text:
Device built by UW-Milwaukee professor calms water's turbulence data
Graduate student Binbin Wang prepares to lower the Particle Image Velocimetry system into Lake Michigan about 12 miles from the Milwaukee harbor. The PIV will measure turbulence in the water as it descends into the lake. Credit: Jenny Laaser
As wind whips along the surface of Lake Michigan, it leaves millions of tiny eddies and currents in its wake.
This surface turbulence may play an important role in determining how gases like carbon dioxide move between the atmosphere and the lake, and understanding this exchange could help scientists build better models for how big bodies of water affect the climate.
Until recently, however, measuring the turbulence at the surface was difficult because the equipment for making these measurements had very limited resolution, or could only be used in controlled settings in a lab.
But thanks to a device built by Qian Liao, a professor in the college of engineering and applied science at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, researchers can now see these motions in fine detail, in the lake itself.
"Our project is trying to get real data from the real world," Liao said.
Liao's device, called a Particle Image Velocimetry system, or PIV, monitors turbulence by tracking particles carried along by the water. A laser scans back and forth, creating a two-dimensional "sheet" of light, and a camera picks up light scattered by particles that wander into the laser's path.
By taking many images in a row, Liao and his students can track how the particles move over time. This in turn tells them how the water is flowing.
"We take consecutive images to capture the movement of the particles," said Binbin Wang, a graduate student who recently finished his doctorate in Liao's research group. "That enables us to track the two-dimensional velocity distribution."
Particle Image Velocimetry previously has been used to measure turbulence in controlled laboratory settings, but standard lab setups require complex optics and lots of power.
"This is probably the first one in the world that can be submerged in water," Liao said, which gives him a unique ability to study turbulence in places other researchers can't. Its relatively small, compact design also makes it easy to take the PIV out in the field.
Andreas Lorke, a professor of environmental physics at the University of Koblenz-Landau in Germany, said these types of field measurements are essential for understanding real-world turbulence at the water's surface.
"Such field measurements are important because the interaction of, e.g. wind-driven currents, surface waves and wave breaking cannot (or only to a limited extent) be studied in the lab," Lorke said in an email.
Liao's work on the PIV system has been done in collaboration with Harvey Bootsma, a professor in UW-Milwaukee's School of Freshwater Sciences who specializes in lake ecology and nutrient cycling.
Liao and Bootsma reported the first iteration of their design in 2009. Since then, they have begun deploying the PIV in a variety of settings, and took it out on the lake about 20 times last year. Their project is financed through a grant from the National Science Foundation.
In one recent set of experiments, they observed vortices near the water surface in Lake Michigan, caused by wind and waves along the surface. Taken together with other measurements of carbon dioxide in the air and water, these measurements will help scientists refine their understanding of gas transfer at lake and ocean surfaces.
These processes are important because oceans absorb 30% to 50% of the carbon dioxide humans release into the atmosphere. Narrowing down these predictions — and figuring out their implications for climate change — depends on knowing how quickly carbon dioxide moves between the air and the water.
While Liao is particularly excited about using the PIV to measure turbulence at the lake surface to gain insight into this type of gas exchange, the system can measure motion deeper in the water, as well.
One of Liao and Bootsma's other projects aims to measure turbulence above quagga mussel beds on the lake bottom.
These mussels, an invasive species that has dramatically disturbed the lake ecology in recent years, filter nutrients and other material from the water. Liao and Bootsma hope that measuring turbulence and mixing above the lake bottom will help them figure out how quickly this filtering process happens.
The list of experiments Liao intends to do with his submersible PIV system is long. But for scientists studying turbulence and mixing in oceans and lakes, the most exciting thing may be the ability to take do these measurements outside of the lab.
"Qian and his colleagues did a great job in bringing this technique to the field," Lorke said.
Twitter: @jennylaaser
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#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
Bryologist 77(1): 83 (1974)

#### Original name
Lecidea populina Müll. Arg.

### Remarks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


With the end of 2015 approaching I thought this would be an appropriate personal project to work on. This infographic gives an overview of all the mobile phones I've had. I recently realized that I'm walking around with these devices for almost fifteen years now. The poster gives some insight into how these ubiquitous devices have evolved aesthetically and technically (the hardware).


text:
Extra Discount Club
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©2019 Evening Express
Sport / Football / Scottish Football
Play-offs the target for new Peterhead striker Smith ahead of League One campaign
by Callum Law
Peterhead new boys Scott Hooper, middle, and Aidan Smith, right. Picture by Heather Fowlie
Aidan Smith hopes he can help fire new club Peterhead into the League One play-off picture.
The striker has joined the Blue Toon on a one-year deal from Annan Athletic.
After hitting 14 goals last term for the Galabankies, Smith is relishing a step up to Scottish football's third tier.
The 22-year-old believes his new side have the quality to be in play-off contention, and he hopes to play his part in making that a reality.
Smith said: "One of the big reasons for joining the club has to be playing in League One.
"It's a new challenge for me and I want to better myself.
"That's one of the big reasons for me coming to Peterhead.
"Last season playing for Annan I saw Peterhead were a good side and tough to beat.
"We only won once in four games against them and I felt the Peterhead games were the hardest we had at Annan last season.
"I relish the step up to League One personally because it's the only way you're going to get better is by stepping up.
"I'm hopeful I'll be able to progress again in League One.
"I think the play-offs have got to be the aim for us – if we don't aim high there's no point in being here.
"I feel from what I've seen that we have a squad here who can achieve that target."
Going from Annan means Smith has swapped being just 20 minutes from training and home games to having a round trip of just shy of 500 miles to get to Balmoor for Peterhead's home fixtures.
However, the extra travel isn't a problem for the former Queen of the South man.
The Blue Toon players based in the south west of the country (Greg Fleming, Sam Henderson, Willie Gibson and summer signing Scott Hooper) commute together in a club car.
Smith added: "I'm from Dumfries so it's a fair amount of travelling – but it doesn't phase me.
"The club really look after us, the boys in the south west have a club car.
"Things like that make it a lot easier and that's important when you join a club.
"They put us up in a hotel before home games to save us travelling so much on a Saturday.
"Annan is 20 minutes from my front door, so it would have been easy to carry on with them.
"But if you're not willing to travel and push yourself, you won't progress."
Smith is still developing as a player, but he believes he has picked the right place to improve.
Aidan Smith in action.
One of the reasons for that is that he will be training and playing alongside experienced attackers Rory McAllister, 32, and Derek Lyle, 38, who have netted over 400 goals between them in their careers.
Smith is looking forward to learning from the duo and said: "Playing with Rory and Derek will be good for me because I know I'll learn a lot of them.
"I played with Derek a few years ago at Queen of the South and learned a lot from him then.
"Hopefully that can continue and I can learn from Rory as well."
Smith's first chance to turn out for the Blue Toon will be on Wednesday July 3 when Aberdeen are the visitors to Balmoor for a pre-season friendly.
Aidan Smith
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