can get it downloaded on your mobile device without paying a dime. If you want to make the game even more interesting anyway, it is better to download Rolling Sky on PC. Downloading it on PC ads to the fun and makes it even more entertaining. It equally improves a great deal on the control.
Rolling Sky is an award winning game. In fact, it has been crowned as Google Play Best Game for 2016. This should give you an idea of what awaits you when you download and start playing this game. The game is designed to push boundaries both in reaction and speed and it will have you sitting on the edge of your seat all through the period you are playing it. It is fun from start to finish. The game has an impressive 3D effect too and it is included with several scenes that will make you want to continue to play and never stop. There are so many imaginary barriers and traps in the game and you are required to evade them all in order to emerge a winner. You just must overcome these numerous challenges in order to conquer the world and control the ball.
You are required to drag your balls both right and left so as to avoid all the obstacles in the game. You must do your due diligence to make sure you do not fall into any of the traps and barriers. You must also control the ball carefully to make sure you do not fall off the track. Yes, there are so many challenges embedded in the game that will keep your heart pumping and you adrenalin flowing like never before. However, the developers have included sweet sounding music that plays in the background while you play the game and the music can help calm your nerves a little bit therefore enabling you to focus more on the game, which is required for triumph over all the barriers, obstacles, traps and dangers.
Quite a number of impressive features are available in this game are highlighted below. The features are also accessible when you download Rolling Sky for PC.
The scenes are rich too and they include great inclusions, like inferno, snowfield, forest, cosmos, massif and the likes.
It challenges your reflex and your speed like nothing else.
The developers are always open to more suggestions from their clients. So if you download the game and you are not satisfied with any particular issue about the game, you can always link up with them and lodge your complaint the developers use such complaints or feedbacks from their clients to improve and upgrade the game to ensure everyone is happy at the end of the day. The developers are also on the lookout for great minds that can partner with them to further improve end-users experience of the game. They are leaving no stone unturned all in an attempt to transform Rolling Sky into a game second to none. The game is being consistently upgraded. It is free, but there is also the paid version of the game. The free version shows ads, but the paid version is free from all forms of ads, making it more interesting to play. If you do not mind the ads, then you can go ahead and download the free version of the game and play to your heart's content. But if you have a thing against ads showing up while you are enjoying your Rolling Sky game, simply go for the paid version and you will never be bothered by any ad ever again. The choice is yours actually. But whatever you decide on doing, you will always find Rolling Sky a wonderful game indeed.
The paid version of the game also gives you access to new levels, which are automatically unlocked once you upgrade. You will love the new challenges that are available in the paid version. They set you on edge further and make you want to go for as long as your eyelids remain open. If you are not afraid of being addicted, then you should get this game downloaded and start playing for as long as you want. Never forget to take the fun to the next level by downloading Rolling Sky on PC.
The updated version of the game was released on the 14th of December, 2016. Since this updated version had been made available, more than 10,000,000 downloads have been recorded. The app does not require much space on your computer. In actual fact, it only requires 37.27 MB hard disk space. Name of the developer is Cheetah Games and they are located in Hong Kong.
The game was reviewed by up to 514,921 individuals and together, they gave the game 4.4 stars out of 5. The game is specially designed to make Christmas even more interesting thanks to the Christmas theme integrated into its build. In order to play this game effectively, you need to concentrate intensely and every moment. The courses too are thrilling and you will love it with passion. You must always keep in mind that he obstacles and the traps in the game are unpredictable. Therefore, make sure you keep this in mind while playing.
There are so many levels included in the game and these are epic levels that will keep you gasping for breath. If you have been looking for a way to challenge yourself, this is the best way to go. All in all, there is no better way to pass the time aside from this. You should aspire to always surpass your previous success in the game. Like you have been warned earlier, the game is highly challenging, but you can always overcome all the challenges in it and emerge victorious. Once you get a hang if it, Rolling Sky becomes less challenging and easier to navigate. The fun has not even started until you have downloaded it on your desktop. Desktop version of the game makes it more interesting and more engaging. It also improves on its control.
Despite the multitude of ads that show up while playing the game, you will still enjoy it a great deal. In fact, the ads will not matter one bit since the game is just so engrossing and interesting. Like it had been said earlier, you can subscribe for the paid version if you do not want any add to show up again.
You do not require any technical knowledge, ability to code or programming skill in order to get the game downloaded on your PC. The only thing you need is Andy OS. Andy OS is not a programming language or any such thing; rather, it is already developed software that helps to bridge the gap between mobile and desktop operating systems. As a result, you can link the two of them together and interchange data and apps between them. The software can be easily downloaded on your desktop computer and afterwards, you can use it to download Rolling Sky for PC.
With the aid of Andy OS, never again will you have to worry about how to play your mobile apps on your desktop computer. Just download the software and start having fun with all the apps on Google Play Store. Once you have downloaded it, Andy OS will give you notification about your favorite apps on Google Play Store. Also, it will notify you about all the latest apps. All you need to do is to click on the app on your PC and get it downloaded directly on the desktop computer.
After downloading Andy OS on your computer, just launch it and search for Rolling Sky on Google Play Store. Once you have located it, click on the icon to download the game directly to the PC. Andy OS will also notify you of any updated version of Rolling Sky. Just click on it and downloaded to enjoy refreshed experience like none other. With the aid of Andy OS, you can also turn your mobile device to a remote control, which makes it far easier to control the game. The benefits are just innumerable.
Step 4: Start Google play store app and use its search tool to search Rolling Sky download.
Step 5: Find Rolling Sky and start the installation.
Step 6: Launch the game and you can now play Rolling Sky on pc using a mouse or your keyboard and even your touchscreen, you can use the control button to emulate the pinch function to zoom in and out.
Enjoy Playing Rolling Sky on PC!!!


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This page was last edited on 26 June 2017, at 18:20.


There is little doubt that western culture as our students are experiencing is frightening. But every time I give this talk, I have an incredible sense of hope. They hang on every word and the conversation continues long after I step off the stage.


text:
Q: Add two datatable with unique columns I have two datatables
dt1 have Id countryID
dt2 have Url and Id
i want to add these two databales
if i use
foreach (DataColumn col in dt.Columns)
{
    dt1.Columns.Add(col.ColumnName, col.DataType);
}

getting error like column Url already belongs to another datable
please help me how to add these two tables

A: You need to copy the properties like ColumnName and create new DataColumns
You get this error because DataTable holds a reference to their columns and every column holds a reference to it's DataTable.

A: If your goal is to create a single DataTable with three columns (Id, CountryId and Url), just create a primary key on each Id column, and simply call dt1.Merge(dt2).
Example:
var dt1 = new DataTable();
var id1 = dt1.Columns.Add("Id");
dt1.Columns.Add("CountryId");
dt1.PrimaryKey = new []{id1};
dt1.Rows.Add(new []{"1", "Austria"});
dt1.Rows.Add(new []{"2", "Iceland"});

var dt2 = new DataTable();
var id2 = dt2.Columns.Add("Id");
dt2.Columns.Add("Url");
dt2.PrimaryKey = new []{id2};
dt2.Rows.Add(new []{"1", "www.austria.at"});
dt2.Rows.Add(new []{"2", "www.iceland.is"});

dt1.Merge(dt2);

dt1 now looks like:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Medical Freedom Press Conference 'Must See' Video
http:// Approx. 14 Min
Dr. James Lyons-Weiler, research scientist, author, president and CEO for the Institute for Pure and Applied Knowledge (IPAK) speaks on numerous topics including important information on the COVID-19 vaccine:
Condemns the politicization/commodization of citizens' health.
Coronavirus vaccines historically have a terrible safety record.
Coronavirus vaccinated animals got more serious disease and many died.
His research has shown that all but one of the proteins in the SARS-CoV2 Virus have "unsafe epitopes" which can cause autoimmunity against proteins in our own body.
Research has shown SARS-CoV2 affects many tissues within the body (it's not just upper respiratory symptoms).
People appear to be gravely concerned about getting infected with COVID-19 but have an amazing lack of concern about getting vaccinated with something that will inject these same proteins in the body which can cause autoimmunity.
Not a single vaccine manufacturer removed these unsafe epitopes after Weiler notified them.
The FDA has allowed COVID vaccine manufacturers to skip the most important safety step of animal testing to see if there is "pathogenic priming."
They are also combining phase 1 & 2 trials speeding the process up further.
The only results in are from the Moderna trial were 21% had serious side-effects.
He talks about treatments that are working for COVID.
He states that tens of thousands and soon hundreds of thousands of medical doctors around the world are coming together to condemn the politicization of coronavirus & public health in general, including vaccines.
He states public health officials can not just regurgitate what the CDC has to say.
Why do we not hear good news about effective COVID treatments from public health officials? They are intentionally keeping people in fear.
Forced, mandatory vaccinations is a disproportionate response considering COVID-19's low mortality rate. If you are not over 70 years old, you have less of a chance of dying from COVID than from influenza.
According to Paul Offit, 75% of the population is required to get the vaccine in order for a 50% efficacy rate for herd immunity. Already 51% of the population states it will not get the vaccine.
It is imperative we do not discount prior immunity in the population from prior exposure to corona viruses as well as COVID-19.
We have memory B and T cells in response to coronavirus so we don't have to carry around antibodies expressing proteins all the time.
The fact our public officials are not reducing concern is political and their response to the virus is far worse than the virus itself.
He briefly takes on the faulty PCR test. Regardless of being faulty, these tests are being used to shut down businesses.
He discusses cleaners used in schools are causing reproductive issues in mice.
He finishes by stating that the national vaccine compensation program is completely corrupt. He was an expert in that program previously but resigned after someone attempted to bribe him. HHS determines which vaccines injuries are real but are also the defendant in the case. (The wolf guarding the hen house)
**UPDATE** Dec. 7, 2020
Weiler just sent a letter to the ACIP, the committee that chooses whether any vaccine and which vaccines are recommended for children, and more recently, for adults. He warns them of coronavirus vaccines causing "disease enhancement," or worse health outcomes upon viral infection: https://jameslyonsweiler.com/2020/12/06/susceptibility-of-people-to-pathogenic-priming-is-a-prime-reason-to-eschew-covid19-vaccine-mandates/
**Comment**
While not mentioned in the video, two sources are now saying the COVID-19 vaccine can cause sterility in women:
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2020/08/24/gsk-whistleblower-covid-vaccine-caused-sterility-in-97-of-women/
https://healthimpactnews.com/2020/breaking-uk-first-to-approve-pfizer-covid-vaccine-as-former-head-of-pfizer-research-says-vaccine-can-make-females-infertile/
Article on QUATS: https://www.womensvoices.org/2018/05/08/what-are-quats-and-why-are-they-on-our-list/
For more on the COVID vaccine: https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2020/10/05/covid-19-vaccine-explained/
https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2020/09/14/community-and-world-united-we-say-no/
Sign the petition against mandatory vaccinations: https://madisonarealymesupportgroup.com/2020/05/30/say-no-to-forced-covid-19-vaccination-sign-petition/
Vaccine information is important for everyone but Lyme/MSIDS patients are more vulnerable to adverse reactions than the general population due to being infected with numerous things that impair their immune systems. Please learn all you can before you make a vaccine decision.
Activism, vaccines, Viruses
Comments Off on Medical Freedom Press Conference 'Must See' Video
How to Grow Broccoli Sprouts
"Repurposing" Disulfiram in the Treatment of Lyme Disease and Babesiosis: Retrospective Review of First 3 Years' Experience in One Medical Practice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Good One is the debut live album by comedian Tig Notaro released by Secretly Canadian in 2011 on CD, download and vinyl.  It is the first comedy album released by the record label.  The CD comes with a DVD titled Have Tig at Your Party which was produced in 2008 by Tig's production company ZeroDollarsAndZeroSenseProductions.  Notaro toured with fellow Secretly Canadian artist Jens Lekman before recording the album.  The album was recorded on Tig's 40th birthday.  Fellow comedian and friend, Sarah Silverman, can be heard introducing Tig at the beginning of the show.  The back cover photo is of Tig's actual filing cabinet which was given to her by director Sam Raimi when she was his assistant years ago.

Track listing
Disc 1: CD - Good One

Disc 2: DVD - Have Tig at Your Party!

Credits
 Recorded, Mixed and Mastered - Mike Bridavsky at Russian Recording
 Front Cover Photo - Cassie Wright
 Back Cover and Liner Notes Photos - Stef Willen
 Liner Notes Photo - T. Ballard Lesemann
 Album Dedication - Sheila Leblanc
 Special Thanks - Mark Flanagan, David Huntsberger, Nick Kroll, Martha Kelly, Heather Lawless, Dave Hill, Michael McDonald, Grant Curtis, Katie Wright, Scott Aukerman, Chris Young, Jimmy Dore, Clea DuVall, Kate Micucci, Cheryl Hines, Jens Lekman, Kyle Dunnigan
 Note: There are many more Thank You credits, but these are just the main notable people.

Charts
The album reached No. 4 on the Billboard Top Comedy Albums chart.

References

Further reading

Tig Notaro albums
Live comedy albums
Live albums by American artists
2010s comedy albums
Stand-up comedy albums
2010s spoken word albums
Spoken word albums by American artists
2011 live albums
2011 debut albums
Secretly Canadian live albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Air India proposes cost-cutting steps to government
By Precious Kashmir on 30/11/2018 Comments Off on Air India proposes cost-cutting steps to government
New Delhi, Nov 29: The government has asked Air India (AI) management to find out how much would refurbishing its aircraft interiors and ensuring fully functional in-flight entertainment (IFE), especially on ultra-long haul non-stops to US, will cost. Aviation minister Suresh Prabhu has asked AI chairman P S Kharola to come up with this figure and then a special fund will be sought from the finance ministry — over and above the bailout package — for the purpose.
"Big foreign airlines spend huge sums of money on interior upgradation. We cannot do that much but some things need to be ensured like having fully functional IFE screens on AI's long-haul flights. We will seek money for this from finmin," Prabhu said.
The airline management has made a presentation to the aviation ministry under which it has proposed cost-cutting and revenue enhancement measures. "Together, these two should lead to a benefit of Rs 2,000 crore per annum. In addition, the process of hiving off some of AI's unsustainable debt to an SPV is also underway. The debt servicing saving will be in addition to the Rs 2,000 crore proposed by the airline," aviation secretary R N Choubey said.
The ministry has asked AI to ensure that business class passengers on the Maharaja should get the same level of service that these high-paying flyers would get in other airlines. And economy passengers should also get value-for-money travel experience. One of the biggest complaints from passengers on AI's long-haul flights — it is the only Indian airline to fly nonstop to North America and Australia with the Delhi-San Francisco direct being one of the longest in the world — is non-functional IFEs.
Air India proposes cost-cutting steps to government added by Precious Kashmir on 30/11/2018


text:
Ein Automobil,  kurz Auto (auch Kraftfahrzeug, in der Schweiz amtlich Motorwagen), ist ein mehrspuriges motorgetriebenes Straßenfahrzeug zur Beförderung von Personen oder Lasten. Umgangssprachlich nennt man "Auto" vor allem Fahrzeuge, die zum Transport von Personen bestimmt sind; amtlich werden diese als "Personenkraftwagen" ("Pkw") bezeichnet, oder – bei mehr Sitzplätzen – als "Busse"; soll ein Fahrzeug hauptsächlich Fracht transportieren, heißt es "Lastkraftwagen" ("Lkw").

Der weltweite Fahrzeugbestand lag im Jahr 2010 bei über 1,015 Milliarden Automobilen und stieg seitdem kontinuierlich an. 2011 wurden weltweit über 80 Millionen Automobile gebaut. In Deutschland waren im Jahr 2012 etwa 51,7 Millionen Kraftfahrzeuge zugelassen, davon sind knapp 43 Millionen Personenkraftwagen.

Wortherkunft
Automobil ("Selbstbeweger") ist ein substantiviertes Adjektiv, abgeleitet von , und , und diente zur Unterscheidung von den üblichen Landfahrzeugen, die damals von Pferden gezogen wurden. Die Kölnische Zeitung (eine der größten des Deutschen Reichs) führte die Leserschaft 1865 vom gängigen Begriff der "Straßen-Locomotiven" zu den "Automobilen" – möglicherweise abgeleitet aus dem Französischen für eine mit Pressluft betriebene Straßenbahn: .

Die Definition "selbstbewegendes Fahrzeug" würde auch motorisierte Zweiräder und Schienenfahrzeuge einschließen. In der Regel wird unter einem Automobil jedoch ein mehrspuriges und nicht schienengebundenes Kraftfahrzeug verstanden, also ein Pkw, Bus oder Lkw. In der Alltagssprache ist meist nur der Pkw gemeint. Der Darmstädter Dozent für Kraftwagen, Freiherr Löw von und zu Steinfurth versuchte, sich in seinem Standardwerk Das Automobil – sein Bau und sein Betrieb über alle Ausgaben ab 1909 hinweg an möglichst exakten Definitionen von "Automobil". In der 5. Auflage von 1924 schreibt er:

Um diese strenge Klassifizierung zu beleuchten, lässt er beispielsweise Forderung 2 weg und kommt damit "zu den sogenannten gleislosen Bahnen, die aus elektrischen Wagen bestehen, denen durch eine Oberleitung die Energie zugeführt wird."

Im Englischen ist mit einem automobile bzw. car nur ein Pkw gemeint. Eine Übersetzung im Sinne des zitierten von und zu Steinfurth gibt es im Englischen nicht; das in diesem Zusammenhang oft erwähnte Wort motor vehicle schließt auch Krafträder mit ein und ist demzufolge dem deutschen "Kraftfahrzeug" gleichzusetzen.

Geschichte

Der Franzose Nicholas Cugnot erbaute 1769 einen Dampfwagen – das erste bezeugte und tatsächlich erbaute Fahrzeug, das nicht auf Muskelkraft oder einer anderen äußeren Kraft (wie z. B. Wind) basierte (und kein Spielzeug war). Im Jahr 1863 machte Étienne Lenoir mit seinem "Hippomobile" eine 18 km lange Fahrt; es war das erste Fahrzeug mit einem Motor mit interner Verbrennung. Jedoch gilt das Jahr 1886 mit dem Motordreirad "Benz Patent-Motorwagen Nummer 1" des deutschen Erfinders Carl Benz als das Geburtsjahr des "modernen" Automobils mit Verbrennungsmotor, da es große mediale Aufmerksamkeit erregte und zu einer Serienproduktion führte. Zuvor bauten auch andere Erfinder motorisierte Gefährte mit ähnlichen oder gänzlich anderen Motorkonzepten.

Motorisierte Wagen lösten in nahezu allen Bereichen die von Zugtieren gezogenen Fuhrwerke ab, da sie deutlich schneller und weiter fahren und eine höhere Leistung erbringen können. Durch diesen Vorteil steigerte sich seit dem Geburtsjahr des Automobils die Weite der zurückgelegten Strecken, u. a. deshalb wurde dem motorisierten Straßenverkehr immer mehr Raum zugestanden.

Aufbau und Form

Zu den wesentlichen Bestandteilen des Automobils gehören das Fahrwerk mit Fahrgestell und anderen Teilen, ferner Karosserie, Motor, Getriebe und Innenraum. Europäische Pkw bestehen zu über 54 Prozent aus Stahl, die Hälfte davon hochfeste Stahlgüten. Die Technik der Fahrzeuge müssen Ingenieure und Designer in eine funktionale, ergonomische und ästhetische Form bringen, die die Markenwerte des Herstellers vermittelt und Emotionen weckt. Beim Kauf eines Autos ist das Fahrzeugdesign heute eines der wichtigsten Entscheidungskriterien.

Sicherheit
Nach Zahlen der WHO sterben 1,25 Millionen Menschen jährlich an den direkten Folgen von Verkehrsunfällen.

Die Sicherheit von Insassen und potenziellen Unfallgegnern von Kraftfahrzeugen ist unter anderem abhängig von organisatorischen und konstruktiven Maßnahmen sowie dem persönlichen Verhalten der Verkehrsteilnehmer. Zu den organisatorischen Maßnahmen zählen zum Beispiel Verkehrslenkung (Straßenverkehrsordnung mit Verkehrsschildern oder etwas moderner durch Verkehrsleitsysteme), gesetzliche Regelungen (Gurtpflicht, Telefonierverbot), Verkehrsüberwachung und straßenbauliche Maßnahmen.

Die konstruktiven Sicherheitseinrichtungen moderner Automobile lassen sich grundsätzlich in zwei verschiedene Bereiche gliedern. Passive Sicherheitseinrichtungen sollen die Folgen eines Unfalls mildern. Dazu zählen beispielsweise der Sicherheitsgurt, die Sicherheitskopfstütze, der Gurtstraffer, der Airbag, der Überrollbügel, deformierbare Lenkräder mit ausklinkbaren Lenksäulen, die Knautschzone, der Seitenaufprallschutz sowie konstruktive Maßnahmen zum Unfallgegnerschutz. Aktive Sicherheitseinrichtungen sollen einen Unfall verhindern oder in seiner Schwere herabsetzen. Beispiele hierfür sind das Antiblockiersystem (ABS) sowie das elektronische Stabilitätsprogramm (ESP).

Zu den persönlichen Maßnahmen zählen Verhaltensweisen wie eine defensive Fahrweise, das Einhalten der Verkehrsvorschriften oder Training der Fahrzeugbeherrschung, beispielsweise bei einem Fahrsicherheitstraining. Diese sowie die Verkehrserziehung speziell für Kinder helfen das persönliche Unfallrisiko zu vermindern.

Alle Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit zusammen können dazu beitragen, dass die Zahl der bei einem Verkehrsunfall getöteten Personen reduziert wird. In den meisten Industrienationen sind die Opferzahlen seit Jahren rückläufig. In Europa spielen Verkehrsunfälle als Todesursache heute eine geringere Rolle als vor einigen Jahrzehnten, die Zahl der Todesopfer liegt unter den Zahlen der Drogentoten oder Suizidenten. So fielen in Deutschland, Österreich, den Niederlanden oder der Schweiz die Opferzahlen seit den 1970er-Jahren, trotz kaum rückläufiger Zahlen der Verkehrsunfälle, auf ein Drittel. 2011 ist in Deutschland die Zahl der Verkehrstoten zum ersten Mal seit 20 Jahren wieder gestiegen, in Österreich und der Schweiz allerdings auf dem historisch tiefsten Stand.

Nach längerer freiwilliger Aktion wurde das Fahren mit eingeschaltetem Licht am Tag in Österreich am 15. November 2005 verpflichtend eingeführt und 2007 auch per Strafe eingefordert. Zum 1. Januar 2008 wurde die Lichtpflicht allerdings wieder abgeschafft. Ziel dieser Kampagne war es, die menschlichen Sinneseindrücke auf die Gefahrenquellen zu fokussieren und damit die Zahl der Verkehrstoten zu verringern. Schätzungen des Bundesministeriums zufolge wurden jährlich 15 Verkehrstote weniger erwartet. Allerdings zeigte sich nicht der erwartete Effekt, da vermehrt die Aufmerksamkeit von unbeleuchteten Gefahrenquellen (Hindernisse oder andere Verkehrsteilnehmer z. B. Fußgänger) weg zu den bewegten und beleuchteten Fahrzeugen gelenkt wurde. Auch in Norwegen wurden in den Jahren nach der Einführung der Lichtpflicht 1985 deutlich mehr Verkehrstote gezählt als in den Jahren davor. Trotzdem wird in einigen Ländern (etwa Deutschland) weiterhin die Einführung einer solchen Maßnahme in Erwägung gezogen.

Autonomes Fahren

Sowohl Automobilbauer und Zulieferbetriebe als auch Unternehmen aus der IT-Branche (insbesondere Google und Uber) forschen und entwickeln am autonom fahrenden Kraftfahrzeug (meist Pkw). . Erfahrungen amerikanischer Autoversicherungen würden nahelegen, dass bereits die Anzeigen der Assistenz-Sensorik das Unfallrisiko senken können. Auch wird die Ansicht vertreten, dass ein gewisses Maß an Unsicherheit den Erfolg autonomer Automobile nicht verhindern wird.

Das "Wiener Übereinkommen über den Straßenverkehr" von 1968 verbot lange Zeit autonome Automobile, wurde jedoch Mitte Mai 2014 von der UN geändert, so dass  Davor schrieb es unter anderem vor, dass jedes in Bewegung befindliche Fahrzeug einen Fahrer haben und dieser das Fahrzeug auch beherrschen muss. Zu klären sind insbesondere Fragen bezüglich des Haftungsrechts bei Unfällen, wenn technische Assistenzsysteme das Fahren übernehmen. Im bisher dem Fortschritt zugeneigten Kalifornien, das lange Zeit liberale Regelungen für autonome Automobile hatte, wurde 2014 die gesetzliche Situation jedoch verschärft – jetzt muss immer ein Mensch am Steuer sitzen, der "jederzeit eingreifen kann". Einer Studie des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie zufolge rechnet man damit, dass zumindest die Automatisierung einiger Fahrfunktionen bis spätestens 2020 technisch realisierbar sein werden, während fahrerlose Fahrzeuge auf öffentlichen Straßen erst weit später zu erwarten seien.

Auch Fahrzeuge ohne Lenkrad, Bremse und Gaspedal werden erprobt. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Verkehrskonzepte wie ein erweitertes Car Sharing diskutiert: Man bucht das Auto übers Internet und steigt bei Bedarf zu. Keiner der Insassen benötigt eine Fahrerlaubnis.

Kosten

Kosten für den Fahrzeughalter
Die Gesamtbetriebskosten eines Autos setzen sich zusammen aus Fixkosten (auch "Unterhaltskosten" genannt) und variablen Kosten (auch "Betriebskosten" genannt), hinzu kommt der Wertverlust des Autos. Die Kosten werden von vielen Menschen unterschätzt.

Fixkosten
Die Fixkosten fallen unabhängig von der jährlichen Kilometerleistung an. Sie setzen sich im Wesentlichen zusammen aus der Kraftfahrzeugsteuer, den obligatorischen Kraftfahrzeug-Haftpflichtversicherungen, in vielen Ländern eines zwangsweisen Mautbeitrags sowie sporadisch vorgeschriebenen Technischen Prüfungen.

Daneben können freiwillige Zusatzversicherungen abgeschlossen werden, wie eine Kaskoversicherung sowie weitere Versicherungen oder zusätzliche versicherungsähnliche Leistungen, welche die Automobilclubs bei einer Mitgliedschaft anbieten.

Betriebskosten
Die Betriebskosten hängen weitgehend von der jährlichen Kilometerleistung ab. Es entstehen Aufwände für den Energieverbrauch (bei Verbrennungsmotoren ist das der Kraftstoffverbrauch), den Ersatz von Verschleißteilen (insbesondere Autoreifen), sowie für weitere Wartung und ggf. außerplanmäßige Reparaturen. Die Wartung ist je nach Zeit und Kilometern erforderlich. Typische Zeitintervalle liegen bei 1 bis 2 Jahren, typische Kilometerintervalle bei 10.000 km bis 30.000 km. Werden die Wartungsintervalle nicht eingehalten, kann das zu Schwierigkeiten mit Garantieansprüchen bei Defekten führen.
Je nach individuellem Wunsch entstehen Kosten für die Fahrzeugreinigung.

Nicht direkt kilometerabhängig sind Park- und Mautgebühren.

Anschaffungskosten
Der Kaufpreis verringert sich sofort als Wertverlust auf den jeweiligen, zeitabhängigen Verkehrswert, während beim Leasing ein ähnlicher Verlust durch Zinszahlungen entsteht.

Beispielwerte
Statistisches Bundesamt und ADAC veröffentlichen vierteljährlich einen Autokosten-Index. Dieser gibt an, um wie viel Prozent sich verschiedene Kostenbestandteile verteuert oder verbilligt haben.

Der ADAC veröffentlicht eine Voll-Kalkulation für Neuwagen, eingeteilt in 6 Klassen (Stand: 04/2018):
 Kleinstwagen: Citroen C1 VTi 72 Start: 321 €/Monat
 Kleinwagen: Dacia Sandero SCe 75 Essential: 318 €/Monat
 Untere Mittelklasse: Dacia Logan MCV Sce 75 Access: 323 €/Monat
 Mittelklasse: Skoda Octavia 1.2 TSI Active: 502 €/Monat
 Obere Mittelklasse: Skoda Superb Combi 1.6 TDI Active: 614 €/Monat
 Oberklasse: Porsche 911 Carrera Coupé: 1357 €/Monat
Angeführt ist das jeweils günstigste Modell jeder Klasse.

Von der Allgemeinheit getragene Kosten
Der Pkw-Verkehr bringt externe Kosten, insbesondere im Bereich Umweltverschmutzung und Unfallfolgekosten, mit sich. Viele der dabei betrachteten Größen sind kaum bzw. nur sehr ungefähr zu quantifizieren, weshalb verschiedene Publikationen zum Thema unterschiedlich hohe externe Kosten benennen.

Eine Studie aus dem Jahr 2022 kommt zu dem Schluss, dass jeder Autofahrer im Jahr mit Rund 5.000 Euro von der Allgemeinheit subventioniert wird. Einbezogen wurden zehn verschiedene soziale oder externe Kostenarten, darunter Luftverschmutzung, Lärmbelastung, Schaffung und Erhalt der Straßeninfrastruktur, Parken im öffentlichen Straßenraum und Kosten des Klimawandels.

Gemäß Umweltbundesamt betrugen die externen Kosten im Straßenverkehr in Deutschland im Jahr 2005 insgesamt 76,946 Mrd. Euro, wovon 61,2 Mrd. auf den Personen- und 15,8 Mrd. auf den Güterverkehr entfielen. Die Unfallkosten machten dabei 52 % (entspricht 41,7 Mrd. Euro) der externen Kosten aus. Das Umweltbundesamt berechnete 2007, dass Pkw in Deutschland durchschnittlich etwa 3 Cent pro Kilometer an Kosten für Umwelt und Gesundheit verursachen, die hauptsächlich durch Luftverschmutzung entstehen. Das ergibt rechnerisch Kosten von 3000 Euro für einen Pkw mit 100.000 Kilometern Laufleistung. Für Lkw betragen diese Kosten sogar 17 Cent pro Kilometer. Diese externen Kosten werden nicht oder nur teilweise durch den Straßenverkehr getragen, sondern u. a. durch Steuern sowie Krankenkassen- und Sozialversicherungsbeiträge finanziert. Die Kostenunterdeckung des Straßenverkehrs (also alle durch den Straßenverkehr direkt und indirekt verursachten Kosten abzüglich aller im Zusammenhang mit dem Straßenverkehr geleisteten Steuern und Abgaben) beziffert das Umweltbundesamt für das Jahr 2005 auf rund 60 Mrd. Euro.

Der österreichische Pkw-Verkehr trug im Jahr 2000 nur einen Teil der von ihm verursachten Kosten: Ein großer Teil der Kosten für die Errichtung und Erhaltung der Straßen sowie der Sekundärkosten wie Unfall- und Umweltkosten (Lärm, Luftschadstoffe) aller Verkehrsteilnehmer werden von der Allgemeinheit übernommen. Während der Pkw-Verkehr für 38 % der durch ihn verursachten Kosten aufkam, trugen Busse die eigenen Kosten zu 10 % und Lkw zu 21 %.

Das Handbuch über die externen Kosten des Verkehrs der Europäischen Union bezifferte 2019 die wirtschaftlichen Kosten einer 20.000 km langen Autofahrt wie folgt:

 900 € für Unfallkosten
 142 € für die Kosten der Luftverschmutzung
 236 € für die Kosten des Klimawandels
 236 € für die Auswirkungen der Lärmbelästigung
 76 € für die Produktionskosten
 110 € für den Verlust von Lebensraum

Auswirkungen der Automobilisierung

Wirtschaft
Der Pkw-Verkehr ist Forschungsgegenstand der Volkswirtschaft, namentlich der Verkehrswissenschaft. Das Automobil als industrielles Massenprodukt hat den Alltag der Menschheit verändert. Seit dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts hat es mehr als 2.500 Unternehmen gegeben, die Automobile produzierten. Viele Unternehmen, die im 19. Jahrhundert Eisenwaren oder Stahl produzierten, fingen Mitte des Jahrhunderts mit der Fertigung von Waffen oder Fahrrädern an und entwickelten so die Kenntnisse, die Jahrzehnte später im Automobilbau benötigt wurden.

Heute gibt es neben den großen Herstellern viele kleine Betriebe, die als Automanufaktur zumeist exklusive Fahrzeuge produzieren, beispielsweise Morgan (GB).

Verkehr

Die Bedeutung des Automobils basiert neben der vergleichsweise hohen physischen Leistungsfähigkeit des Systems auch auf der hohen Freizügigkeit in den Nutzungsmöglichkeiten bezüglich der Transportaufgaben und der Erschließung räumlicher bzw. geografischer Bereiche. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert gab es nur wenige Fortbewegungsmittel, zum Beispiel die Kutsche oder das Pferd. Die Verbreitung der Eisenbahn steigerte zwar die Reisegeschwindigkeit, aber man war an Fahrpläne und bestimmte Haltepunkte gebunden. Mit dem Fahrrad stand ab Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts erstmals ein massentaugliches Individualverkehrsmittel zur Verfügung, allerdings ermöglichte erst das Automobil individuelle motorisierte Fortbewegung sowie den flexiblen und schnellen Transport auch größerer Lasten. In den 1960er Jahren herrschte eine regelrechte Euphorie, woraus eine vorherrschende Meinung entstand, der gesamte Lebensraum müsse der Mobilität untergeordnet werden ("Autogerechte Stadt"). Schon in den 1970er Jahren wurden einige solche Projekte jedoch gestoppt. Die Emissionen aus dem Verkehr steigen auch im Jahre 2011 immer noch und im Gegensatz zu den Brennstoffen können die vereinbarten Ziele zum Klimaschutz bei den Treibstoffen (in der Schweiz) nicht erfüllt werden.

Zum 1. Januar 2004 waren in Deutschland 49.648.043 Automobile zugelassen. Im Vergleich mit Fußgängern und Fahrrädern, aber auch mit Bussen und Bahnen hat das Auto einen höheren Platzbedarf. Insbesondere in Ballungsgebieten führt dies zu Problemen durch Staus und Bedarf an öffentlichen Flächen, wodurch sich einige der Vorteile des Automobils auflösen.

Der Güterverkehr auf der Straße ist ein elementarer Bestandteil der heutigen Wirtschaft. So erlaubt es die Flexibilität der Nutzfahrzeuge, leicht verderbliche Waren direkt zum Einzelhandel oder zum Endverbraucher zu bringen. Mobile Baumaschinen übernehmen heute einen großen Teil der Bauleistungen. Die Just-in-time-Produktion ermöglicht einen schnelleren Bauablauf. Beton wird in Betonwerken gemischt und anschließend mit Fahrmischern zur Baustelle gebracht, mobile Betonpumpen ersparen den Gerüst- oder Kranbau.

Umwelt und Gesundheit

Der massenhafte Betrieb von Verbrennungsmotoren in Autos führt zu Umweltproblemen, einerseits lokal durch Schadstoffemissionen, die je nach Stand der Technik vielfach vermeidbar sind, andererseits global durch den systembedingten CO2-Ausstoß, der zur Klimaerwärmung beiträgt.

Die Luftverschmutzung durch die Abgase der Verbrennungsmotoren nimmt, gerade in Ballungsräumen, oft gesundheitsschädigende Ausmaße an (Smog, Feinstaub). Die Kraftstoffe der Motoren beinhalten giftige Substanzen wie Xylol, Toluol, Benzol sowie Aldehyde. Noch giftigere Bleizusätze sind zumindest in Europa und den USA nicht mehr üblich.

Allein in Deutschland sterben jährlich 11.000 Menschen infolge von Luftverschmutzung durch den Straßenverkehr; Todesfälle, die potentiell vermieden werden könnten. Diese Zahl ist 3,5 Mal so hoch wie die Zahl der Todesopfer durch Unfälle.

Auch der überwiegend vom Automobil verursachte Straßenlärm schädigt die Gesundheit. Hinzu kommt, dass das Autofahren, besonders über längere Zeit, teilweise mit Bewegungsmangel verbunden sein kann.

Über die Folgen, welche vom massenhaften Reifenverschleiß ausgehen, ist bisher erst wenig bekannt. Ein großer Teil davon wird mit dem Regen in die Oberflächengewässer gespült. Durch das freigesetzte Ozonschutzmittel 6PPD können Fischsterben verursacht werden.

Der Verbrauch von Mineralöl, einem fossilen Energieträger zum Betrieb konventioneller Automobile erzeugt einen CO2-Ausstoß und trägt damit zum Treibhauseffekt bei.

Nach Planungen der EU-Kommission sollen bis zum Jahr 2050 Autos mit Verbrennungskraftmaschinenantrieb aus den Innenstädten Europas gänzlich verbannt werden. Inzwischen will das EU-Parlament den Verkauf von Neuwagen mit Verbrennungsmotor ab 2035 verbieten. Die EU-Umweltminister hingegen, wollen ab 2035 nur noch Neuwagen ohne CO2-Emissionen zuzulassen.

Der Flächenverbrauch für Fahrzeuge und Verkehrswege verringert den Lebensraum für Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen.
Das Platz- und Parkplatzproblem der Ballungsgebiete zeigte sich bereits in den 1920er Jahren und schon 1929 verfolgte der deutsche Ingenieur und Erfinder Engelbert Zaschka in Berlin den Ansatz des zerlegbaren Zaschka-Threewheelers (Faltauto). Dieses Stadtauto-Konzept hatte das Ziel, kostengünstig und raumsparend zu sein, indem sich das Fahrzeug nach Gebrauch zusammenklappen ließ.

Die Fertigung von Automobilen verbraucht darüber hinaus erhebliche Mengen an Rohstoffen, Wasser und Energie. Greenpeace geht von einem Wasserverbrauch von 20.000 l für einen Mittelklassewagen aus. Die Zeitschrift Der Spiegel berechnete 1998 für die Herstellung eines Pkw der oberen Mittelklasse (etwa Mercedes E-Klasse) gar 226.000 l Wasser. Die Wasserwirtschaft sieht branchenpositive 380.000 l für ein Fahrzeug als notwendig an.
Das Automobil wird derzeit (2013) zu 85 Prozent recycelt und zu 95 Prozent verwertet. Bei metallischen Bestandteilen beträgt die Recyclingquote 97 Prozent.

Einen Überblick zur Umweltfreundlichkeit von jeweils aktuellen Pkw-Modellen veröffentlicht der Verkehrsclub Deutschland (VCD) jährlich in der Auto-Umweltliste.

Zu den Gefahren des Kraftfahrzeugverkehrs beziehungsweise zu den durch dessen Umwelteinwirkungen verursachten Kosten siehe die Kapitel Sicherheit bzw. Externe Kosten.

Soziale Auswirkungen
Die verbreitete Verwendung des Autos verändert die sozialen Räume – u. a. wurden folgende Auswirkungen in der Schweiz beklagt:
 Kinder können immer seltener unbeaufsichtigt auf der Straße spielen;
 Freizeit-Orte liegen weiter entfernt als früher;
 folglich weniger spontane körperliche Betätigung, sowie zum Beispiel eine Halbierung der Nutzung des Fahrrades bei jungen Schweizern innerhalb von 20 Jahren.
Die gesamte kindliche Entwicklung wird beeinflusst.

Pkw-Verbrauchskennzeichnungsverordnung

Seit 1. Dezember 2011 müssen in Deutschland Neuwagen mit einer Energieverbrauchskennzeichnung versehen werden. Die Klassen reichen von A+ bis G. Der Verbrauch wird auf das Fahrzeuggewicht bezogen, womit Vergleiche nur innerhalb einer Gewichtsklasse möglich sind. Dass ein leichterer Wagen bei gleicher Benotung weniger Energie für einen Transport benötigt als ein schwererer Wagen, ist an dem Label nicht erkennbar.

Interessenverbände in Deutschland
In Deutschland sind eine Reihe von Verbänden entstanden, die anfangs Dienstleistungen für Autofahrer auf Gegenseitigkeit organisierten, vor allem Pannenhilfe. Heute arbeiten sie zunehmend auch als Lobby-Verbände und vertreten die Interessen der Autofahrer und der Automobilindustrie gegenüber Politik, Industrie und Medien.

Bereits 1899 wurde der Automobilclub von Deutschland (AvD) gegründet, der ein Jahr später die erste Internationale Automobilausstellung organisierte. 1911 war der Allgemeine Deutsche Automobil-Club, der ADAC, aus der 1903 gegründeten Deutschen Motorradfahrer-Vereinigung entstanden. Er ist heute mit 15 Millionen Mitgliedern Europas größter Club. Weitere Verbände in Deutschland sind der Auto Club Europa (ACE), der 1965 von Gewerkschaften gegründet wurde, sowie seit 1986 der ökologisch orientierte Verkehrsclub Deutschland (VCD), der zusätzlich auch die Interessen der anderen Verkehrsteilnehmer (Radfahrer, Fußgänger, ÖPNV-Benutzer) vertritt.

Die Interessen der Automobilhersteller und deren Zulieferunternehmen vertritt der Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA).

Forschungseinrichtungen zum Thema Automobil
 Forschungsinstitut für Kraftfahrwesen und Fahrzeugmotoren Stuttgart (FKFS)
 Institut für Kraftfahrwesen Aachen (ika) der RWTH Aachen

Statistische Wirtschaftsdaten zur Automobilproduktion

Neue Entwicklungen
Zu den neuen Entwicklungen gehören alternative Antriebe wie das Elektroauto (Elektrofahrzeug). Eine weitere Entwicklung ist das autonome Fahren (Autonomes Landfahrzeug). Durch Carsharing wechselt ein Auto vom Privatbesitz in einen Gemeinschaftsbesitz. Experimentell entwickelt werden zudem Prototypen von Flugautos.

Siehe auch

 Statussymbol
 Verkehrsmittel

Literatur
Nach Erscheinungsjahr geordnet
 Wolfgang Sachs: Die Liebe zum Automobil: Ein Rückblick in die Geschichte unserer Wünsche. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1984, ISBN 3-498-06166-6.
 Peter M. Bode, Sylvia Hamberger, Wolfgang Zängl: Alptraum Auto: Eine hundertjährige Erfindung und ihre Folgen. Raben Verlag von Wittern, 1986.
 Hannes Krall: Das Automobil oder Die Rache des kleinen Mannes: Verborgene Bedeutungen des Internationalen Golf-GTI-Treffens. DRAVA Verlags- und Druckgesellschaft, 1991, ISBN 3-85435-138-0.
 Weert Canzler: Das Zauberlehrlings-Syndrom: Entstehung und Stabilität des Automobil-Leitbildes. Edition Sigma, 1996, ISBN 3-89404-162-5.
 Arnd Joachim Garth: Das Dialogomobil: Marketing und Werbung rund um das Automobil. Berlin,  Verlag Werbweb-Berlin, 2001, ISBN 3-00-006358-7.
 Daniela Zenone: Das Automobil im italienischen Futurismus und Faschismus: Seine ästhetische und politische Bedeutung. WZB, Forschungsschwerpunkt Technik, Arbeit, Umwelt, Berlin 2002.
 Weert Canzler, Gert Schmidt (Hrsg.): Zukünfte des Automobils. Aussichten und Grenzen der autotechnischen Globalisierung. Edition Sigma, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89404-250-9.
 Hermann Knoflacher: Virus Auto. Die Geschichte einer Zerstörung. Ueberreuter Verlag, Wien 2009, ISBN 978-3-8000-7438-9.

 Larry Edsall: Automobile der Zukunft. Neue Technologien für das 21. Jahrhundert. Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft, Hamburg 2019, ISBN 978-3-7822-1342-4.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise


text:
Le Parlement du Bas-Canada est la législature de la Province du Bas-Canada de 1792 à 1838. Le parlement, situé à Québec, est constitué de trois branches : l'Assemblée législative, le Conseil législatif, et le représentant de la couronne britannique.

Histoire

Le gouvernement représentatif de type britannique fait son entrée dans la vie politique bas-canadienne à la suite de l'adoption, au Parlement de la Grande-Bretagne le , de l'Acte constitutionnel (Constitutional Act), nom abrégé d'une loi qui a pour titre formel « An Act to Repeal certain Parts of an Act, passed in the Fourtheeth Year of His Majesty's Reign, intituled, An act for making more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec, in North America; and to make further Provision for the Government of the said Province. ». Le , la loi constitutionnelle entre en vigueur par proclamation du lieutenant-gouverneur Alured Clarke, substitut du gouverneur général Guy Carleton qui se trouve à Londres depuis le mois août.

Le , le lieutenant-gouverneur proclame la division du Bas-Canada en 27 districts électoraux, dont 21 sont des comtés en milieu rural et les six autres en milieu urbain. 23 districts élisent chacun deux députés alors que les quatre autres en élisent un seul. Ces 50 élus comblent autant de sièges dans la Chambre d'assemblée, soit le minimum autorisé par la constitution.

Le , le gouvernement ordonne la tenue des premières élections générales de l'histoire de la province. Les élections se déroulent durant tout le mois de juin et se terminent le . Le , le lieutenant-gouverneur convoquant les chambres en assemblée parlementaire pour le .

Composition

Assemblée législative

L'Assemblée législative (ou la Chambre d'assemblée) du Bas-Canada est la branche représentative du peuple de la province et la seule branche élective de la législature. Les représentants que le peuple députe à cette assemblée sont élus au suffrage censitaire. La constitution du Bas-Canada accorde le droit de vote à toutes les personnes de 21 ans et plus qui rencontrent un critère de cens suffisamment bas qu'il permet, dans les faits, à la plupart des propriétaires et des locataires de la province d'exercer ce droit.

Tous les sujets britanniques de 21 ans et plus sont éligibles à la candidature aux élections. Le nombre des représentants du peuple est initialement fixé à 50, le minimum permis par la constitution.

Conseil législatif

Le Conseil législatif se compose d'un minimum de 15 conseillers nommés à vie à la discrétion du représentant de la couronne. Les conseillers doivent être sujets britanniques et avoir 21 ans ou plus.

Le , le gouverneur Carleton reçoit des instructions du Secrétaire d'État britannique responsable des colonies l'enjoignant de nommer au nouveau Conseil législatif tous les membres qui siégeaient auparavant dans le Conseil législatif constitué en 1774 et aboli par la nouvelle loi constitutionnelle de 1791

Le représentant de la couronne

La couronne britannique, représentée au pays en la personne d'un gouverneur ou du lieutenant-gouverneur envoyé par Londres, sanctionne les lois adoptées par l'Assemblée et le Conseil.

Pouvoirs
L'article II de la constitution du Bas-Canada attribue au parlement le pouvoir « de faire des lois pour la tranquillité, le bonheur et le bon gouvernement » de la province, dès lors que les dites lois « ne répugn[ent] point » à la constitution.

Processus législatif

Lieu de réunion

L'édifice qui abrite le parlement se situe à Québec, la capitale de la province, et se nomme lHôtel du Parlement. La province loue d'abord le Palais épiscopal de Québec (ou Palais de l'Évêque), c'est-à-dire la résidence de l'évêque catholique dans le diocèse de Québec. Le palais se situe sur la rue de la Montagne dans la Haute-Ville. Construit sur une pente, une partie de l'édifice comprend trois étages (sud-est) alors que les autres n'en ont que deux.

La Chambre d'assemblée loge dans la chapelle, pièce qui fait 65 pieds sur 36. Les chambres des commissions (ou comités) et la bibliothèque de l'assemblée sont dans des pièces adjacentes. Le Conseil législatif tient ses séances dans un appartement au deuxième étage. Les chambres de ses commissions et sa bibliothèque sont sur le même étage. Le Conseil exécutif, divers bureaux rattachés à l'administration logent également dans le palais.

En 1826, un comité de la Chambre d'assemblée entreprend de négocier avec l'archevêque  Bernard-Claude Panet pour rénover l'édifice et l'acheter définitivement en échange d'une rente perpétuelle de mille louis.  Panet se dit d'accord pour les rénovations mais pas pour l'abandon de l'évêché et de son terrain. La demande de cession et d'aliénation de la propriété est reformulée à nouveau en 1829 et le ,  Panet accepte finalement l'offre. Un contrat est passé à cet effet le .

Les travaux d'excavation débutent le  et en  la chapelle de l'évêché est démolie pour faire place au corps principal de l'Hôtel du Parlement, qui abrite les deux chambres et les bureaux du gouvernement jusqu'à la suspension des pouvoirs de la législature du Bas-Canada en 1838. Les travaux sont effectués sous la direction de l'architecte Louis-Thomas Berlinguet à partir du . De l'ancien édifice, seule reste l'aile sud-est, qui loge entre autres le musée du sculpteur et doreur Pierre Chasseur. Cette aile est finalement détruite en 1851 lorsque l'Hôtel du Parlement est de nouveau rénové pour accueillir le Parlement du Canada-Uni (alors à Toronto), jusqu'à ce qu'il soit incendié en 1854.

 Notes

 Bibliographie
 ANQ. « Chronologie parlementaire depuis 1791 », dans le site de l'''Assemblée nationale du Québec, , 2009
 ANQ. « Les parlementaires depuis 1792 », dans le site de lAssemblée nationale du Québec, , 2008
 Francis-Joseph Audet. Les députés au premier Parlement du Bas-Canada (1792-1796), Montréal : Éditions des Dix, 1946, 316 p. (en ligne)
 Damase Potvin. Aux fenêtres du Parlement de Québec : histoire, traditions, coutumes, usages, procédures, souvenirs, anecdotes, commissions et autres organismes, Québec : Éditions de la Tour de pierre, 1942, pp. 49-56 (en ligne) [chapitre VI - Notre premier parlement]
 Henri Têtu. Histoire du palais épiscopal de Québec, Québec: Librairie Montmorency-Laval Pruneau & Kirouac libraires-éditeurs, 1896, 229 p. (en ligne)
 Théophile Pierre Bédard. Histoire de cinquante ans. (1791-1841.): Annales parlementaires et politiques du Bas Canada depuis la constitution jusqu'à l'union, Québec : L. Brousseau, 1869, 419 p. (en ligne)
 Parlement de la Grande-Bretagne. The Constitutional Act of the Province of Lower Canada [...], Montreal : R. Armour, 1828, 16 p. (en ligne)
 Parlement de la Grande-Bretagne. « Acte qui rappelle certaines parties d'une Acte passé dans la quatorzième année du règne de Sa Majesté [...] », dans A collection of the Acts passed in the Parliament of Great Britain and of other Public Acts relative to Canada'', Québec : P.E. Desbarats, 1824 (en ligne) [édition bilingue]


The film begins with a suspenseful premise, and with the listed talent it's easy to expect this socially relevant, cross cultural drama to deliver. However, Frontera skirts the border of cheesy melodrama and modern day western so much that it belittles the ongoing illegal immigrant message. Writer/director Michael Berry is either unqualified to distinguish between the focal point of the film or more interested in simplifying it to an extent that could pass for an episode of any weekly television series episode. There are two moments when Frontera validates itself as a western; unlike Lester Siegel's line in Argo, "If it's got horses, it's a western," that just simply isn't the case.
 The moment Roy (Harris), a former Arizona sheriff, hears a shotgun go off near his property he fears the worst as he races to his wife taking her horse for a ride. Roy and Olivia's property sits right next to the Mexican border and they constantly see illegals crossing over. When Roy arrives at his wife's bloody side, he spots Miguel (Pena) fleeing her side. Desperate to make a better life for his child, wife and baby on the way, Miguel left Mexico to cross the border and gain a job so he can provide for them. Now charged with first degree murder and no way to prove his innocence, his wife Paulina (Longoria) takes a different, more dangerous route to cross the border and find him.
 Four time Oscar nominee (and director) Ed Harris has always brought a level of integrity to every project he has worked on. Even if the film was bad or forgettable, like Tommy Lee Jones, Clint Eastwood or Meryl Streep, it was his integrity, doing character work that you remembered. Frontera is no different and survives nearly entirely due to that integrity he injects into this level headed character. Pena (Crash, End of Watch) is the other reason Frontera is mildly recommendable. The film is at its strongest when both actors share a handful of scenes.
 In the vein of films like Babel or Crash that use the struggle of varying cultures and races to speak loud volumes against an issue, Frontera is a poorly articulated example of that type of film movement. Without the star power of Harris, Pena and Longoria this wouldn't even be making it to the very limited release its receiving. Berry's attempt to show the good and bad on both sides of the border is so simplistic, and without varying degrees of that good and bad, it hurts the entire film. This person is completely good and this person is completely bad; the characters are ironically either one thing or another in a film that is preaching against that very idea.
Final Thought – Swap out the writer(s) and director and with a more intuitive person at the helm this could have been fantastic.


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Telstra's birthday present for the PM
By Adele Ferguson
June 23, 2011 — 12.30pm
The tortured $11 billion deal for Telstra to transfer its fixed-line monopoly to the National Broadband Network (NBN) was finally stitched up this morning on the eve of Julia Gillard's one-year anniversary as prime minister.
It was a deal the Gillard government had to pull off or face massive criticism after so much fanfare declaring the NBN to be part of a grand plan to build a new high-speed nation.
Telstra's share price went backwards, easing 1.3 per cent on a day when the rest of the market was off 0.5 per cent, a result more about selling on the fact and buying on speculation.
The details of this deal have been well flagged and will have no material impact on the group's financial results for 2012.
The deal signed today also included an $800 million payment to Optus for the transfer of customers on its Hybrid Fibre Coaxial Cable (HFC) to the NBN.
With Telstra and Optus firmly on board, the only remaining hurdles are the ACCC and shareholder approval, both of which are virtually guaranteed.
These near-certainties means the government will go like billyo to rollout this network so that if there is a change in government at the next elections – and the way the polls are going it seems an almost certainty - the NBN will be difficult to wind back.
The Coalition rejects Labor's $36 billion-plus fibre-to-the-home model, preferring the dramatically cheaper fibre-to-the-kerb model, which it believes would cost the nation less than $6 billion and be a lot less disruptive.
Today's deal reveals that Telstra can receive as much as $500 million in compensation if there is a permanent cessation of roll-out or very slow roll-out occurs. Compensation is not payable if the event occurs before the roll-out has reached 20 per cent of households.
This sum is a big whack of money and there could be more if Telstra believes its commercial interests need to be protected.
These interests would be through the cashflows Telstra expects to receive from the ongoing operation of its copper Customer Access Network and HFC cable broadband networks in those areas where the NBN rollout has not occurred.
Then there is the compensation that would need to be paid to the construction companies that have entered contracts with NBN to roll out the network across the country.
For Telstra the deal is good because it means they gets generous compensation to decommission its copper network and allow NBN Co to lease the telco's infrastructure to roll out its fibre-optic cable around the nation. For Optus, it too gets generous compensation for its customers.
It also forces it to have a better strategy and focus on its online business, including its 50 per cent stake in Foxtel, and its Sensis business, and its mobile 4G.
But the success of the NBN or otherwise will rest on the price once it is hooked up. Therein lies the sting. The project is estimated to cost $36 billion, but this tally could well blow out.
Australia is set for a national broadband network. The Telstra monopoly is busted up to be replaced by an expensive government monopoly. The ACCC will need to regulate this one tightly.
aferguson@fairfaxmedia.com.au


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Home Tags DuSable Museum of African American History
Tag: DuSable Museum of African American History
Chicago-Entertainment
Consider a museum experience at night this summer
crusader - June 7, 2016
This summer five South Side cultural institutions are opening their doors after regular hours during the return of Museum Campus South's Nights at the...
The DuSable Museum of African American History obtains Smithsonian Affiliation...
crusader - March 29, 2016
The DuSable Museum of African American History has been granted Smithsonian Affiliation status by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The distinction signals the...
The New 411: MONEY MAKER!
By Raymond Ward, Chicago Crusader Recently, The DuSable Museum of African American History joined forces with Chicago's iconic African American owned radio station WVON-1690 AM...
Collaboration to present 'Olympic Pride, American Prejudice'
The New 411 By Raymond Ward, Chicago Crusader The DuSable Museum of African American History and Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center (IHMEC) will host the...


If you are planning to stay in the city we recommend you visit our new hotel partner, located right on our doorstep: Titanic Hotel, Belfast.
Titanic Hotel Belfast is located opposite the Titanic Belfast. It is 650 yards from the SSE Arena.
Rooms feature an Art Deco theme throughout and are equipped with a flat-screen TV. Tea/coffee making facilities are provided in each room. Some rooms offer views of the Titanic Belfast's building and the Slipways.
The team of award winning chefs led by Nigel Mannion have crafted a unique menu for The Wolff Grill - a refined dining restaurant with views towards the spectacular Titanic Belfast building and historic slipways where Titanic and her sister ships Olympic and Britannic were constructed.
Employing the finest locally sourced ingredients, the restaurant offers a delicious menu and unique atmosphere for guests. An exclusive private dining space is available for parties and intimate gatherings. Lunch and Afternoon Tea are served in the relaxed surroundings of Drawing Office Two, prepared by the same team and from the same kitchen as The Wolff Grill.
Belfast city centre is 1.2 miles from Titanic Hotel Belfast, while the Titanic's Dock and Pump House is 0.6 miles from the property. The nearest airport is George Best Belfast City Airport, 1.9 miles from Titanic Hotel Belfast.


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Charli XCX's 'Charli' Is A Pop Album For The People
by: Julia Gray December 20, 2019
This essay is running as part of the 2019 Uproxx Music Critics Poll. Explore the results here.
I went to one of Charli XCX's New York tour stops back in October, about a month after the pop star released her latest album, Charli. It was raining and I arrived about 30 minutes before doors, my short black wig looking more frazzled librarian than Charli XCX. The line wrapped around the block twice. Fabulous young people stood in chunky boots and mesh tops, outfits that looked like they came straight out of Charli's closet.
I pledged not to move from the spot I secured by the front of the stage, alongside teens discussing homework and young adults screaming about poppers. Everybody, including me, appeared to consider themselves day-one Angels, deserving of a front-row experience. There was an aggressive energy under the enthusiasm, a stiffness among people dancing carefully enough to maintain the square foot of space they claimed. "I've been here since 11 a.m.," a girl screamed into an unmoving mass. "I just had to go to the bathroom!" No response.
When I saw Charli perform in 2018, after she released her excellent mixtape Pop 2, the vibe was notably different. Less territorial. But she didn't need a line around the block to know she was on the verge of something big. She felt it, her enduring fanbase felt it, and this year, everyone else did too.
As a longtime fan, Charli sounds like the satisfying culmination of her efforts and experimentation. Charli found her sweet spot — in vulnerability, chaos, and collaboration — and surpassed it. For newcomers, it's a welcome take on pop music, futuristic and fresh. The album is as layered and complicated as the woman behind it and the listeners consuming it. Her singular vision filters through delicate love songs, anxious confessions, and dancefloor freakouts. Glowing synths give way to grinding industrial noise, fizz, and squeaks.
Charli XCX scored her first record contract in 2010, but Charlotte Aitchison has been crafting her pop star persona for over a decade. She started out sharing tracks on MySpace and released her debut album True Romance in 2013. But she owes her earliest taste of mainstream notoriety to her show-stealing features on Icona Pop's 2012 hit "I Love It" and Iggy Azalea's "Fancy" in 2014. Her second album, Sucker, had standout tracks like "Boom Clap," which made Billboard's top 10, and "Famous," but Charli was still finding her voice. At the time, it seemed as if she was trying to meet the mainstream halfway, tempering her style to fit the mid-2010s pop landscape. Her music was catchy and different, but not too different.
In 2015, Charli started working with SOPHIE and PC Music mastermind A. G. Cook, with whom she would spend the next few years preparing her pop takeover and developing her career-defining sound with mixtapes, EPs, and one-off singles. That girly, alien electro-pop invigorated her cult following without breaking through to the mainstream. Still, she refused to conform. She believed in what she was making, the blueprint for the future of pop.
Charli's ambiguous, shifting position in pop music is a common talking point among critics and the artist herself. "I feel like I am one of the few artists who has a foothold on both mainstream Top 40 world and the more left-of-center underground world… I feel like the reason I'm there is that I can't decide sometimes," she told Pitchfork in an interview earlier this year. "Sometimes I don't understand why I'm not bigger than I am… I feel very comfortable in my section of pop. I'm beginning to feel like the people who know, know. And the people who don't? They wouldn't get it anyway."
Charli's tweets reflect this hot-and-cold relationship with mainstream affirmation. She often posts in hyperbole, fluctuating between extraordinary confidence ("omg my new music is so good. I can't even") and self-doubt ("what's the point?"). At this year's Pitchfork Festival, she called herself "one of the top 15 pop stars in the world." This is the rough median of her self-proclamations, and probably the closest to how she truly feels. But even from the outskirts of the mainstream, her influence carries. There's a crop of Charli soundalikes rising in the periphery. Charli is an underdog-turned-role model, and she's only getting started.
Charli establishes Charli as a trusted pop luminary. For the album, she recruited a diverse roster of features from all corners of the genre — big names like Lizzo and rising stars like Yaeji and Clairo, the beloved Haim sisters, dark indie darling Sky Ferreira, and the French synth-pop virtuoso Christine And The Queens, to name a few. Still, the album is unmistakably Charli's. It's an XCX world and we're just living in it. The production credits make room for the artists who've helped shape her sound, like Cook and EasyFun, as well as her pop descendents, like Umru and 100 Gecs' Dylan Brady. Now, Cook is spreading their style through the PC Music and XCX extended family, like the Jack Antonoff of left-of-center pop.
In addition to Charli, Charli helped write one of 2019's biggest songs, "Señorita' by Camila Cabello and Shawn Mendes. It's a tame song, but proof of her growing pop presence. The end of the decade seems like the perfect time for her pop reign to begin. Limp, emotionless pop has become the norm, and we're ready for something new. Something weird. We're ready to dance and feel again. There's a reason a minute-and-fifty-three-second song about a horse dominated the charts for 19 weeks this year.
Charli foresees a new era for the pop star and for pop music as a whole. She's cultivating an authentic community of fans and fellow artists. From the opening track's heavenly ode to the fast life, through the feature-packed twerk anthem "Shake It" and the lovelorn ballad "White Mercedes," Charli XCX is making pop music for the people.
Charli XCX is a Warner Music artist. Uproxx is an independent subsidiary of Warner Music Group.
Topics: #2018 Uproxx Music Critics Poll, #Best Music Of 2019Tags: 2018 Uproxx Music Critics Poll, 2019 Uproxx Music Critics Poll, Best Music Of 2019, charli, Charli XCX


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37th IVU World Vegetarian Congress
Goa, India, September 10-16, 2006
Healthy Lifestyle - Vegetarian Way!
The Intelligence, Emotion, and Personality of Nonhuman Animals
Paper presented at the 37th IVU World Vegetarian Congress
September 10-16, 2006, Goa, India
George Jacobs, Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
; www.vegetarian-society.org
With increased knowledge of the behaviour and cognitive abilities of the chicken has come the realization that the chicken is not an inferior species to be treated merely as a food source. (Leslie Rogers, 1995, p. 213)
People have many reasons to adopt a vegetarian diet, among which is compassion for our fellow animals. Vegetarians can strengthen the appeal of the compassion rationale for vegetarianism by providing evidence that other animals too display intelligence, emotion, and personality. This evidence can help convince humans that nonhuman animals are not mere objects to be used however we wish, like so many pieces of rock. Instead, nonhuman animals are thinking, feeling beings who deserve opportunities to live their lives according to their capabilities and dispositions.
The goal of this paper is to heighten the persuasive powers of vegetarians by bringing together a sampling of the growing amount of information that points to the sentience of our fellow animals. The paper is somewhat artificially divided into three sections: on intelligence, emotion, and personality. In addition to the normal list of works cited, the paper ends with other sources of further information, in hopes of making the paper as useful as possible.
Intelligence has been defined in many ways. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines it as, "the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations" (Retrieved 24 January 2006 from http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=intelligence). Gardner (1993), in a now popular view, claims that there exist many intelligences, such as verbal-linguistic, visual-spatial, interpersonal, and bodily-kinesthetic. This section of the paper presents a small sample of the evidence for intelligence in other animals.
Memory may be considered an element of intelligence. A study reported in 2001 at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, UK found that sheep can recognize the faces of as many as 50 other sheep as well as of familiar humans (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1641463.stm) and, in some cases, sheep can even recognize the faces of individuals whom they have not seen for two years Goats, cattle, and horses are believed to have similar powers. In a follow-up study reported in 2004, researchers found that sheep could also recognize differences in emotions found in the faces of sheep and humans (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/3796017.stm).
Another element of intelligence involves the ability to communicate. Although our fellow animals do not speak in the way humans do, they have many other means of communication (Pepperberg, 1991). A well-known example of communication among nonhumans are the dances that bees do to inform others about food sources: (http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/15789). The dances and the sounds the bees make communicate the direction, distance, and even the height of food sources.
Tool use
The ability to use tools was once thought to belong exclusively to humans, but now we know that other animals also use tools. Examples are chimpanzees, elephants, dolphins, crows, and woodpecker finches. For instance, researchers observed a crow who learned to moisten his own food. In the case of this crow, humans had previously moistened food before giving it to him, but when they forgot, the crow used a cup to collect water from a trough and then poured the water onto his food (http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/tools.htm).
Numeracy is another highly prized skill among humans that some other animals seem to possess to some extent. For example, research has shown that the ability to count and even to understand the concept of zero can exist among parrots: (http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0715_050715_parrotzero.html). Chimpanzees have demonstrated a similar ability.
Another cognitive capacity is the ability to feel pain, as pain can act as an important aid to learning. Not everyone agrees about which of our fellow animals can feel pain. For example, a controversy exists over whether fishes can feel pain: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3673. However, less doubt exists about the pain experienced by mammals (CIWF, 2003). For instance, in lambs, levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, increase dramatically after tail-docking, the cutting off of part of their tails. Another example occurs among chickens who become lame because, as a result of being fed growth hormones, their bodies become unnaturally heavy and their legs cannot support the abnormal weight. These chickens have been found to prefer feed that contains a pain-killer. One last example of nonhuman animals' ability to experience pain involves calves who are de-horned by the meat and dairy industries: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/prodairy/manager/2006pdf/june26.pdf#search=%22dehorn%20calves%20because%22. Dehorning is done to reduce injuries caused in part by the cramped conditions in which cows are forced to live: http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/students/J.Tatton/Meat%20and%20Suffering.pdf. After dehorning, the calves' behavior differs markedly from calves who have not been subjected to this mutilation (CIWF, 2003).
Our fellow animals experience a range of emotions (Bekoff, 2000, 2002; Darwin, 1872; Goodall, 1990; Masson, 1997; Masson & McCarthy, 1995; Thomas, 1993, 1994, 2000). Unfortunately, negative emotions may predominate among the many billions of nonhuman animals forced to live on factory farms. This section of the paper presents a sampling of the evidence in the area of emotion.
Nonhuman animals have many reasons to feel fear, given the treatment that so many of them receive from the meat industry. For example, piglets separated from their mothers squeal in a distinctive manner, attempt to escape their enclosures, and may even seem to lose interest in living (Weary & Fraser, 1997). Sheep separated from their flock experience increased heart rate (Fraser & Broom, 1997). Calves and cows attempt to avoid people, such as those in the meat industry, who have attacked them in the past, for instance, with electric prods (Hemsworth & Coleman, 1998).
Another negative emotion is frustration. Due to factory farming practices, nonhuman animals often feel frustrated, because humans stop them from performing natural behaviors. Frustration arises because the nonhuman animals know what they want to or have to do, but are unable to fulfill their desires. An example occurs with chicken who are raised for reproduction. During a particular stage in their lives, they are allowed only a few minutes a day to eat. The resulting frustration leads to hyperactivity, aggression, and other unfortunate behaviors (CIWF, 2003).
Other than fear and frustration, our fellow animals also feel positive emotions, such as pleasure. One example is seen in calves after they have learned how to open a gate to enter an area where food is available. Their heart rate rises, and they exhibit excited behavior (CIWF, 2003). Perhaps more amazing is that one researcher believes that other animals, such as chimps, dogs, and rats, do something a bit like a human laugh: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4401695.stm.
Nonhuman animals seem to be able to empathize with others. Darwin may have been one of the first scientists to write about empathy among nonhuman animals. In The Descent of Man (1871), he maintains that many nonhuman animals are capable of sympathizing with others. de Waal (2001) cites the case of a psychologist who was studying the responses of young children to the emotions of others. When visiting human children in their homes, the researcher found that the other animals in the home, such as cats, responded as much as did the children, for example, cats would stay near to someone in distress and put their heads in the laps of those who were suffering.
Research with rats and primates, reported by de Waal (2001), offers further evidence that nonhuman animals react to the pain of others. When rats received food pellets for pressing a lever, they would at least temporarily stop pressing the lever when they saw other rats in distress. Similarly, when one rat saw another in an uncomfortable situation, the viewing rat would press a lever to change the other's circumstances. In a related study with monkeys, participants refused to pull a chain that would bring them food when they saw that pulling the chain caused another monkey to receive a shock.
In addition to laboratory studies, many examples of empathy can be found among nonhuman animals in nature. Here are a few examples:
a. All lions in a pride look after all the young, not just their own offspring (http://www.animalsentience.com/whatis_altruism.htm)
b. Breeding birds receive help raising their young from helper birds, who protect nests from predators and help feed the fledglings (http://www.animalsentience.com/whatis_altruism.htm)
c. Bees sacrifice themselves to save their hive (http://www.animalsentience.com/whatis_altruism.htm)
d. Vampire bats regularly regurgitate blood and donate it to other members of their group who have failed to feed that night, ensuring they do not starve (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological)
e. Vervet monkeys give alarm calls to warn fellow monkeys of the presence of predators, even though in doing so they attract attention to themselves, increasing their own chance of being attacked (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological)
f. Dolphins support sick or injured compatriots, and even humans, swimming under them for hours at a time and pushing them to the surface so they can breathe (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism_in_animals)
Siebert (2006) reports the emergence of a new field of psychology, known as animal personality. Researchers in this and related fields have found that our fellow animals exhibit a wide variety of capabilities and behaviors that were once thought to be the exclusive domain of humans. An Animal Personality Institute has been established (http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/group/animpersinst/APIhomepage.html). The institute's website contains a list of researchers and organization in this area, as well as a bibliography of works on the personalities of our fellow animals.
The institute's founder, Sam Gosling, began his work in the area after reading about personality among octopi. His first project was to give a modified personality measurement instrument used with humans to four people who worked with a group of hyenas. Gosling and John (1999) found that the people were able to use the instrument to attribute different personalities to each of the hyenas. After repeating the study with other species, Gosling and John (1999, p. 69) concluded that:
Scientists have been reluctant to ascribe personality traits, emotion and cognitions to animals, even though they readily accept that the anatomy and physiology of humans is similar to that of animals. Yet there is nothing in evolutionary theory to suggest that only physical traits are subject to selection pressures.
While, on one hand, some scientists may criticize Gosling and others who try to link our fellow animals and humans, on the other hand, what Siebert (2006) calls a "duh factor" often exists among humans who have spent large amounts of time with other animals. In other words, to many humans, especially ones who have a close relationship with individual nonhuman animals, it seems obvious that at least some species of our fellow animals think, feel, and have distinct personalities. In fact, until the rise of behaviorist psychology in the middle of the last century, many scientists agreed with Gosling's view, Darwin (1872) being an example.
One aspect of personality involves being a separate individual onto oneself, i.e., having a separate self. Irvine (2004) outlines four characteristics of self - agency, coherence, affectivity, and self-history - and explains how other animals possess these. These characteristics are important because they provide evidence of the selfhood of our fellow animals without them having to speak, at least not in the typical human sense of that term. Below, each of the four aspects of self is explained.
Agency involves deciding which actions to take, rather than being acted upon or acting in a pre-programmed manner. We see other animals exhibit agency when they interact with others of their species and when they search for food. A second characteristic of self is coherence, which means understanding oneself as an individual separate from others. One place we see evidence of coherence is when other animals hide. They may be prey hiding from predators or predators hiding in hopes of attacking unknowing prey.
Affectivity is a characteristic of self that has two main dimensions: emotion and vitality affects. While nonhuman animals may not have the range of facial expressions that humans possess, as discussed earlier in this paper, they do seem to exhibit many of the same emotions. For example, Irvine (2004) describes the grief that he witnessed in a female cat. The female and a male cat had formed a very close bond, sleeping, eating, and playing together. When the male died, the female grieved for an extended period of time, becoming withdrawn and disinterested in activities that had previously captured her attention. She would search for her friend, and failing to find him, stopped eating for a few days. This grieving continued until the cat moved to a new home.
A second aspect of affectivity involves what Bruner and Kalmar (1998) call "vitality affects." They explain that vitality effects concern a being's mood and zest for living. Thus, being lethargic, i.e., without much vitality, is one example of a vitality affect. In other words, the personalities of particular individuals manifest themselves in the way that they move and carry themselves.
The fourth characteristic of self is self-history, i.e., memory for what has happened to oneself in the past. This memory supplies meaning to the objects, places, individuals, and events of one's life. For instance, certain objects evoke certain emotions based on memory of past experiences, such as sheep may ignore most passing vehicles but come running when then see the vehicle which brings them food.
Anthropomorphism - Yes
Some critics of the ideas presented in this paper contend that those who credit other animals with intelligence, emotion, and personality are engaged in unwarranted anthropomorphism: giving human characteristics to nonhuman animals or to objects. These critics argue that we are superimposing a human frame of reference onto other animals in inappropriate ways. However, Irvine (2004) explains that anthropomorphism is actually a continuum, rather than an all-or-nothing attribution. To represent one end of the continuum, de Waal coined the term anthropodenial for the view that our fellow animals are very much different from us (Foster, 2001).
When vegetarians try to convince fellow humans that we should not eat other animals because these other animals, like us, possess intelligence, feel emotions, and have personalities, we are not saying that these characteristics are necessarily the same in other animals as they are in humans. Furthermore, a great deal of variation exists among different nonhuman animals. Perhaps, we can find a point somewhere in the middle of the anthropomorphism continuum. As Irvine (2004, p. 5) explains, this middle point, "[I]nvolves informed, systematic interaction with and observation of animals known as 'critical' or 'interpretive' anthropomorphism."
Research into the intelligence, emotion, and personality of our fellow animals constitutes a growing field, with exciting new evidence emerging every year. Few of us are in a position to actually take part in this research. However, all vegetarians can play a crucial role in disseminating the results of the research. That has been the goal of this paper, for I believe that this research, along with humans' own personal experience with our fellow animals, offers strong grounds for the ending of human consumption of other animals.
In conclusion, please allow me to make two recommendations to those kind readers who have ventured this far into the paper:
Be alert for further news of research into the intelligence, emotion, and personality of our fellow animals. The web sites mentioned here are among the many excellent resources. While some difficult technical terms and concepts will be encountered, the basics are not difficult to grasp with some effort.
Share what you learn with others, vegetarians and non-vegetarians alike. This can be done via such means as word-of-mouth, email, newsletter, vegetarian society websites, posters, video showings, and talks. Let us show the bright side of human intelligence and emotion by bringing out the hard-working side of our personality to help our fellow animals.
I have no doubt that it is a part of the destiny of the human race, in its gradual improvement, to leave off eating animals (Henry David Thoreau, 1854, ch. 11)
Bekoff, M. (Ed.) (2000). The smile of a dolphin: Remarkable accounts of animal emotions. New York: Random House/Discovery.
Bekoff, M. (Ed.) (2000). Minding animals: Awareness, emotions, and heart. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruner, J., & Kalmar, D. A. (1998). Narrative and metanarrative in the construction of self. In M. Ferrari & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.). Self-awareness: Its nature and development (pp. 308-331). New York: Guilford.
CIWF (Compassion in World Farming). (2003). Stop - look - listen: Recognising the sentience of farm animals. Petersfield, Hampshire: Author. Also available online at http://www.ciwf.org.uk/publications/animal_sentience.html.
Darwin, C. [1871] (1998). The descent of man. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Darwin, C. [1872] (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. (2001, October 26). Do humans alone 'feel your pain'? Chronicle of Higher Education, B7. Retrieved 23 January 2006, from http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i09/09b00701.htm.
Foster, (2001, April 8). Are you in antropodenial? New York Times on the Web. Retrieved 23 January 2006, from http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/reviews/010408.08fostert.html.
Fraser, A. F., & Broom, D. M. (1997). Farm animal behaviour and welfare. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences (2nd ed.). NY: Basic Books.
Goodall, J. (1990). Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gosling, S. D., & John, O. P. (1999). Personality dimensions in non-human animals: A cross-species review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 69-75. Retrieved 23 January 2006, from http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/faculty/Gosling/reprints/CDPS99Xspeciesreview.pdf.
Hemsworth, P. H., & Coleman, G. J. (1998). Human-livestock interactions: The stockperson and productivity and welfare of intensively farmed animals. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing.
Irvine, L. (2004). A model of animal selfhood: Expanding interactionist possibilities. Symbolic Interaction, 27(1), 3-21.
Masson, J. M. (1997). Dogs never lie about love: Reflections on the emotional world of dogs. New York: Three Rivers/Crown.
Masson, J. M., & McCarthy, S. (1995). When elephants weep: The emotional lives of animals. New York: Delta.
Pepperberg, I. (1991). A communicative approach to animal cognition: A study of conceptual abilities of an African Grey Parrot. In C. A. Ristau (Ed.), Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals (pp. 153-186). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Rogers, L. J. (1995). The development of brain and behaviour in the chicken. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
Siebert, C. (2006, January 22). The animal self. New York Times Magazine, retrieved January 22, 2006, from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/magazine/22animal.html?emc=eta1&pagewanted=print
Thomas, E. M. (1993). The hidden life of dogs. New York: Houghton Miffline.
Thomas, E. M. (1994). The tribe of tiger: Cats and their culture. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Thoreau, H. D. (1854). Walden. Retrieved 26 January 2006, from http://www.online-literature.com/thoreau/walden
Weary, D. M., & Fraser, D. (1997). Vocal response of piglets to weaning: Effect of piglet age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 54, 153-160.
Other Recommended Sources
Adams, C. J., & Donavan, J. (Eds.) (1995). Animals & women: Feminist theoretical explorations. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Animal Cognition & Learning website: http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/default.htm
Animal Sentience website: http://www.animalsentience.com
Barber, T. X. (1993). The human nature of birds. NY: St. Martin's Press.
Bonner, J. T. (1980). The evolution of culture in animals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cromie, W. J. (2002, March 14). Scientists think that animals think. Harvard University Gazette. Retrieved January 24, 2006, from http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/03.14/01-thinking.html.
Dawkins, M. S. (1998). Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. (1989). Peacemaking among primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. (1997). Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. (2001). The ape and the sushi master. New York: Basic Books
de Waal, F. B. M., & Tyack, P. L. (Eds.). (2003). Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture, and individualized societies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
Dunayer, J. (2001). Animal equality: Language and liberation. Derwood, MD: Ryce Publishing.
Dunayer, J. (2004). Speciesism. Derwood, MD: Ryce Publishing.
Hauser, M. (2000). Wild minds: What animals really think. New York: Henry Holt.
International Vegetarian Union website: www.ivu.org.
Sanders, C. R., & Arluke, A. (1993). If lions could speak: Investigating the animal- human relationship and the perspectives of nonhuman others. Sociological Quarterly 34, 377-390.
Singer, P. (Eds.). (2006). In defense of animals: The second wave. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
United Poultry Concerns website: http://www.upc-online.org.
Vegan Outreach website: www.veganoutreach.org.
Webster, J. (1995). Animal welfare: A cool eye towards Eden. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Wynne, C. D. L. (2001). Animal cognition: The mental lives of animals. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wynne, C. D. L. (2004). Do animals think? Princeton, NJ: Princeton Un
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More and more hacking attacks and data leaks are being reported and the perpetrators are exposing or selling customer data files in record numbers. But just like with any business threat, there are actions you can take to minimize the risk and ensure your business retains a positive reputation with customers.
1. Stop using the same password everywhere. Set a policy for all staff that passwords must be unique for each user and for your workplace. That means it can't be like the one on their home PC, tablet or online banking. Passwords are hacked more than ever, so consider using a pass phrase that isn't as easily hacked. If remembering them is an issue consider using a password management tool.
2. Go on a shredding spree. How much sensitive data do you just throw out in the bin? People often easily take valuable customer data straight out of the bins of small businesses and quickly sell or publish it. It only take 5 seconds to run documents through the shredder or if you have a large amount of document consider using a secure shredding company.
3. Ditch the accounting spreadsheets. Still using an Excel doc for all your financial calculations? As well as making your accountant's job harder (and more expensive for you), you are opening your business to a massive range of vulnerabilities. Even password protected spreadsheets aren't designed to safeguard your financials or those of your clients. Contact your accountant to assist you to upgrade to a proper accounting solution with built-in customer data protections and security guarantees.
4. Train staff explicitly. Don't just rely on common sense because what you think is a given is an unknown to someone else. It is recommended to hold special data-safety training sessions once or twice a year as a reminder and don't forget to train new staff into the way things are done.
5. Limit access to data. Just like the guard at your local bank, you can limit who accesses your data. Revoke employee access as soon as they leave your business and set rules around who can access what – and when. Do they need access to sensitive information while working from home? Should they be able to edit files or only view them? Do they really need access to that folder?
6. Keep your software updated. Having out-dated software can be an open invitation for cyber-criminals. They look for known weaknesses in business software and walk right in. While the nagging pop-ups and reminders to update software can feel like a selling ploy, they're actually helping your business to stay in safe. Updated software closes off those holes and gives you protection against new viruses, hacking techniques and known weaknesses.
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Jim Newsom
Jim Newsom is well known throughout southeastern Virginia as a diversely talented singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. He's led rock, jazz and acoustic bands, most recently with the duo Mountaintide, with whom he recorded and released two albums of original material as well as a CD of children's music. The most recent recording, Coffee & Fried Steak, came out in June, 2017. Their first CD, Dancing in the Sun, was released in June 2015, followed by the children's album, Away We Go, in November 2015.
Jim's original songs cover a wide range of styles and touch on a diverse range of subject matter: The environmental anthem "Open Spaces," the wistful beauty of "Virginia," the summer memories of "Talking Like Horses," the journey up "460 West to Blacksburg," the singalong folk song "Colors of the Rainbow," the lyrical potency of "Growing Guns on Trees."
Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Jim grew up in Suffolk, Virginia, graduating from Suffolk High School and Virginia Tech. He's been a popular musician regionally since the mid-1970s. He is also a highly regarded music writer and critic whose work has been published in the All Music Guide, PortFolio Weekly and VEER Magazine among many print and online publications. He is well known throughout the area as a popular television personality, having hosted programs on the local PBS and NPR affiliates for thirty five years.
He first played music as a youngster after picking up the basics from his sister's piano lesson books. He subsequently drove his parents crazy banging out rock and roll on the family's living room piano. In high school, he bought a flute for $25.00 from a girlfriend in the marching band, and taught himself to play by listening to the recordings of Herbie Mann and Jethro Tull. He learned guitar from a Bob Dylan songbook.
In recent years, Jim has performed at major regional festivals including Norfolk's Harborfest, Chesapeake Jubilee, Stockley Gardens Arts Festival, Seawall Art Show, Chelsea Summer Solstice Festival, the ETC Festival and the Norfolk Folk Festival. He has headlined special events like the Norfolk Harbor Party, Cultural Alliance Brew at the Zoo, D'Art Affair and Taste of Chesapeake; played concerts at the Naro Theatre, the American Theatre, Sandler Center for the Performing Arts, the Suffolk Center for Cultural Arts, the Pretlow and Slover Libraries in Norfolk, the Hampton History Museum and the Virginia Beach Central Library. He regularly performs in restaurants and coffeehouses, craft breweries and art centers, and at corporate conventions and private functions throughout southeastern Virginia from Suffolk to the Eastern Shore. He's also been featured on regional television and radio programs such as Out of the Box, Hunter at Sunrise, Acoustic Highway, the Hampton Roads Show, Coast Live and Norfolk Perspectives.
2017: Mountaintide – Coffee & Fried Steak
2015: Holly – Away We Go (children's music)
2015: Mountaintide – Dancing in the Sun
2004: Jim Newsom Sextet – Jazz on the James (featuring Tommy Newsom)
2003: Jim Newsom Quartet – Swingin' on Granby Street
1999: Jim Newsom and the PorchRockers – On the Prowl
1992: Jim Newsom – Crazy Dreams
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