Alphabet Bar is back with a bang. After the original Beak Street location shut down five years ago, the cocktail haven has reopened in Islington with a new lease of life.
In its '90s heyday, the first incarnation of Alphabet Bar was known as a regular spot for Soho's creative in-crowd – trendy, quirky and perhaps ever so slightly pretentious.
The new Alphabet has the potential to attract an equally ardent following. It's got a sufficiently hip atmosphere, with distressed wood floors, white brick walls, an aqua-blue back bar and an abundance of graphic art. It's also got great food – a range of Mediterranean sharing plates created by chef Yaz Khadiri.
But what truly sets the relaunched Alphabet apart is its drinks selection. Developed by Chris Edwards and Dave Tregenza, the masterminds behind drinks consultancy Salts of the Earth, the cocktails bring an approachable playfulness to the place.
Redcomb Pubs, the operator that owns Alphabet, enlisted Edwards and Tregenza to shape its beverage offerings, and it's no great surprise that the duo have done a good thing with their latest project. Edwards and Tregenza previously made a name for themselves through their funky south London bars Shrub & Shutter and First Aid Box. They were even shortlisted for Imbibe's Innovators of the Year award in 2017.
Now, with their first two bars running smoothly on their own, the pair has moved over to Alphabet full-time.
'Sometimes you have to trust your people to do their thing,' Tregenza told Imbibe, who is serving as bar manager at the new Angel outfit. Edwards, meanwhile, has taken the reins as the venue's head of operations.
At Alphabet, their signature creativity has manifested itself in the form of a menu that pays tribute to the original Soho bar.
The first section, Re-invention, puts twists on classic drinks – particularly those with a '90s flair. There's the Mint Chip Mojito, a decadent mix of El Dorado 3yo Rum, Xeco Fino Sherry, mint chocolate chip ice cream, fresh lime and mint soda; while the Dry Watermelon Martini marries Wry Vodka, Campari, fresh watermelon and sugar.
The second section, Invention, takes an equally bold approach, with original creations supported by big flavours. Drinks like Smoke Signal – Evan Williams Bourbon infused with sweet BBQ, That Boutique-y's Spit Roasted Pineapple Gin, balanced bitters, bacon and smoke – pack a powerful punch.
And while these drinks sound slightly outrageous on paper, the ones that really stand out are those that deliver an even more outrageous experience in the glass.
Take the devastatingly pink High as a Kite, for instance. With That Boutique-y Finger Lime Gin, rhubarb bitters, hibiscus, fresh lemon and uppers, it's a delicately tart drink that is lovely on its own – but with its garnish, a capsule filled with beetroot sugar that you can add to taste, it's both entertaining and even more delicious.
In addition to 26 cocktails (like the Alphabet – get it?), the menu also boasts a page of zero-proof drinks, including Clarified Cream Soda and Pomegranate & Tomato Cordial.
From interactive garnishes to thoughtful non-alcoholic offerings, each element of the new Alphabet Bar seems to be a part of Tregenza and Edwards' inclusive, fun approach. It isn't likely that this Islington reincarnation will be accused of pretentiousness anytime soon.


That awkward moment you almost run over a crow because he's quite confident that whatever it is he's eating at the edge of the road is worth the risk of death.
Can you imagine loving something that much?
That increasingly awkward moment you realize you just played chicken with a crow, and lost.
But still, Crow says he'll have the roadkill, please.


text:
Q: Can not open directory even if I sudo user As root user I created a new user in my Ubuntu.
adduser isli

Than i granted to newly created user sudo permissions
usermod -aG sudo isli

Than switched to newly created user
su isli

in my isli user directory have projects directory which i want to open
sudo ls -al

Give the following output
drwx------  6 root root  4096 Feb  7 15:15 .
drwxr-xr-x 23 root root  4096 Jan 29 06:10 ..
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root  4096 Jan 18 09:43 projects

But while i am trying cd projects the output is permissions denied
What i am doing wrong

A: Your user isli does not have any permissions for the directory you are in (.), which is the parent directory of your projects directory. This is because the directory . is owned by root and others do not have any permissions to it (the last --- in the mode indicator).
A solution is to give everyone read (r) and access (x) permissions for the directory:
sudo chmod o+rx .

Another option which you might prefer is to set the directory to be owned by the user isli:
sudo chown isli .

or if you want to also give isli the ownership of everything under that directory (such as the projects directory):
sudo chown -R isli .

(The -R switch stand for recursive.) Then isli will also be able to edit files in these directories, which you may be what you want.
Another suggestion
In fact, you might not want to do that, after all: you may be in root's home directory, and you probably want to keep that owned by root. The command su root did not change the current working directory, so if you started in root's home directory, which is normally /root, you would still be there. You probably want to keep that owned by root. You can display the current working directory using the command:
pwd

The solution you are looking for may be to move the projects directory into isli's home directory, which is normally /home/isli, but if you are not sure about that, you can, in most interactively used shells, refer to it by ~isli.
To set isli as the owner of the projects directory, to move it to isli's home directory, and finally to change to that directory, do:
sudo chown isli projects
sudo mv projects ~isli/
cd ~isli/projects

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


After the Vietnam War, the Royal Lao Government tried to make a peace agreement with the Pathet Lao. But this agreement turned out to be a complete failure because by 1975, the Pathet Lao was successful and communism took over Laos. After the takeover, General Vang Pao and other Hmong leaders knew that they could not stay in the country of Laos anymore.
On May 14, 1975, the United States returned to evacuate 2500 Hmong out of Laos and into Thailand. This included General Vang Pao and his officers. But thousand of other Hmong were left behind and they were left with two option. Either risk it, and go west to Thailand or stay in Laos and hope for the best. Those who were caught going west were stopped and killed by the communist and those who stayed in Laos were persecuted for their actions. Those who made it to Thailand were put in a refugee camp.
"As the atrocity continued, people left and they had to cross the Mekong River. To get across, people made rafts or blew up plastic bags or hire Thai ferry men."
After the communist takeover, the Pathet Lao and the NVA basically declared a mass genocide on the Hmong. They went from village to village trying to figure out which person was fighting for the US. The communist raped women, killed babies, tortured the civilians, and the men who the communist thought were involve in the war were secretly killed at night. Some children were re-educated by the communist and other children were brainwashed into believing that their parents were the enemy. The communist also used a poison called yellow rain to wipe out many villages.
Today, some Hmong are still trying to escape Laos. There are also ex-soldiers who are stuck in the jungles of Laos because they can't move without the special stamp of approval. Even today, some Hmong in Laos are still being persecuted and tortured because of the war. The population of the refugee camps in Thailand has decreased because most of the Hmong has either immigrated to another country, moved back into Laos, or settle into Thai society. The major countries that the Hmong has immigrated to are the USA and France. These Hmong have now integrated into the society of their new country and they are now living a normal everyday life.


[802.3_CU4HDD] Preliminary comments doc uploaded.
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text:
In a 2018 letter to his shareholders, Warren Buffett made the following observation:
"Once a CEO hungers for a deal, he or she will never lack for forecasts that justify the purchase. Subordinates will be cheering, envisioning enlarged domains and the compensation levels that typically increase with corporate size. Investment bankers, smelling huge fees, will be applauding as well. (Don't ask the barber whether you need a haircut.) If the historical performance of the target falls short of validating its acquisition, large "synergies" will be forecast. Spreadsheets never disappoint."
This is not a very charitable picture of the motivations driving M&A, but it contains an element of truth nevertheless. High-level executives and corp dev teams are often overly enthusiastic about potential deals.
In certain respects, overexcitement is inevitable. Upper echelon executives are often far removed from the low-level operational details of their companies — and corp dev personnel typically come from investment banking backgrounds, where the deal itself is considered more important than the particulars of its execution. Both groups tend to focus on the high-level strategic potential of target assets, downplaying or ignoring more tactical considerations. When they rally behind a particular deal, their enthusiasm and conviction create a pronounced bias towards positive target assessment. Integration specialists can provide a counterbalancing perspective, and encourage the team to develop a more realistic and nuanced picture of the asset. All too often, however, these specialists are not consulted during the diligence process.
In these situations, corp dev inevitably sees everything through rose-colored glasses. The team tends to overestimate the value that a target asset will bring to the company, and consequently downplay or outright ignore potential red flags revealed during diligence. Often, the executive-level personnel in charge of finalizing the deal will have unofficially decided to close with the target long before signing the LOI. Corp dev conducts confirmatory due diligence as a legal formality, and only truly revelatory discoveries will cause the buyer to walk. Post-close, the new asset is dumped on the integration team, who then must figure out a way to make it valuable.
Case Files:
In 1998, Daimler-Benz (now Daimler AG) announced that it was "merging" with Chrysler in a stock swap valued at over $35 billion. At the time, this was the largest international deal ever. From a strategic perspective, the merger seemed like the perfect match: the two automakers had complementary product offerings, and were expected to achieve significant production synergies by consolidating their manufacturing.
The large synergies forecast by both boards ultimately legitimized the deal in the eyes of the shareholders, who overwhelmingly approved the deal shortly after it was proposed. But less than 10 years later, after suffering massive losses, Daimler spun off Chrysler for only $7.4 billion. What went wrong?
Well, just about everything. The deal was made in bad faith to begin with. Daimler-Benz made a big show out of presenting the deal as a "merger of equals" — guaranteeing brand independence, dual headquarters and boards, the use of English as the standard corporate language, and, of course, the incorporation of "Chrysler" into the new company name. In reality, Daimler-Benz regarded the deal as a takeover. In 2000, DaimlerChrysler CEO Jürgen Schrempp announced to the German paper Handelsblatt that Daimler-Benz upper management had always viewed the Chrysler deal as an acquisition, explaining that 'The Merger of Equals' statement was necessary in order to earn the support of Chrysler's workers and the American public, but it was never reality." Schrempp's statement angered many Chrysler employees, who felt that they had been duped by their new partners. The erosion of faith contributed heavily to the poor internal alignment of the two companies — goodwill is one of the most important intangibles driving deal success.
And those forecast manufacturing synergies? Such synergies never materialized. Daimler-Benz originally agreed to share a wide variety of parts with Chrysler, in a move to drive production costs down. Daimler-Benz rolled back this plan considerably, however, ultimately providing Chrysler with very little manufacturing support — support Chrysler desperately needed to remain competitive at a time when Japanese automakers dominated the American market. Ultimately, Daimler-Benz's promise to maintain dual headquarters and boards, coupled with their failure to integrate Chrysler's manufacturing infrastructure into their own, meant that Chrysler was run more or less as a wholly independent subsidiary, failing to realize synergies of any kind.
"You had two companies from different countries with different languages and different styles come together yet there were no synergies. It was simply an exercise in empire-building by Juergen Schrempp," remarked Dave Healy, an analyst with Burnham Securities.
According to George Peterson, another analyst, Schrempp forced the deal through without doing his homework. "Due diligence? Daimler-Benz never did due diligence before it bought Chrysler, never looked into the future to see whether Chrysler could afford to be competitive with the others in the industry."
Chrysler also rushed into the deal, although for a different reason. In 1998, Chrysler attempted to forestall an imminent hostile takeover by billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian, leading their CEO Bob Eaton to seek out Daimler-Benz as a white knight alternative. As former Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca later remarked: "Eaton panicked."
In the end, almost everything went wrong with the DaimlerChrysler deal. Both companies failed to complete the proper upfront research and due diligence. Full integration was never achieved, or even attempted. Bad faith and malaligned company cultures fueled resentment and poor performance. The deal resulted in a disastrous spin-off for Daimler and a second bankruptcy and government bailout for Chrysler, leading many analysts to regard the DaimlerChrysler deal as one of the most catastrophic M&A failures of all time.
Professional Perspectives:
"Corp dev people are often investment bankers who are just interested in finding targets to be acquired. It's what they do. Then the integration team is stuck with making the acquisition valuable."
— Integration Specialist at Autodesk
"For corp dev, it's all about the deal. That's what they know. [...] Some of the people I've run across are literally like deer in the headlights when they are faced with integration challenges."
— Integration Specialist at Verizon
DaimlerChrysler may sound like an extreme example, but this type of failure is unfortunately quite common. Traditional thinking tends to treat the dealmaking and integration phases of the M&A lifecycle as separate projects carried out by independent teams. The disconnectedness of the phases (sometimes referred to as 'The Great Divide') creates a deep rift in communication between corp dev and integration, with potentially serious consequences for both teams and the deal's long-term success.
Approaching the M&A process as a series of discrete projects is a textbook example of a traditional style of project management. The traditional emphasis on linearity and sequential workflow ultimately fails to meet the needs of a complex and dynamic process like M&A.
The first step towards addressing those shortcomings and improving the M&A process is simple: treat the M&A lifecycle as a holistic process. Approaching M&A as an integrated project likely means rethinking how you conceive of M&A at the most fundamental level. Throw out the idea that M&A consists of two distinct projects. The separation between the corp dev and integration teams in a traditional approach to M&A is highly problematic: since corp dev is not accountable for post-close success, their overambitious assumptions can create trouble for the integration team responsible for validating the deal. Instead of this disjointed and misaligned approach, envision the integration effort as an organic extension of due diligence, with corp dev and integration operating as a close partnership during the entire M&A lifecycle. This synthesis is the essence of Agile M&A: Agile M&A realizes a true partnership between corp dev and integration, or even their functioning as a single team.
In practice, bridging the gap between corp dev and integration can be approached in a variety of ways. The specific route taken will vary for each project, depending upon the unique requirements of individual deals and the nature of the companies involved. However, the Agile M&A Process Model advocates a universal governing strategy: to strive to incorporate an integration perspective as early in the M&A lifecycle as possible. Using the integration team to conduct confirmatory due diligence is a particularly effective approach and one which serial acquirers in the tech industry are increasingly beginning to adopt.
Broadly speaking, the Agile M&A Process Model approaches the M&A project as follows: the corp dev team conducts early diligence of potential targets, ideally with the help of the integration lead and relevant functional experts. When corp dev lands on a likely acquisition, the integration team then assembles and begins to consider the post-merger integration plan. The integration lead becomes involved early in the process and is responsible for validating value drivers and delivering on projected synergies. The deal lead's early involvement allows for the development of attainable goals, circumventing conventional issues that arise from overambitious forecasts. Following LOI, the integration team conducts confirmatory due diligence — the process of identifying risks and ensuring that what is being represented is accurate. Since this team will be responsible for integrating the target, they take this process very seriously. Around this time the Integration Management Office (IMO) should be established as well, if necessary — serial acquirers may be running an IMO continuously. The IMO is deployed to assemble and coordinate small cross-functional teams to complete integration tasks.
Expert Opinions:
"Having the team that does diligence be a part of the integration is really important because if [the integration team has access to] certain information earlier, [they will do] things differently. During the transaction and diligence, you build really strong relationships with the inbound management and team members. Those relationships are the same ones that are really helpful during integration. I have been on [diligence] teams where we have not engaged in integration until really late in the transaction. I do feel sorry for the deal leads because we have to spend time backing up and understanding why we are at this point in the transaction. I think if you know more earlier and can shape those early conversations, and get the key data sooner, then you will have a better idea of the plan, which ultimately stacks the deck in favor of the acquisition being successful."
— James Harris, Principle of Corporate Development Integration at Google
The consolidation of traditionally distinct teams into a single highly effective unit helps to address two of the largest and most common problems in M&A: overestimating synergies, and inadequately preparing for integration. Since the integration team completes the entire M&A project, they benefit from an inherently more developed understanding of the project, a greater degree of visibility, and superior access to information. This represents a vast improvement over the fragmented relationship traditional corp dev and integration teams employ. The Agile approach to M&A is based upon these advantages. Meanwhile, if the foundation is built upon with the right combination of tools and techniques, the integration team will be able to operate with the speed, flexibility, and teamwork characteristic of Agile's approach.
Additional resources for integration planning available at agilema.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A few months back, I was blessed to have a solo show at the Janette Kennedy Gallery. It was mostly a new body of work titled, "Old Paths Lead to New Journey's". It succeeded my expectations…Blessed!
One of the most exciting part of art for me, is what others see, what is revealed, what emotion is evoked through the canvas to the eye. I love the comments.
Recently, I received a text from someone who purchased a piece at the show. She included a photo of the piece…."DO YOU SEE IT?" I looked and studied, as I didn't know what she was seeing, that I couldn't. Finally, she said…the bell, the bell…. Do You See It?
When she was looking at the piece in the gallery, she liked it, thought about it, walked away, looked at others, but the above piece kept drawing her back…it wasn't until hanging in her loft did she see the bell! She owns a business named, Opening Bell !! So often a painting reveals something to the viewer that others do not see, even the artist!!
God uses misfits, screw ups, outcasts…to name a few…Jonah ran from God, Moses ran from justice, Sarah lost hope, Rahab ran a brothel, Lot ran with the wrong crowd…He had a plan for each of them. He saw what others could not imagine. Then there was a young gangly smelly shepherd that God chose to defeat a giant and become a great king. Along the way he ran into adultery, murder and much turmoil, anguish, and heartache…David became one of the greatest examples of God's love, mercy, forgiveness, restoration and redemption. Hope for us to follow. David was a man after God's own heart but he was also a man. He messed up and failed often. But, he always turned back to God and God was always there to lift him up. Some of the most beautiful words were penned by David throughout his trials and triumphs. Check out some of the most beautiful in the book of Psalms.
Take a few minutes to read and listen to the below…it's a reminder of our hope, our promise, our redemption and His grace.
Check out the below song on YouTube…below is an excerpt.


TSNLA Chief Executive Tim Ward has written an article for FE Week criticising the ESFA for "riding rough-shod over the work of many vital third sector providers". In the hard-hitting article, he outlines how the recent contracting process has stripped many third sector (and other) adult learning providers of the vital funds they need even to exist, let alone address the needs of their learners.
The recent procurement process removed at least 50% of funding from some providers 'without consultation, debate or consideration of the impact', claims Mr Ward. Many of the affected providers had been praised by Ofsted for their work in supporting vulnerable learners to progress to further learning and work.
Tim Ward also wrote an open letter to Peter Lauener, Chief Executive of ESFA, outlining the negative impact of the process, and a further one to the Secretary of State.
Following this representation from the TSNLA and others, the ESFA has since offered additional funding in the 'run-down' contract allowing successful providers to continue to offer 'non-priority' provision for 17/18 only. But even this required TSNLA CEO Tim Ward to seek clarification, as it was unclear whether the funding was in addition to, or instead of, the award gained under the AEB procurement process. The TSNLA can confirm that it is additional funding and providers will still get the award made to them under the procurement process.
This is good news but the TSNLA will continue to pursue other concerns about the importance of so-called 'non-priority' provision and the position of unsuccessful third sector bidders.
All this comes at a time when FE providers have reportedly failed to spend £200 million of their AEB budget allocations over the past year. This announcement has angered private and third sector training providers, who were denied adequate funding in the recent AEB procurement exercise while their college and Local Authority competitors were exempt. Many are facing closure due to swingeing cuts in their budgets.
Read more about this and other adult policy developments in the September edition of the TSNLA's Policy in your Pocket.
Introduce a new system of 15 technical education routes alongside academic ones – already outlined in the Post-16 Skills Plan.
Funding new Institutes of Technology to attract more industry specialists, deliver STEM education and provide an alternative to University. These would specialise in technical subjects aligned to the new technical routes at levels 3, 4 and 5 and have "a local focus to deliver qualifications of value that meet the skills needs of local employers". The extra £170 million capital funding for this will go to existing providers, according to FE Week, providing a "badge of honour" to FE providers that excel at higher-level technical education (similar to the old CoVE status). It is unclear at this point if independent training providers can apply for the money, or if it will be restricted to colleges.
Tackle regional disparities in opportunity and prosperity through better pre-school education, schemes to retain graduates, and measures to increase the take up of apprenticeships.
Develop FE Colleges to become centres of excellence in teaching math and English.
Improving advanced maths using Professor Sir Adrian Smith's independent review proposals.
Develop a comprehensive careers strategy for technical education, including an "UCAS-style" search mechanism for technical education courses and advice.
The consultation closes on 17 April 2017. To respond, there are 38 questions at the end of the Green Paper.
FETL has sponsored a Skills Commission Report titled 'Going Places'. Lord David Blunkett, Barry Sheerman MP, Dame Ruth Silver and Neil Bates, Principal and CEO of the UK's first college of advanced technology, spoke at the launch in Parliament on the 8th December 2016.
The report, which comes after a FETL funded 10-month inquiry across the UK, focuses on the innovative practices colleges and independent training providers are engaging with up and down the country and, the potential that devolution has for making this innovation more widespread across the system.
On 24th January, the TSNLA attended an event organised by the Campaign for Learning – In Conversation with AoC Chief Executive David Hughes. Please read the notes to see what he had to say that might be of interest to TSNLA members.
The TSNLA has sent letters to Peter Lauener, Rob Halfon, Richard Atkins, Gordon Marsden and Justine Greening in response to the announcement by the SFA that current Independent Training Providers holding AEB contracts for adult learning will have their contracts terminated next summer, and will need to r e-tender for the work.
Specific issues addressed in this letter include: the lack of a level playing field with large FE Colleges who will not be expected to re-tender for their own contracts, yet can bid for the Third Sector budgets; the vulnerability of Third Sector learning consortia which include many small specialist providers who may by unable to become directly funded; the inconsistency of deciding only this year to apply EU tendering rules when the country has just voted to leave the EU; the absurdity of categorising Third Sector learning providers alongside for-profit organisation; and the potential devastating on-going impact of Area Reviews and devolution deals that do not include any reference to the third sector.
To see a copy of this letter, see TSNLA response to AEB re-tendering proposals.
The TSNLA have provided a template to personalise and send to local MPs and LEPs. To write your own letter, see our Template AEB letter for MPs.
The TSNLA has sent a letter to Peter Lauener and Rob Halfon raising concerns about some of the changes to Apprenticeships, and the potential negative implications of these. The changes specifically mentioned are: the new frameworks and their suitability for lower level Apprenticeships; the implications of sub-contracting for the Third Sector due to their current categorisation as Independent Training Providers; and the inadequate funding of Functional Skills.
The TSNLA has had responses to the above letters, with Robert Halfon reassuring the sector that the SFA hoped to protect providers with AEB budgets below a certain threshold, but saying that while he would be looking at the designation of Third Sector providers and others, there would be no immediate changes. He continued to encourage all providers to engage as much as possible with the development of their local skills plans.
TSNLA have responded to Robert Halfon and Peter Lauener reiterating our concern that the AEB changes will adversely impact the network of small Third Sector providers that either contract directly with the SFA or deliver provision through a Voluntary and Community Sector consortium, by allowing large colleges to tender for the work currently delivered by many of our members. TSNLA is also representing Third Sector providers at an SFA commissioning event to help new commissioners understand what good commissioning looks like from the provider perspective.
On Apprenticeship Reform, some of the issues raised by TSNLA have now been addressed, including the continuation of subcontracting arrangements (for the time being) and additional funding for those in the most disadvantaged areas. However, TSNLA has written back to the Minster emphasising our concern about overall levels of Apprenticeship funding available for non-levy payers.
As often the Third Sector is "hidden" from government and its agencies because it does not show up at data collection, TSNLA has asked for a specific channel of communication to be established to ensure that the Third Sector can maximise its contribution to the priorities of the SFA and ETA.


text:
Katie Salmon may refer to:

Katie Salmon (basketball), played in 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team
Katie Salmon (glamour model)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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2016-08-16T19:30:32-04:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/97a/20160816202426001_hd.jpgFormer Representative Frank Wolf (R-VA) spoke about religious freedom conditions in Nigeria and Iraq. He talked about the persecution of religious minorities by the Islamic State, Boko Haram, and other terrorist groups. Mr. Wolf authored the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998.


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Scripted crime series have always been a central part of the American TV landscape, dating back to the earliest days of television and shows like Dragnet and Stand By for Crime. But the current boom of crime-focused TV — dominated by highbrow limited series, high-wattage actors, and tantalizing whodunits — really began five years ago, in 2014. Prior to that moment, there had been no shortage of shows about murders, bad guys, and investigators attempting to get to the bottom of horrible acts. But the number of these shows swelled in the wake of that watershed year, and, perhaps more importantly, so did their perceived artistic value.
This happened because of a confluence of factors, but I'll start by focusing on a specific one: the success of HBO's True Detective, which debuted in January 2014 and infused the buddy-cop formula with movie-star protagonists, a time-hopping narrative, an auteurist's visual flair, and long digressions into philosophy and theology. That first season, written by creator Nic Pizzolatto and directed by Cary Joji Fukunaga, took familiar elements from classic police shows and movies — two partners not seeing eye-to-eye, heavy doses of misogyny, a murderer with a twisted psyche — and paired them with an idiosyncratic artistry that made True Detective feel like something new.
To be clear, this was hardly the first time in recent American television that a well-regarded drama focused on crime. Some of the most celebrated shows of TV's second golden age, including The Sopranos, The Wire, Dexter, and Breaking Bad (which ended its run a few months before True Detective debuted), zeroed in on antiheroes involved in criminal enterprises. But those shows weren't whodunit mysteries as much as character and cultural studies that made the audience wonder how long the guilty could survive without getting caught or killed. Top of the Lake, Hannibal, and The Killing (whose fourth and final season landed on Netflix in the summer of 2014), hewed closer to the crime-solving model, inviting their audiences to piece together clues in individual episodes or over entire seasons. But their audiences were more niche than the first season of True Detective's turned out to be. The latter drama straddled the line between being the show that everyone was talking about and being the show that had, or at least was being perceived as having, art-house sensibilities. Perhaps the closest corollary to this interest in Rust Cohle's stream-of-consciousness philosophizing was the early-'90s obsession with Twin Peaks, which, coincidentally, was first publicly pegged for a planned revival in the fall of … 2014.
While Twin Peaks and those other prior series boasted fine actors, some of whom had certainly appeared in feature films before, none starred an actor in the same position that Matthew McConaughey was in during 2014. At the time, the actor was actively campaigning for an Academy Award for his role in the film Dallas Buyers Club, and the quality of his work in True Detective actually seemed to boost his chances to win, which he ultimately did. By 2014, the idea that acting in a TV series was "lesser" than starring a movie was pretty much outmoded. But seeing how much True Detective raised McConaughey's stature — the McConaissance would not have been the McConaissance without Rust Cohle — cemented the fact that TV not only offered equally challenging roles, but commanded just as much, if not more, industry respect and public appreciation.
Whether it was because of True Detective or not, over the next five years, a lot of high-profile film stars signed up to appear in shows that were either crime dramas or series with crimes embedded in their narrative structures. When I say a lot, I do mean a lot.
Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon produced and starred in Big Little Lies, which drew audiences into its study of upper-class mommy politics with the tease of a murder mystery. Amy Adams and Patricia Clarkson steeped themselves in family dysfunction and a Gothic-tinged murder mystery in Sharp Objects. Ewan McGregor played dual roles in season three of Fargo. Jessica Biel starred in the first season of The Sinner, and also acted as executive producer. Winona Ryder made a career comeback with Stranger Things, which is technically sci-fi but still involves the case of a missing child, as well as the murder of a Barb. Daniel Brühl, Dakota Fanning, and Luke Evans teamed up in The Alienist, a TNT period piece about the attempt to track a serial killer. Chris Pine headlines the forthcoming I Am the Night, another TNT limited series, inspired by the Black Dahlia murders. Patricia Arquette has spent much of her post–Oscar-for-Boyhood career on scripted crime projects, including the network series CSI: Cyber and the limited series Escape at Dannemora and The Act, debuting next month on Hulu. And because scripted television is a flat circle, we come back to True Detective, which attracted Rachel McAdams, Colin Farrell, Vince Vaughn, and Taylor Kitsch for its unfortunate second season, and recent Oscar winner Mahershala Ali for its much-less–unfortunate third one. Like McConaughey before him, Ali is starring in True Detective while his name is in the mix for another Oscar, this time for his performance in Green Book.
Though these shows differ in tone and point of view, most share one thing in common: They are limited or anthology series, in which the primary story is wrapped up in a single season. That category of television has also expanded significantly since 2014, partly because it enables actors and directors to take on TV projects without committing to the years that an ongoing series requires. But also, with peak TV just starting to hit peakiness in 2014 — there were 389 scripted original shows that year, compared to 495 in 2018; what did we do with all that free time back then? — the limited series began to hold an increasing appeal. Watching a single, contained story over eight or ten episodes would come to seem more manageable to viewers overwhelmed by choices and the prospect of binging multiple seasons of something else. And for limited series that took their time to reveal the circumstances behind a crime (which, per the list above, is a lot of them), closing the loop on a mystery avoided the pitfall of dragging out suspense for too long, an issue for previous series like The Killing or Twin Peaks.
That last Ryan Murphy–related announcement dovetails with another major 2014 moment in crime storytelling: the release of Serial. The popularity of Sarah Koenig's podcast about the murder of a Baltimore high-school student helped build true crime into its own swelling phenomenon, as did the buzz around HBO's The Jinx and Netflix's Making a Murderer in 2015. A lot of scripted crime has tapped into the same public fascination with reexamining real sins, but placing them within the framework of narrative. Murphy's The People v. O.J. Simpson was the first to demonstrate the possibilities in that arena, and has been followed since by The Assassination of Gianni Versace, the second of the American Crime Story series; Netflix's Mindhunter; Escape at Dannemora; Unsolved: The Murders of Biggie and Tupac; and Dirty John, itself an adaptation of a true-crime podcast.
All of the series I've name-checked also share something else in common: They are not the thin, plot-by-numbers crime procedurals typical of network television. All of these works of crime fiction, whether inspired by real cases or not, are as interested in the interpersonal and social dynamics at play as they are about revealing who a killer really is. That kind of nuanced storytelling is a direct byproduct of the prestige dramas like The Sopranos and Breaking Bad, which trained us to expect something richer from television, especially television on cable or streaming networks.
That has also lent itself to the representation of different perspectives than we often see in standard crime shows. To be clear: There are still plenty of women and girls being killed, raped, or otherwise abused in these smarter crime dramas, and plenty of white dudes being cast as protagonists. But there's at least some interesting flipping of typical scripts in many of them. Shots Fired, a Fox limited series that aired in 2017 and didn't get the attention it deserved, examined racial justice through the prism of two cases: a white kid shot to death by an African-American police officer, and the largely overlooked murder of a black boy. Those cases were investigated by two black representatives of the DOJ, played by Sanaa Lathan and Stephan James.
HBO's The Night Of cast Riz Ahmed in the role of Naz, a Pakistani-American accused of committing a murder he swears he didn't commit, while raising questions about the assumptions made when a suspect is a man of Middle Eastern descent. The Assassination of Gianni Versace, as well as the British series A Very English Scandal, explored sociopathic behavior that flourished in self-loathing gay men. And in limited series after limited series, women have been given much more layered characters to play, whether they are cast as perpetrators, victims, heroes, or some overlapping combination of the three.
That gender-based trend also can be traced back to 2014. Gone Girl, the adaptation of Gillian Flynn's novel that turned the trope of the innocent missing white lady upside-down, became one of the highest grossing movies of that year, proving what would eventually become a known piece of data: Crime-based stories appeal as much, if not more, to women as they do to men. That may explain why shows like Big Little Lies, Sharp Objects, Dirty John, or even The People v. O.J. Simpson, which humanized the once demonized Marcia Clark, have found such a following. While these shows don't uniformly sidestep certain female stereotypes, each one is written, directed, and performed with a depth and complexity that makes it hard to dismiss them even when they occasionally hit an overly familiar note.
There has been some debate, since the most recent Golden Age of Television in the early '00s, about exactly what age of television we are in now. The Platinum Age? The Overwhelming Age? I don't know the answer, but we're certainly in a golden era for limited crime drama. After five years, the question isn't whether there's been a boom in quality programming in this very specific subgenre; it's whether that bubble might burst. Looking at what's ahead on the 2019 TV calendar and beyond — Big Little Lies 2; the aforementioned I Am the Night and The Act; Ava DuVernay's The Central Park Five; HBO's The Undoing, which stars Nicole Kidman; and Hulu's adaptation of the Celeste Ng novel Little Fires Everywhere — it doesn't seem like there's a tipping point in sight.


Tasty cake and fruit skewers drizzled with melted white chocolate.
Remove 1/2 cup tropical fruit from jar.
Thread alternately four pieces tropical fruit and three cubes of pound cake onto two wooden skewers.
Drizzle melted white chocolate on top of skewers.


text:
Modernist Icon for Frankfurt – Acquisition of Max Beckmann's "Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass"
OUTSTANDING ACQUISITION FOR THE STÄDEL MUSEUM
PAINTING TO BE FOCUS OF SPECIAL PRESENTATION STARTING 9 DECEMBER
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Press text
MODERNIST ICON FOR FRANKFURT – ACQUISITION OF MAX BECKMANN'S SELF-PORTRAIT WITH CHAMPAGNE GLASS
OUTSTANDING ACQUISITION FOR THE STÄDEL MUSEUM / PAINTING TO BE FOCUS OF SPECIAL PRESENTATION STARTING 9 DECEMBER
It is one of the most prominent acquisitions in the more than two hundred years of the Städel Museum's history. Support from the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media, the Städelscher Museums-Verein, the Ernst von Siemens Kunststiftung, the Kulturstiftung der Länder and five private patrons has made the acquisition of Max Beckmann's Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass for the Städel Museum possible. Executed in 1919, the painting is one of the artist's most well-known and important works. It has been on loan to the museum since 2011. Thanks to the acquisition, it will now remain in the Städel permanently.
The Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass is among the artist's most striking self-likenesses. What is more, within a small group of self-portraits meanwhile considered iconic, it is the only one to have remained in private German ownership until now. The artwork was in the legendary collection of Hermann Lange of Krefeld, who acquired it in the 1920s. After Lange's death, it remained in the possession of his descendants, from whom it has now been acquired for the Städel Museum. Max Beckmann is today the most well-known German exponent of Classical Modern art, primarily on account of his early reception in the USA.
It was three years ago that Städel director Philipp Demandt first signalled his interest in the work to Hermann Lange's heirs. Extensive negotiations ensued, leading to a generous concession by the owners that paved the way for initial inquiries with institutional sponsors. The latter responded with pledges as spirited as they were substantial, and five private patrons followed suit by committing to similarly exceptional contributions. The artwork is currently on view in the Städel Museum's Beckmann room. From 9 December 2020 to 5 April 2021 it will be the focus of a special presentation at the museum entitled "STÄDEL'S BECKMANN – BECKMANN'S STÄDEL: The Frankfurt Years".
"The Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass is not only one of the most prominent paintings by our 'in-house artist' Max Beckmann, but also an icon of the twentieth century. It has been my fervent wish to acquire this key Beckmann artwork since I took office in Frankfurt. A dream that initially seemed impossible in view of the painting's sheer value, but also its status as a work coveted worldwide, has now – three years later – come to happy realization. Never before has the Städel Museum succeeded in making an individual acquisition of this magnitude. We are as grateful to the entire community of private and public contributors for their overwhelming support as we are to the owners for the great confidence they have placed in the Städel Museum. Thanks to this concerted effort, Beckmann's masterpiece is returning to Frankfurt – its place of origin – forever", commented Städel director Philipp Demandt.
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Max Beckmann (1884–1950)
Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass, 1919
Oil on canvas, 65.2 x 55.2 x 2.3 cm (without frame)
Joint property with the Städelscher Museums-Verein, the Ernst von Siemens Kunststiftung and the Federal Republic of Germany
Photo: Städel Museum
Max Beckmann, Self-Portrait with Champagne Glass, 1919
Exhibition view Max Beckmann
Photo: Städel Museum - Norbert Miguletz
Festive presentation of the acquisition
From left to right: Nikolaus Schweickart, Philipp Demandt, Monika Grütters, Sylvia von Metzler, Martin Hoernes
Press conference of the acquisition
Philipp Demandt
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Last weekend (22nd – 25th September), myself, my girlfriend, my brother and our friend went to Centre Parcs in Elveden for a long weekend.
This isn't the first time we've been. In-fact, I think it's the 3rd time in as many years! It is however the first time I've blogged about it.
Getting to Elveden Forest takes less than an hour from Norwich, making it the ideal long-weekend destination.
For me, one of the best things about Center Parcs is that despite being just a 30-mile trip down the A11, it feels like you could be anywhere in the UK (or world if the weather is right).
Leading up to the weekend, we've had about 2 weeks of consistent rain in Norwich. However, as has become the trend the last few times we've been, the weather really perked up for the time we were there.
There was a little bit of rain on the Saturday morning, but once this cleared, we were blessed with 20° sunshine.
We decided to pay a little bit extra for early check in at 2pm to help avoid rush that happens at between 4 and 6pm when most people arrive.
This proved to be a good choice as we were settled in to the lodge within 30 minutes of arrival. The member of staff we spoke to upon arrival was friendly, helpful and efficient.
The accommodation we chose was the basic-level woodland lodge.
Whilst it was certainly clean enough, it was a little dated in some areas and there was some evident signs of wear and tear.
The paintwork was chipped in places. The TV was something out of 2005 and the remote was programmed properly so it was impossible to access some of the features.
Nonetheless, for the price we paid I'd say it was good value for money. In hindsight, it may have been worthwhile paying a bit extra for a newly refurbished lodge, but no big deal.
For the amount of time we planned to spend in the lodge itself, a few marks on the wall and a dated TV were hardly going to ruin our experience.
Upon checking in to the lodge and dumping out bags, the first stop was the subtropical swimming paradise.
If you've never been to Centre Parcs before, the swimming area is really the main attraction for most guests. Not only does it provide huge amounts of fun to both adults and kids, but it's one of the free excursions that are included in the price of your visit.
At Elveden, a large swimming pool is surrounded by a variety of cabanas, slides, flumes, outdoor sprudel and plunge pool, the white-water rapids and the infamous Cyclone.
Upon entering the pool area, you quickly find yourself doing laps of the various slides, flumes and rapids.
For us, the rapids were by far the main attraction. The strange hilarity of crashing into a complete stranger as you slide down the course just never seemed to get old!
Having spent a few hours in the pool, we retreated back to the lodge for some food and a film. We decided to pick up some Krispy Kreme doughnuts on the way back to enjoy with the film.
We watch The Conjuring 2 which was pretty jumpy in places! Shortly after, we turned in for the night, for what was destined to be a pretty poor night's sleep!
On Saturday we got up fairly early to have some breakfast and attack the day.
We waited for the rain to subside before heading over to the mini golf course for some adventure golf.
The course itself was loosely pirate themed. The holes were creative and reasonably challenging. At £6.75 per person, this is one of the cheaper activities available. It provided a good hour's worth of entertainment and competitiveness.
I finished 3rd after some dodgy putting on the fifth hole that let me down dearly!
We then popped to Starbucks for a takeaway coffee, returned to the lodge, ate another doughnut and planned out our afternoon.
After checking the available badminton court times (a keen favourite over the years), and finding that we couldn't book one until later that afternoon, we decided to head back to the subtropical swimming area for round two.
More fun was had – even despite requiring some first aid (a plaster) from some rapids-based antics!
We then got changed and headed to the sports hall for an hour's worth of badminton.
As has become the theme over the years, we start of with a game of doubles (myself and Ellie vs. Jeff and Brendan) and then follow it up with some winner stays on games of singles.
This year Jeff and Brendan were victorious in the ever-competitive game of doubles!
At this point we were all pretty tired so we went back to the lodge for some dinner and chill time.
I cooked Nandos style peri-peri chicken with rice and vegetables. We then gorged on a variety of cheesecakes, home-made cakes (thanks Mum) and sweets.
I spent some time editing the footage we got from earlier at the pool whilst the others watched TV and eventually went to bed for a much better night's sleep – funny that, given our choice of film on Friday night!
Having had such a busy Saturday, we didn't really have any plans for Sunday.
We decided to hire bikes and spend some time cycling around the forest. The bike hire was pretty expensive, at £19 for 24 hours. Nonetheless, the bikes were reasonably new and well maintained.
There are no cycle trails, as such. Instead, you can kind-of circle the forest, lakes and lodges. On the way, we experienced plenty of the extremely tame wildlife that you almost become accustomed to after spending a few days in the forest.
That evening we had a table booked at Hucks, an American-style diner based in the main plaza.
The menu was largely based around burgers, wings, hotdogs and grill.
We shared some Nachos to start, I then went for the fajitas for main, both of which were very tasty. We passed up on dessert as we'd planned to head to the pool for one last 'twilight session'!
I also can't fault the service. Previously we've experienced some pretty sub-par service at Café Rouge and the Pancake House, however Hucks was a breath of fresh-air.
Upon entering the pool for round three, it was clear we weren't the only ones who were taking advantage of the last opportunity to hit the pool before checking out!
The rapids were pretty busy which made for some pretty hefty collisions.
There really is something strangely euphoric about spending time in an outdoor pool on a cool British evening!
We then returned the lodge for one last time. Myself and my brother did our best to hoover up the remaining sweet treats that were lying around before settling down to watch Suicide Squad – WHAT A FILM!
The following morning, we got up, had some breakfast and returned the bikes to the cycle centre.
We checked out just before 10am and embarked on the short trip back to Norwich.
Overall, a very enjoyable weekend.
Choose Hucks over Café Rouge or The Pancake House.
Be prepared to pay over the odds for activities – it is Center Parcs after all!
I hope you've enjoyed the blog. Have you been to Center Parcs before? Maybe you're thinking of going? Let me know in the comments section below – I'd love to hear from you!
Hi Jason! Great blog on this and read with great interest, as I am going there for the first time in January! Booked in with 5 friends, in a posh lodge with hot tub and sauna, whoooop! Great to get some tips from you first! Loving your work!


Jerry is the midwest's leading expert on Flathead Fords, having built, driven and raced them for over 60 years. Jerry can help you design the engine of your dreams.
Supercharger, sure! Ported stroker engine with multiple carbs, headers, adjustable lifters and cam, you bet! Full show engine, chromed and polished to the max, absolutely!


Newnan's first Barberitos restaurant, located at 335 Newnan Crossing Bypass- Suite B, is scheduled to open on October 22, 2018.
Newnan's first Barberitos restaurant, located at 335 Newnan Crossing Bypass- Suite B, is scheduled to open on October 22, 2018. Located in Ashley Park, the Newnan location will offer farm-fresh food for customers seeking a healthy and flavorful quick-service option for lunch and dinner.
Neilay Patel is the owner and will be operating the restaurant with his business partner, Neel Patel. "Here at Barberitos Newnan we don't want to be just another restaurant in town. We want to be a part of this community and a place that feels like home. So come enjoy a meal at Barberitos with your friends and family," Patel said. "We promise you a wide selection of fresh food and an environment that will keep you coming back for more," he added.
"It's always been a dream of mine to watch Barberitos grow into a brand that communities love and respect," said Downing Barber, founder of Barberitos. "Our expansion throughout the state and the Southeast is a testament to our customers, and we are excited to be expanding into Newnan."
Committed to serving farm-fresh food, Barberitos offers vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free options, along with chargrilled chicken and steak for protein lovers. All of the salsas, guacamole, hot sauces, marinades and salad dressings are made from scratch each day. The vegetables that comprise the many toppings from which customers can choose are also prepared fresh daily. In addition, full-service catering will be available at the new Vidalia location, including boxed lunches and taco, nacho, salad or fajita bars that can be customized to serve a few to several hundred people.
Founded in 2000 by Downing Barber, Barberitos has grown to more than 50 locations in Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, Virginia, South Carolina and North Carolina. The Southwestern Grille & Cantina's specialties include burritos, quesadillas, tacos, nachos and homemade salsas, as well as fresh cheese dip melted daily and hand-smashed guacamole. Barberitos' mission is to become the market leader in the quick-serve burrito industry by serving fresh, high-quality food in a prompt, efficient manner with great customer service.
If you are a member of Barberitos you may be interested in learning how to optimize your content on our network.


We asked founder Henri Nyakarundi how things have evolved since winning the award and where the project is heading.
Can you tell us what made you decide to apply for the award? How did that come about?
I was mostly looking to apply for an award to raise funds for our venture and provide networking opportunities.
How did you hear about it at the time?
Through a Google search. We search for competitions all the time.
And what happened after you applied?
Well, we got an email that we were selected as finalist. I did not find out that we won until I came to Zurich.
Were you surprised when you heard the announcement? How did you estimate your chances?
I mean you never know, I did not even know who my competition was – I was just happy to be a finalist. I came to network really. So yes, I was very surprised. Especially coming from Africa.
I can imagine. Did all of the prize money go into the kiosks or were you able to use it for something else as well?
No, all of it went towards the project. We built 20 kiosks and the prize money paid for half of it, the other half was a loan we placed two days after I received the money. And now we have 25 kiosks.
Would you say the award helped in any other way besides the money?
We got some press, but mostly it legitimized our company and project.
And how did things proceed in the year after the award?
Well, we obtained a big contract with Airtel (a large telecommunications company in Africa) and are currently planning for 100 more kiosks!
Wow, that's fantastic! In hindsight: Would you recommend an application to someone else? Especially in Africa?
Of course! There is a lot of innovation in Africa that lacks a platform like SEIF to show it to the world and get the support needed to bring their project to life.
One last question: What advice would you give them for the application? Is there anything you know now, that you would have liked to know before the award ceremony?
To be honest no, we do not know the selection process and who the candidates are, so there is no advice. I had looked at the website and did not see any African who had won before, but I still took a chance because I truly believe in the project and I see the impact we have on the ground.


text:
Egypt Probes COVID-19 Deaths Due To Alleged Lack Of Oxygen
in Food and Health
Hundreds of people are waiting every day to make the covid 19 test in the Public Health Laboratory in Tahrir square on 13.12.2020, Cairo , Egypt (Photo by Vassilis A. Poularikas/NurPhoto via Getty Images)
Egypt on Sunday said it had opened an investigation into the deaths of four Covid-19 patients in an intensive care unit allegedly due to lack of oxygen, amid a public outcry.
The prosecutor's office confirmed the video was of Al-Husseiniya hospital, which was also identified in comments on social media.
The 45-second video also shows hospital staff apparently trying to revive patients.
"The prosecutor's office in Al-Husseiniya (in the northern Sharqiya province) summoned the director of Al-Husseiniya hospital to question him over the deaths of four people due to lack of oxygen," a judicial source told AFP, without specifying the dates of the deaths.
Since Saturday, numerous social media users had shared a video of patients in a hospital ward, with a voice heard saying "everyone is dead in intensive care".
Ministry spokesman Khaled Megahed said the patients in Al-Husseiniya had "died at different times and most of them were elderly and suffering from chronic illnesses" which had been exacerbated by the virus, leading to their deaths.
But Egypt's Health Minister Hala Zayed said later Sunday that there were "sufficient medical oxygen supplies at all hospitals receiving coronavirus patients".
Authorities acknowledge, however, that the real number of cases is higher, as only positive tests from health ministry labs have been reported.
Egypt, the Arab world's most populous country with around 100 million inhabitants, has reported more than 140,000 cases of the Covid-19 disease, including 7,800 deaths.
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text:
\section{Introduction}

Galaxy cluster masses play an important role in addressing
fundamental physical and cosmological problems,
such as the measurement of the cluster gas mass fraction \citep[][]{allen2008,ettori2009},
the evolution of the growth of structure
\citep[][]{mantz2008,mantz2009,vikhlinin2009},  and
the gravitational sedimentation of ions \citep{chuzhoy2003,peng2009,shtykovskiy2010}.
A vital tool for the measurement of cluster masses is the
diffuse hot intergalactic medium
which can be detected primarily through its bright X-ray emission
\citep[][]{sarazin1988}, or through the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect
 \citep[SZE,][]{sunyaev1972, carlstrom2002}.
A variety of models are used to describe the distribution of
the gas,
from the simple isothermal $\beta$ model \citep[][]{cavaliere1976,birkinshaw1991}
to more complex models that describe either the
X-ray properties \citep[gas density and temperature,][]{vikhlinin2006,cavaliere2009} or the
SZE properties \citep[gas pressure,][]{nagai2007,mroczkowski2009,arnaud2009}.

We investigate a model of galaxy clusters based on
an analytic distribution for the cluster mass density
inspired by the \citet[][]{navarro1996} distribution,
which we generalize following
\citet{suto1998}, \citet{ascasibar2003} and \citet{ascasibar2008} to include
a variable asymptotic slope at large radii.
This mass density is combined with a
polytropic equation of state for the gas,
to provide  self-consistent  density, temperature and pressure profiles
for a plasma in hydrostatic equilibrium.
The use of a polytropic equation of state for the cluster gas has also been recently
proposed by \citet{ascasibar2008} and \citet{bode2009}, and tested
observationally by \citet{sanderson2009}.

In this paper we derive analytic radial
profiles for the physical quantities (temperature, density and pressure)
relevant to X-ray and SZE observations,
and present an application of these models to
high resolution \emph{Chandra}\ observations of the galaxy clusters
MS~1137.5+6625, CL~J1226.9+3332, Abell~1835 and Abell~2204.
Applications of this new model include measurement of gas mass
fraction from joint X-ray and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect
observations \citep{hasler2010} and the effect of \texttt{He  }\ sedimentation
on X-ray mass estimates \citep{bulbul2010}.
This paper is organized as follows: in \S \ref{sec_models}
we describe our model,
in \S \ref{sec_dataAnalysis} we present the application of the model
to \emph{Chandra}\ X-ray observations of MS~1137.5+6625, CL~J1226.9+3332,
Abell~2204 and Abell~1835, and in \S  \ref{sec:comparison} we perform a comparison between our
mass measurements and the results of \citet{mroczkowski2009}. In
\S \ref{sec_conclusion} we
present our conclusions.
In the analysis of the \emph{Chandra}\ data  we assume the cosmological parameters
$h=0.73$, $\Omega_M=0.27$ and $\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.73$.

\section{A Model of the Intergalactic Medium Based on Hydrostatic Equilibrium and
the  Polytropic Equation of State}
\label{sec_models}

\subsection{The Mass Density Distribution}
\label{sec_models_darkmatterProf}

The cluster gravitational potential is dominated by
dark matter,
with the intergalactic medium and stars
contributing less than approximately $\sim$20\%
of the mass \citep[][]{allen2004,
allen2008,ettori2009,vikhlinin2009}.
We therefore start with a total mass density distribution
that is obtained as a generalization of the \citet{navarro1996}
profile:

\begin{equation}
\rho_{tot}(r)= \frac{\rho_{i}}{(r/r_{s})(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta}}
\label{eqn_gen_nfw_density}
\end{equation}

where $\rho_{i}$ is the normalization constant, $r_{s}$ is
a characteristic scale radius and $\beta$+1 is the slope
of the density  distribution at large radii. Equation \ref{eqn_gen_nfw_density}
is a simplified version of the density distribution
introduced by \citet{suto1998}.

The total mass enclosed within radius \textit{r} can be found by taking the volume
integral of the density (Equation~\ref{eqn_gen_nfw_density}):

\begin{equation}
M(r)=\frac{4\pi\rho_{i}r_{s}^{3}}{(\beta-2)}\left( \frac{1}{\beta-1} +\frac{1/(1-\beta) - r/r_s}{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-1}}\right).
\label{eqn_gen_nfw_totalMass}
\end{equation}

Equation \ref{eqn_gen_nfw_totalMass} is indeterminate at
$\beta=2$; the limit at $\beta=2$ can be determined using L'Hospital's rule:

\begin{equation}
 M(r) = 4\pi\rho_{i}r_{s}^{3} \left( \ln(1+r/r_s) - \frac{r/r_s}{1+r/r_s}\right)\ \ [\beta=2]
\label{eqn_totalMass_at_beta2}
\end{equation}

and therefore the mass is a continuous function of $\beta$ with no discontinuity
at $\beta=2$.

The gravitational potential at a distance \textit{r} is found by

\begin{equation}
d\phi(r) = G M(r)/r^2 dr
\label{eqn_potential_at_infinity}
\end{equation}

using the boundary condition  $\phi(\infty)=0$. Equation
\ref{eqn_potential_at_infinity} can be integrated analytically

\begin{equation}
\phi(r) = \phi_{0} \left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right),
\label{eqn_generalized_nfw_potential}
\end{equation}

where
\begin{equation}
\phi_{0}= -\frac{4\pi G \rho_{i}r_{s}^{2}}{(\beta-1)}.
\label{eqn_phi0}
\end{equation}

The potential at $\beta=2$ is also found by using L'Hospital's rule,

\begin{equation}
\phi(r) = \phi_0 \left( \frac{\ln(1+r/r_s)}{r/r_s} \right) \ \ [\beta=2].
\end{equation}

Therefore the gravitational potential is a continuous function of $\beta$
with no discontinuity at $\beta=2$.
Figure \ref{fig:gravPoten_genNFW} shows
the radial distribution of the gravitational potential
for $1.0\leq \beta \leq3.0$.
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7cm]{f1.eps}
\caption{Normalized gravitational potential for various values of
the $\beta$ parameter.}
\label{fig:gravPoten_genNFW}
\end{figure}
The limiting value of $\beta=1$ is shown
in Figure~\ref{fig:gravPoten_genNFW}, corresponding to
a constant potential.

\subsection{Gas Density and Temperature Profile}
\label{sec_models_gasDensityProf}

The diffuse gas is assumed to be in
 hydrostatic equilibrium with the gravitational
potential. Assuming spherical symmetry,

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\mu m_p n_{e}(r)}\frac{dP_{e}}{dr} = -\frac{d\phi(r)}{dr}
\label{eqn_hydrostatic}
\end{equation}

where $P_e(r) = n_{e}(r)k T(r)$ is the electron pressure,
\textit{G}  denotes the gravitational
constant, $m_{p}$ is the proton mass, $\mu$ is the mean molecular weight
of the plasma, \textit{k} is the
Boltzmann constant and $n_{e}(r)$ is the electron number density.
In order to solve Equation~\ref{eqn_hydrostatic},
we assume that the gas follows a  polytropic equation of state,

\begin{equation}
\frac{n_{e,poly}(r)}{n_{e0}}=\left[\frac{T_{poly}(r)}{T_{0}} \right]^{n}
\label{eqn_polytropic}
\end{equation}

where \textit{n} is the polytropic index, $n_{e0}$ and $T_{0}$ are the values
of the  number density and temperature at $r=0$.
The polytropic index $n>0$ is a free parameter of the model,
with the limit $n \to \infty$ describing an isothermal
distribution of gas \citep{eddington1926}.

The  temperature profile is obtained as a function
of the gravitational potential from Equations~\ref{eqn_hydrostatic} and~\ref{eqn_polytropic},

\begin{equation}
T_{poly}(r) = -\frac{1}{(n+1)}\frac{\mu m_{p}}{k} \phi(r)
\label{eqn_polytropic_hydrostatic_temperature}
\end{equation}

and therefore, using Equation \ref{eqn_generalized_nfw_potential},

\begin{equation}
T_{poly}(r)=T_{0}\left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right),
\label{eqn:polytropic_temperature}
\end{equation}

where the normalization constant $T_{0}$ is obtained from Equations \ref{eqn_phi0}
and \ref{eqn_polytropic_hydrostatic_temperature}:

\begin{equation}
T_{0}=\frac{4\pi G \mu m_{p}}{k(n+1)}\frac{r_{s}^{2}\rho_{i}}{(\beta-1)}.
\label{eqn_relationof_T_n}
\end{equation}

Equation \ref{eqn_polytropic_hydrostatic_temperature} shows that $T_{poly}(r)\propto \phi(r)$,
and therefore Figure~\ref{fig:gravPoten_genNFW} also describes $T_{poly}(r)$ as function of radius.
Equation \ref{eqn_relationof_T_n} links the gas temperature to the normalization
of
the matter density $\rho_i$, and therefore the depth of the gravitational  potential can be determined
from the observed temperature profile.

Using the relation between temperature and gas density \
provided by the polytropic relation (Equation \ref{eqn_polytropic}),
the polytropic gas density profile is

\begin{equation}
n_{e,poly}(r)= n_{e0}
\left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right)^{n}.
\label{eqn:ne0_poly}
\end{equation}

\subsection{The Electron Gas Pressure}

The gas pressure is obtained using the ideal gas law $P_{e}(r)= n_{e,poly} k T_{poly}(r)$,

\begin{equation}
P_{e}(r)= P_{e0} \left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right)^{n+1}
\label{eqn:pressure}
\end{equation}

In the limit $\beta \to 2$ the pressure is analytically described by

\begin{equation}
P_{e}(r)=  P_{e0} \left(\frac{\ln(1+r/r_s)}{r/r_s}\right)^{n+1} \hspace{0.5cm} [\beta=2].
\end{equation}

The electron pressure for this model has only 4 free parameters,
and it is suitable for the analysis of Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect observations of
galaxy clusters \citep{hasler2010}.

\subsection{Cool Core Clusters}
\label{sec_models_coolcore}

Although the temperature profile predicted by the polytropic
model provides a good description at
intermediate to large radii, cool core clusters feature
a significant temperature drop in the central region
which cannot be approximated by a polytropic equation of state
\citep[see for example,][]{vikhlinin2005,sanderson2006,vikhlinin2006,baldi2007}. For cool core
clusters  we introduce a modified  temperature profile

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
T(r)=& T_{poly}(r) \tau_{cool}(r) \\
\end{aligned}
\label{eqn_coolCore_tempProfDefn}
\end{equation}

where $T_{poly}(r)$ is the temperature profile according to the
polytropic equation of state (Equation~\ref{eqn:polytropic_temperature})
and  $\tau_{cool}(r)$ is a  phenomenological  core taper function
used by \citet{vikhlinin2006}:

\begin{equation}
\tau_{cool}(r)=\frac{\alpha+(r/r_{cool})^{\gamma}}{1+(r/r_{cool})^{\gamma}},
\label{eqn_cooling_funct}
\end{equation}

where $0 < \alpha < 1$ is a free parameter that measures the amount of central cooling and $r_{cool}$
is a characteristic cooling radius. The temperature profile modified by the
core taper function is shown in Figure \ref{fig:tnProf}
for representative values of parameters $r_{cool}$, $\gamma$ and $\alpha$.

Therefore, the explicit temperature profile for cool core clusters
is given by

\begin{equation}
T(r)=T_{0}\left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right)\tau_{cool}(r).
\label{eqn_coolCore_tempProf}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7cm]{f2a.eps}
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=7cm]{f2b.eps}
\caption{Solid red lines are the normalized temperature and density profiles
for a taper function with parameters $\alpha=0.3$, $r_{cool}=r_{s}$ and $\gamma=2.0$,
and variable values for $\beta$;
blue dashed lines are the models without the core taper function.}
\label{fig:tnProf}
\end{figure}

In order to calculate the density distribution for cool core clusters,
we assume that the pressure distribution is the same as in the polytropic case
(Equation \ref{eqn:pressure}). Therefore, the electron density is given by

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
n_{e}(r)=&\frac{P_{e}(r)}{k T(r)}\\
=& n_{e0} \left(\frac{1}{(\beta-2)}\frac{(1+r/r_{s})
^{\beta-2}-1}{r/r_{s}(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-2}} \right)^{n}\tau_{cool}^{-1}(r)\\
\end{aligned}
\label{eqn_coolcore_gas_density}
\end{equation}

The behavior of the gas density
for various core taper parameters is shown in Figure \ref{fig:tnProf}.

For hydrostatic equilibrium to be satisfied, these modified
density and temperature distributions require a modified
total mass distribution:

\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
&M(r)=\\
&\frac{4\pi\rho_{i}r_{s}^{3}}{(\beta-2)}\left( \frac{1}{\beta-1} +\frac{1/(1-\beta) - r/r_s}{(1+r/r_{s})^{\beta-1}}\right)\tau_{cool}(r).
\end{aligned}
\label{eqn:gen_nfw_totalMass2}
\end{equation}

The only difference between the cool core total mass distribution (Equation
\ref{eqn:gen_nfw_totalMass2}) and the polytropic total mass distribution (Equation
\ref{eqn_gen_nfw_totalMass}) is the term $\tau_{cool}(r)$, which is significant
only at small radii. At large radii , the effect of the core taper vanishes, and
the thermodynamics of the gas is described by the polytropic equation of state.

\begin{table*}
\caption{Cluster Sample}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\hline
\hline
Cluster 		& z				& $N_{H}$ $^{a}$ 		& Obs. ID& Exposure Time\\
			&				& (cm$^{-2}$)		&	& (ksec)\\\hline
Abell 2204 		& 0.152$^{b}$			& 5.67$\times 10^{20}$	& 7940	& 72.9	\\
\\
Abell 1835		& 0.252$^{b}$			& 2.04$\times 10^{20}$	& 6880	& 110.0	\\
\\
MS~1137.5+6625		& 0.784$^{c}$			& 9.54$\times 10^{19}$	& 536	& 115.5\\
\\
CL~J1226.9+3332		& 0.888$^{d}$			& 1.38$\times 10^{20}$	& 5014	& 32.7\\
			&				&			& 3180	& 31.5\\

\hline
\hline
\label{table_observations}
\end{tabular}

$(a)$ Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey, see \citet{kalberla2005}

$(b)$ \citet{struble1999}

$(c)$ \citet{donahue1999}

$(d)$ \citet{ebeling2001}
\end{table*}

\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{Sources of systematic error in the \emph{Chandra}\ data \label{tab:systematic}}
\begin{tabular}{cccc}
\hline
\hline
Source of uncertainty & Observable affected & Fractional Error \\
\hline
Background level & Background count rate & 5\% \\
Spatial variations of $A_{eff}$$^{a}$ & Photon count rates & 1\% \\
Energy calibration of $A_{eff}$$^{b}$ & Temperature  measurement & 5\%\\
\hline
\hline
\end{tabular}

$(a)$ Reference: http://cxc.harvard.edu/cal/\\
$(b)$ Reference: http://cxc.harvard.edu/ciao4.1/why/caldb4.1.1\_hrma.html
\end{table*}

\section{Application to \emph{Chandra}\ Observations of Clusters }
\label{sec_dataAnalysis}

\subsection{Chandra Data Reduction and Analysis}

We use deep \emph{Chandra}\ ACIS-I observations of
four galaxy clusters to validate our models: two clusters which
do not have a cool core component, MS~1137.5+6625 and CL~J1226.9+3332,
and two cool core clusters, Abell~2204 and Abell~1835.
The observations are summarized in Table \ref{table_observations}.
As part of the data reduction procedure,
we applied afterglow, bad pixel and charge transfer inefficiency corrections to the
Level 1 event files using CIAO 4.1 and CALDB 4.1.1.
Flares in the background due to solar activity are
eliminated using light curve filtering as described in
\citet{markevitch2003}.
Filtered exposure times
are also given in Table~\ref{table_observations}.

For the purpose of background
subtraction we use blank-sky observations.
Given that the background is obtained from regions
of the sky that may have different
soft X-ray fluxes than at the cluster position, we use a peripheral region
of the ACIS-I detector to model the difference between the blank-sky and the
cluster soft fluxes. This step in the analysis is particularly
important for Abell~2204, which lies in a region of significantly higher
soft X-ray emission than the average blank-sky region.
Spectra and images used in this paper are extracted in the energy band 0.7-7.0 keV,
chosen to minimize the effect of calibration uncertainties at the lowest energies,
and the effect of the detector background at high energy.

Spectra are extracted in concentric annuli surrounding the centroid of
X-ray emission after all point sources were removed. An optically
thin plasma emission model (APEC in XSPEC) is used, with temperature, abundance
and normalization as free parameters. The redshift and Galactic $N_{H}$ of the
four clusters are shown in Table
\ref{table_observations}.

\subsection{Systematic Uncertainties in the \emph{Chandra}\ Data Analysis}

We consider possible sources of systematic uncertainty in the \emph{Chandra}\ data.
The blank-sky background  used in our analysis is normalized
to the high-energy background level of each cluster observation,
determined from peripheral regions
of the ACIS detector that are free of cluster emission
\citep[following][]{markevitch2003}.
The primary source of uncertainty in the background subtraction
is the choice of a peripheral region as representative
of the background at the cluster location. Due to the
scatter in the count rate of various peripheral regions
in each cluster observation,
we estimate a $\sim$5\% uncertainty
in the determination of the background level
from these \emph{Chandra}\ observations. We use this uncertainty
in the spectral and imaging data analysis.

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f5a.eps}
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f5b.eps}
}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f6a.eps}
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f6b.eps}
}
\caption{X-ray surface brightness and temperature profiles of MS~1137.5+6625
in the radial range 0 - 90 \arcsec and CL~J1226.9+3332 in the radial range 0 - 120 \arcsec.
The red line in both profiles
shows the best fit model to the data; the green line in surface brightness
profiles shows the background level. The overall $\chi^{2}$ of the fit (Table~\ref{table_bestFitParams})
is the sum of the $\chi^{2}$ values of the surface brightness profile and the
temperature profile.}
\label{fig:ms1137-cl1226}
\end{figure*}

Calibration of the ACIS effective area is another significant source
of systematic uncertainty in our analysis.
For the spectral data used for measuring the gas temperature,
the primary source of uncertainty is the low-energy calibration
of the effective area and the presence of a contaminant on
the optical filter of the ACIS detector.
We use the \emph{Chandra}\ calibration available in CALDB 4.1.1, which includes
 a significant change in the effective area  calibration
which improves the agreement between clusters temperatures
obtained with ACIS-I, and also with other instruments (such as \emph{XMM-Newton}'s EPIC).
With this calibration of the \emph{Chandra}\ efficiency we estimate that
any residual systematic error in the measurement of cluster temperatures
is of order $\sim$5\%, and add this error to the temperature measured in
each bin.

For the imaging data,
spatially-dependent non-uniformities
in the ACIS efficiency are a relevant source
of possible systematic error because of the extended
nature of the sources.
The absolute calibration of the ACIS efficiency is currently at
the level of 3\%, with possible spatial variations on arcmin scales
at the level of $\sim$1\%; we use a 1\% error as additional
uncertainty in the count rates for each annulus.

Table~\ref{tab:systematic} provides a summary of the
uncertainties included in our analysis of the \emph{Chandra}\ data,
and references to the \emph{Chandra}\ calibration information.

\subsection{Result of Model Fits and Mass Measurements}
\label{sec_massMeasurements}

The radial profiles of the X-ray surface brightness
and temperature observed from the
\emph{Chandra}\ data
are used to determine the best-fit parameters and the goodness
of fit for MS~1137.5+6625, CL~J1226.9+3332, Abell~1835 and Abell~2204.
The X-ray surface brightness is

\begin{equation}
S_{x}=\frac{1}{4\pi (1+z)^{3}}\int  n_{e}^{2} \Lambda_{ee}(T) \, dl,
\label{eqn:surface_brightness}
\end{equation}

where $S_{x}$ is in detector units
(counts cm$^{-2}$ arcmin$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$), $z$ is the cluster redshift,
$\Lambda_{ee}(T)$ is the plasma emissivity in detector units
(counts cm$^{3}$ s$^{-1}$) which we calculate
using the APEC code \citep{smith2001}
and $l$ is the distance along the line of sight.

We validate the model using two polytropic clusters which do not have
a cool core component, MS~1137.5+6625
and CL~J1226.9+3332, and two cool core clusters Abell~1835 and Abell~2204.
We use the Monte Carlo Markov Chain code described in \citet{bonamente2004}
for the fit.
The model described in \S~\ref{sec_models} has 8 free parameters,
of which 5 parameters describe the global cluster properties
($n_{e0},\ T_{e0},\ r_{s},\ \beta,\ n$)
and 3 additional parameters ($r_{cool},\ \alpha, \ \gamma$) are used to
model the central region of the cool core clusters.

\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
\tiny
\caption{Best-fit parameters of the model}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccccc}
\hline\hline
Cluster         & $n_{e0}$              & $r_{s}$               & $n$           & $\beta$       &
$T_{0}$         & $r_{cool}$            &$\alpha$              & $\gamma$        & $\chi^{2}$ (d.o.f.) & \textit{P} value  \\
                & ($10^{-2} cm ^{-3}$)& (\textit{arcsec}) &       &       &
($keV$)       	& (\textit{arcsec})       &                       &               &  & \\ \hline
\\

MS~1137.5+6625	& 2.17$^{+0.07}_{-0.19}$ & 23.84$^{+10.88}_{-2.19}$ & 4.83$^{+1.30}_{-0.27}$
& 2.0             & 7.84$^{+1.08}_{-1.26}$ &-& -
&-                & 14.4 (26) & 96.7 \%                \\
\\
CL~J1226.9+3332& 3.99$^{+0.23}_{-0.23}$ & 22.65$^{+5.06}_{-2.79}$ & 4.54$^{+0.54}_{-0.31}$
& 2.0		& 13.32$^{+2.28}_{-2.98}$ &-& -
&-                & 14.6 (29)& 98.8\%                \\
\\
Abell 2204      & 4.42$^{+0.37}_{-0.24}$ & 21.73$^{+1.50}_{-2.01}$ & 6.44$^{+1.02}_{-0.51}$
& 1.39$^{+0.04}_{-0.06}$                 & 14.28$^{+0.75}_{-0.78}$ & 19.42$^{+0.60}_{-0.73}$  & 0.16$^{+0.01}_{-0.01}$
& 2.0           & 115.5 (145)  & 96.6\%                \\
\\
Abell 1835      & 2.57$^{+0.29}_{-0.07}$ & 40.32$^{+3.29}_{-6.48}$ & 3.98$^{+0.73}_{-0.41}$
& 1.94$^{+0.15}_{-0.22}$                 & 18.26$^{+0.42}_{-1.61}$ & 22.65$^{+0.28}_{-1.17}$  & 0.18$^{+0.02}_{-0.01}$
& 2.0	        & 99.3 (93)     	& 30.8\%        \\
\\
\hline  \hline
\label{table_bestFitParams}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table*}

\begin{figure*}
\centering
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f3a.eps}
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f3b.eps}
}
\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f4a.eps}
\includegraphics[angle=-90,width=1cm]{f4b.eps}
}
\caption{X-ray surface brightness and temperature profiles of cool core
clusters Abell~2204 in the radial range 0 - 540 \arcsec and Abell~1835
in the radial range 0 - 360 \arcsec. The red line in both profiles
shows the best fit model to the data; the green line shows
the background level. The overall $\chi^{2}$ of the fit (Table~\ref{table_bestFitParams})
is the sum of the $\chi^{2}$ values of the surface brightness profile and the
temperature profile.}
\label{fig:a2204-a1835}
\end{figure*}

\subsubsection{Polytropic Clusters MS~1137.5+6625 and CL~J1226.9+3332}

For polytropic clusters, which do not have a cool core component,
5 parameters are sufficient to describe the distribution of
density, temperature.
We fixed $\beta$ to 2 for these clusters \citep{navarro1996}, since the
polytropic index (\textit{n}) and $\beta$
cannot both be determined from X-ray data available.
We report the $\chi^{2}$ of the best-fit
model for MS~1137.5+6625 and CL~J1226.9+3332 in Table~\ref{table_bestFitParams}.
We also calculate the gas mass by taking the volume integral of Equation \ref{eqn:ne0_poly}
and the total mass using Equation \ref{eqn_gen_nfw_totalMass}
and report the results in Table~\ref{table_mass}.

\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{Gas and total masses}
\begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{\fill}}lcccccc}
\hline\hline
Cluster         & $r_{2500}$            &$M_{gas}(r_{2500})$    	& $M_{tot}(r_{2500})$   & $r_{500}$     &$M_{gas}(r_{500})$ & $M_{tot}(r_{500})$ \\
                &(arcsec)               & ($10^{13} M_{\odot}$) 	& ($10^{14} M_{\odot}$) & (arcsec)      & ($10^{13} M_{\odot}$) & ($10^{14} M_{\odot}$)  \\
\hline
\\
MS~1137.5+6625  & 44.7$^{+4.1}_{-3.8}$ & 1.10$^{+0.13}_{-0.11}$		& 1.20$^{+0.36}_{-0.28}$
                & 98.5$^{+9.6}_{-8.2}$ & 3.08$^{+0.13}_{-0.13}$       	& 2.56$^{+0.82}_{-0.59}$ \\
\\

CL~J1226.9+3332 & 48.8$^{+4.7}_{-5.3}$ & 3.01$^{+0.39}_{-0.44}$		& 2.16$^{+0.69}_{-0.63}$
                & 104.6$^{+9.1}_{-10.4}$& 8.29$^{+0.55}_{-0.63}$       & 4.25$^{+1.22}_{-1.14}$ \\
\\
Abell~2204      & 225.7$^{+4.1}_{-4.1}$ & 3.99$^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$ 	& 3.37$^{+0.19}_{-0.18}$
                & 479.8$^{+11.4}_{-11.2}$ & 10.35$^{+0.26}_{-0.26}$	& 6.47$^{+0.47}_{-0.44}$ \\
\\
Abell~1835      & 150.6$^{+3.4}_{-4.2}$ & 4.97$^{+0.14}_{-0.17}$	& 3.72$^{+0.26}_{-0.30}$
                & 309.7$^{+9.8}_{-13.1}$ & 12.08$^{+0.38}_{-0.50}$     & 6.47$^{+0.64}_{-0.79}$ \\
\\
\hline  \hline
\label{table_mass}
\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\subsubsection{Cool Core Clusters Abell~2204 and Abell~1835}

The clusters Abell 2204 and Abell 1835 have a clear
cool core component (see Figure \ref{fig:a2204-a1835}),
which requires the use of the cooling equations described in \S
\ref{sec_models_coolcore}. The best fit model parameters
are listed in Table~\ref{table_bestFitParams}.
We also calculate the gas mass by taking the volume
integral of Equation \ref{eqn_coolcore_gas_density}
and the total mass using Equation \ref{eqn:gen_nfw_totalMass2}
and report the results in Table~\ref{table_mass}.

\begin{table*}
\centering
\scriptsize
\caption{Mass Comparison of Abell~1835
with \citet{mroczkowski2009}}
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
\hline\hline
	& $r_{2500}$		& $M_{2500,gas}$		& $M_{2500,tot}$
&$r_{500}$		& $M_{500,gas}$		& $M_{500,tot}$	\\
			& arcsec		& $10^{13}\ M_{sun}$		& $10^{14}\ M_{sun}$
& arcsec		& $10^{13}\ M_{sun}$	& $10^{14}\ M_{sun}$	\\\hline
\\
\textbf{Abell 1835}	&&& &&&\\
\\
\citet{mroczkowski2009}& 169.0$^{+5.5}_{-8.0}$		& 5.77$^{+0.25}_{-0.35}$	& 5.30$^{+0.53}_{-0.72}$ [Note(a)]
			&363.0 $^{+17.0}_{-12.0}$	& 13.94$^{+0.64}_{-0.52}$	& 10.68$^{+1.54}_{-1.01}$ [Note(b)]\\
\\
Polytropic Model (this work)& 169.0$^{+7.0}_{-7.0}$	& 5.79$^{+0.35}_{-0.46}$	& 4.13$^{+0.31}_{-0.32}$
			   &363.0 $^{+15.0}_{-15.0}$	& 14.31$^{+0.71}_{-0.82}$	& 7.37$^{+0.82}_{-0.83}$\\
\\\hline  \hline
\label{table_massComparison}
\end{tabular}

$(a)$ When X-ray temperature is recalibrated using CALDB 4.1.1, mean value of $M_{2500,tot}$ decreases to $\sim 4.40 \times 10^{14}\ M_{sun}$ \\
$(b)$ When X-ray temperature is recalibrated using CALDB 4.1.1, mean value of $M_{500,tot}$ decreases to $\sim 8.86\times 10^{14}\ M_{sun}$ \\
\end{table*}

\section{Comparison with Previous Work }
\label{sec:comparison}

In Table \ref{table_massComparison} we present the comparison of mass measurements
of Abell 1835
produced from the polytropic model with the masses reported in \citet{mroczkowski2009}
at $r_{2500}$ and $r_{500}$.
For this purpose we calculate gas mass and total mass at the same radii
$r_{2500}$ and $r_{500}$ as in \citet{mroczkowski2009}, and use the same
Gaussian uncertainty on $r_{\Delta}$ in order to have a fair comparison on masses.
The gas mass measurements produced by the polytropic model
are consistent with the \citet{mroczkowski2009} results at the 1$\sigma$
level (see Table \ref{table_massComparison}).

The Chandra Calibration Database (CALDB) has recently been revised
to correct the effective area, resulting in lower X-ray temperatures,
especially for massive clusters \footnote[1]{$http://cxc.harvard.edu/caldb/downloads/Release\_notes/\\
CALDB\_v4.1.1.html$}. The peak X-ray temperatures reported by
\citet{mroczkowski2009} using CALDB 3.4 are $\sim$ 2 keV
greater than the temperatures derived in this paper using
the recent calibration (CALDB 4.1.1). From Equations \ref{eqn_gen_nfw_totalMass}
and \ref{eqn:gen_nfw_totalMass2}, we estimate that this temperature
change would reduce the total masses reported by \citet{mroczkowski2009}
by 17 \% (see Table \ref{table_massComparison}). When the X-ray
temperature calibration  issue is accounted for,
the total mass values in Table \ref{table_massComparison} are
in agreement within the stated 1$\sigma$ uncertainties.

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}
\label{sec_conclusion}

We introduce a new model to describe
the physical properties
of the hot intra-cluster medium and present an application of the model to
\emph{Chandra}\ X-ray observations of MS~1137.5+6625, CL~J1226.9+3332,
Abell~1835 and Abell~2204. The model is based on a
polytropic equation of state for the gas in hydrostatic
equilibrium with the cluster gravitational potential.
Using a function for the cluster total mass density that has the
asymptotic slope as a free parameter,
we obtain analytic expressions for the gas density, temperature and
pressure. We also include a core taper function
that accounts for the cooling of the gas in the cluster center.

This model has a number of features that make it
suitable for the analysis of
X-ray and SZE observations of galaxy clusters.
The model is analytic, and has a limited number of parameters which
describe the global properties of the cluster. For clusters
which do not have a cool core,
5 parameters are sufficient to describe the distribution of
density, temperature, pressure and total matter density.
The gas density and temperature are linked by the polytropic equation
of state, and the total matter density is related to the plasma
properties by the hydrostatic equation. Therefore there is
just one scale radius ($r_s$) that appears in the radial distribution
of all thermodynamic quantities. The other parameters that describe the global
physical properties of the cluster are the central density ($n_{e0}$) and temperature
($T_{0}$) of the gas, the polytropic index $n$, and the asymptotic slope
of the total mass density ($\beta+1$).
For cool core clusters, three additional parameters allow an accurate
description of the cooling of the gas in the core, and the accompanying
increase in the density (\S~\ref{sec_models_coolcore}).

In addition to the analysis of spatially-resolved spectroscopic
and imaging X-ray data (see \S \ref{sec_dataAnalysis}), the model is applicable to
SZE observations, which require a model for the plasma pressure.
A number of models suitable for SZE observations are available in the
literature, for example \citet{nagai2007} and \citet{mroczkowski2009}.
Our model has the advantage of the simultaneous applicability to
both X-ray and SZE observations,
and it is therefore suitable for a number of cosmological
applications including the measurement of
the Hubble constant \citep[][]{bonamente2006},
the measurement of scaling relations between X-ray and
SZE observables \citep{bonamente2008}, the measurement
of cluster masses independent of cosmology
from joint X-ray and SZE data (Hasler et al. 2010) and the measurement of
the effect of \texttt{He  } sedimentation on X-ray measured masses \citep{bulbul2010}.

\section*{Acknowledgments} The authors would like to thank the referee, J. Carlstrom,
D. Marrone and T. Mroczkowski for their useful comments on the manuscript.
\input{ms.bbl}
\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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