text:
Q: How to install psycopg2 on mac with virtualenv on Python3.6? I am running OSX 10.12.2 (16C67) and 3.6.0 inside virtualenv.
I have tested following.
➜  ~ brew services restart postgresql
Stopping `postgresql`... (might take a while)
==> Successfully stopped `postgresql` (label: homebrew.mxcl.postgresql)
==> Successfully started `postgresql` (label: homebrew.mxcl.postgresql)

➜  ~ pg_config
BINDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/bin
DOCDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/share/doc/postgresql
HTMLDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/share/doc/postgresql
INCLUDEDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/include
PKGINCLUDEDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/include
INCLUDEDIR-SERVER = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/include/server
LIBDIR = /usr/local/lib
PKGLIBDIR = /usr/local/lib/postgresql
LOCALEDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/share/locale
MANDIR = /usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/share/man
SHAREDIR = /usr/local/share/postgresql
SYSCONFDIR = /usr/local/etc/postgresql
PGXS = /usr/local/lib/postgresql/pgxs/src/makefiles/pgxs.mk
CONFIGURE = '--disable-debug' '--prefix=/usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1' '--datadir=/usr/local/share/postgresql' '--libdir=/usr/local/lib' '--sysconfdir=/usr/local/etc' '--docdir=/usr/local/Cellar/postgresql/9.6.1/share/doc/postgresql' '--enable-thread-safety' '--with-bonjour' '--with-gssapi' '--with-ldap' '--with-openssl' '--with-pam' '--with-libxml' '--with-libxslt' '--with-perl' '--with-tcl' '--with-tclconfig=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/lib' '--with-uuid=e2fs' 'CC=clang' 'LDFLAGS=-L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib' 'CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include -I/usr/local/opt/readline/include'
CC = clang
CPPFLAGS = -DFRONTEND -I/usr/local/opt/openssl/include -I/usr/local/opt/readline/include -I/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.12.sdk/usr/include/libxml2
CFLAGS = -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -Wno-unused-command-line-argument -O2
CFLAGS_SL =
LDFLAGS = -L../../src/common -L/usr/local/opt/openssl/lib -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib -Wl,-dead_strip_dylibs
LDFLAGS_EX =
LDFLAGS_SL =
LIBS = -lpgcommon -lpgport -lxslt -lxml2 -lpam -lssl -lcrypto -lgssapi_krb5 -lz -lreadline -lm
VERSION = PostgreSQL 9.6.1

➜  ~ gcc --version
Configured with: --prefix=/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/usr --with-gxx-include-dir=/usr/include/c++/4.2.1
Apple LLVM version 8.0.0 (clang-800.0.42.1)
Target: x86_64-apple-darwin16.3.0
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin

Checked that XCode tools are installed. But I keep getting errors when trying to install psycopg2. Any ideas what to do next.
** EDIT
I just tried to install it outside the virtualenv using same Python version and it installed without any issues.
➜  ~ pip3 install psycopg2
Collecting psycopg2
  Using cached psycopg2-2.6.2.tar.gz
Building wheels for collected packages: psycopg2
  Running setup.py bdist_wheel for psycopg2 ... done
  Stored in directory: /Users/Kimmo/Library/Caches/pip/wheels/49/47/2a/5c3f874990ce267228c2dfe7a0589f3b0651aa590e329ad382
Successfully built psycopg2
Installing collected packages: psycopg2
Successfully installed psycopg2-2.

6.2

A: Both Python 2 and Python 3 have a pip utility associated with them. Therefore, if you install both in the same directory the second installation runs the risk of overwriting the pip from the first one.
It's always safest to run python2 -m pip or python3 -m pip if you want to be sure which version you are running.
Once you've correctly activated a virtual environment, its pip should be the one that runs by default, ensuring that installation happens inside the virtual environment. If the virtualenv doesn't include pip you will find it more difficult ti install packages into your virtualenv.

A: It seems that with my configuration pip install -r requirements.txt fails when using python3.
I solved this by running pip uninstall -r requirements.txt and then running pip3 install -r requirements.txt


16:07:35: The process "C:\Qt\Qt5.8.0\Tools\QtCreator\bin\jom.exe" exited with code 2.
ERROR: Cannot determine the location of the VS installation.
The kit Desktop Qt 5.8.0 MSVC2013 32bit has configuration issues which might be the root cause for this problem.


Sony recently introduced a new e-book reader at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) show this past week. Unlike many of its predecessors, Sony feels that this new reader may be just the device to make e-book reading really take off. Reviews of the new reader boast a "paper-like" viewing screen and the ability to view more than books (pdf documents, newsfeeeds, blogs, jpg pictures and even allows you to listen to audio files). Take a tour of this new device yourself online.
That's really cool. I can't wait to get one!
Check out this a $100 laptop with a hand crank for power. The group is One Laptop per Child and they want to get laptops to every child in the world as if they were textbooks.


text:
EKG to Go
A new handheld heart monitor and subscription service may assuage heart-attack fears – for people who can afford it.
Lauren Gravitzarchive page
Chest pain, shortness of breath, indigestion, backache, nausea: they could be symptoms of a myocardial infarction – or they could mean you have the flu. Many people are reluctant to wake their doctor at 1:00 a.m. over a case of indigestion – but if they're really in the throes of a heart attack, waiting it out is the worst possible thing to do.
Enter EKGuard, a portable gadget and subscription service now available for the first time in the United States. EKGuard provides clients with a handheld electrocardiogram (EKG) monitor and a 24-hour call center staffed by cardiac specialists. Their goal: to drastically reduce the time between the onset of a heart attack and a patient's arrival at the hospital.
"The biggest problem when it comes to heart disease is that people aren't acting fast enough," says Jay Lichtenstein, EKGuard's president and CEO. "Typically, there's about four to six hours between when people feel symptoms and when they seek help. But after two hours, a person's chances of dying double – her heart muscle suffers permanent damage because it's not getting oxygen." And the greater the damage, the lower the chances of survival.
Currently, EKGuard is available only in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey. All calls are channeled to a center in mid-town Manhattan, where the phones are answered by cardiac doctors, nurses, and EMTs. When a customer signs up for EKGuard, the company sends a handheld EKG monitor. They also take a customer's medical history, contact his or her doctor and cardiologist, and explain how they should take a baseline EKG, for reference by cardiac specialists.
The portable monitor has three wires; placed in the right spots on the body, they record data from 12 different leads, like a standard hospital or ambulance EKG. When collected, the data build a picture of how efficiently electrical impulses are traveling through the heart. To transmit the EKG readings to the call center, the device translates the information into sound and plays it over a phone line to a computerized receiving station, where it is reconfigured into an EKG chart that can be analyzed for irregularities.
The technology itself isn't new: The device EKGuard uses (manufactured by an Israeli company, Aerotel Medical Systems) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2000. But legal and practical issues stalled the development of the call-center service for years. Most doctors, for instance, are licensed solely in the state where they practice, so the call center had to hire medical staff who could advise clients from each state where the company does business.
Now that the company is up and running stateside, Lichtenstein says, they plan to refine the technology. The next step: adding Bluetooth wireless capabilities to the device, so that it can communicate with a cell phone or a PDA.
Companies like EKGuard are already operating in Israel, England, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. More than 120,000 people in Israel alone are using a similar service, according to Lichtenstein, and a study by one company found that the technology helped its customers cut emergency-room visits by 30 percent. Even more telling, the average time it took for heart attack victims to call for help after their first symptoms appeared dropped from four hours to around 40 minutes.
In the United States, "as many as two-thirds of patients with heart attacks don't arrive at the hospital for treatment until four of five hours after their symptoms started," says cardiologist Mark Apfelbaum, chief of the Interventional Cardiology Network at New York's Columbia University Medical Center and a member of EKGuard's medical advisory board. "And any time you cut hours off time to treatment, fewer people are going to die."
EKGuard encourages their subscribers to call at the first sign of trouble – as well they should, if they want to get their money's worth. The service costs between $499 and $599 to start up (depending on the term of the contract), with subsequent monthly fees run $69-79.
"With this service available, I think patients will have much more of an inclination to call 10 or 15 minutes after their symptoms start," says Apfelbaum. "We can see immediately on the EKG if it is, indeed, a heart attack. We call 911, we get the ambulance to the patient, call the closest hospital, have the [catheterization] lab ready and waiting, and can shave hours off treatment time in heart attack patients."
The service will be most helpful for certain groups: those who've already been diagnosed with heart disease, who have had at least one heart attack already, who have had angioplasty, or who have other serious concerns about their cardiac health. But the company is also courting the "worried well" – people with high risk factors, such as hypertension and high cholesterol, but no history of the disease.
For that reason, among others, not everyone is buying what EKGuard has to sell. "Patients who are worried enough to call someone because they're having chest symptoms really need to be seen by a physician, and been seen in an emergency room," says Richard Stein, MD, a spokesperson for the American Heart Association (AHA) and a cardiologist at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City.
Stein argues that a normal EKG doesn't always carry enough information for a doctor to know whether there's cause for concern. "Somewhere between 20 percent of men and 25 percent of women have symptoms during a heart attack that aren't classic," he says, adding that early EKGs don't necessarily show telltale signs. Often, additional EKGs and blood tests are needed in order to rule out a heart attack, says Stein.
"I don't think that the assurance EKGuard can give is one I would want my patients to have," Stein says.
Lichtenstein, however, thinks that many of the people who might purchase his product and phone the call center are the type who might otherwise do nothing at all. "Research by the AHA has found that people just won't call 911" during possible cardiac emergencies, Lichtenstein says. But he believes they will call EKGuard.
EKGuard will be available in five to eight more states within a year, and nationwide by 2010, Lichtenstein says.
Meanwhile, the medical community has yet to pass judgment on handheld EKG units. Stein and others would like to see the results of clinical trials before they give their endorsement; while many others seem optimistic, given the technology's success in other countries.
If the service saves someone's life, the steep startup cost will seem like a small price to pay, of course. On the other hand, if EKGuard creates a false sense of security for those who should instead be racing to an emergency room, cardiologists may not be quick to embrace it.
by Lauren Gravitz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HSP110 polyclonal antibody
ADI-SPA-1101-E 100 µg 226.00 USD
Alternative Name: HSP105, HspH1, Heat shock protein 105, Heat shock protein 110
Immunogen: Synthetic peptide corresponding to a portion of hamster HSP110. The sequence is completely conserved in human and mouse.
UniProt ID: Q60446
GenBank ID: Z47807
Bovine, Hamster, Monkey, Sheep, Yeast
Recommended Dilutions/Conditions: Western Blot (1:1,000, colorimetric)
Application Notes: Detects a band of ~110kDa by Western blot.
Purity Detail: Protein A affinity purified.
Formulation: Liquid. In PBS, pH 7.2, containing 50% glycerol and 0.09% sodium azide.
Scientific Background: Hsp 110 belongs to a family of large stress proteins known as the Hsp110/SSE family, the mostly overlooked relatives of the well studied Hsp70 family. Members of this group, while significantly larger and containing sequences not present in the Hsp70 family, share 30-33% amino acid identity with members of the Hsp70 family, mostly in the conserved ATP-binding domain. Presently, all identified members of the Hsp70-like sequences belong to either the Hsp70 family or the Hsp110/SSE family. Hsp110 appears to be a normal constituent of mammalian cells with highest expression in the brain, and its induction by heat shock strongly correlates with cellular thermotolerance. Hsp110 may contribute to RNA stability, and its capacity to bind peptide has made Hsp110 a promising immunoadjuvant in anti-tumor vaccine development.
Targeting the hsp70 gene delays mammary tumor initiation and inhibits tumor cell metastasis: J. Gong, et al.; Oncogene 34, 5640 (2015), Application(s): Western Blotting, Abstract;
OLA1 protects cells in heat shock by stabilizing HSP70: R.F. Mao, et al.; Cell Death Dis. 14, e491 (2013), Abstract; Full Text
Basal and stress-induced Hsp70 are modulated by ataxin-3: C.P. Reina, et al.; Cell Stress Chaperones 17, 729 (2012), Application(s): WB using mouse cell lysate, Abstract; Full Text
Identification of a major subfamily of large hsp70-like proteins through the cloning of the mammalian 110-kDa heat shock protein: J.R. Subjeck, et al. ; J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15725 (1995), Application(s): WB using human samples, Abstract;
Goat anti-rabbit IgG, polyclonal antibody (AP conjugate)
ELISA, WB | Print as PDF
HSP110
Disease-Associated Stress Signaling


text:
Mark Duggan police refuse to give evidence
The 31 police officers involved in the fatal shooting of Mark Duggan—which sparked last year's August riots—are refusing to be interviewed for the investigation into his death.
Police killed Mark near his home in Tottenham, north London, in circumstances that are still unexplained.
The investigation is being run by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). But it does not have the power to force witnesses to give evidence unless it makes them suspects.
The police officer who shot Mark is part of the Metropolitan Police firearms unit CO19. He has not been named.
He and the other officers who were at the scene of Mark's death have given written statements—but they are refusing to talk to the IPCC face?to-face.
New video footage has emerged of the aftermath of the shooting. It shows paramedics trying to save Mark as he lay dying.
An eyewitness says, "They blocked him in, they blocked him in. He jumped out… and then he's taken out—they shot him."
The riots started after Mark's family and friends marched to the local police station to demand answers—and received none.
Nine months on we are still no closer to justice for Mark Duggan.
Topics Mark Duggan, Police
Union backs two-week shutdown of secondaries
Black family want answers from the Met
Police crackdown on right to protest
Revolt in France over police violence and rape


text:
November 24, 2017 | Press Trust of India
Drug supplier from Punjab arrested in Jammu
A man from Punjab has been arrested with 200 grams of heroin in Jammu city, the police said today.
On a tip-off, Rakesh Kumar alias Bobby of Amritsar in Punjab was arrested last night, Superintendent of Police (SP) South Jammu, Sandeep Choudhary said.
A case has been registered against him and investigation into it is underway, he said, adding Bobby used to allegedly procure drugs from Punjab and supply it to the youth in Jammu.
The arrested accused has been involved in drug dealings for quite some time, Choudhary said.


text:
Ota Ulč (16 March 1930 – 22 November 2022) was a Czech-American author and columnist.

Ulč studied law at the Charles University in Prague, then became a district court judge in Stříbro. In 1959 he escaped via West Berlin to the West and finally to the U.S. There he proceeded to study political science at the Columbia University in New York. Afterwards, he gave classes on comparative governments at Binghamton University.

His books were published by Škvorecký's 68 Publishers in Toronto. From 1989 to his death, Ulč published about 20 books and articles in both printed and online newspapers in the Czech Republic.

As of 2006, Ulč was living in Binghamton, in upstate New York. He died on 22 November 2022, at the age of 92.

Publications
 Judge in a Communist State, Ohio University Press, 1972
 Politics in Czechoslovakia, San Francisco:W.H.Freeman, 1974
 Malá doznání okresního soudce, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1974
 Náš člověk v Indii a na Ceyloně, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1976
 Antinostalgicum, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1977
 Bez Čedoku po Pacifiku, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1980
 Špatně časovaný běženec, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1985
 Bez Čedoku po Jižní Africe, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1988
 Šťastně navrácený běženec, Sixty-Eight Publishers, Toronto, 1992
 My  oni, Polygon Verlag, Zurich, (1.ed.1987, 2.ed.1989)
 Malá doznání okresního soudce, Art-servis, Prague, 1990
 Nástin přednášek mezinárodního práva, Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc, 1991
 Příručka pro zájemce o americký svět, Rozmluvy, Prague, 1992
 Bez Čedoku po Číně a okolí, Ivo Železný, Prague, 1992
 Bez Čedoku po Jižní Africe, Ivo Železný, Prague, 1992
 Naši mezi protinožci, Faun, Prague, 1998
 Běženec v sametu, Faun, Prague, 1998
 Vandrování po Pacifiku  Oceánii, Olympia, Prague, 1998
 Všehochuť málo korektní Doplněk, Brno 2002
 Kam šlápne česká noha, Šulc, Prague, 2003,
 Pacifik: ostrovní komunikace a lidožroutská tradice, Šulc, Prague, 2004
 Čech částečným Číňanem, Academia, Prague, 2004
 Klokánie  obtížné sousedství: piráti, lovci lebek, novodobí teroristé, Šulc, Prague, 2006

References

External links
 Ota Ulc: from morose nihilism to a New York professorship (in English)
 Ulč's website (in Czech)

1930 births
2022 deaths
Czech male writers
Czechoslovak judges
Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
Charles University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Binghamton University faculty
Writers from Plzeň

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In the 2005-2006 school year Imagine embarked on a healthy living campaign, "Imagine, Learning Healthy Early!", that is reflected throughout our curriculum. By consulting with parents, nutritionists, and professionals in both the fields of early childhood and health care Imagine has developed suggested healthy menus, physical activities and daily life routines for school and home. This increased health conscious approach is evident in center snack menus where old standards like graham crackers and cookies have been replaced by more fruit, vegetables and healthy crackers free of hydrogenated oils and trans fat. Imagine will also limit foods associated with allergies when necessary, including nuts and dairy.
As a regular part of our curriculum, teachers talk to the children in all the classrooms about making healthy living choices. Germ Busters, Healthy Heart, Sun Safety, Get Up, Get Out and Play are just a few of the units that are explored. Teachers are supported by Gail Krieger, our Learning Healthy Early Coordinator.
Additionally, Imagine has made a commitment to the greening of our centers. We have reduced our waste of paper by emailing staff and family notices. We use only environmentally friendly cleaning products free of harsh chemicals during the day in the presence of children. By recycling with the children we are teaching the importance of sustainability while using fun found objects for art and other classroom activities.
Every year Imagine sponsors an Imagine Us Thinner and Healthier competition for Imagine staff and families. We are happy to report that hundreds of pounds have been lost! Many Imagineers are living happier and healthier lives.
Imagine staff work as partners with parents to emphasize healthy habits at home. Learnng Healthy Early recipes, activities and tips are included in monthly center newsletters. We also provide parent education workshops, referrals to community resources and center sponsored healthy living events.
All the Imagine centers are endorsed by Eco-Healthy Child Care program sponsored by the Oregon Environmental Council.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The mechanical response of most cells arises from the mechanics of its cytoskeleton, a polymeric scaffold that spans the interior of these cells, and its interaction with the extra-cellular environment.  The cytoskeleton is made up of complex assemblies of protein filaments crosslinked and bundled together by a variety of accessory proteins. For example, there are approximately 23 distinct classes of accessory proteins such as fascin, $\alpha$-actinin, and filamin A~\cite{kreis} that crosslink
filamentous-actin (F-actin),  a major component of the cytoskeleton
that is resposible for the mechanical integrity and motility of
cells. Given the multitude of crosslinkers, several natural questions arise: Are the different types of crosslinkers redundant, or do they each serve specific functions? Do they act independently or cooperatively? What are the consequences of their mechanics for the mechanical integrity and response of the cell?
A mutation study of {\it dictyostelium discoideum} cells lacking a particular actin crosslinking can still grow, locomote, and develop, though with some defects, thereby suggesting at least partial redundancy in the crosslinker's mechanical function~\cite{rivero} .
On the other hand, two types of crosslinkers working cooperatively may produce enhanced mechanical response.
This cooperativity has been demonstrated in stress fibers crosslinked with the actin binding proteins (ABP) $\alpha$-actinin and fascin, where stress fibers containing both $\alpha$-actinin and fascin were more mechanically stable than stress fibers containing only $\alpha$ -actinin or fascin~\cite{tseng}. In addition, it has been found that two different crosslinkers are required for actin bundle formation {\it in vivo}~\cite{tilney}.  It could also be the case that different crosslinkers work independently of one another such that the dominant crosslinker dictates the mechanical response of the network~\cite{schmoller}. Given these various possibilities, how the cell uses different crosslinking proteins to optimize for certain mechanical characteristics is an important open issue in cytoskeletal mechanics.

Here, we address this redundancy versus cooperativity issue by studying a model network of  semiflexible filaments crosslinked with two types of crosslinkers. We first study the mechanical properties of the model network with one type of crosslinker and then add the second type of crosslinker and look for mechanical similarities and differences with the original model network. In addition, we also address the redundancy versus cooperativity issue of two types of crosslinkers for networks made of flexible filaments.

As for the two types of crosslinkers, we consider crosslinkers that allow the crossing filaments to rotate freely (freely-rotating crosslinks) and crosslinkers that constrain the angle between two filaments.  The ABP $\alpha$-actinin is a candidate for the former type of crosslinking mechanics: optical trapping studies demonstrate that two filaments bound by $\alpha$-actinin can rotate easily~\cite{courson}. As an example of the latter, we consider filamin A (FLNa), which binds two actin filaments at a reasonably regular angle of ninety degrees, suggesting that FLNa constrains the angular degrees of freedom between two filaments~\cite{nakamura}.  Here, we do not take into account the possible unfolding of FLNa since the energy to unfold filamin A is large~\cite{nakamura,didonna,gardel.filamin}, nor do we take into account the kinetics of FLNa since we seek to understand fully the mechanics in the static regime first.  There exist other possible examples of angle-constraining crosslinkers such as Arp2/3 that serves a dual role as an F-actin nucleator and a crosslinker~\cite{blanchoin}.  While its role as a nucleator has been emphasized in lamellipodia formation~\cite{pollard,svitkina}, its role constraining the angle between the mother and daughter filaments is presumably also important for lamellipodia mechanics.  Better understanding of the mechanical role of Arp2/3 in lamellipodia may also help to distinguish between the dendritic nucleation model for lamellipodia formation and a new model where Arp2/3 only nucleates new filaments but does not produce branches~\cite{urban}.

In studying the mechanical properties of compositely crosslinked filamentous networks, we focus on the onset of mechanical rigidity as the filament concentration is increased above some critical threshold. This onset is otherwise known as rigidity percolation~\cite{degennes,feng.sen,feng,thorpe,thorpe.cai,sahimi,latva-kokko}.  Above this critical threshold, both experiments and theoretical studies of F-actin networks have observed distinct mechanical regimes. For dense, stiff networks the mechanical response is uniform or affine and the strain energy is stored predominantly in filament stretching modes. While for sparse, floppy networks one finds a non-affine response dominated by filament bending where the observed mechanical response of the network is inhomogeneous and highly sensitive to the lengthscale being probed~\cite{head,heussinger,wilhelm,gardel,das}. It has been recently reported that there exists a {\em bend-stretch} coupled regime for intermediate crosslinking densities and filament stiffnesses~\cite{broedersz}.

While considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanics of cytoskeletal networks that are crosslinked by one type of crosslinkers, compositely crosslinked networks are only beginning to be explored experimentally~\cite{schmoller,esue} as are composite filament networks with one type of crosslinker theoretically~\cite{huisman,das2}.

Here we investigate the mechanics of such networks as a function of the concentration and elasticity of the crosslinkers and the filaments.

\section{Model and Methods}
We arrange infinitely long filaments in the plane of a two-dimensional triangular lattice.  The filaments are given an extensional spring constant $\alpha$, and a filament bending modulus $\kappa$. We introduce finite filament length $L$ into the system by cutting bonds with probability $1-p$, where $0 < p < 1 $, with no spatial correlations between these cutting points. The cutting generates a disordered network with a broad distribution of filament lengths.  When two filaments intersect, there exists a freely-rotating crosslink preventing the two filaments from sliding with respect to one another. Next, we introduce angular springs with strength $\kappa_{nc}$ between filaments crossing at $60^\circ$ angles with a probability $p_{nc}$, where $nc$ denotes non-collinear.  These angular springs model the second type of crosslinker. See Fig.\ref{Fig0} for a schematic.

We study the mechanical response of this disordered network under an externally applied strain in the linear response regime.
For simplicity we set the rest length of the bonds to unity. Let  $\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}$ be the unit vector along bonds and $\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{ij}=\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{i}-\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{j}$  the strain on the bond $ij$.
For small deformation $u$,  the deformation energy is

\begin{eqnarray} \label{energies}
E \!\! &=& \!\!\!  \frac{\alpha}{2} \sum_{\langle ij \rangle}\! p_{ij}  \left (\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{ij} . \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij} \right)^2
+ \frac{\kappa}{2}\!\!\! \sum_{\langle \widehat{ijk} =\pi \rangle}\!\!\!\!\! p_{ij} p_{jk}  (\left( \mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{ji} + \mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{jk}) \times \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ji}  \right )^2 \nonumber \\
\!\!&+& \!\!\!   \frac{\kappa_{nc}}{2}\!\!\! \sum_{\langle \widehat{ijk} =\pi/3 \rangle}\!\!\!\!\!\!  p_{ij} p_{jk} \; p_{nc} \; {\Delta\theta_{ijk}}^2
\end{eqnarray}
where $p_{ij}$ is the probability that a bond is occupied,  $\sum_{\langle ij \rangle}$ represents sum over all bonds and  $\sum_{\langle ijk \rangle}$ represents sum over pairs of  bonds sharing a node. The first term in the deformation energy corresponds to the cost of extension or compression of the bonds, the second term to the penalty for the bending of filament segments made of pairs of adjacent collinear bonds, and the last term to the energy cost of change in the angles between crossing filaments that meet at $60^\circ$ angle. Furthermore, for small deformations $\Delta\theta_{ijk} =  (\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{ji} \times \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ji}  -   \mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{jk} \times \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{jk}).(\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ji} \times \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{jk}) =
 -\frac{(\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{ji} . \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ji}  +  \mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{jk} . \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{jk})}{2} + u_{ik}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ik} $. It is straightforward to see that the angular spring $\widehat{ijk}$ between $ij$ and $jk$ will contribute to an effective spring in parallel with $ik$, giving rise to an enhanced effective spring constant $\mu=\alpha + \frac{3}{2} \kappa_{nc}$ .

\subsection{Effective medium theory}

We study the effective medium mechanical response for such disordered networks following  the mean field theory developed in \cite{feng,thorpe} for central force networks and \cite{das} for filament bending networks. The aim of the theory is to construct an effective medium, or ordered network, that has the same mechanical response to a given deformation field as the depleted network under consideration. The effective elastic constants are determined by requiring that strain fluctuations produced in the original, ordered network by randomly cutting filaments  and removing angular springs vanish when averaged over the entire network.

Let us consider an ordered network with each bond having a spring constant $\mu_m$,  a filament bending constant for adjacent collinear bond pairs $\kappa_m$, and an angular bending constant $\kappa_{nc,m}$ between bonds making $60^\circ$ angles. Under small applied strain, the filament stretching and filament bending modes are orthogonal, with stretching forces contributing only to deformations along filaments ($\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{\parallel}$) and bending forces contributing only to deformations perpendicular to filaments ($\mbox{\boldmath $u$\unboldmath}_{\perp}$), and hence we can treat them separately. The angular forces due to the angular (non-collinear) springs, when present,  contribute to stretching of filaments as discussed earlier, where we only consider three body interactions. For these springs to contribute to bending one needs to consider four-body interactions which is outside the scope of this paper and will be addressed in future work.

We start with the deformed network and replace a pair of adjacent collinear bonds with bending rigidity $\kappa_m$ by one with a rigidity $\kappa$, and a bond spring with extensional elastic constant $\mu_m$ by  a spring with an elastic constant $\mu$ and the facing $60^\circ$ angular spring by $\kappa_{nc}$.  This will lead to additional deformation of the above filament segments and the angle which we calculate as follows.
The virtual force that needs to be applied to restore the nodes to their original positions before the replacement of the bonds will have
a stretching, a bending and an angular contribution: $F_s$, $F_b$, and $F_{\theta}$.  The virtual stretching force is given by
$F_s = (\mu_m - \alpha - 3 \kappa_{nc}/2) {u}_{\parallel,m}$, the virtual filament bending force is  $F_b=  (\kappa_m -\kappa) {u}_{\perp,m}$, while the virtual force to restore the angle is
$F_{\theta}=(\kappa_{nc,m} -\kappa_{nc}) {\theta_m}$, where ${u}_{\parallel,m}$, ${u}_{\perp,m}$ and ${\theta_m}$ are the corresponding deformations in the ordered network under the applied deformation field.  By the superposition principle, the strain fluctuations introduced by replacing the above bending hinges and bonds
 in the strained network are the same as the extra deformations that result when we apply the above virtual forces
on respective hinges and segments in the unstrained network. The components of this ``fluctuation''
are, therefore, given by:

 \begin{eqnarray}
d\ell_{\parallel} &=& \frac{F_s}{\mu_m/a^* - \mu_m + \alpha +  (3/2) \kappa_{nc}}  \nonumber \\
d\ell_{\perp} &=& \frac{F_b}{\kappa_m/b^*-\kappa_m + \kappa}   \nonumber \\
d{\theta}&=& \frac{F_{\theta}}{\kappa_{nc,m}/c^*- \kappa_{nc,m} + \kappa_{nc}}
\end{eqnarray}

The effective medium spring and bending constants, $\mu_m$, $\kappa_m$ and $\kappa_{nc,m}$, respectively, can be calculated by demanding that
the disordered-averaged deformations $\langle {d\ell}_{\parallel} \rangle$, $\langle {d\ell}_{\parallel} \rangle$,  and $\langle d{\theta}  \rangle$  vanish, i.e. $
\left \langle \frac{\mu_m -\alpha  - 3 \kappa_{nc}/2}{\mu_m/a^*  -\mu_m + \alpha + 3 \kappa_{nc}/2} \right \rangle = 0$,
$\left \langle \frac{\kappa_m -\kappa}{\kappa_m/b^*  -\kappa_m + \kappa}  \right \rangle = 0$, and
$\left \langle \frac{ \kappa_{nc,m} - \kappa_{nc}}{\kappa_{nc,m}/c^*  - \kappa_{nc,m} + \kappa_{nc}} \right  \rangle =0$.
To perform the disorder averaging, since the stretching of filaments is defined in terms of spring elasticity of single bonds $\alpha$, the disorder in filament stretching is given by $P(\alpha')= p \delta(\alpha'-\alpha) + (1-p) \delta (\alpha')$. Filament bending, however, is defined on pairs of adjacent collinear bonds with the normalized probability distribution $P(\kappa') = p^2 \delta(\kappa'-\kappa) + (1-p^2) \delta(\kappa')$. Similarly,  for the angular springs, the normalized probability distribution is given by $P(\kappa'_{nc})=p_{nc} p^2  \delta(\kappa'_{nc} -\kappa_{nc}) + (1- p_{nc} p^2) \delta(\kappa'_{nc}))$.  This disorder averaging gives the effective medium elastic constants as a function of $p$ and $p_{nc}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{Triangular-EMT-Rp}
& &p^3 p_{arp} \left(\frac{\mu_m -\alpha  - 3 \kappa_{arp}/2}{\mu_m/a^*  -\mu_m + \alpha + 3 \kappa_{arp}/2}\right)
+ (1-p) p^2 p_{arp} \left( \frac{\mu_m  - 3 \kappa_{arp}/2}{\mu_m/a^*  -\mu_m + 3 \kappa_{arp}/2} \right)\nonumber \\
& &\nonumber\\
&+& p (1-p^2 p_{arp}) \left( \frac{\mu_m  - \alpha}{\mu_m/a^*  -\mu_m + \alpha} \right)
+ (1-p)(1-p^2 p_{arp}) \left( \frac{\mu_m }{\mu_m/a^*  -\mu_m}\right) =0 \nonumber \\
& &\nonumber\\
& & \frac{\kappa_m}{\kappa} = \frac{p^2-b^{*}}{1-b^{*}}, \hspace{5pt} \text{and}\hspace{5pt}
 \frac{\kappa_{m,arp}}{\kappa_{arp}} = \frac{p_{arp} \;\; p^2-c^{*}}{1-c^{*}}.
\end{eqnarray}

The constants $a^{*}$, $b^{*}$ and $c^{*}$ for the network contribution to the effective spring constant $\mu_m/a^{*}$ of bonds, to the filament bending rigidity $\kappa_m/b^{*}$, and the bending rigidity  $\kappa_{nc}/c^{*}$ of angular springs making $60^\circ$ angles respectively, are  given by $a^{*}, b^{*}, c^{*} = \frac{2}{Nz} \sum_{q} Tr  \left[ \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_{s,b,nc} (q) \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}^{-1} (q) \right ]$. The sum is over the first Brillouin zone and $z$ is the coordination number. The stretching, filament bending and non-collinear bending contributions, $\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_{s,b,nc}(q)$ respectively,  to the full dynamical matrix $\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}(q)= \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_s (q) + \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_b(q) + \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_{nc}(q)  $, are given by:

 \begin{eqnarray}
\label{Dmatrix-nc}
 \mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_s (q) &=& \mu_m \sum_{\langle ij \rangle}
\left[ 1 - e^{-i \mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}} \right]  \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}  \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}  \nonumber  \\
{\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_b}(q) &=& \kappa_m  \sum_{\langle ij \rangle}
 \left[ 4(1 - \cos(\mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}))  \right.  \nonumber  \\  &&
  \left. - ( 1 - \cos(2 \mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij})) \right]   \left(\mbox{\boldmath$I$\unboldmath}-\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}  \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij} \right) \nonumber \\
\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_{nc} (q) &=& \frac{3}{2} \kappa_{nc,m} \sum \left[ 2 (1 - \cos(\mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij})) + 2 (1 -
\cos(\mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ik})) \right.  \nonumber \\  &&
\left. - 2 (1 - \cos(\mbox{\boldmath $q$\unboldmath}.\mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{jk}))    \right] \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ij}  \mbox{\boldmath $r$\unboldmath}_{ik}\label{Dnc}
\end{eqnarray}
with $\mbox{\boldmath$I$\unboldmath}$ the unit tensor and the sums are over nearest neighbors ~\cite{feng}.
Note that for small $q$, $\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_b \sim q^4$ and $\mbox{\boldmath $D$\unboldmath}_s \sim q^2$
have the expected wavenumber dependencies for bending and stretching.

By definition, $a^{*}+b^{*} +c^{*}=2d/z$, where $d=2$ is the dimensionality of the system.
At the rigidity percolation threshold $p=p_{rp}$, $\mu_m$, $\kappa_m$ and $\kappa_{nc,m}$ vanish,
giving  $a^{*}=p+p^2 p_{nc} - p^3 p_{nc}$, $b^{*}=p^2$ and $c^{*}=p^2 p_{nc}$.
For semiflexible filament networks with only freely-rotating crosslinks i.e. filament stretching and bending interactions only,
the rigidity percolation threshold is given by  $p_{rp}=0.457$. For networks with angle-constraining crosslinks, at
$p_{nc}=1$, we obtain rigidity percolation thresholds $p_{rp}= 0.405$ for the case of flexible filament networks, and $p_{rp}=0.347$ for semiflexible filament networks. We also calculate how $p_{rp}$ changes on continuously increasing $p_{nc}$ from $0$ to $1$.

\subsection{Numerical Simulations}
Simulations were carried out on a triangular lattice with half periodic boundary conditions along the shear direction for the energetic terms whose small deformation limit is given in Eq. \eqref{energies}. Networks were constructed by adding bonds between lattice sites with probability $p$. Next, a shear deformation was applied to the two fixed boundaries of magnitude $\pm\gamma$. The lattice was then relaxed by minimizing its energy using the conjugate gradient method ~\cite{numrecipes} allowing the deformation to propagate into the bulk of the lattice. Once the minimized energetic state was found within the tolerance specified, in this case the square root of the machine precision $\sim 10^{-8}$, the shear modulus was then measured using the relation, $G=\frac{2E_{min}}{a_{cell}(\gamma L)^2}$, using small strains $<5\%$, with $L$ denoting the system length and $a_{cell}$ denoting the area of the unit cell for a triangular lattice which is equal to $3\sqrt{2}$ in our units.  System size $L=64$ was studied, unless otherwise specified, and sufficient averaging was performed.

\section{Results}

{\bf Mechanical integrity as measured by the shear modulus:} On a triangular lattice, networks made solely of Hookean springs lose rigidity at a bond occupation probability around $p_{rp,I}=2/3$ ~\cite{maxwell,alexander,feng}. This result corresponds to the central force isostatic point at which the number of constraints is equal to the number of degrees of freedom on average. In contrast, networks made of semiflexible filaments become rigid at a smaller $p$ due to extra constraints placed on the system via filament bending. For semiflexible networks with freely-rotating crosslinks, our effective medium theory shows that the shear modulus, $G$, approaches zero at $p_{rp}=0.457$ as shown in Fig.\ref{Fig1} $(a)$. This result is in good agreement with our simulation results yielding $p_{rp}=0.442(6)$ and previous numerical results~\cite{broedersz}. See Fig.\ref{Fig1} $(d)$. A different formulation of the EMT yields $p_{rp}\approx 0.56$~\cite{broedersz}.  By introducing additional crosslinks that constrain angles between filaments at $60^\circ$, the rigidity percolation threshold is lowered.  Our EMT yields $p_{rp}=0.347$ and our simulations yield $p_{pr}=0.348(4)$ for $p_{nc}=1$ (Fig.\ref{Fig1} $(c)$ and $(f)$). The cooperative mechanical interplay between these crosslinks and their interaction with filaments allows the network to form a rigid stress-bearing structure at remarkably low crosslinking densities, almost immediately after it attains geometric percolation, $p_c=2\sin(\pi/18)$, which agrees with a calculation by Kantor and Webman~\cite{kantor}. For flexible filament networks, introducing angle-constraining crosslinkers also lowers the rigidity percolation threshold as compared to the isostatic point with the network attaining rigidity at $p_{rp}= 0.405$ for our EMT and $p_{rp}=0.408(4)$ in the simulations ((Fig.\ref{Fig1} $(b)$ and $(e)$). Incidentally, our result agrees very well with a previous simulation~\cite{hughes}. We also compute analytically and numerically how $p_{rp}$ changes with $p_{nc}$.  See Fig.\ref{Fig2}$(a)$, $(b)$ and $(c)$. Note that $p_{rp}$ is lowered continuously as the concentration of angle-constraining crosslinks is increased.

Just above the rigidity percolation threshold, for a semiflexible network with freely-rotating crosslinks, we find a bending-dominated regime for sparse networks with the shear modulus eventually crossing over to a stretch dominated affine regime at higher filament densities. The purely stretch dominated regime is represented by the macroscopic shear modulus $G$ staying almost constant with increasing $p$, while in the purely bend dominated regime the network is highly floppy and $G$ is a sensitive function of $p$, decreasing rapidly as $p$ is lowered. This behavior has been observed previously in ~\cite{head,heussinger,wilhelm,das,broedersz}. For $\kappa\ll\alpha$, both the effective medium theory and the simulations yield a bend-stretch coupled regime, which is characterized by an inflection in $G$ as a function of $p$ as observed most clearly for $\kappa=10^{-6}$ (with $\alpha=1$).

We find a similar non-affine to affine crossover for the compositely crosslinked flexible filament networks and semflexible filament networks as $p$ is increased. For the flexible filament networks, however, the bend-stretch coupling regime occurs for $\kappa_{nc}\ll\alpha$, i.e. $\kappa_{nc}$ replaces $\kappa$. For semiflexible filament networks, as long as $\kappa_{nc}\lesssim \kappa<<\alpha$, the bend-stretch coupled regime is robust (for fixed $p_{nc}$). In contrast, for $\kappa<<\kappa_{nc}<<\alpha$, the angle-constraining crosslinker suppresses the bend-stretch coupled regime and enhances the shear modulus to that of an affinely deforming network (for fixed $p_{nc}$). The mechanics of the network has been altered with the introduction of the second type of crosslinker.

{\bf Non-affinity parameter:} To further investigate how the interaction of the crosslinkers affects the affine and non-affine mechanical regimes, we numerically study a measure for the degree of non-affinity in the mechanical response, $\Gamma$, defined in Ref.\cite{broedersz} as:
\begin{equation}
\Gamma=\frac{1}{L^2}{\gamma^2}\sum_{i}^{N}(\mathbf{u}_{i}-\mathbf{u}_{aff})^2.
\end{equation}\label{NA}
 The non-affinity parameter can be interpreted as a measure of the proximity to criticality, diverging at a critical point as we approach infinite system size. We find that $\Gamma$ develops a peak at the rigidity percolation threshold, which progressively moves to smaller values of $p$ as the concentration of angular crosslinkers $p_{nc}$ is increased (Fig.\ref{Fig3} $(a)$). A  second peak develops near the isostatic point for  $\kappa_{nc}\lesssim \kappa<<\alpha$ as seen in Fig.\ref{Fig3}  $(b)$.  As both the collinear and non-collinear bending stiffnesses tend to zero, the network mechanics approaches that of a central force network, and the second peak in $\Gamma$ at the isostatic point becomes increasingly more pronounced.

On the other hand, this second peak can be suppressed by increasing $\kappa_{nc}/\kappa$ (Fig.\ref{Fig3} $(b)$), or by increasing the concentration $p_{nc}$ (Fig.\ref{Fig3} $(a)$) even for very small values of $\kappa/\alpha$. This further corroborates that adding angle-constraining crosslinkers to non-affine networks can suppress non-affine fluctuations, provided they energetically dominate over filament bending. The reason for this suppression can be understood by considering the effect of adding a constraint which prohibits the free rotation of crossing filaments. As the concentration of these non-collinear crosslinks $p_{nc}$ is increased (at fixed avg. filament length) microscopic deformations will become correlated. The lengthscale associated with this correlation will increase on increasing either $p$ or $p_{nc}$, and will eventually reach a lengthscale comparable to system size even at $p\sim p_{rp,I}$ at large enough concentration and/or stiffness of the angular springs.  As a result the mechanical response of the network will approach that of an affinely deforming network. Upon decreasing the value of $\kappa_{nc}/\alpha$ relative to $\kappa/\alpha$ we again recover the second peak because energetically the system can afford to bend collectively near the isostatic point.

{\bf Scaling near the isostatic point:} Finally, using scaling analysis we quantify the similarity in mechanics between freely-rotating crosslinked semiflexible networks and compositely crosslinked flexible networks. To do this, we examine the scaling of the shear modulus $G$ near the isostatic point with $\Delta p= p - p_{rp,I} \ll 1$. For $\kappa/\alpha \ll\Delta p$ (or $\kappa_{nc}/\alpha \ll \Delta p$), the shear modulus scales as $G=\alpha |\Delta p|^f \mathcal{G}_{\pm}(\frac{\kappa}{\alpha}|\Delta p|^{-\phi})$ (or $G=\alpha |\Delta p|^f \mathcal{G}_{\pm}(\frac{\kappa_{nc}}{\alpha}|\Delta p|^{-\phi})$)~\cite{broedersz,wyart}.  For both $(a)\,\kappa=0$,$\kappa_{nc} >0$ and $(b)\,\kappa > 0$, $\kappa_{nc} =0$, the EMT predicts $f=1$ and $\phi=2$ as shown in Fig.\ref{Fig4}(a) and (b), indicating that both types of networks demonstrate redundant, or generic, mechanics. To compare the EMT results with the simulations, we use the position in the second peak in $\Gamma$ to determine the central force percolation threshold, $p_{rp,I}$, and then vary $f$ and $\phi$ to obtain the best scaling collapse.  For case (a), $p_{rp,I}=0.666(3)$, $f=1.1(1)$ and $\phi=2.8(1)$.  For case (b), $p_{rp,I}=0.659(5)$, $f=1.1(1)$ and $\phi=2.9(1)$. Both sets of exponents are reasonably consistent with those found in Ref.~\cite{broedersz} for a semiflexible network with freely-rotating crosslinks only. Preliminary simulations for compositely crosslinked semiflexible networks indicate that the shear modulus scales as $G=\alpha |\Delta p|^f \mathcal{G}_{\pm}(\frac{\kappa}{\alpha}|\Delta p|^{-\phi},\frac{\kappa_{nc}}{\alpha}|\Delta p|^{-\gamma})$ also with a similar $f$ and a similar $\phi$ with $\phi=\gamma$ .

\section{Discussion}

In the limit of small strain, we conclude that the presence of multiple crosslinkers in living cells can be simultaneously cooperative and redundant in response to mechanical cues, with important implications for cell mechanics. Redundant functionality helps the cytokeleton be robust to a wide range of mechanical cues. On the other hand, different crosslinkers can also act cooperatively allowing the system to vary the critical filament concentration above which the cytoskeleton can transmit mechanical forces.
This may enable the cytoskeleton to easily remodel in response to mechanical cues via the binding/unbinding of crosslinkers (tuning concentration) or their
folding/unfolding (tuning stiffness and type of crosslinker). Since the cytoskeleton consists of a finite amount of material, the ability to alter mechanics without
introducing major morphological changes or motifs may play important role in processes such as cell motility and shape change.

{\bf Cooperativity:} In our study of two types of crosslinkers, crosslinkers that allow free rotations of filaments and crosslinkers that do not, we find two types of cooperative effects in the mechanics of such compositely crosslinked networks.  The first cooperative effect depends on the relative concentration of the two types of crosslinkers and second depends on the relative stiffness of the angle-constraining crosslinkers to the bending stiffness of the individual filaments. The first cooperative effect can be most strikingly observed beginning with an actin/$\alpha$-actinin network and increasing the concentration of FLNa, with $\alpha$-actinin representing the freely-rotating crosslinker~\cite{courson} and FLNa representing the angle-constraining crosslinker~\cite{nakamura}. By tuning the concentration of FLNa, the cell can modulate the minimum concentration of actin filaments necessary to attain mechanical rigidity, which
can be essentially as low as the filament concentration required to form a geometrically percolating structure. This is in
good agreement with the experimental observation that FLNa creates an F-actin network at filament concentrations lower than any other
known crosslinker~\cite{nakamura}.  Increasing the FLNa concentration also suppresses the non-affine fluctuations near the rigidity percolation threshold by increasing the shear modulus of the network and giving rise to a more affine mechanical response while keeping the filament concentration fixed.
Moreover, the cooperativity of $\alpha$-actinin and FLNa working to ehance the mechanical stiffness of actin networks has recently been observed in experiments~\cite{esue}. The addition of angle-constraining crosslinkers to flexible filament networks also decreases the concentration threshold required for mechanical rigidity, though the lower bound on the threshold is not as close as to geometric percolation as it is for semiflexible filaments. The lowering of the rigidity percolation threshold is independent of the energy scale of the crosslinker.  It depends purely on the number of degrees of freedom the crosslinker can freeze out between two filaments, i.e. the structure of the crosslinker.

The second cooperative interplay between the two crosslinkers depends on the energy scale of the angle-constraining crosslinker to the filament bending energy. For $\kappa \ll \alpha$, the freely-rotating semiflexible filament system exhibits large non-affine fluctuations near the isostatic point.  Upon addition of the angle-constraining crosslinkers, for
$\kappa_{nc} \ge \kappa$, the non-affine fluctuations near this point become suppressed and the mechanics of the angle-constraining
crosslinker dominates the system. Once again, with a small change in concentration of the second crosslinker, the mechanical response of the network is changed dramatically.

{\bf Redundancy:} We observe two redundant effects in these compositely crosslinked networks, the first of which depends on energy scales.  For $\kappa_{nc} \ll \kappa$ with $\kappa \ll \alpha$, the non-affine fluctuations near the isostatic point in the freely-rotating crosslinker semiflexible filament network remain large even with the addition of the angle-constraining crosslinker.  In other words, the angle-constraining crosslinkers are redundant near the isostatic point. Their purpose is to decrease the amount of material needed for mechanical rigidity as opposed to alter mechanical properties at higher filament concentrations.

Redundancy is also evident in the mechanics of these networks sharing some important, generic properties.  All three networks studied here (free-rotating crosslinked semibflexible networks and compositely crosslinked semiflexible and flexible networks) have three distinct mechanical regimes: a regime dominated by the stretching elasticity of filaments, a regime dominated by the bending elasticity
of filaments and/or stiffness of angle-constraining crosslinkers, and an intermediate regime which depends on the interplay between these interactions.
The extent of these regimes can be controlled by tuning the relative strength of the above mechanical interactions. In particular, the ratio of bending rigidity to extensional modulus of an individual actin filament is $\sim 10^{-3}$ \cite{head}.  Since the bend-stretch coupled regime has not been observed in prior experiments on {\it in-vitro} actin networks crosslinked with FLNa only, we conjecture that the energy cost of deformation of angles between filaments crosslinked with FLNa is larger than the bending energy of filaments. The qualitative redundancy becomes quantitative, for example, near the isostatic point where
we obtain the same scaling exponents for $G$ as a function of $p-p_{rp,I}$ and $\kappa$(or $\kappa_{nc}$) for the free-rotating crosslinked semiflexible network and the compositely crosslinked flexible network. Preliminary data suggests the same scaling extends to compositely crosslinked semiflexible networks. This result is an indication of the robustness of these networks and should not be considered
as a weakness. Whether or not this robustness extends to systems experiencing higher strains such that nonlinearities emerge is not yet known.

{\bf Lamellipodia mechanics:} The interplay between cooperative and redundant mechanical properties may be particularly important for the mechanics of branched F-actin networks in lamellipodia. Within lamellipodia, there exist some filament branches occuring at an angle of around $70^\circ$ with respect to the plus end of the mother filament (referred to as $Y-$ junctions). These branches are due to the ABP Arp2/3~\cite{blanchoin}.  During lamellipodia formation, these branches are presumed to be the dominant channel for filament nucleation. The mechanics of Arp2/3 can be modeled as an angular spring between the mother and daughter filament with an angular spring constant of approximately $10^{-19} J \,rad^{-2}$~\cite{blanchoin}.  In other words, Arp2/3 is an angle-constraining crosslinker for $Y-$junctions (as opposed to $X-$junctions), and thereby plays an important role in lamellipodia mechanics as demonstrated in this work.  The mechanical role of Arp2/3 in lamellipodia has not been investigated previously and may help to discriminate between the dendritic nucleation model~\cite{pollard,svitkina} and a new model~\cite{urban} by predicting the force transmitted in lamellipodia as a function of the Arp2/3 concentration.

In addition to Arp2/3, FLNa localizes at $X-$junctions in the lamellipodia and is thought to stabilize the dendritic network \cite{revenu}.  Both angle-constraining crosslinkers lower the filament concentration threshold required for mechanical rigidity in the system. Depending on the energy scale of FLNa as compared to the energy scale of Arp2/3, addition of the FLNa may or may not modulate, for example, the bend-stretch coupling regime at intermediate filament concentrations. Again, at times mechanical redundancy is needed and at times not.  With three crosslinkers, the system can maximize the redundancy and the cooperativity. Of course, lamellipodia are dynamic in nature and are anisotropic since the Arp2/3 is activated from the leading edge of a cell. Both attributes will modulate the mechanical response.

{\bf Outlook:}
We have demonstrated both cooperativity and redundancy in the mechanics of compositely crosslinked filamentous networks. We have done so while maintaining the structure of an isotropic, unbundled filament network. Of course, crosslinkers can alter the morphology of the network via bundling, for example. In other words, different crosslinkers serve specific functions.  This specificity results in a change in microstructure. This will presumably affect the mechanics such that the cooperative and redundant interactions between multiple crosslinkers may differ from the above analysis. For example, the crosslinker that dominates in terms of creating the morphology will presumably dominate the mechanics. Schmoller and collaborators~\cite{schmoller} suggest that crosslinker with the higher concentration determines the structure and, therefore, the mechanics. Instead of redundancy or cooperativity, the specificity leads to the simple additivity of two types of crosslinkers in that different crosslinkers act independently of one another. In this study, however, we find both cooperativity and redundancy in the network mechanics even in the absence of such structural changes~\cite{wagner}, which, is arguably less intuitive and, therefore, more remarkable. Finally, while our focus here has been on the actin cytoskeleton as an example of a filamentous network, our results can be extended to collagen networks as well~\cite{stein}.

\begin{acknowledgments}
DAQ would like to thank Silke Henkes and Xavier Illa for useful discussions regarding lattice simulations. MD would like to thank Alex J. Levine, F. C. MacKintosh, C. Broedersz, T.C. Lubensky, C. Heussinger and A Zippelius for discussions on the mechanics of semiflexible networks. MD and JMS also acknowledge the hospitality of the Aspen Center for Physics where some of the early discussions took place. JMS is supported by NSF-DMR-0654373. MD is supported by a VENI fellowship from NWO, the Netherlands.
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Today we are talking with Jen Guarino, CEO of J.W. Hulme. J.W. Hulme has been making quality goods in Minnesota since 1905.
Can you give 50 BUILT readers some background on how J.W. HULME Co. came to be, what has changed over the lastcentury, and your product offerings?
John William Hulme founded J.W. Hulme Co. in 1905 as a tent and awning maker. By 1917 Hulme was making tents for American soldiers fighting the Great War. After World War I, our company began to apply its fastidious approach of purposeful design and construction towardsproducing awnings for the homes of St. Paul's elite. Such was the demand for Hulme's hand craftsmanship that the company's product offering grew over time to include leather and canvas sporting bags and accessories. Distinctive Hulme bags became a must-have for the serious outdoor sportsman. As J.W. Hulme flourished it concentrated solely on making bags, including private label bags for other prominent companies. In 2003 we did something extraordinary. We purposefully reduced its operations and stopped producing private label bags. We refocused all hands on quality over quantity. Instead of replacing workers with machines or shipping work overseas, we renewed and strengthened our commitment to making superior goods using premium quality and American craftsmanship. It paid off. Sales have grown four fold since 2009 and J.W. Hulme's distinctive bags can be found at national retailers such as Barneys New York, Brooks Brothers, Allen Edmonds and Anthropologie. Today we employ 42 people; 24 of which are skilled artisans.
Can you put into the words the pride that J.W. HULME Co.'s employees and craftsmen have for the company they work for? How critical is it to have true American craftsman working on your products as opposed to relying on foreign factories?
Hulme's iconic character and passion lives through its products. Every bag and accessory continues to be individually hand crafted by American artisans. Top grain leathers are all sourced from US tanneries andhand-cut by masters using steel dies. All hardware is solid brass. Threads are unbreakable. Zippers maneuver fluidly. Leather edges are hand-dyed. Linings are meticulously matched and hand-sewn. Designs include unexpected features such as key leashes and hidden pockets. Every detail is important and every piece is personally inspected. Our artisans take tremendous pride in their work. If you speak to anyone of them they will go on and on about how they do what they do in explicit detail; with real passion.
What kind of impact has J.W. HULME Co. had on its surrounding community for over a century?
Our artisans span two generations. Some master artisans have been with us 20+ years. They are passing down their expertise to our newest class of artisans that are in their early twenties. We have gone an extra step to ensure the trade stays alive by forming a group called The Makers Coalition. We have partnered with a local non-profit and tech college to begin an industrial sewing certificate program. It begins January 2013.
Minnesota is home to so many iconic American companies who still manufacture their goods in the state and the USA. Is there a sense of community among fellow Minnesota businesses?
Absolutely! I started in the fashion business over 25 years ago. Never have I had the pleasure of being surrounded by such a collaborative support system. We are all each others fans and don't see ourselves as competition but rather a group of proud companies doing great things.
How important is the Made in America process to your brand image? Do you market your products as Made in USA? Would J.W. HULME Co.'s authenticity and history be seriously compromised if you resorted to cheap foreign manufacturing?
I think being authentically made in the USA is at our core. It is in the products from the way we approach crafting each bag to the materials we use. By default it is what gives our products an independent American aesthetic. I just don't think this is something you can make happen off-shore. The soul of the product would be missing. We aren't doing this out of a patriotic philanthropic duty as much as because we can and so should make our quality products here. The fact that it also makes us a job creating small business is the icing on the cake. The fact that we've become a guardian to preserve an American trade is the ice cream with the cake.
If you could tell our readers one factor that is the greatest threat or advantage to keeping things made in America, and allowing companies like J.W. HULME Co. to succeed, what would it be?
ADVANTAGE: Being in better control of quality, speed to market, delivery and customer service.
Thank you so much Jen, another great American-made story. I really appreciate your time and perspective!


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This happened many years ago in Chennai (at that time it was called Madras and under British rule). A man was waiting for an interview for a job with a British company. He filled up a form provided to him. For the question, 'Who do you want to see?', he wrote 'Mr. Bullock, Zonal Manager'. In a few minutes, an Englishman came hurtling down. "Who wrote this form?", he shouted at the only man in the hall. The man waiting for the interview rose up startled. "You didn't write my name correctly. You Indians do not know how to spell an English man's name. Now, here is the paper. Write my name correctly. It is B-u-l-l-o-c-h. Write it twenty times and bring it to me. I'll interview you only then". The Englishman ran up the stairs. Obviously, the Englishman did not relish his name being written with incorrect spelling. I don't find fault with him. In fact I share his views in matters of spelling or pronouncing a personal name. After all, people should remember that a name is only an extension of the person himself. Once I mispronounced the name of an English man and incurred his wrath. I pronounced his name as Aabraham, the first syllable as in 'arm'. He didn't relish it. He asked me to repeat his name with him. "Say Eibraham", rhyming with the first syllable in 'ailing'. I corrected myself. After that I didn't take a chance. I bought a pronouncing dictionary. It was marvelous. I realized that I had mispronounced many English names – Einstein for example. If you are not an English man, I'll advise you to buy a pronouncing dictionary. But what about English men mispronouncing Indian names? Why don't they understand that we don't relish our names being mispronounced? An English teacher of mine (an Englishman himself) mispronounced many Indian names and caused many hilarious situations in the class room !
It's always a little funny when substitute teachers pronounce students' names incorrectly, but it must also be annoying for those students to have to constantly correct others.


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Family Overview/Key to taxa
Subfamily Eremobatinae Kraepelin 1899
Dataminae Kraepelin, 1899a: 240-241.
Eremobatinae Kraepelin, 1901: 116-117; Pocock, 1902c: 59; Roewer, 1934: 555; Muma, 1951: 41; Muma, 1970a 4; Muma, 1976: 14; Muma, 1989:4; Harvey 2003e: 235.
Eremorhaxinae Roewer, 1934: 553 (synonymized by Muma, 1951: 41).
Eremobatine solpugids possess a single claw on the tip of the first leg. Most solpugids, and indeed, most arachnids, bear two claws. The single claw of the eremobatines, which is flattened and has a broad base, is a unique inherited feature (a synapomorphy) shared by members of this distinctive lineage. Five genera have been recognized: Eremobates (88 species), Eremocosta (13 species), Eremorhax (10 species), Eremothera (2 species) and Horribates (3 species). Members of the genus Horribates possess two claws on the tarsus of the first leg and appear to inappropriately included.
Original description:
Kraepelin 1899 (as Dataminae): 207-208 (key), 240. [see Eremobatidae for full transcription].
Subsequent accounts:
Kraepelin 1901 (as Eremobatinae): 28-30 (key), 116, 117. [see Eremobatidae for full transcription].
Pocock 1902c: 59:
The recorded Central-American genera are referable to the two following subfamilies:-
a. Mandible with feebly developed stridulating-ridges on the inner side; anterior border of
carapace straight from side to side. Mandible of male without flagellum, and upper jaw
untoothed ................................................................................................ EREMOBATINAE.
b. Mandible with strongly developed stridulating-ridges on the inner side; the upper jaw in
the male toothed and furnished with a flagellum ............................................ DAESIINAE.
Subfam. EREMOBATINAE.
Dataminae, Kraepelin, Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. xvi. p. 240 (1899).
Eremobatinae, Kraepelin, Das Tierr., Palpigradi et Solifugae, p. 116 (1901).
This subfamily contains the single genus Eremobates.
Roewer, 1934: 553 (key), 555:
553 - 2 Subfamilien der Neuen Welt (Mittelamerika und südwestliches Nordamerika), die sich nach der Gliederung der Beintarsen trennen:
1 '. 1.-4. Tarsus jeweils 1-gliedrig .................................................. 1. Subfam. Eremorhaxinae
1 ". 1.-3. Tarsus jeweils 1-gliedrig, 4. Tarsus 3-gliedrig .................. 2. Subfam. Eremobatinae
1. Subfam. Eremorhaxinae novo subfam.
Eremobatidae, deren 1. -4. Tarsus jeweils 1-gliedrig ist (Abb. 319, a, b, g, h). Nur 1
Gattung aus Texas:
1. Gen. Eremorhax novo gen.
555 - 2. Subfam. Eremobatinae s. str.
Lit.: Kraepelin 1899 S. 240 (Dataminae part.) und 1901 S. 116 (Eremobatinae part.).
Eremobatidae, deren 2. und 3. Tarsus jeweils 1-gliedrig und deren 4. Tarsus 3-gliedrig ist
(Abb. 320, a-p).
10 Gattungen aus dem südlichen Nord-Amerika und Mexiko, die sich nach folgender Tabelle ihrer ventralen Bedornung des 2. -4. Tarsus unterscheiden:
Kästner, A. (1933-1935): 193-299.
Birula, 1938: 12 (as Eremobathidae [sic]).
Muma, 1951: 41:
41 - KEY TO SUBFAMILIES
One claw on first leg ........................................................................................ Eremobatinae
Two claws on first leg ....................................................................................... Therobatinae
SUBFAMILY EREMOBATINAE ROEWER, 1934
Eremobatinae ROEWER, 1934, in Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, vol. 5, div. 4, book 4, P. 553.
Eremorhaxinae ROEWER, 1934, in Bronn, op. cit., vol. 5, div. 4, book 4, p. 553.
Eremobatidae with one claw on the tarsus of the first leg; chelicerae about twice as long as wide. Fixed finger of male chelicera usually style-like, except in Eremothera, new genus, and usually having a ventral or mesoventral groove. Males with or without ctenidia on venter of first post-spiracular segment of abdomen.
KEY TO GENERA
1. Fixed finger of chelicera style-like ................................................................................ 2
Fixed finger sculptured, not style-like .......................................................... Eremothera
2. Mesoventral groove of fixed finger extending to base of finger, small to moderate-
sized species ................................................................................................ Eremobates
Mesoventral groove of fixed finger not extending to base of finger, large species ...
........................................................................................................................Eremorhax
Muma 1970a: 3,4:
3,4 - KEY TO SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF EREMOBATIDAE
(MALES AND FEMALES)
1. Leg I with 1 claw; large, robust, short legged species ...................... Eremobatinae Roewer-2
Leg I with 2 claws; small, slender, long legged species ....................... Therobatinae Muma-5
2. Palpus with 2 ventral rows of long, robust, spinelike, erectile and deflectile setae on femur,
tibia, metatarsus, and tarsus ...................................................................... Horribates Muma
Palpus with or without spinelike setae; when present, apparently not movable and not on
metatarsus and tarsus .......................................................................................................... 3
(MALES ONLY)
3. Fixed finger short and dorsally lobate or sculptured ................................ Eremothera Muma
Fixed finger elongate and need1elike or stylelike ................................................................ 4
4. Mesoventral groove of fixed finger extending to base of finger; apical seta of flagellum-
complex flattened and plumose ................................................................ Eremobates Banks
Mesoventral groove of fixed finger not extending to base of finger; apical seta of flagellum-
complex tubular, at most striate ............................................................... Eremorhax Roewer
5. Dorsal setae of flagellum complex simple and tubular ........................... Eremochelis Roewer
Dorsal setae of flagellum-complex striate, plumose, spatulate, or otherwise modified .......
............................................................................................................................................... 6
6. Fixed finger distinctly sinuate, bent upward and bent or curved downward; dorsal setae
plumose ......................................................................................................... Chanbria Muma
Fixed finger straight, weakly curved, undulate, or bent downward at tip; dorsal setae striate,
spatulate or hooked ............................................................................... Hemerotrecha Banks
Eremorhaxinae Roewer, 1934, p. 558.
Eremobatinae Roewer, 1934, p. 553.
Eremorhaxinae Roe wei, H84, p. 558.
Eremobatinae Roewer, Muma, !951, p. 41
(combination of Roewer's subfamilies).
Muma 1976: 14:
14 - Subfamily Eremobatinae Roewer, 1934
This subfamily was erected by Roewer (1934) but Muma (1951) combined Roewer's Eremorhaxinae and Eremobatinae. Four genera of this subfamily are presently recognized, Eremobates Banks, Eremorhax Roewer, Eremothera Muma and Horribates Muma. At present, these genera seem to be restricted to North America.
Muma 1989: 3 (key), 4
3, 4 - Key to Subfamilies and Genera of Eremobatidae
1. Leg 1 with 1 claw; chelicerae about twice as long as wide; small to large species ...............
........................................................................................................Eremobatinae Roewer-2
1'. Leg 1 with 2 claws; chelicerae 2.5–3 times longer than wide; tiny to moderate sized
species ......................................................................................................... Therobatinae-6
2. Fixed cheliceral finger long, style-like or needle-like; mesoventral groove a crease, slot or
cup-like structure; moderate-sized to large species .......................................................... 3
2'. Fixed cheliceral finger short, sculptured and flanged; mesoventral groove a trough-like
slot; moderate sized species ................................................................ Eremothera Muma
3. Mesoventral groove an indistinct hollow or crease that does not extend to the base of
the fixed finger; movable finger dentition greatly reduced ................................................
....................................................................................... Arenotherus Brookhart and Muma
3'. Mesoventral groove a distinct crease, cup, or slot that may or may not extend to base of
fixed finger; movable finger dentition normal or increased .............................................. 4
4. Mesoventral groove short, not extending to base of fixed finger; apical striate or
plumose setae of male flagellum complex not obviously modified or flattened .............. 5
4'. Mesoventral groove long, extending to base of fixed finger; apical plumose seta of male
flagellum complex obviously enlarged or flattened covering part of the mesoventral
groove..................................................................................................... Eremobates Banks
5'. Palpal metatarsus, tibia, and femur provided with 2 ventral rows of enlarged, robust,
spine-like, obviously movable setae ....................................................... Horribates Muma
6. Fixed cheliceral finger strongly recurved, sigmoid, or S-shaped; mesoventral groove
absent; both dorsal and ventral flagellum complex setae plumose, moderate sized
species........................................................................................................Chanbria Muma
6'. Fixed cheliceral finger style-like or needle-like, straight, curved, or undulate but not
S-shaped or sigmoid; mesoventral groove present; dorsal flagellum complex setae
striate, ventral setae striate or plumose ......................................................................... 7
7. Fixed cheliceral finger with a mesoventral groove that varies from one or more indistinct
creases to an elongate hollow or cup; small to moderate sized species ............................
............................................................................................................. Eremochelis Roewer
7'. Fixed cheliceral finger without a mesoventral groove; tiny to small species ......................
............................................................................................................ Hemerotrecha Banks
4 - Subfamily Eremobatinae Roewer
Males and females of this subfamily have one claw on the tarsus of leg 1. This claw is difficult to see on some species of Eremopus Roewer and Horribates Muma but can be observed from an end or tip view at high magnifications. With few exceptions, such as the small Arenotherus mumai (Brookhart), these species are moderate to large in size . Most have chelicerae that are nearly or slightly more than twice as long as wide. Again with a few exceptions, most species are predominately pale to dusty yellow in color with specifically variable purple to purplish brown markings . Except for the description of Horribates Muma (1962), the addition of new species groups in Muma (1970), and the present paper, this subfamily is essentially the same as it was in Muma (1951).
Harvey 2003e: 235:
235 - Subfamily EREMOBATINAE Kraepelin
Eremobatinae Kraepelin, 1901: 116-117; Pocock, 1902c: 59; Roewer, 1934: 555; Muma, 1951: 41; Muma, 1970a 4; Muma, 1976: 14; Muma, 1989:4.
Eremorhaxinae Roewer, 1934: 553 (synonymised by Muma, 1951: 41).
HARVEY, M.S. (2003e). Catalogue of the Smaller Arachnid Orders of the World. Csiro Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. 385 pp. ✍
KRAEPELIN, K. 1899a. Zur systematik der Solifugen. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 16 Jahrgang: 197-259. Translated title: On the systematics of the solifuges. ✍
KRAEPELIN, K. 1901. Palpigradi und Solifugae. Heft 12, Pp. xi + 1-159 in Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. Author: Karl Matthias Friedrich Kraepelin (1848-1915). Title: Palpigradi und Solifugae. Published: Weinheim, Germany: Cramer, 1965 [Republication]. Note: this citation is for the 1965 Cramer republication; the original work, published in Leipzig, Germany, varies slightly in the title of the series. ✍
MUMA, M.H. (1951) The arachnid order Solpugida in the United States. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 97, 35–141. http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1208 ✍
MUMA, M. H. 1970a. A synoptic review of North American, Central American, and West Indian Solpugida (Arthropoda, Arachnida). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas, 5: 1- 62. ✍
MUMA, M. H. 1976. A review of solpugid families with an annotated list of western hemisphere solpugids. Publications of the Office of Resesearch, Western New Mexico University, 2 (1): 1-33. ✍
MUMA, M. H. 1989. New species and records of Solpugida (Arachnida) from the United States. 60 pp. Privately published for the author by Douglas Print Shop, Douglas, Arizona. ✍
POCOCK, R. I. 1902a. Arachnida: Scorpiones, Pedipalpi, and Solifugae. Pp. 249-310 in Biologia Centrali Americana, London. Zoology: Arachnida, 3.✍
ROEWER, C. F. 1934. Solifuga, Palpigrada. in Buch 4, pp. 481-723 in Bronn, H. G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. 5: Arthropoda. IV: Arachnoidea und kleinere ihnen nahegestellte Gruppen. (Bronns, H. G. Ed.). Vol 5(IV)(4)(4): 481-723 ✍
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LAGOS, Nigeria (CNN) -- Nigeria was suspended Saturday from the Commonwealth, a grouping of Britain and its former colonies, for executing nine environmentalists including Nobel Peace Prize nominee Ken Saro-Wiwa.
David Attah, a spokesman for Nigeria's head Gen. Sani Abacha, told BBC World Service radio that Nigeria was sad and displeased at the suspension. "We see it as most unfortunate, unfair and baseless, and it doesn't seem to approximate events and developments in Nigeria," he said.
The people of Nigeria, like the rest of the world, were stupefied by Friday's executions. These were the fastest executions in the West African nation's history, said the president of the Nigerian Medical Association.
Ken Saro-Wiwa and his eight friends were put to death 10 days after they were convicted of the murder of four leaders of the Ogoni ethnic community.
In a press statement, the National Association of Nigerian Students declared the country's military leader, Gen. Sani Abacha, a "persona non grata, and said they would not hesitate to vent their anger.
But all was quiet in the Southern city of Port Harcourt, where the executions took place. The military regime was taking no chances, however, deploying riot police and tanks to quell any protest that might erupt.
Nigerian human rights activists urged the Commonwealth and the United States on Sunday to turn the screws on Nigeria's military government by boycotting its oil.
Nigerian opposition groups have long pleaded to the world to impose economic sanctions on the country. They argue that it is the only way to force Abacha's regime to restore democracy.
The United States, which buys half of Nigeria's oil, told Reuters that it was not considering an oil embargo against the country.
One crisis after another has rocked Africa's most populous nation since 1993, when the army annulled a presidential election. Last month, yielding to pressure from the West, Abacha commuted the death sentences of more than 40 people including former ruler Olusegun Obasango. They allegedly had plotted to overthrow the military government.
Saro-Wiwa, 54, had championed the rights of the Ogoni people, who make up a tiny part of Nigeria's population.