text:
Prevalence and Characteristics of Glaucoma among Korean Adults
Ji Hyun Kim1,2, Sung Yong Kang1,3, Na Rae Kim1,4, Eun Suk Lee1, Samin Hong1, Gong Je Seong1, Young Jae Hong2, Chan Yun Kim1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Siloam Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
3Noone Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Ophthalmology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
Corresponding Author: Chan Yun Kim, MD, PhD. Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, #134 Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2228-3570, Fax: 82-2-312-0541, kcyeye@yuhs.ac
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of glaucoma in the population of the rural Korean town, Sangju.
Residents of Sangju aged greater than 50 years old were included in this study. Participants completed an interview examining their medical and ophthalmic history Information was collected on the participants' uncorrected and best corrected vision scores, slit lamp examination results, angle width measurements using the Van Herick technique, gonioscopy if the angle width was less than 1 / 4 angle, intraocular pressure (IOP) assessed with the Goldmann applanation tonometry, optic disc examination results, and a visual field test results using frequency-doubling perimetry in cases in which glaucoma was suspected. Glaucoma was diagnosed according to the criteria described by the International Society for Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology.
1,118 residents aged greater than 50 years were examined initially from a population of 2,984 people. Of these, 671 subjects (60%) participated in this study. The prevalence of glaucoma was determined to be 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1-4.8). Open-angle glaucoma with low IOP was determined to be the most common form with a prevalence rate as high as 2.5% (95% CI, 1.8-3.7). Additionally, primary angle closure glaucoma was determined to have a prevalence rate of 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1-0.9). Open-angle glaucoma with low IOP accounted for 94.4% of the open-angle glaucoma cases.
The prevalence of glaucoma among the population of rural Sangju was 3.4%, and open-angle glaucoma with low IOP was the most common form accounting for 94.4% of the total number of cases.
Keywords: Epidemiology; Glaucoma; Open angle glaucoma; Prevalence
Glaucoma is the second most prevalent cause of vision loss worldwide. Specifically, it has been estimated that 60.5 million people will be diagnosed with glaucoma by 2010 [1]. However, research has shown that the prevalence of glaucoma varies according to both geographical region and race [2]. Knowledge of the distributions of the specific types of glaucoma and the characteristics of each type will be aid in the understanding of glaucoma among particular races and countries, as well as in assigning a diagnosis and treatment plan.
Africa, Japan, and Latin America have been shown to have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) than patients in China or India [1]. Moreover, a study by Tajimi reported that patients with POAG and intraocular pressure (IOP) under 21 mmHg were more common than other types of patients in Japan [3].
Although prevalence rates of glaucoma in Korea have been reported to range from 2.04% to 4.7% [4-8], previous studies have been associated with methodological limitations. Specifically, the diagnostic criteria and methods were not clearly described in these studies, and international standards for diagnosis were not used. More importantly, previous studies have been conducted in hospitals or health centers, and a population-based epidemiological study of glaucoma has not been conducted in Korea.
For this study, a population-based study of glaucoma prevalence in Oeso-myeon, Sangju in Korea was conducted. The International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria were used [9]. The ISGEO is a widely accepted scheme for reporting the prevalence of glaucoma in epidemiologic research.
Sampling of subjects
This study used a population-based prevalence survey to examine the rates of glaucoma among residents of Oeso-myeon, Sangju city, an inland, rural, agricultural area of 88.19 km2 located in central South Korea who were aged greater than 50 years. This city was selected for the survey because of its stable, older population and its socioeconomic profile which is representative of rural areas of South Korea.
Residents aged 50 years or older who had lived in the city for more than 1 year were selected for participation in the study. Using the Household Resident Register record kept by the district government, households with eligible participants were identified according to address, name of the head of the household, name of the potential participant, and the potential participant's date of birth. Potential participants were invited to the base clinic to complete a survey and ocular examinations. Informed consent was obtained after providing the potential participant with a description of the purpose of the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki and the municipal laws of Sangju city.
Survey and ocular examinations
A site was developed in the community for the examinations which was less than thirty minutes walking distance for most potential participants. Participants' identities were verified using government issued identity cards with an official photograph. A standard questionnaire was administered by a trained interviewer in order to obtain detailed information regarding the participant's family history of glaucoma and ocular disease, surgical history, general medical history, income, and education history.
Visual acuity was measured using the Hahn Chun Suk eye chart as well as the Korean version of the Snellen chart with a standard illumination box at 4 meters. For those participants who presented with visual acuity score of less than 0.6, corrected visual acuity was measured using auto-refraction. Refraction was measured with a handheld auto-refractor (ARK-30; Nidek Corp., Gamagori, Japan). For those participants with corrected visual acuity of less than 0.8, the best corrected visual acuity was measured using the necessary subjective refinement.
All ophthalmologic procedures were performed by an experienced ophthalmologist. Intraocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry under local anesthesia resulting in two independent measurements for each eye which were obtained from right to left. A slit lamp examination was completed to identify abnormalities of the anterior segment, including iris changes and lens opacities. Gonioscopy was performed using a Sussman 4-mirror lens when the angle width measured by the Van Herick technique was less than ¼ the angle depth. The Spaeth grading system was used. The optic disc was determined using a +90 diopters (D) lens at 16 × magnification without the use of pupil dilatation. The vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) was used as the index for structural glaucomatous change. If the stereo view was not satisfactory due to the opacity of the lens or due to restrictions of pupil size, then the pupil was dilated using 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, and the optic disc was examined with an indirect ophthalmoscope using a +20 D lens.
Refractive correction at near or full threshold perimetry (N-30 strategy) was performed if the VCDR was larger than 0.6 or the VCDR asymmetry was larger than 0.2 or IOP ≥ 21 mm Hg, using frequency doubling technology (FDT; Zeiss Humphery System, Dublin, CA, USA). These tests were considered reliable when fixation loss was less than 50 percent and the false-positive and false-negative error rates were under 50 percent. Abnormal examination results were defined as the presence of 2 or more points having a p < 5% on the pattern deviation plot [10-11]. All abnormalities were then confirmed using a subsequent test.
Diagnosis of glaucoma
Glaucoma was diagnosed according to the criteria described by ISGEO (Table 1). In this study, a cup disc ratio (CDR) equal to or greater than the 97.5 percentile was roughly 0.6, and a CDR equal to or greater than the 99.5 percentile was roughly 0.9.
Diagnostic criteria for glaucoma by International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology
All participants were classified into the following groups: normal, POAG with low IOP (IOP ≤ 21 mmHg), POAG with high IOP (IOP > 21 mmHg), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and secondary glaucoma.
POAG was defined as glaucoma associated with open angles. POAG with low IOP was defined as open angle glaucoma with an IOP of 21 mmHg or less while not taking medication for the treatment of glaucoma.
A diagnosis of PACG was assigned on the basis of these criteria as well as the use of gonioscopically occludable angles (invisible trabecular meshwork ≥270° without indentation or peripheral anterior synechiae).
Eyes with a history of significant ocular trauma, iridocyclitis, or the presence of new vessels on the iris or chamber angle or other ocular findings which may cause glaucomatous optic discs or visual field changes were classified as secondary glaucoma.
All information was maintained in accordance with the protection of the participants' privacy at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine. The prevalence of the different forms of glaucoma and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using SAS ver. 9.1 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The prevalence of glaucoma and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated individually for each age group.
Among the identified potential participants older than 50 years, 1,118 were eligible to participate in this study. Of these, 671 (264 males and 407 females) participated in the examination, which is an overall response rate of 60.0%. Table 2 reports the age and sex distributions for the town's residents and the participants of this study. The sex ratio of participants was 1:1.54 (male:female). Female participation rates were greater in all age groups with the exception of the, group with an age of older than 80 years.
Response rates for this study according to age and sex
The female age group with the highest participation rate (69.1%) was the group aged 50 to 59 years. The male group with the highest participation rate (65.0%) was the group between 70 and 79 years old. The group over 80 years old had the lowest participation rate for both males and females.
Fig. 1 shows the distribution of intraocular pressure for all participants and glaucoma patients. There were no differences between levels of the IOP in the right and left eyes or between the age groups. The mean IOP for the full sample was 13.5 ± 2.9 mmHg, and the IOP for the participants in the 99.5th percentile was 19 mmHg.
Distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) (total no. of subjects = 671; no. of subjects with glaucoma = 23).
Fig. 2 shows the distribution of the vertical CDR for all participants and glaucoma patients. The 97.5th percentile and 99.5th percentile were 0.6 and 0.9, respectively; thus, these values were applied to the glaucoma diagnostic categories 1 and 2, respectively.
Distribution of vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) (total no. of subjects = 671; no. of subjects with glaucoma = 23).
Table 3 reports the prevalence of glaucoma based on age and sex. As the age increased, there the prevalence of glaucoma also increased at the trend-level of significance. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of glaucoma for men and women.
Prevalence of glaucoma according to age and sex
23 of the participants received a diagnosis of glaucoma with of those 15 participants being placed in category 1 and 8 participants being placed in category 2. Therefore, the overall prevalence of glaucoma was determined to be 3.4%. The prevalence of glaucoma increased from 2.2% in the group aged 50 to 59 years to 3.1% in the group aged 60 to 69 years. The prevalence rate then increased to 4.5% for the group aged 70 to 79 years, and then, increased to 13.0% in the group aged 80 years and older. Among females, the prevalence rates of those participants in their 50's and 60's were similar, and then, the prevalence rates increased in association with each advancing decade of life.
Table 4 reports the ratio of each type of glaucoma to the total of all the forms of glaucoma. Open angle glaucoma (OAG) was the most common form at 74.0% of the total, and the POAG with low IOP group included 94.4% of the total number of patients in the OAG group.
Prevalence of glaucoma according to mechanism
The mean intraocular pressure for the normal population was 13.4 ± 2.5 mmHg, and it was 13.9 ± 2.1 mmHg for patients with POAG with low IOP. In this study, there was only one person with POAG with high IOP. This participant had an IOP of 22 and 21 mmHg. Intraocular pressure according to the type of glaucoma is summarized in Table 5.
Mechanisms and characteristics associated with glaucoma
This is the first population-based epidemiological report regarding the prevalence of glaucoma in Korea. The glaucoma prevalence was determined to be 3.4% of the population aged 50 years and older, which is similar to the prevalence reported in other East Asian countries [12-15]. The prevalence of POAG with low IOP in the study outlined by Tajimi was 92.4%, and this prevalence was 94.4% in this study [3]. This result differs from results based on Chinese, Indonesia, and Mongolian data, which described a higher prevalence rate of POAG with high IOP [12-15]. The similar ethnic and cultural backgrounds of Korea and Japan may contribute to the similarities in prevalence of glaucoma in the two countries (Table 6) [3,13-20].
Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and POAG with low intraocular pressure (IOP)
The average IOP for all participants in this study was 13.5 ± 2.9 mmHg, which is lower than that observed in most other surveys (12.5 to 18.7 mmHg). Therefore, the low mean IOP likely plays a role in the higher prevalence of POAG with low IOP observed in this study. However, the low average IOP in the POAG participants and the high prevalence of POAG with low IOP, do not necessarily mean that the IOP value was not related to POAG.
The prevalence of PACG has been reported to range from 0.6% to 1.4% in other Asian countries [12-13,16,23-25]. The prevalence of angle closure glaucoma (0.46%) was significantly lower than that observed in other East Asian or Japanese studies. However, this may be attributable to the examination methods. The results of this stuy may have been underestimated as only the Van Herick method was used in the screening of ACG, and this screening only included the cases which met criteria for ISGEO.
Although there have been several reports on the prevalence and composition of glaucoma in Korea [4-8], many of these reports have been hospital or health center-based studies. In a hospital-based study, the overall incidence of glaucoma was determined to be 4.7% of new patients visiting the ophthalmology outpatient clinic, and POAG with high IOP was determined to be the most common form of glaucoma, accounting for 37.7% of all cases of glaucoma [5]. In contrast, recent studies by Lee et al. [7] and Choe and Hong [8] found that normal-tension glaucoma (POAG with low IOP) was the most common type of glaucoma in Korean popykatuibs, based on the results of two health center studies. According to these studies, the prevalence rates of all types of glaucoma were 2.67% [7] and 2.04% [8], with OAG with low IOP comprising 2.04% [7] and 1.71% [8], respectively.
The prevalence of glaucoma is known to increase with age, and this was also shown in the data of this study. The average age of the participants in this study was 64.1 years, while the average age of the population over 50 years old in South Korea was 62.6 years at the end of 1998 [26]. The older average age of the residents in this rural area, compared with those in urban areas and the entire nation, may have increased the prevalence of glaucoma observed in the present study.
The overall response rate in this study was 60.0%. Individuals aged 80 years or more showed an especially low participation rate (26.4%), which may reflect the limited mobility and poorer physical health observed in this population.
There are several methodological limitations associated with this study. In particular, random sampling was not performed and the participation rate was relatively low, about 60.0%. Additionally, visual field testing was not performed on all subjects as the glaucoma grading scheme required an enlarged VCDR for individuals to be classified as having glaucoma. This streamlined the logistics of examining the cohort. However, it is possible that some participants experiencing subtle optic nerve changes may have been missed due to visual fields which would not have been examined in these individuals. The estimate of the prevalence of glaucoma, therefore, may be somewhat biased. Furthermore, visual field measurements were performed using a full threshold of N-30 of the frequency doubling test rather than Humphrey visual field analyzer. The FDT perimetry was used instead of the Humphrey visual field because the FDT perimetry can be performed easily in a few minutes with a screening method, and the device is portable and relatively inexpensive. There are many other epidemiologic studies using only the FDT, which have reported that the results of the FDT were almost identical to that of the Humphery exam [27,28].
Despite the limitations, this is the first population-based epidemiological study in a rural area of South Korea, reporting that POAG with low IOP is the most common form of glaucoma. These results imply that there are unique characteristics of glaucoma in Korea and Japan and that specific race-based factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
In conclusion, the prevalence of glaucoma in the rural Korean area was 3.4% and the prevalence of POAG with low IOP was 2.8%, which was similar to that observed in Japanese studies. The prevalence of PACG in Korea was relatively lower than those of other Asian countries. A large-scale epidemiologic study, the Nam-il study, is being conducted in Korea, which will allow for validation of this study and its findings.
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21. Casson RJ, Newland HS, Muecke J, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in rural Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:710–714. 17510475.
22. Bourne RR, Sukudom P, Foster PJ, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in Thailand: a population based survey in Rom Klao District, Bangkok. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:1069–1074. 12928267.
23. Yamamoto T, Iwase A, Araie M, et al. The Tajimi Study report 2: prevalence of primary angle closure and secondary glaucoma in a Japanese population. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1661–1669. 16111758.
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CDR = cup disc ratio; IOP = intraocular pressure.
CI = confidence interval.
CI = confidence interval; POAG = primary open angle glaucoma; IOP = intraocular pressure; PACG = primary angle closure glaucoma.
IOP = intraocular pressure; POAG = primary open angle glaucoma; PAGC = primary angle closure glaucoma.
Data are presented as percentage.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Coinbase will issue fiat loans secured by BTC mix
Cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase announced a lending service in fiat secured by bitcoin. The service will be available to customers in 17 US states. At the initial stage, the maximum loan amount will be $ 20,000 per client, the total amount of funds issued will be limited to 30% of the value of the bitcoins on the balance sheet of the exchange. The deadline for the loan is 12 months with a fixed rate of 8% per annum. Coinbase considers this offer attractive against the background of current alternatives, sometimes exceeding 20% per annum. For example, interest rates on the BlockFi lending service vary depending on the client's risk profile and start at 4.5% per annum. Coinbase allows renegotiation of terms as market conditions change. Clients do not need to spend time filling out questionnaires or going through a credit check. They will be able to receive funds within two to three days. According to Coinbase representatives, this will be a good opportunity for many to cover the urgent need for liquidity without having to sell bitcoins. The service will initially be available to customers in Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Virginia, Nebraska, Utah, Wisconsin and Wyoming. To do this, you must apply and be on the waiting list. A company representative announced plans to expand assets in the lending service, as well as obtain licenses in other states.
In Germany, securities will be transferred to the blockchain
German regulators intend to introduce blockchain to the securities market by replacing paper stocks and bonds with digital versions. The corresponding bill was presented by the German Federal Ministry of Finance and the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. The statement emphasizes that the adoption and implementation of tokenized securities is one of the key aspects of the government's blockchain strategy. Regulators expect the move from paper to digital will not only improve the liquidity of securities, but also provide better legal compliance. The bill clarifies the regulation of such instruments. The issuance and circulation of tokenized securities will be controlled by the German Federal Financial Supervision Authority (BaFin). The agency will also take over the management of decentralized accounting instruments. Germany has established a new set of rules for regulated financial institutions that may be allowed to sell and store cryptocurrency. Meanwhile, a banking lobbying group of more than 200 private and commercial financial institutions has called for a "programmable" digital euro and a global European payment platform. In turn, the German Federal Ministry of Finance has expressed concern about the growing use of confidential cryptocurrencies due to their BtcNews to criminal activity and difficulties in tracking them.
Layer1 Company Accused of Patent Infringement
Power management company Lancium has accused Layer1 of patent infringement over its electricity demand management model. Backed by Peter Thiel and other investors, Layer1 began mining Bitcoin operations in Texas this February. In May, the company announced that it will start making money by shutting down equipment during periods of peak network loads and redirecting capacity to other needs. To this end, Layer1 has entered into "demand response" contracts with the Texas Electricity Reliability Board (ERCOT), pledging to turn off equipment upon notice and release 100 MW of load to the grid. Due to air conditioners operating at full capacity during the summer months, Texas experiences periods of maximum electricity consumption. At this time, the wholesale prices for electricity in the ERCOT power system are multiplying. In the busiest week of 2019, they jumped from $ 120 to $ 9,000 per MWh. Layer1's annual profit from its willingness to suspend mining was estimated at $ 17 million. However, Lancium is now accusing Layer1 of misusing patented technology to modify power consumption and shut down data centers during peak periods. The company tried to notify Layer1 of a possible patent infringement back in May, according to a lawsuit filed with the District Court for the West District of Texas, but never received a response. Lancium seeks compensation for damages commensurate with the violation of the patented technology, and an indefinite injunction against its further use. It is worth noting that two years ago, PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel supported the crypto startup Layer1. After that, it became known that Peter Thiel's company would raise $ 350 million to create two funds. And in October last year, Layer1, thanks to a $ 50 million investment, was going to enter the mining market.
Vietnam will accelerate the country's digitalization with blockchain
The Ministry of Information and Communications of Vietnam has announced the launch of a project based on the akaChain blockchain, which should help accelerate the country's digital transformation. FPT Software is behind the development of the akaChain blockchain based on Hyperledger Fabric. The project was announced in 2018 as a protocol for launching many products and services for a wide variety of industries. In addition to akaChain, the Vietnamese authorities have chosen several more blockchain-based projects to accelerate digital transformation in both the public and private sectors. According to the Prime Minister of Vietnam, by 2030 the country should enter the top 50 for the development of information and telecommunication technologies, and the top 35 for global innovation. Deputy Minister of Information and Communication Nguyen Thang emphasized the importance of an urgent digital transformation for local businesses: "COVID-19 continues to gain traction and it is more important than ever to do business online. We believe that akaChain will help businesses accelerate their digital transformation by leveraging blockchain-based applications like eKYC (User Identity Solution), credit scoring, loyalty programs and more. "
Riot Blockchain will buy $ 18 million of ASICs from Bitmain
American mining company Riot Blockchain signed a contract with Bitmain to purchase 8,000 Antminer S19 Pro miners for $ 17.7 million. According to the press release, the "sizable order size" has resulted in lower cost of the devices compared to previous purchases. Riot noted that the deal is being funded from working capital. In the first half of the year, Riot mined 508 BTC. In July, the company received and installed 1,000 S19 Pro units under a previous contract, bringing its fleet of miners to 5,000. A batch of 1,040 S19 ASICs has arrived at Riot this month, with another (1,000 S19 Pro units) expected in November. Under the new agreement with Bitmain, equipment deliveries will begin in January 2021 in batches of 2,000 units per month. Riot Blockchain expects that with their completion in April, the company has a hash rate of 1.45 EH / s. It will be generated by approximately 15,040 ASIC miners. Earlier, a contract with Bitmain for the supply of 10,500 units of Antminer S-19 Pro was signed by another mining company from the United States - Marathon Patent Group.
For the first time in the Russian Federation issued a loan secured by cryptocurrency
For the first time in Russia, they issued a bank loan secured by cryptocurrency tokens. As the publication was told in Expobank, the loan was formalized as an individual bank loan agreement, and tokens of the Waves blockchain platform were used to secure it. An escrow mechanism was used in the structuring process. The loan recipient was businessman Mikhail Uspensky. He explained that he is not going to abandon Waves and sell his tokens, "however, they should not be dead weight in your pocket, but should work." According to Alexander Zhuravlev, Managing Partner of the EDB Law Firm, the main issue was the correct qualification of tokens. They at least fall under the definition of "other property", being full-fledged objects of civil rights, he said. "Waves tokens can be absolutely legally used in Russia. There are no restrictions on the circulation of non-payment tokens in our country, "said the founder of LFCS Yuri Brisov. Tanzila Yandieva, the head of the legal department of Expobank, noted that the transaction is "precedent in nature for both the legal and the banking community."
Whether the US dollar falls or rallies, Bitcoin will explode higher
This Exchange News was brought to you by OKCoin, our preferred Exchange Partner. For the longest time, a common narrative in the Bitcoin market has been that if the U.S. dollar rallies, the price of BTC will fall — just as the price of gold normally trends higher on a weak dollar. Though even COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns have ravaged the world economies, forcing the dollar dramatically higher against foreign currencies, Bitcoin has surged higher — as has gold, now at an over-five-year high. A prominent Wall Street veteran expects this unorthodox trend of the dollar and Bitcoin rallying in tandem to continue. The dollar is poised to rally even further than it has, and that's bullish for Bitcoin Since the start of the year, the U.S. Dollar Currency Index (DXY) — the U.S. dollar's performance against a basket of foreign currencies — has rallied up 3.5 percent. While for cryptocurrency traders who are used to five percent+ swings a day, this may not sound like a lot. But, considering foreign exchange is a market of literally trillions, 3.5 percent is a massive move. Chart of the Dollar Index (DXY) since the start of the year from TradingView According to Raoul Pal — the former head of hedge fund sales at Goldman Sachs and the CEO of Real Vision — the dollar is poised to continue to surge higher as companies begin to default on dollar-denominated debt due to COVID-19: "BUT THE DOLLAR WILL CONTINUE TO RISE AS DEMAND FOR DOLLARS RISES. AND THAT IN TURN SLOWS GLOBAL GROWTH, MAKING THE DOLLAR SHORTAGE WORSE AND THE SOLVENCY CRISIS WORSE AS CASH FLOWS FALL GLOBALLY, WHICH MAKES DOLLAR IN EVEN SHORT SUPPLY." To Americans or those who are holding U.S. dollar assets, this may sound like a good thing: a rallying dollar means traveling and buying foreign goods can be done on the cheap. But Pal believes that this could result in the fiat system "breaking," which would force policymakers to flock for a "Non-US Dollar dominated currency system." Bitcoin, he has claimed, is a candidate for such a system: "BITCOIN IS AN ENTIRE TRUSTED, VERIFIED, SECURE, FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM OF DIGITAL VALUE. […] IT IS NOTHING SHORT OF THE FUTURE OF OUR ENTIRE MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE SYSTEM, AND OF MONEY ITSELF AND THE PLATFORM ON WHICH IT OPERATES," PAL WROTE IN A RECENT NEWSLETTER. Importantly, Pal added that there is a world in which he's wrong and the dollar actually begins to trend lower, potentially due to the trillions of dollars being printed to stimulate the global economy. But even then Bitcoin will outperform, as it would likely assume its growing role as a safe-haven trade amid macroeconomic pressures.
Best Bitcoin Mixers in 2022
Bitcoin, no matter how anonymous its representations, leaves a trail to follow, a digital trail that shows who and where a particular Bitcoin transaction goes; and this is where the bitcoin mixer comes in. Bitcoin is anonymous, yes, but to what extent? Most bitcoin exchanges and other buying platforms now require you to provide ID before you can buy bitcoins. (With a few exceptions). In addition, every single bitcoin transaction is recorded on the blockchain, which is a Bitcoin ledger and is publicly available, so when you buy bitcoins and transfer them to other addresses / wallets, these transfers are completely visible and transparent. Hence, who buys bitcoins and where bitcoins are sent is no secret. This is where the Bitcoin laundry services we're talking about come in handy. What is a Bitcoin Mixer? As you might have guessed from the name, a Bitcoin mixer, or Bitcoin tumbler as it is commonly called, "mixes" your bitcoins with a pool of random coins, and then sends you a clean set of coins. This is why bitcoin mixers are also referred to as bitcoin laundry services, they help break the link between your initial purchase / acquisition and the final destination where the coins are sent. This is how they work: you buy bitcoins from source A, send bitcoins to a bitcoin mixer, the mixer adds your bitcoins to its own reserve, and sends you a fresh set of bitcoins from its own reserve that has no reference to your previous transactions. ... In addition, the fresh coins you receive are created by mixing many different pieces of other bitcoins from many different transactions, and therefore, not only a fresh set of coins cannot be associated with you, they cannot be associated with anyone or whatever. -or a transaction. ... Another use of the bitcoin mixing service is that you can send bitcoins from one address to multiple addresses at once with one click. How do we choose these bitcoin mixers? There are over a few hundred bitcoin laundry sites in the industry, so how do we pick and mark one as better than the other, and why do we trust our list? Well, we consider the following factors when evaluating these Bitcoin mixers:
You should know this about the Bitcoin price this week
Bitcoin's difficulty and hash rate are higher than ever as Tumbler prepare for the outcome of the US election. The American Elections Bitcoin kicks off the new week with a small price hike as the Tumbler move into the 2020 United States elections. Today we take a look at the most important factors that can influence the Bitcoin price this week. America takes center stage when it comes to stock Tumbler this week. The November 3 election sets the mood as it becomes clearer which group will rule the White House. Analysts have warned that a Democrat victory could hurt the dollar. The long-term outlook is already shaky. However, the re-election of Donald Trump would not be enough to keep the dollar out of danger, Goldman Sachs said last week. The uncertainty surrounding the elections could therefore well ensure that safe-haven assets such as gold and Bitcoin will start to make substantial profits this year. Is America going to print money again? The strength of the dollar also remains a concern for Bitcoin investors due to the inverse correlation between the Bitcoin price and the US dollar currency index (DXY). While this correlation has become less clear in recent weeks, a sudden weakening of the US dollar could potentially have a positive effect on Bitcoin. In addition to the elections, the new stimulus funds are also an important topic. There are rumors that a new agreement has been concluded. If true, trillions of dollars in liquidity will be added to the burgeoning US debt stack. This money will be given to US residents by, for example, an incentive check. This would also be positive for the Bitcoin price. Europe wants more intervention In Europe, it's all about the European Central Bank's response to the Corona virus. The president of the ECB, Christine Lagarde, told French newspaper Le Monde on Monday that enough financial instruments remain to support the eurozone if necessary. In addition, the ECB's $ 878 billion recovery fund should become a permanent feature. The bank's Coronavirus incentive program amounted to € 1.5 trillion in asset purchases. Lagarde said the following: "The possibilities in our toolbox are not exhausted. If more needs to be done, we will do more. When I took up my position I was told I had nothing left to do, that everything was done. But that was clearly not the case! " The instability in the eurozone is exacerbated by Brexit. Brexit is increasingly heading for a 'no deal' departure from the United Kingdom. However, when Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the likely outcome of the trial last week, Tumbler barely reacted to the news. Bitcoin fundamentals are reaching new records The Bitcoin price is moving in a tight zone and sees little volatility. Despite this, signs of strength continue to be seen on a technical level this month. The difficulty, which estimates the competition between miners and network security, is now at its highest level ever. At the same time, the hash rate on Monday also climbed to a new all-time highest average. At the time of publication, the estimated computing power for mining was 146 exahashes per second (EH / s).
8 Лучших Биткоин Миксеров (Тумблеров) 2022
5 лучших анонимных криптовалютных бирж без проверки KYC в 2022 году
Лучшие анонимные биржи биткойнов / без KYC
5 Лучших Биткойн-Миксеров (Тумблеров)
btcmix.services 2022. Обзоры, новости криптовалютнх бирж, Биткоин-миксеров. Все права защищены. Сайт создан исключительно в информационных целях.


text:
© Brian Hopson. All rights reserved.
Shay #6 (Built for Western Maryland Coal Service, circa 1945) Cass Scenic Railroad in Cass, West Virginia.
TAGS: United States, West Virginia
Brian Hopson
Hampton, Virginia, United States of America
© Brian Hopson.
Date Uploaded: Oct. 28, 2011, 7:36 a.m.
Camera Model: DSLR-A100
PHOTO LOCATION Cass, West Virginia, United States of America


When you really want to make a statement, order one of our top party items, our Flashing LED Sunglasses! These fabulous flashing sunglasses feature clear frames with LED lights in blue, green, and red inside that can be set to one of three modes—blink, all on, or flash in a red, green, and blue pattern—via the 3 position switch on the frames. A great party favor for any occasion, these light up flashing sunglasses are also perfect for dances, Halloween costumes, and nighttime vending.
Should you're interested in it, welcome to buy or wholesale the halloween led lighted eye glasses from our factory. We are one of the leading such manufacturers and suppliers in Yiwu, China. We can assure of the high quality and excellent design of our products made in China.


Which other heroine would Elizabeth get along with the best?
Do you think Jane Austen had the same personality like Elizabeth Bennet?
Is Elizabeth Bennet your favourite book character?
ang napili ng mga taga-hanga: She is one of my favourites!
She is one of my favourites!
Yes! Sure she is! I pag- ibig her!
Post Pictures of Lizzie Bennet.
Would you like to sumali my spot dedicated to Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Bennet?
Calling all Jane Austen fans!!
link is a newly opened RPG site, dedicated to all Jane Austen characters and books. You have the opportunity to be a Jane Austen character, or even create your own regency character!
With very few members, the majority of Austen's own characters are up for grabs!!
The only canon characters taken at the moment are Mr and Mrs Bennet, so plenty of places available.
This artikulo is about Jane Austen's heroine.


text:
using System;

/// <summary>
/// ToByteArray
/// </summary>
public class GuidToByteArray
{
    #region Private Fields
    private const int c_SIZE_OF_ARRAY = 16;
    #endregion

    #region Public Methods
    public bool RunTests()
    {
        bool retVal = true;

        TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("[Positive]");
        retVal = PosTest1() && retVal;

        return retVal;
    }

    #region Positive Test Cases
    public bool PosTest1()
    {
        bool retVal = true;

        TestLibrary.TestFramework.BeginScenario("PosTest1: Call ToByteArray on a guid instance");

        try
        {
            do
            {
                byte[] expected = new byte[c_SIZE_OF_ARRAY];
                TestLibrary.Generator.GetBytes(-55, expected);

                Guid guid = new Guid(expected);
                byte[] actual = guid.ToByteArray();

                if (actual == null)
                {
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("001.1", "ToByteArray return null reference");
                    retVal = false;
                    break;
                }

                if (actual.Length != expected.Length)
                {
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("001.2", "The length of byte array returned by ToByteArray is not the same as original byte array's length");
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("WARNING [LOCAL VARIABLE] actual.Length = " + actual.Length + ", expected.Length = " + expected.Length);
                    retVal = false;
                }

                for (int i = 0; i < actual.Length; ++i)
                {
                    if (actual[i] != expected[i])
                    {
                        TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("001.3", "The byte array returned by ToByteArray is not the same as original byte array");
                        TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("WARNING [LOCAL VARIABLE] actual[i] = " + actual[i] + ", expected[i] = " + expected[i] + ", i = " + i);
                        retVal = false;
                    }
                }
            } while (false);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("001.0", "Unexpected exception: " + e);
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation(e.StackTrace);
            retVal = false;
        }

        return retVal;
    }

    public bool PosTest2()
    {
        bool retVal = true;

        TestLibrary.TestFramework.BeginScenario("PosTest2: Call ToByteArray on a Guid.Empty");

        try
        {
            do
            {
                byte[] expected = new byte[c_SIZE_OF_ARRAY];
                byte[] actual = Guid.Empty.ToByteArray();

                if (actual == null)
                {
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("002.1", "ToByteArray return null reference on a Guid.Empty");
                    retVal = false;
                    break;
                }

                if (actual.Length != expected.Length)
                {
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("002.2", "The length of byte array returned by ToByteArray on a Guid.Empty is not the same as original byte array's length");
                    TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("WARNING [LOCAL VARIABLE] actual.Length = " + actual.Length + ", expected.Length = " + expected.Length);
                    retVal = false;
                }

                for (int i = 0; i < actual.Length; ++i)
                {
                    if (actual[i] != expected[i])
                    {
                        TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("002.3", "The byte array returned by ToByteArray on a Guid.Empty is not the same as original byte array");
                        TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("WARNING [LOCAL VARIABLE] actual[i] = " + actual[i] + ", expected[i] = " + expected[i] + ", i = " + i);
                        retVal = false;
                    }
                }
            } while (false);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogError("002.0", "Unexpected exception: " + e);
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation(e.StackTrace);
            retVal = false;
        }

        return retVal;
    }
    #endregion
    #endregion

    public static int Main()
    {
        GuidToByteArray test = new GuidToByteArray();

        TestLibrary.TestFramework.BeginTestCase("GuidToByteArray");

        if (test.RunTests())
        {
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.EndTestCase();
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("PASS");
            return 100;
        }
        else
        {
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.EndTestCase();
            TestLibrary.TestFramework.LogInformation("FAIL");
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Highway 61 Revisited is the title track of Bob Dylan's 1965 album Highway 61 Revisited. It was also released as the B-side to the single "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" later the same year.
Highway 61 Revisited by Dave Alvin was however included on a CD that came with an issue of Uncut Magazine, Highway 61 Revisited Revisited (2005).
The song has five stanzas. In each stanza, someone describes an unusual problem that is ultimately resolved on Highway 61. In Verse 1, God tells Abraham to "kill me a son". God wants the killing done on Highway 61. This stanza references Genesis 22, in which God commands Abraham to kill one of his two sons,Isaac. Abram, the original name of the biblical Abraham, is the name of Dylan's own father. Verse 2 describes a poor fellow, Georgia Sam, who is beyond the helping of the welfare department. He is told to go down Highway 61. Georgia Sam may be a reference to Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell, who occasionally went by Georgia Sam when recording.
In the third verse, a "Mack the Finger" has this problem of getting rid of particular absurd things: "I got forty red white and blue shoe strings / And a thousand telephones that don't ring". "Louie the King" solves the problem with Highway 61. Verse 4 is about the "fifth daughter" who on the "twelfth night" told the "first father" that her complexion is too pale. Agreeing, the father seeks to tell the "second mother", but she is with the "seventh son", on Highway 61.
The fifth and last verse is the story of a bored gambler, trying "to create the next world war". His promoter tells him to "put some bleachers out in the sun / And have it on Highway 61". There is an evident political undertone in this absurd tale.


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Fenced yard. Pets welcome. $1000 per month plus utilities. Available August 1st. Call the BirchBark Bookshop (315) 265-3875 or comment on this post.
In Honor of May, and Spring, and Warm Weather finally making it to Northern New York we are offering all our gardening books and cookbooks of every flavor at a special discount of 20% off.
Come visit the BirchBark Bookshop to gather a little inspiration for your food and flowers!
Chandler printing press – a workhorse in the letterpress world!
Need a new career? We are selling enough printing equipment to get you set up and printing to your heart's content!
It is an incredible assortment of letterpresses, cabinets, binding equipment, type, dingbats and more.
Please share this with anyone who might be interested!
Collector's take note! ~ The BirchBark Bookshop has listed two exquisite little books on Biblio.com.
Do You Love the Adirondacks?


text:
namespace Xilium.CefGlue
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.IO;
    using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
    using Xilium.CefGlue.Interop;

    /// <summary>
    /// Class used to write data to a stream. The methods of this class may be called
    /// on any thread.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed unsafe partial class CefStreamWriter
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Create a new CefStreamWriter object for a file.
        /// </summary>
        public static CefStreamWriter Create(string fileName)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileName)) throw new ArgumentNullException("fileName");

            fixed (char* fileName_str = fileName)
            {
                var n_fileName = new cef_string_t(fileName_str, fileName != null ? fileName.Length : 0);
                return CefStreamWriter.FromNative(
                    cef_stream_writer_t.create_for_file(&n_fileName)
                    );
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a new CefStreamWriter object for a custom handler.
        /// </summary>
        public static CefStreamWriter Create(CefWriteHandler handler)
        {
            if (handler == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("handler");

            return CefStreamWriter.FromNative(
                cef_stream_writer_t.create_for_handler(handler.ToNative())
                );
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Write raw binary data.
        /// </summary>
        public int Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length)
        {
            if (offset < 0 || length < 0 || buffer.Length - offset < length) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException();

            fixed (byte* ptr = &buffer[offset])
            {
                return (int)cef_stream_writer_t.write(_self, ptr, (UIntPtr)1, (UIntPtr)length);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Seek to the specified offset position. |whence| may be any one of
        /// SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END or SEEK_SET. Returns zero on success and non-zero on
        /// failure.
        /// </summary>
        public bool Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin whence)
        {
            return cef_stream_writer_t.seek(_self, offset, (int)whence) == 0;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Return the current offset position.
        /// </summary>
        public long Tell()
        {
            return cef_stream_writer_t.tell(_self);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Flush the stream.
        /// </summary>
        public bool Flush()
        {
            return cef_stream_writer_t.flush(_self) == 0;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if this writer performs work like accessing the file system
        /// which may block. Used as a hint for determining the thread to access the
        /// writer from.
        /// </summary>
        public bool MayBlock()
        {
            return cef_stream_writer_t.may_block(_self) != 0;
        }
    }
}


This year, I have resolved to do a much better job at the interactive notebook in Algebra 2 than last year. Last year, we had 12 students in my entire school who were enrolled in Algebra 2. This year, that number is just under 40. This is both exciting and kinda terrifying. First of all, it means that more students are prepared and willing to take Algebra 2. At the same time, my Algebra 2 students this year are greater in number and much more varied in level. This presents many challenges. But, these are challenges I am excited to attempt to meet.
Our first unit in Algebra 2 is an introduction to functions, function notation, domain and range, intercepts, maximums and minimums, intervals of increasing and decreasing, finding solutions, and transformations. My goal is to create a foundation which I can build off of once we start linear functions. I am also working hard to prove to my students that they are capable of doing Algebra 2 level work. Many of my students have extremely low confidence. We are also learning how to use the graphing calculator. This is the first experience any of my students have had with a graphing calculator, and I am working hard to make it a positive one.
So far, my Algebra 2 students are loving our interactive notebooks. They thank me on an (almost) daily basis for making Algebra 2 visual, fun, and easy. I have some students who are complaining right now that Algebra 2 is too easy. I told them that they just had to wait. Before they knew it, we would be exploring logarithms, exponentials, conic sections, and all kinds of other exciting mathematical relations. After going on and on about how excited I was about everything we were going to be learning and studying this year, one student asked, "Do you like math?" I was a bit taken aback by this question. Are there math teachers who don't like math? Of course, I like math. I love math! I eat, breath, and sleep math.
You'll notice that I love printing my foldables on colored paper. I think that notes taken on colored paper are just more memorable than notes taken on plain, white copy paper. My students often remember which page in their notebooks they need to reference by what color the foldable was printed on. The paper I use the most is Fireworx brand colored paper. It's available from Amazon, comes in loads of colors, and is priced very reasonably. Astrobrights paper makes for the prettiest, brightest foldables, but it's a bit more pricey. So, I save it for printing posters.
I have already blogged about the NAGS foldable I had my Algebra 2 students create here.
I still haven't found a better way to practice differentiating between function/not a function than this card sort. I blogged about this last year.
We also created a Frayer Model for the word "function."
I stole this coordinate plane foldable from Ms. Haley and her wonder Journal Wizard blog! I think this is a big improvement over the coordinate plane foldable I did with my students last year. I created a template for this foldable which I have linked to at the end of this post.
Last year, my students had a TERRIBLE time remembering the difference between domain and range. This summer, at the amazing Common Core Training I received from the Oklahoma Geometry and Algebra Project (OGAP), I was introduced to an amazing resource--Shmoop. They have amazing commentary for each and every high school common core math standard! I learned about the DIXROY acronym from their commentary on F-IF.1.
DIXROY stands for "Domain - Inputs - X-Coordinates and Range - Outputs - Y-Coordinates."
I was able to re-use the domain/range notation foldable that I created last year for my Algebra 2 students. My students were VERY confused by the different notations. I haven't yet figured out a way to introduce these notations without overwhelming my students. They recovered, eventually.
I downloaded the domain and range cards from this blog post. There are 32 cards which give my students 32 opportunities to practice finding the domain and range!
We made a tiny envelope to hold our 32 cards. Let me just say - having the students cut out all 32 cards took WAY too much time. I was about ready to pull my hair out. I think we might of spent half of a fifty minute class period just cutting these cards out. But, we used them a lot, so I think it was worth it.
I LOVED the envelope template that Kathryn (iisanumber.blogspot.com) posted earlier this summer. I downsized her template to the exact size needed to fit the domain and range cards I linked to earlier.
Then, I took inspiration once again from Ms. Haley at Journal Wizard. She had her students create an interactive domain and range finder foldable.
As you can see, this foldable perfectly holds the domain and range practice cards from our handy-dandy envelope!
The foldable is made to perfectly hold our domain and range practice cards that are housed in the envelope.
Students fold over the domain tabs to help them determine the left-most and right-most points on the graph. If the graph goes approaches negative or positive infinity, the students leave the flap open where it reads positive or negative infinity. I wanted my treatment of domain and range to be much more hands-on this year, and I think this foldable does the trick!
After doing many, many cards together, I had students find the domain and range of all 32 cards as homework. They had to write the domain and range in both interval and algebraic notation. (And, the discrete graphs had to have their domain written in set notation.) The next day, I gave them an answer key to use the check their work.
One of the main thing my students need to be able to do on their Algebra 2 EOI is to describe graphs. This foldable is an attempt to introduce my students to the concepts of x-intercepts, y-intercepts, relative maximums, relative minimums, increasing intervals, decreasing intervals, roots, solutions, and zeros.
Because there is so much information on this one foldable, this was a perfect opportunity to use COLOR WITH A PURPOSE. Each term was marked with a different color. And the corresponding part of the graph was marked with the same color. This is one of my favorite foldables that we have done this year!
AKA - Proof I LOVE color-coding!
I've posted some close-ups of the flaps if you'd like to see what I had my students write.
Last year, my Algebra 2 students really struggled with the concept of an inverse. So, this year, I decided to start talking about inverses very early in the school year. This will allow us to revisit the concept over and over as we explore different types of function in a much more in depth manner. By the time the EOI rolls around, my students should no longer be scared when they see the word inverse!
This foldable was inspired by @druinok's post from February.
I want my students to be able to find the inverse if they are given a set of points, a graph, or an equation. Since we have only just started exploring functions in general, the examples we went through were quite simplistic. We will explore much more complicated inverses as the year progresses!
A lot of my students were terrified when I told them that we would be learning about inverses. By the end of the lesson, they were amazed that inverses were actually quite easy.
Inverse of a Function - Important Fact!
I'm so excited to share with you what my students' interactive notebooks consist of thus far! Link to download the files is at the end of the post. Hope these can be of some use to you!
The Kagan curriculum I am using focuses on having students develop their own definitions for the vocabulary words for each unit. This is an entirely new approach to me. I'm used to just giving the students the definition and having them write it down. I'm kinda obsessed with the Frayer Model.
I'm enjoying the approach, however, of having students examine examples and counterexamples to determine what a word means for themselves. Time will tell if this leads to a higher level of understanding and recall. The first lesson of the year focused on what a good definition consists of. Our three requirements for a good definition were: 1) states the term, 2) states the nearest classification, and 3) states those items that make it unique.
We practiced a lot with this. I used some examples provided in the book to give my students the opportunity to practice writing a definition that had absolutely nothing to do with mathematics. Students were given a minute or two to examine the zingers and thingmabobs. Then, each student wrote their own definition based on the examples and counterexamples. Next, each person in the group shared their definition with the rest of the group. Each group discussed everybody's definition and combined the best parts of each definition into one group definition. Finally, we discussed the group definitions as a class and wrote one class definition. The process is very time consuming. But, it produces AMAZING discussions. So, I think it's worth it.
Since I used images from this book, I cannot post these files to download. If you are interested in these resources, you may purchase the book here.
My students repeated this process for our 10 vocabulary words for unit 1. They completed the "My Definition" section as homework. And, the entire next class period was spent creating group and class definitions. These were formatted as two book-type foldables that students glued in their interactive notebooks. I love that these foldables capture the process that students went through to write their own definition.
We summarized the real number system using the graphic organizer that I created last year. It felt good to be able to reuse something from last year instead of creating something entirely new from scratch!
This is a picture of a foldable that I created for my students to use as they walked through an exploration activity. This activity did not go as planned. I thought it would take one class period. After one class period, we had only started to scratch the surface. I ended up never finishing this activity with my students because I felt a need to move on. Still, I want to share this activity with you in the hopes that someone might be inspired to take this and make it better or at least give me insight on why it didn't quite work.
This activity was created with N-RN.3 (3. Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.) in mind. I had some blank sticker name badges in my desk. So, I took a Sharpie and wrote various rational and irrational numbers on each name badge. As students came in the classroom, they got to pick a random number from the pile. After a brief introduction to the TI-30 Scientific Calculator, students were instructed to partner up and fill out the first line of this chart. They would fill in their number, the classification of their number (rational or irrational), their partner's number, their partner's number's classification, and the operation of addition. Using the scientific calculator, students would add the two numbers together, record the result, and then determine whether the result was rational or irrational. Find a new partner. Repeat until the first five lines have been filled in.
After completing five addition operations, we would have a class discussion. I was hoping that students would arrive at the fact (on their own) that a rational plus a rational is always rational, an irrational plus a rational is always irrational, etc. This went semi-well. Some of my classes struggled with this way more than others. None of my classes made it to division. One class barely made it through subtraction.
What I didn't account for was the sheer amount of time that it took for my students to partner up, do the calculations, and fill out this chart. This ended up feeling like an entire waste of a class period because it was a lot of work with very little to show for it. I ended up doing most of the talking and discovering during our discovery period which was frustrating.
I still want to put this idea out there, though. I think it's good to blog about the lessons that go well, the lessons that are just mediocre, and the lessons that don't go as planned.
And, yes, I'm the crazy teacher who wore a sticker around ALL DAY that read 3/8. I put it on during first hour because I had an odd number of students. So, I actually went through the activity with my students. I didn't take off my sticker because I figured I would just have to make another one to wear for third hour and sixth hour. Third hour, we had a fire drill. Of course, I got asked by everyone I saw why I was wearing a number on my shirt. The math teacher definitely came out in my answer as I explained that I wasn't just wearing any number, but a rational number. Conversation ensued about what a rational number was. Yes, I'm that teacher who takes every opportunity possible to teach my kiddos something mathematical!
Later that morning, we had our tornado drill. As the students huddled in the stairwell, the teachers stood in the hall. The history teacher looked at me and said, "So, you're less than half?" Confused, I asked her to repeat the question. "So, you're less than half?" Still confused, I decided that I would just agree with the history teacher and go on down the road even though I had no idea what she was talking about. Luckily, she motioned toward my sticker, and I realized that she was referring to the fraction I was proudly wearing. The other teachers in my building are used to my crazy methods that I use to teach math by now, so they weren't that surprised.
After using two-colored counters to derive the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing integers, I had my students create a four-door foldable to summarize the results of their findings.
Inside, we wrote the rules for each type of problem and included several examples of each for students to refer to.
The last topic covered in Unit 1 was the order of operations. I did not follow the approach laid out in the Kagan curriculum for this topic. I attempted to adapt last year's interactive notebook set-up for this topic. But, I added new activities and songs as an attempt to reach students that I felt like I had not reached during our work with integer operations. I'm hoping that I will have time this weekend to create a post of the resources I used from other blogs to teach each major topic for this unit. Next year, I'd love to be able to come back and find the links of all the resources I used the previous year.


The EP Kings have signed former Springbok and Sharks player, Shaun Sowerby as their new Forwards coach.
EP Rugby CEO, Charl Crous, confirmed the appointment today, saying Sowerby, who made a name for himself playing at No. 8, would be joining the Currie Cup coaching team in May.
"We have a young coaching group that we are grooming and putting together for the long haul, ahead of our re-entry into Super Rugby," he said.
"The idea was to get young, dynamic coaches – such as Carlos Spencer who joined us last year, Michael Horak who joins us from tomorrow, and now Shaun Sowerby – so that this coaching unit can grow together and take us forward in the years to come," he said.
Sowerby, who played a single Test for the Springboks in 2002, will turn 36 in July.
He captained the Sharks in 2003 before moving to France in 2004 when he joined Stade Français.
Sowerby has also had a stint at Toulouse and currently plies his trade for Grenoble, where he announced his intent to retire as a player and take up coaching, earlier this year.


Once you have connected your Insightly CRM account to Proposable, your contacts auto-sync and you are immediately ready to send out your first winning proposal! When a proposal gets sent, Proposable automatically creates an Insightly opportunity and continually updates that opportunity in realtime as your contact interacts with the proposal. For example, Proposable will add each proposal view, comment, download and even digital acceptance receipt back into the Insightly opportunity and activity stream.


The list of courses offered by Al-Hikmah University are displayed on this page. Candidates who wish to apply through JAMB should click on any of the courses to see the course requirements.
Al-Hikmah University is an Islamic university located in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. It was founded in 2005 by AbdulRaeem Oladimeji Islamic Foundation AROIF based in Nigeria and World Assembly of Muslim Youths WAMY based in Jeddah.
The University came into existence via the granting of Operating License to run as a Conventional Private University by the Federal Government of Nigeria License No. 010 on 7 January 2005. It commenced academic activities during the 2005/2006 academic session with 70 students spread across the three (3) take-off Colleges: Humanities, Management Sciences and Natural Sciences.
The university has several colleges which are spread across two campuses (Ilorin and Igbaja) in Kwara State: College of Education, College of Law, College of Natural Sciences, College of Humanities, and College of Management Sciences.
Good morning…. please I would like to know if statistics will be done in Political science and conflict resolution.
Do you offer Architectural Interior design pls???
are dey not doing bsc nursing??
Bose, it is a four-year course.


text:
var buffer = [];
var sample_length_milliseconds = 100;
var C2 = 65.41; // C2 note, in Hz.
var notes = [ "C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B" ];
var test_frequencies = [];
var volume_thresh = 20000;

for (var i = 0; i < 30; i++)
{
	var note_frequency = C2 * Math.pow(2, i / 12);
	var note_name = notes[i % 12];
	var note = { "frequency": note_frequency, "name": note_name };
	var just_above = { "frequency": note_frequency * Math.pow(2, 1 / 48), "name": note_name + " (a bit sharp)" };
	var just_below = { "frequency": note_frequency * Math.pow(2, -1 / 48), "name": note_name + " (a bit flat)" };
	test_frequencies = test_frequencies.concat([ just_below, note, just_above ]);
}

onNewNote = function(freq){
	console.log(freq);
};

var recording = false;
navigator.getUserMedia({ "audio": true }, use_stream, function() {});

function use_stream(stream)
{
    var audio_context = new AudioContext();
    var microphone = audio_context.createMediaStreamSource(stream);
    window.source = microphone; // Workaround for https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=934512

    var script_processor = audio_context.createScriptProcessor(1024, 1, 1);
    script_processor.connect(audio_context.destination);
    microphone.connect(script_processor);
    // Need to leak this function into the global namespace so it doesn't get
    // prematurely garbage-collected.
    // http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-audio/2013JanMar/0304.html
    window.capture_audio = function(event)
    {
        if (!recording)
            return;
        buffer = buffer.concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(event.inputBuffer.getChannelData(0)));
        // Stop recording after sample_length_milliseconds.
        if (buffer.length > sample_length_milliseconds * audio_context.sampleRate / 1000)
        {
            compute_correlations(buffer, test_frequencies, audio_context.sampleRate, volume_thresh);
            buffer = [];
        }
    };
    script_processor.onaudioprocess = window.capture_audio;
}

function startListen(bpm, volume){
	sample_length = 1000 / ((bpm / 60));
	recording = true;
	sample_length_milliseconds = sample_length;
	volume_thresh = volume;
}

function endListen(){
	recording = false;
    count = 4;
}

function compute_correlations(timeseries, test_frequencies, sample_rate)
{
	// 2pi * frequency gives the appropriate period to sine.
	// timeseries index / sample_rate gives the appropriate time coordinate.
	var scale_factor = 2 * Math.PI / sample_rate;
	var amplitudes = test_frequencies.map
	(
		function(f)
		{
			var frequency = f.frequency;

			// Represent a complex number as a length-2 array [ real, imaginary ].
			var accumulator = [ 0, 0 ];
			for (var t = 0; t < timeseries.length; t++)
			{
				accumulator[0] += timeseries[t] * Math.cos(scale_factor * frequency * t);
				accumulator[1] += timeseries[t] * Math.sin(scale_factor * frequency * t);
			}

			return accumulator;
		}
	);
	interpret_correlation_result(timeseries, amplitudes);
}

function interpret_correlation_result(timeseries, frequency_amplitudes)
{

    var metSound = new Audio("click.wav");
             metSound.play();

	// Compute the (squared) magnitudes of the complex amplitudes for each
	// test frequency.
	var magnitudes = frequency_amplitudes.map(function(z) { return z[0] * z[0] + z[1] * z[1]; });
	// Find the maximum in the list of magnitudes.
	var maximum_index = -1;
	var maximum_magnitude = 0;
	for (var i = 0; i < magnitudes.length; i++)
	{
		if (magnitudes[i] <= maximum_magnitude)
			continue;
		maximum_index = i;
		maximum_magnitude = magnitudes[i];
	}
	console.log(maximum_magnitude);
	// Compute the average magnitude. We'll only pay attention to frequencies
	// with magnitudes significantly above average.
	var average = magnitudes.reduce(function(a, b) { return a + b; }, 0) / magnitudes.length;
	var confidence = maximum_magnitude / average;
	var confidence_threshold = 9.3; // empirical, arbitrary.
	if(count > 0){
        count--;
        return;
    }

    if (confidence > confidence_threshold && maximum_magnitude > 100)
	{
		var dominant_frequency = test_frequencies[maximum_index];
		onNewNote(dominant_frequency.frequency);
	}
	else if(maximum_magnitude < 100){
		onNewNote(0, true);
	}
    else{
        onNewNote("?")
    }
    count --
}


text:
Community Goes 'Caroling with Gracie' Muehlberger
Vivianna Shields | The Signal | Friday, Dec 13, 2019
Carolers led by Cindy Muehlberger pull up to a house Wednesday night as part of the "Caroling with Gracie" event which aims to collect non-perishable foods for Hart District students in need while honoring the memory of Muehlberger's daughter Gracie, who was murdered in the Saugus High School shooting on November 14. | Photo: Bobby Block / The Signal.
Dozens of carolers' voices filled the streets neighboring Duane R. Harte Park in honor of Gracie Muehlberger, a victim of the Saugus High School shooting, during the "Caroling with Gracie" event that spread holiday cheer while also giving back to students in need.
Cindy Muehlberger, the mother of Gracie, organized the event via Facebook by sharing a post on a few popular community pages.
"We will be Caroling with Gracie tonight and tomorrow night and collecting canned goods to donate to the Hart District students in need this holiday season," Muehlberger said in a Facebook post Wednesday. "I'm really looking forward to spreading some Christmas cheer in honor of Gracie a.k.a. my Sweet Pea."
Those at the event were all seen wearing red shirts reading "Caroling with Gracie." Others were sipping on hot chocolate that was provided by Starbucks as they walked alongside the carolers.
There were two trailers hauled by cars with men dressed as Santa Claus driving them. In the trailers, students of Saugus High School and those supporting Muehlberger sang popular carols such as "Deck the Halls" and "Joy to the World."
Cindy Muehlberger, right, leads Lennette Moreno, middle, and a group of other carolers knocking on doors to collect non-perishable food as part the "Caroling with Gracie" caroling for cans event set up in honor of Muehlberger's daughter Gracie, who was killed in the Saugus High School shooting last month. December 11, 2019. Bobby Block / The Signal.
Gracie Muehlberger, 15, and Dominic Blackwell, 14, were killed and three others were wounded in the on-campus shooting on Nov. 14. The shooter, a 16-year-old Saugus High student, then fatally turned the gun on himself.
"I wanted to keep Gracie and Dominic's names alive," said Bridget Fryer, a caroler and friend of Cindy's. "Gracie loved performing and she used to go caroling with her friends, so I think that is why Cindy wanted to do this to remember her by."
Carolers led by Cindy Muehlberger pull up to a house Wednesday night as part of the "Caroling with Gracie" event which aims to collect non-perishable foods for Hart District students in need while honoring the memory of Muehlberger's daughter Gracie, who was murdered in the Saugus High School shooting on November 14. | Photo: Bobby Block / The Signal.
As the carolers went down the street, Muehlberger and her friends went door to door collecting cans for Hart District students in need this holiday season. Neighbors were seen filming the carolers from their home and some even came out to carol with them.
"Gracie has a huge heart and loved helping others, so please help us, help her [to] continue making a difference," said a sheet given by carolers.
Caroling for Cans has been a tradition in the community for years, but this year they wanted to honor Gracie, the sheet says.
The group caroled and collected cans again Thursday night.
Said Vix Lyttle, a caroler and friend of Cindy's, on Wednesday: "Gracie is clearly out here caroling with us today."
Cindy Muehlberger, right, approaches a house with a group of fellow carolers Wednesday night as part of the "Caroling with Gracie" event which aims to collect non-perishable foods for Hart District students in need while honoring the memory of Muehlberger's daughter Gracie, who was murdered in the Saugus High School shooting on November 14. | Photo: Bobby Block / The Signal.
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AMS Fulfillment Acquires EchoData Group
Valencia-based AMS Fulfillment has acquired EchoData Group, an exceptional fulfillment services company located in Pennsylvania and Delaware that has been in operation for 36 years, AMS Fulfillment announced Tuesday.


text:
Tags: mccabe | rubio | retire | fire | jeff flake | lindsey graham
Sen. Rubio: McCabe Should Have Been Allowed to Retire
Mark Niquette Sunday, 18 March 2018 11:41 AM EDT
Senantor Marco Rubio and other Republican lawmakers pushed back against the firing of FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe and efforts by President Donald Trump and his lawyer to link it to the investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 election.
McCabe shouldn't have been fired days before he was due to retire in an episode that risks demoralizing and "smearing" agents, the Florida senator said.
"He should have been allowed to finish through the weekend," Rubio said Sunday on NBC's "Meet the Press" about Attorney General Jeff Sessions' move late Friday to fire the Federal Bureau of Investigations veteran before an inspector general's report was issued, two days before he was set to retire at age 50 after more than two decades with the bureau. "I would've certainly done it differently."
Asked whether he's concerned about the damage done to the FBI's reputation, Rubio said there are ways to hold people accountable but "we need to be very careful about taking these very important entities and smearing everybody in them with a broad stroke."
'Lying' Comey
John Dowd, Trump's personal lawyer, said Saturday that Mueller's investigation should be shut down after McCabe's firing. Trump has been busy on Twitter this weekend questioning the fairness of the probe and the truthfulness of McCabe and former FBI Director James Comey, whom he accused of having lied under oath and tagged with the nickname, "lying James Comey."
Whatever McCabe did has nothing to do with Mueller's investigation, and there's no cause to even consider firing the special counsel, Republican Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina said. Graham repeated a previous comment that removing Mueller would be the beginning of the end of Trump's presidency.
"He is following the evidence where it takes him, and I think it's very important he be allowed to do his job without interference," Graham said of Mueller on CNN's "State of the Union" program. "There are many Republicans who share my view."
'Exceptionally Frustrated'
Republican Senator James Lankford of Oklahoma, a member of the Senate Intelligence Committee, said he doesn't see Trump firing Mueller, even as he loses patience with the long-running probe.
"The clearest thing that I can explain from that is the president's exceptionally frustrated, that he wants to be able to see this investigation come to an end," Lankford said on ABC's "This Week."
Senator Jeff Flake, a Republican from Arizona and a frequent critic of Trump, said he expects his colleagues would push back against the president removing Mueller.
"People see that as a massive red line that can't be crossed," Flake said on CNN. "I hope that the pushback is now to keep the president from going there."
mccabe, rubio, retire, fire, jeff flake, lindsey graham
Sunday, 18 March 2018 11:41 AM


Welcome to The Watch #RWISA Write Showcase Tour: Featured author Nonnie Jules @NonnieJules #RRBC – Welcome to the World of Suzanne Burke.
An intense story, Nonnie. Thanks, Soooz for hosting.
My pleasure, John. Thanks for stopping by.
"She could no longer enjoy herself as the next one started to take over." Hmmm. At first I thought that statement meant headache. Very good, Nonnie! 👏🏾👏🏾 Thanks for hosting, Soooz.
Thanks, Linda! I love this story! I do love a touch of the dark side.😎 Nonnie served up a terrific helping of that.
This completely pulled me in. I love all the possibilities of where this is going. I can't wait to read the first book when it's rereleased:) Thanks for hosting Soooz.