text:
Q: Use user input string to build function in server()? I'm writing a shiny app that uses textInput() to define 2 variable names (let's call them x=u and y=v), and an equation associated with each (let's say dx=1-u*v and dy=(u*(1-v)).
That is, I can define reactive strings x,y,dx, and dy in server() to get at those strings.
I would like to take those strings and define a function that looks like
function(u,v) {
 return(c(1-u*v,u*(1-v)))
}

which, in a plain ol' R script, I can do using eval(parse(text=paste0(...))), however I can't find a way to do this in server() when these things are reactive.
Here's an example with two eval() lines commented out. I'd like to create parms and fun based on user input and NOT have them hard-coded.
server <- function(input, output) {
  # Parse list of parameters into parms
  #### NEXT LINE DOESN'T WORK
  #eval(parse(text=paste0("parms <- c(", input$ps,")")))
  #### Instead, I can only hard-code parms...
  parms <- c(a=3,b=2,c=2)

  # Define fun() to calculate derivatives using parms
  #
  # Ex: If x=u, y=v, dx=-u + a/(1+v^b), and dy=-v + a/(1+u^c)
  #     then we'd want to define the function
  #
  # fun <- function(u,v,ps) { with(as.list(ps),{c(-u + a/(1+v^b), -v + a/(1+u^c))})}
  #
  ### THIS NEXT LINE DOES NOT WORK
  #eval(parse(text=paste0("fun <- function(","input$x",",", input$y,", ps) { with(as.list(ps),{c(",,",",,")}) }")))
  ## Instead, I must hard code it as...
  fun <- function(u,v,ps) { with(as.list(ps),{c(-u + a/(1+v^b), -v + a/(1+u^c))})}

  # Once fun() works, define fun2 for use with deSolve solvers...
  fun2 <- function(t,z,p) { list(fun(z[1],z[2],p)) }

  # numerical solution
  out <- ode(times=seq(0,10,length=150),y=c(1/2,1),func=fun2,parms=parms);

  # plot
  output$PPlot <- renderPlot({ plot(out[,-1],type="l",lty=1,lwd=2,xlab=input$x,ylab=input$y) })
}

ui <- pageWithSidebar(  headerPanel("Example"),
  sidebarPanel(
    h4("Plot"),
    ## Reformat to make these horizontal

    inputPanel(condition = "input.userAction == 'setup'",
                     textInput("x", label = h5("x-axis variable"), value = "u"),
                     textInput("y", label = h5("y-axis variable"), value = "v"),
                     textInput("dx", label = h5("dx/dt"), value = "-u + a/(1+v^b)"),
                     textInput("dy", label = h5("dy/dt"), value = "-v + a/(1+u^c)"),
                     textInput("ps", label = h5("Parameters"), value = "a=3,b=2,c=2")
    )
  ),

  mainPanel(h1("Plot Numerical Solution starting at (1/2,1)"),
            plotOutput("PPlot")
  )
)

shinyApp(ui=ui, server=server)


text:
Q: Differences between flash and web browser loading remote swf I am working on a project where I need to load a remote swf file into another using flash and as2. This should be simple, but the remote swf file is modular by design (i.e it needs to make calls to load other swf files into it)
When I enter in the location to the remote swf file from a web browser it has no problem loading up.
When I try and load the swf file using flash I get errors relating to the file system. It seems the flash being loaded into my flash is trying to load its other pieces and is looking for them on my computer.
notice the relative ../common/interface_engine.swf reference
   *** Security Sandbox Violation ***
Connection to ../common/interface_engine.swf halted - not permitted from http://www.remote-domain.com
-- Remote SWFs may not access local files.

How come a web browser does not have any issue loading swf's like this? I don't get the difference in loading techniques that flash uses and a web browser uses.
Code that I use to load remote file
_root.createEmptyMovieClip("container", 1);
    loadMovie(gamePath, "container");

A: For security reasons, Flash doesn't allow files running locally to have access to both local resources and remote resources. You can have one or the other. When the swf you're loading is referring to "../common/blah", it's relative to where it's being loaded.
Here's a much more in depth article about Flash security:
http://www.senocular.com/flash/tutorials/contentdomains/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In the course of the scheme and Home-Start North Dorset providing support and friendship to your family and monitoring and evaluating your needs, we collect and hold certain personal information about you. We will only do so with your explicit consent and in accordance with all applicable data protection legislation, including the General Data Protection Regulation.
Our volunteers discuss your support with the organiser, who in turn discusses your support with their line manager. Discussions take place in a confidential setting, for the purposes of supervision and to ensure the best possible support to your family. Volunteers meeting together for peer support do not share information that may identify or breach the confidentiality of your family.
We may share your personal information with Home-Start UK for the specific purposes of statistical analysis and the promotion of our work nationally as well as any reporting requirements for funders who support the network on a national level. This will be on a pseudo-anonymised basis (meaning that we will take steps to limit the ability to for your personal information to be identified. This will normally include the anonymisation of names and full addresses).
Google Analytics – These cookies collect information about how visitors use a website, for instance which pages visitors go to most often, and if they get error messages from web pages. These cookies don't collect information that identifies a visitor. All information these cookies collect is anonymous.
Home-Start North Dorset has registered with the Information Commissioners Office (ICO) under registration reference Z236351X.
Home-Start North Dorset are committed to ensuring the security and protection of the personal information that we process, and to provide a compliant and consistent approach to data protection. We recognise our obligations in updating and expanding this program to meet the demands of the GDPR.
Home-Start North Dorset are dedicated to safeguarding the personal information and in developing a data protection regime that is effective, fit for purpose and demonstrates an understanding of the new Regulation. Our preparation and objectives for GDPR compliance have been summarised in this statement and include the development and implementation of new data protection roles, policies, procedures, controls and measures to ensure maximum and ongoing compliance.
Home-Start North Dorset already have a consistent level of data protection and security across our organisation, however it is our aim to be fully compliant with the GDPR by 30th September 2018. (Our preparation includes, Appointing GDPR lead Trustee, training, and compiling a log of action required which is being implemented and reviewed regularly by the Chair & Trustee Lead.
We will regularly carry out a company-wide information audit to identify and assess what personal information we hold, where it comes from, how and why it is processed and if and to whom it is disclosed. Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) have helped us develop stringent procedures and assessment templates for carrying out impact. We have implemented documentation processes that record each assessment, allow us to rate the risk posed by the processing activity and implement mitigating measures to reduce the risk posed to the data subject(s). This will be an ongoing processes aided by the Trustee Audit process.
Home-Start North Dorset have designated Timothy Fearon, Trustee and Jamie Keast Senior Organiser as our Data Protection Officers and we have prompted awareness of the GDPR across the organisation, assessing our GDPR readiness, identifying any gap areas and implementing the new policies, procedures and measures.
Home-Start North Dorset understands that continuous employee awareness and understanding is vital to the continued compliance of the GDPR and have involved our employees in our preparation plans, induction and annual training program. Staff will be given annual GDPR updates as a Quality Assurance requirement.
We have introduced SAR procedures to accommodate the revised 30-day timeframe for providing the requested information and for making this provision free of charge. Our new procedures detail how to verify the data subject, what steps to take for processing an access request, what exemptions apply and a suite of response templates to ensure that communications with data subjects are compliant, consistent and adequate.
We have revised our Privacy Statement(s) to comply with the GDPR, ensuring that all individuals whose personal information we process have been informed of why we need it, how it is used, what their rights are, who the information is disclosed to and what safeguarding measures are in place to protect their information.
We have revised our consent mechanisms for obtaining personal data, ensuring that individuals understand what they are providing, why and how we use it and giving clear, defined ways to consent to us processing their information. Home-Start North Dorset will at times, on an anonymised basis, use personal information to demonstrate the impact of our services. Any case study information shared, will always be on an anonymised basis unless we have further explicit consent from individuals.
Home-Start North Dorset may use data for specific purposes of statistical analysis and the promotion of our work nationally as well as any reporting requirements for funders who support the network on a national level.
Home-Start North Dorset will share personal information with law enforcement or other authorities if required by applicable law (including, in line with our Safeguarding and Promoting the Welfare of Children/Safeguarding Adults at risks policies, where there are concerns about the safety or wellbeing of a child or adult at risk and it is considered necessary for their welfare and protection).
Home-Start North Dorset will not share your personal information with any other third party without first obtaining your explicit consent.
We have revised the wording and processes for direct marketing, including clear opt-in mechanisms for marketing subscriptions. This includes a clear method for opting out and providing unsubscribe features on all subsequent marketing materials.
We have a right to erasure process. If you wish to be erased, please contact us via office@home-start-northdorset.co.uk or 01258 473038 for our Subject Access Request information.
Home-Start North Dorset supports encryption method to protect the transition of data over both trusted and untrusted networks. Various technical security measures are also used including firewalls. The organisation obtains destruction certificates when hard drives containing personal data are destroyed.
All information on our office computers is automatically saved to Microsoft's secure digital cloud. Nothing is stored on the computer hard drive therefore no back up is required.
Home-Start North Dorset tests, discover, investigate and fix vulnerabilities and perform regular vulnerability tests.
Employees are required to sign Confidentially Statements (HR contract) upon joining Home-Start North Dorset and are required to undertake annual training. Access to data is highly restricted and is governed by access rights approved by managers.
When a data storage device has reached the end of its useful life, Home-Start North Dorset destroys data as part of a decommissioning process. All devices are destroyed in accordance with industry-standard practices.
Third-party certifications and audits are an important component of any mature security program.
A password policy requires staff to change passwords monthly. There are also rules about the complexity of passwords.
Home-Start North Dorset use an internal data capture system to track outcomes based around the work local Home-Starts undertake with families they are supporting. With a limited amount of personal data included Home-Start North Dorset take the following measures to ensure a high level of security within the system.
Access to data within MESH is governed by access rights. Privileges can be configured and managed to define multi-level access rights.
Users are authenticated through username and password which is cross checked against an SQL (Structured Query Language) table within which the data is encrypted.
After 30 minutes of inactivity a user is automatically logged out of MESH.
MESH has multi-level access procedures including a 3-level username, scheme code and password protection process.
Complexity rules are issued and validated – users MUST use 8-15 characters, at least one uppercase and one lowercase letter of the alphabet and one numerical digit.
Failed authentication lock-outs are embedded. After 3 failed attempts users are given a CAPTCHA in addition to the standard 3-level authentication process to prevent phishing. After 10 failed attempts users are locked out of MESH for 30 minutes after which the system re-sets.
Home-Start North Dorset has configurable built-in support to enable local administrators to enable and reset sub-user credentials and give limited access and exclusion to local staff and Trustees. Administrators can control number of users but administrator rights are maintained and secured by Home-Start UK.
All data collected by MESH is consented to an anonymization process in order for 3rd party statistical analysis. 3rd parties are mandated to provide their own signed GDPR compliance statements and privacy policies.
New functionality is project planned by Home-Start UK's MESH Development Group who prioritise additions and changes to the system. Work is planned and authorised within agreed resources and timescales.
Development and programming is undertaken by the MESH Systems Developer. Manual testing and assessment is conducted by the Developer and Home-Start UK's Knowledge Transfer Team leading up to release within Home-Start's network. Development is conducted on an alternative server to live data to ensure a safe testing environment and full security.
On completion of testing, users are informed of planned system maintenance and scheduled release dates which are issued to them via Home-Start UK's intranet.
Home-Start North Dorset will share information with our payment services provider only to the extent necessary for the purposes of processing payments you make via our website, refunding such payments and dealing with complaints and queries relating to such payments and refunds.
Home-Start North Dorset may disclose your personal information to any of our employees insofar as reasonably necessary to the extent that we are required to do so by law, in connection with any ongoing or prospective legal proceedings, in order to establish, exercise or defend our legal rights.
Personal information that we process for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes to the extent that we are required to do so by law.
Cookies can be used by web servers to identify and track users as they navigate different pages on a website and identify users returning to a website. We use both session and persistent cookies on our website and Google Analytics to analyse the use of our website which generates statistical and other information about website use by means of cookies.
The ICO has issued an employment practices code which Home-Start North Dorset follows for (1) Recruitment and Selection (2) Employment Records (3) Monitoring at Work and (4) Information about Workers' Health. The retention checklist is divided into two parts (1) statutory & (2) non-statutory with recommended retention periods followed to CIPD industry standards.
The Home-Start North Dorset office is secured by a locked office and locked filing cabinets.
All staff have keys to the building and there is a designated open up and lock up procedure.
The offices are managed by SturQuest Enterprises and cannot access without permission.
Employee files and the data within are kept in lockable cabinets at the Home-Start North Dorset offices at Office 2, The Exchange, Old Market Hill, Sturminster Newton, DT10 1FH. They can only be accessed by the designated keyholders.
We have a right to erasure process. If you wish to be erased, or to withdraw processing consent, or delete/correct info then please contact please contact Home-Start North Dorset via office@home-start-northdorset.co.uk -or 01258 473038 for our Subject Access Request information.
We have a notification process in place for any breach. For further details on this, please contact Home-Start North Dorset via office@home-start-northdorset.co.uk or 01258 473038 for our breach information and procedures.


Polynesia draws visitors with the promise of its dazzling beaches, coral coves brimming with tropical fish, rich Tongan heritage, and warm hospitality. Whether you are walking in Gauguin's footsteps on Tahiti, exploring the underwater world while diving exquisite reefs, or simply getting away from it all beneath a warm South Pacific sun, these books will enrich your journey to the South Sea Islands.
By Paul Theroux. In this wickedly funny and open-minded travelogue, Paul Theroux flies off to Australia and New Zealand with a kayak and ends up exploring much of Melanesia and Polynesia, including Tonga, Fiji, and the Marquesas.
By Peter Hendrie. A striking portfolio of 330 color photographs of the island countries of Melanesia and Polynesia, from Papua New Guinea across to Easter Island, chosen from the Australian photographer Peter Hendrie's 30 trips in the region over the last 20 years.
By Thor Heyerdahl. The hugely popular account of a daring 1947 voyage that sailed along the Humboldt and Equatorial currents from Peru to Tahiti. Apart from the sheer adventure, Heyerdahl wanted to show the world that Polynesians could have settled the region.
By Paul Gauguin. Originally published in 191, this insightful journal reveals artist Paul Gauguin's impressions of two years in French Polynesia. With 24 black-and-white illustrations.
By Lonely Planet. A practical guide to Tahiti and French Polynesia, featuring 29 maps, a good overview of culture, history, and nature, and much nuts-and-bolts information on excursions, dive sites, and Tahitian and French languages. With color photographs and excellent travel information, this guide includes all the archipelagos, as well as the outer islands.
By Matthias Bergbauer. A handy field guide to over 800 species of reef fish common to the Indo-Pacific. In beautiful John Beaufoy style, the guide's colorful and high-quality photographs are accompanied by detailed information on identifying features, size, biology, and distribution. Bergbauer's introduction focuses on specific types of fish behavior like mimicry and the symbiotic relationships between various species.
For more reading recommendations from Fiji to Easter Island, visit Longitude Books.


Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome's history with Alabama players has been well documented. He seems to have a particular fondness for drafting Crimson Tide linebackers.
Jarret Johnson was a fourth-round pick in 2003. Courtney Upshaw was taken in the second round in 2012. C.J. Mosley went in the first round in 2014.
Rashaan Evans, one of the top inside linebackers in the 2018 draft class, seemed well aware of that history as he excitedly confirmed that he planned to meet with Ravens officials at the NFL scouting combine Saturday night. And the thought of being a teammate with one Raven was particularly enticing.
The two were never teammates, but Evans has followed Mosley closely since he entered the pros.
Evans is projected to be a first-round pick in April. After playing mostly on special teams in his first two seasons at Alabama, Evans switched from outside linebacker to the inside ahead of his junior season. Still, he has plenty of pass-rushing ability with 10 sacks over his final two college seasons.
The Ravens' primary needs are on offense, but they have some uncertainty at the weak-side linebacker spot, where Patrick Onwuasor started 13 games last year. They also are always looking for versatile players that they can move around.


Description: Medium Insulated Cooler Bag. Great for lunch for adults or kids. Comes with adjustable web handle. Great for keeping items hot or cold. You can screen print or heat transfer print this bag to customize it to your liking.
10" H x 10.5" W x 6" Gusset.
Poly web handle with adjustable strap.


text:
Chief Compliance Officers › Ethics › Compliance
Ethical Culture-Episode 3: What is the role of a CCO in strengthening the ethical culture of an organization?
Episode 42 -- How to Manage Your CEO on Compliance
12 O'Clock High-Gini Dietrich on Learning to be a Strategic Thinker
FCPA Compliance Report-Episode 382, Susan Divers on LRN's 2018 Program Effectiveness Report
10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program - #7 Third Parties
Podcast - Risk Mitigation & Management: Bringing a Compliance Program to Life
10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program - #5 Communication and Training
10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program - #4 Risk Assessments
10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program - #3 CCO Authority & Compliance Function Resources
10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program - #1 Top Management Through the Organization
New Revenue Recognition Standard - Audio White Paper for Compliance Officers
Value-based health care: compliance infrastructure
New Revenue Recognition Standard-Part V, What does it all mean?
Day 20 of One Month to 360 Degrees of Communication in Compliance - What have we learned?
Legal Risk Management Forum: panel highlights
This Week in FCPA-Episode 77, the Home for the Holidays Edition
Suspension and Debarment
Episode 8 -- The Critical Importance of Beneficial Ownership to Compliance
Day 20: What Does Innovation in Compliance Look Like?
Day 4 of One Month of Innovation in Compliance-Welcome to ComTech
Corporate Compliance Programs: DOJ Issues Updated Guidance: Ten Takeaways for In-House Legal and Compliance Leaders
by King & Spalding on 6/14/2019
On April 30, 2019, Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski unveiled an update to the Department of Justice's Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs during a speech in Dallas, Texas. In issuing the new document (the...more
"Necessary Evil" Programs Don't Result in Ethical Organizations
by NAVEX Global on 6/5/2019
Let's start with the good news: 31% of compliance professionals believe that their organization is ethical all the time. At first glance, that might sound promising, or at least not problematic. However, when we flip the...more
Corporate Law & Governance Update - May 2019
by McDermott Will & Emery on 5/31/2019
IMPORTANT BOARD COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT - The board's nominating committee will benefit from an overview of The Conference Board's important new survey on board composition, turnover and refreshment. According to the...more
Affiliated Monitors: 15 Years of Independent Monitoring Excellence
by Thomas Fox on 5/30/2019
For this white paper, I visited with Vin DiCianni, CEO and founder of Affiliated Monitors, Inc. (AMI) as a retrospective of the company's first 15 years, which sponsored a podcast series celebrating this anniversary....more
What Are Your Risks?
What are the largest risks to a corporation? How have those risks continued to morph and change? What are some of the top enforcement priorities of agencies and regulators? Finally, what is the compliance response to both...more
Corporate Culture and "Benign" Indifference
by Michael Volkov on 5/22/2019
People are good at convincing themselves that everything is okay, despite troubling indications. Sometimes it is easier to ignore warning signs than to face the harsh reality....more
Fresenius FCPA Enforcement Action
The long-awaited Fresenius Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA (FMC) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enforcement action was recently announced. It involved massive multi-year and multi bribery schemes by the company in multiple...more
According to the DOJ & OFAC, Compliance Functions Should Actually Work, not Just Exist
by NAVEX Global on 5/16/2019
Look around, corporate ethics and compliance officers. We're suddenly peppered with new signals from the regulatory world about the importance of a strong, empowered compliance function. We see that most obviously in the...more
DOJ Issues Updated Guidance on Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs
by WilmerHale on 5/10/2019
On April 30, 2019, the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division, Brian A. Benczkowski, announced an update to the Department of Justice's ("DOJ") 2017 guidance document entitled Evaluation of Corporate Compliance...more
DOJ Criminal Division Announces Updated Corporate Compliance Program Guidance
by Shearman & Sterling LLP on 5/7/2019
On April 30, 2019, the United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division ("DOJ"), released an updated version of its guidance on "Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs" ("Compliance Program Guidance"). This...more
Corporate Compliance Programs: DOJ Issues Updated Guidance
by King & Spalding on 5/6/2019
On April 30, 2019, Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski unveiled an update to the Department of Justice's Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs during a speech in Dallas, Texas.[i] In issuing the new document...more
The Updated Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs – Guidance Document: Part 3 – Policies and Procedures
by Thomas Fox on 5/6/2019
We are in an exploration of the recently released Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs – Guidance Document(2019 Guidance), which was announced(ECI speech) by Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski at the Ethics...more
New DOJ Guidance Reflects an Evolution in the Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs
by Ropes & Gray LLP on 5/3/2019
On April 30, 2019, the DOJ's Criminal Division published an updated Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs Guidance Document ("the Guidance") for prosecutors to use in evaluating corporate compliance programs. This is an...more
The Updated Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs – Guidance Document: Part 2 – A Well Designed Program
We are in an exploration of the recently released Evaluation of Corporate Compliance Programs – Guidance Document (2019 Guidance), which was announced (ECI speech) by Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski at the Ethics...more
The Updated Evaluation Of Corporate Compliance Programs – Guidance Document: Part I – Introduction
As I noted in yesterday's blog post, at the Ethics and Compliance Initiative (ECI) Impact 2019 Conference, Assistant Attorney General Brian Benczkowski announced (ECI speech) an update to the 2017 Evaluation of Corporate...more
Does Your Board Know How to Conduct Oversight and Monitor Your Compliance Program?
There is nothing training cannot do. Nothing is above its reach. It can turn bad morals to good; it can destroy bad principles and recreate good ones; it can lift men to 'angel ship. – Mark Twain...more
For this white paper, I visited with Vin DiCianni, CEO and founder of Affiliated Monitors, Inc. as a retrospective of the company's first 15 years....more
ECI's 2018 Global Business and Ethics Survey
This paper will review the 2018 Global Business and Ethics Survey of the Ethics and Compliance Initiative. For this paper, I visited with Patricia Harned, Ph.D., the Chief Executive Officer (CEO.) There were four GBES reports...more
"Escalation Risk" Is a Growing Board Concern Compliance Professionals Can Help Ease
Compliance officers are constantly seeking new ways to demonstrate the relevance of a strong ethics and compliance program to their boards and CEOs. We now have another example served up on a platter: boards are increasingly...more
The Dangerous Compliance Threat – Budget Cuts to Compliance Programs
A fundamental requirement for an effective ethics and compliance program is that it is supported by "adequate resources." This does not mean a bare minimum requirement; nor is this requirement satisfied by flat-lining a...more
The Process of Speaking Truth to Power
by Thomas Fox on 11/30/2018
What is the best way for a Chief Compliance Officer (CCO) to speak truth to power? How do you speak up to stop something that might cause a legal violation such as under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)...more
Effective Compliance is More than the Sum of a Program's Parts
by Michael Volkov on 11/21/2018
The beauty of an effective ethics and compliance program is captured in the well-known phrase that it is worth much more than the sum of its parts....more
The Tangible Benefits of a Positive Ethical Culture
by Michael Volkov on 11/9/2018
We all enjoy citing Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart's famous description relating to obscene materials, "I know it when I see it."...more
Speak Up is Great – Is Anyone Listening?
Chief compliance officers face a mountain of tasks – it is easy to get overwhelmed. Add to the mix the fact that CCOs are under extraordinary pressure to "prevent and detect" potential violations of the company's code and...more
Building an Ethical Organization
What allows major ethics and compliance scandals to continue to hit multinational organizations? When it involves bribery and corruption, the likelihood of a lengthy, extensive and expensive Foreign Corrupt Practices Act...more
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 of 15

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mcleaniella danae is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Liotiidae.

References

Liotiidae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Temple Student Government
THE ESSAYIST
[ 14 July 2019 ] 'It's hard to put into words how special this man was': Lew Klein honored at memorial service	Campus
[ 14 July 2019 ] Longest-tenured Temple football coach Ed Foley leaves for Baylor	Featured
[ 10 July 2019 ] Temple field hockey adds former All-American to roster	Featured
[ 09 July 2019 ] Temple Board of Trustees freeze in-state tuition, mandatory fees	Featured
[ 28 June 2019 ] Gov. Wolf approves $158.2 million in state funds for Temple	Featured
HomeNewsA look at how tenure works
A look at how tenure works
Published research is a significant component of the process.
07 April 2015 Lian Parsons News, Temple Administration
Temple's faculty is comprised of nearly 3,700 members, with around a quarter of them being tenure or tenure-track. However, the process of achieving tenure is not unanimously known or understood at Temple.
Tenure is a contractual agreement between the university and a full-time faculty member in which after a probationary period, the faculty member is reviewed at multiple academic and administrative levels, earning job security and more academic freedom.
"The faculty member knows they have some freedom to pursue new ideas, to follow their research in the direction that the findings take them," Kevin Delaney, vice provost of faculty affairs, said. "They know they have the standards to be a tenured professor."
The procedure for tenure begins most often with a faculty member hired into a tenure-track position, Delaney said. The hiring process is very competitive, and hiring committees review national and international applicants. The president then makes the job and contract offer, and if an applicant is hired, he or she becomes a full-time faculty member and works for six years as an assistant professor.
A tenure-track professor is evaluated for tenure in their sixth year, he added. They must fulfill the three criteria of excellent research, teaching and service. The review process begins at the department level, in which a committee of faculty members reviews the candidate's work. There are also external reviews of the research submitted from professors at other universities.
The review then moves up to the chair of the department, and then to a committee of faculty members in the college that the faculty member is a part of, Delaney said. After that, it moves to the dean of the college, a university-level committee, the provost, the president and finally the Board of Trustees, who grant tenure status.
Each step of the review process builds on the one before. The faculty member receives reports at each level and is given the chance to write a rebuttal if he or she wishes. The process takes about nine months.
Temple's tenure process is similar to that of other Research I universities, like Drexel University and the University of Pennsylvania.
"I think the ideal model is what we're trying to achieve in this school where we have a mix of tenured faculty and tenure-track faculty, non-tenure track faculty and adjuncts," David Boardman, dean of the School of Media and Communication, said. "They each bring different attributes to the students and to education and to knowledge-creation."
Boardman, the former editor of The Seattle Times, was appointed as dean two years ago with no prior career in higher education. He received tenure because of his experience and achievement in his career in journalism.
"I still had to go through the same process for tenure," Boardman said. "In my case, the university made a determination that the level of my experience and achievement would be the equivalent of someone who had published an academic journal and achieved tenure that way."
Tenured and tenure-track professors' main responsibilities involve research and leadership roles within faculty and administration.
Non-tenure-track professors are full-time faculty members working under a one-year renewable contract or under two- to five-year contracts. The majority of their work is through teaching. Adjuncts are part-time faculty members.
The majority of classes that students take are taught by non-tenured professors.
Lian Parsons can be reached at lian.parsons@temple.edu or on Twitter @Lian_Parsons.
Lian Parsons
can be reached at lian.parsons@temple.edu Or you can follow Lian on Twitter @Lian_Parsons Follow The Temple News @TheTempleNews
Matthews pulls off 'biggest win' of career
Ensemble creates scholarship in memory of its co-founder
Camp notes: Shaun Bradley emerging as a 'vocal leader' on defense
05 August 2017 Tom Ignudo Football, Sports
Temple lost three starting linebackers and Shaun Bradley could fill one of those spots this season.
Diaz announces intent to run for mayor
20 January 2015 Christian Matozzo News, Politics
Nelson A. Diaz is getting into the mayor's race three days after Darrell Clarke dropped out.
Pixar comes to Temple
10 November 2015 Albert Hong Around Campus, Features
Matt Nolte, a Pixar artist, spoke to students about "The Good Dinosaur."
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The Temple News has been the paper of record for the Temple University community since it first printed as Temple University Weekly on Sept. 19, 1921. The award-winning student publication, editorially independent of Temple, now publishes every Tuesday and daily online. The Temple News distributes 5,000 printed copies, free of charge, to the university's primary locations in the Delaware Valley.
© 2017 The Temple News. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2018 The Temple News.


text:
Q: Какую методику применить для анализа изменяемого текста (на Python)? Задача функции - сравнить входной текст с уже имеющимся и, если он изменился, сигнализировать об этом. Такая задача возникла при написании бота, который оповещает о новости на определенной странице сайта. Дело в том, что текст на (чужом) сайте обновляется ручным способом, и поэтому часто бывает, что текст обновился, но автор решил исправить пару слов, ошибки в написании и проч. Раньше я тупо сравнивал 2 текста, одинаковы ли они или нет, но теперь хочу сделать более-менее цивилизованно, чтобы триггер не срабатывал, если в новом тексте просто добавилась какая-нибудь запятая. Пока что я делаю это таким способом:
def findMessageOverlap(new_message, old_message):
    overlap_count = 0
    for word in new_message.strip(' '):
        if word in old_message:
            overlap_count += 1
    overlap_percentage = (100 * overlap_count) / len(old_message.strip(' '))
    # if overlap percentage is less than 50%, there is new message on the site
    if overlap_percentage < 50:
        return overlap_percentage

Я обращаю разницу во встречающихся словах нового текста в проценты, и если текст отличается больше чем на 50% от старого, то сигнализирую об этом. Как вы, опытные разработчики, решили бы такую задачу? Потому что я лишь начинающий.

A: Интересная задача) По ней достаточно много обсуждений в теории алгоритмов.
Как примеры решений:
Алгоритм Шинглов
Самый распространненный подход под Вашу задачу ( его как раз используют для выявления плагиатов ).
реализации python
реализация python part2
Расстояние Левенштейна
Это минимальное количество операций для перехода из одной строки в другую.
реализация python
библиотеки в помощь:

*

*difflib
в частности посмотрите в сторону SequenceMatcher. Этот класс поможет избавиться от заранее заданных "шумов" ( запятые, табуляции, ненужные части речи )

*python-Levenshtein
библиотека реализации алгоритма поиска Расстояния Левенштейна
PS: прошу прощения за то, что не привел четкого решения под Вашу задачу.
Но она достаточно обстрактна что бы просто вставить кусок кода, который Вас выручит. Но в указанных мною ссылках, Вы вполне найдете составные блоки для ее решения.


text:
God's Little Acre
America's Colonial African Cemetery
Slave Life
Burial Markers
Lectures & Tours
A Dialogue Between Two African Women
Posted on December 20, 2013 by Theresa Guzmán Stokes
'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,
Taught my benighted soul to understand
That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too:
Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
"Their colour is a diabolic die."
Remember, Christians, Negro's, black as Cain,
May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.
– P. Wheatley
Most people would recognize the name Phillis Wheatley as the first published African woman poet in America. Believed to have been born in Senegal, she was sold into slavery at the age of seven to the Wheatley family of Boston. Recognizing her potential, they taught her to read and write, and supported her later writings in poetry. Wheatley would convert to Christianity and become an active member of the Old South Meeting House in Boston. Constantly in ill health, she would die young at the age of thirty-one.
While Wheatley's short, but remarkable life is well documented, few would recognize that Wheatley's closet friend and letter writing companion was another enslaved African woman from Newport, Rhode Island named Obour Tanner. Like Wheatley, Tanner arrived in Newport as a young slave girl, with several historical sources suggesting that she also came from Senegal. Also like Wheatley, Tanner was a servant in a home of a wealthy family. Her master, John Tanner, was a Newport silversmith and Deacon at the Seventh Day Baptist Meeting House. Obour, like many enslaved Africans in Newport at the time, learned to read and write; and on July 10, 1768 was baptized and became an active member of the First Congregational Church in Newport.
Certainly what drew both women together was their shared lives as enslaved, but highly educated African women who were converted to Christianity during a period of American religious history commonly called the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical Protestant ministers that preached a profound sense of conviction and redemption. In Newport, Obour Tanner's minister, Reverend Samuel Hopkins would become one of the most prominent leaders in the movement. Hopkins would also be recognized as one of America's first Abolitionist leaders. . The influence of the evangelical Protestant Church of the time would have profound impact on not only the lives of Wheatley and Tanner, but would also usher in the conversions of thousands of other Africans and later give rise to the African American church of present time.
There are at least seven letters from Wheatley to Tanner that have survived to the present day. Each letter is written with a deep sense of religious conviction, but also what is apparent is the nearly complete assimilation of Wheatley into white and American culture. Her writings and poems reflect a reconstructed belief system that heavenly salvation was secured by the acceptance of God along with acceptance of life (enslaved) in America as the first generation of being African American. While most of Wheatley's short life is centered on her religious beliefs and presenting them through her poetry, Obour Tanner lived in a large and active African community in Newport that provided her a personal support system that enabled her to embrace Christianity while also maintaining some semblance of her African identity through the formation of African mutual aid societies.
In 1780, a group of African men came together in Newport to organize and charter America's first mutual aid society for African and now African Americans known as the African Union Society. Later, these African mutual aid societies would spread to Boston, Providence, New York and Philadelphia. The Newport society's lofty mission included providing funds for indigent families, a burial society (Palls and Biers) to ensure proper burials, setting moral and ethical standards for public conduct within the larger community and most importantly, raising consciousness and funds within the African community to someday return to their native Africa. African women were able to become members of the society, but were restricted from having voting rights. Not to be outdone, Newport's Obour Tanner would lead several African women to establish the African Female Benevolent Society in 1809. The women's society led the efforts to raise funds in support of African widows and their families and operate a school for black children. Tanner would lead a highly productive religious and civic life in Newport. She died on June 21, 1835 living to the age of approximately eighty.
Possibly the greatest psychological challenge for enslaved Africans in America was the preservation of their African identities. Phyllis Wheatley one of America's most educated slaves might have lost much of her African identity and heritage due to her lack of African community support, while Obour Tanner, surrounded by a vibrant and engaged community of Africans, was able to assimilate into her Christian identity while also maintaining her positive African uniqueness.
What Obour Tanner had in Newport and what Phyllis Wheatley may have lacked, was a strong, black operated mutual aid organization that would have ensured that Wheatley's newly found religious identity would complement, not supplanted her African identity. The Newport African Union and African Female Benevolent Societies may very well be the forerunners to the present-day NAACP, National Urban League and the National Coalition of 100 Black Women led by Newport African women like Obour Tanner that provided a unified and organized voice to the religious, social, civil and educational needs of the African American community.
-KS
Theresa Guzmán Stokes
President at 1696 Heritage Group
Latest posts by Theresa Guzmán Stokes (see all)
Africans in Newport History Celebration - July 23, 2014
Gilded Age Newport in Color - June 12, 2014
A Dialogue Between Two African Women - December 20, 2013
This entry was posted in Religion, Women by Theresa Guzmán Stokes. Bookmark the permalink.
One thought on "A Dialogue Between Two African Women"
psul campbell on October 30, 2016 at 5:19 pm said:
Hi guys. This is Paul Campbell. I am working (for quite some time) on a book that relates the evolution of the gold and silversmith industries along with clock making and jewelry from its earliest appearance in RI in the late 17th century to 1850. The tentative title is THE ARTFUL CRAFT. The book will contain a historical narrative as well as biographies of approximately 160 craftsmen who worked during this period. I did find one slave who worked as an apprentice to Isaac Anthony. His name was "Newport" and ran away from his master in 1749. You have info on John Tanner and his slaves Scipio and Obour. I believe John's brother James was heavily involved in the slave trade.
Perhaps we can chat some time.
Design by 1696 Heritage Group


Airplane food has for most of us an awful reputation. Some airplane food is awful, but generally speaking it is a lot better now than it was ten (or twenty) years ago. SAS doesn´t offer meals on these short flights, rather an array of snacks to hold folks like me over until reaching my destination.
The savory choices on these trips come in the form of potato chips, nuts and crispbread with a cream cheese-like substance. As for sweets it´s pretty much chocolate and muffins one can choose between. I generally go the cashews-and-a-glass-of-water route, but I have sampled my way through most of what they have to offer – including the chocolate muffin. More on this is a bit.
A word about Norway: Norway is NOT a great muffin nation, or for that matter a cookie or brownie nation. There are lots of brownies and muffins around, most of them (on a scale of 1 – 10, where 10 is best) hovering between a 3 and a 4. Cookies fall another notch on the scale, but that´s a different story.
As far as muffins go the biggest problems are industrial baking and not-wonderful ingredients. The other thing that really irritates me with the Norwegian muffins is that they are often enormous, and an enormous industrial muffin is too much muffin. A really great muffin should be homemade, using great ingredients, and portion-wise just enough to satisfy. I should also add that many of the best muffins are best served warm, right out of the oven, and generously buttered. A newly-baked blueberry muffin with just-melted butter is an iconic dish.
There is another muffin I really love. It is made with apples and pecans, brown sugar and cinnamon. Eating one of these babies could easily make you forget you are sitting in the worst seat on the plane, if that is where you are sitting. The sweaty guy on your left and the lady on your right, the one who just can´t stop talking, will all of a sudden cease to exist. If you had the connections to get this baby warmed up and buttered, you could just close your eyes and enjoy the perks of sitting alone in Business Class.
Ha epleterningene i en bolle med vann og litt sitronsaft oppi (for å unngå at de blir brune).
Bland sammen hvetemel, bakepulver, salt, brunt sukker og kanel i en stor bolle.
Ha egg, melk og smeltet smør i melblandingen. Ikke rør.
Sil av vannet fra epleterningene og ha dem, sammen med pekannøttene, opp i deigen.
Rør blandingen forsiktig sammen, til melet er så vidt blandet inn. Må ikke røres for mye!
Bruk en skje for å fylle deigen oppi en smurt muffins-form. Det blir nok deig til 12 store muffins.
Stek dem i ovnen i 20–25 minutter til de er gyllenbrune.
Previous PostWhite Sauce: What A Name, What A SauceNext PostThey´re alive, dammit! It´s a miracle!
P.S. That Bartlesville's Pioneer Woman doesn't have a thing on you.
Hi Kathy! Thanks. I really like good muffins and this one is a doozy. We are all well and I hope the same applies to you, Neal and the rest of the eastern OK bunch. Send our best!


Ok, I think we are finally at the end of my [slight] obsession with the Wellington Testimonial, to use it's proper name. If you are reading this Conor, then look, I have finally used the official name.
Most people, including myself I should add, call this particular structure the Wellington Monument, well I have news for you now my friends, it's actually called the Wellington Testimonial.
The Wellington Testimonial was designed by Robert Smirke as a testimonial to Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. It was completed in 1861 and is the tallest obelisk in Europe at just over 62 metres tall. I gather it was once the largest obelisk in the world, but alas no longer, that medal belongs to the Washington Monument in, er………………Washington.
There are lots of great stories attached to the building of the monument but I think my favourite has to be the poor butler who allegedly managed to get himself sealed up inside the plinth. The story goes he slipped inside with lots of dirty crockery after an al fresco opening party and nobody noticed he was inside when they laid the final few blocks to seal up the entire structure. The poor guy wasn't noticed missing for a few days. I wonder did he stash any food inside on the sly.
To purchase a signed 12 x 9 inch print of this photo, just click the button below.
This entry was posted in Black and White Photography, Film Photography, Irish Landscapes, Phoenix Park, Photography and tagged arthur wellesley, Black and White, Black and White Photography, bronica medium format, Film Photography, Medium Format, medium format camera, Phoenix Park, Photography, Wellington Monument. Bookmark the permalink.
Interesting historical tidbits about the Wellington Testimonial. How sad for the butler:(.
I like the rocks in the foreground of your picture. Nice.
I would love to think that the butler story is true but some people question it, kind of funny though.
Thanks again for your encouraging comments.
That's a new one to me Phil. Thanks for that, I'll be using that name from now on.


text:
2/2020 Self-publishing and Building Glocal Scenes
1/2020 Fanzines in Historical and Interdisciplinary Perspective
2/2019 Loyal and Disloyal to the King
1/2019 Slovak Autonomy 1938 – 1939: The Initial Phase of the Holocaust and Persecution
2/2018 Exiting Wars: From Napoleonic Wars to World War II
1/2018 Elite in Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries
2/2017 Local Roots – European Connections. The Position of Nazarene Art in 19th-Century Europe
1/2017 Landscape, Nature and Environment in the Past
2/2016 Standards of Living, Housing and Urban Planning in the City during the 19th and 20th Century
1/2016 (De)formation of Rural Areas in the Collectivization Process
2/2015 Between the Social and Political Radicalism of 1918 – 1939
1/2015 The Paths of Secularisation in the Long 19th Century
2/2014 Power and State in Medieval Europe
1/2014 Ideology within Space and Time
2/2013 Slovak Political Thinking 1848 - 1914
1/2013 How To Speak About Communism?
2/2012 Ethnic Stereotypes In Historical Research
1/2012 Transformations of the Family in the History of the Kingdom of Hungary and Slovakia
2/2011 Corruption
1/2011 Institutional Preconditions of a Science Development in Slovakia after 1918
2/2010 Nobility in Medieval and Modern Kingdom of Hungary
1/2010 Democracy, Society and Politics in Interwar Slovakia
2/2009 Historical Narrative, Ideology and Historiography
1/2009 Family at War
2/2008 Towns and Nobility, Burghers and Nobles
1/2008 Variations Between Memory and History
1/2007 The History of Slovakia on the Threshold of the Third Millenium
The Archaeology of Early Medieval Service Settlements in Eastern Europe
Archeológia ranostredovekej služobníckej organizácie vo východnej Európe
Curta, Florin
"Service settlement" is a favourite phrase of several Polish and Czech medievalists who use it commonly to refer to villages of specialised workers (peasants or craftsmen) serving the exclusive needs of neighbouring fortresses or local manor houses. Polish historians have linked the service settlements to ducal or royal estates and argued that such villages emerged to meet the exclusive demands of Polish dukes or the king and his court. Service settlements were therefore to be found around ducal or royal residences and palaces, located within or outside regional fortresses. Since the 1960s, local names have represented the most significant evidence as far as the study of medieval service settlements in Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary and Poland was concerned. However, as a rule, the archaeology played only a minor if any role. While further prospects of the archaeological research of the service settlements in Bohemia and Poland do not seem to be particularly promising, the research of sites base around the 9th century centres of powers in Moravia, western Hungary and Bulgaria have essentially progressed within last ten years. It has offered new interpretation options concerning a clarification of "service settlement" functioning. In any case, it is necessary to say that the progress in the service villages' research is after all less dependent on an analysis of the local names and shall be rather based on the archaeological research. Such a research can be carried out only through long-term excavations and modern techniques of a space analysis.
medieval archeology
medieval service settlements
Pohansko
Power and State in Medieval Europe
6_curta[1].pdf
Journal's ethical standards
Institute od History, SAS


text:
MI Ct. App.
PEOPLE v. BRZEZINSKI
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. John F. BRZEZINSKI, Defendant-Appellee.
Docket No. 225395.
Decided: December 01, 2000
Before GRIBBS, P.J., and MICHAEL J. KELLY and HOEKSTRA, JJ. Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Daniel E. Hass, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people. Law Office of Jonathan P. Barstow, P.C. (by Dale J. Anderson), Menominee, for the defendant.
The prosecutor appeals by leave granted the trial court's order granting defendant's motion to suppress physical evidence discovered during a search of the defendant. We vacate the order and for further proceedings.
Defendant moved to suppress evidence found by state troopers when they searched him after they found him unconscious in the back seat of a vehicle near the scene of a suspicious fire. Defendant matched the description of a man seen leaving the scene of the fire who seemed to be disoriented and injured. The prosecutor argued that although the search had been done without a warrant, it fell under the "emergency aid" exception to the warrant requirement because defendant was not responding to the troopers' attempts to rouse him and that their search for defendant's identification was necessary to help them in rendering medical assistance to defendant.
A lower court's factual findings in a suppression hearing are reviewed for clear error and will be affirmed unless the reviewing court has a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. People v. Cheatham, 453 Mich. 1, 29-30, 44, 551 N.W.2d 355 (1996).
The right against unreasonable searches and seizures is guaranteed by both the state and federal constitutions. U.S. Const., Am. IV; Const. 1963, art. 1, § 11. The constitutions do not forbid all searches and seizures, only unreasonable ones. Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 150, 67 S.Ct. 1098, 91 L.Ed. 1399 (1947). Reasonableness depends on the facts and circumstances of each case. Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 440, 93 S.Ct. 2523, 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973). Generally, a search conducted without a warrant is unreasonable unless there exists both probable cause and exigent circumstances establishing an exception to the warrant requirement. In re Forfeiture of $176,598, 443 Mich. 261, 265, 505 N.W.2d 201 (1993); People v. Jordan, 187 Mich.App. 582, 586, 468 N.W.2d 294 (1991). Probable cause to search exists when facts and circumstances warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that a crime has been committed and that the evidence sought will be found in a stated place. Whether probable cause exists depends on the information known to the officers at the time of the search. Id., at 586-587, 468 N.W.2d 294. Among the recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement are exigent circumstance, searches incident to a lawful arrest, stop and frisk, consent, and plain view. In re Forfeiture of $176,598, supra, at 266, 505 N.W.2d 201; Jordan, supra, at 587, 468 N.W.2d 294.1 Each of these exceptions, while not requiring a warrant, still requires reasonableness and probable cause. Id. However, probable cause to search is not required in two exceptions, the "emergency aid" exception and the "community caretaker" exception. People v. Davis, 442 Mich. 1, 13, 22, 497 N.W.2d 910 (1993).
The "emergency aid" exception allows police officers to make an entry or search without a warrant where they reasonably believe it is necessary to assist a person who may be in serious need of medical aid. Id., at 20, 497 N.W.2d 910; City of Troy v. Ohlinger, 438 Mich. 477, 483-484, 475 N.W.2d 54 (1991). However, the entry must be limited to the justification given, and the officer must be motivated primarily by the perceived need to render aid or assistance. Id., at 484, 475 N.W.2d 54. The officer may not do more than is reasonably necessary to determine whether a person is in need of assistance and to provide that assistance. Id.
In this case, the trial court held that the troopers were justified under the "emergency aid" exception to enter the vehicle. They had received a report about a man acting disoriented and possibly injured, and they found defendant, who matched the description given in the report, asleep or unconscious on the back seat of a parked vehicle. They could not awaken him or assess his medical condition from outside the vehicle. However, soon after entering the vehicle, their acts ceased to be directed toward defendant's medical state and instead focused on identifying him. The trial court determined that the desire to know defendant's identity was the reason the troopers were looking for identification, not to help them in giving medical assistance. Both troopers admitted that there would have been nothing on a driver's license that would enable them to give defendant medical assistance. The court specifically reasoned that the entry into the car was justified but that there was no medical need to identify defendant, and that the extent of the troopers' search exceeded what was required in the situation. The trial court's findings do not appear to be clearly erroneous. However, this conclusion does not necessarily require that the evidence obtained as a result of the search without a warrant be excluded. In this case, it appears that evidence seized from defendant without a warrant may nevertheless be admissible under the inevitable discovery exception.
The inevitable discovery rule was recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 104 S.Ct. 2501, 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984). In Nix, the Court held that evidence obtained in violation of the constitution could still be admitted at trial if the prosecution established by a preponderance of the evidence that the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means. Id., at 444, 104 S.Ct. 2501; People v. Stevens (After Remand), 460 Mich. 626, 637, 597 N.W.2d 53 (1999). The purpose of the inevitable discovery doctrine is to block setting aside convictions that would have been obtained without police misconduct. Nix, supra, at 443, n. 4, 104 S.Ct. 2501. If the evidence would have been inevitably obtained, then there is no rational basis for excluding the evidence from the jury. Stevens, supra, at 637, 597 N.W.2d 53. "In fact, suppression of the evidence would undermine the adversary system by putting the prosecution in a worse position than it would have been in had there been no police misconduct." Id. The inevitable discovery doctrine is recognized in Michigan and may justify the admission of otherwise tainted evidence that ultimately would have been obtained in a constitutionally accepted manner. Id.; People v. Kroll, 179 Mich.App. 423, 429, 446 N.W.2d 317 (1989).
The Court in Stevens, supra, at 638, 597 N.W.2d 53, noted that the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit set forth the following factors in applying the inevitable discovery doctrine:
"[T]here are three basic concerns which surface in an inevitable discovery analysis: are the legal means truly independent; are both the use of the legal means and the discovery by that means truly inevitable; and does the application of the inevitable discovery exception either provide an incentive for police misconduct or significantly weaken fourth amendment protection? [United States v. Silvestri, 787 F.2d 736, 744 (C.A.1, 1986).]"
Although not clear from the record provided to this Court, and not raised or decided below, the inevitable discovery rule may apply to this case. For example, in light of the eyewitness description of the man seen leaving the area of the fire, a description that matched defendant, it appears that the police may have had probable cause to obtain a warrant for the search. If there was probable cause for the issuance of a warrant, the incriminating evidence found in defendant's pockets would have been discovered anyway, in spite of any police misconduct. See, e.g., State v. Lay, 896 S.W.2d 693 (Mo.App., 1995); State v. Irby, 632 So.2d 801 (La.App., 1994); People v. Alvarado, 268 Ill.App.3d 459, 206 Ill.Dec. 15, 644 N.E.2d 783 (1994). Alternatively, in light of all the circumstances surrounding this incident, including the eyewitness description of the alleged perpetrator, a description that matched defendant, defendant's appearance on the scene may have been sufficiently suspicious to entitle the officers, under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), to conduct a pat-down search. The discovery of the evidence may have been inevitable during a proper pat-down search. See, e.g., United States v. Jackson, 901 F.2d 83 (C.A.7, 1990); Miller v. State, 667 S.W.2d 773 (Tex.Crim.App., 1984).
Because it appears from the record before us that the evidence in defendant's pockets may have been discovered despite any police misconduct, we vacate the suppression order and remand for consideration of this matter in light of the inevitable discovery rule. The prosecution shall be given the opportunity to establish that the evidence defendant claims should be suppressed would have been discovered despite any police misconduct. However, if the lower court determines that the evidence would not have been inevitably discovered, then the evidence must be suppressed. People v. Spencer, 154 Mich.App. 6, 18-19, 397 N.W.2d 525 (1986).
1. The introduction into evidence of materials seized and observations made during an unlawful search is prohibited by the exclusionary rule. Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914), overruled on other grounds in Elkins v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 80 S.Ct. 1437, 4 L.Ed.2d 1669 (1960). The rule also prohibits the introduction of materials and testimony that are the products or indirect results of an illegal search, the so-called "fruit of the poisonous tree." Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963).
MICHAEL J. KELLY, J.


text:
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}

A remarkable feature revealed by observations is that exoplanetary systems exhibit great diversity \citep{wf15}.
The diversity has led to the proposition of a number of formation and migration scenarios.
These include pebble accretion for the efficient build-up of planetary cores at $r>10$ au \citep{ok10,lj12},
in-situ gas accretion for forming hot Jupiters at the present close-in locations \citep{bhl00,bbl16},
and planetary migration driven by disk-planet interaction \citep{lbr96,kn12}.
In addition to the standard core accretion scenario \citep{p96},
exploitation of these mechanisms allows the possibility of reproducing a wealth of exoplanets' observational properties \citep{il04i,mka14,h16,jl17}.

Despite the progress, our understanding of planet formation in protoplanetary disks is nevertheless imperfect.
One critical reason for this is that the primary formation site of planets is poorly constrained.
If the site could be identified, one can infer which formation mechanism(s) would dominate and to what extent, planetary migration would be needed
for explaining the current orbital architecture of both the solar and extrasolar planetary systems.
It has been suggested recently that the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio of planets is one promising observable for identifying where planets form \citep{omb11,mak14,bfm17}.
However, \citet{mvm16} point out that an improved understanding of the distribution of elemental materials in natal protoplanetary disks would be needed
in order to derive any useful information from the observed C/O ratio \citep[also see][]{efm17}.

Here we propose another quantity as a tracer for the formation site of exoplanets.
Improved measurements of masses and radii of exoplanets enable the computation of the abundance of heavy elements in a well-measured subset of planets \citep{gsp06,mf11}.
Through a careful selection of 47 exoplanets taken from larger samples,
\citet[hereafter, T16]{tfm16} derive the following correlations between a planet's total mass ($M_p$) and its heavy-element mass ($M_Z$)
and between $M_p$ and its metallicity ($Z_p \equiv M_Z/M_p$). These are, respectively
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:T16}
M_Z \propto M_p^{\Gamma_Z} \mbox{ and } \frac{Z_p}{Z_s} \propto M_p^{\beta_Z},
\end{equation}
where $Z_s$ is the host stellar metallicity, $\Gamma_Z=0.61 \pm 0.08 $, and $\beta_Z=-0.45 \pm 0.09$.
These correlations are referred to as the heavy-element content trend in this work.
The follow-up work of \citet[hereafter H18]{hbi18} provides an explanation for this trend,
focusing on solid accretion from {\it gapped} planetesimal disks.
Such solid accretion occurs simultaneously with gas accretion after planetary core formation is completed.
In this Letter, we use the heavy-element content trend and the analysis of H18
to identify a plausible solid accretion zone in the mass-semimajor axis diagram.
Our study implies that in order to reproduce the trend,
planets would initially, efficiently accrete solids beyond $r \geq 0.6$ au and subsequently migrate to their present locations.

\section{Metal Enrichment of Planets via Planetesimal accretion} \label{sec:mod}

\subsection{Disk model} \label{sec:mod_1}

We adopt the steady state disk model \citep{fkr02}:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:mdot}
\dot{M}_{\rm d} = 3 \pi \nu \Sigma_{\rm g},
\end{equation}
where $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$ is the disk accretion rate, $\Sigma_{\rm g}$ is the gas surface density,
$\nu = \alpha c_{\rm s} H_{\rm g}$  is the effective viscosity, $c_{\rm s}$ is the local sound speed, $H_{\rm g}=c_{\rm s}/ \Omega$ is the pressure scale height,
and $\Omega$ is the Keplerian angular velocity.
The $\alpha$-prescription is used for characterizing the efficiency of angular momentum transport in disks \citep{ss73}.
For the disk temperature ($T_{\rm d}$) prescription, we follow the minimum-mass solar nebula model \citep{h81}:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:T_d}
T_{\rm d} = T_{\rm d0} \left( \frac{r}{1 \mbox{ au}} \right)^{-t},
\end{equation}
where $T_{\rm d0}=280$ K and $t=1/2$ under the assumption of an optically thin disk.

There are two parameters in this disk model, $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$ and $\alpha$.
We verify that results of this work are relatively insensitive to variations in $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$; therefore we adopt $\dot{M}_{\rm d}= 10^{-8} M_{\odot} \mbox{ yr}^{-1}$,
following disk observations \citep{hcg98,wc11}.
We assume that $\alpha=10^{-2}$, a choice is motivated by the recent MHD simulations of protoplanetary disks.
When disks are fully ionized and non-ideal MHD effects are of lesser importance,
the magnetorotational instability operates and the resulting MHD turbulence transports angular momentum radially \citep{bh98}.
When non-ideal MHD effects dominate and magnetic fields threading disks are strong enough, and with appropriate geometries,
disks would be laminar and magnetically induced disk winds remove angular momentum vertically \citep{si09,bs13}.
In both cases, the corresponding value of $\alpha$ is the order of $10^{-2}-10^{-3}$ to account for high accretion rates \citep{hcg98,oh11,hof17}.

\subsection{Gas and solid accretion onto planets} \label{sec:mod_2}

We consider the metal enrichment of planets through planetesimal accretion, after core formation is complete.
In this case, the efficiently of planetesimal accretion is related to the rates of gas accretion onto (proto)planets \citep[H18]{zl07,si08}.
We now describe the model used in this work.

First, we consider solid accretion, for which we employ a semi-analytical approach.
It would be ideal to compute the total heavy-element mass accreted onto planets by tracing planet formation and migration histories.
When a large parameter space would be covered by running population synthesis calculations,
one can directly compare theoretical predictions with observational results \citep{mka14}.
In this work, however, we focus exclusively on the power-law indices ($\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$) for the heavy-element content trend.
This is because then one can examine each planet-forming process individually, and
specify what process would be most crucial for understanding the inferred trend.
In practice, we closely follow the approach in H18,
wherein a semi-analytical formula for planetesimal accretion rates, derived from detailed $N$-body simulations \citep{si08}, is employed.
Assuming that the planet radius scales as $M_p^{1/3}$, $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ can be written as (H18)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Mpz}
\Gamma_{Z} & = &  1 + \beta_{Z}  \\ \nonumber
                      & = & 1 - \frac{12D +17}{30}  = \frac{13 - 12D }{30},
\end{eqnarray}
where $D$ is the power-law index of the gas accretion timescale, that is, $\tau_p = M_p / \dot{M}_p \propto M_p^D$,
where $\dot{M}_p$ is the gas accretion rate onto planets.
By definition, $Z_p \equiv M_Z/M_p$, that is, $\Gamma_{Z}  =  1 + \beta_{Z}$.
Note that the above equation is derived under the assumption
that solid accretion onto planets takes place from gapped planetesimal disks without migration (see below for the importance of planetesimal gaps).
Thus, one can compute the values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ directly for given values of gas accretion rates via $D$.

Gas accretion onto planets becomes possible when the surface escape velocity of (proto)planets exceeds the sound speed of the surrounding disk gas.
This corresponds roughly to moon-mass objects at $r=1$ au in our model.
Such accreted gas forms hydrostatic envelopes around planetary cores due to the pressure gradient.
Gas accretion contributes effectively to planetary growth when the hydrostatic assumption breaks down and the envelopes contract rapidly \citep{p96}.
The critical core mass is defined for this transition,
and the gas accretion rate is initially determined by the timescale of envelope contraction, also known as the Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale \citep{ine00}:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:tau_KH}
\tau_{p, \rm KH} = 10^{c} f_{\rm grain} \left( \frac{M_p}{ 10 M_{\oplus} } \right)^{-d} \mbox{yr},
\end{equation}
where $f_{\rm grain} \ll 1$ is the acceleration factor due to the reduction of grain opacity in planetary envelopes,
and we set that $c=7$ and $d=4$ following \citet{tn97}.
Recent studies suggest that dust growth and sedimentation are efficient in planetary envelopes \citep{mbp10,o14}
and that the resulting reduction in grain opacity is preferred for better reproducing the population of observed exoplanets \citep{mka14,hp14}.
We therefore assume that $f_{\rm grain} = 10^{-2}$.
Consequently, the mass growth rate ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}$) of planets is written as
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Mpdot_KH}
\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}  \simeq         \frac{M_p}{ \tau_{p, \rm KH} }
                                = 10^{-4}  \left( \frac{f_{\rm grain}}{ 10^{-2} } \right)^{-1}  \left( \frac{M_p}{ 10 M_{\oplus} } \right)^{5} \frac{M_{\oplus}}{\mbox{yr}}.
\end{equation}

The value of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}$ increases rapidly  with increasing $M_p$.
In order to avoid an unrealistically high value of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}$,
we use the results of hydrodynamical simulations \citep{tw02} and impose the following upper limit \citep{ti07}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Mpdot_hydro}
\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro} & =          &  0.29 \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}}{r_p} \right)^{-2}  \left( \frac{M_p}{M_*} \right)^{4/3} \Sigma_{\rm g} r_p^2 \Omega  \\ \nonumber

                                   & \simeq &  1.5 \times 10^{-3}  \left( \frac{\alpha}{10^{-2}} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}/r_p}{0.05} \right)^{-4}  \\ \nonumber
                                   & \times  &   \left( \frac{M_p}{10 M_{\oplus}} \right)^{4/3} \left( \frac{\dot{M}_{\rm d}}{10^{-8} M_{\odot} \mbox{ yr}^{-1}}  \right)       \frac{M_{\oplus}}{\mbox{yr}},
\end{eqnarray}
where $r_p$ is the position of planets and $M_*=M_{\odot}$ is the mass of the central star.
Thus, as the planet mass increases,  gas supply from disks to planets is limited by disk evolution.

The above expressions will remain valid until planets are massive enough to open up gaps in gas disks \citep{kn12}.
Once planet-disk interaction starts modifying the disk structure, the gas accretion flow will come from the polar direction rather than along the midplane \citep{mki10,smc14}.
Assuming that the gas dynamical timescale is $\tau_{\rm dyn} \sim H_{\rm g}^2 / \nu$ and that the gas accretion flow originates from $z \geq r_{\rm H}$,
where $r_{\rm H}= r_p(M_p/(3M_*))^{1/3}$ is the Hill radius of planets,
the gas accretion rate onto planets ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$) can be given as \citep{msc14}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Mpdot_gapI}
\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI} & \simeq         & 2 \pi r_p v_r 4
                                                   \int_{r_{\rm H}}^{\infty} dz \frac{\Sigma_{\rm g}}{ \sqrt{ 2 \pi }H_{\rm g} } \exp \left( - \frac{z^2}{2 H_{\rm g}^2} \right)  \\ \nonumber
                                  & =         &   \frac{4}{3}  \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}}{r_p} \right)^{-1}
                                                      \mbox{erfc} \left[ \frac{1}{ \sqrt{2}} \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}}{r_p} \right)^{-1} \left( \frac{M_p}{3 M_*} \right)^{1/3} \right]   \dot{M}_{\rm d},
\end{eqnarray}
where $v_r = H_{\rm g} / \tau_{\rm dyn}$ is the gas radial velocity and $\mbox{erfc}$ is the complementary error function.
A factor of 4 arises to take account of the accretion flow coming from two surface layers of the disk and both sides of a gas gap.

There are other gas accretion recipes available in the literature \citep{lhdb09,tt16}.
As an example, we consider the one ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII} $) that utilizes the results of more recent hydrodynamical simulations \citep{fsc14,kmt15}.
These simulations suggest that gas gaps carved by planets tend to be shallower than those predicted by previous simulations \citep{ti07,lhdb09}.
Then the resulting $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII} $ is given as \citep{tt16}
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Mpdot_gapII}
\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII} & =          & \frac{8.5}{3 \pi} \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}}{r_p} \right) \left( \frac{M_p}{M_*} \right)^{-2/3}  \dot{M}_{\rm d} \\ \nonumber
                                 & \simeq & 3.4 \times 10^{-2}  \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}/r_p}{0.05} \right) \left( \frac{M_p}{100M_{\oplus}} \right)^{-2/3}  \\ \nonumber
                                 & \times  &   \left( \frac{\dot{M}_{\rm d}}{10^{-8} M_{\odot} \mbox{ yr}^{-1}}  \right)  \frac{M_{\oplus}}{\mbox{yr}}.
\end{eqnarray}
In our preliminary study, we have found that as the planet mass increases,
our recipe ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$) takes the intermediate value between $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$ and the one derived from the classical deep gap.
Thus, $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$ provides the mean behavior of gas accretion onto planets after gas gap formation.

In summary, we consider 4 gas accretion recipes to compute the values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ (see Equation (\ref{eq:Mpz})).

\subsection{Resulting trends of the heavy-element mass} \label{sec:mod_3}

We discuss what stage of planet formation is most important for reproducing the results of T16 (see Equation (\ref{eq:T16})).

\begin{figure*}
\begin{minipage}{17cm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig1a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig1b.pdf}
\caption{Gas accretion rates and the resulting timescales as a function of planet mass on the left and right panels, respectively.
The case that $r_p=10$ au is considered here.
On the left, $\dot{M}_{\rm d}$ is denoted by the horizontal, black line for reference.
The minimum value of $\dot{M}_p$ is denoted by the thick gray line.
On the right, gas accretion timescales are computed by $\tau_{p}=M_p/ \dot{M}_p$.}
\label{fig1}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{figure*}

Figure \ref{fig1} shows gas accretion rates and the resulting timescales as a function of planet mass on the left an right panels, respectively.
We consider that $r_p=10$ au here.
Gas accretion switches from $\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}$ to $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}$, and to the one ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$ or $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$) with increasing planet mass.
We find that while the recipe of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$ is rather simple,
the resulting value becomes comparable to that of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$ when planets become just massive enough to open up gaps in the disks.
As the planet mass increases, $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$  becomes smaller than $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$
since the latter can achieve efficient gas accretion due to shallower gaps.
We focus on computing the values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$,
and hence it is assumed in Equations (\ref{eq:Mpdot_gapI}) and (\ref{eq:Mpdot_gapII}) that
planets accrete the disk gas flowing into gaps at the 100 \% efficiency.
Numerical simulations, however, show that only some fractions of gas can contribute to planetary growth and
the rest of gas goes back to the surrounding disks through the horse-shoe orbit \citep{ld06}.
This example exhibits that the first ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}$) and the final ($\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$ or $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$) stages take a longer time
and planets can become gas giants within gas disk lifetimes when their core mass is $\ga 5 M_{\oplus}$.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig2.pdf}
\caption{The resulting power-law indices ($\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$) as a function of planet mass
for the case that solid accretion onto planets occurs from gapped planetesimal disks.
The thick gray line denotes the results obtained from  $\dot{M}_{p, \rm min}$ (see Figure \ref{fig1}).
The horizontal, shaded silver region represents the results of T16 that can be reproduced by the regime of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}$
(see the vertical dashed lines marked by $M_{p, \rm transI}$ and $M_{p, \rm transII}$).}
\label{fig2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

We now compute the values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ by adopting $D \, (M_p / \dot{M}_p \propto M_p^D)$ obtained from each gas accretion regime.
Figure \ref{fig2} shows the results.
The values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ change suddenly when the gas accretion recipe switches from one another as the planet mass increases (see the thick gray line).
We confirm the finding of H18:
The heavy-element content trend can be reproduced well if it traces the stage where
planets accrete solids from their surrounding, {\it gapped} planetesimal disks, while gas accretion is limited by disk evolution.
In other words, there is a plausible mass range for explaining the heavy-element content trend
(see the regime of $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}$ encompassed by $M_{p, \rm transI}$ and $M_{p, \rm transII}$).
We examine below how such a mass range behaves as a function of the distance from the central star.

\subsection{Formation sites} \label{sec:mod_4}

We finally identify formation sites of planets that can reproduce the heavy-element content trend.

The plausible mass range is computed by $\dot{M}_{p, \rm KH}=\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}$ and $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}=\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$ (see Figure \ref{fig2}).
Physically, the range represents planets that are more massive than the critical core mass and undergo efficient gas accretion (the former condition)
and that are less massive to open up gaps in gas disks (the latter).
Then the characteristic masses can be written as, respectively
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:Mp_transI}
M_{p, \rm transI} & \simeq & 21 \left( \frac{f_{\rm grain}}{ 10^{-2} } \right)^{3/11}   \left( \frac{\alpha}{10^{-2}} \right)^{-3/11}  \\ \nonumber
                            & \times &\left( \frac{H_{\rm g}/r_p}{0.05} \right)^{-12/11}  \left( \frac{\dot{M}_{\rm d}}{10^{-8} M_{\odot} \mbox{ yr}^{-1}}  \right)^{3/11}  M_{\oplus},
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{equation}
M_{p, \rm transII} \simeq  0.3 \left( \frac{\alpha}{10^{-2}} \right)^{1/2} \left( \frac{H_{\rm g}/r_p}{0.05} \right)^{5/2} M_{\rm J},
\end{equation}
where $M_{\rm J}$ is Jupiter mass.
Note that in order to compute $M_{p, \rm transII}$, we have adopted $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapII}$, rather than $\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$.
This substitute simplifies the expression of $M_{p, \rm transII}$ considerably
without any significant deviation from the mass computed by $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}=\dot{M}_{p, \rm gapI}$.

\begin{figure
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{The radial dependences of $M_{p, \rm transI}$ and $M_{p, \rm transII}$, and
the resulting mass region in which the heavy-element content trend can be reproduced (see the red shaded region).
The light green dots denote observed exoplanets listed in exoplanets.org, while the purple squares are the samples of T16.
For reference,  the solar system planets are shown by the black triangles.}
\label{fig3}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Figure \ref{fig3} shows the resulting values of $M_{p, \rm transI}$ and $M_{p, \rm transII}$ and the corresponding mass region.
Our results indicate that the plausible mass region emerges from $r \simeq 0.6$ au and expands with increasing $r$.
This is the direct reflection of the radial dependences of $M_{p, \rm transI}$ and $M_{p, \rm transII}$.
The former is a decreasing function of $r$ due to $\dot{M}_{p, \rm hydro}$.
In the disk-limited gas accretion regime, shock around planets regulates the gas accretion efficiency \citep{tw02}.
At a larger value of $r_p$, the disk temperature decreases and less massive planets can excite shock readily.
On the other hand, $M_{p, \rm transII}$ increases with increasing $r$.
This occurs simply because gas gap formation due to disk-planet interaction becomes less efficient as $r$ increases.
Thus, our analysis shows that the heavy-element content trend can be reproduced well
if planets accrete solids efficiently from gapped planetesimal disks at $r_p \geq 0.6$ au.
Generally, the outer region of disks is the preferred site of forming more massive planets that accrete more planetesimals.

\section{Discussion} \label{sec:disc}

We first discuss the most crucial implication of this work.
Our results suggest that planets should undergo solid accretion efficiently at $r \geq 0.6$ au, in order to reproduce the heavy-element content trend (Figure \ref{fig3}).
It is however interesting that exoplanet samples employed in T16 currently distribute at much smaller $r$.
This implies that these exoplanets would have initially formed in the outer disks and subsequently migrated to the current locations.
It is beyond the scope of this work to explore which mode of migration was dominant for these exoplanets (either gas-induced migration or the one originating from $N$-body dynamics).
Nonetheless, our calculations demonstrate clearly that
the heavy-element content trend can be used as an indicator of the importance of migration for understanding the present orbital architecture of (exo)planets.

Another implication obtained from our work may be for the C/O ratio of exoplanets' atmospheres.
As described in Section \ref{sec:intro},
its role is unclear currently due to lack of the knowledge about the spatial distribution of chemical materials in disks.
If observed exoplanets would follow the heavy-element content trend and their C/O ratios would be available,
then our results would play a complementary role in providing a tighter constraint on the primordial distribution of the C/O ratio in protoplanetary disks.

Our study bases on a number of assumptions and the mixture of semi-analytical formulae derived from numerical simulations that were run independently.
In particular, the most uncertain assumption in our model is that the planet radius is given by $M_p^{1/3}$ at all the stages of gas accretion.
This is motivated by the results of \citet{tn97} which show that planetary envelopes contract quasi-hydrostatically from Neptune-mass planets even up to Jovian mass planets.
It would, nonetheless, be natural to expect that dynamical collapse would occur at a certain time when planets become massive enough.
Then, planet radius would be expressed by a different functional form of $M_p$.
Assuming that $R_p \propto M_{p}^{q}$, the resulting values of $\Gamma_Z$ and $\beta_Z$ will shift by $2(q-1/3)$ (H18).
Another uncertainty in this work is that while the importance of planetary migration is suggested in Figure \ref{fig3},
solid accretion that can occur during migration is not considered.
Depending on the speed and timing of migration, planets can accrete solid at that time \citep{ti99}.
If its amount would be large enough, the heavy-element content trend generated at $\ga 0.6$ au will be washed out
and deviate from the linear correlation with the disk metallicity.
Formation of nearby planets would also cause similar effects by scattering planetesimals into the feeding zone of planets (see Section 5.2 of H18).
We have explored the parameter dependence on our results and found that the variation of $\alpha$ provides the largest change:
the plausible accretion zone emerges at $r \simeq 5$ au when $\alpha=10^{-3}$.
The zone shrinks somewhat when $T_{\rm d0}$ decreases and $t$ increases (Equation (\ref{eq:T_d})).
Verification of our work is thus demanded by running detailed simulations in a consistent and unified manner.

We should point out that if planetary cores are very massive ($> 20 M_{\oplus}$) and their cores dissolve into the envelopes
as suggested for Jupiter \citep{whm17},
additional solid accretion might not be needed.
However, this scenario would work only for less massive ($\la 100 M_{\oplus}$) planets,
given that $M_Z$ is much larger than $ 20 M_{\oplus}$ for most giant planets examined in T16.

Finally, it is currently not clear how the heavy-element content trend is universal for all the observed, massive exoplanets.
If it would be the case, massive planets should accrete most of heavy elements in the plausible region, accompanying with efficient gas accretion.
Note that gas accretion with inefficient solid accretion might continue beyond the region, which corresponds to the stage after gas gap formation.
More and better measurements of mass and radius of exoplanets will answer this question.

In the near future, more exoplanet observations and better modeling of planet formation would be available
not only for drawing a better picture of how and where planets accrete gas and solid from protoplanetary disks,
but also for testing our model of planet formation.

\acknowledgments

The authors thank an anonymous referee for useful comments on our manuscript.
This research was carried out at JPL/Caltech, under a contract with NASA.
Y.H. is supported by JPL/Caltech.

\bibliographystyle{apj}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


IRC Class Break Changes - What A Difference A Week Makes!
Just seven days ago, Cowes Combined Clubs (CCC) reviewed the list of Skandia Cowes Week IRC entries and, as usual, split the classes to provide an even spacing of boats across the seven IRC classes.
However, they hadn't reckoned with the remarkable number of late entries that would be received so close to the event.
This re-cutting of the classes will spread the IRC entry more evenly across classes 1-7 while still keeping boats of the same type in the same class. CCC apologises for the confusion that this late change may cause. However they trust that entrants will appreciate the better and more evenly matched racing that will result and that this will more than make up for any inconvenience.


People are so lovable. Tobias heads up the school at Yokea 1 and he invited us into his home for the night. Years ago he got some training as a teacher, and is now employed by the government to teach in Yokea 1. He has secured funds for classrooms, generators, and chainsaws – all things that benefit the community. He even gave Matt his shoes, as by this time one of Matt's shoes was falling apart so badly that the sole needed to be tied to the shoe. I love this guy!
Zach worked hard in talking with the leaders about the questions we had. He also took a sampling of the language. He did all this while Matt and I caught up on some sleep! The next day we addressed the community, presenting an overview of what we do. Praise God for the openness of the people.
The next day we hiked to Maweroro. Of all the villages we visited in nDo, this one was my favorite. Like most villages in the Finisterre Mountains, it sits on a ridge. This ridge is banana shaped – the ends are high, with a low middle. They have piped water into the center of the village. There are about 500 people in this community.
We made our presentation just as it was turning dark, and had an enthusiastic reception from the people. I got a chance to sit down with the leaders that evening. Matt and Zach met with them the next morning, and for the first time I began to feel like some of the questions I have had about nDo are beginning to be answered. The biggest question in my mind has been "Why do the nDo people keep asking for missionaries when someone already translated the Bible into a very similar dialect?" They have told me that the languages were too different for them to really understand it well. However, as we looked at the data, we saw a high degree of overlap between the two dialects. Is this Bible usable? Probably, with some revision. Is this Bible being used? No, not at all. Very few of the people even had copies of it. In fact, I never saw an entire New Testament. We just saw a few copies of the book of Mark. So, while we need to dig deeper to determine exactly how understandable this translation is for them, one thing is for sure – they need the Gospel.


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text:
Behind the Hashtag
By: John Gutierrez
Artwork by: Bielle Baral
"#BeARam." Obviously, this is a hashtag that's circulating the campus, but did it ever occur to you that there is an origin story behind it? Well, it came from the minds of different people who are sitting on their armchairs. There is a certain genius behind the desk. You may think of this certain genius as a guy who wears a neat shirt, chino pants, and some fancy shoes. The people sitting on armchairs are those who wear things that you swore to wear during Mondays through Thursdays. Okay, enough about what they look like every week, let's talk about the story.
Now it all started with an informal survey/interview about the school's brand and marketing. Of course, like all surveys, the respondents' answers must be kept confidential. I could tell you this. The answers made a bunch of other brilliant folks say, "Wow, really?!!" As a result, the genius behind the desk was given a signal to try and change the school's brand image.
Here comes the part where the "armchaired" people had a contribution in the rebranding campaign. The genius behind the desk asked them to make a role-play about what they think of the school. They were then disseminated to different groups. When they were asked to present the role-play, they came up with something different. Rather than a role-play, the groups had an ideological breakthrough! One group made an interview video about a couple's relationship. The guy's name was taken from a certain animal which the school is somehow familiar with, and the girl represented a soul-searching student. The video ended with that circulating hashtag: #BeARam. Another group presented it in a musical. The song was in the tune of the school's hymn. The musical was about a girl finding a school, while three guys were students from different schools as they tried to win the girl's heart. One of the guys was from a school where "armchaired" people are studying. Of course, they had to explain it to the genius behind the desk.
Now, you might be wondering where the headstrong Ram symbol was taken. Well, it was actually the result of certain research which generally explains that symbols are effective and helpful in campaigning. The genius behind the desk and armchaired people conceptualized the headstrong Ram. The idea was refined and polished by another group of creative thinkers.
So that's the story of how the hashtag, #BeARam, was made. We can say that it was a collaboration of different people who think outside the box. Sometimes, you may find them just walking around. Maybe you're even friends with them. All I know is that I'm just a spectator… or am I?
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