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Placenta: A Massive Biological Resource for Clinical applications in Regenerative Medicine
Niranjan Bhattacharya1 and Priyodarshi Sengupta2*
1Head of the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Translational Science, Dr. Subhas Mukherjee Chair Professor, Director General, Cord Blood Bank, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India
2Research Associate, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Translational Science, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, India
*Corresponding authors: Niranjan Bhattacharya, Head, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Translational Science, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, Tel: +91 9830038158, E-mail: sanjuktaniranjan@gmail.com
Priyodarshi Sengupta, Research Associate, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Translational Science, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, E-mail: priyosengupta85@gmail.com
Received: October 14, 2018 Accepted: October 23, 2018 Published: October 31, 2018
Citation: Bhattacharya N, Sengupta P. Placenta: A massive biological resource for clinical applications in Regenerative Medicine. Madridge J Inter Emerg Med. 2018; 2(3): 84-89. doi: 10.18689/mjiem-1000119
Copyright: © 2018 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The placenta, with the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, and the cord blood can be often classified as pregnancy specific biological substances with enormous applications in regenerative medicine. The human placenta is chorioallantoic because it can form both the chorion and the allantois. It remains connected to the growing fetus via the umbilical cord. The blood-placental barrier allows the selective exchange of nutrients, gas, helps in maintaining the thermoregulation of the fetus. It also helps in removing the waste from the fetus's blood. Grossly, the placenta is made up of the amnion, the innermost layer surrounding the fetus, the allantois in the middle and chorion, the outermost fetal layer. Since, 1999, Bhattacharya et al., has been successfully using the application of freshly collected, serologically tested negative, amniotic membrane from the placenta as a biological wound dressing model in patients with burns and nonhealing ulcers.
In Latin, the word Placenta means "Cake". The importance of placenta as an important barrier between the fetus and the mother was first realized around 5 decade's back [1]. Broadly the placenta can be divided into two parts, the maternal part known as the decidua basal is which develops from the maternal uterine tissues and the fetal part known as the chorion frondosum developing from the blastocyst [2]. One of the most important functions of the placenta is to provide a micro-environment to the fetus required for its nutrition, growth, and development, and a physical and functional barrier against pathogens and maternal immune system. It also plays a role in helping the secretion of different hormones, cytokines and growth factors required for the fetus [3].
Development of the Placenta
The initial development of the placenta starts with the process of outstripping of the embryo. Invagination of the surrounding deciduas occurs by the syncytiotrophoblasts. This process continues till the blastocyst remains surrounded by the circulating maternal blood. Roughly around 3 weeks time, the cytotrophoblast or the primitive extraembryonic layer starts developing as cellular columns along with the syncytiotrophoblast layer and together they extend into the maternal blood lacunae resembling the primary villi [4]. The development of the secondary villi initiates after the mesodermal invasion into the core of the primary villi. The tertiary villi form after the cellular differentiation in the villi mesoderm results in the formation of a network of blood vessels. At this stage of fetal development, the primitive placenta, the chorionic plate, the developing embryo stalk and each of the vascular villus components gets connected with each other [5].
The cytotrophoblast penetrates through the syncytiotrophoblast layer where many villi reach the decidual region and forms the anchoring villa [6,7]. The villi develop into extensive tree-like branches into the lacunar or intervillous spaces, thereby enabling a larger surface area for gaseous exchange. The cytotrophoblast gets reduced and the distance also shortens between the fetal villi and the maternal intervillous space thus marking the maturation of the villous [5]. The rudimentary umbilical vessels or the allantoic gets formed during this stage. The developing embryo remains attached to the chorion by a body stalk which forms the rudimentary umbilical vessels or the allantoic. During the embryonal growth, due to the shifting of the connecting stalk from the ventral side to its initial posterior position, a large open region is created at the ventral end which gets constricted as the development of the body wall grows and closes. This results in the body wall surrounding the yolk stalk, allantois and the developing vessels to form the primitive umbilicus or the umbilical cord. There is a rapid growth of the placenta from the third month of gestation which continues till term when the matured placenta becomes oval and flat in shape. The placenta at this point, on an average normally weighs 500 grams, with a thickness of 23 mm and an average diameter of 18.5 cm [8].
Development of the fetomaternal circulation and neovascularization
Increased flow of maternal blood towards the placenta is accompanied by vasodilation due to decrease in the resistance of the maternal arterial pressure [9-11]. After decidualisation, the spiral arteries remodel themselves. This remodeling results in the fewer convolutions of the arteries thereby to increase the size of the arteries. During this time, post decidualisation, there is also an increased flow of blood from the maternal side to the placental intervillous space and fetal villi [12]. The maternal and the fetal blood comes directly with each other without the exchange of fluids. The deoxygenated blood flows back into the endometrial valves due to a decrease in the pressure. The umbilical arteries radiate and form the chorionic arteries at the junction of the placenta and the umbilical cord. These umbilical arteries undergo further division at the junction to form the arterio-capillary venous branches in the villi. They bring the fetal blood in close proximity to the maternal blood without their mixing because of the presence of the syncytiotrophoblast [3].
Fetomaternal exchanges of carbon dioxide, water, urea starts normally from the first trimester. They enter into the uterine circulation from the fetal circulatory system accompanied by the exchange of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and vitamins from the maternal side to the fetal end [3]. The deoxygenated blood is carried by the umbilical artery from the fetus to the placenta. During this time, any disruption to the fetomaternal circulation will result in fetal hypoxia [13,14]. During this stage, the hormones control the vascular function of the placenta. This helps in maintaining a balance between the vasoconstrictors and the vasodilators [15,16]. Angiogenesis initiates in the placenta after 4 weeks of gestation and continues till the 25th week. During the 15th week of gestation, regression of the peripheral capillaries occurs. Presence of the vascular endothelial growth factors or VEGF, Placental growth factor or PGF remains high post 25 days of gestation and continues till the second trimester [17,18]. The remaining capillaries develop into the primitive veins and the arteries. The flooding of the placental intervillous space starts by the mid of the first trimester and increases till the end of the first trimester [19,20]. With increase in the gestational week, the levels of the angiogenic factors also increases resulting in the increased sprouting of new blood vessels form the pre-existing ones for transporting blood [21-23]. These further develop into well defined veins and arterioles [23]. Through the placenta, there is exchange of nutrients, gases, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood continuously in a stable manner [24,25]. During the second trimester, the sprouting of multiple villi branches takes place and are continuously replaced by the immediate villi till the term [21,26].
Fetomaternal exchange of the Placenta and its mechanism
The placental exchange between the mother and the fetus normally follows Fick's law. It is defined as : Q/T = K × A(Cm-Ct)/D where Q/T is the rate of diffusion, K is the diffusion coefficient, A is the area of the membrane, D is the thickness of the membrane and (Cm-Ct) is the concentration gradient [26]. Simple diffusion involving gaseous exchange, active transport for facilitating the transfer of iron, calcium and iodine, and facilitated diffusion for the passage of glucose are some of the different types of mechanism by which fetomaternal exchange occurs in the placenta. Amino acids can pass through secondary active transport system whereas water and other important electrolytes are normally exchanged via the bulk transporter system. IgG, low density lipoprotein enters the placenta by specialized processes like endocytosis and exocytose and can be transported by the vesicles so as to negate the effect of any phagolysosomal degradation before it enters the fetus [27]. Also, lipid-insoluble molecules can facilitate the process of transfer of these molecules via the extracellular pores across the placenta [28,29]. Para-cellular channels and pores allow the diffusion of chloride, phosphate and sulphate ions which remain at a higher concentration in the maternal plasma. Stereo-specificity another important physical property plays an important role in the transfer of the amino acids. During the time of placental development, at different stages of the fetal development, transporters are also expressed as they play a major role in efflux of harmful toxic metabolites and selective feto-maternal exchange. Presence of P-gp a well known efflux transporter and a member of the active binding cassette (ABC), present on the human and mouse syncytiotrophoblast is expressed during the first trimester. It is an important component of the blood-placental barrier as it protects the developing fetus from the harmful toxic effects of drugs and metabolites [30-32]. Pgp, although expressed on both sides of the maternal and fetal villi, its expression on the maternal villi is found to be more [33]. In the second trimester, with the down-regulation in the expression of the Pgp, multidrug resistance or MRP-2 is synthesized more [34,35]. OATP2B1 another anionic transporter along with the breast cancer resistance protein or BRCP is also expressed on the placenta during the first and second trimester [36]. Multidrug resistance transporters, MDR 1 & 2 along with MRP-5 has shown to be highly expressed during the first trimester [37]. The fetal trophoblast also plays an important role in helping the survival of the fetus during the pregnancy period. As the fetus is an allograft in nature, due to the presence of paternal antigens, there is always a possibility of fetal rejection by the maternal immune system. However, this is not the case, during the time of embryo development in the first trimester; over-expression of HLA-G is found on the trophoblast. HLA-A, B remains absent and there is a weak expression of HLA-C during the first trimester [38]. HLA-G expressed on the surface of the trophoblast, binds to killer cell-like Ig like receptors of NK cells or KIR's which reduces the NK cells activity by blocking it [39]. Leukemia Inhibiting factor or LIF is synthesized by the maternal decidua on the placenta in the first trimester and acts as an immune barrier [40].
The Placenta as an immunological barrier
Presence of secretory immune system (SIS) on the maternal side of the placenta also helps in imparting a barrier between the mother and the fetus [41-45]. During the fetal development in the first trimester, the presence of secretory chains (SC) also functions as a barrier against the entry of foreign pathogens inside the fetal compartment [3]. The development of the placenta resembles tumorogenesis in many ways. A balance between the tumorigenesis and normal placental formation is however maintained by the up-regulation of DNA methylation, his tone modifications of tumor suppressor genes such as Maspin, RASSFIA, and APC in the placenta [46]. Genetic imprintation and its control also affect the formation and development of the placenta [47]. DNA methylation normally remains up regulated in the embryo formation period compared to the placental development stage. However, in the trophectoderm, there remains a lack of DNA methylation [48]. Mutation of the polycomb family, an absence of Asc12, Phlda2 and Peg10 genes fails to form the placenta [49,50].
Applications of amniotic membrane in Regenerative Medicine
The placenta consists of the amniotic membrane and the umbilical cord and together with the amniotic fluid and the fetal umbilical cord blood can be considered as pregnancy specific biological substances as they support the process of pregnancy. The use of placental membranes as biological dressing models for healing of woods and burn injuries have been practiced since long including the corneal dressings [51]. After its proper collection and screening for infections, these biological materials can be widely used for the isolation of stem cells, progenitor cells and applied in the field of regenerative medicine [52]. One of the most important applications of the placenta has been its amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid since the last century or so [52]. Grossly, the amniotic membrane of the placenta reveals three important layers. The innermost thin transparent layer is known as the amnion covering the embryo, the middle layer consisting of a collagen-rich connective tissue layer which remains connected with the third and an outer collagen-rich reticular chorionic layer [53]. Both the amnion and the chorion consist of the basement membrane and a stromal layer [54]. The amnion part is rich in mesenchymal stem cells, amniotic epithelial stem/cells, embryonal like cells and progenitor cells [55]. Some of the important properties of amniotic membrane are good water retention capacity, ability to cover large wound areas due to its large size, can be easily and ethically available post birth from the placenta, hypo-antigenic due to poor expression of HLA-A,B,C & DR [56,57]. The amniotic membrane has a similar structure like that of the skin and has anti-microbial properties due to the presence of Beta-defensins, elafin, lysozymes and can prevent the loss of proteins, electrolytes, water by forming a moist environment essentially required for healing [58]. The epithelial stem cells from the amniotic membrane help in re-epithelialization and closure of large wounds [55]. Fibroblasts and other extracellular matrix substances like fibronectin, proteoglycans, laminins, collagen present in the amniotic membrane helps in providing strength to the tissues and act as a scaffold. These cells also have the capability to home to the site of injury. Both amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid have a cocktail of cytokines and growth factors like FGF, PDGF, EGF, TGF-β [55]. Presence of MMP's and their inhibitors or TIMP's are present to counterbalance the excessive growth. The amniotic fluid is rich in amniocytes which are a large pool of self-renewing cells fetal in nature are also present in the amniotic fluid. These amniocytes also have shown to contain pluripotent markers such as TRA 1-60, SSEA-1 – 3, TRA 1-81 [59,60]. Amniocytes have a proliferative capacity, non-tumorigenic in nature, and can grow without feeder layer with a faster doubling rate [61].
The amniotic membrane of the placenta plays an important role in the process of wound healing. The mechanism of a wound, in brief, involves three general steps which are i. Inflammation, ii. Proliferation and iii. Maturation [58]. Amniotic membrane has a tendency for rapid adherence to the site of wound bed along with the release of different cytokines and growth factors. Further, through unknown and yet to be explored mechanisms, amniotic membrane helps in maintaining a balance between the process of angiogenesis, by controlling the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors or TIMP's, PMN infiltration, proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells and the secretion of various growth factors from at the wound bed. Together these functions and presence of amniotic epithelial cells are believed to initiate the process of rapid re-epithelialization [62,63]. Application of dry, dehydrated and processed amniotic membrane for treating different disease conditions including burn patients is not new [54]. However, the application of freshly collected and fully screened amniotic membrane was conducted for the first time by Bhattacharya et al., in 1999 in more than 200 patients suffering from different diseases including burns [64].
Applications of amniotic membrane in burn management
Successful treatment of 64 burn patients (age group <10 years to 71 years) with freshly collected amniotic membrane was first reported by Bhattacharya et al., [64] Both male and female patients suffering from chemical and thermal burns were recruited for the study after satisfying the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The process included, application of normal saline water to the infected and wound region to clean and remove the cell debris followed by application of amniotic fluid which was serologically screened for CMV, syphilis, Hepatitis B, C, VDRL, HIV-I & II. In cases where of superficial or partial skin thickness burn injuries the amniotic or fetal side of the amniotic membrane was applied and in case of re-epithelialization and improving angiogenesis the maternal or chorionic side was applied [64,58]. Patients were supplemented with antibiotics intravenously and with improvement were given oral antibiotics. Stabilization, healing were routinely conducted with monthly follow up and physiotherapy. Death was not reported in any of the patients. 6 patients had keloid and hypertrophic scars along with 14 cases of hypo-pigmentation. Further, follow up studies showed no hypo-pigmentation and the rest of the patients reported normal and complete wound healing [64,58].
Amniotic membrane application in Leprosy
Similarly, leprosy patients with gangrene were treated with amniotic membrane. Due to infection, some of the patients were infected with maggots which were removed and treated with normal saline followed by a sprinkling of amniotic fluid as an antiseptic agent after 5 to 10 mins [58]. Freshly collected amniotic membranes were applied in superficial and partial thickness wounds. All patients were on anti-leprosy treatment. 3 months and 6 months follow up study revealed the formation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialization [58]. Freshly collected amniotic fluid was successfully applied in 52 patients suffering from osteoarthritis (age range 39 to 82 years) in the joint spaces. It was a double arm study where one group received intraarticular steroid treatment and the other amniotic fluid [65]. The second group where amniotic membrane was applied showed better prognosis and improved outcome after 4 months of follow up study [65].
Amniotic membrane application in Ophthalmology
In 1940, the first application of amniotic membrane in ocular surgery for managing second-degree chemical burns of the eye was reported [66]. Tusbita et al., reported encouraging results with the amniotic membrane in treating patients with cicatricial pemphigoid and Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) [67,68]. Other successful reports where amniotic membrane was successfully applied for treating deep corneal ulceration and their reconstruction has also been reported [69-71]. Positive results using the amniotic membrane in pterygium surgery has also been reported including bullous keratopathy [72-74].
The placenta is an important organ formed during the time of pregnancy. Formation of the placenta is essential for the fetus to survive inside the mother's womb. Through a series of complex developmental stages, the blood-placental barrier is formed which is essential in not only protecting the fetus from harmful toxic drugs, and metabolites but also in the selective diffusion and exchange of different inorganic salts, gases and even fetal cells. The placenta like the cord blood is an untapped resource which can be successfully applied in regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies. The use of properly screened and freshly collected placenta and using its amniotic membranes, amniotic fluid for cell therapy purposes was first attempted in 1999. Since then follow up studies and intense clinical scrutiny has yielded very encouraging and positive results using placental membranes in treating non-healing ulcers of different etiologies and burn wounds with very few reports of graft rejections by the host's immune system due to sloughing or due to Pseudomonas aeruginosin infection [75].
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Di Germanio C, Bernier M, de Cabo R, Barboni B. Amniotic Epithelial Cells: A New Tool to Combat Aging and Age-Related Diseases? Front Cell Dev Biol. 2016; 22(4): 135. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00135.
Bhattacharya N, Gupta PN, Malakar D. Freshly Collected Amniotic Fluid and Amniotic Membrane as Dressing Material for Leprosy Patients with Gangrene: A Preliminary Report on an Experience with Six Cases. In: Bhattacharya N, Stubblefield P, eds. Regenerative Medicine. Springer, London, 2015; 26: 257-260.
Atala A. Chapter No: 36 – Amniotic fluid and placental stem cells. In: Bhattacharya N, Stubblefield P, eds. Regenerative Medicine using Pregnancy-specific biological substances. Springer-Verlag London Limited; 2009: 375-380.
Maguire CT, Demarest BL, Hill JT, Palmer JD, Brothman AR, Yost HJ, et al. Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals the Unique Stem Cell Identity of Human Amniocytes. Plos One. 2013; 8(1): 53372 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053372
Moschidou D, Mukherjee S, Blundell MP, Drews K, Jones GN, Abdulrazzak H, et al. Valproic Acid Confers Functional Pluripotency to Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells in a Transgene-free Approach. Mol Ther. 2012; 20(10): 1953-67. doi: 10.1038/mt.2012.117
Guo X, Kaplunovsky A, Zaka R, Wang C, Rana H, Turner J, et al. Modulation of Cell Attachment, Proliferation, and Angiogenesis by Decellularized, Dehydrated Human Amniotic Membrane in In Vitro Models. Wounds. 2017; 29(1): 28-38.
Dickinson LE, Gerecht S. Engineered Biopolymeric Scaffolds for Chronic Wound Healing. Front Physiol. 2016; 5(7): 341. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00341
Bhattacharya N. Stubblefield P. Regenerative Medicine using Pregnancy specific biological substances, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009, Chapter No: 37,Use of Amniotic Membrane, Amniotic Fluid, and Placental dressing in Advanced Burn Patients. 383-393.
Bhattacharya N. Clinical Use of Amniotic Fluid in Osteoarthritis: A Source of Cell Therapy. Transplantation. 2011; 90: 395-403.
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Shimazaki J, Yang HY, Tsubota K. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in patients with chemical and thermal burns. Ophthalmology. 1997; 104(12): 2068-76.
Tsubota K, Satake Y, Ohyama M. Surgical reconstruction of the ocular surface in advanced ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996; 122(1): 38-52.
Lee SH, Tseng SC. Amniotic membrane transplantation for persistent epithelial defects with ulceration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997; 123(3): 303-12.
Kruse FE, Rohrschneider K, Volcker HE. Multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction of deep corneal ulcers. Ophthalmology. 1999; 106: 1504-10. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(99)90444-X
Rakowski E, Zagorski Z, Kardaszewska A, Durakiewicz D. Application of amniotic membrane transplantation in severe corneal diseases. Klin Oczna. 1999; 101: 417-21.
Prabhasawat P, Barton K, Burkett G, Tseng SC. Comparison of conjunctival autografts, amniotic membrane grafts, and primary closure for pterygium excision. Ophthalmology. 1997; 104: 974-85.
Shimazaki J, Shinozaki N, Tsubota K. Transplantation of amniotic membrane and limbal autograft for patients with recurrent pterygium associated with symblepharon. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998; 82(3): 235-40.
Pires RT, Tseng SC, Prabhasawat P. Amniotic membrane transplantation for symptomatic bullous keratopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999; 117: 1291-7.
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This paper presents a method that one holonic subsystem in the overall system can recognize separation from a, group. To remain in the group is a complemental event to the separation. After each subsystem has listened to the others' chats, it always broadcasts what could be caught. One subsystem can contact with the others if they make a directed closed-loop in the graphic network of the system. And then, those subsystems make up a group. One can look for the directed closed-loop by the reachability matrix which is built from the listeners' status. The experiment using microcomputers shows that this method is useful for the recognition of separation from group.


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Chaldean Catholics in Iraq praying that pope visit will be possible
Cardinal Pell: Vatican financial reform making 'massive' progress
Christians must show world what journey to unity looks like, pope says
Pope urges nations to create a world free from nuclear arms
Vatican revokes arrest warrant against woman linked to finance scandal
'For the love of God, send us oxygen,' plead bishops in Brazil's Amazon
Pope adds year of missionary service to Vatican diplomats' training
Pope Francis meets with nuncios from around the world at the Vatican in this June 13, 2019, file photo. The pope has asked the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, which trains Vatican diplomats, to add a year of missionary service to the priests' training. (CNS photo/Vatican Media)
By Cindy Wooden • Catholic News Service • Posted February 18, 2020
VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Pope Francis, adopting a suggestion made at the Synod of Bishops for the Amazon, has decided that every priest preparing for service in the Vatican diplomatic corps must spend a year in ministry as a missionary.
In a letter to U.S. Archbishop Joseph S. Marino, president of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, which trains Vatican diplomats, Pope Francis said the year of missionary service should be added to the academy's curriculum beginning with students entering in the 2020-2021 academic year.
"I am convinced that such an experience could be helpful to all young men who are preparing for or beginning their priestly service," Pope Francis wrote in the letter released Feb. 17. In a special way, he continued, mission experience would be helpful "for those who in the future will be called to collaborate with the pontifical representatives and, later, could become envoys of the Holy See to nations and particular churches."
Currently students — all already ordained priests — usually spend four years at the academy in central Rome. They earn a license in canon law from one of the pontifical universities in the city and then a doctorate in either canon law or theology. If they already hold a doctorate, then their time at the academy is only two years.
In addition to their university courses, the students study diplomacy, Vatican diplomatic relations, languages, international law, papal documents and current affairs.
Vatican diplomats represent the Holy See to individual countries around the world as well as to international organizations, such as the United Nations. But they also represent the pope to the local Catholic Church and coordinate the search for new bishops.
At the end of the Amazon synod, Pope Francis said he had "received in writing" a suggestion that "in the Holy See's diplomatic service, in the curriculum of the diplomatic service, young priests should spend at least one year in mission territory, but not doing an internship at the nunciature as happens now, which is very useful, but simply at the service of a bishop in a mission area."
In his letter to Archbishop Marino, the pope quoted from a speech he gave to students at the academy in 2015 when he reminded them of the missionary focus of all that the church does, including its diplomatic activity.
He had told the students, "The mission to which you will be called one day to carry out will take you to all parts of the world: To Europe, in need of an awakening; Africa, thirsting for reconciliation; Latin America, hungry for nourishment and interiority; North America, intent on rediscovering the roots of an identity that is not defined by exclusion; Asia and Oceania, challenged by the capacity to ferment in diaspora and to dialogue with the vastness of ancestral cultures."
Pope Francis told Archbishop Marino that he was certain that, "once the initial concerns" about changing the formation program are overcome, "the missionary experience that it aims to promote will be useful not only for the young academicians, but also for the individual churches they will collaborate with and, I hope, it will give rise in other priests of the universal church a desire to make themselves available for a period of missionary service outside their dioceses."
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Arrogance Based Medicine / AspirinTherapy / Endotoxic Nation / InflammatoryNightmare / PufaIsPoison / Serotonin Sorrow / Sugar Saves
Beware of Hoaxes Involving Viruses
by DanM@cowseatgrass · Published January 3, 2017 · Updated February 24, 2018
Has there ever really been a disease called AIDS? There definitely is a syndrome – a group of 30 or more diseases lumped together – named as such, supposedly satisfying the existing hypothesis of acquired immune deficiency as a result of HIV.
All of the diseases included in the syndrome existed before anybody had ever heard of a virus named HIV. They are associated with a number of powerful stressors: including malnutrition and poor hygiene; certain recreational and pharmaceutical drugs; ionizing radiation; polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) and other environmental, medical and dietary poisons.
Relationships have been shown to exist between the development, progression and severity of 'AIDS symptoms', and a number of biological indicators and promoters of stress, inflammation and disease, including rising levels of nitric oxide, endotoxin (LPS) and breakdown products of PUFA, as well as low cholesterol, hypothyroidism, blood sugar dysregulation and hypometabolism.
To add insult to injury, a large number of highly qualified people in a wide range of medical and scientific fields have expressed the view that there is insufficient evidence to prove the theory that HIV (some say the virus doesn't exist) causes the diseases thrown in under the AIDS banner. In some parts of the world, almost any symptom can be diagnosed as AIDS, even without an HIV result.
It wouldn't be surprising if you found this to be shocking. Whether or not you agree with their findings, the most important job of PhD's, Nobel laureates, researchers, doctors, scientists, or even professors, should be that of carefully and honestly questioning the validity of existing as well as new theories, no matter the degree of consensus in either direction.
Often the voice of alternative scientific hypotheses, research and experimentation, is ignored (sometimes even ridiculed and quashed) for far too long, perhaps until the majority realize that there is a valid argument, and it isn't going away.
Many have suffered and died from the AIDS related diseases. The question is what relationship if any, do these 30 or so diseases have with each other, how should they be treated, and how can they be prevented.
If there is insufficient evidence to show that these diseases are caused by HIV, it should be recognized in order to make funding available for other avenues of research, and to open up the possibility for informed choice regarding treatment options.
Below are a number of quotes which may be enlightening.
It is possible that this is only the tip of the iceberg, and HIV may turn out to be the Titanic.
Kary Mullis, PhD, Biochemist, 1993 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, for the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
"People keep asking me, 'You mean you don't believe that HIV causes AIDS?' And I say, 'Whether I believe it or not is irrelevant! I have no scientific evidence for it.'…It's not what somebody believes, it's experimental proof that counts. And those guys don't have that."
"…A segment of our society was experimenting with their lifestyle…They got sick. Another segment of our…society, call them doctor/scientist refugees from the failed War on Cancer, or just call them professional jackals, discovered that it did work. It worked for them. They are still making payments on their new BMWs out of your pocket."
Professor Peter Deusberg, Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.
"HIV is just a latent, and perfectly harmless, retrovirus that most but not all AIDS patients happen to carry. To say that HIV is the cause of AIDS is to cast aside everything we know about retroviruses…The HIV theory is inconsistent, paradoxical, and absurd…"
"AIDS is a collection or a syndrome of 25 old diseases, conventional diseases – not one of them is new. They've all been known for centuries, at least for decades – with the provision that you have to find antibodies to HIV…When they are found then those who believe in the virus as a cause of AIDS say those 25 diseases – any one of them or combination of them – were caused by the virus. For example, if you have tuberculosis and you find HIV, they say HIV has done it."
"Many Americans use amphetamines, diet drugs, cocaine and designer party drugs. When you do this for years, you start getting sick. You go to the doctor, who says the first thing you need is an HIV test. You test positive because HIV tests cross-react with antibodies produced by drug use. The doctor puts you on AZT, a DNA chain terminator, which, in high doses, will finish you off in six months. I'm not talking about a one-time use of a party drug. We're designed to consume a lot of junk, but we're not designed to tolerate a gram of cocaine, nitrite inhalants or heroin per day, and we're even less capable of handling AZT."
Ray Peat PhD. in Biology.
"It has been over ten years since I wrote about "AIDS"…and the official doctrine that it is caused by the "HIV" virus still hasn't been supported by anything that resembles real science. Duesberg's arguments have never been answered (except by bureaucratic thuggery)…many things…suppress immunity, and…have become increasingly prevalent in our environment–unsaturated vegetable oils, ferrous iron and carrageenan in our foods, lead in air, food, and water, exposure to medical, military, and industrial ionizing radiation, vaccinations, pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, nitric oxide (smog and medications) and oral contraceptives and environmental estrogens, in particular."
Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, Phd, Professor, Nuclear Physicist, Department of Medical Engineering and Physics, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
"As far as we are concerned, if one goes through all of the HIV literature which exists to date I think one would find it bold and incredible to still believe that there is proof for the existence of HIV."
"…a decrease in T4 cells is neither necessary nor sufficient for disease to develop. This finding totally contradicts the HIV theory of AIDS…and by itself is sufficient for one to question the HIV theory."
Neville Hodgkinson, Former Medical/Science Correspondent, Sunday Times, London.
"A kind of collective insanity over HIV and AIDS has gripped leaders of the scientific and medical professions. They…are working as propagandists, trying desperately to keep alive a failed theory…there was never really evidence of a new virus being isolated in the way that I've been taught is needed.. people were testing positive in millions who had nothing to do with any new disease agent…that was the great tragedy of this test. "
Professor Gordon Stewart, Emeritus Professor of Public Health, University of Glasgow.
"There is no specific etiologic agent of AIDS. The disease arises as a result of a cumulative process following a period of exposure to multiple environmental factors…"
"Colleagues and I attempting to publish have met an unholy alliance intent on rejecting any papers that offer serious criticisms of the orthodoxy. The mainstream journals and media…close ranks like regimented clams…There are…vested interests involved; many bodies and individuals receive high rewards for their work within orthodox AIDS science. Underlying much of this, the pharmaceutical companies have their own obvious agenda."
Joan Shenton, Director – Meditel Productions' Dispatches – "AIDS and Africa".
"What I discovered in Africa was that the infrastructure – social and medical – is non existent…the services have disappeared…Malaria control, TB control…the pathogenic assault, the toxic assault of filthy water, Malaria eleven times before you are seven years old, diarrhea seven times before you are one year old, makes your immune system very very at risk and depressed, and if you test people with a severely challenged immune system it is likely…that you will show antibodies that come up from the stress, and these antibodies are being called specific to HIV…I don't believe that…I believe they are….antibodies that are developed as a result of your body's immune stress position."
Harry Rubin, Professor of Molecular Biology, UC Berkeley.
"…the Army's leading AIDS specialist…told me…he had seen AIDS cases with Kaposi's sarcoma in recruits…He told me that some of these cases were AIDS. And I asked him if they differed clinically from the other…cases [which were not AIDS]. He said no, they didn't differ clinically at all, but they had antibodies to HIV. So I realized then I was dealing with a self-fulfilling prophecy. If there are HIV antibodies when you have Kaposi's, then it's AIDS, and if no antibodies when it's Kaposi's, then it's not AIDS, just Kaposi's. No wonder there's such a strong association between the virus and AIDS…"
"The minute someone suggests that the orthodoxy might be wrong, the establishment starts to call him crazy or a quack. One week you're a great scientist; the next week, you're a jerk. Science has become the new church of America and is closing off all room for creative, productive dissent."
Dr. Charles Thomas, PhD, former Professor of Biochemistry, Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities.
"I think that Duesberg and Root-Bernstein have it right [about what causes AIDS]. Any thing or process that destroys the individual's ability to mount an immune response…This could be the use of…cocaine, heroin, amyl nitrite (poppers), amphetamines…malnutrition and lack of essential vitamins…being the recipient of whole blood or blood products…repeated and multiple infections… [all] are immunosuppressive."
"The HIV-causes-AIDS dogma is the grandest fraud that has ever been perpetrated on young men and women of the Western world. AIDS is a cruel deception that is maintained because so many people are making money from it. Take away this money and the entire system of mythology will collapse."
Dr. Roberto Giraldo, MD, Former Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
"The transmission of AIDS from person to person is a myth. The homosexual transmission of AIDS in Western countries, as well as the heterosexual transmission of AIDS in Africa and in other underdeveloped countries, is an assumption without any scientific validation."
Dr David Rasnick Phd., Chemist, Molecular Biology.
"The HIV hypothesis of AIDS is the biggest scientific, medical blunder of the 20th Century. The evidence is overwhelming that AIDS is not contagious, sexually transmitted, or caused by HIV. The physicians who know or suspect the truth are embarrassed or afraid to admit that the HIV tests are absurd and should be outlawed, and that the anti-HIV drugs are injuring and killing people."
"The best evidence against the HIV hypothesis is that there is no evidence for it. In the vast scientific medical literature – over 100,000 journals published so far…we cannot find anywhere…the evidence that AIDS is a contagious disease, or that it's even sexually transmitted…Nobody can find free infectious HIV virus in a human being. That is why they have to resort to looking for antibodies to HIV in a person. That is one of the biggest flaws in the HIV hypothesis….antibodies…are a sign of immunity…with AIDS we have antibodies as a predictor or an indicator of AIDS and future death."
"Fifty percent of Africans have no sewage systems. Their drinking water mixes with animal and human waste. They have constant TB and malaria infections, the symptoms of which are diarrhea and weight loss, the very same criteria UNAIDS and the World Health Organization use to diagnose AIDS in Africa. These people need clean drinking water and treated mosquito nets, not condoms and lectures and deadly pharmaceuticals forced on pregnant mothers."
Richard Kostelanetz, MA. Fulbright Scholar.
"…people don't die of AIDS per se but of other diseases attacking individuals made vulnerable by immune deficiencies whose principal cause, universally, is not HIV but nothing more mysterious than poor living conditions."
Dr. Henk Loman, PhD, Professor of Biophysical Chemistry at the Free University in Amsterdam.
"There are many people with AIDS but without HIV, and a great many people with HIV but without AIDS. These two facts mean that HIV=AIDS is much too simple. Plausible, alternative, testable causes of impairment of the immune system which may ultimately lead to AIDS should become part of regular AIDS research."
Dr. James Hudson, PhD, Professor of Pathology and Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.
"I do not believe there is an AIDS epidemic in Africa or Asia. People there are still dying from the combined effects of chronic infectious diseases plus malnutrition, poverty, and other factors, just as they always have."
Dr. Alfred Hassig, MD, Professor in Immunology, University of Bern, former Director Swiss Red Cross blood banks. Advisor to WHO.
"AZT (anti-viral AIDS medicine) has, in countless cases, brought about the inevitable and slow asphyxiation of the patient's body cells, and death by poisoning. The doctors wrongly diagnose the fatal consequences of AZT medication as AIDS following a prior HIV infection. Treatment with AZT and allied toxic substances may be equivalent to joining a suicide squad with a time fuse."
Dr. Hiram Caton, PhD, Ethicist, Head of the School of Applied Ethics at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
"Be informed. Withdraw your consent from the most malignant fraud ever perpetrated in the name of medicine. Be aware that the primary truth in the 'AIDS war' is that powerful agencies have declared war on YOU and your loved ones, regardless of your HIV status. Be aware that 'AIDS science' is 90% mindless repetition and 10% deeply inconsistent findings of no clinical value."
Gerald H. Pollack, PhD. Professor of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle.
"Mainstream virologists have assumed the power of the purse, and their self-interests (sometimes financial), propel them to suppress challenges. This is not an unusual story: challenges to mainstream views are consistently suppressed by mainstream scientists who have a stake in maintaining the status quo."
Dr. Donald W. Miller Jr., MD (Harvard, 1965), BMS (Dartmouth, 1963), Professor of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine.
"When Duesberg's work on HIV/AIDS…is finally recognized and accepted, it will cause a revolution in science. Over the last 50 years government-sponsored and industry-sponsored research programs have come to dominate scientific research. A totalitarian system now exists where only scientists that adhere to the prevailing orthodoxy can receive funds to conduct research. Not only will the government not fund studies on alternative hypotheses for AIDS and cancer, but this stricture applies to other areas of inquiry."
Dr. Mohammad Ali Al-Bayati, PhD, Toxicologist and Pathologist, California.
"…the results of the studies described above clearly show that the reductions in CD4+ T cell counts in homosexual patients have resulted from their treatment with glucocorticoid and not as the result of their HIV-infection. These studies provided clinical proof that HIV is a harmless virus and the HIV tests are worthless."
Dr. Otto Raabe, PhD, Professor and Director, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis.
"The HIV hypothesis, a staunchly defended thesis among its proponents, assumes that AIDS is caused by an infectious retrovirus. The declaration that the chosen virus was indeed the cause of AIDS was accompanied by the naming of this virus as the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Given this name, the HIV hypothesis suddenly became a self-fulfilling proposition and a classical example of the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent."
Rebecca Veronica Culshaw, PhD. Assistant Professor of Mathematics, University of Texas at Tyler. Advisor, Journal of Biological Systems.
"My work as a mathematical biologist has been built in large part on the paradigm that HIV causes AIDS, and I have since come to realize that there is good evidence that the entire basis for this theory is wrong. AIDS, it seems, is not a disease so much as a sociopolitical construct that few people understand and even fewer question…"
"For over twenty years, the general public has been greatly misled and ill-informed. As someone who has been raised by parents who taught me from a young age never to believe anything just because 'everyone else accepts it to be true,' I can no longer just sit by and do nothing, thereby contributing to this craziness."
Dan Fendel, B.A. (summa cum laude) Harvard University, PhD, Yale; Professor of Mathematics, San Francisco State University.
"Every mathematician knows that by changing the definition of something, you can change the entire truth about that thing. Rebecca Culshaw describes how the HIV = AIDS 'orthodoxists' have abused this idea. As in a shell game, they keep moving the definitions around, so that anything can be true and everyone will be confused. The abuse of science that has been documented here is itself very frightening."
Dr. Robert Root-Bernstein, PhD, Immunologist, Professor of Physiology, Michigan State University.
"What, then, is the role of HIV? The only way to explain these [HIV-free AIDS] cases is that the people have other high-risk factors associated with AIDS, such as malnutrition, multiple infections…and drug use…[These factors can] cause the same immune suppression…that everyone says HIV causes."
Dr. Donald Abrams, MD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Director of AIDS Program, San Francisco General Hospital.
"I have a large population of [HIV + patients] who have chosen not to take any anti-retroviral [drugs]. They've watched all of their friends go on the anti-viral bandwagon and die."
Robert J. Cihak, MD, Harvard University, Past President, Association of American Physicians and Surgeons and a Discovery Institute Senior Fellow.
"In the past, a person might have HIV antibodies and tuberculosis; nowadays, this counts as HIV/AIDS, as do dozens of other combinations of signs and symptoms. These changing criteria result in higher numbers of people being diagnosed with AIDS with each change in the criteria, creating an epidemic of diagnostic 'grade inflation.'"
John Hardie, BDS, MSc, PhD, FRCDC. Clinical Director, Dental Services, DownLisburn Trust, County Antrim. Northern Ireland.
"In [sub-Saharan Africa]…figures on HIV/AIDS are based on inappropriate extrapolations from hospitalized patients and clients of STD clinics. The second circumstance is that most of the testing in Africa is unsupervised…The third is that the World Health Organization's clinical case definition for AIDS in Africa permits the diagnosis to be made based on the presence of weight loss, chronic diarrhea, prolonged fever and persistent cough."
"…the HIV test does not confirm the presence of HIV….it confirms the existence of markers that may (or may not) be surrogate identifiers for the virus… Until HIV is isolated and purified from infected cases, it is impossible to determine if the antibody reactions to it are truly specific or examples of cross-reactivity….the value of HIV tests must be questioned no matter how often they are performed on a single sample."
Dr. B.L. Meel, MD, Head, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Transkei, South Africa.
"There are several risks associated with HIV/AIDS, but the most important immediate risk, soon after an individual becomes aware of his/her HIV status, is committing suicide. This is as a result of sudden unexpected, unprepared disclosure of HIV test result, leading to mental breakdown, i.e., severe acute depression."
Harvey Bialy, PhD. Founding and scientific editor, Nature Biotechnology (1983-1996). Resident Scholar, Institute of Biotechnology/Autonomous National University of Mexico (1996-2006)
"HIV is an ordinary retrovirus. There is nothing about this virus that is unique. Everything that is discovered about HIV has an analogue in other retroviruses that don't cause AIDS. HIV only contains a very small piece of genetic information. There's no way it can do all these elaborate things they say it does."
"HIV/AIDS [is] the biggest medical mistake and fraud of the past 500 years."
Dr. Claus Koehnlein, MD, AIDS and Internal Medicine specialist, Kiel, Germany.
"You are pointing to a very important problem, concerning the validity of HIV tests. It's even more complicated — there is crossreactivity between HIV-1 and antibodies found in leprosy and tuberculosis bacterias. So you will not know whether a patient is HIV-positive because he has tuberculosis or he has tuberculosis because he is HIV-positive. Treat tuberculosis and don't care about HIV. I have done this for many years and nobody died."
Dr. Etienne de Harven, MD, Emeritus Professor of Pathology, University of Toronto (1981-1993). Professor of Cell Biology, Cornell Graduate School of Medical Science (1968-1981).
"In view of these major uncertainties…priorities should be drastically revised. Suspending all HIV sero-testing, and suspending administration of anti-retroviral toxic medications should make budgets available to combat malnutrition, extend drinking water distribution, and improve hygiene and sanitation for the African people."
Lynn Margulis, PhD, Biologist, Distinguished Professor of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
"Science is the search for truth" said David Bohm, "whether we like it [the truth] or not. From my readings, discussions with knowledgeable scientists close to the story, I simply conclude, as does Kary Mullis, the Nobel Laureate who wrote a foreword to Duesberg's classic work, that there is no evidence that 'HIV causes AIDS'."
David R. Schryer, PhD. Research chemist. Former researcher at NASA's Langley Research Center.
"Contrary to popular belief, Peter Duesberg is not a quack. In fact, he is a widely acknowledged expert on retroviruses such as HIV. His credentials are impeccable: he is a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the prestigious National Academy of Sciences. Nevertheless, Dusberg is regarded by the uninformed as a quack because he has dared to scientifically investigate whether the retrovirus HIV actually causes the complex of diseases known as AIDS…and has had the courage to report that research shows the answer is that HIV is not the cause of AIDS." –
Dr. Richard Strohman, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley.
"It is not too late. "AIDS" would quickly dissolve into its geographically, and demographically distinct disease manifestations; the real crooks would retire with their ill-gotten gains; the mediocre to incompetent will, as Dizzy Gillespie put it, "like old Cadillacs, 'jus be faded away by the repo company", and the bright, basically honest guys and gals, who are trying their best in the present fascist atmosphere, can have a chance to do what they really want, namely help to alleviate suffering instead of being, unwilling but not unwitting, accomplices to its worldwide infliction."
Dr. Bernard Forscher, PhD, former editor of the US Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
"The HIV hypothesis ranks with the 'bad air' theory for malaria and the 'bacterial infection' theory of beriberi and pellagra [caused by nutritional deficiencies]. It is a hoax that became a scam."
Dr. Roger Cunningham, PhD, microbiologist, director, Centre for Immunology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo.
"Unfortunately, an 'AIDS establishment' seems to have formed that intends to discourage challenges to the dogma on one side and often insists on following discredited ideas on the other."
Dr. Juan Jose Flores, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, La Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico.
"The causes of AIDS are not viral. I have witnessed the fatal effects that the anti-viral drugs have on the immune system. I treated patients diagnosed with HIV who were very poor. Their inability to afford the drugs precluded me from giving them AZT which is very expensive. As time went by, I began to see that the rich HIV positive patients died, while the poor ones lived and continue to do so."
Dr. Randall R. 'Rush' Wayne, MA, Molecular Biology, Harvard University, PhD, Biochemistry, University of California.
"While first learning about the AIDS controversy, I read whatever I could on both sides. I have not found an instance, when both sides have been able to state their complete case, where the mainstream AIDS view has held up. On the contrary, much of the mainstream view seems to be based on bad research and fallacious reasoning."
"The medical profession and scientific establishment have terrorized too many people with these worthless [Hiv] tests."
Dr. Heinz Ludwig Sänger, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Molecular Biology and Virology.
"HIV cannot be responsible for AIDS. After three years of intensive critical studies of the relevant scientific literature, as an experienced virologist and molecular biologist I came to the following surprising conclusion — there is actually no single scientifically really convincing evidence for the existence of HIV. Not even once has such a retrovirus been isolated and purified by the methods of classical virology."
Dr. Stefan Lanka, Virologist, PhD, University of Koblenz
"No AIDS test could ever work, because HIV has never been isolated nor even shown to exist. This is the crux of the problem facing all HIV tests. The inability to isolate a viral entity, and to characterize its constituent proteins unambiguously means that the evidence for the existence of HIV using antibodies is just arguing in a circle. Antibodies that are detected, are due to other causes. It is consequently quite illogical to claim that a positive test results from prior contact with the virus."
Dr. Rodney Richards, PhD, Biochemist.
"In fact there is no test for HIV. It's just an illusion…early on when we were working in collaboration with Abbott Laboratories, it was clear that there was no gold standard for HIV—no direct isolation of the virus. Nobody has ever demonstrated that HIV is present when any combination, or any one, of these tests comes up positive. None of these tests can be validated, ever. Period. Because we don't have a way to isolate and culture HIV to prove its existence." –
Kevin Hronek, RN, BSN.
"Where is the Gold Standard in testing? Why are there soooooo many infections that cause false positives and yet with these positive results we recommend putting healthy people on deadly drugs which cause the very symptoms of AIDS they didn't have before."
Dr. John Heilbron, PhD, Professor of History and History of Science and former Vice Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley.
"The federal medical research establishment has laid it down that the HIV virus is the cause of AIDS. It seems virtually impossible, on Duesberg's evidence, for HIV to do any such thing. Nevertheless, the definition of AIDS is manipulated so that HIV antibodies are always found in people diagnosed to have it."
Dr. Vladimir Koliadin, PhD, Senior Research Scientist, State Aerospace University, Kharkov, Ukraine.
"Even if to prove rigorously that HIV exists as an exogenous transmissible agent (this has never been done) and that HIV-seropositivity is caused by HIV-infection, it still cannot prove that HIV is the cause of AIDS."
Dr. Rudolf Werner, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Miami School of Medicine.
"The HIV-AIDS hypothesis remains just that — a hypothesis. Many experts' predictions turned out to be false. For example, contrary to the prediction that AIDS would rapidly spread into the heterosexual population, the disease in the United States is still restricted to 85 percent males. Yet HIV positives are found with equal frequency in healthy male and female Army recruits. This discrepancy doesn't support the hypothesis that AIDS is caused by HIV."
Devananda Tandavan, MD, Nuclear Physician and Hospital Staff President, Chicago, Illinois.
"Robert Koch, a famous German bacteriologist, formulated a system of four postulates for establishing causation of disease. These postulates have not been met in the case of AIDS…there is no proof that HIV causes AIDS, nor in fact, that it causes any disease..The so-called AIDS epidemic in Africa has over 70% of the patients with HIV negative blood…The cause of their epidemics can be more plausibly pinpointed as starvation and other compromises to their immune systems."
Dr. Charles L. Geshekter, PhD, three-time Fulbright scholar. Professor of African History, California State University, Chico. Former chair of the History of Science, Pacific Division, of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.
"The scientific data do not support the view that what is being called AIDS in Africa has a viral cause. The World Health Organization defines an AIDS case in Africa as a combination of fever, persistent cough, diarrhea and a 10-percent loss of body weight in two months. No HIV test is needed. It is impossible to distinguish these common symptoms — all of which I've had while working in Somalia — from those of malaria, tuberculosis or the indigenous diseases of impoverished lands…in practice, many traditional African diseases can be and are reclassified as AIDS. Since 1994, tuberculosis itself has been considered an AIDS-indicator disease in Africa. Dressed up as HIV/AIDS, a variety of old sicknesses have been reclassified."
Dr. George L. Gabor Miklos, PhD, Formerly with University of California, University of Washington, University of Edinburgh, the Neurosciences Institute, The SCRIPPS Research Institute and the Australian National University.
"The scientific data do not support the hypothesis that the HIV virus causes AIDS. If you have Kaposi sarcoma and you have antibodies to the HIV virus, the CDC says you have AIDS…by definition! If you are diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma and you don't have antibodies to HIV, then you don't have AIDS…you have Kaposi sarcoma!…go figure!"
Dr. Wilhelm Godschalk, PhD, Biochemist, The Hague, Netherlands. Formerly Asst. Prof., University of Virginia Medical School, Assoc. Prof., University of Puerto Rico Medical School
"The African people have little resistance to infectious diseases because they're poor, and they don't get enough to eat…Immunodeficiency can be caused by many things, and I'm very sure 'HIV' is not one of them."
Dr. Leo Rebello, ND, PhD (UK), DSc, FFHom, MBA (M'Asia).
"AIDS is the greatest myth of our times. In spite of voluminous evidence which shows that HIV is not the cause of AIDS, the myth is deliberately kept going so that industries keep prospering…the principles of healing are very simple: (a) the body heals itself (b) there is an inner environment (c) treatment should not be worse than the disease."
Dr. Timothy H. Hand, PhD, Professor of Behavioral Pharmacology, Oglethorpe University.
"HIV infection per se seems to entail little danger unless it is addressed with anti-viral therapy."
Mae-Wan Ho, PhD, Geneticist and Biophysicist, Open University, London, UK.
"A scientific hypothesis riddled with holes is being kept alive by vested interests reaping huge profits from drugs and vaccines that are worse than useless, while safe and effective approaches based on nutritional, herbal, and other low-cost, easily available interventions are being suppressed and ignored."
Dr. Henry Bauer, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry & Science Studies and Dean Emeritus of Arts & Sciences at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University.
"One current unorthodoxy almost certain to be vindicated is that HIV is not the cause of AIDS…the mainstream dogma that HIV is the cause may be subjecting tens or hundreds of thousands to inappropriate, indeed deadly so-called 'treatment' that has brought several drug companies unprecedented profits."
Joel Kauffman, PhD in Organic Chemistry, MIT. Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.
"In my opinion, if you test positive for HIV, relax, and refuse any treatment if you have no symptoms. If you have had "unprotected sex" at any time, relax, because transmission of whatever the test responds to is under 1/1000. Many people, babies especially, spontaneously become HIV negative. Of course, refuse to have the test if at all possible, and where you are forced to have the test, be ready to sign on to any class-action lawsuit for invasion of privacy, since transmission rates are so low, negating the excuse for invading privacy in the first place."
Dr. Peter Phillips, PhD, Professor of Sociology at Soma University in California.
"The media in this country has totally ignored Dr. Duesberg's point of view that HIV may not be the actual cause of AIDS. Here we have a renowned virologist saying something now for ten years with a number of other scientists backing up that position, and he's not being given attention by the media. He has literally been blackballed from any public discussion in the open media marketplace of ideas in regards to this issue."
Dr. Alicia Damiano, PhD, Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
"I know the toxicity of the drugs used like AZT. I don't understand why these drugs producing immunodeficiency are used to combat a virus that produces the same pathology. In the UK, the Western Blot test is forbidden since 1992, why is it the diagnostic test in my country? I don't know that HIV causes AIDS, but I know that this disease is the best economic business together with the cancer therapies."
Dr. Earl Aagaard, PhD, Professor of Biology, Pacific Union College, Angwin, California.
"I'm a college Biology professor, and the official story has never stood up to careful scrutiny, or even to the test of common sense. People are dying, money is being wasted, and the only way to arrive at the truth is to examine every facet of this story without preconceptions."
Toby Gettins, Theoretical Physicist, Birmingham, UK. Former researcher, High Temperature Superconductivity, University of Exeter.
"There is NO SUCH THING as the HIV virus. If there was, don't you think that the multi-billion dollar AIDS industry would have produced a sample of it by now? Something that actually replicates in human tissue? But hey, prove me wrong: Cite the scientific papers showing isolation and replication of the virus."
Dr. M. Wainwright, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK.
"Why in your Editorial on AIDS do you dismiss out of hand all the counter evidence that HIV causes AIDS? The minority of dissenters are not stupid, but bona fide scientists, some of whom are retrovirus experts. You should listen to their viewpoint instead of arrogantly assuming that they are wrong. History may yet make fools of you!"
Dr. John Yiamouyiannis, PhD, Biochemist.
"I wrote a book with Peter Duesberg — 'AIDS: The Good News is that HIV Doesn't Cause It; The Bad News is that Recreational Drugs and Medical Treatments Like AZT Do.' The way they determine that a person is HIV-positive is — they don't look for HIV virus, they look for HIV antibodies. If they find HIV antibodies, they say, 'This person is going to get AIDS or has AIDS.' Just based on the antibodies. Now they want to develop a vaccine for AIDS, so they can give it to the entire population, so everybody will be antibody positive, so everybody will 'have' AIDS. It is so absolutely absurd."
The chemical bases of the various AIDS epidemics: recreational drugs, anti-viral chemotherapy and malnutrition
Immunodeficiency, dioxins, stress, and the hormones
Abnormal free fatty acids and cortisol concentrations in the serum of AIDS patients.
Modulation of cell-mediated immune response by steroids and free fatty acids in AIDS patients: a critical survey.
Nuclear fallout, low birthweight, and immune deficiency.
Total antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in HIV-1 infected patients in a rural area of south western Nigeria.
Contribution to characterization of oxidative stress in HIV/AIDS patients.
Correlation between oxidative stress indices and CD4 counts in HIV infected patients
Possible roles for nitric oxide in AIDS and associated pathology.
Elevated nitric oxide level in aqueous humor of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis.
Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41.
Health Hazards of Nitrite Inhalants
Lipids, lipoproteins, triglyceride clearance, and cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Nitric oxide and virus infection
Microbial Translocation in the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS
Serological markers for inflammatory bowel disease in AIDS patients with evidence of microbial translocation.
Markers of microbial translocation and risk of AIDS-related lymphoma.
Biomarkers of immune dysfunction in HIV
HIV Type 1 Infection Up-Regulates TLR2 and TLR4 Expression and Function in Vivo and in Vitro
Thyroid hormone: a "prime suspect" in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS) patients?
Thyroid hormone levels in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex.
[AIDS. Lower cholesterol values in HIV infected patients].
Low serum cholesterol and risk of death from AIDS.
Low serum cholesterol and risk of death from AIDS
Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Thyroid Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients
Prevalence of hyperglycemia among adults with newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS in China
Antiretroviral treatment associated hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia among HIV infected patients at Burayu Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional comparative study
Coincidental Observation of Global Hypometabolism in the Brain on PET/CT of an AIDS Patient With High-Grade Pulmonary Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
Metabolic complications of HIV and AIDs.
Elevated cortisol levels in whole saliva in HIV infected individuals.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in HIV infection and disease.
Associations of Low Vitamin D and Elevated Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations With Bone Mineral Density in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children.
Progression to AIDS, a clinical AIDS condition and mortality: psychosocial and physiological predictors.
HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS – A new perspective
WITHDRAWN: HIV-AIDS hypothesis out of touch with South African AIDS – A new perspective.
IS "HIV" REALLY THE CAUSE OF AIDS? ARE THERE REALLY ONLY "A FEW" SCIENTISTS WHO DOUBT THIS?
#pharmaagenda
#arrogancebasedmedicine
#raypeat
Image: HIV Electron Micrograph Dish by trilobiteglassworks
Associating With Known Aspirin Users.
by DanM@cowseatgrass · Published January 4, 2016 · Last modified July 21, 2016
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text:
Cameron Wake and Robert Quinn, with multiple Pro Bowl appearances each, are both below their career averages.
Andre Branch, the Dolphins' $8 million man? One and one half sacks.
And Charles Harris – the team's 2017 first-round pick – last week picked up just the third sack of his career.
There's no good spin for these numbers, even if the Dolphins have tried with the "sacks don't matter; pressures do" argument they have made.
"Look, we've been disruptive," Dolphins defensive coordinator Matt Burke said Thursday. "We've tried to cause turnovers and those sorts of things. We're not chasing sacks. We're trying to be disruptive."
There's some truth to this line of thinking, of course. The Dolphins cause a ton of turnovers, and rushed throws have contributed to that.
What Burke said next, however, feels like a bit of a stretch:
"Disruption for us sometimes is them having to keep extra guys in to block on offense and not getting extra guys out in the routes because they're worried about our ends and those sorts of things."
The truth: Tens of millions of dollars have been poured into the defensive line. Forcing teams to max protect, yet still complete passes downfield, is not good return on that investment. Sacks are an important stat because they are play-killers.
Sometimes they result in a turnover.
But what they always prevent is Andrew Luck breaking contain on third down, throwing downfield for a big play and winning the game. That's what happened in Indianapolis when the Dolphins were simply disruptive.
Here's the rest of Burke's answer on Miami's sack lack:
"We're not trying to chase stats and worry about where our rankings are or what the defense is in this. It's what an offense is trying to do to us and what are we trying to do to take away what they do best and how that goes. I feel like our defensive ends – Cam and Robert and Branch and all of those guys – are threats to an offense. If you talk to a lot of guys we play after games, that's all they talk about. '90' (Harris), '91' (Wake), '94' (Quinn), those guys, they're all worried about them. Obviously offenses are accounting for our rush and that affects how they play. I think that just shows up for us in other areas. Sacks are an easy number. I'm not saying that we don't want sacks. I probably said that last year too. I'll take the sacks. But it's not something that we're like chasing or worrying about how they impact the game."
Adam H. Beasley
Adam Beasley has covered the Dolphins for the Miami Herald since 2012, and has worked for the newspaper since 2006. He is a graduate of Syracuse University's S.I. Newhouse School of Communications and has written about sports professionally since 1996.
Former UM and Dolphins player Kendrick Norton loses arm in serious auto accident
Dolphins quarterback Josh Rosen
Respected Dolphins assistant to take leave of absence due to 'medical complications'
By Adam H. Beasley
Dolphins assistant head coach Jim Caldwell has taken a leave of absence to address an undisclosed health issue and will serve as a consultant to the team for the 2019 season.
MORE MIAMI DOLPHINS
Why the NFL suspended ex-Dolphins offensive lineman Richie Incognito for two games
Barry Jackson
Dolphins signed eight players out of AAF. Here's what team is saying about them
Dolphins player who lost arm wasn't wearing seat belt before crash, FHP says
Dolphins' most intriguing undrafted rookie getting help from six-time Pro Bowler
What Dolphins fans should know as Miami figures out roles for Drake and Ballage
'He's got his life.' Outpouring of support for Dolphins player who lost arm in crash


text:
Q: Get SSRS Datasources from ReportServer Housekeeping on an old SSRS, this particular server is 2008R2.
I have the query below which gets me the name, location, creation and modification overview for all the reports.  I would also like to include the 'Connection String' at least, and some other details if possible from the data sources properties.  But I can't find it in ReportServer.  I have seen people use PowerShell to get it out of SSRS web service, I was hoping to find a T-SQL solution.
How can I display Data Source details with a SQL query?
--List all the reports on SSRS via "ReportServer" database

USE [ReportServer]
GO
SELECT Name
--, [ItemID] --Primary key
, [Path]
, [Description]
--, [CreatedByID] --need link to get anything usable from here
, Created.UserName as CreatedByUser
, [CreationDate]
--, [ModifiedByID] --need link to get anything usable from here
, Modified.UserName as ModifiedByUser
, [ModifiedDate]

FROM [dbo].[Catalog]
left join (select [UserID]
            , [UserName]
            from [dbo].[Users]) as Created
        on Catalog.CreatedByID = Created.UserID
left join (select [UserID]
            , [UserName]
            from [dbo].[Users]) as Modified
        on Catalog.ModifiedByID = Modified.UserID

WHERE [Type] = 2 -- value per foundation Source http://sqlsrv4living.blogspot.com/2014/01/ssrs-get-list-of-all-reports-using.html

ORDER BY [Path], Name

A: Using the ReportingServicesTools module for Powershell to get data source details is probably the best (get-RsDatasource), as it's able to extract and decrypt the ConnectString for a datasource (without password or username info in it), and also give the username it might be using in a separate field. It does this through the SOAP provider.
A Datasource stored in the Catalog table (type=5) does also usually have its ConnectionString stored in the [Content] field, which you can then try and pull out with a XPath query.  But on my server, I have a couple of these datasources that have their connection info somehow stored somewhere else, so the SQL-based query returns no connection string info for them. The ReportingServicesTools get-RsDatasource function will return the connection string for these, however.
I also have a bunch of 3rd-party system-supplied reports that have their own custom provider. These don't store a connection string in their RDL or in the ReportingServices..Catalog or ReportingServices..Datasource tables. get-RsDatasource returns bupkus for these reports' connections.
I imagine that if I was slightly more motivated, I'd add in some more stuff to my t-sql query to try and grok the connection info out of the RDL as well. But except for the app reports, our internally developed reports all use shared datasources, so my motivation for this is low.
ymmv.

A:
Get SSRS Datasources from ReportServer
I would also like to include the 'Connection String' at least
How can I display Data Source details with a SQL query?

TSQL for getting the Connection String of SSRS Data sources
-- Transact-SQL script to get connection string of all SSRS Shared Datasources.

/*
Let's say you want to move a database to an other SQL Server, but which of the SSRS Shared Datasources uses this database and must be changed afterwards?
With this Transact-SQL query for ReportServer database you get the connection string of all Shared Datasources,
to document the usage or to search for a specific server/database.

Please remark: Querying the ReportServer database directly is not a supported way.
Works with SSRS 2005 and higher version ReportServer databases.
Requieres select rights on the "Catalog" table in ReportServer database.
*/

-- Connection strings of all SSRS Shared Datasources
;WITH XMLNAMESPACES  -- XML namespace def must be the first in with clause.
    (DEFAULT 'http://schemas.microsoft.com/sqlserver/reporting/2006/03/reportdatasource'
            ,'http://schemas.microsoft.com/SQLServer/reporting/reportdesigner'
     AS rd)
,SDS AS
    (SELECT SDS.name AS SharedDsName
           ,SDS.[Path]
           ,CONVERT(xml, CONVERT(varbinary(max), content)) AS DEF
     FROM dbo.[Catalog] AS SDS
     WHERE SDS.Type = 5)     -- 5 = Shared Datasource

SELECT CON.[Path]
      ,CON.SharedDsName
      ,CON.ConnString
FROM
    (SELECT SDS.[Path]
           ,SDS.SharedDsName
           ,DSN.value('ConnectString[1]', 'varchar(150)') AS ConnString
     FROM SDS
          CROSS APPLY
          SDS.DEF.nodes('/DataSourceDefinition') AS R(DSN)
     ) AS CON
-- Optional filter:
-- WHERE CON.ConnString LIKE '%Initial Catalog%=%TFS%'
ORDER BY CON.[Path]
        ,CON.SharedDsName;

Here's a query to add the data source name as well using your TSQL:
USE [ReportServer]
GO

SELECT CATALOG.NAME
    ,CATALOG.[Path]
    ,DataSource.NAME datasource
    ,CATALOG.[Description]
    ,Created.UserName AS CreatedByUser
    ,CATALOG.[CreationDate]
    ,Modified.UserName AS ModifiedByUser
    ,CATALOG.[ModifiedDate]
FROM [dbo].[Catalog]
LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT [UserID]
        ,[UserName]
    FROM [dbo].[Users]
    ) AS Created ON CATALOG.CreatedByID = Created.UserID
LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT [UserID]
        ,[UserName]
    FROM [dbo].[Users]
    ) AS Modified ON CATALOG.ModifiedByID = Modified.UserID
JOIN DataSource ON CATALOG.ItemID = DataSource.ItemID
JOIN CATALOG cat1 ON DataSource.Link = cat1.ItemID
WHERE CATALOG.[Type] = 2
ORDER BY [Path]
    ,NAME

A: You can't.
When you upload data source and report definitions to the report server it does store their information in the dbo.Catalog table which you can see using Convert(Xml, Convert(Varbinary(Max), Content)) and as it's XML you can use XPath to pull out the fields you're interested in.
The problems really begin once you modify anything on the SSRS web GUI.
If you change the connection string within a shared data source, or modify a report's data source, then SSRS will leave the catalog entry as-is and instead add an entry to the dbo.DataSource table with an encrypted ConnectionString to hold the updated content.
While you can't decrypt it here you might be able to extract some of the connection strings and then flag outdated ones; but I haven't been able to find how it stores links between the old/new content.
This has also been been discussed before on Ask SSC where they reached basically the same conclusion https://ask.sqlservercentral.com/questions/20328/decrypting-datasources-in-ssrs.html
And there's a collection of partial scripts for calling the web API and WMI on SSC itself when they discussed the same http://www.sqlservercentral.com/Forums/Topic1312030-150-1.aspx
I'd encourage you to flip the problem and try to come up with a PowerShell solution because with the increasing complexity of SQL Server it's simply not feasible to try to do everything within T-SQL anymore.

A: Have a left outer join for datasources , in case you have dashboard reports for links or so  , also to be part of the audit report.
SELECT CATALOG.NAME
    ,CATALOG.[Path]
    ,DataSource.NAME datasource
    ,CATALOG.[Description]
    ,Created.UserName AS CreatedByUser
    ,CATALOG.[CreationDate]
    ,Modified.UserName AS ModifiedByUser
    ,CATALOG.[ModifiedDate]
FROM [dbo].[Catalog]
LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT [UserID]
        ,[UserName]
    FROM [dbo].[Users]
    ) AS Created ON CATALOG.CreatedByID = Created.UserID
LEFT JOIN (
    SELECT [UserID]
        ,[UserName]
    FROM [dbo].[Users]
    ) AS Modified ON CATALOG.ModifiedByID = Modified.UserID
left outer JOIN DataSource ON CATALOG.ItemID = DataSource.ItemID
LEFT outer JOIN CATALOG cat1 ON DataSource.Link = cat1.ItemID
WHERE CATALOG.[Type] = 2
ORDER BY CATALOG.[ModifiedDate] desc, [Path]
    ,NAME

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Narodni list hrvatski je tjednik koji je izlazio od 1. studenoga 1939. do potkraj veljače 1941. u Splitu.

Uređivao ih je Grga Budislav Angjelinović koji je raspadom Jugoslavije pobjegao u inozemstvo i priključio se četničkim političkim krugovima.

Izvori
 impresum
 NSK

Hrvatski tjednici
Splitski tisak

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


95 POINTS: Dark ruby and crimson hues. Sweet and ripe dark cherry then raspberry, dry stone mineral core, some suggestions of violets and sweet flowers, varietal, distinctive and enticing bouquet overall. Youthful textures on the palate with an abundance of fine dusty tannins, some chalky moments, plenty of acidity too – all contrasted by the core of red berry fruit flavours, clove and vanilla spiced oak and a lengthy persistent finish. Moderate+ weight, drinkable today – perhaps best from late 2020 through 2028.