text:
\section{Introduction}

A lot of attention has been paid to explain the current accelerated expansion
of the Universe. As is well known, General Relativity (GR) cannot explain
this fact unless a type of dark energy or another sort of exotic configuration
is included. Many scientists hitherto have been captivated by this idea while
others prefer to keep a skeptical position and opt for review part of the standard
lore of cosmology, wondering if there might be viable alternative theories of
gravity which avoid unusual constituents. An active line of research towards
this goal resides in braneworld cosmology where any proposed geometrical model
should be self-consistent and able to reproduce an accurate cosmological
evolution~\cite{roy,varun}.

In the brane scenario, the earlier model proposed by Regge and Teitelboim
is an attempt to generalize GR~\cite{RT}, consisting of a brane Ricci scalar
in addition to a brane cosmological constant $\Lambda$. This type of gravity
is often referred to as {\it geodetic brane gravity}~(GBG)~\cite{davison1}
when no gravitational effect from the brane into the bulk is considered. In this
stringy approach to classical gravitation, the embedding functions are
alternative field variables instead of the four-dimensional metric components. GBG is
parametrized by a conserved bulk energy, which renders a very interesting
deviation from GR. Such energy is the source of a radiation-like energy
characterizing higher dimensional cosmological models.
Similarly, the Dvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) braneworld model has been considered
as one of the most promising scenarios to study viable modifications of GR since,
at low energies, it explains acceptably the late-time acceleration  of our
universe~\cite{dgp,deffa,gregory,ratazzi}.
Both brane models are conjectured to belong to an unified brane theory proposed
in~\cite{davidson3}. The main idea underlying this work is that these brane
models may be closely connected  by means of a geometric aggregate: a linearly
extrinsic curvature term arising from the trajectory swept out by the brane.
Indeed, this term introduces second-order derivative correction terms into
the original GBG theory leading in turn to a robust geometrical effective model
able to provide an accelerated branelike gravity resembling in certain limit that of
the DGP approach.

If we are interested in maintaining the second order nature of the equations of
motion to guarantee that no extra degrees of freedom propagate around the bulk,
from a geometrical perspective, we have restrictions on the terms that we may
include in any physically viable modification for GBG. Indeed, in addition to
the first two Lovelock terms on the $(3+1)$-dimensional worldvolume, namely
the $\Lambda$ and the ${\cal R}$ scalars~\cite{lovelock}, we may only incorporate
two possible boundary terms related to either a bulk Einstein-Hilbert term or
a bulk Gauss-Bonnet term\footnote{In the $(3+1)$-dimensional case, the higher
Lovelock terms are total derivatives and do not contribute to the equations of
motion.}. These terms will necessarily introduce brane Lagrangians either
proportional to $K$ or to $K^3 - 3KK_{ab}K^{ab} + 2 K^a{}_b K^b{}_c K^c{}_a$ as
discussed in~\cite{rham,trodden1,trodden3,davidson4,dick1,dick2} (see also below
for notation). Now, as the original prescription for GBG does not consider the
bulk gravity to be dynamical, we will focus on another
$(3+1)$-dimensional worldvolume geometrical term leading to second-order equations
of motion. More specifically, in this work we consider only the linear term in
the mean extrinsic curvature swept out by the brane as a small modification to
the GBG. This fact provides an alternative mechanism to contrast the cosmological
constant effects by introducing this peculiar kind of correction into the geodetic
brane dynamics. Hence, in a FRW framework, we realize that the $\beta$
parameter enforcing this brane correction contributes as either a catalyst or a
preventer of the acceleration of this branelike universe in direct dependence of
the sign of the mentioned parameter.

As a consequence of the invariance under reparametrizations of this model, the
brane energy is conserved. This fact is important because it parametrizes the
deviation of the Einstein limit as in GBG. We thereby obtain a useful expression to
get a Friedmann-type equation, providing fingerprints of the cosmological evolution
of this sort of universes. As a byproduct, when we consider no gravitational effects
on the bulk from the brane, we reproduce the DGP cosmology accordingly where the role of the
inverse crossover scale is played now by the $\beta$ parameter. This would then
suggest that in our approach, the regarded second order-correction term acts like
the DGP bulk curvature effect thus modifying the acceleration behaviour of this
branelike universe, and in addition, when we switch off the cosmological constant
content, we are able to obtain an accelerated universe behaviour similar to the one
developed in~\cite{deffa2}.

This extrinsic curvature correction term has drawn attention for a long time in several
contexts. It was regarded in the study of hypersurfaces in differential geometry~\cite{chen}.
This correction term was also considered in the bending and shape determination of phospholipid membranes~\cite{svetina}. In the relativistic context, it appears in the improvement for
the earlier attempt by Dirac to picture the electron as a bubble~\cite{ot,electron}, and
more recently, it has been considered as an effective $4D$ field theory yielding one of the
Galileon actions pursuing applications in particle physics and cosmology~\cite{trodden1,trodden3,trodden2,rham1,rham2}.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we deal with the geometrical
aspects of the modified GBG. The variation casts out crucial results for the
entire discussion of our approach. In Section 3, we specialize our model to a
FRW geometry for the branelike universe. In Section 4, we provide a Friedman
type equation, and also we analyse the effects that the $K$-term implements when
the radiation-like energy is vanishing or is very small. Section 5 is dedicated
to show how this model reproduces the DGP cosmology accordingly. In
Section 6, we conclude and discuss our results.

\section{The Geometrical Model}
\label{sec:model}

We consider a spacelike $3$-brane $\Sigma$, propagating in a flat
five-dimensional
nondynamical Minkowski background spacetime with metric $\eta_{\mu \nu}$,
$(\mu,\nu = 0, 1,\ldots,4)$. To specify the brane trajectory, or worldvolume
$m$, in the bulk, we set $x^\mu = X^\mu (\xi^a)$ to being the parametrization
of the four-dimensional trajectory of $\Sigma$ where $x^\mu$ are the local
coordinates for the background spacetime, $\xi^a$ are local coordinates for
$m$, and $X^\mu$ the embedding functions $(a=0,1,2,3)$. In general, the
crucial derivatives of the parametrization are those encoded in the induced
metric tensor $g_{ab} = \eta_{\mu \nu} e^\mu {}_a e^\nu {}_b= e_a \cdot e_b$
and the extrinsic curvature of $m$, $K_{ab} = -n \cdot D_a e_b$, where $D_a =
e^\mu{}_a D_\mu$ and $D_\mu$ is the bulk covariant derivative and
$e^\mu{}_a = \partial_a X^\mu$ stand for the tangent vectors to $m$.
Moreover, $n^\mu$ denotes the spacelike unit normal vector to the worldvolume.
It is defined implicitly by $n\cdot e_a = 0$ and we choose to normalize it
as $n\cdot n = 1$.

We assume that the dynamics of $\Sigma$ is described by the functional\footnote{It
is important to remark that we start from the four-dimensional action (\ref{eq:model})
in order to obtain the equation of motion where we assume a fixed background
spacetime, i.e., there is no gravitational effect of the brane on the bulk which
is the original premise in the GBG theory. In the general case when the bulk
spacetime is dynamical, there are two possible contributions to the five-dimensional
action coming from the intrinsic curvature terms of the two sides of the brane
corresponding  to the Gibbons-Hawking-York and Gauss-Bonnet terms. In this
work, the $K$-term does not correspond to a pure Gibbons-Hawking-York term because
we do not consider a five-dimensional Ricci scalar. It is worth mentioning that
in the general case, it is possible to use the Dirac style brane variation
to describe the $\Sigma$ dynamics~\cite{davidson3}.}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:model}
S[X] =  \int_m d^4 \xi\,\sqrt{-g}\,\left( \frac{\alpha}{2} \,{\cal R}
+ \beta\,K - \Lambda \right) ,
\end{equation}
where the constants $\alpha$ and $\beta$ have dimensions $[L]^{-2}$ and $[L]^{-3}$
in Planck units, respectively, and $g= \textrm{det}\,(g_{ab})$, ${\cal R}$ stands
for the worldvolume Ricci scalar, $K=g^{ab} K_{ab}$ is the mean extrinsic curvature
of $m$ where $g^{ab}$ denotes the inverse of $g_{ab}$. We have also included a
cosmological constant term, $\Lambda$. The parameter $\beta$  corresponds to a
constant enforcing corrections to the GBG described by the
original Regge-Teitelboim proposal which includes only a (3+1)-dimensional
worldvolume Ricci scalar~\cite{RT}.
${\cal R}$ can be obtained either directly from the induced
metric $g_{ab}$, or, in terms of the extrinsic curvature tensor via the
contracted Gauss-Codazzi condition for immersed surfaces,
${\cal R}=K^2 - K_{ab} K^{ab}$. The local action (\ref{eq:model}) is invariant under
reparametrizations of the worldvolume and its second-order derivative dependence
on the fields should be noted. A key observation is that action~(\ref{eq:model}),
despite its dependence on second-order geometrical terms, leads to a second-order
equation of motion (see below).

The response of action (\ref{eq:model}) to a deformation of the surface
$X \to X + \delta X$ is characterized by a conserved stress tensor which can be
straightforwardly computed from the knowledge of the Lagrangian $L = \frac{\alpha}{2}
{\cal R} + \beta\,K - \Lambda$, \cite{noether}. We  first have that $L^{ab}:= \partial L
/ \partial K_{ab} = \alpha (K g^{ab} - K^{ab}) + \beta g^{ab}$. Then the conserved
stress tensor is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
 f^{a\,\mu} &= \left( Lg^{ab} - L^{ac}K^b{}_c  \right)e^\mu{}_b +
\left( \nabla_b L^{ab}\right)  n^\mu
{\nonumber}
\\
&= - \left( \alpha\,{\cal G}^{ab} + \beta\,S^{ab} + \Lambda\,g^{ab} \right) e^\mu{}_b,
\label{eq:stress}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal G}_{ab} = {\cal R}_{ab} - \frac{1}{2}{\cal R}\,g_{ab}$ is the
worldvolume Einstein tensor with ${\cal R}_{ab}$ being the corresponding Ricci
tensor and $S_{ab} := K_{ab} - K\,g_{ab}$. Furthermore, we have considered the
Gauss-Codazzi condition ${\cal R}_{ab} = K K_{ab} - K_a{}^c K_{bc}$ and the fact
that ${\cal G}_{ab}$ and $S_{ab}$ are conserved (see below). Note that this
stress tensor is only tangent to $m$. In fact, this tensor captures relevant
physical and geometrical information that is mediated by the worldvolume geometry.
Moreover, (\ref{eq:stress}) is identified as the Noether current associated with
translation invariance of action~(\ref{eq:model}).
The classical brane trajectories can be obtained from the normal component of the
covariant conservation law for (\ref{eq:stress}), $n \cdot \nabla_a f^{a\,\mu}=0$,
where $\nabla_a$ is the worldvolume covariant derivative~\cite{noether}.
It is then straightforward to obtain a generalized geodetic-type equation
governing the brane evolution
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eom}
{\cal T}^{ab} K_{ab} = 0,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
{\cal T}^{ab} = \alpha\,{\cal G}^{ab} + \beta\,{S}^{ab} + \Lambda\,g^{ab}.
\label{eq:tensor}
\end{equation}
This tensor is conserved and its conservation is supported by the Bianchi identity,
$\nabla_a {\cal G}^{ab}=0$, and the Codazzi-Mainardi condition for embedded surfaces,
$\nabla_a {S}^{ab}=0$. The equation of motion
(\ref{eq:eom}) is of second order in derivatives of the embedding functions
because of the presence of the extrinsic curvature tensor. This is so even though we
have the presence of second-order derivative terms in our model through the scalars
${\cal R}$ and $K$.
Additionally, we can construct the physical quantity given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:pi}
\widetilde{\pi}_\mu = \sqrt{h} \,\eta_a f_\mu{}^{a} = - \sqrt{h} {\cal T}^{ab}
\eta_a e_{\mu\,b},
\end{equation}
where $\eta^a$ denotes the timelike unit normal vector to $\Sigma$ when it is
viewed into $m$ \cite{defoedges}, and $h:=\textrm{det}(h_{AB})$ with $h_{AB}=
g_{ab}\epsilon^a{}_A \epsilon^b{}_B$ being the spatial metric on $\Sigma$ and
$\epsilon^a{}_A$ are the tangent vectors to $\Sigma$ $(A,B=1,2,3)$. In other
words, when $\Sigma$ is considered as a spacelike surface in the worldvolume $m$
described by the embedding $\xi^a= \chi^a(u^A)$, with $\chi^a$ being the corresponding
embedding functions, we can obtain an orthonormal basis defined at each point of
$\Sigma$ given by $\{ \epsilon^a{}_A, \eta^a\}$, where $\eta^a$ satisfies $g_{ab}
\eta^a \eta^b = -1$ (see Ref. \cite{hambranes} for more details). On physical grounds,
expression (\ref{eq:pi}) corresponds to the conserved linear momentum density
associated with the brane $\Sigma$.

\section{Modified Geodetic Brane Cosmology}
\label{sec:cosmology}

A simple but interesting brane geometry is provided by a spherical configuration.
Suppose that $\Sigma$ evolves in a five-dimensional Minkowski spacetime,
$ds_5 ^2 = -dt^2 + da^2 + a^2\,d\Omega_3 ^2$, where $d\Omega_3 ^2=d\chi^2 + \sin^2 \chi
\,d\theta^2 + \sin^2\chi \sin^2\theta\,d\phi^2$ denotes the
metric of the unit $3$-sphere. Assuming the universe to be homogeneous, isotropic
and closed, it leads to consider
\begin{equation}
 x^\mu = X^\mu(\xi^a)= (t(\tau),a(\tau),\chi,\theta,\phi),
\label{eq:embedding}
\end{equation}
to be a parametric representation of the worldvolume $m$, where $\tau$ is the
proper time for an observer at rest with respect to the brane. This is the geometry of
the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) case.

The orthonormal basis adapted to $m$ is given by the four tangent vectors
$e^\mu {}_a$ complemented with the unit spacelike normal vector
\begin{equation}
 n^\mu = \frac{1}{N} (\dot{a},\dot{t},0,0,0),
\label{eq:normal}
\end{equation}
where we have introduced the function $N=\sqrt{\dot{t}^2 - \dot{a}^2}$. The overdot
denotes differentiation with respect to $\tau$. The metric induced from the
background spacetime is
\begin{equation}
 ds_4 ^2 = - N^2\,d\tau ^2 + a^2\,d\Omega_3 ^2 = g_{ab} d\xi^a d\xi^b.
\label{eq:metric}
\end{equation}
We can identify immediately the spatial metric on $\Sigma$ and in consequence
its determinant, $h=a^6\sin^4 \chi \sin^2\theta$.
The coordinate system defined by (\ref{eq:metric}) and (\ref{eq:normal}) promotes
the following non-vanishing components of the extrinsic curvature
\numparts
\label{Kcomponents}
\begin{eqnarray}
K^\tau{}_\tau &= \frac{\dot{t}^2}{N^3} \frac{d}{d\tau} \left( \frac{\dot{a}}{\dot{t}}
\right),
\label{eq:K1}
\\
K^\chi{}_\chi &= K^\theta {}_\theta = K^\phi {}_\phi = \frac{\dot{t}}{Na}.
\end{eqnarray}
\endnumparts
The Ricci scalar associated to the metric (\ref{eq:metric}) and the mean extrinsic
curvature are computed accordingly,
\begin{eqnarray}
 {\cal R} &=& \frac{6\dot{t}}{N^4 a^2} (a\ddot{a} \dot{t} - a \dot{a}\ddot{t} + N^2\dot{t}),
\\
K &=& \frac{1}{N^3} \left( \dot{t}\ddot{a} - \dot{a}\ddot{t} \right)
+  \frac{3\dot{t}}{aN}.
\end{eqnarray}
Note the linear dependence in the accelerations that these geometrical scalars
possess. In addition, associated with this geometry, we have the nonvanishing components
of the worldvolume Einstein tensor,
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal G}^\tau{}_\tau &= - \frac{3\dot{t}^2}{N^2 a^2},
\label{eqs:G1}
\\
\label{eqs:G2}
{\cal G}^\chi{}_\chi&=  {\cal G}^\theta{}_\theta =
{\cal G}^\phi{}_\phi = - \frac{\dot{t}^2}{N^4 a^2} \left[  2a\dot{t}
\frac{d}{d\tau} \left( \frac{\dot{a}}{\dot{t}} \right) + N^2 \right],
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
{S}^\tau{}_\tau &= - \frac{3\dot{t}}{N a},
\label{eqs:S1}
\\
{S}^\chi{}_\chi&=  {S}^\theta{}_\theta =  {S}^\phi{}_\phi
= - \frac{\dot{t}}{N^3 a} \left[  a\dot{t} \frac{d}{d\tau} \left( \frac{\dot{a}}{\dot{t}}
\right) + 2N^2 \right].
\label{eqs:S2}
\end{eqnarray}

The mechanical law governing the evolution of the brane $\Sigma$ is
obtained from equation (\ref{eq:eom}). After a lengthy but straightforward
computation, it yields the equation of motion
\begin{equation}
\frac{d}{d\tau}\left( \frac{\dot{a}}{\dot{t}} \right) = - \frac{N^2}{
a^2\left(\frac{\dot{t}}{a}\right)} \frac{\left( \frac{\dot{t}^2}{a^2}
- 3 \bar{\Lambda} N^2  + 6 \bar{\beta} N \frac{\dot{t}}{a}
\right) }{\left( 3\frac{\dot{t}^2}{a^2} - \bar{\Lambda} N^2
+ 6 \bar{\beta} N \frac{\dot{t}}{a}\right)},
\label{eq:eom3}
\end{equation}
which involves second derivatives of the field variables $a$ and $t$.
Hereafter, a bar over a letter denotes the quotient by $3\alpha$, e.g.
$\bar{\Lambda} = \Lambda/3\alpha$, etc. The reparametrization invariance
of the model~(\ref{eq:model}) dictates that for every solution for the
expansion rate~$a(\tau)$, we have a gauge freedom to choose in connection
with a function for $t(\tau)$. This fact will be used repeatedly in the
subsequent developments.

\subsection{Inclusion of matter}
\label{sub:matter}

As expected, action (\ref{eq:model}) is permitted to depend on additional
fields, like matter sources. Their dynamical contributions are obtained through
the stress tensor $T_{ab}  := (-2/\sqrt{-g})\delta S_m /\delta g^{ab}$ where $S_m$
denotes a matter action. The form of the equation of motion remains unchanged when
we add $T^{ab} _m$ to the original one in equation (\ref{eq:eom}) \cite{davison1}, by
modifying the tensor ${\cal T}^{ab}$ as follows: ${\cal T}^{ab} \mapsto {\cal T}^{ab}
- T^{ab} _m$. According to this line of reasoning, the conserved stress tensor
(\ref{eq:stress}) gets a similar contribution from the matter Lagrangian.

Now, a good acceptance for the energy-momentum tensor that is compatible
with the assumed homogeneity and isotropy of the universe is given by
\begin{equation}
T_m ^{ab} = (\rho + P)\eta^a \eta^b + P\,g^{ab}\,,
\label{eq:Tmatter}
\end{equation}
where $\rho=\rho(a)$ is the energy density of the fluid and $P=P(a)$ its
pressure. Now, by considering (\ref{eqs:G1})-(\ref{eqs:S2}) and the matter
field content enclosed in (\ref{eq:Tmatter}), a straightforward computation
from the expression (\ref{eq:pi}) for $\widetilde{\pi}_\mu$, it yields the
expressions for the momenta conjugate to $\left\lbrace t,a\right\rbrace $
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:pt}
\pi_t &=& \frac{a\dot{t}}{N^3} \left[ \dot{a}^2 + N^2 \left( 1- a^2\,
\bar{\Lambda} - a^2\,\bar{\rho}\right) + 3\,\bar{\beta}\,N\, a\,\dot{t}
\right] ,
\\
\pi_a &=& -\frac{a\dot{a}}{N^3} \left[
\dot{a}^2 + N^2 \left(1 - a^2\,\bar{\Lambda} - a^2\,\bar{\rho} \right)
 + 3\,\bar{\beta} \,N\,a\,\dot{t} \right] ,
\label{eq:pa}
\end{eqnarray}
respectively, where we have absorbed a global constant in (\ref{eq:pt})
and (\ref{eq:pa}) in order to avoid the density character of the momenta.
Although we have so far restricted ourselves to the spherical case for simplicity,
it may be convenient to generalize these expressions in order to include also
the cases of hyperbolic and flat geometries. To this end, we can choose alternative
parametrizations for equation (\ref{eq:embedding}) (see for example \cite{rosen} for
a detailed variety of embeddings) which requires analogue developments. At this stage, we
mention only that depending on the parametrization chosen, the momenta $\pi_t$
and $\pi_a$ acquire a different form but, however, they pleasantly lead to an unaltered
form for the energy conservation law\footnote{For illustration, following
\cite{rosen} for the open Universe case, the quantities $K^\tau{}_\tau,
{\cal G}^\tau{}_\tau$ and $S^\tau{}_\tau$ remain unaltered as
(\ref{eq:K1}), (\ref{eqs:G1}) and (\ref{eqs:S1}) so the term
$T^\tau{}_\tau$ with an associated lapse function given by ${\cal N}= \sqrt{\dot{a}^2 -
{\dot{\cal T}}^2}$. In such a case the only change in form lies in the
quantities ${\cal G}^\chi{}_\chi = {\cal G}^\theta{}_\theta =
{\cal G}^\phi{}_\phi $ given by ${\cal G}^\chi{}_\chi = -\frac{\dot{a}^2}{a^2{\cal N}^4}
\left[ 2a\dot{\cal T} \frac{d}{d\tau} \left( \frac{\dot{a}}{\dot{\cal T}} \right)
+ {\cal N}^2\right]$ and in consequence in $T^\chi{}_\chi$. Therefore,
by repeating the development above we obtain a momentum conjugate to ${\cal T}$
given by
$\pi_y = \frac{a^3 \dot{\cal T}}{{\cal N}}
\left[ \frac{\dot{\cal T}^2}{a^2 {\cal N}^2}
 - \left( \bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho}\right) + \frac{3\bar{\beta}\dot{\cal T}}{a{\cal N}} \right]$
which leads to an energy conservation law given by (\ref{eq:Omega})
with $k=-1$.} (see (\ref{eq:Omega}) below).
Hereafter, the three possible geometries for
the universe will be considered in the successive equations through the
parameter $k$, ($k=-1,0,1$) and the use of the cosmic gauge, $N=1$.

\section{Friedmann Type Equation}

The first integral of equation (\ref{eq:eom3}) corresponds to the Friedmann equation
associated to our model (\ref{eq:model}). To find out, we proceed by considering
the conserved physical quantities arising in our model. The reparametrization
invariance of model (\ref{eq:model}), in the time coordinate $t$, dictates that
equation (\ref{eq:pt}) is conserved. For a general geometry of the universe and
by considering the cosmic gauge, equation (\ref{eq:pt}) is promoted to
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Omega}
-\frac{E}{a^4}:= \frac{(\dot{a}^2 + k)^{1/2}}{a} \left[
\frac{(\dot{a}^2 + k)}{a^2}
 - \left( \bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho} \right)  \right]
+ 3\bar{\beta} \frac{(\dot{a}^2+k)}{a^2},
\end{equation}
where $E:=-\pi_t$ is the conserved brane energy and it parametrizes the deviation
from the Einstein limit in the sense that as $E \to 0$ and $\beta \to 0$
together, the Einstein cosmology is recovered. In terms of this energy, the
equation of motion~(\ref{eq:eom}) in the presence of a matter configuration, results
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:eom4}
\frac{\ddot{a}}{a}= \frac{\left( \frac{\dot{t}^2}{a^2}\right) \left[
\frac{E}{a^4} - 3\bar{\beta} \frac{\dot{t}^2}{a^2} + 2(\bar{\Lambda}
+ \bar{\rho} ) \frac{\dot{t}}{a} - 3( \bar{\rho} + \bar{P}) \frac{\dot{t}}{a}
\right]}{ \left[ - \frac{3E}{a^4} - 3\bar{\beta} \frac{\dot{t}^2}{a^2}
+ 2(\bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho}) \frac{\dot{t}}{a}  \right]}.
\end{equation}

Now, by defining ${\cal X}:= \dot{t}/[a(\bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho})^{1/2}]=
(\dot{a}^2 + k)^{1/2}/[a (\bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho})^{1/2}]$
we are able to rewrite the energy equation~(\ref{eq:Omega}) as ${\cal X}^3 +
3\,\beta^*\,{\cal X}^2 - {\cal X} + 2\, E^*\,a^{-4} = 0$ where we have
introduced the notation, $\beta^* (a) = \bar{\beta}/(\bar{\Lambda} +
\bar{\rho})^{1/2} = \beta/ [3\alpha ( \Lambda + \rho)]^{1/2}$ and $E^* (a) =
E/[2(\bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho})^{3/2}]= (E/2) [3\alpha/(\Lambda +
\rho)]^{3/2}$. Now, by considering the usual Liouville change of variable
${\cal X}:= {\cal Y} - \beta^{*}$, the cubic equation for ${\cal X}$ transforms into
\begin{equation}
{\cal Y}^3 - (1 + 3\,{\beta^{*}}^2)\,{\cal Y} + \left[ \beta^{*} \left( 1+2\,
{\beta^{*}}^2 \right) + \frac{2\,E^{*}}{a^{4}} \right]= 0,
\label{eq:cubic}
\end{equation}
which is an incomplete cubic equation with real coefficients. Taking into account
the identities $4\cos^3 \theta - 3\cos \theta = \cos 3\theta$ and $4\cosh^3 \theta
- 3\cosh \theta = \cosh 3\theta$ and the fact that $(1 + 3\,{\beta^{*}}^2) > 0$, the
physical solution for equation (\ref{eq:cubic}) is given by
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Y}
{\cal Y}= 2 \sqrt{{\beta^{*}}^2 + \frac{1}{3}}\,F\,\left\lbrace \frac{1}{3}F^{-1} \left[
\frac{\beta^{*} ({\beta^{*}}^2 + \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{E^{*}}{a^4}}{({\beta^{*}}^2 +
\frac{1}{3})^{3/2}}\right]\right\rbrace,
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Fs}
F(x) = \cases{\cosh x, &for $|x|>1$,\\
\cos x, & for $|x| \leq 1$.\\}
\end{equation}
By considering dust, $\rho = \rho_{m\,0}/a^{3}$, and inserting
the expression (\ref{eq:Y}) into the definition for ${\cal X}$,
we obtain
\begin{equation}
\fl \frac{\left( \dot{a}^2 + k \right)^{1/2}}{a \left( \bar{\Lambda}
+ \bar{\rho}_{m\,0}\,a^{-3}\right)^{1/2}} + {\beta^{*}} =
2 \sqrt{{\beta^{*}}^2 + \frac{1}{3}}\,F\,\left\lbrace \frac{1}{3}F^{-1} \left[
\frac{\beta^{*} ({\beta^{*}}^2 + \frac{1}{2}) + \frac{E^{*}}{a^4}}{({\beta^{*}}^2 +
\frac{1}{3})^{3/2}}\right]\right\rbrace,
\end{equation}
where $\bar{\rho}_{m\,0} = \rho_{m\,0}/3\alpha$. Then, when we square
this equation followed by a rearrangement, we obtain the Friedmann type
equation in the fashion
\begin{equation}
 \dot{a}^2 + U (a,E) = 0,
\label{eq:friedmann}
\end{equation}
where we can identify an effective potential parametrized
by the constant $E$ through the parameter $\Omega_{dr}$, as defined below,
\begin{eqnarray}
\fl \frac{U(a,E)}{H_0 ^2} = - \Omega_{k,0} - \frac{ a^2 }{9} \left\lbrace 2
\left[ \Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 + 3 \left( \Omega_{\Lambda,0} +
\frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right)\right]^{1/2} \times \right.
{\nonumber}
\\
 \left. \times F\left[
\frac{1}{3} F^{-1} \left( \frac{\Omega_{\beta,0} \left[ \Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 +
\frac{9}{2} \left( \Omega_{\Lambda,0} + \frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3}\right) \right] -
\frac{27 \Omega_{dr}}{2a^4} }{\left[ \Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 + 3 \left( \Omega_{\Lambda,0}
+ \frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right)\right]^{3/2} } \right) \right] - \Omega_{\beta,0}
\right\rbrace^2.
\label{potential}
\end{eqnarray}
Here we have introduced the energy density parameters defined by
$\Omega_{k,0} := -k/H_0 ^2$, $\Omega_{\Lambda,0} := \Lambda/(3\alpha H_0 ^2)$,
$\Omega_{m,0} := \rho_{m,0}/(3\alpha H_0 ^2)$, $\Omega_{\beta,0}
:= \beta/ (\alpha H_0)$ and $\Omega_{{ dr}}:= - E/H_0 ^3$,
the latter being the so-called {\it dark radiation-like energy} density parameter.
As customary, $H_0$ is the Hubble constant. In what follows, we develop
a standard mechanical analysis for the motion of a single non-relativistic particle
moving with zero energy in the potential $U(a,E)$.

In Figure~(\ref{fig:pot1}), we depict this potential for an energy density matter
configuration in the brane of the form $\rho  \propto a^{-3}$ where we
have considered some parameter choices. We infer that $U(a,E)$ becomes singular
at $a \to 0$ and when $a \to \infty$ then $U(a,E) \to -\infty$. In addition,
for some of the chosen parameters, the universe will expand forever at an ever
increasing rate (Big Chill) because the dashed curve does not intersect the
horizontal axis and this implies that there is no returning point with $\dot{a}=0$.
For some other parameters, we observe a Big Bounce behaviour because in this case
the potential intersects the horizontal axis and there is a returning
point\footnote{We follow the terminology employed in \cite{ryden} to
refer the term Big Chill for a universe that expands forever and Big Bounce for
a universe with no Big Bang singularity.}. These brane trajectories for the
universe are strongly in dependence of the conserved energy values. Thus, the
message is clear. Negative values of the parameter $\beta$, $\beta<0$, cause
the universe to accelerate whereas positive values, $\beta >0$, cause it to
decelerate, i.e. the $\beta$ parameter works as a preventer or a catalyst  of
the acceleration of this type of universe.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[angle=0,width=8.0cm,height=8.0cm]{potentials-final}
\label{fig:pot1}
\end{center}
\caption{The effective potential $U$ describing possible
brane trajectories for a closed universe and some parameter choices
[$\Omega_{dr}=0.1,\Omega_{\Lambda,0}= 0.2,\Omega_{m,0}=2.5 (\Omega_{\beta,0}=0.5,
\Omega_{k,0}= -2.59), (\Omega_{\beta,0}=-0.5, \Omega_{k,0}=-0.93)$]. The solid
curve describes the potential involving positive $\beta$.
The dashed curve denotes the potential involving negative $\beta$.}
\end{figure*}

Moreover, from equation (\ref{eq:friedmann}), it is possible to plot the scale
factor $a$ versus $H_0 \tau$ for some parameter choices in the case of a
closed universe, see figure (\ref{fig:scale-a}). Note that, in dependence on the
sign of $\beta$, the universe would have to start off in a very special form.
The scale factor behaviour depends sensitively on what the initial value is.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[angle=0,width=8.0cm,height=8.0cm]{scale-fac}
\label{fig:scale-a}
\end{center}
\caption{The scale factor $a$ as a function of $H_0 \tau$ for a closed
universe with the parameter choices
[$\Omega_{dr}=0.1,\Omega_{\Lambda,0}= 0.2, \Omega_{m,0}=2.5,
(\Omega_{\beta,0}=0.5, \Omega_{k,0}=-2.59), (\Omega_{\beta,0}=-0.5,
\Omega_{k,0}=-0.93)$]. The dashed curve denotes the potential involving
positive $\beta$ parameter and the doted curve involves negative $\beta$
parameter.}
\end{figure*}

Another conveniently form to rewrite the Friedmann equation~(\ref{eq:friedmann})
is in terms of the Hubble parameter $H:=\dot{a}/a$ and the energy density
parameters associated to the model. Thus, equation (\ref{eq:friedmann}) reads
\begin{equation}
\fl \left( \frac{H^2}{H_0 ^2} - \frac{\Omega_{k,0}}{a^2} \right)^{1/2}
\left( \frac{H^2}{H_0 ^2} - \frac{\Omega_{k,0}}{a^2} - \frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3}
- \Omega_{\Lambda,0} \right) + \Omega_{\beta,0} \left(  \frac{H^2}{H_0 ^2} -
\frac{\Omega_{k,0}}{a^2} \right) = \frac{\Omega_{dr}}{a^4}.
\label{eq:friedmann2}
\end{equation}
Clearly, one may verify that the normalization condition is obtained
straightforwardly from (\ref{eq:friedmann2}) by evaluating at the present
moment, yielding
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:norma}
 (1-\Omega_{k,0})^{1/2}(1-\Omega_{k,0} - \Omega_{m,0} - \Omega_{\Lambda,0})
+ \Omega_{\beta,0}(1-\Omega_{k,0})=\Omega_{dr}.
\end{equation}
On the other hand, for consistency when $\Omega_{dr} = \Omega_{\beta,0} =0$,
it is evident that the standard cosmology is fully recovered \cite{roy,davidson2}.

The general behaviour of the scale factor can be obtained from the
normalization condition and the effective potential. In order to
extract physical information, we have to find the roots of the effective
potential because this gives us the possible existence of returning points
for the scale factor. If there are no returning points, we have an universe
that expands forever. The other possible situation, in our case, involves
two returning points corresponding to a universe without initial singularity.
The procedure is as follows.  From equation (\ref{eq:norma}) we have a cubic
equation for $\Omega_{k,0}$. Once we choose a root for  $\Omega_{k,0}$ we
use equation (\ref{eq:friedmann2}) with $H=0$ and obtain a cubic equation for
the scale factor which is equivalent to find the roots of the effective
potential. The number of roots gives us the overall behaviour of the universe
in terms of an universe that expands forever or without Big Bang.

We illustrate the evolution of the scale factor for one of the roots
of $\Omega_{k,0}$ in figure~(\ref{fig:1}). It is possible to extend the
parameter ranges for $\Omega_{k,0}$ and $\Omega_{\beta, 0}$ but we
do not find any new physical information. The other
root presents a similar general evolution of the universe including Big Bounce
and Big Chill regions. The remaining root has only positive values in the
parameters region of figure~(\ref{fig:1}) corresponding to hyperbolic geometry.

\begin{figure*}
\begin{center}
 \includegraphics[angle=0,width=8.0cm,height=8.0cm]{trajectories-final}
\label{fig:1}
\end{center}
\caption{The types of expansion for the universe containing both matter
and $\beta$ content for the parameter choices $\Omega_{dr}=0.1$ and
$\Omega_{\Lambda,0}= 0.2$.}
\end{figure*}

\section{DGP like behaviour from modified GBG cosmology}

As is well known, the radiation-like contribution in (\ref{eq:friedmann2})
is an effect emerging from the bulk. A very interesting
physical approximation of our model is when we have no contribution of dark
radiation-like energy.
In this case, the condition $\Omega_{dr}=0$ brings, in the cosmic gauge,
the generalized Friedmann equation (20) into the form
\begin{equation}
H^2 +  \frac{k}{a^2} + 3 \,\bar{\beta} \sqrt{H^2 + \frac{k}{a^2}}
= \bar{\Lambda} + \bar{\rho}.
\label{eq:friedmann4}
\end{equation}
This equation stands as the analogue of the expression that emerges for the normal
(non-self-accelerating) branch of the DGP theory when $\beta>0$. The case
$\beta <0$ corresponds to the self-accelerating branch in the DGP approach
which in general is ruled out of the brane world scenario due to the appearance
of a number of pathologies \cite{gregory,ratazzi}. Note also that, when we
re-organize equation (\ref{eq:friedmann4}) as in the standard relativistic form,
we can identify an effective cosmological constant given by
\begin{equation}
 \Lambda_{eff} := \Lambda - 3\,\beta\sqrt{H^2 +
\frac{k}{a^2}} .
\label{eq:stealths-eom}
\end{equation}
Note that the $\beta$ parameter plays the role of the inverse of the crossover
scale $r_c$, responsible of the transition from $4D$ to $5D$ behaviour in
the degravitation property of the DGP approach~\cite{roy,deffa}. In fact,
$\beta$ is related to the $5D$ Planck mass as one can observe from the set of
purely gravitational actions that give rise to the Galileon field theory of brane
cosmology~\cite{rham}. Hence, in our approach, the responsible of the (non-)
self-acceleration of the Universe is the parameter $\beta$ characterizing the
intrinsic properties of the geometrical surface. In addition, for an arbitrary
$\beta$, from equation (\ref{eq:norma}) we can obtain the corresponding normalization
condition
\begin{equation}
 \sqrt{1-\Omega_{k,0}} = - \frac{\Omega_{\beta,0}}{2} +
\sqrt{\left( \frac{\Omega_{\beta,0}}{2} \right)^2 + \Omega_{m,0} +
\Omega_{\Lambda,0}}
\end{equation}
which can be recognized as the normalization condition in the DGP approach
by defining $\Omega_{r_c} = (\Omega_{\beta,0}/2)^2= \beta^2 /(2\alpha H_0)^2$
\cite{roy,deffa2}.

The Friedmann equation acquires a non conventional form when we consider a
nonvanishing radiation-like contribution. For example, in the reasonable case
of $|\Omega_{{dr}}| \ll 1$ \cite{roy2}, and $\Lambda=0$, after a
lengthy but straightforward computation, from equation (\ref{eq:friedmann2}) the
Friedmann equation reads
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:friedmann5}
\fl \frac{H^2}{H_0 ^2} - \frac{\Omega_{k,0}}{a^2} = \left[  - \frac{\Omega_{\beta,0}}{2}
+ \sqrt{\left(\frac{\Omega_{\beta, 0}}{2}\right)^2 + \Omega_{m,0}} \right]^2
+ f\left( a, \Omega_{\beta,0}, \Omega_{m,0},\Omega_{{ dr}}\right)  ,
\end{equation}
where $f$ is a quite complicated function which explicitly reads
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:f}
 f = \frac{3\left[ - \frac{\Omega_{\beta,0}}{2} + \sqrt{ \left(
\frac{\Omega_{\beta,0}}{2}\right)^2 + \Omega_{m,0} }  \right]\left( D_+ ^{1/3}
- D_- ^{1/3} \right)\Omega_{{dr}}}{ a^4
\sqrt{ \left[\Omega_{\beta,0} \left(\Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 + \frac{9}{2}
\frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right) \right]^2 - \left( \Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 +
\frac{3\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right)^3 } },
\end{equation}
and $D_\pm = - \Omega_{\beta,0} \left( \Omega_{\beta, 0} ^2 + \frac{9}{2}
\frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right) \pm \sqrt{ \left[\Omega_{\beta,0} \left(
\Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 + \frac{9}{2} \frac{\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right) \right]^2
- \left( \Omega_{\beta,0} ^2 + \frac{3\Omega_{m,0}}{a^3} \right)^3 }$. Clearly,
expression (\ref{eq:friedmann5}) specializes to the Friedmann equation
found in~\cite{deffa2} for the analysis of an accelerated universe without
cosmological constant. In addition, from equations (\ref{eq:friedmann5}) and (\ref{eq:f}),
two features should be emphasized. At large distances, $a \to \infty$ gives
rise to $f \to 0$ and we have a slight modification to the DGP accelerated
universe behaviour. On the other hand, however, when $a \to 0$, the function $f$
increases considerably and a significant effect is expected which will strongly
modify the quantum cosmology approach for our model. Therefore, we find that
when $\Omega_{{dr}}$ fades away then modified GBG leads to a late-time
self-acceleration and in consequence we have an interesting alternative effective
model supporting this degravitation characteristic.

\section{Concluding remarks}

In this paper, we have shown that GBG modified by a curvature brane
scalar defined by a linear extrinsic curvature term leads us to reproduce
under certain conditions a similar brane cosmological behaviour
as in the DGP setup. Contrarily to the DGP approach, we considered an empty fixed
bulk which, however, leads us to reproduce similar dynamical equations.
In addition, we showed that the effective potential emerging in our model exhibits
an accelerated behaviour for this universe as DGP theory does. In this modified
GBG, the inverse DGP crossover scale $r_c$ is played by the parameter related
to the $K$-term. We thus observe that this model mimics the dynamics of
DGP approach with the important exception that in our case such effects directly
result from the geometrical characteristics of the brane through the parameter
$\beta$. Even though gravity was switched off from the beggining in our setup
all this happens so because modified GBG is enclosed in the set of purely
gravitational $4D$ brane theories that gives rise to the Galileon field theory
where that peculiar type of scalar fields is able to create accelerating
spacetimes similar to those of the DGP setup~\cite{rham,ratazzi2}, which are
argued to explain also dark energy. From another point of view, we study
part of the Galileon field theory, restricted to the first three Lovelock
brane Lagrangians directly.

This prescription surely constitutes an interesting theoretical alternative
to analyse certain subjects in braneworld cosmology. In particular, we
confirm that the acceleration description of brane universes can be formulated
differently from what we have been accustomed to so far. Then, motivated by the
equivalence at the effective level, with DGP gravity, we believe that this modified
GBG deserves a deep exploration at the classical canonical level, followed by an
extensive study of its quantum mechanical aspects in order to discern on the
physical viability of the brane model. Our work will not stop here. We are
interested in understanding how much an Ostrogradski-Hamiltonian development of
model~(\ref{eq:model}) is sensitive to the fact that the ghost and tachyon
states appear in this scenario~\cite{electron,Ostro}. Alternatively, we believe
that our approach opens the scope of brane theories to be included as a correction
terms, like the Gauss-Bonnet counter-term, yielding also second order equations of
motion~\cite{myers,davis} improving thus the GBG framework. It is worth saying
that the terms appearing in the present model belong to a wide range of effective field
brane models related to the so-called Galileons which possess interesting
symmetry properties that also deserve an exhaustive
investigation in view of their
potential applications to particle physics and
cosmology~\cite{rham,trodden1,trodden3,trodden2,rham1,rham2}. The results of
these points will be presented elsewhere.

\ack
E.R. and R.C. acknowledge support from CONACYT (Mexico) research Grant No.
J1-60621-I. ER and MC are grateful to E. Ay\'on-Beato for fruitful discussions.
ER cordially thanks A. Cervantes and B. Tapia-Santos for their contributions
towards the numerical analysis. Also, ER and MC acknowledge partial support
from grant PROMEP, CA-UV: Algebra, Geometr\'\i a y Gravitaci\'on. MC acknowledges
support from a CONACyT scholarship (M\'exico). This work was partially
supported by SNI (M\'exico). RC also acknowledges support from EDI, COFAA-IPN
and SIP-20111070.  AM acknowledges financial support from PROMEP
through grant UASLP-PTC-402.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Using react-router without JSX I'm trying to find an example of using react-router through the javascript API but have been unable to find anything so far.
My goal is to use react-router with reagent and clojurescript.  So if anyone has gotten this working (even with Om), I'd appreciate a push in the right direction.  Otherwise, just a straight javascript example without JSX would be helpful.
Edit 1 -- Getting closer to a solution
Thanks to @FakeRainBrigand for the help translating the JSX into plain JS.
Here is the React.js 0.11.2 version (which is what the current release of Reagent uses -- 0.4.3).
/** @jsx React.DOM */
Routes({location: "history"},
       Route({name: "app", path: "/", handler: App},
             Route({name: "inbox", handler: Inbox}),
             Route({name: "calendar", handler: "{Calendar}"})))

Hint: You can perform the JSX->JS transformation using JSXTransformer.js for your version of React.  Just include it in your page and use your browser's developer console to execute JSXTransformer.transform('/** @jsx React.DOM */<Route location="history">...</Route>').code
Here is the Clojurescript version:
(ns mytest.core
  (:require [reagent.core :as reagent :refer [atom]])

(defn home []
  [:div [:h1 "Home Component Placeholder"]])

(defn info []
  [:div [:h1 "Info Component Placeholder"]])

(defn build-component [comp]
  (reagent/as-component (if (fn? comp) (comp) comp)))

(defn react-router []
  (js/ReactRouter.Routes #js {:location "history"}
                         (js/ReactRouter.Route #js {:name "app" :path "/" :handler (build-component home)}
                                               (js/ReactRouter.DefaultRoute #js {:handler (build-component home)})
                                               (js/ReactRouter.Route #js {:name "about" :path "/about" :handler (build-component info)}))))

Unfortunately, the components Reagent creates by default don't seem to be "standard" React components, in that React.isValidClass(myReagentComponent) === false.  So all that is left is to figure out how to generate the components in the form that passes that test.  I have a Stack Overflow question posted for that.

A: An example without JX and without using createElement (which doesn't make sense to me in case of routes):
// this snippet was tested with react 0.13.1
// and react-router 0.13.2
import Router from 'react-router';
import App    from './components/App';
import Inbox  from './components/Inbox';

const AppRoute = Router.createRoute({
  path: '/',
  name: 'app',
  handler: App
});

const InboxRoute = Router.createRoute({
  name: 'inbox',
  handler: Inbox,
  parentRoute: AppRoute
});

// Important: you have to export the root route wrapped in array
export default [AppRoute];

A: I've just finished putting together an experiment repository for doing this
https://github.com/ghedamat/reagent-react-router
The main idea is using the new apis that Reagent provides since version 0.5.0-alpha3 for interop with React
reagent/reactify-component let's you use reagent components in React code (which is what the router requires)
and reagent/adapt-react-class enables the vice-versa.
What I'm attempting to do is wrap Components like Link and RouterHandler and use them directly in reagent.
i.e:
[:ul.nav.navbar-nav
  [:li
    [Link {:to "app"} "home"]]
  [:li
    [Link {:to "about"} "about page"]]]

Conversely you can pass Reagent's components as handlers to the ReactRouter.Router object.
(def routes
  (Route {:name "app" :path "/" :handler app-page}
    (Route {:name "about" :path "about" :handler about-page}))
  (DefaultRoute {:handler default-page-meta})))

The implementation is quite simple (and similar to your updated question): https://github.com/ghedamat/reagent-react-router/blob/master/src/cljs/reagent_react_router/react_router.cljs
Look at the README for a more in-depth discussion.
It's working so far but could definitely use more inputs/help.

A: In 0.12 in JavaScript it looks like this:
var Router = require('react-router');
var Route = React.createFactory(Router.Route);
var DefaultRoute = React.createFactory(Router.DefaultRoute);
var NotFoundRoute = React.createFactory(Router.NotFoundRoute);

React.render((
  React.createElement(Router, {location: "history"},
    Route({path: "/", handler: App},
      DefaultRoute({handler: Home}),
      Route({name: "about", handler: About}),
      Route({name: "users", handler: Users},
        Route({name: "recent-users", path: "recent", handler: RecentUsers}),
        Route({name: "user", path: "/user/:userId", handler: User}),
        NotFoundRoute({handler: UserRouteNotFound})
      )
    ),
    NotFoundRoute({handler: NotFound})
  )
), document.body);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: How to fix 403 login post using requests after 3-4 requests? Im trying to post login to this site using python requests post. First time i can requests for 3-4 times. But until 5 times i got 403 error from the server.
I already tried to set headers, included referer,origin,user-agent and proxy but not helped much.
import json
import requests
response = requests.Session()
url = 'https://www.saksfifthavenue.com/account/login?_k=%2Faccount%2Fsummary'

while True:
        try:
            headers = {
             'sec-fetch-mode': 'cors',
             'origin': 'https://www.saksfifthavenue.com',
              'accept-encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
              'accept-language': 'en-US',
              'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.90 Safari/537.36',
              'content-type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8',
             'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
              'referer': url,
              'authority': 'www.saksfifthavenue.com',
             'sec-fetch-site': 'same-origin',
              'dnt': '1',
            }

            data = {"username":"demo@gmail.com,"password":"Thisisatest"}
            login = response.post(
                'https://www.saksfifthavenue.com/v1/account-service/accounts/sign-in', headers=headers, data=json.dumps(data)).content
            loginCheck = login.decode()
            print(loginCheck)
            if "Sorry, this does not match our records. Please try again." in loginCheck:
                print('Login failed!!!')
                break
            elif """Your Account""" in loginCheck:
                print('Login success!!!')
            else:
                print('403 Error. Login Failed')
                break
        except:
            pass

A: It looks like the server detected your spide requests, you request too fast, maybe you can try to set an interval for these requests.
But why you need to login post in a while? (and without logout


When I decided to make the Mexican cornbread, I knew that I need a vegetable to eat with it. So, decided to saute Kale in garlic. It was quick dish as well as delicious and nutritious.
Coarsely, chop kale. Over medium heat, heat sauce pan, add olive oil. Add chopped garlic to heated oil, then add kale. Add salt and pepper and stir to mix garlic and seasoning. Cover, stir occasionally until done about 20 minutes.
The Mexican cornbread and Sauteed Kale made a great vegetarian meal.


text:
The Resource True detective. : The complete first season, Home Box Office; distributed by Warner Home Video., (DVD)
True detective. : The complete first season, Home Box Office; distributed by Warner Home Video., (DVD)
McConaughey, Matthew, 1969-
HBO Home Entertainment (Firm)
Potts, Michael.
Kittles, Tory.
Monaghan, Michelle.
Warner Home Video (Firm)
Harrelson, Woody.
In 2012, Louisiana State Police Detectives Rust Cohle and Martin Hart are brought in to revisit a homicide case they worked in 1995. As the inquiry unfolds in present day through separate interrogations, the two former detectives narrate the story of their investigation, reopening unhealed wounds, and drawing into question their supposed solving of a bizarre ritualistic murder in 1995
New York, NY, Home Box Office, distributed by Warner Home Video, 2014
Standard edition.
3 DVDs (480 min.)
True detective. : The complete first season
True detective.
Home Box Office; distributed by Warner Home Video.
Matthew McConaughey : True detective. The complete first season
Homicide -- Drama.
Investigations -- Drama.
Detective and mystery television programs.
Murder -- Drama.
Video recordings for the hearing impaired.
In English, French and Spanish with English, French, Spanish, Brazilian, Portuguese, Chinese and Thai
.T784 2014
Matthew McConaughey, Woody Harrelson, Michelle Monaghan, Tory Kittles, Michael Potts
Home Box Office, distributed by Warner Home Video
DVD, widescreen, full frame (16x9) presentation

 Data from True detective. : The complete first season, Home Box Office; distributed by Warner Home Video., (DVD) - Dover Public Library

Data Citation of the Item True detective. : The complete first season, Home Box Office; distributed by Warner Home Video., (DVD)
http://link.dover.nh.gov/portal/True-detective.--The-complete-first-season-Home/ZYWXefmat8g/
http://library.link/portal/True-detective.--The-complete-first-season-Home/ZYWXefmat8g/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rudolf Dostal, slovenski učitelj in publicist, * 11. april 1883,  Ljubljana, † 3. november 1958, Ljubljana.

Po končanem ljubljanskem učiteljišču (1903) je na Dunaju 1907 zaključil študij pedagogike in postal strokovni učitelj gluhonemnice v Ljubljani. Po letu 1919 je pričel objavljati članke iz najrazličnejših področij, zlasti iz pedagogike, politične in krajevne zgodovine, geografije, gospodarstva, poleg navedenih pa je obravnaval tudi druge teme. Članke je  pogostokrat objavljal pod psevdonimom Labacensis nekatere pa tudi anonimno.

Viri

Slovenski učitelji
Slovenski publicisti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Der Feldpostdienst der Schweizer Armee ist der Logistikbasis der Armee unterstellt. Er wurde 1889 eingeführt und organisiert die Postversorgung der Schweizer Militärangehörigen. Zur Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges war er ausserdem für den Postdienst der ausländischen Militärangehörigen zuständig, die in der Schweiz interniert waren.

Geschichte der Feldpost bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg

Die Grenzbesetzung im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg von 1870/71 zeigte das Fehlen einer militärischen Feldpost auf, da die zivile Post und die improvisierte Feldpost mit dem hohen Postaufkommen überfordert waren. Die neue Bundesverfassung von 1874 gab dem Bundesrat die Kompetenz, die Armee zu zentralisieren und neu zu organisieren. Der Bundesrat schuf infolgedessen 1880 das Amt des Feldpostdirektors und erliess am 13. August 1889 die "Verordnung betreffend die Feldpost", womit die Feldpost Teil der Armee wurde. Da der Personalbestand der Feldpost zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs zu tief war, wurde er rasch aufgestockt und erreichte im Jahr 1918 Bataillonsstärke (1017 Mann). Ausserdem verfolgte man eine Professionalisierungsstrategie, indem uniformierte Postbeamte von ihren bisherigen Einheiten freigestellt und in die Feldpost integriert wurden.

Eine wichtige Rolle spielte die Zusammenarbeit der Feldpost mit dem Internationalen Komitee des Roten Kreuzes (IKRK), die gemeinsam die Postvermittlung für Kriegsgefangene im Ausland und internierte Soldaten im Inland übernahmen. Im Zuge der angepassten Truppenorganisation übernahm die Armee das gesamte Korpsmaterial der Feldpost, das bis anhin der Oberpostdirektion gehörte.

Der Feldpostdienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Der Feldpostdienst umfasste im Zweiten Weltkrieg sowohl den Postdienst für die Schweizer Armeetruppen als auch denjenigen für die zahlreichen in der Schweiz internierten ausländischen Armeeangehörigen.

Feldpostdienst der Schweizer Truppen
Bei der Mobilmachung am 2. September 1939 war der Feldpostdienst besser vorbereitet als zu Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs. Feldpostdirektor Hans Frutiger verfügte über eine zeitgemässe Organisation und ausgebildetes Personal. Die neun Divisionen und drei Gebirgsbrigaden erhielten wie der Armeestab eine eigene Feldpost. Hinzu kamen 17 Sammelfeldposteinheiten, die innert kurzer Zeit auf über 40 Einheiten aufgestockt wurden. Die Feldpost konnte wenn nötig rund um die Uhr Einsatz leisten. Um das hohe Postaufkommen zu bewältigen, erhielt die Feldpost 1940 erstmals 125 Angehörige des Frauenhilfsdienstes (FHD) und eigene Motorfahrer zugeteilt. Die Feldpost erreichte dadurch am 1. Januar 1945 mit 2744 Angehörigen praktisch Regimentsstärke.

Im Unterschied zu zahlreichen anderen Truppenteilen konnte sich die Feldpost – wie die Verpflegungstruppen – ab 1940 nicht ins sogenannte Réduit zurückziehen, da der Postbetrieb flächendeckend aufrechterhalten werden musste. Meist waren die Feldpoststellen in Turnhallen oder ähnlichen Gebäuden untergebracht. Wie bereits im Ersten Weltkrieg bildete die Eisenbahn das Rückgrat des Posttransports. Insgesamt beförderte die Feldpost von 1939 bis 1945 knapp 150 Mio. Pakete und Wäschesäcklein sowie knapp 450 Mio. Briefe, Postkarten und Zeitungen.

Feldpostdienst in den Internierungslagern (1939–1946)

Organisation
Die Feldpost organisierte ab Juni 1940 den Postverkehr der Internierten. Zuvor waren nur wenige Personen in der Schweiz interniert. Während des Kriegs wurden insgesamt rund 24 Mio. Sendungen von und für Kriegsinternierte verschickt. Obwohl die Schweiz nicht dazu verpflichtet gewesen wäre, gewährte sie den Internierten gleich wie den Schweizer Armeeangehörigen die Portofreiheit.

Der grenzüberschreitende Postverkehr wurde vom Feldpostdienst in enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem IKRK organisiert. Dabei ergaben sich bedingt durch die Kriegsereignisse immer wieder logistische Schwierigkeiten bei der Zustellung der Postsendungen, so beispielsweise durch die Bombardierung der deutschen Bahnlinien durch die Alliierten.

Ein Problem für den Feldpostdienst stellten die häufigen Lagerwechsel dar, die sich unter anderem aus den Arbeitseinsätzen der Internierten ergaben. Aus diesem Grund verfügte das Betriebsbüro der Interniertenpost in Münchenbuchsee über eine Personenkartei sämtlicher Internierter, an denen in den Kriegsjahren über eine halbe Million Mutationen vorgenommen werden mussten. (Post-)Arbeiten, welche die Internierten betrafen, wurden wann immer möglich von diesen selber ausgeführt. So waren beispielsweise Internierte als Postordonnanzen tätig. Die Regeln für den Postbetrieb wurden in den sogenannten Postbefehlen festgehalten, die in zahlreichen Sprachen erschienen.

Zensur
Am 25. Juni 1940 verfügte der Kommissär für Internierungen des Armeekommandos die vollständige Zensur der ein- und ausgehenden Interniertenpost. Die in Bern eingerichtete Zensurstelle war durch das hohe Postaufkommen häufig überlastet, was zu Verzögerungen bei der Zustellung führte. Der Feldpostdirektor, Oberst Hans Frutiger, beantragte deshalb bereits am 21. August 1940 die Aufhebung der generellen Zensur der Interniertenpost und verlangte eine Beschränkung auf bestimmte Personengruppen. Obwohl er sein Anliegen mehrfach erneuerte, blieb Frutiger erfolglos.

Gemäss Postbefehl war es den Internierten nicht erlaubt, die Zivilpost zu benutzen, sich Post an Privatadressen schicken zu lassen oder ein Pseudonym zu benutzen. Sämtliche Briefe an und von Internierten durften erst zugestellt werden, wenn ein Zensurstreifen mit der Aufschrift "Geöffnet, Zensurstelle für Interniertenpost" darauf angebracht war. Pakete kontrollierten die Lagerkommandanten vor Ort im Lager. Den Transport der Postsachen übernahm die Zivilpost. Die Militärzensur wurde in der Schweiz mit dem 20. Dezember 1945 erst vergleichsweise spät aufgehoben.

Feldpostdienst nach 1946

Durch die Truppenordnung von 1947 gab es neu 44 Feldposteinheiten. 1949 wurden die Feldpostoffiziere und -unteroffiziere hierarchisch den anderen Truppenteilen gleichstellt. Ab 1967 übernahm das sogenannte "Büro Schweiz" als Telefonzentrale der Feldpost die Kommunikation zwischen Zivilpersonen und Armeeangehörigen, was die zeitintensive Telegrammzustellung massiv reduzierte. Soldaten konnten nun beispielsweise trotz Aufenthalt in abgelegenen Gegenden in Notfällen rasch erreicht werden. Im Zuge eines neuen Versorgungskonzepts wurden 1977 die bisherigen 48 Feldposteinheiten aufgelöst und dafür 28 ortsfeste Feldposteinheiten geschaffen. Diese Straffung hatte wesentliche Vorteile. So konnte auf kräfte- und zeitraubende Ortswechsel verzichtet werden, die Betriebsinfrastruktur wurde organisatorisch und betriebstechnisch optimiert und die Nach- und Rückschubwege verkürzten sich. Bis 1992 unterstand die Feldpost der PTT-Generaldirektion als "Sektion Feldpostdienst". Nach der Aufteilung der PTT in die Swisscom und die Post, wurde die Feldpost letzterer zugewiesen. Mit der Einführung der Armee 95 wurden die 28 Feldposteinheiten in 22 Feldpostkompanien umgewandelt, von denen im Jahr 1999 sieben aufgehoben wurden. Im Zuge einer erneuten Neustrukturierung, der bis heute bestehenden Armee XXI, wurden die verbliebenen 15 Feldpostkompanien aufgelöst. An den Platz der Feldpostkompanien traten die Waffenplatzbüros und in Einzelfällen die zivilen Poststellen.

Bis heute ist der Versand von privaten Briefen und Paketen bis 5 kg an Armeeangehörige im Dienst sowie von diesen portofrei. Beliebt sind daher bei Wehrmännern die sogenannten "Fresspäckli", die ihnen Angehörige in den Dienst schicken.

Soldatenmarken

Die ersten Schweizer Soldatenmarken erschienen bereits im Ersten Weltkrieg. Sie wurden von einzelnen Truppeneinheiten – meistens Kompanien – herausgegeben und waren ohne Taxwert, da die Feldpost taxfrei befördert wurde. Die Soldatenmarken hatten normalerweise keinen Taxaufdruck und mussten sich von den Postmarken unterscheiden. Der Erlös aus dem Verkauf der Soldatenmarken kam den von den Truppen gegründeten Fürsorgekassen für in Not geratene Wehrmänner zugute, da die Lohnausgleichkasse (Erwerbsersatzordnung) erst im Laufe des Zweiten Weltkrieges eingeführt wurde.

Jede Einheit konnte ihre eigene Marke mit ihrem spezifischen Sujet gestalten. Die so entstandenen kleinen Kunstwerke sind auch historisch wertvoll. Neben den Soldatenmarken wurden selber hergestellte Postkarten meist mit einem Motiv der Truppe hergestellt. Beide sind als Sammelgebiet bei Philatelisten beliebt. Es gibt umfassende Kataloge der Soldatenmarken des Ersten Weltkrieges (1914–1918) und des Zweiten Weltkrieges (1939–1945) sowie den Katalog Einheitskarten der beiden Weltkriege.

Der Verein Schweizer Armeemuseum (VSAM) betreut im Auftrag des Bundes die wohl grösste Soldatenmarkensammlung der Schweiz. Er erfasst und dokumentiert alle bekannten Soldatenmarken der Schweiz und publiziert im Internet schrittweise den vollständigsten erhältlichen Katalog. In seinen Info-Bulletins publiziert er regelmässig Beiträge über Soldatenmarken der Schweiz.

Literatur
 Schweizerische Post (Hrsg.): 125 Jahre Feldpost. 1889 bis 2014. Bern 2014.
 Hans Frutiger: Die schweizerische Feldpost im Aktivdienst 1939-1945. 2 Bände. Bern 1946.
 Hans Frutiger: 60 Jahre schweizerische Feldpost. Bern 1950.

Siehe auch
 Fresspäckli

Weblinks

 Eidgenössisches Departement für Verteidigung, Bevölkerungsschutz und Sport (VBS): Feldpost. http://www.vtg.admin.ch/de/mein-militaerdienst/allgemeines-zum-militaerdienst/feldpost.html
 Waffenplatz-Feldpostdienst der Schweizer Armee
 Feldpostdirektion
 Geschichte und Geschichten der Feldpost
 Geschichte der Schweizer Soldatenmarken 1915-1919 (PDF; 2,7 MB)
 Beispiele von Soldatenmarken im Zweiten Weltkrieg

Anmerkungen

Schweiz
Militär (Schweiz)
Postwesen (Schweiz)


I just wanted to share a testimony of the Lord's faithfulness to provide. My family has been in an economic crunch. I have had a lot of debt and needed money. I just got paid about a week ago. My friends and I agreed one night in prayer, about two weeks ago, that the LORD would bring us to a place to trust in nothing but the WORD. I was thinking about what to do. I want to live in the rest, and be close to the LORD, and know HIS heart.
I was down to $120 and I owed about $5000. I took a step of faith and gave most of what I had as an offering to poor children. I then told the LORD, "I'm in the wilderness and I need money". I didn't even have bus money for the next week. I went to work and my boss came up to me and told me that he felt led to come tell me about how the Lord told him to give me a large sum of money. I knew it was a confirmation. He said he could feel the presence of GOD as he told the testimony.
When I woke up the next morning, my friend Jean came to me and told me he had a dream that I put a little money in his hand and it multiplied into $3000 or $4000. Then he gave it back to me. I knew the LORD was speaking to me.
Today, my friend gave me $4000 after the Lord confirmed to him by the lot. He put $4000 in my hand and said the LORD told him I wasn't to give him any. It really encouraged me. I realized, as Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, to trust in the LORD and not bow to the golden image. Because they refused to eat the forbidden food, they experienced the promise of deliverance. They stood on the Word and did not waver, for they had no other place in which to place their trust.
I now realize that if I will obey the LORD, step out in faith and place my trust in HIS Word, He will never fail. Though I did have my doubts at times, I wanted the Lord to provide, as I know He is pleased to do so. So I decided to give to the LORD. There are a few more things for which I need faith and I know I can trust HIM both to will and to work, for His good pleasure. He can't lie and He won't fail. I want nothing between the LORD and me and, like Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, to just love and trust the LORD and know He will protect, preserve and provide for us continually. I repented for doubting HIS Word.


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Arm Community blogs
Announcements Arm supports FP8: A new 8-bit floating-point interchange format for Neural Network processing
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Arm supports FP8: A new 8-bit floating-point interchange format for Neural Network processing
Neil Burgess
2 minute read time.
Written by Neil Burgess and Sangwon Ha
Enabling secure and ubiquitous Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a key priority for the Arm architecture. The potential for AI and machine learning (ML) is clear, with new use cases and benefits emerging almost daily - but alongside this, computational requirements for AI have been growing at an exponential rate and require new hardware and software innovation to continue to balance memory, compute efficiency and bandwidth. The training of Neural Networks (NNs) is critical to the continued advancement of AI capabilities, and today marks an exciting step in this evolution with Arm, Intel and NVIDIA jointly publishing a whitepaper on a new 8-bit floating point specification, 'FP8'.
FP8 is an interchange format that will allow software ecosystems to share NN models easily, and the collaboration between Arm, Intel and NVIDIA to support this one standard is significant. It means models developed on one platform may be run on other platforms without encountering the overhead of having to convert the vast amounts of model data between formats while reducing task loss to a minimum. FP8 minimizes deviations from existing IEEE floating formats, allowing developers to leverage existing implementations, accelerate adoption across platforms and improve their productivity.
Adopting reduced precision floating-point formats brings a number of benefits. Until a few years ago, training of Neural Networks was computed mostly with IEEE standard 32-bit floating-point numbers. Larger networks with more and more layers were found to be progressively more successful at NN tasks but in certain applications, this success came with an ultimately unmanageable increase in memory footprint, power consumption, and compute resources. It became imperative to reduce the size of the data elements (activations, weights, gradients) from 32 bits, and so the industry started using 16-bit formats, such as Bfloat16 and IEEE FP16. As the number of diverse applications requiring greater accuracy grows, Neural Networks are once again facing challenges around memory footprint, power consumption and compute resources. As a result, there is a rising demand today for a novel and simple 8-bit floating-point representation (alongside Bfloat and IEEE FP32) to enable even greater NN efficiency.
Considerable experimentation has demonstrated that FP8 shows comparable model performance to using 16- and 32-bit precision for transformer-based AI models as well as on models for computer vision and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). While FP8 has a somewhat limited dynamic range due to having only a small number of exponent bits, this can be compensated for by software-proprietary, per-tensor scale factors which adjust the representable range so that it better matches the values (weights, activations, gradients, etc) being handled instead of relying solely on the FP8 format. In addition, a model can be trained and deployed under the identical format of FP8, whereas fixed-point formats, notably int8, require carefully derived estimation based on statistics during the deployment phase in order to maintain accuracy, not to mention the calibration and conversion overhead.
Here at Arm, we are planning to add FP8 support to the Armv9 ISA as part of Armv9.5-A in 2023 and exploring the best way to integrate this support across all of our ML platforms. We firmly believe in the benefits of the industry coalescing around one 8-bit floating point format, enabling developers to focus on innovation and differentiation where it really matters. We're excited to see how FP8 advances AI development in the future.
Read more about FP8 in this new technical paper:
FP8 Technical Paper
Creating the new normal in Arm Technical Training
Matt_Rushton
Arm Technical Training has faced many challenges over the last 3 years. This blog covers the progress that has been made in adapting to these challenges and the exciting plans we have for the year ahead…
Meet Arm ecosystem partners at the Arm Tech Symposia
Elsa Wen
The annual largest Arm technology forum in APAC, Arm Tech Symposia, is back and running from November 2 until December 1. Learn more about it here.
Shaping the future of computing with the new Arm Developer Program
Gemma Platt
This blog announces the Arm Developer Program, which brings together developers from across the globe under one new community.


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Editor's Note: "Peace be upon him" (abbreviated "pbuh") is a salutation for the prophets of Islam. Who receives salutations depends on the school of thought. It is a mandatory practice per the Quran and hadiths.
Eight Muslim organizations make up the Texas Muslim Council, representing a diverse Muslim demographic. Their public statement came out of an obligation to speak up against what they see as an "injustice that threatens justice everywhere." They argue that remaining silent makes one complicit in any form of oppression. This is also an opportunity to make clear that while the Muslim world does experience gross violations of women's rights, Islam is very clear on protecting women's rights. The unfortunate reality of women's rights in the Muslim world is the result of culture corrupting religion and ignorance betraying the legal sources, like the Quran.
Islamic law is derived from three sources, the Quran, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and the traditions or actions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). From each of these sources, the message of love, affection and mercy are consistently made clear. Of the many instances, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is said to have consoled his wife, lain in her lap and assisted in housework. Such narrations and traditions exemplify what the Quran preaches.
In addition to speaking out against these violations, the Muslim community is taking an active role in providing relief and combating the problem. For example, on Oct. 9, the UT Muslim Students Association will be holding its first-ever fundraising dinner concerning domestic abuse. The charity dinner will be co-hosted with UT Voices Against Violence, a program under the Counseling and Mental Health Center that addresses issues such as relationship violence, sexual violence and stalking, and the Texas Muslim Women's Foundation, an organization that seeks to empower, promote and support all women and their families. The fundraiser will be the first of the "Be an Anchor" initiative through VAV. The proceeds raised will support VAV Survivor's Emergency Fund, which provides aid to victims of domestic and sexual violence in the UT Community, and will go toward making UT MSA the first "anchor," or sponsor, for VAV.
It is regrettable that it takes the suspensions of football players and the like to have this conversation, but nonetheless, we are presented with an opportunity to make it extremely clear that violence against women will not be tolerated and will not represent the UT community or humanity. The march in solidarity for women's justice is a long one, but the right one. It will not be easy, but we have a diverse group of allies. Islam is not a religion that condones abuse against women, and its followers are allies. Let's end abuse together.


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Where do you learn to become a politician? Who can teach aspiring young politicians the basics of democratic leadership? In a country like Tunisia, there is no easy answer to these questions.
The Jasmine Revolution that took place in 2011 brought many changes: free elections, a Parliament that controls the Government and a new Constitution. Dozens of political parties were established to compete for power.
But, after years of authoritarianism, democratic politics is in many ways a new profession.
The Tunisian School of Politics (TSoP) was established in 2012 to teach aspiring young politicians this profession. Samar Zaidi and Rabia Arfa are two young politicians who had the opportunity to participate in TSoP in 2017.
Samar Zaidi grew up in the city of Gafsa, southwest Tunisia.
"I learned about TSoP from a fellow party member in the Front Populaire party alliance (an opposition party). I have found the course eye opening and deeply practical. In particular, I gained a lot of technical knowledge with real-life applications. I have already applied for a second year and hope to continue the course in 2018".
Rabia Arfa is also from Gafsa, but is a member of the ruling Nidaa Tounes party. Her route into TSoP was also through her party and she too has applied for a second year.
Each year, the ten largest political parties nominate their best and brightest young members for participation in the training programmes. Forty-five candidates are then selected. Through this process, the TSoP focuses on creating equal opportunities for those who traditionally have less access to politics: youth, women and people from rural areas. The aim is to even the playing field, giving everyone an equal chance to participate in politics. In 2017, 55% of the participants were women, and 53% came from regions outside the capital city, Tunis.
After a year of training, the ten best participants are selected for an exchange visit. That's what brought Rabia and Samar to the Netherlands in December 2017. They visited the cities of Rotterdam, where they learned about local democracy and local elections, and The Hague, where they found out about social dialogue in the Netherlands. This is particularly relevant to Tunisia in its current democratic transition, with local elections scheduled to take place in May 2018.
Besides the School's relevance to the Tunisian context, one of the most interesting aspects of TSoP's work is that it gives politicians from different backgrounds the opportunity to actively engage in constructive dialogue.
Indeed, Samar found the training helpful for her career in different ways. She now works in Communications for the Tunisian National Parliament and, as a result of her TSoP training, would like to delve deeper into developing her communications skills and furthering her expertise.
The professional relevance and skills-based learning also appealed to Rabia who is the Director of the Women's Department at the Tunisian Institute of Strategic Studies.
In addition, TSoP provided Rabia opportunities to attend conferences and take part in high-level panels to promote women in political leadership.
The training has provided both Rabia and Samar many opportunities. But it also comes with responsibilities, especially towards their political parties.
Rabia will also put her newly acquired skills into practice within her party as part of a commission tasked with developing the party's Vision 2030.
Ultimately, for both Samar and Rabia, a spirit of openness, a diverse atmosphere and the opportunity to learn relevant skills provided a valuable training ground.
TSoP is proud of its graduates and their commitment to diversity and cooperation. It will continue to be a place for Tunisia's new generation of politicians to learn the profession of politics.
TSoP is run and coordinated by the Centre des Etudes Méditerranéennes et Internationales (CEMI), and supported by NIMD in partnership with DEMO Finland.


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https://www.middletownpress.com/opinion/article/Editorial-Bernie-Sanders-s-revolution-11786512.php
Editorial: Bernie Sanders's revolution
Published 11:12 am EDT, Sunday, May 3, 2015
Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., smiles as he is asked about running for president during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington on April 29.
It's official: Hillary Clinton will not be unopposed for the Democratic presidential nomination. Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont has decided to make challenging Ms. Clinton his first act as a full-fledged member of the party. Heretofore an independent, the self-described democratic socialist has caucused with the Democrats both in the Senate and when he was in the House. Now he's jumping into the presidential race "because America needs a political revolution," as he put it on Twitter.
The logic of Sanders for president is that the revolution must begin with a struggle for the soul of the Democratic Party so that it remains progressive — and unmixed with the business-friendly economic policy and overly militaristic foreign policy for which the Democratic left wing often reproaches Clinton. Presumably, Sanders would achieve this objective one of two ways: Either he wins or he pressures Clinton to commit herself to a more left-leaning agenda on her way to victory.
There's much to like about the Sanders agenda, at least in broad outline. He's right to denounce money in politics as a "disgrace." Ditto for his promise to push climate change up the list of national priorities. Income inequality is, indeed, a big challenge, as Sanders says — one that would only worsen if Republican cuts to the estate tax and other upper-income breaks he so energetically opposes were to become law. When it comes to debating new Democratic approaches to these issues in the primary, we say the more the merrier.
On certain points, however, we already know enough about Sanders's ideas to hope they don't prevail. He is a particularly simplistic opponent of U.S. global leadership in general, and of President Barack Obama's free-trade agenda in particular. He backs an increase in Social Security benefits, paid for with a massive tax hike on the rich that would shore up the elderly, already heavily supported by the federal government, but leave little for other, more pressing needs.
Indeed, this is only one way in which Sanders's socialist revolution would channel scarce resources to the non-needy. With the U.S. population aging and health-care costs rising, a true progressive agenda should focus on how to bring opportunity to those most in need. Instead, to take another example, Sanders would devote $18 billion per year in federal funds, with state matching funds, so that states could offer two years of free tuition at public universities to all students, apparently without regard to income. Yet discounted in-state tuition already subsidizes college education for the sons and daughters of many families that make well above the median income — using the tax dollars of many families that make less than the median. The right approach is to charge people according to what they can afford. Yet Sanders would compound the unfair situation and nationalize it. If it's going to be built on promises like these, we wouldn't want to be a part of Sanders's revolution.
Editorial courtesy of the Washington Post.


Pens are the classic giveaway. We've got every shade and tint of every color, every size, retractable, gel, and novelty pen, and every other pen that you can think of. If you look hard enough, you might even be able to find an imprintable feather quill.


text:
Q: Load one Fragment at once when there are multiple fragments in a Parent Activity i have an Activity which  haves several Fragments and am using PagerAdapter for organising this Fragments , i got to know when my activity, loads all of my Fragment's codes  also gets executed even when am at first Fragment at that time my whole codes of all  fragment 2 or 3 also got executed which are in the onCreateView of my Fragment so  can we stop this behaviour i want to execute this codes only when user selects that particular fragment

A: you can limit your pager by calling this method default load number is 3
yourPager.setOffscreenPageLimit([number of pages]);

if you want just one page without preload try this link by TejjD


text:
Le Tapiolan Honka est un club finlandais de basket-ball. Le club est basé dans la ville de Espoo. L'équipe a porté le nom de Tapion Honka de 1957 à 1975 puis Espoon Honka jusqu'à la dissolution du club en 2011 et sa refondation sous son nom actuel.

Histoire

Noms successifs
 Depuis 2000 : Honka Espoo Playboys
 Avant 2000 : Tapiolan Honka Espoo

Palmarès
 Champion de Finlande : 1974, 1976, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de Finlande : 1973, 1974, 1975, 2001, 2009

Entraîneurs successifs

 1970-1974 :  Seppo Kuusela
 ? :  Kari Liimo
 1985 :  Seppo Kuusela
 1991-1992 :  Seppo Kuusela
 1996-1999 :  Gordon Herbert
 2000-2009 :  Mihailo Pavićević
 2009-2010 :  Gordon Herbert
 2014-2015 :  Tuomas Iisalo
 2017- :  Kimmo Kujansivu

Joueurs célèbres ou marquants
 Petteri Koponen
 Kimmo Muurinen

Liens externes
  Site officiel

Espoo
Club sportif fondé en 1971
Club sportif à Espoo


text:
Summary Of Income Tax Proposals Announced In The National Budget 2021
The web notice dated 13th January 2021 was issued by the Department of Inland Revenue ("DIR"). A summary of income tax proposals made in the National Budget – 2021 as mentioned in the said notice is set out below:
Such proposals will be implemented after formal amendment to the Inland Revenue Act No.24 of 2017 ("IRA").
1. Exemptions
Effective Date and/ or Exemption Period
1. Remittance Tax of 14% payable on remittance of retained and invested profit
by non - resident companies carrying on businesses in Sri Lanka through Permanent Establishments ("PE")
Profit and income earned on or after 01st April 2021; and
retained the same in Sri Lanka, for a minimum period of 03 years, by investing it in Sri Lanka to;
- Expand its business;
- Acquire shares or any securities from Colombo Stock Exchange ("CSE"); or
- Acquire treasury bills, treasury bonds or Sri Lanka International sovereign bonds issued on behalf of the Government of Sri Lanka ("GoSL").
Effective from 01st April 2021
Remittance of such profits after 03 years from 01st April 2021
2. Income Tax on gains and profits by a person from Agro Farming
Gains and profits derived from the sale of produce of an undertaking for Agro Farming; and
Produce should not be subject to any process of production or manufacture.
The term "Agro farming" is defined to mean the tillage of the soil and cultivation of land with plants of any description, rearing of fish or animal husbandry, including poultry farms, veterinary and artificial insemination services.
This exemption has already been administrated as informed by the Notice dated 08th April 2020 (PN/IT/2020-03(Revised), issued by DIR. But, the proposal provides for definition of the term, Agro Farming and time limit for exemption.
05 Years of Assessment (Y/A) commencing on 01st April 2019
3. Income Tax on gains by a person from the realization of land Lands sold, exchanged or transferred to a Sri Lanka Real Estate Investment Trust ("SLREIT") listed in CSE and licensed by the Security Exchange Commission. w.e.f. 01st April 2021
4. Income Tax on
dividends or gains on the realization of units; or
amounts derived as gains from the realizations of capital asset of a business or investment).
Any SLREIT unit holder Not specified.
5. Income Tax on interest income from deposits of multinational companies
Interest accruing from a deposit opened by utilizing foreign sources;
Maintained the same in foreign currency in any domestic bank; and
Maintained it to cover its import expenditure for that Y/A.
w.e.f. 01st April 2021
6. Income Tax on gains from the realization of Sri Lanka International Sovereign Bonds
by a commercial bank or authorized dealer
Sri Lanka International Sovereign Bonds issued by or on behalf of the GoSL; and
Such gain is received/ derived by a commercial bank or authorized dealer who has made an aggregate investment of not less than USD 100 Mn. in such bonds on or after 01st April 2021.
w.e.f.01st April 2021
7. Income Tax on gains and profits by a person from a new undertaking, commenced on or after 01st April 2021
Excludes;
any gains from the realization of capital assets and liabilities of the business as calculated under Chapter IV of the IRA)
any undertaking formed by splitting up or re-construction of an existing undertaking.
An undertaking which sells construction materials recycled in a selected separate site established in Sri Lanka to recycle the materials, which were already used in the construction industry.
If recycled materials are used by the same person for construction services, this exemption can be claimed by deeming such materials as have been sold to the construction service business at market price. 10 years*
8. Same as Item No. 7 Any business;
by an individual;
after he successfully completes vocational education from any institution which is standardized under the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) concept and regulated by the Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission.
05 years*
9. Same as Item No. 7 An undertaking;
by a resident person;
in manufacturing of boats or ships in Sri Lanka; and
Gains/ profits derived from supplying such boats or ships.
10. Same as Item No. 7 Any "renewable energy project";
established with a capacity to generate not less than 100 Mega Watts solar or wind power; and
supplies such power to national grid.
11. Same as Item No. 7 Any undertaking by any resident person who constructs and installs communication towers and related appliances using local labour and local raw materials in Sri Lanka or provides required technical services for such construction or installation. 05 years*
12. Same as Item No. 7 Any undertaking;
for letting bonded warehouses or warehouses related to the offshore business in Colombo or Hambanthota ports; and
Investment on such warehouse has been made on or after 01st April 2021
* Tax exemption period is proposed to commence from;
the Y/A in which the undertaking commences to make profits from transactions entered into in that Y/A; or
from the commencement of the Y/A immediately succeeding the Y/A in which the undertaking completes a period of 02 years from the date on which the undertaking commences to carry on commercial operations,
whichever occurs earlier.
2. Changes in Tax Rates in Sri Lanka
Type of Income
Applicable Period
1. Income of a listed company, excluding gains from the realization of investment assets Any company which lists its shares in the CSE, prior to 31st December 2021 Reduced by 50% For the Y/A 2021/2022 (i.e., Y/A commencing on 01st April 2021)
14% For 03 Y/As commencing on 01st April 2022
(i.e., from Y/A 2022/2023 to Y/A 2024/2025)
2. Gains and profits from dividend by multinational companies Such multinational companies achieve increase in exports, excluding Specified Undertaking (defined in the IRA) by;
30% in the Y/A 2021/2022 compared to the previous Y/A; or
50% in the Y/A 2022/2023 and maintains such status in the subsequent Y/A, compared to the Y/As 2020/2021.
Reduced by 25% For the Y/A 2021/2022
Reduced by 50% For 02 Y/As immediately succeeding Y/A 2021/2022
3. Other Changes
1. Capital Allowance for the Local liquid milk industry To be granted within 02 years, for milking machines with latest technology used to manufacture local milk related products.
2. Debt claims by banks and financial institutions Instructions on specific provisions on debt claims by such institutions to be issued, in order to ensure better and transparent management.
3. Research and Development expenses Temporary concession on such expenses, which is 100% additional deduction for actual expenses incurrent in a relevant year, to be extended for another 02 years (i.e., Y/A 2021/2022 and Y/A 2022/2023).
Qualifying Payments
4. Expenditure incurred by a financial institution by way of cost of acquisition/ merger of any other financial institution
Cost is ascertained by considering all the facts on a case-by-case basis and as confirmed by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.
Claim is permitted over a period of 3 Y/As, commencing from the Y/A in which expense is incurred, in equal instalments (i.e., 1/3 of the cost per Y/A).
Any unclaimed amount during said 03 years (due to total assessable income not exceeding the deduction) can be deducted during any Y/A immediately succeeding the said 03-year period.
5. Capital Gains Tax ("CGT") – IInvestment Assets Consideration received in relation to computation of CGT will be calculated on the amount received, receivable or the assessed value at the time of realization, whichever is higher.
"Assessed Value" - the value at the time of realization, certified by a professionally qualified valuer in a valuation report.
4. Tax Administrative Measures
1. CGT
A single return to be submitted for all capital gain transactions within a calendar month and payments due to be paid within 30 days, after the relevant calendar month.
Presently, submission of CGT return and payment of CGT are due within 01 month after the date of realization.
2. Submission of Tax returns
All companies to submit tax returns only by electronic means, w.e.f. 01st April 2021.
At present, returns can be filed in writing or electronic means.
3. Tax Identification Number ("TIN") Mandatory use of TIN in all tax related documents.
4. Administrative Review
Decision of the Commissioner General of Inland Revenue ("CGIR") of the review on assessment or other decisions and the reasons for the decision to be served on the taxpayer within a period of 06 months, from the date of acknowledgement of the request for review.
At present, there is no timeline.
5. Administrative Review An appeal to the Tax Appeals Commission by a taxpayer aggrieved by a decision on administrative review to be made, within;
30 days from the date of receipt of the decision of the CGIR; or Presently, no timeline.
within next 30 days from the date after lapse of 07 months from the request for administrative review was made.
The timeline at present is 90 days.
6. Punitive provisions Punitive provisions will be introduced, against auditors, tax practitioners, tax advisors or approved accountants, other than full time employees of the tax payers, who;
intentionally disregard or fail to take reasonable care in discharging the professional duty; or
fraudulently prepare and certify those documents and information; or
deliberately misinterpret any provisions of any Act administered by the CGIR, regulation, rule or order made thereunder.
7. Tax Amnesty
No assessment to be made;
No penalty to be imposed; or
No action to be initiated,
under the penal provisions of any Act administered by the CGIR, on or after 01st January 2021,
Eligible Persons
A person who;
earned money from any source and has not declared or not paid the due taxes to the CGIR as per the relevant enactments; and
utilizes such money hidden in Sri Lanka or outside Sri Lanka as investments on any undertaking in Sri Lanka during the year 2021; but
subject to the payment of 1% of final tax to the CGIR on the gross investment amount.
Such persons are required to make a declaration to the CGIR in a prescribed form with their investment plan.
1% of tax to be paid immediately, as instructed by the CGIR.
A Separate guideline is proposed to be issued.
5. Tax Relief Measures for Post COVID - 19 Economic Recovery
Following relief measures are proposed in relation to Small and Medium Enterprises ("SME")*;
Type of Relief
1. Writing off of income tax arrears payable If the arrears;
has arisen due to any assessment made up to the Y/A 2018/2019; and
is outstanding as at 24th June 2020, in the records of the CGIR.
Provided that the CGIR is satisfied that there is no fraud or willful neglect involved in the disclosure of income or any deduction or relief by such person in return of income submitted for the relevant Y/A.
2. Non issuance of amended/ additional income tax in Sri Lanka assessment for Y/A 2019/2020 CGIR to be satisfied that there is no fraud or willful neglect involved in disclosure of income, any deduction or relief; and
SME has paid the tax declared in the return.
3. Grant of a grace period to settle taxes Any tax in default/ arrears which is outstanding and payable as at 24th June 2020.
*As per the IRA, "Small and Medium Enterprise" means a person who satisfies the following conditions:-
The person who conducts business solely in Sri Lanka other than an individual who is engaged in providing professional services individually or in partnership being an individual who is professionally qualified;
The person does not have an associate that is an entity; and
The person's annual gross turnover is less than LKR 500 Mn.
Inshira Hanifa
Ushara Rathnayake
Recent Changes to Income Tax
Tax on corporate transactions in Sri Lanka
Condominium Units to be Subject to VAT
Outline Of Sri Lankan Withholding Taxes