How much is car insurance for a Toyota Camry and similar models? Which insurance company in your neighborhood offers the best auto insurance quotes for the 2018 Toyota Camry and other vehicle models? Find an insurance agent near you & see how much discount you may receive. The percentage of savings does vary by insurance carrier, but generally, you can save an average of 15% to 35% on your coverage! Learn how to bundle Toyota car insurance with a homeowners or renters insurance policy.
What's new for the Toyota Camry in 2018 and what is the true cost to own the new Camry model? There are many modern elements in this vehicle, new global architecture, improved performance, fuel economy and comfortable feel while driving. But...how much would it cost to insure a 2018, 2017, 2016 Toyota Camry? The average Toyota Camry car insurance cost is around $104 a month, which is cca $1248 a year. Anyway, as you already know discounts and coverages may vary by state and even by city. The first step in shopping for car insurance is examining the levels of liability insurance and learning more about the different coverage plans. The only way to ensure you're getting the best insurance deal is to shop around. Our insurance experts gives you personalized quotes that can help you find the lowest rates for you model and trim level of Toyota Camry.
Learn which discounts lower your car insurance rates. You can get quotes in just a few minutes. Find out if you're eligible for a discount on 2018 Toyota Camry car insurance and get cheaper rates. Is your model of Camry equipped with anti-theft devices, anti-lock brakes and another modern safety equipment? If the answer is "yes" - and it is - then you are likely to see some auto insurance discounts. Insurance companies also give a lot of consideration to the safety rating of your 2017/2018 Toyota Camry when deciding what your car insurance rates should be.The safer your vehicle is, the less you will be paying for your policy! Btw...The new Toyota Camry (2018) received 5-Star safety rating from NHTSA organization.
The level and type of coverage you carry is up to you, however there are online tools (auto insurance calculators) allowing you to get personalized car insurance quotes for your Toyota Camry from a number of companies. If you are evaluating the average price of car insurance for your model of Camry or any specific vehicle, you will need to decide if you want general liability insurance or comprehensive coverage, which is critical for protecting your vehicle against a lot of different types of physical damage.
Get online insurance quotes for Toyota, Camry (2500 cc). You can read detailed specifications for your model of Camry 2018, customer reviews or ask for better rates! Learn, how does the model of your 2500 affect your policy cost!
Get online insurance quotes for Toyota, Camry (2500 cc). You can read detailed specifications for your model of Camry 2017, customer reviews or ask for better rates! Learn, how does the model of your 2500 affect your policy cost!
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Get online insurance quotes for Toyota, Camry (2500 cc). You can read detailed specifications for your model of Camry 2016, customer reviews or ask for better rates! Learn, how does the model of your 2500 affect your policy cost!
How much does Toyota Camry car insurance cost? Getting a quote for your model of Camry is the fastest way to find the lowest rates and save money on your policy. But remember, the basic "liability insurance" does not cover your own injuries or property damage. You should compare car insurance companies near your location to find savings from different insurers and get cheap insurance quotes for Toyota Camry.
Vehicle insurance in the USA is a kind of insurance that protects people - and their financial interests - if they have a car accident. For more information about Toyota Camry manufacturer, please visit Wikipedia. When and where was the Camry originally developed? How many vehicles were sold in last years? These and other question may be answered on wiki and similar websites.
How much are you paying for your Toyota auto insurance? The cost of Camry car insurance depends on many factors that are unique to each driver and location. The good news is, there are ways to lower your premiums for Toyota models, but also for other car makers. You can get more detailed answers to liability coverage questions from a local agents. It means, you should find an independent insurance agent or broker near your location who can help find the right coverages for your Toyota Camry vehicle (choose the right model). Searching for the cheapest car insurance is understandable but you must always care about minimum car insurance requirements in your state. A typical full coverage insurance policy for Camry automobiles should cover liability insurance, uninsured motorist, medical coverage and comprehensive / collision coverage. The price difference for the same coverage can be huge, because each insurance company calculates potential risks differently. The question is...how new and used car make (such as the Camry brand) and models affect car insurance quotes?
Car insurance comparison is one of the key elements to find the best auto insurance rates for you and your family. No matter whether you are a young (inexperienced) driver, a proud owner of a "good credit score", senior, invalid or veteran. We will try to help you find the best liability insurance for your Camry Toyota model. Even high-risk drivers can find affordable car insurance rates. Would you like to see the highest, average and lowest rates for new/used Toyota Camry in your area? Whether you use our online tools or calculator to calculate auto insurance rates, always check the minimum auto insurance requirements in your state. Compare rates from different insurance companies (search for agents near you), because each insurance company charges different rates for the same coverage. Find the coverage that's right for you and your budget. And by the way...It will not hurt your credit score when you ask for quotes here. Technical information and specifications of your Camry car are detailed here or at the manufacturer. Official Website of Toyota Camry car makers can be found at https://www.toyota.com/camry/.
The Cost of Car Insurance for My Son/Daughter?
Who is the best auto accident attorney in Michigan?
Cheap car insurance for police officers in Michigan?
Cheap auto insurance for foreigner.
How much does Camry car insurance cost? Each insurance company has discounts available, so you should get the most actual insurance rates for your model of Toyota Camry and info on discounts. There are always many questions that must be answered before buying new model of Camry or shopping for car insurance. You should know what exactly is the true cost of ownership of a new or used Toyota Camry car (taxes, insurance fees, vehicle maintenance, depreciation costs...). This all will result in a monthly fee increase. That mean, you should know, how to estimate car insurance before buying a car. What are the most and least expensive locations when comparing Camry Toyota car insurance quotes near you? The cost of car insurance is specific to every driver and vehicle type, based on many different factors. The most expensive state to insure your Camry is probably Michigan (Detroit) or New Orleans (Louisiana), while the least expensive policies are in North Carolina (Greensboro, Durham, Raleigh...).


Gauteng: Cloudy and warm with isolated showers early morning, otherwise partly cloudy.
Mpumalanga: Cloudy with fog patches over the Highveld, otherwise partly cloudy and cool to warm, with isolated showers and thundershowers expect in the Lowveld.
Limpopo: Cloudy with fog patches in the east, otherwise partly cloudy and cool to warm, but hot in Limpopo Valley, with isolated showers and thundershowers, except in the Lowveld.
North-West Province: Partly cloudy and hot with isolated afternoon showers and thundershowers, but scattered in the extreme south-east.
Free State: Partly cloudy and warm to hot with isolated afternoon thundershowers, but scattered over the central parts, except in the southwest where it will be fine.
Northern Cape: Morning fog patches along the coast where it will be cool, otherwise fine and hot to very hot becoming partly cloudy in the extreme northeast with isolated afternoon thundershowers. The wind along the coast will be moderate to fresh southerly.
Western Cape: Cloudy along the coast where it will become partly cloudy, otherwise fine and warm, but hot over the interior. It will be very hot in places over the Central Karoo and West Coast District interior. The wind along the coast will be moderate southerly to south-easterly along the south coast, otherwise fresh to strong.
Western half of the Eastern Cape: Fog patches in places over the southern interior, otherwise fine and hot to very hot but warm to hot along the coast. The wind along the coast will be light to moderate north north easterly at first, otherwise moderate to fresh south easterly.
Eastern half of the Eastern Cape: Cloudy with fog patches in places south of the escarpment at first, otherwise fine and warm to hot, becoming partly cloudy in the northern interior with isolated afternoon showers and thundershowers. The wind along the coast will be light northerly early morning, otherwise moderate northeasterly freshening in the afternoon.
KwaZulu-Natal: Morning fog patches over the interior, otherwise partly cloudy and warm. Isolated showers and thundershowers are expected in the west. The wind along the coast will be Moderate southerly to south westerly becoming moderate to fresh easterly to north easterly from the south by late morning and spreading northwards by evening.


Sometimes it takes me a while to come around to certain foods. For years I could not understand the logic behind combining sweet and savory foods, and then one day I ate a salad packed with huge chunks of watermelon tossed with deliciously salty squares of feta cheese and, oh, my lord, life had never been better.
Meats, however, are still a tough sell for me. I've mentioned this before, but I just can't get behind most meats, and, if I do decide to go near them, I am frequently struck with the terrible notion to instruct whoever is serving me said meat to just burn it, char it—do whatever is needed to make it seem less meaty and tendon-filled. But then I'll virtually inhale a plate of sushi and not flinch, which, I know, does not make any sense at all.
But to me, it sort of does. Whereas rare meat seems, to me, utterly and unmistakably meaty, fish is so much less fishy when eaten either rare or simply raw. Thus, I have arrived at the logic that, hey, if you just barely cook your fish at all, it's somehow less meaty and weird. At least, that's where I arrive when I approach the cooking of a piece of fish, and, I admit, it's an end point I've reached only after years of eating dry, hardened fish that I either purposely cooked until inedible or instructed others to do for me. Over a decade ago, in a terrible fit of fear and squeamishness, I actually begged a friend of mine—who is a professional chef, I might add—to please, please char the daylights out of a tuna steak for me, as I was not feeling up to the task of tackling a meat that was left pink and soft. To her credit, she complied with my request, and, boy, did I ruin that meal for myself.
Very lightly brush each tuna steak with olive oil, then generously salt and pepper both sides. On a well-oiled, very hot grill or grill pan, sear tuna steaks for about 1 minute on each side. Grill should be hot enough to make an audible sizzling noise when tuna steaks are laid on the hot grill. If you desire a more heavily cooked tuna steak, sear it for up to 1 ½ minutes, but be cautious to not overcook your fish. It gets dry and rubbery very quickly.
To make salsa, combine all ingredients in a small bowl, and toss to combine. If your olives are particularly salty, you will not need to add much, if any, additional salt to the mix.
To serve tuna, cut each steak, against the grain of the meat, into thin slices. Top with salsa verde.


All I Need Is Perseus! Please Help!
Hello! Can someone please trade me Perseus? In exchange, I have an extra Dionysus, duplicates of all the four star cards, and any other cards in general if you need them. Please, please, please! Perseus is all I need to complete my last album!
Okay, I added you! Thank you so much!


"In a decision likely to ignite a firestorm among abortion foes," National Institutes of Health Director Dr. Harold Varmus announced yesterday that the agency has determined that research on embryonic stem cells does not violate the government's ban on human embryo research. Stem cells are believed to hold tremendous potential in "treating a wide range of disorders" from Parkinson's to spinal cord injuries and heart disease, the Los Angeles Times reports. Varmus said that NIH's legal team concluded that stem cell research does not violate the ban because the cells "do not have the capacity to develop into a human being" (Cimons, 1/20). Varmus said that scientists "cannot use federal dollars to obtain new cells by destroying embryos or creating human clones." They can, however, "[w]ork on obtaining cells from the tissue of aborted fetuses ... because it does not involve an embryo's destruction." Varmus' ethical distinctions immediately came under fire from pro-life groups. Richard Doerflinger of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops commented, "The method of obtaining the cells is lethal to the embryo. The fact that NIH will not fund the act of destruction itself seems secondary" (Mcfarling, Detroit Free Press , 1/20).
The decision was lauded by groups that believe the federal ban on embryo research is impeding important medical advances. Alliance for Aging Research Executive Director Daniel Perry called the announcement "historic." He said, "It is vitally important that the view expressed by Dr. Varmus today should prevail in federal policy. If that view does prevail, it is likely many of the best prepared and best equipped research scientists in the nation will move quickly to begin revealing new insights into human cell biology" (AAR release, 1/19). Pro-life activists were outraged at the NIH decision. The Washington Post notes that the NIH's move makes it "a reluctant participant in the nation's long-running battle over abortion rights and embryo research." Varmus noted that because of an excess supply of stem cells, the decision "would not drive or increase the use of either in vitro fertilization or abortion for research purposes" (Weiss, 1/20). However, Rep. Christopher Smith (R-NJ) said, "Today's announcement ... is the latest step by the Clinton administration to treat human beings as property to be manipulated and destroyed." He added that the NIH decision would allow scientists to "experiment with cells obtained from human beings ruthlessly killed in the first weeks of life." Smith would not say if he had plans to block the NIH move in Congress, and Varmus said he had no knowledge of any organized congressional opposition (AP/Reuters/CNN, 1/19). The bishop conference's Doerflinger added, "They will destroy the embryos with private funds and experiment on the tissue with public funds" (Wade, New York Times , 1/20). HHS said that the NIH "won't finance any studies until it develops guidelines for the controversial research and convenes a special committee to review all such proposals" (Sharpe, Wall Street Journal , 1/20).


The topics of renewable energy and climate change are mature in nature. Trying to explain these concepts to young ones can be a challenge. Michael J. Daley can help you overcome this challenge with two great e-books, Amazing Sun Fun Activities and Racing the Blue Monarch. Both these books are fun, appealing to young readers, and educational.
Amazing Sun Fun Activities contains 117 pages of sun facts and activities aimed at students in grades 5 through 8. The many illustrations throughout the book are engaging to young readers. This book has a good mix of science, history, social studies, and math. There are several checks on learning sprinkled throughout the book. Mr. Daley shows readers how to turn many fast-food containers into solar projects.
The first chapters provide a fun and easy way to understand sun energy and the relationship of the sun to the earth. A history of solar architecture is given along with how the Greeks were the first to implement this science. You will learn how to make your own sun dial and experiment with greenhouse designs.
The middle chapters educate young readers on how to capture the sun. It relates this science to the history of how people got hot water long ago. Readers are shown how to make their own solar water heater. You learn how to graph results which is a nice blend of math skills along with the science and history provided.
One of the most fun activities is learning how to make a solar oven. This activity is a great way to illustrate how the sun can be captured. Different designs are examined to help increase the temperature of your oven. The use of insulation to achieve this goal is introduced.
The final chapters address heating your house with the sun using flat plate collectors and getting electricity from the sun.
Racing the Blue Monarch is 134 pages of thrilling fun geared for ages 12 and up. Scooter Cochran misses his brother, Eddie, who went off to Daytona. Eddie was a championship race car driver, and Scooter helped out in the pit. A scientist named Karl Henson visits Scooter's school sharing his concern about the world's use of fossil fuels. Henson shows a model of a solar race car called the Blue Monarch which peaks Scooter's curiosity. Henson needs a driver for the solar car race in Daytona. He recruits Scooter to this task. Scooter sees this as a way to be reunited with Eddie.
Henson is a wealth of knowledge regarding solar energy. Scooter (and the reader) learns how to address concerns about shading, storing energy, and capturing the sun. As Henson is working hard to improve solar technology, the big oil industry, headed by Kruger, is trying to bring him down. They want to buy Henson out and destroy the Blue Monarch, but Henson will not let him. Big Oil does not like to lose and comes up with another plan.
The reader quickly gets engaged in the subplots. What was the real reason Eddie left home? Will Big Oil win and destroy the Blue Monarch? Will the solar race be a success and who may win?
During the solar race Scooter notes the camaraderie among the different participants. They help each other for the bigger cause of showing solar technology can win. If solar wins, everyone wins by helping conquer climate change.


text:
Bang Bang oder Bang-Bang steht für:

 Bang-Bang, luftgefüllte Ballonstäbe
 Bang Bang (B.-A.-Robertson-Lied), Lied von B. A. Robertson (1979)
 Bang Bang (Film), indischer Actionfilm von Siddharth Anand (2014)
 Bang Bang (Green-Day-Lied), Lied von Green Day (2016)
 Bang Bang (Iggy-Pop-Lied), Lied von Iggy Pop und Ivan Král (1981)
 Bang Bang (Jessie-J-Lied), Lied von Jessie J, Ariana Grande und Nicki Minaj (2014)
 Bang Bang (Fernsehsender), albanischer Fernsehsender
 Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down), Lied von Sonny Bono (1966)
 Bang-bang-Regler, unstetig arbeitender Regler mit zwei Ausgangszuständen
 Bang-Bang-System, Bezeichnung für ein Anti-Lag-System (ALS) in Rennwagen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This is the perfect program for people either curious about mountain biking or simply looking to ride with a group. Rides will be led by certified mountain bike instructors. All rides will be on local trails and last about 2 hours. If you don't see the program you are looking for now, please check back often as programs are updated as they become available. If you have questions about our programs, please contact us at (435) 655-0999.


text:
Biotech founder David Sabatini placed on leave following investigation into sexual harassment
By Nick Stoico — The Boston GlobeAug. 21, 2021
Charles Krupa/AP
A prominent biology professor and biotech founder at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been placed on administrative leave following an investigation into claims of sexual harassment, according to a letter from the dean of MIT's School of Science that was sent to biology faculty members Friday.
Dr. David Sabatini, who leads the Sabatini Lab at MIT's Whitehead Institute, "is no longer associated" with the institute or the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dr. Nergis Mavalvala wrote in the letter, a copy of which was obtained by the Globe. Mavalvala wrote that the investigator's report "raises very serious concerns about sexual and workplace harassment."
Nick Stoico — The Boston Globe
New research finds blood tests can predict severe outcomes…
New research finds blood tests can predict severe outcomes of brain injury
FDA may not always require post-approval trials to be…
FDA may not always require post-approval trials to be enrolled before accelerated approvals
U.K. lawmakers urge Pfizer not to raise the price…
U.K. lawmakers urge Pfizer not to raise the price of its Covid-19 vaccine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to separate information coming from one API request We have multiple objects in Salesforce. I have a use case, where user will try make an API request to create a lead in Salesforce. However, the fields/data that comes in API request has information other than lead as well, which we want to store into their respective object in Salesforce.
Is there a way we could look at an existing API request and separate the information and store it into different objects in Salesforce?
Thanks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I might be making this up but I think a stuffed boar's head might be linked to the pagan feast of Michaelmas.
The idea that traditional songs encode 'pagan' meanings crops up from time to time – was Polly Vaughan a shape-shifter? was Brown Adam another name for Wayland, the smith of the gods? As far as I'm concerned these are questions expecting the answer No; in fact, I think speculations like these only become plausible or interesting if you turn on your mental dry ice machine, pump up the mists of Avalon and repeat after me: ooh, songs from the old days, the strange mysterious old days… But if people want to punt these ideas around it's no skin off my nose – it could get people thinking about where the songs actually do come from, and they might happen on something interesting.
What does bother me, though, is when people take this wifty-wafty ooh maybe it's pagan approach to traditional carols. Two carols which have been particularly encumbered with speculative paganism are the Boar's Head Carol and the Holly and the Ivy.
initiated in all probability on the Isle of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons, although our knowledge of it comes substantially from medieval times….[In ancient Norse tradition] sacrifice carried the intent of imploring Freyr to show favor to the new year. The boar's head with apple in mouth was carried into the banquet hall on a gold or silver dish to the sounds of trumpets and the songs of minstrels.
[The boar's head] was eaten during the Scandinavian Yule in honor of the Sun-Boar. The heroes of Valhalla were believed to feast continually on boar's flesh, and the animal itself was sacred to Celt and Norseman alike. At the great medieval Christmas banquets the head was garlanded with rosemary and bay, and an orange or an apple was thrust between its teeth. It was brought in with ceremony to the sound of trumpets, slowly borne in upon a gold or silver dish by the chief cook, and accompanied by a procession of minstrels and servants.
Emphasis added. If – as the textual correspondence suggests – Spears was basing his statement on the evidence of Christina Hole, the evidence wasn't there. Spears, like Hole before him, took the evidence of a medieval – Christian – ritual and simply speculated that it was based on a pagan forerunner, despite the obvious difficulty this theory faces in terms of dates. Christianity came to Britain in the 6th century AD – if the boar's head ritual had derived from Anglo-Saxon religion, it would need to have survived for the best part of a thousand years before the first record we now have of it. As I commented at A Folk Song A Day, "it seems far more likely that the point of processing with a boar's head is to demonstrate that (a) you've killed a large meaty animal and (b) you're about to eat it". And, I would add, (c) you want to honour this significant feast with an only partly jokey ritual setting – that is, a Christian ritual setting.
There are several different things happening here at once, involving both ancient pagan symbols and Roman festivities being consumed by Christmas. Holly and ivy are two evergreen plants symbolic to ancient winter ritual. Holly with its red berries was also associated with Saturn and more importantly the feast of Saturnalia that Christmas eventually usurped across the Roman Empire. Even so, Holly and ivy wreaths (and mistletoe) remained part of the decorative fabric of Christmas, and still do, despite resistance from the church. The song then uses the holly motif to make allusions through the verses to the purity, blood and crown of thorns of Christ. It's also curious, however, that apart from appearing in the title, none of ivy's attributes are described in the same way as the holly. This adds a further strand with the association of the prickly holly with the masculine and the softer ivy with the feminine. It's the inevitable battle of the sexes and refers back to much older songs.
Let's let some light in. The Holly and the Ivy was first documented in 1861, with an editorial note saying that it had first been printed "a century and a half since"; even if we believe this (and there's no particular reason why we should), it only gets us back to the England of the early 18th century, before Dr Johnson but after Dryden. Why we should suppose that the words of an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century song had something to do with the feast of Saturnalia, I can't imagine. It's certainly true that the holly and ivy motif was used in "much older songs", specifically "The Contest of the Ivy and the Holly", which goes right back to the sixteenth century. But the sixteenth century is still an awful long time after anyone had stopped celebrating Saturnalia.
What is going on in the song is a methodical, almost catechistic exposition of aspects of Christian faith: the white blossom reminds us of salvation; the red blood, of Jesus's redemptive sacrifice; the bitter bark, of Jesus's suffering on the Cross; the sharp thorn, of Mary's pain in childbirth, and the joy of Jesus's birth on Christmas day in the morn. These things would have been immediately, vitally interesting to an eighteenth-century congregation – who wouldn't have given a second thought to the masculinity of the holly or its one-time association with Saturnalia.
It seems to me that the ooh, pagan approach to traditional carols does violence to the tradition, operating a double disinheritance. Firstly, the religious content – the Christian religious content – of the old carols passes us by; even present-day believers aren't believers in the same sense as they would have been in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries, when our entire social world would have operated on the assumption of membership of the Christian church. Hearing the Holly and the Ivy and finding significance in the holly is almost exactly like seeing a finger pointing at the moon and looking at the finger. And secondly, if we find religion where it isn't (and ignore it when it is there), we also find symbolism where it isn't – and for very similar reasons. Why would anyone write about holly and ivy, or about a boar's head? For people like me – writing on a full stomach, in a warm and well-lit room – the answer isn't immediately obvious. But it should be: these were Christmas carols, and as such they were winter songs. And winter was a time of darkness, a time of cold, a time when nothing grew – except a few strange survivors like the holly and the ivy – and a time when food was short.
The old carols are amazing songs: they're songs of celebration, in the teeth of immense hardship, borne up by fellowship and firelight but also by the certainties of a shared and unquestioned Christian faith. It's not easy for us to identify with that world and its people now – dreaming of New Age pagans is much easier. But it's that world and those people who gave us the songs; I think we owe it to them to give it a try.
52 Folk Songs: white is an album of seasonal songs, recorded between the start of Advent and the end of Epiphany last year. Some are religious, some are songs for cold nights and the turning of the year, and some are both. Unfortunately the album wasn't available for download until February, by which time the moment for Gaudete and the Boar's Head Carol had passed. But its time has come round again, so here it is.
Tracks 7 and 13 are 'hidden' tracks, as you'll see (or rather won't see) if you visit the album page; they can only be downloaded by downloading the whole album. However, you can play (but not download) them at the 52fs: Extras page. Tracks 2-4, 9 and 11 have been remixed this time round, to give a better balance between the different vocal tracks.


text:
Clinicians' Contributions to the Development of Coronary Artery Stents: A Qualitative Study of Transformative Device Innovation
Aaron S. Kesselheim ,
* E-mail: akesselheim@partners.org
Affiliation Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
Shuai Xu,
Jerry Avorn
Aaron S. Kesselheim,
Aaron S. Kesselheim Shuai Xu Jerry Avorn
Medical device innovation remains poorly understood, and policymakers disagree over how to incentivize early development. We sought to elucidate the components of transformative health care innovation by conducting an in-depth case study of development of a key medical device: coronary artery stents.
Methods and Findings
We conducted semi-structured interviews with the innovators whose work contributed to the development of coronary artery stents who we identified based on a review of the regulatory, patent, and medical literature. Semi-structured interviews with each participant covered the interviewee's personal involvement in coronary artery stent development, the roles of institutions and other individuals in the development process, the interplay of funding and intellectual property in the interviewee's contribution, and finally reflections on lessons arising from the experience. Transcripts were analyzed using standard coding techniques and the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis.
We found that the first coronary artery stents emerged from three teams: Julio Palmaz and Richard Schatz, Cesare Gianturco and Gary Roubin, and Ulrich Sigwart. First, these individual physician-inventors saw the need for coronary artery stents in their clinical practice. In response, they developed prototypes with the support of academic medical centers leading to early validation studies. Larger companies entered afterwards with engineering support. Patents became paramount once the technology diffused. The case of coronary stents suggests that innovation policy should focus on supporting early physician-inventors at academic centers.
Citation: Kesselheim AS, Xu S, Avorn J (2014) Clinicians' Contributions to the Development of Coronary Artery Stents: A Qualitative Study of Transformative Device Innovation. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88664. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088664
Editor: Luca Testa, Istituto Clinico S. Ambrogio, Italy
Received: September 18, 2013; Accepted: January 13, 2014; Published: February 12, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Kesselheim et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Investigator Award in Health Policy Research to Dr. Kesselheim. Dr. Kesselheim is also supported by a Greenwall Faculty Scholarship in Bioethics and a career development award from the Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (K08HS18465-01). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Medical device innovation is essential for the development of new diagnostics and treatments for a wide range of conditions. However, the emergence of transformative new medical devices has slowed in recent years [1], [2]. Strategies intended to stimulate development have been offered [3], [4], but a lack of a consensus about the sources of innovation has stymied effective policymaking. Indeed, despite the importance of breakthrough medical technologies, the process of developing them remains poorly understood [5]. For example, some legislators and industry advocates argue that the best way to promote important new device research and development is to reduce regulatory hurdles in the US [6]. For this reason, the 2012 FDA Safety and Innovation Act included a number of provisions intended to streamline review of new devices [7].
A few studies have investigated the origins of transformative medical devices [8]. Some have used patent records to document the prominent role of individual physician-inventors [9], [10]. However, the patent record may be incomplete because underlying discoveries may not have been patentable [11].
In the present analysis, we conducted a qualitative study of transformative medical device innovation through structured interviews with key innovators involved in the early development of coronary artery stents, a technology that revolutionized cardiology [5], [12], [13]. These devices are one of the most important medical device innovations in the last 30 years [14], and exhibited impressive diffusion from use in 5.4% of all percutaneous coronary procedures in 1994 to 69% in 1997 despite the lack of a specific Diagnosis Related Group code for stent implantation [15]. Our goal was to identify the roles individuals and institutions played in the inception and development of coronary artery stents, as well as the challenges faced by innovators and the determinants that led to technology's successful implementation.
A qualitative research approach makes it possible to investigate motivations, reflections, and outcomes in a small cohort of subjects who share a common experience [16]. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the innovators whose work contributed to the development of coronary artery stents; this technique has been used previously to address fundamental questions relating to the development and adoption of new medical technologies [8]. Based on a review of the regulatory, patent, and medical literature, we targeted 37 potentially relevant innovators whose contact information we could identify through public sources, including 6 high priority targets. Fourteen agreed—including all of our high priority targets—while 2 declined. We identified two additional participants through referrals. The study methodology was approved by the institutional review board at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Participants provided verbal consent (written consent was not deemed necessary by the institutional review board), which was documented in the interviewer's notes at the beginning of the interview.
Semi-structured interviews with each participant covered four main topic areas: the interviewee's personal involvement in coronary artery stent development, the roles of institutions and other individuals in the development process, the interplay of funding and intellectual property in the interviewee's contribution, and finally reflections on lessons arising from the experience. Participants were asked to proceed chronologically through idea conception, product development, testing, and approval. Next, participants were asked to assess how academic medical centers, various companies they interacted with, and government regulatory authorities were involved with the work at different stages in the development. Third, participants were asked to recall how each phase of the development process was funded (private vs. industry vs. government), and whether patents were sought to protect their intellectual contributions. Finally, participants were asked to consider the roles of individual initiative, environmental factors, serendipity vs. strategic planning, advances in science and technology, and clinical need.
Median time for telephone interviews with participants was 40 minutes (range: 23–75). Both investigators took notes during the interview, and interviews were recorded and later transcribed. Interview transcripts were analyzed using standard coding techniques [17] and the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis [18]. Based on a subset of 3 randomly selected interviews, the investigators conducted independent analysis and developed separate coding schemes for organizing the data [19]. The coding schemes were then compared, discussed and reconciled (NVIVO software package, QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) to produce a final coding structure which consisting of 7 broad themes (with 92 specific codes): (1) antecedents of stent development, (2) timeline of stent development, (3) key contributors to stent development, (4) the role of intellectual property, (5) the role of academic medical centers, (6) the role of device companies, and (7) other key characteristics of the inventive process.
Precedents for coronary artery stent innovation
Interviewees pointed to three antecedent developments that set the stage for the development of coronary artery stents. The first was the practice of dilating arteries using percutaneous angioplasty, pioneered by Charles Dotter, a radiologist at the Oregon Health and Science University in the 1960s. Dotter developed a graduated catheter system with dilation by means of progressively larger catheters. Dotter developed his early catheter prototypes with the aid of Cook Inc, a small company founded by an early medical entrepreneur, Bill Cook. The second major antecedent was the development of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Andreas Gruentzig, a German cardiologist who came to Emory University in 1980, helped pioneer angioplasty in the coronary arteries, primarily through the use of an inelastic balloon [20]. A final key development mentioned by participants was improvement in the manufacturing of catheters required to deliver stents to the coronary arteries. Several innovators cited John Simpson, a cardiologist at Stanford University, who introduced a new catheter system that vastly improved steerability. He founded ACS, a privately held medical device company, to commercialize catheters and guidewires.
Coronary artery stent development
The first coronary artery stents emerged from three teams. Two were US-based, with one led by Julio Palmaz and Richard Schatz, and another by Cesare Gianturco and Gary Roubin. The third was European-based led by Ulrich Sigwart. Each of the three stents was developed with a different concept in mind and their structures were completely different.
The Palmaz-Schatz stent. Argentina-trained radiologist Julio Palmaz, attended a talk by Gruentzig at the Society of Interventional Radiology Meeting in New Orleans in 1978. On the taxicab ride back to the airport, Palmaz conceived of his initial concept of the stent. Palmaz soon began fashioning his slotted tube stents in his garage.
Palmaz moved to the University of Texas-San Antonio in 1980 to continue his work. With dedicated research time and laboratory space, Palmaz finished animal studies of his stent, which he presented at the Radiological Society of North America annual meetings in 1984 and 1985. In 1985, Palmaz met Richard Schatz, an interventional cardiologist conducting research at the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. Schatz made a modification to Palmaz's design to improve the stent's flexibility and introduced Palmaz to his friend Philip Romano, a restaurateur. Romano provided $250,000 in seed money and the three formed Expandable Grafts Partnership (EGP) in late 1985 and then filed the first patent application on the technology.
Prior to EGP, Palmaz unsuccessfully sought company partners. However, with more mature technology and a business partner, EGP licensed its intellectual property to Johnson & Johnson in 1986 for $10 million and a royalty percentage (6–9% on use in the coronaries and 3–6% for peripheral use based on gross sales). Johnson & Johnson provided engineering support for Palmaz and Schatz and organized and funded the pivotal trials for US premarket approval. Human experiments with the Palmaz-Schatz stent occurred in peripheral arteries in 1987 and coronary arteries in 1988. First sales of the stent came in Europe by 1988. The FDA initially rejected the first Palmaz-Schatz stent application in 1993. However, the team quickly reapplied and gained FDA approval in August 1994 for the elective use of the Palmaz-Schatz stent for restenosis on the basis of two pivotal trials (BENESTENT and STRESS).
The Gianturco-Roubin stent. Cesar Gianturco was an accomplished innovator in interventional radiology who did much of his work at the Carle Clinic in Urbana, Illinois before becoming a professor of experimental diagnostic surgery at the University of Texas MD Anderson Hospital [21]. Gianturco had a long history working with Cook Inc. having developed balloon-deployable metallic stents and intravascular filters for peripheral vessels [22]. With funding and engineering support from Cook, Gruentzig collaborated with Gary Roubin, then a cardiologist at Emory, to develop a coronary stent based on Gianturco's initial wire coil designs. After Gruentzig's untimely death in a plane crash, Roubin continued the development, and after about a year started testing a balloon-expandable flexible coil stent (Gianturco-Roubin Flex-Stent). This stent was tested to treat acute vessel closure, a medical emergency, following balloon angioplasty, and gained FDA approval in early 1993 for this indication.
The Wallstent and Multilink stent. Ulrich Sigwart was a cardiologist working at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne, Switzerland. In the early 1980s, Sigwart built self-expanding stents from an elastic wire braid, inspired by cylindrical Chinese fingertraps made from woven strips of bamboo. Initial prototypes and animal studies were supported by the University's experimental surgery department and a grant from the Swiss National Fund. In 1985, Sigwart partnered with MedInvent, a small private medical device company in Switzerland, to provide additional supplies and manufacturing and engineering support for the stent, which was later named the Wallstent. This work led to the first stent placement in the coronary arteries of patients in Europe [23]. In 1986, MedInvent was acquired by Schneider, a subsidiary of Pfizer, but the company put development of the Wallstent on hold due to liability concerns stemming from catastrophic mechanical failures in a separate implantable cardiac product, the Bjork-Shiley heart valve.
With Wallstent development at a standstill, Sigwart began to work in 1989 with a small team at ACS, a private catheter focused company, to pursue a balloon-expandable stent, leading to the MultiLink stent. In 1993, the first Multilink stent was implanted in a patient in London. In 1997, it was approved by the FDA and quickly gained market dominance due to its improved steerability.
Other stents. These early devices led to a much better understanding of what factors were needed to provide deliverability, flexibility, and radial strength. A second wave of coronary artery stent designs were commercialized more expeditiously due in part to regulatory approval pathways blazed by the earliest innovators. For example, whereas the FDA required the Palmaz-Schatz stent to be tested in the peripheral circulation before being applied to coronary arteries, this hurdle was not imposed on any other designs. Independent US-based inventor Dominic Wiktor developed a stent with Medtronic that was FDA-approved in June 1997. Advanced Vascular Engineering's stent was approved in December 1997; the company was subsequently acquired by Medtronic in 1998. European interventional radiologist Ernst Strecker developed stents for peripheral use in the 1980s and partnered with Boston Scientific—which went public in 1992—to create a self-expanding coronary artery stent (approved late 1998). More recently, stent innovation has prioritized drug-eluting stents and bio-absorbable stents, which can be traced to work by Richard Stack at Duke University in the early 1980s.
Role of individual inventors
We found wide agreement that individual inventors played the primary role in early development (Table 1). When describing the origins of this transformative device, respondents commonly pointed to the key contributions of Drs. Palmaz, Schatz, Gianturco, Roubin, and Sigwart.
Table 1. Representative Quotations in Key Subject Areas.
These key innovators (Gianturco was deceased) were early adopters of coronary artery angioplasty and had first-hand exposure to clinical problems related to the technique, most notably post-angioplasty restenosis. Some conceived of the stent as an alternative to angioplasty, while others viewed it as a way of preventing abrupt artery closure that occurred after vessel dissection from treatment with a balloon catheter, which was a medical emergency. As one inventor noted, "I found that balloon angioplasty was unpredictable, and I said we must find some sort of endoluminal support." Later, use of the stent in preventing restenosis and increasing the durability of percutaneous revascularization procedures was also realized.
The inventors did substantial work in developing the technology. After failing to secure industry partners in the early 1980s, Palmaz progressed through animal studies himself and filed the Investigational Device Exemption to begin human testing. Similarly, Sigwart engaged in prototype development and animal testing of the Wallstent on his own time.
All of these innovators faced substantial skepticism, particularly from the medical device industry and grant funding agencies. As one inventor said, "People hated the stent; they hated it. It was incredible. When you would go to a company and would show them the stent in the early '80's... immediately you can see their face, they start rolling their eyes, and kind of making scowls. There was something about stents that everybody disliked." The Veterans Administration's rejections of Palmaz's grant applications to fund his work compelled him to find private funding through Romano and Schatz. Despite early reports of stent thrombosis as high as 24% [24], innovators such as Palmaz and Schatz remained resolute in the belief that the stent technology when deployed correctly and with the recommended course of antithrombotic medication was safe and effective. They were buoyed by support among their colleagues in the interventional radiology and cardiology communities, who saw the need and importance of such a technology, and who provided support and collaboration.
Role of industry
Most interviewees described the entry of large medical device companies after stent prototypes had been sufficiently developed and tested in laboratory and animal trials. Risk was cited as a primary factor that hindered earlier industry involvement. According to interviewees, companies believed it was physiologically incompatible to implant prosthetic material in the coronary circulation. Companies also had legal concerns. The Bjork-Shiley mechanical heart valve had been recalled around that time for safety reasons prompting Pfizer to halt development of Sigwart's first stent product. Cook Inc. was concerned about legal risks related to the potential failure of implantable cardiac devices, necessitating Roubin to personally seek the initial Investigational Device Exemption application to begin testing his stent in humans. Given the invasiveness of the technology, there was also significant concern regarding the FDA approval process and the "difficult regulatory environment." Finally, according to interviewees, many companies perceived substantial business risks. According to one inventor, consultants from McKinsey & Co. provided a strong recommendation to Johnson & Johnson against investing in the Palmaz-Schatz stent believing the market size to be too small.
When they became involved, medical device companies provided financial resources and engineering to test design hypotheses of physician-innovators. The company's engineers also supported manufacturability. However, individual inventors reported that they accounted for ease of manufacturing in their initial prototype designs. The Palmaz-Schatz laboratory-produced prototype was essentially manufacture-ready when Johnson & Johnson became involved.
Second, medical device companies provided necessary support in organizing clinical trials and negotiating the FDA approval process. Organizing the randomized trials and FDA premarket authorizations took 7–8 years to complete. The inventors estimated that the companies invested in the range of $100–500 million in the processes leading to device approval, earning revenues surpassing that investment within a year or two after the devices were approved. Lastly, device companies provided existing sales channels to deploy the technology, although innovators helped convince other clinicians to adopt the technology.
Role of intellectual property
We found that ownership of intellectual property played little role in incentivizing initial innovation in this field. No key inventors initially sought out patents after developing their stents citing a lack of expertise, funding limitations and a philosophical commitment to research dissemination. Our interviewees each said that the potential profitability of the resulting products was not an important consideration.
The key innovators in our study considered themselves uninformed about patents. One inventor said, "I was completely naive in the area and the only thing I wanted was to get the scaffold into the angioplasty." Another inventor first broached the subject of patenting with his university, but reports that he was told by university officers that his work was not patentable. Without patent protection, an inventor presented his work to the public at a national conference, later leading to a loss of European rights. A third inventor did not initially apply for a patent on his work; rather, intellectual property protection was sought first by the company he was associated with only after he signed a contract releasing the technology rights to them.
Patents ultimately became paramount in the context of the larger corporations that later became involved in stent commercialization. After Palmaz, Schatz, and Romano formed EGP, the partnership then applied and paid for its own patent [25]. Johnson & Johnson later expended substantial resources, in the words of one interviewee, "expanding the patent limits." The patent record became crucial as these larger companies engaged in litigation with one another. By 2002, multiple lawsuits between Johnson & Johnson, Cordis, Medtronic and Boston Scientific about which had priority to overlapping designs of their different versions of coronary artery stents resulted in billions of dollars in damages and fees [26]. In one judgment, Medtronic and Boston Scientific paid Johnson & Johnson $1.2 billion for patent infringement on the Palmaz-Schatz stent.
A lax posture towards patents excluded some inventors and key contributors from financial rewards. For example, the University of Texas, which financially supported and provided laboratory space for important early proof-of-concept experiments conducted by Palmaz, declined to invest the resources to patent the discovery. Ultimately, Palmaz offered them a 3% share of his royalties, which has since led to about $10–$30 million in total payments to the university. Roubin and Emory University similarly received no royalties from his work or the testing that occurred in university laboratories, although Cook later provided Roubin with a substantial financial gift to recognize his contribution. Without patents, Sigwart and his institution received no royalties from his original innovations, even after the technology was sold to Pfizer. This experience led him to change his approach towards intellectual property in his subsequent collaboration with ACS.
Other key characteristics of the inventors and inventive process
Key inventors were all physicians directly exposed to the clinical problems they were trying to address. Most interviewees specifically remarked on these inventors' aptitude and vision, such as their ability to recognize potential innovative solutions to emerging clinical problems such as coronary artery restenosis. Interviewees also pointed to the inventors' resiliency despite considerable resistance from the medical community. Another common quality was that inventors were seen as risk-takers, in contrast to the widespread perceptions that the companies were risk-averse. Interestingly, a background in engineering was not necessary. All individual inventors were able to directly develop prototypes from raw materials and deploy them on animals.
Collaborative work was central to the early development process. For the Palmaz-Schatz and Gianturco-Roubin stents, each inventor brought different contributions to building the device. Interviewees cited the importance of collaborations between the academic inventors and their colleagues in medical device companies for engineering support. Other unofficial collaborations also helped move the development process forward. For example, Palmaz received early assistance from an engineer not affiliated with his academic medical center in learning about certain manufacturing processes such as laser etching that he could use to produce a prototype of his stent concept [27]. Interviewees also recalled the inventors discussing their work at national professional meetings, and the importance of these open brainstorming sessions in facilitating progress of the individual projects.
Consistent with other single-perspective historical analyses of coronary artery stents [28], [29], our qualitative study found that much of the work in developing coronary stents was pioneered by individual inventors, not only in generating ideas in the face of substantial skepticism, but also in prototype development and early testing. These individual inventors were motivated by the desire to address a pressing clinical problem to which they had direct exposure.
Their work was facilitated by supportive atmospheres within academic or other research environments that allowed freedom for collaborations and provided resources for proof-of-concept testing. Larger companies became involved at a later stage, contributing manufacturing support, resources for broad clinical testing, and regulatory approval.
Our findings suggest a conceptual model in which transformative medical device innovation arose from three primary factors: (1) unmet clinical need, (2) independent innovators with the insight, motivation, and ability to address that need, and (3) support that allowed the innovators to push their solutions past skepticism and through proof-of-concept testing. In the case of coronary artery stents, the clinical imperative arose from complications of the emergence of balloon angioplasty, as well as from the desire to apply existing experimentation with peripheral artery stents to relieve coronary artery blockages. The fact that many of the key innovators were physicians who could draw on their direct experience with patients turned out to be central to recognizing and addressing this clinical need. In the early stages of development, innovators received their primary support from academic research centers and mentors, from small companies with close ties to innovative researchers, and in the case of the Palmaz-Schatz stent, from a forward-thinking angel investor with no pre-existing ties to the medical industry [30].
It is widely argued that there is a positive association between profit expectation and innovative activity [31]. However, most of the key inventors of coronary artery stents reported to us that they did not have any profit expectations, and in fact did not initially seek out patents. Indeed, many of these innovators openly shared their work with colleagues, as well as in publications and at national meetings. In some cases, this led to design improvements. In others, there was a direct loss of patent rights in certain jurisdictions.
In the case of device development, industry representatives have often referred to themselves as the primary sources of new products [22]. Others point to the primacy of small companies in the device innovation process [32]. However, the evidence we have collected indicates that individual innovators supported by academic medical centers were the primary source of development for this transformative device. Academic physicians did not just generate the ideas, or conduct basic research that would lay the groundwork for subsequent discoveries. They completed prototype development and conducted clinical testing up to the point of initial FDA approval of human trials.
Given the perception of the innovators we spoke with that established companies and venture capitalists were—and remain—generally risk-averse regarding highest risk and most innovative medical technology, funding for such work outside of these channels is critical. Thus, supporting basic research in new devices through the NIH and facilitating the efforts of innovators who seek to move their discoveries out of the academic setting are likely to have the greatest impact in generating breakthrough discoveries. Government funding for science has slowed in recent years, and faces substantial budget cuts in the future as well [33]. By contrast, policies that have been proposed or enacted in recent years—adjusting FDA regulatory practices or providing additional resources to large manufacturers, such as by repealing the excise tax on approved medical devices in the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act—are unlikely to have a substantial impact on breakthrough discoveries, despite the claims made by proponents of these strategies [34].
In addition, the primacy of physician-innovators in our study reinforces the need to foster relationships between academic researchers and device industry that can facilitate uptake of transformative ideas and prototypes [35], [36]. As one physician-innovator noted, "The first thing we do when we get a great idea now is get it outside [the academic setting] and get it commercialized." Physician-innovators with existing relationships with companies were able to more speedily advance their work (Gianturco/Roubin and Cook Inc.) as compared to those who did not (Palmaz). To attract industry interest, Palmaz had to demonstrate more clinical efficacy in animal studies and human case studies than did the innovators allied with Cook Inc., who already had a longstanding relationship.
Finally, we found that patents played a limited role in the innovation of the coronary artery stent. Notably, in recent years, physician-innovators and academic medical centers have shown greater propensity towards obtaining patents [37]. Some reports have suggested that the proliferation of patents might be hindering transformative innovation [38], and provided specific examples where this has been the case in the medical device market [39]. Innovators in our sample pointed to current-day patenting trends as harmful to the essential collaborative relationships they developed during their work on coronary artery stents, and blamed these trends on certain university technology transfer offices seeking greater control over patent rights or insisting on burdensome licensing agreements [40]. There remains significant uncertainty regarding the ownership of patentable improvements on original designs licensed from different parties. Many licensing agreements clearly specify ownership relating to improvements. However, inattention to patents in the stent case also hindered the protection of the technology. Further research is required to determine whether increased attention to patents and revenue generation on the part of physician-innovators and academic research centers today does indeed contribute to reduced innovation. If so, alternative mechanisms must be identified to facilitate the continued development of transformative medical technologies.
Conceived and designed the experiments: ASK JA. Performed the experiments: ASK SX. Analyzed the data: ASK SX. Wrote the paper: ASK SX. Reviewed manuscript for content: JA.
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Coronary stenting
Is the Subject Area "Coronary stenting" applicable to this article?
Coronary arteries
Is the Subject Area "Coronary arteries" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Medical devices and equipment" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Prototypes" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Engineers" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Patents" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Intellectual property" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Engineering and technology" applicable to this article?


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Frankie Jonas Net worth, Girlfriend and Parents
Biography, Entertainment, Net Worth
Music is just into his soul, as Frankie hails from a musician, singer family. Youngest of all he is not a part of his family band, as he has developed his own identity as MEPHISTO. His mother gave birth to three children before Frankie they are named as Joe, Nick, and Kevin. They all belong to the most reputed family.
1 Frankie Net Worth and wiki
2 Frankie Jonas girlfriend
3 Frankie Jonas bio and family
Frankie Net Worth and wiki
Frankie is the most valuable and accomplished actor in his own struggle. He worked for an animated movie called Ponyo in 2009 by lending his voice for the character called Sosuke. He sang a theme song for that movie as well. After this, he expanded his carrier by working in many tv shows and movies.
He has even worked in popular tv series married to Jonas. He played the first movie called camp rock 2: the final Jam in collaboration with his siblings. Though Frankie is fresh and a new face in the industry, but he has been ranked for millions. He has a Net Worth of $3 million.
Though his full net worth is not been shown publicly but there any doubt that he will increase it in the coming years.
Frankie Jonas girlfriend
Frankie Jonas is quite popular among the ladies. Frankie has a very romantic mood. He has dated many girls. In 2010, he was in an affair with Maya Kibbel. He had a one-year relationship with Evie Rupp since 2009 and both broke up in 2010.
He even had a relationship of two years with Noah Cyrus since 2007 and broke up in 2009. After 2010 there was no news about his dating life but in 2016, he broke the hearts of many girls by making his relationship public with Austin Ames. He kept a photo in the Instagram in which Austin was seen kissing Frankie. He even brought Austin in the prom night of his school and introduced her to others.
Looking towards the recent news there no rumors of this couple being together. We might sense that they already broke up or having an issue between them so that they don't want it to be public. From the recent sources, we have found that he has again been linked with Noah Cyrus whom he has already dated but it seems like they will again hook up again.
Whether they have only friendship bond, or they might be having a romantic relationship it is yet to be confirmed we are waiting for Frankie answer in this topic.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BtJAS4CFUYw/
Recently, he has been spotted with his little fan, whose picture has been posted in his Instagram account.
Frankie Jonas bio and family
His mother gave birth to three children before Frankie they are named as Joe, Nick, and Kevin. They all belong to the most reputed family. born on 28th of September on 2000, Frankie was the youngest son of the Jonas family.
He was born on Ridgewood New, Jersey, USA. His nationality is American by country as well as by his heart. His is the mixture of different ethnicity such as German, English, Scottish, French, Irish, Italian according to his terms. His Italian descent comes from his grandfather.
His mother name is Denise Miller Jonas and his father name is Paul Kevin Jonas Jr. His father Paul Kevin Jonas is a movie producer. Among the siblings of Frankie kelvin is the eldest sibling he has an age of 31 years.
The age of joe is 29 years whereas the age of nick is 26. Nick is eight years elder than Frankie. Frankie is 18 years old. All of Frankie siblings that is nick joe and Kelvin has their own music group which earns millions. All three brothers have already been married.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BydhGS0HeWB/
Nick Jonas has recently married to Priyanka Chopra the famous Bollywood as well as the Hollywood actress. Joe Jonas was married to Sophie Turner who is famous from her movie call game of thrones. Kelvin Jonas has married to Danielle Jonas who is also the founder of jewelry company moments.
Frankie Jonas is jokingly named as "bonus Jonas" talking about that Frankie doesn't like calling him with that name. Hobbies of Frankie is to sing, act and play sports.


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RALLS NAMED IN TEAM OF THE WEEK
Will Pallot (@WillPallot)
Following Cardiff City's 2-0 victory over Sky Bet Championship rivals Reading, the Bluebirds had further good news on Monday afternoon, as Joe Ralls was named in the Sky Bet Football League Team of the Week.
The twenty-two year old took up dead ball responsibilities on Saturday and assisted both goals against the visiting Royals. He first curled in a free-kick for Kenwyne Jones to notch his third league goal of the season, before setting up Matt Connolly's fine header from a corner after the interval.
The match took the midfielder's assist tally to three this season, having also played a part in the build-up to Scott Malone's sensational late strike against QPR at Loftus Road earlier in the season.
Congratulations to Joe, along with his teammates, upon another fine performance in the City shirt!
WATCH BOTH OF CITY'S GOALS AGAINST READING IN THE BITE-SIZE HIGHLIGHTS BELOW


It wouldn't feel like Scotland if we did not have at least one or two days of rain, right? Well, our short stay in Dalwhinnie provided that perfect Scotland stereotype of rain, rain, and more rain.
The drive from Culross to Dalwhinnie was pretty easy with light traffic and clear signage leading the way. The entire drive was scenic, but as we reached the perimeter of the Cairngorms, the landscape became greener with rolling hills flanking the A9. I have to say, if you are going to be stuck in a car on a road trip, I think Scotland's beauty makes it the place to do it!
The Balsporran Bed and Breakfast is perfectly situated along the A9, nestled at the foot of the hills and visible from the road without being too close to the traffic.
Upon arrival, Fiona greeted us at the door and welcomed us into our cozy roost for the night. Also waiting to greet us was Oakley, the shaggiest and most hospitable of hosts.
After a quick tour of the B&B, we spent some time relaxing in the living room, dipping Fiona's delicious shortbread into coffee and watching the rain. I do not have much experience staying in bed and breakfasts, but I think I can safely say that Balsporran is the perfect B&B for a gloomy day.
Here is a glimpse of our wonderfully comfortable room, full of Scottish charm. Fiona and her husband Geoff dedicated a year of time and energy to gutting and refurbishing this entire house, even handcrafting the beautiful furniture.
And here is the living room, toasty warm and dry as can be. If you zoom in close enough, you can see shortbread crumbs on this guy's chin. No, not really–that would imply that I share treats with my husband. No chance!
As soon as the skies cleared for a bit, we threw on our jackets and headed out to explore the hills. We were on the hunt for mountain hares the size of dogs, but to no avail. We did however spy some fluffy sheep, a lovely stream, a bit of early heather, and so, so, so much green.
When the skies grew restless and decided to drizzle, we retreated to our dry bed and breakfast for dinner and an early night. Fiona was very kind to prepare a salad and some sides to accompany the sandwiches we brought, and we enjoyed a casual meal in the living room. After a while, we were joined by another guest who stayed downstairs to chat for a while. We enjoyed getting to know our new friend, and the intimacy of a small B&B was certainly a novelty for us, though I have to admit it would be taxing on a daily basis. But for this drizzly evening in, it was a nice treat to sit around the living room, enjoying conversation with a fellow traveler!
We set our alarms for 5:00 am in hopes of a morning hike with possible stag sightings, but upon waking, the wind was howling and the rain was still coming down, so our morning adventure was replaced with a couple of extra hours of sleep. We were certainly sorry to forego a romp in the hills, but some good old-fashioned vacation laziness was a pretty decent trade off. In the (real) morning we were treated to a lovely breakfast spread with our fellow guests. Fiona's cooking did not disappoint, and we left that day with plenty of fuel for our drive up into the highlands. Have I mentioned that Fiona is a whiz in the kitchen? I have no pictures of our meal, but this jam made my heart go pitter pat.
After breakfast, we packed up our bags, said our goodbyes, and drove a few miles north to the Dalwhinnie Distillery, the highest of the many distilleries in Scotland. For just £12 per person, we toured the distillery and sampled pairings of whisky and chocolate. The tour was informative and learning about the process was interesting, but the tasting was, well, um, painful. No disrespect to Dalwhinnie–plenty of guests were happily swilling the goods–but I think this was the day I learned that I am not a whisky girl. But hey, the chocolate was a treat, and hats off to Dalwhinnie for its theoretically delicious whisky!
I tend to be a warm-weather traveler, and as a California girl, I don't much know what to do on a rainy day. But Scotland is a rainy place, so you can't let a little weather get in your way. Just make sure to pack a good rain jacket and some waterproof shoes, and you'll be ready for adventure in any weather that Scotland has to offer. And not that I have any frame of reference, but I was pretty darn happy with my North Face triclimate jacket and my Ahnu Sugarpine boots. I was all kinds of warm, dry, and comfortable.
Missing Scotland so much, especially during our warm Fall. What I would give to be back in that beautiful B & B. Thanks for transporting me back, even if it was only for a moment.


Rice Krispies are an all-American treat. But Cookie Butter Rice Krispies are a wowie wow party in your mouth take a trip to Flavortown treat. Pardon me, I've been watching too much Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives recently.
Cookie Butter is a Trader Joe's original. When I lived in DC I became a Trader Joe's junkie. I did all of my grocery shopping there and on occasion made visits just to see what the daily sample was or to pick up a bottle of two buck chuck. Cookie Butter is made from Speculoos cookies which are ground into the texture of peanut butter. I had a jar haunting me in my cabinet that I needed to get rid of. If I didn't bake it into something I would soon find myself late night binging on spoonfuls of this addictive spread.
I made these for a tailgate last Saturday and they were quickly eaten. I went back later hoping there would be leftovers I could take home, but all that were left was a few sprinkles on the platter.
rainbow sprinkles if you wish!
Pour the Rice Krispies in a large mixing bowl and set aside. Melt the butter and cookie butter in a large saucepan over low heat. Once melted add the marshmallows. Stir until they are mostly all melted and stir in the vanilla.
Once fully melted, take the marshmallow mixture off the heat and pour over the Rice Krispies. Stir to combine then dump into your prepared pan. Using greased hands press into the pan. If you're feeling festive, decorate with rainbow sprinkles then let cool for 30 minutes before cutting into bars!
*If you don't have a Trader Joe's near you, you can sub Cookie Butter for Biscoff spread. Biscoff spread has a really similar flavor and is now sold at most grocery stores.


text:
Q: How to center a canvas on top of a background image I have an image that I want to use as a document background, and place on top of it a canvas element.
The reason is that the background is large (2048x1024) and if I place it inside the canvas it will be redrawn on every frame wasting resources.

    <image class = "img1" src = "./assets/game.jpg" id= "backk"/>
    <canvas id="canvas" width="1366" height="1024">No Canvas support!</canvas>

        container {
        position: relative;
        width:100%;
            margin : auto;

        }
    canvas{
        display:block;
        margin: auto;
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        z-index:1;
        }
    img1{
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        z-index:0;
    }

Using the above markup, what should my CSS be in order to get the result seen also in the following picture:

A: Solution with absolute positions:

#container {
  border: 2px solid red;
  width: 350px; height: 250px;
  position: relative;
  padding: 10px;
}
#container .img1 {
  position: absolute;
  width: 350px; height: 250px;
}
#container #canvas {
  position: absolute;
  outline: 2px solid black;
  top: 10px; left: 60px;
}

      <image class="img1" src="https://placeholdit.imgix.net/~text?txtsize=63&bg=FF6347&txtclr=ffffff&txt=Image-1&w=350&h=250" id="back"/>
      <canvas id="canvas" width="250" height="250">No Canvas support!</canvas>

You can also achieve this without absolute positions using margin: 0 auto,
or display: inline-block and text-align:center, or with flex positions, or with transform: translate(...)
Ex:
#container {
  border: 2px solid red;
  width: 350px; height: 250px;
  position: relative;
  padding: 10px;
}
#container .img1 {
  display: block;
  width: 350px; height: 250px;
}
#container #canvas {
  outline: 2px solid black;
  transform: translate(50px, -250px);
}


text:
Do You Know About Kanye's "Rosewood Movement"?
Kanye has had a lot to think about since his Swift snafu nearly a year ago. What he came up with is sort of a shift from his brash-'n'-clashing, in-your-face aesthetic that he espoused during NYFW three seasons ago. Called "The Rosewood Movement," Kanye insists that he and his crew clean up, tone down, and return back to the Rat-Pack-ish swagger embraced by gentlemen of yore. From designer suits, sharp tailoring, a curse-free lexicon, and polite manners, "The Rosewood Movement" is a welcome change is a welcome change for the megalomaniacal rapper/producer. Click through for photos from Kanye documenting this new leaf, including a party invite from a secret N.Y.C. performance last week that required suit jackets and hard-bottom shoes for men, and dresses for ladies. (WWD) (@KanyeWest)
Kanye West Style- The Rosewood Movement


text:
package io.cattle.platform.core.dao.impl;

import static io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.ScheduledUpgradeTable.*;
import static io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.ServiceTable.*;
import static io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.StackTable.*;

import io.cattle.platform.core.constants.CommonStatesConstants;
import io.cattle.platform.core.constants.ServiceConstants;
import io.cattle.platform.core.dao.StackDao;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.ScheduledUpgrade;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.Service;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.Stack;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.records.ScheduledUpgradeRecord;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.records.ServiceRecord;
import io.cattle.platform.core.model.tables.records.StackRecord;
import io.cattle.platform.db.jooq.dao.impl.AbstractJooqDao;
import io.cattle.platform.object.ObjectManager;
import io.github.ibuildthecloud.gdapi.id.IdFormatter;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Named;

import org.jooq.Record2;
import org.jooq.RecordHandler;
import org.jooq.impl.DSL;

@Named
public class StackDaoImpl extends AbstractJooqDao implements StackDao {

	 @Inject
    ObjectManager objectManager;

    @Override
    public Stack getStackByExternalId(Long accountId, String externalId) {
        return create().selectFrom(STACK)
                .where(STACK.ACCOUNT_ID.eq(accountId))
                .and(STACK.REMOVED.isNull())
                .and(STACK.EXTERNAL_ID.eq(externalId))
                .fetchAny();
    }

    @Override
    public Map<Long, List<Object>> getServicesForStack(List<Long> ids, final IdFormatter idFormatter) {
        final Map<Long, List<Object>> result = new HashMap<>();
        create().select(SERVICE.ID, SERVICE.STACK_ID)
            .from(SERVICE)
            .where(SERVICE.STACK_ID.in(ids)
                    .and(SERVICE.REMOVED.isNull()))
            .fetchInto(new RecordHandler<Record2<Long, Long>>() {
                @Override
                public void next(Record2<Long, Long> record) {
                    Long id = record.getValue(SERVICE.ID);
                    Long stackId = record.getValue(SERVICE.STACK_ID);
                    List<Object> list = result.get(stackId);
                    if (list == null) {
                        list = new ArrayList<>();
                        result.put(stackId, list);
                    }
                    list.add(idFormatter.formatId(ServiceConstants.KIND_SERVICE, id));
                }
            });
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends Stack> getStacksThatMatch(Collection<String> currentIds) {
        return create().select(STACK.fields())
            .from(STACK)
            .leftOuterJoin(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE)
                .on(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STACK_ID.eq(STACK.ID)
                        .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.REMOVED.isNull())
                        .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.FINISHED.isNull()))
            .where(STACK.REMOVED.isNull()
                    .and(STACK.SYSTEM.isTrue())
                    .and(STACK.EXTERNAL_ID.in(currentIds))
                    .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.ID.isNull()))
            .fetchInto(StackRecord.class);
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends Stack> getStacksToUpgrade(Collection<String> currentIds) {
        return create().select(STACK.fields())
            .from(STACK)
            .leftOuterJoin(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE)
                .on(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STACK_ID.eq(STACK.ID)
                        .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.REMOVED.isNull())
                        .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.FINISHED.isNull()))
            .where(STACK.REMOVED.isNull()
                    .and(STACK.SYSTEM.isTrue())
                    .and(STACK.EXTERNAL_ID.notIn(currentIds))
                    .and(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.ID.isNull()))
            .fetchInto(StackRecord.class);
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends ScheduledUpgrade> getRunningUpgrades() {
        return create().select(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.fields())
            .from(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE)
            .where(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STATE.eq("running"))
            .fetchInto(ScheduledUpgradeRecord.class);
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends ScheduledUpgrade> getReadyUpgrades(Set<Long> accountsToIgnore, int max) {
        Map<Long, ScheduledUpgrade> data = new HashMap<>();
        create().select(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.fields())
                .from(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE)
                .join(STACK)
                    .on(STACK.ID.eq(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STACK_ID)
                            .and(STACK.REMOVE_TIME.isNotNull()))
                .where(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STATE.eq("scheduled"))
                .fetchInto(ScheduledUpgradeRecord.class)
                .forEach((x) -> {
                    data.put(x.getId(), x);
                });

        List<? extends ScheduledUpgrade> list = create().select(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.fields())
                .from(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE)
                .join(STACK)
                    .on(STACK.ID.eq(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STACK_ID)
                            .and(STACK.STATE.in(CommonStatesConstants.ACTIVE,
                            ServiceConstants.STATE_UPGRADED)))
                .join(SERVICE)
                    .on(SERVICE.STACK_ID.eq(STACK.ID).and(SERVICE.SKIP.isFalse()))
                .where(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.STATE.eq("scheduled")
                        .and(accountsToIgnore.size() == 0 ? DSL.trueCondition()
                                : SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.ACCOUNT_ID.notIn(accountsToIgnore)))
                .orderBy(SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.PRIORITY.desc(), SCHEDULED_UPGRADE.CREATED.asc())
                .limit(max * 4)
                .fetchInto(ScheduledUpgradeRecord.class);

        for (ScheduledUpgrade scheduledUpgrade : list) {
            if (data.size() >= max) {
                return new ArrayList<>(data.values());
            }
            data.put(scheduledUpgrade.getId(), scheduledUpgrade);
        }

        return new ArrayList<>(data.values());
    }

    @Override
    public List<? extends Service> getServices(Long stackId) {
        if (stackId == null) {
            return Collections.emptyList();
        }
        return create()
                .select(SERVICE.fields())
                .from(SERVICE)
                .where(SERVICE.STACK_ID.eq(stackId)
                    .and(SERVICE.REMOVED.isNull()))
                .fetchInto(ServiceRecord.class);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
History of the Rocky Mountain Wing of the CAF
The Rocky Mountain Wing (RMW) was first formed in 1981, as a Squadron of the Confederate Air Force. When membership reached 25 Colonels, it became a Wing and began reporting directly to CAF headquarters in Harlingen, Texas in 1988.
In 1984 Wing Leader Col. Del Coulson requested that headquarters assign TBM N53503 to the Rocky Mountain Squadron. Once approved, the TBM was ferried from Mesa, Arizona. to Grand Junction, Colorado. Thus began a major restoration project taking over four years.
Money for the restoration came from several $3,500 sponsorships, and many smaller but equally important donations. Volunteer work parties showed up every Saturday. Also during this time, the RMW acquired a hangar complex that was scheduled to be demolished by the localAirport Authority. This was moved to our new site with ample ramp space. After modification to accept the 16 ft tall tail of the TBM, the RMW had an indoor facility in which to work.
The TBM project was completed in 1989 and by this time the wing had grown to over 50 members. Air shows became the new source of revenue and member participation.
In 1996 the RMW acquired a J-3 Cub, also known in the military as a "Grasshopper". The Wing grew in membership with this addition of another flying aircraft. This type aircraft had the military designation of L-4 in the Army Air Corps and NE-1 in the Navy.
RMW's next project, in 98-99, was to expand the facility by building an "O" Club and meeting room with amenities. Again the membership grew to over 65 Colonels. This facility is now a WWII Heritage Museum, that houses a collection of WWII era memorabilia and hosts many groups from the Grand Junction area.
In 2000, the RMW built a separate hangar for their J-3 Cub. This building project was undertaken and completed entirely by CAF volunteers.
On Armed Forces Day, in May the RMW holds an open house and "hangar dance" to raise public awareness of the CAF. See our Schedule of events for all of the events scheduled for this year!
The TBM and the J-3 Cub are available for fly-overs at local civic events.
The RMW currently has over 80 Colonels as members and is planning further growth and expansion. We have set goals for 30 new members, and $100,000 in new donations to be used for bigger hangar and museum space. Click HERE if you'd like to be one of the 30 new members, or HERE if you'd like to contribute to our cause. Member meetings are held the second Saturday of each month.
of each month.