When the territory now known as Nevada was acquired in 1848 after the Mexican War, "Forty-Niners", headed west to mine for gold. By the late 1870s, there were about 1,000 Jews in Nevada, although very few were actual miners. Almost every area of settlement, such as Genoa, Virginia City, Austin, Eureka and Hamilton, had retail stores owned by Jews, where people purchased clothing and dry goods. When even ten Jews settled in one area, a Hebrew Benevolent Society was established to help the needy, arrange prayer services on the High Holidays and purchase land for the purpose of Jewish burial. While, until more recently, the Jewish population of Nevada did not exceed 1% of the state's total population, Jews were always represented in civil leadership.
In addition to mining, Nevada is renowned for its gambling casinos. Legalized gambling ended in 1911, but was reinstated in 1931, since Nevada's citizens fled the state during the harsh conditions of the Great Depression. (Divorce was legalized later that year as well). As a result, Las Vegas became the entertainment and gambling capital of the world. Gambling's underbelly also brought organized crime, which also featured some famous Jews.
Although the first synagogue in Nevada, affiliated with the Reform movement, was founded in 1876, the first synagogue building was not erected (in Reno) until 1921. The next one was built in Las Vegas, in 1963. The Reno synagogue brought the first resident rabbi to Nevada in 1932, Rabbi Hersh Opoczynski, who anglicized his name to Harry Tarlow. He and his wife opened the first boarding house for those seeking legal divorces.
But the main narrative of Nevada's Jews is linked to the proliferation of gambling casinos in Las Vegas between 1947 and 1967. Ubiquitous entertainment centers such as Caesars Palace, Desert Inn, Flamingo, Sahara, Aladdin, Riviera, Sands and Tropicana were all Jewish owned, and expanded greatly more recently, with the arrival of Sheldon Adelson's Venetian and Steve Wynn's eponymous casino. This expansion resulted in the exponential growth of Las Vegas' Jewish community. As of 2007, Vegas supported 19 synagogues of all stripes. A $25 million donation from Sheldon and Miriam Adelson funded the creation of 3 Jewish day schools and a high school. In 2017, the Jewish population of Nevada was recorded as 76,300.
Nevada was officially welcomed into the Union, in the midst of the U.S. Civil War, on October 31, 1864.
Study about the Jewish communities you visit when you travel and support them.
Many of the greatest names in Israeli history belong to leaders of military battles and to eloquent spokespersons who rallied the Jewish people to fight for a modern homeland. Chaim Weizmann's field of "battle" was the game of diplomacy. His great skill in this most delicate realm made it all the more appropriate that his final title was that of the first President of the State of Israel.
Born in Russia in 1874, the third of fifteen children, Weizmann followed his Jewish cheder education with gymnasium and multiple universities. A scientist by training, he received degrees from universities in Germany and Switzerland and taught at the University of Geneva before accepting a position as senior lecturer at University of Manchester in 1904.
Weizmann became a British citizen. During the first World War, he gained national attention when he developed a process for producing acetone, a critical explosive component that greatly benefited the British war effort. His national security work enabled him to make many influential and important contacts.
An ardent Zionist, Weizmann attended every Zionist conference in Basil, Switzerland except the first. Weizmann's belief was that the Zionists could only succeed if there were people settling the land while diplomatic maneuvers were put in place. Weizmann played a critical role in the creation of both the Weizmann Institute for Science and Hebrew University.
Weizmann's diplomatic victories were of great significance. It was his efforts that resulted in the Balfour Declaration. He was the diplomat who sat with the Hashemite Prince Feisal and reached a (short-lived) agreement with the Arabs. And it was known that Weizmann influenced the United States to support both the Partition Plan and Statehood.
In 1952, after serving four years as President, Weizmann died at his home in Rehovot. Chaim Weizmann passed away on November 9, 1952, corresponding to the 21st of Cheshvan.
This Treat was last posted on April 26, 2012.
Learn from the lives of those who dedicated themselves to virtuous causes.
The Nazis held Hannah in prison for nearly five months, during which time she was able to communicate with her mother. She was tortured, repeatedly, but refused to give the Nazis any information. On November 7, 1944, corresponding to the 20th of Cheshvan, the 23 year-old Hannah was executed by firing squad. She refused to be blind-folded.
This Treat was last posted on April 21, 2011.
Make sure to recognize the ultimate sacrifice made by Jewish heroes so Judaism could continue.
Parashat Vayeira begins with Avraham convalescing after his circumcision. Unexpectedly, he sees three "visitors," whom the Midrash identifies as angels, come toward his home. Excited to welcome guests, he washes their feet, and promises them a meal. Avraham asks his wife Sarah to prepare bread, while he slaughters meat, and brings the guests a scrumptious meal. He stands over them, making sure they are eating.
Then the "guests" ask a bizarre, perhaps immodest, question. "And they said to him, where is Sarah your wife? And he said, Behold in the tent" (Genesis 18:9). After asking this question, the angels inform Avraham and Sarah that in a year hence they will be blessed with a son, despite their advanced age. The Midrash explains the need for three angels: one angel came to heal the sick Abraham, another angel came to inform Abraham and Sarah of their impending parenthood, and a third angel came to destroy the evil city of Sodom. Once the angel concluded his task of visiting Avraham, it was tasked with saving Lot and his family.
So why did the angels need to ask about Sarah's whereabouts before dispatching their jobs?
Tradition maintains that the Jewish Messiah will be a descendant of King David. But, King David himself is a descendant of the righteous Moabite convert, Ruth. The Moabite nation was born from the union between Lot, Abraham's nephew, and one of his daughters. The Torah (Deuteronomy 23:4-7) declares that Moabites may not be accepted as converts because they did not act hospitably toward the Israelites while they were in the Wilderness and because they hired Balaam to curse the Israelites.
If this is true, how could Ruth be accepted as a convert? How could David be a legitimate king of Israel?
The Talmud (Yevamot 77) notes that Moabite men are proscribed from joining the Jewish people, because they were the ones who decided not to provide victuals to the wandering Israelites. The rabbis in the Talmud were unsure if Moabite women could be accepted or not. After all, would the women, had they had the opportunity, have fed the Israelites? The Talmud concludes, based on a ruling of the prophet Samuel, that we do accept Moabite women as converts.
Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, the first Gerrer Rebbe known as the Chidushei HaRim, suggests that this is why the angels asked about Sarah's whereabouts. If she were demonstrating hospitality, which she was, the law would allow the conversion of female Moabites. This debate proved relevant to the angels, as they needed to know whether Lot and his daughters should be saved in order to eventually produce Ruth and King David.
Reaching out to welcome those in need of meals, or beds, is considered one of Judaism's most virtuous deeds.
No leader wants to send troops to their deaths in battle. But facing the destruction of one's nation is a trial no leader should ever face. Israel's second Prime Minister, Levi Eshkol, stared that option in the face.
Eshkol was born Levi Yitzchak Skolnick in the village of Oratov, outside of Kiev, on October 25, 1895. He received a traditional cheder education followed by attendance at the Jewish gymnasium in Vilna. It was there that he became active in the nascent Zionist movement, leading to his making aliyah in 1914, where he helped build irrigation tunnels to bring water to the newly-created orchards.
He soon became active in the labor union, was a founder of the Histadrut, the National Federation of Jewish Laborers, helped found Kibbutz Degania Bet, which remained his life-long home, and joined the Haganah. He excelled in all areas.
At the time of Israel's establishment, in May 1948, Eshkol was appointed Director-General of the Ministry of Defense, and, beginning in 1949, while serving as the head of the Settlement Department of the Jewish Agency, made great contributions in absorbing immigrants and dispatching them to new agricultural farms. Later, he also served as Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Finance. Upon Ben Gurion's resignation as Prime Minister, Eshkol was elected party chair and became Israel's second Prime Minister, leading Israel's 12th Knesset in 1963. One of his first acts was to fulfil the wishes of Ze'ev Jabotinsky, a more conservative Zionist leader, to re-inter him and his wife in Israeli soil.
Importantly, Eshkol developed a close personal relationship with U.S. President Lyndon Johnson. When Israel's surrounding Arab neighbors, led by Egypt's President Nasser, ratcheted up the verbal and military pressure to war, Eshkol hesitated, despite the military leaders pushing to pre-empt the enemies. Eshkol stuttered through a national radio address on May 28, 1967, which empowered Israeli's enemies and caused great concern in Israel. Eshkol eventually gave the green-light to the plan to dispatch Israel's air force to bomb enemy aircraft while still on their runways, which enabled Israeli forces to repel enemy forces and gain territory in a six day battle, known widely as the Six Day War.
After the war, Eshkol's health declined. A heart attack on February 26, 1969 proved fatal. Eshkol received a State funeral and was buried on Mount Herzl and was succeeded by Golda Meir.
One need not be the Prime Minister of Israel to volunteer on behalf of Israel. There are numerous opportunities to support Israel in every Jewish community. Go out and help the Jewish homeland.
Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz, known as the Chazon Ish, was considered to be one of the most important rabbinic voices in Europe and Israel in the period before World War II and its immediate aftermath. The name Chazon Ish was a pen name he used to publish anonymous halachic works in 1911. Ish, which means "man" or "person" in Hebrew, was an acronym for his Hebrew name Avraham Yeshaya.
Rabbi Karelitz was born on November 7, 1878, in Kosava, Russia, now Belarus. His father, Rabbi Shmaryahu Yosef, was the rabbi in Kosava and his mother, Rasha, was the daughter of Rabbi Shaul Katzenelbogen. Young Avraham Yeshaya studied with the renowned Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik of Brisk, and later returned to Kosava to study with his father.
After marrying Bashe Bei, Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya moved to the huge Jewish community of Vilna in 1920, and became very close with Rabbi Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, the titular head of East European Orthodox Jewry at the time. Rabbi Grodzinski encouraged Rabbi Kareletz to move to the Holy Land, and with help and support from Palestine's Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi, Rabbi Abraham Kook, he and his wife (they never had children) immigrated to Palestine in 1933 and settled in Bnei Brak.
In addition to his absolute grasp of all facets of Torah, Rabbi Karelitz, despite being self-taught, mastered several scientific disciplines, including anatomy, astronomy, math and botany. The Chazon Ish was not a Zionist, and feared that a state led by secular Jews would threaten the Orthodox Jewish life that he and his followers sought. The Chazon Ish supposedly met with Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben Gurion, to argue for a draft deferment for Torah students. He cited the Talmudic passage where two boats simultaneously enter a narrow canal, the boat with the greater cargo goes first. He claimed that the traditional community was the older ship with greater cargo, and should be given deference.
The Chazon Ish, by virtue of his brilliance, charisma and wide acceptance, was one of the leading Torah voices in all of Israel, despite never holding any formal rabbinic position. He avoided the limelight, lived a very austere life, subsisting on his wife's meager income, and avoided the religious political movements prevalent in the years before and after Israel's independence in 1948.
The Chazon Ish died on the 15th of Cheshvan, corresponding to October 24, 1953.
Those recognized as religious leaders of the Jewish people are presumed to possess superior Torah knowledge and live a life of righteousness and piety. Learn about these great leaders throughout the generations.
Exactly one month ago, we were putting the final touches on our Sukkahs, which served as our "homes-away-from-home" for the subsequent week. In addition to eating in the sukkah, many people sleep in the sukkah as well, as a component of "living in the Sukkah," if and when the conditions are right. Indeed, during Sukkot, we are to live in the sukkah in the same manner as we live in our homes the rest of the year.
Suppose a group of people chose to fulfill the mitzvah in its ideal form by sleeping in the sukkah, but one of those individuals snores heavily and the snorer's presence would prevent the others from sleeping. How would Jewish law handle this situation? Rabbi Shlomo Aviner, the rabbi of Bet El in Israel, analyzed this question.
A principle of the laws of Sukkah is that someone who is very uncomfortable, in Hebrew mitzta'er, is exempt from living in the Sukkah. With the exception of the first night of Sukkot (and the second night outside of Israel to a lesser extent), many people leave the sukkah when it rains, when it is excessively hot or cold or when faced with other impediments to our comfort. According to some contemporary sages (Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv and his son-in-law, Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky) those who would be unable to sleep due to snoring, are considered mitzta'er, and as such, would be exempt from sleeping in the sukkah.
Other rabbis disagree. Some feel that this law should not be viewed from the perspective of fulfilling the laws of Sukkot, but rather, seen in the context of basic human decency, that it's not ok to keep people awake, even inadvertently. As such, the snorer who is causing damage (lack of sleep), should be the one to leave the sukkah.
Rabbi Asher Weiss, a renowned Israeli decisor of Jewish law, offered 3 reasons why the snorer should leave. He argues that there is precedent when performing a mitzvah, that we defer to the majority over the minority. He also feels that the snorer, by leaving the sukkah, allows others to sleep in peace, and, thus, fulfills a mitzvah. Finally, in general, one should not do anything that would prevent others from sleeping.
Preventing someone from sleeping can be considered a type of theft. It is a Jewish value, under normal circumstances, not to wake those who are asleep.
Sir Moses Montefiore was born on the 13th of Cheshvan, corresponding to October 28, 1784.
This Treat was last posted on August 3, 2009.
While the average charitable person can't donate sufficient funds to dedicate buildings, we need to follow the lead of philanthropists and support causes that are impactful and close to our hearts.
The 39 prohibited labors of Shabbat are derived via the Biblical juxtaposition of the 39 creative labors that were employed in the building of the tabernacle, the Mishkan, and observing the Sabbath. The 39 acts are divided into categories: sowing seeds in order to form bread; turning wool into string and tapestry; transforming animal hides into useable skins. These acts are biblically prohibited only when they are constructive. Tearing, as an example, is only violated biblically when one tears in order to mend. One who becomes angry and rips something, does not violate the Sabbath on a Biblical level, since it is not a productive act.
But, the sages identified one act that does not seem to be constructive, yet is Biblically proscribed: the prohibition of removing or uprooting something from its domain (known as hotza'ah). The biblical prohibition of hotza'ah would be violated when any one of the following acts are performed in a public domain: carrying, pushing a carriage, throwing an object from one domain to another and walking with objects in one's pockets. The Tosafists (Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 2a) identify hotza'ah as a m'lacha ge'ruah, a lower level act, an unproductive activity. Why is this act, included in the list of 39 activities, ask the Tosafists, when all the other actions are considered constructive and productive?
The rabbis offer various answers to this famous Talmudic question, but one pertains to this week's Torah portion of Parashat Lech Le'cha, which opens as follows: "And the Lord had said to Abram, Get out from your country, and from your family, and from your father's house, to a land that I will show you. And I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great; and you shall be a blessing. And I will bless those who bless you, and curse him who curses you; and in you shall all families of the earth be blessed." (Genesis 12:1).
Rabbi Avigdor Nebenzahl, Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem's Old City, explains that God's command to Abraham to re-locate himself, demonstrates that movement from one domain to another can indeed be the most constructive act, not so much because of the action involved, but because when one changes their location, their luck can change for the better. Look at the blessings Abraham received for himself and his progeny by uprooting his home. What can be more productive than that?!
Recognize that moving from one place to another can be the most productive and constructive action we take in life.
Tzfat (Safed), the Israeli city in the rolling hills of the Galilee, is known as one of the four holy cities of Israel, along with Tiberias, Hebron and, of course, Jerusalem. It was the home of the 15th century renaissance of the mystical study of Kaballah, and served, as well, as the residence of the Arizal, Rabbi Yosef Karo, Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz, the author of L'cha Dodi, and many other great Torah sages.
While many earthshattering historical moments took place in Tzfat, it is also a location prone to earthquakes. On the 9th of Cheshvan, corresponding to October 31, 1759, an earthquake struck that nearly destroyed Tzfat.
Tzfat is located on the Dead Sea Transform, a fault that runs from the northern Red Sea, through Israel's Jordan Valley, to the Taurus Mountains in southern Turkey. The October 1759 earthquake was estimated at 6.6 on the surface wave magnitude scale, and caused a massive landslide within the city built on the side of a mountain. 140 Jews died in the quake and 200 homes were destroyed. An exodus from Tzfat ensued, leaving just 50 families. A 1730 census indicated 1800 Jewish residents of Tzfat. A more intense earthquake on November 25 of the same year, destroyed all the villages in the Beqaa valley, northwest of Tzfat in Lebanon. This earthquake almost mimicked the damage the region had sustained in a Syria-based earthquake in 1202.
Of all of Tzfat's synagogues, only the Alsheich synagogue withstood the 1759 blast.
Hassidic Jews returned to Tzfat in 1764 to rebuild the ancient holy city. Another earthquake, measured at a magnitude of 6.9, devastated Tzfat on January 1, 1837. Once again, the Alsheich synagogue was unaffected and eyewitnesses claim that the southern wall of the Abuhav synagogue, where the Ark stood, was not destroyed.
Help rebuild and maintain Jewish centers that convey our history.
Rehavam Ze'evi was born on June 20, 1926 in Jerusalem. He joined the Palmach in 1942, and, after the nation's creation in 1948, served in the Israel Defense Force (IDF) as a platoon commander. From 1964 to 1968, he was the Chief of the Department of Staff in the Israeli General Staff, and, in 1973, retired from the IDF with the rank of Major General, rejoining temporary to help fight the Yom Kippur War. His nickname "Gandhi" stems from an event in his youth where he shaved his head and entered the dining room wearing a towel around his waist, appearing similar to the famed Indian leader.
Like many retired Israeli generals, Ze'evi entered politics. He served as Prime Minister Rabin's consultant on combatting terrorism, and a year later, Rabin tapped him as an advisor on intelligence.
In 1988, Ze'evi formed the Moledet political party, advocating the very controversial notion of population transfer, removing the Arab population in the West Bank and Gaza Strip to neighboring Arab countries.
In Israel's parliamentary system, small parties sign coalition agreements with larger parties to help them attain a majority of seats in the Knesset. Ze'evi joined the Likud government of Yitzhak Shamir, but quit when Shamir attended the Madrid Conference in 1991. He did not join the more right-leaning Netanyahu government (1996-1999) either. When General Ariel Sharon was elected Prime Minister in February, 2001, Ze'evi, as head of the newly-formed National Union, joined the government and assumed the position of Tourism Minister.
On October 17, 2001, two days after resigning from the Sharon government, Ze'evi was assassinated in a hotel in Jerusalem. He was buried in the Herzl Military cemetery, leaving a wife, Yael, and five children: Palmach, Sayar, Masada, Te'ela and Arava. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) took credit for the murder, as revenge for Israel's killing its leader a few months earlier. The murderers escaped to Yasser Arafat's Ramallah headquarters. After a siege by the IDF, the US brokered a plan to incarcerate the murderers in PA-controlled Jericho, guarded by US and British soldiers. Three years later the soldiers left their post claiming the PA was not adhering to its side of the deal. The Israeli military raided the prison and seized the five gunmen. The five were tried in Israeli courts. Their sentences range from life in prison to 30 years behind bars.
Israeli military heroes, despite political positions, should nevertheless be remembered, for their dedication, achievements and sacrifice to the state and the people of Israel.
On October 16, 1946, ten leaders of the Nazi party were executed after the first of the twelve Nuremberg Trials sentenced them to death. The trials of over 100 defendants took place in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949.
In 1944 after the Allied invasion of Europe, when victory looked likely, various members of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Administration shared plans with the President on how to deal with Nazi war criminals. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau proposed a plan including executing some immediately, banishing others, and that POWs would be forced to rebuild Europe. Secretary of War Henry Stimson advocated for the plan that led to the trials, which FDR endorsed. Eventually, at their famous Yalta summit, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Chairman Stalin endorsed the trials as well.
On May 2, 1945, several months after the sudden death of President Roosevelt, and two days after Adolph Hitler committed suicide, President Truman appointed Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Robert Jackson, to serve as chief prosecutor for the United States at the trials. Justice Jackson convinced his colleagues from other countries to prosecute the Nazis based on "acts which have been regarded as criminal since the time of Cain and have been so written in every civilized code." Jackson and his colleagues agreed that the court would be called the International Military Tribunal, consisting of a judge from each country.
Jackson wanted the trials to take place in Germany, but, as a result of the war, few German cities had courthouses that were still standing. They chose Nuremberg, where Hitler held many rallies and where the infamous Nuremberg Laws were enacted, which denied Jews property rights and civil rights.
On October 16, 1946, ten convicted Nazi war criminals were hanged: Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Alfred Jodl, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim Von Ribbentrop, Alfred Rosenberg, Fritz Sauckel, Arhtur Seyss-Inquart and Julius Streicher. Herman Goring committed suicide the night before his execution and Martin Bormann was sentenced to death in abstentia.
Never miss an opportunity to learn from history's human rights catastrophes so they are never repeated.
Florence, Italy, purports to be one of the oldest Jewish communities in Europe, dating back to at least 1159, when Benjamin of Tudela wrote of his visit to Florence, capital of the Tuscany region. The Jewish community was officially formed in 1437, nine years after the community lent funds to Pope Martin V in return for his protection. The formation of the Jewish community coincided with the rise of the Medici family, who, as patrons of the arts and humanities, built Florence as a center of Renaissance culture and art in Italy. When the Medicis fell from power in the 1490s, the Jews were expelled. Since the Jewish community had loaned significant funds to the Republic of Florence, the expulsion was successfully delayed until the Medicis returned to power in 1512.
In 1537, the Medicis permitted expelled Jews from Spain and Portugal, to settle in Florence, which caused the Florence Jewish community to grow. Once the Medicis consolidated their power, they did enact laws requiring a special dress code for Jews and creating the Jewish ghetto of Florence in 1571. Although confined to the ghetto, the Jews created communal institutions and were granted autonomy within the ghetto. Due to the flow of Iberian Jews, tensions rose within the ghetto as the Spanish and Portuguese Jews desired synagogues and schools to conduct services in their own rite, and not the Italian custom.
In 1799, when Napoleon occupied Florence, the Jews were emancipated. In 1848, the Jews left the ghetto and were granted civil rights. In 1861, the Jews of Florence were granted full citizenship. They built the Great Synagogue in 1882 and the Rabbinical College of Padua, 120 miles away, was relocated to Florence.
Although 3,000 Jews lived happily in Florence in 1931, their experience deteriorated with the Nazi occupation of Italy in September 1943. On the 6th of Cheshvan, Dr. Rabbi Nathan Cassuto, the Jewish communal leader of Florence, was included in the initial deportations to Auschwitz. Only 13 out of the 243 Jews deported, returned alive.
Given the longevity and geographic diversity of Jewish communities, when you study world history, you can often also study the history of Jews in that location during that time period.
Parashat Noach begins by describing the famous teivah, or ark, that God instructed Noah to build. Since the wooden craft would be challenged by the rainstorm and the elements, God instructed Noah to protect the ark with pitch on both the inside and the outside (Genesis 6:14).
The same Hebrew word, teivah, is employed by the Torah to describe the floating bassinet which was used to hide baby Moses from Pharaoh's officers. This "ark" was water-proofed as well. As the Torah testifies, "And when she (Moses' mother) could no longer hide him (Moses), she took for him an ark made of reeds, and daubed it with slime and with pitch, and put the child in it; and she laid it in the rushes by the river's brink" (Exodus 2:3). The commentator Rashi, in both aforementioned sources, offers several reasons why Noah's ark had pitch on both the inside and outside while Moses' ark only had pitch on the outside. First of all, Rashi notes, Moses' ark only encountered tranquil and still waters, while Noah's ark was to face a massive storm with a cataclysmic amount of water. Moses' ark therefore only needed water-proofing on the outside.
There is a well-known rabbinic debate concerning Noah, regarding whether he was objectively or subjectively righteous. Parashat Noach opens with the following verse: "These are the generations of Noah; Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God" (Genesis 6:9). Does "perfect in his generations" limit his being "a just man" or does his being a "just man" stand on its own? Was he only righteous compared to the wicked people of his generation, or would he have been considered as righteous if he lived in Abraham's generation? Rashi's comments above seem to indicate that Abraham was more righteous than Noah, and bolsters the opinion that Noah's righteousness was somewhat subjective.
Don't justify questionable behavior because it is better than that of others. Do the right thing. You can't go wrong!
Make sure to archive and preserve your photos, as they serve as priceless testaments to your family's history.
On May 11, 1820, a child was born in Prussia who would, as a grown man, almost single-handedly change the face of German Jewry. Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer attended yeshiva in Hanover, and when he turned 17, enrolled in the yeshiva of Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger in Altona. In 1840, he returned to his hometown of Halberstadt, and, while continuing his rabbinical studies, mastered Semitic languages and mathematics at the University of Berlin. In 1844, he received his doctorate from the University of Halle Wittenberg.
In 1851, as rabbi of Eisenstadt, Hungary, Rabbi Dr. Hildesheimer insisted that proper pedagogy and grammar be requirements in the local Jewish parochial school. There, he founded a yeshiva, where he only accepted students who had general studies education. In addition to the traditional curriculum of Talmud, Halachic codes and responsa literature, the yeshiva taught Tanach (Scriptures) and Hebrew language. The yeshiva opened with 6 students, and by 1868, the yeshiva had educated 128 students, including one American.
In 1869, the Orthodox minority in Berlin, with governmental permission, was allowed to found a separate communal organization catering to their 200 families. They chose Rabbi Hildesheimer to lead them. Here too, on October 22, 1873, corresponding to the 1st of Cheshvan, Rabbi Hildesheimer founded a yeshiva, the Rabbinical Seminary for Orthodox Judaism, also known as the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary. Thirty of his former students immediately enrolled. An all-star list of rabbinical luminaries with general educational backgrounds served as the faculty and taught traditional and non-traditional topics, such as Bible, religious philosophy, theoretical and practical homiletics, Jewish history and geography of "Palestine" (pre-state Israel).
Rabbi Hildesheimer died on June 12, 1899 and was succeeded by prominent faculty member Rabbi David Zvi Hoffman. Rabbi Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg presided over the Hildesheimer Academy when it was forcibly closed by the Nazis in 1938. 71 years later in 2009, with the blessing of two of Rabbi HIldesheimer's great-grandsons, the seminary was re-opened as the Rabbinerseminar zu Berlin, funded by the German Central Council of Jews and the Ronald S. Lauder Foundation.
Learn about Jewish institutions, events and practices the evil Nazis tried to stop, but, despite the Nazi actions, continue to thrive decades after the Third Reich has been destroyed.
Jewish law demands adherence to moral codes, even during trying and life-threatening times, such as wartime.
While Columbus Day has a history as an Italian-American celebration, Jews should find ways to participate as Americans in festivals celebrating other ethnic groups.
Our weekly Torah reading has once again cycled back to the Book of Genesis, returning to the stories and moral lessons of the earliest days of civilization. In addition to the ethical underpinnings of human civilization and its spiritual leanings, the vignettes and events of our forebears in the book of Genesis are also the source for so many of man's vices, poor habits and evil behaviors.
After the story of Creation and the tragic story of Adam, Eve and the serpent in the Garden of Eden, we learn about the second generation of humankind: Cain and Abel. Put yourselves in the shoes of Cain and Abel: the first human beings with human parents. They both chose to serve God and offer sacrifices. Cain, a bit more frugal, offered vegetation, fruits of the field, while Abel offered a more valuable animal sacrifice. God accepted Abel's offering, but not that of Cain. Cain rose up to kill his brother, and alas, the first murder, death, homicide and human injury took place.
While the Torah implies that the murder was due to Cain's jealousy that Abel's offering was accepted, the Midrash (Bereishit Rabba 22:7) sees the battle between the first brothers as more profound. One Midrash teaches that they fought over how to divide the world--one would own the land and the other would assume mastery over the moveable items. Others claim they each wanted the future Temple to be built on their land. Finally, another opinion suggests that after Eve died, they fought over the only other woman in the world, born as a twin to Abel, the younger brother. Alas, as the great 20th century Bible Commentator, Nehama Leibowitz, taught, based on the aforementioned Midrash, that wars are fought over these 3 paradigms: land/possessions, religion and ego/power.
Think of all the wars between nations and the rationales that are employed to justify those battles. Think of fights that individuals have with one another. We have so much to learn and so much to improve, yet we have not even begun to solve the first challenges found in the Torah.
Ask yourself if the goals achieved through fighting are ultimately worth the damage it will likely cause. Usually they are not.
One of the most important Jewish attributes is to try to find favor in one's fellow's actions, even when they may not seem so positive on the surface.
Jews have contributed much to American culture. These innovations should be lauded and should make Jews feel proud.


Find out which law firms are representing which TMT clients in Brazil using The Legal 500's new comprehensive database of law firm/client relationships. Instantly search over 925,000 relationships, including over 83,000 Fortune 500, 46,000 FTSE350 and 13,000 DAX 30 relationships globally. Access is free for in-house lawyers, and by subscription for law firms. For more information, contact david.burgess@legal500.com.
Cesnik, Quintino & Salinas Advogados is a leading adviser on audio-visual production matters, and covers the entire life cycle from creation, financing, and trade mark and copyright protection, to content production and distribution. The firm assists media groups such as MGM Distribution (in negotiating agreements for co-productions in Brazil), Viacom Networks Brasil (in administrative procedures before the audiovisual agency ANCINE) and Fox Channels Brasil (in relation to investments in local productions). Other clients include Brazilian production companies O2 Filmes and Gullane Entretenimento, as well as sponsors and investors. Gilberto Toscano, the 'excellent' Rodrigo Kopke Salinas, 'true leader' Fábio de Sá Cesnik and Roberto Jucá are the names to note.
Mundie e Advogados delivers 'excellent response times', and 'works tirelessly' on a broad range of TMT matters. Recent highlights include advising on pay-TV regulation, digital television matters, the transfer of broadcasting licences, and the provision of telecoms service licences. The group, which counts AT&T among its clients, also handles disputes in the sector. Ana Claudia Beppu dos Santos Oliveira and Elinor Cristófaro Cotait, who 'speaks a corporate language', lead the team, which includes associates Beatriz Faustino França and Tomás Schoeller Paiva.
Pinheiro Neto Advogados' technology and entertainment group is 'a trustworthy adviser on key and challenging legal issues', and 'provides a sophisticated legal perspective and strategy in connection with business needs'. Alongside its advisory work, the group regularly handles strategic litigation, recently defending Apple Computer Brasil in litigation filed by Instituto Brasileiro de Direito da Informática concerning potential consumer and antitrust law violations through certain app store features. Other clients are 99 Tecnologia, Amazon, Facebook and Samsung. Raphael de Cunto and José Mauro Machado are recommended along with André Zonaro Giacchetta, who has 'the ability to adapt legal advice to business and political considerations'. Larissa Galimberti made partner in January 2018.
Media and entertainment is one of Azevedo Sette Advogados' strong suits. The group recently provided regulatory advice to Twitter; advised Apple on the exploitation of The Beatles music rights; and assisted Fox Latin America with anti-piracy matters. On the contentious side, it continued to defend Electronic Arts in litigation brought by 150 plaintiffs concerning its FIFA video game. Ricardo Barretto Ferreira da Silva is the key name to note but IT expert Paulo Brancher has moved to Mattos Filho, Veiga Filho, Marrey Jr. e Quiroga Advogados.
Bitelli Advogados has 'unique knowledge of the media and entertainment business', such that 'the value received greatly exceeds costs'. IT is another area of expertise. The 'experienced' Marcos Alberto Sant'Anna Bitelli is 'a keen adviser on business aspects and governmental policies in the sector'.
The 'outstanding' Manesco, Ramires, Perez, Azevedo Marques Sociedade de Advogados takes 'a pragmatic approach before national authorities', 'saving clients expenses and risks'. The group is particularly known for its experience in regulatory matters before telecoms agency ANATEL and matters relating to the implementation and maintenance of telecoms infrastructure. Eduardo Augusto de Oliveira Ramires provides 'swift and pragmatic answers in complex situations', and is recommended along with Floriano de Azevedo Marques Neto.
Pereira Neto | Macedo's telecoms and technology practice acts for an impressive client portfolio including Oi, Telefônica, WhatsApp and Spotify, recently advising the latter on the provision of streaming services in Brazil. Ronaldo Lemos and Caio Mario da Silva Pereira Neto co-head the team. Daniel Douek made partner in June 2017.
Media and entertainment boutique Schivartche Advogados 'focuses on matters relevant to the client's business'. Its impressive client portfolio includes Sony Pictures, Paramount and Warner, which regularly instruct the group in relation to investments in and the distribution of feature films produced in Brazil. André Schivartche 'has fantastic knowledge of the Brazilian and US market'.
With a strong focus on advertising, Inglez, Werneck, Ramos, Cury e Françolin Advogados (IWRCF) regularly represents clients in administrative proceedings before advertising regulator CONAR. Clients include BDF Nivea, advertising agency AlmapBBDO, Editora Globo and Cinemark. Founding partner Luiz Cássio dos Santos Werneck Netto is the name to note.
KLA-Koury Lopes Advogados advised Seabras-1 in relation to the provision of telecoms services and submarine cable network infrastructure. Guilherme Ieno is recommended for telecoms matters, Tania Liberman for media-related issues, and Karin Alvo for technology advice.
Levy & Salomão recently assisted Netflix with licence agreements, and defended Sky in litigation filed by the Goiás state public prosecutor concerning the display of certain on-screen messages to customers. Media and entertainment expert Simone Lahorgue Nunes also acts for HBO Latin America, Univision Communications and TV Globo.
With an excellent reputation in the telecoms sector, Mattos Filho, Veiga Filho, Marrey Jr. e Quiroga Advogados is also establishing a strong technology practice. Team head Fabio Ferreira Kujawski advised Tata Communications on obtaining a telecoms licence to operate in Brazil. Having hired internet regulation, data protection and privacy expert Thiago Luís Sombra from the now-defunct Odon Sombra Advogados in June 2017, the firm has further strengthened the practice group with the incorporation of IT and TMT specialist Paulo Bracncher from Azevedo Sette Advogados in July 2018.
'Nothing short of excellent', BMA - Barbosa, Müssnich, Aragão's team is 'responsive, creative and forward-looking'. On the telecoms side, it provides advice related to submarine cables, telecoms towers and satellites. Recent work highlights include advising Omnispace on the assignment of S band frequencies, and assisting Samsung with licensing matters related to the provision of telecoms services. Eduardo Hayden Carvalhaes Neto 'sees solutions rather than obstacles'.
BMA - Barbosa, Müssnich, Aragão - Portuguese translation: "Nada menos que excelente", a equipe da BMA - Barbosa, Müssnich, Aragão é "ágil, criativa e voltada para o futuro". No lado das telecomunicações, fornece aconselhamentos relacionados a rede de cabos submarinos, torres de telecomunicações e satélites. Os destaques recentes do trabalho incluem assessorar a Omnispace na alocação de frequências de banda S e dar suporte à Samsung em questões de licenciamento relacionadas à prestação de serviços de telecomunicações. Eduardo Hayden Carvalhaes Neto "enxerga soluções e não obstáculos".
Rolim, Viotti & Leite Campos Advogados stands out for its litigation expertise. It recently represented Claro in administrative litigation concerning consumer matters, and acted for Telefônica in proceedings against telecoms regulator ANATEL. Counsel Rodrigo Azevedo Greco 'always brings critical input'.
Huck, Otranto, Camargo Advogados has niche expertise in sports law, with Luiz Otávio Rodrigues Ferreira the name to note. 'Experienced' practice head Maurício Vedovato advised Expedia on internet, media and advertising matters.
Opice Blum, Bruno, Abrusio, Vainzof Advogados Associados focuses on assisting clients with the removal of online content. A recent highlight was representing a telecoms company in litigation against internet providers concerning the provision of data for the identification of parties responsible for fraudulent acts. Renato Opice Blum, Juliana Abrusio and Rony Vainzof are recommended.
Siqueira Castro – Advogados acts for clients such as Globosat, LG Electronics, Sony Music Entertainment, and TIM Brasil. Alfredo Ferrari is recommended for consumer litigation.
Flávia Rebello leads the TMT group at Trench Rossi Watanabe. It advised radio base stations infrastructure provider Centennial Brasil Torres de Telecomunicações in public class actions and criminal and administrative proceedings concerning the lack of environmental licences for such stations. Esther Miriam Flesch left the firm in September 2017.
TozziniFreire Advogados handles cutting-edge matters in areas such as artificial intelligence and connected cars, and recently advised Facebook on advertising matters. Marcela Waksman Ejnisman leads the team.
Vella Pugliese Buosi e Guidoni Advogados advises technology start-ups and telecoms and IT providers. Frederico Buosi is 'easy to get a hold of', and 'thinks outside the box'.


It is Richards' contention that he can create a singing star exclusively through exposure on disc-spinning radio programs, without resorting to that upstart medium called television. When not engaged in marijuana make-out parties, these joypopping Jezebels commit robberies to feed their heroin habit, until a botched holdup leaves rich kid Wanda with a slug in her side. Two New York homosexual high school classmates fight against an attempted coup by Christian fundamentalists at the same time they are falling in love. A supernatural horror story filled with special effects, about a group of unpopular high-school girls who dabble in witchcraft. Tells the story of 16-year-old Japanese American Irene Kawai, whose rebellion explodes in the wake of the death of her younger sister. Cast: Jamaul Roots, Geoffrey Garcy, Sedley Bloomfield, Derrick Robberts, Quentin Crisp, Annie Golden.
Along the way, Mike falls in love with Vickie, though she has eyes only for her manager Johnny. Special features: Theatrical trailers ; "The terrible truth" (10 min., 1951) Synopsis: Communicates the message that marijuana usage ultimately results in heroin addiction. DVD 9379; also DVD X971 Directed by Richard Brooks. Once unleashed, the power becomes too much for them to handle, leading to a battle for control between Sarah, the new girl in the group, and power-crazed Nancy. Cast: Connie Nelson, Dee Hennigan, Gary Carter, Lisa Peterson, Esteban Powell, Joe Nemmers. Cast: Larry Fishburne, Giancarlo Esposito, Tisha Campbell, Kyme, Joe Seneca, Art Evans, Ellen Holly, Ossie Davis. After a clash with her mother, Irene flees her home and meets up with the ghost of her sister who leads her to the desert where she makes some important discoveries about her family's past in the internment camps during World War II. A drama about an unlikely friendship between two black youths in New York City, one rich and one poor, and the barriers of race and class that threaten to drive them apart. Cast: Chris Stafford, Tina Holmes, Andersen Gabrych, Stephanie Mc Vay and Lea De Laria.
His father ships him to an all-male college out West, where he meets the dean's granddaughter who is trying to help her grandfather keep his college from folding. Cast: June Carlson, Fifi D'Orsay, Teala Loring, Mary Bovard, Margia Dean, Johnny Duncan, Joe Devlin, Jimmy Zahner, Jon Dawson, Frank Mc Glynn, Sr. Bwana conjures up a floating bikini and "stuffs" it with Cassandra, and sends her to distract advertising executive Ricky from Dee Dee. During an important championship play-off game, Kyle grandstands to catch the attention of a Georgetown college scout. Cast: Ryan Black, Adam Beach, Lisa La Croix, Michael Greyeyes, Kevin Hicks, Jennifer Podemski, Sandrine Holt. This ode to teenage angst features London, a petulant girl, filled with hate but still looking for love. Cast: James Duval, Roko Belic, Susan Behshid, Jenee Gill, Gilbert Luna, Lance May. Cast: Jose Alcala, Rose Portillo, Marco Rodriquez, Daniel Valdez. A Mexican American family is struggling to survive, working as migrant laborers in fields from Texas to Minnesota. Her boyfriend is coerced (with the help of alcohol) by an old 'friend' into going to the house. Teamed with his friends Mickey, Neutron and Pedro, high school student Jim Carroll seems headed for a bright basketball career. Cast: Alicia Silverstone, Paul Rudd, Brittany Murphy, Justin Walker, Wallace Shawn.
When her brother comes home from college and finds out what his sister has been up to to finance his education, he commits suicide. Cast: Ginny Simms, Tom Drake, Jane Night, Michael O'Shea, Russ Morgan. With the usual gang of kids and a mermaid named Lorelei. To repay the loan, she begins working as a library clerk. Cast: Jeremy Piven, Chris Young, David Spade, Megan Ward, Sarah Trigger, Jessica Walter.
This was the second time I had it on; I was dressed to kill (or so I thought), but at the same time 20 minutes early, pacing the toilet and breaking into perspiration because Singapore is just too damn humid.
The problem is that developing a clean site and its reputation takes time.
Besides that, the fact it was never colonized by any European power makes it an interesting place to learn about.
See the rest of the list, below: Enough to put you off Tinder?


text:
Understanding Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Side Effects: What Every RA Patient Should Know
Do pharmacy inserts, drug ads, and internet chatter have you scratching your head, feeling overwhelmed, or flat-out panicking? Help is here.
When some people get a prescription from a doctor, they fill it and start taking the medication without a second thought. Others fear taking medication and try to avoid doing so at all costs, despite living with a chronic, progressive disease like rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where medication is considered a critical cornerstone of treatment. The best place to land, of course, is somewhere in the middle.
All drugs have the potential to cause side effects, so you should have some concerns about any medication you're prescribed or take over the counter. At the same time, it's a grave mistake to leave your rheumatoid arthritis symptoms untreated. Medications for RA help prevent serious joint damage and disability.
While any drug carries some risk of side effects, many patients don't consider the very real "side effect" of untreated RA that progresses, causing joint damage as well as other comorbidities like heart disease and lung disease.
How to strike the right balance? It comes down to weighing the potential risks and benefits of a treatment, though it can be hard for patients to get a grip on exactly how big a risk is involved from taking any given medication.
Are you likely to experience one or more of the scary side effects rattled off by an announcer at the end of a drug commercial?
How much faith should you put in an anecdote from a friend who had a horrible reaction to the very same drug your rheumatologist just prescribed for you?
Will scrutinizing the fine print on the package insert that comes with your medication really clear things up?
We posed these very questions to experts and asked them to share what they wish patients knew about rheumatoid arthritis drug side effects. Here's what you need to know.
What Is a Drug Side Effect?
Side effects, which are sometimes called adverse events, include anything that's unwanted or unexpected that happens to someone after they take a medication. Both over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and prescription drugs may cause side effects, though patients tend not to worry about OTC drugs as much, says Kathryn Dao, MD, associate director of clinical rheumatology at Baylor Research Institute in Dallas, Texas. That isn't necessarily wise, because OTC drugs can cause significant side effects.
Many RA patients take OTC pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil) or acetaminophen (Tylenol), which may cause minor side effects such as stomachaches. But there can also be major side effects, especially when these drugs are taken in large doses, for long periods of time, or along with other medications. NSAIDs like ibuprofen could cause GI bleeding or kidney damage. Too much acetaminophen could cause liver damage.
Prescription drugs also have the potential to cause a wide range of side effects, from annoying to life-threatening. Disease-modifying arthritis drugs, for instance, may increase your risk of catching an infection. While serious infections definitely do arise, that's not the norm, says Dr. Dao.
"People think about being hospitalized with pneumonia when they read that a drug may increase infection risk," she says. But most of the time "patients encounter only mild infections like colds or minor skin or bladder infections. If a patient previously had a cold once a year, the immunomodulating drugs may slightly increase the rate to 1.5 to two colds a year."
Read more about specific medication side effects in our Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Side Effects Chart.
How Drug Side Effects Are Determined
Drug manufacturers are required to inform patients about all the possible risks that are associated with a drug — including those that happen rarely. That's why medication package inserts and drug advertisements often contain a lengthy list of things that might go wrong.
The side effects that manufacturers warn you about primarily stem from what occurred in clinical trials that preceded a drug being approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Post-marketing studies (which are done after a drug hits the market) may also reveal new side effects over time.
The FDA also maintains an Adverse Event Reporting System that enables physicians, patients, and manufacturers to submit any perceived safety issues to the FDA. Side effects that are reported through that system may prompt the FDA to require the manufacturer to add additional warnings to a drug or possibly even pull it from the market.
For starters, you're going to read or hear about a long list of possible side effects that are associated with a given drug, including those that are very rare as well as those that are more commonplace. Drug package inserts and advertisements sometimes distinguish between side effects that are rare and those that are more likely to occur, but not always.
You can search the FDA's database of Medication Guides to learn more about possible side effects of a specific drug. If you're up for some not-so-light-reading, you can also search PubMed for the clinical trials published leading up to a drug getting approved by the FDA. Such studies provide details about how many people in each trial experienced a certain side effect, but that doesn't necessarily indicate how likely you are to experience it.
Your age, sex, and other health problems you might have (such as diabetes, heart disease, etc.) are all important factors that could raise or lower your risk of experiencing drug side effects.
In general, Dr. Dao estimates that there's less than a 10 percent chance that an individual patient will experience any side effect of any FDA-approved medication and that the chances of experiencing a serious side effect is less than 5 percent.
You should always talk to your doctor about your personal health history and lifestyle, and how those could affect your risk for certain drug side effects.
Drug Side Effects and Black Box Warnings
All drugs can cause side effects, but some drugs increase the risk of extremely serious problems, including severe injury, illness, or death. When such severe side effects are associated with a drug, the FDA often requires the manufacturer to add a black box warning (also called a boxed warning) to the drug's label and highlight the warning by encasing it in — you guessed it — a black box. Many drugs used to treat RA carry black box warnings.
A black box warning doesn't necessarily mean you shouldn't take a drug, because it may still be the best option for you. This kind of warning should make you and your doctor pause and spend time discussing the risks and weighing them against the benefits that the drug might offer you before making a decision.
How to Monitor and Minimize the Risk of Side Effects
Side effects aren't always preventable, but oftentimes doctors and patients can work together to minimize them.
"All the rheumatoid arthritis drugs have a pretty similar risk profile if you look at the overall risk of hospitalized infections, but there are differences in terms of which types of infections" they might predispose you to, says Kevin Winthrop, MD, a professor of infectious diseases and public health at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland.
With this information in mind, doctors can avoid prescribing certain medications to patients who are most apt to have problems with them. For example, Dr. Winthrop explains:
If a patient has had hepatitis B, for instance, he might recommend they avoid a B-cell inhibitor such as rituximab (Rituxan).
If a patient is prone to chronic lung infections, he might recommend they avoid TNF inhibitors like infliximab (Remicade) and adalimumab (Humira).
If a patient has frequent viral infections, he might recommend they avoid JAK inhibitors like tofacitinib (Xeljanz) and upadacitinib (Rinvoq).
How many medications you take (and their dosages) matters, too. Taking multiple medications increases your chances of experiencing a side effect or interaction, which is why your doctor should know about everything you're taking (including OTC drugs and supplements).
Even if you take only one drug, a lower dose may reduce the degree of side effects. Methotrexate, for instance, is often given to cancer patients in doses of 100 to 300 mg, says Dr. Dao. Rheumatoid arthritis patients typically take 10 to 25 mg.
"A patient may develop some side effects with methotrexate regardless of the dose," says rheumatologist Vinicius Domingues, MD, CreakyJoints medical advisor. "However, the higher the dose, the greater are your chances of experiencing certain side effects, such as upset stomach and nausea."
When it comes to methotrexate, Dr. Dao adds that taking a daily folic acid supplement can greatly reduce your chances of experiencing side effects such as hair loss, mouth sores, and liver problems. Here's more information about how doctors monitor patients while taking methotrexate.
Drug Side Effects vs. the Placebo Effect
You've probably heard of the placebo effect, but here's a quick refresher: A doctor gives you a pill and says it will make your knees feel better and they do — despite the fact that the pill (unbeknownst to you) contains sugar and not any pain-relieving medication.
A similar mechanism can apply to drug side effects, too.
"Before statins [cholesterol-lowering medication] came out, clinical trials showed that 10 to 20 percent of people who took them had muscle pain or weakness. Yet when statins hit the market, about one in three patients [or 33 percent] said they had this problem," says Dr. Dao.
While side effects sometimes occur more frequently in the general population than in clinical trials, that doesn't seem to be what happened here. "When more research was conducted and the drugs were blinded [patients didn't know if they were getting a sugar pill or real medication], the risk of muscle pain or weakness was once again found to be 10 to 20 percent," says Dr. Dao.
The takeaway: Side effects definitely happen, but worrying about them too much ahead of time might mean that you're more apt to experience them.
Drug Side Effects vs. the Risks of Going Untreated or Undertreated
Medication side effects can be scary. You should always discuss them with your doctor before starting a new medication. You should also tell your doctor right away if you think you're experiencing a side effect. In some cases, what you think is a side effect might really be a symptom of the disease itself, says Dr. Dao. In other instances, you might need to change your dose or switch to another medication.
But choosing not to take medication for RA is incredibly dangerous. Long-term inflammation can permanently damage your joints and raise your risk of life-threatening conditions, such as heart and lung disease.
You need to ask yourself: What are the side effects of not treating my disease?
"People forget that the reason we prescribe these medications is because they have a disease," she says. "The risk of a having a serious side effect is less than 5 percent. The risk of your disease progressing without treatment is about 100 percent. If I were a gambler, I'd put my money on being treated in order to prevent the devastating consequences of the disease."
Dr. Winthrop adds that rheumatoid arthritis patients always have choices — lots of them. "Usually we discuss taking this drug versus that one. It's not this one versus nothing," he says.
Also important: If you start a drug and experience side effects, it's not too late to stop or switch to another drug. Says Dr. Dao, "Patients need to know that just because we start a medicine doesn't mean we can't stop it."
Tips to Help You Remember to Take Your Arthritis Medications
What to Do Any Time You Start a New Medication for Arthritis
Signs to Consider Switching Your Arthritis Medication
This article is part of a Patient's Guide to Understanding RA Drug Side Effects and was made possible by a grant from Sanofi Genzyme.
Patients' 9 Biggest Concerns About Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Side Effects
Compression Socks for Arthritis: Do They Help?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
I was requested to write two articles for the 2014 KBF (Korea Bojagi Forum) Catalog. I worked on two subjects that have strong emotional appeal to me.
My "Homage Series"
HOMAGE TO HAENYEO, Exhibition in Jeju Island, Korea
HOMAGE TO HMONG. Exhibition at Charles B. Wang Center, Stonybrook, New York. USA.
Leonie is the featured artist in the BOJAGI section of the book, "The Ultimate Guide to Art Quilt Techniques from Around the World" by Linda Seward.
Two of her works, "Metamorphosis" and "Cross Currents" were selected for the publication.
Leonie's piece "Homage to the Hmong" has been featured in the New York Times article "Seeing Asian Cultures, Through an Indigo Lens"
F O R T H C O M I N G E V E N T S
2014 KOREA BOJAGI FORUM
Jeju Museum of Contemporary Art
Jeju Island, South Korea
CHOJUN TEXTILE & QUILT ART MUSEUM
Aug 30 - Oct 25, 2014
20 Namsandong 1 (il)-ga,
Jung-gu, Seoul. Korea
© 2018 by Leonie Castelino


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Core Box Lieutenants...where art thou?
Which lieutenant packs to start with?
What expansions to get first?
Did they over do it with some weapons?
Most damage potential from single attack?
Just got Oath of the Outcast!


Author and communications expert Deborah Tannen will deliver the keynote address at the inaugural Festival of Jewish Literature 2018.
Barely a week after a gunman opened fire in a Pittsburgh synagogue and killed 11 people, Baltimore's Jewish community will come together at a long-planned literary festival in an attempt to affirm the healing power of the written and spoken word.
"Feelings in the Jewish community are running pretty raw right now," said Ed Berlin, co-owner of the Ivy Bookshop, which is the lead organizer of the inaugural eleven-day Festival of Jewish Literature.
The festival's schedule was devised to showcase the variety of Baltimore's Jewish literary community. Events are being held from the northwest burbs to just south of the Inner Harbor; in Orthodox, Reform and Conservative houses of worship; and in cultural organizations including the Jewish Museum of Maryland and the Gordon Center for the Performing Arts and Center Stage.
Non-Jews are welcome, as are nonbelievers, Berlin said. If there is a shared "religion" at the festival, it's likely to be the love of a good book.
What is it? The Festival of Jewish Literature is a city-wide celebration of the written word that includes 13 author appearances, panel discussions, performances and children's activities.
When is it? Thursday, Nov. 8 through Sunday, Nov. 18.
Where is it? Events are being held at 11 venues throughout the Baltimore area, so chances are that you live or work close to at least one of them. For specifics, check out the map accompanying this article, or visit festivalofjewishliterature.org.
Who's delivering the keynote address? Communications expert Deborah Tannen will discuss her newest book, "You're the Only One I Can Tell: Inside the Language of Women's Friendships" at 7 p.m. Nov. 8 at Beth El Congregation, 8101 Park Heights Ave., Pikesville. Tannen is the Georgetown University linguistics professor whose 1990 book, "You Just Don't Understand," exposed men's and women's contrasting communication styles. She recently was in the news analyzing gender differences between the testimonies of U.S. Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford, who accused him of sexual misconduct.
Sounds kind of highbrow. Where can I go for a few yuks? Check out the Jewish Variety Hour at the Ivy Bookshop on Nov. 17, where magician David London will perform along with such noted Baltimore scribes as Marion Winik and Jessica Anya Blau. The follow night, author Jeremy Dauber will close out the festival at the Chizuk Amuno Congregation by discussing the history of Jewish comedy — its origins, defining characteristics and development from Biblical times through the age of Twitter.
I'd like to hear that Dauber guy but the grandkids are visiting. You're in luck. Three children's programs will be offered at the same place and at the same time as the Dauber reading: a puppet show for preschoolers, an author visit for the kindergarten through fourth grade crowd and a graphic novelist program for kids aged 10 and older. In addition, the previous Sunday features a ticketed family event at the Gordon Center for the Performing Arts in Owings Mills. Tales created by kids will be brought to life and staged by the improvisational troupe Story Pirates — and enhanced by music, costumes and sets.
Can my book club participate? They can join in the "community read" of Dara Horn's fifth novel, "Eternal Life," about a woman who discovers that she can't die. The New Jersey-based novelist — a two-time winner of the National Jewish Book Award — will speak at the festival Nov. 15. Related programming will be conducted throughout the year by the Macks Center for Jewish Education, which is sponsoring Horn's visit.
Will any noteworthy local Baltimoreans be honored? We're glad you asked. Gilbert Sandler, former Baltimore Sun reporter, historian and all-around wise guy, will be recognized with a public tribute before the Nov. 13 program at The Church of the Redeemer.
Are my tax dollars being used for this festival? No. For now, at least, the two sponsoring organizations — the Ivy Bookshop and JMore Magazine — are footing the bill. Berlin said that could change in future years.
Some events want me to register in advance. Is that really necessary? Yes. Tannen's reading already has had to be moved to a larger room to handle the demand for tickets.
What about parking? Berlin said each venue has ample free parking.


text:
Atlanta Chiefs logo, 1980–1981
Atlanta Chiefs (1967–1972, 1979–1981)
Atlanta Apollos (1973)
1967 (original team)
1979 (reformed team)
Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium (1967–1969, 1971–1972, 1979–1981)
Tara Stadium (1970)
Grant Field (1973)
Omni Coliseum (indoor) (1979–1981)
51,383 (Atlanta Stadium)
10,000 (Tara Stadium)
58,121 (Grant Field)
15,155 (Omni Coliseum)
Atlanta Braves, Inc (1967–73),
Atlanta Hawks, Inc (1973),
Ted Turner & Dick Cecil (1979–81)
NPSL (1967)
NASL (1968–1973, 1979–1981)
Home colors
Away colors
The Atlanta Chiefs were an American professional soccer team based in Atlanta, Georgia. The team competed in the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) in 1967 and the North American Soccer League (NASL) from 1968 to 1973 and again from 1979 to 1981. For the 1973 season, the team played as the Atlanta Apollos.
Founded in 1967 as a charter member of the NPSL, the club was the brainchild of Dick Cecil, then Vice President of the Atlanta Braves baseball franchise who was the Chiefs' owners. Cecil was intrigued with the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England and decided that a professional soccer team would add valuable events for Atlanta Stadium. From 1967 to 1972, the stadium would serve as the Chiefs' home field for all seasons except 1970, when the Chiefs played their home games at Tara Stadium.
In 1973, the team was sold and rebranded as the Atlanta Apollos. They played their home games at Grant Field before folding at the end of the 1973 season. The Chiefs' brand would later be revived by Cecil and Ted Turner in 1979 after the Colorado Caribous of the NASL relocated to Atlanta. The Chiefs again played at Atlanta—Fulton County Stadium, as well as the Omni Coliseum for two seasons of indoor soccer before the franchise again folded in 1981.
Kaizer Chiefs F.C., a professional soccer team that plays in the South African Premier Soccer League, was founded by Kaizer Motaung, who played for the Atlanta Chiefs in their initial incarnation. The Kaizer Chiefs' name and logo were inspired by those of the Atlanta club.
1.1 Formation and NPSL (1966–1967)
1.2 Manchester City and NASL Final (1968)
1.3 Later years and revival (1969–1981)
1.4 Legacy
2 Year-by-year
2.1 Outdoors
2.2 Indoors
3 Honors
4 Head coaches
Formation and NPSL (1966–1967)[edit]
The idea for a professional soccer team in Atlanta was first posed by Dick Cecil in 1966, who at the time was the Vice President of the Atlanta Braves, a member club of Major League Baseball (MLB). While Cecil had never before seen a soccer match, he became intrigued by the sport after reading accounts of the 1966 FIFA World Cup and became convinced that soccer games could be a profitable draw for the recently built Atlanta Stadium, which also served as the Braves' home stadium.[1][2] The Chiefs were one of several professional sports teams to begin play in Atlanta during the late 1960s, which also included the Braves (MLB, 1966), the Atlanta Falcons (NFL, 1966), and the Atlanta Hawks (NBA, 1968).
In 1966, under Cecil's direction, the Atlanta Braves chartered a franchise in the newly created National Professional Soccer League.[3] The team name was chosen based on its association with the Braves, which like the Chiefs also used Native American imagery in their branding.[4] On September 8, Cecil made one of the first hires on the team with Phil Woosnam as head coach and player.[5][4][6] Team tryouts were held on the campus of Emory University, which also housed the Chiefs' training facility.[4] The initial roster included notable international players such as Vic Crowe, Peter McParland, and Vic Rouse. The Chiefs opened their first season with an away game against the Baltimore Bays on April 16, 1967. The game, a 1–0 loss for the Chiefs, is notable for being the first professional soccer match to be televised in the United States.[7] The Chiefs would finish their debut season with a win–loss–tie record of 10–9–12. Following the 1967 season, the NPSL merged with the United Soccer Association to form the North American Soccer League.[8]
Manchester City and NASL Final (1968)[edit]
In 1968, the Chiefs hosted two exhibition matches against Manchester City F.C. of the Football League First Division, which at the time was the top tier in the English football league system. In the first game, held May 28, the Chiefs upset City 3–2. Shortly after the defeat, assistant manager of Manchester City Malcolm Allison said of the Atlanta team, "They couldn't play in the fourth division in England." Following the loss, Manchester City requested a rematch, which was held June 15 and saw the Chiefs again beat the visiting team, this time 2–1. Addressing the upset status of these two games, Atlanta Chiefs captain Ray Bloomfield, an Englishman, said, "It would be like some of your boys coming over here to play American football and then beating the team that won the Super Bowl."[9][10] That same season, the Chiefs would host Santos FC in an August 28 match, losing to the Brazilian team 6–2 in front of over 25,000 attendees, which was at the time the largest crowd for a soccer game in Atlanta. Notably, Pelé played in the game several years before he would join the New York Cosmos of the NASL in 1975.[11][12]
Atlanta Stadium, the Chiefs' first home venue
The Chiefs capped off the 1968 season by defeating the San Diego Toros in the NASL Final 1968 at Atlanta Stadium in front of approximately 15,000 spectators. In doing so, they became both the first champions of the NASL as well as the first professional sports franchise in Atlanta to win a championship.[1] Atlanta would not host another championship-winning professional sports team until the Atlanta Braves won the 1995 World Series, and the city would not see another championship soccer team until Atlanta United FC won the MLS Cup 2018.[13][14] Following the championship, state representative Elliott H. Levitas issued a congratulatory proclamation from the Georgia General Assembly, and players on the team were given championship rings by Braves owners, which is fairly common in North American sports, but was uncommon in soccer.[1][15]
Following the 1968 season, Woosnam left the team to become the commissioner of the NASL.[16] He was succeeded as team manager by Rouse.
Later years and revival (1969–1981)[edit]
Following the 1968 season, the NASL experienced a period of sharp decline. Between the 1968 and 1969 seasons, 12 of the 17 teams of the NASL had folded, and the television contract the league had with CBS had expired. With only five teams remaining in the league, the 1969 season was split into two halves. The first half, called the International Cup, a double round robin tournament in which the remaining NASL clubs were represented by teams imported from the United Kingdom. The Chiefs were represented by Aston Villa F.C..[17] The team tied for third in the Cup with a 2–4–2 record. For the second half of the 1969 season, the teams returned to their normal rosters and played a 16 game schedule with no playoffs.[17] The Chiefs, with an 11–2–3 record, were declared runners-up to the Kansas City Spurs in the NASL Final 1969 who, despite having a worse record than the Chiefs, narrowly edged out the Atlanta team in points that season.
After the 1969 season, the high cost of operation at Atlanta Stadium led the team to seek a new home venue. Initially, DeKalb Memorial Stadium was selected as the home venue, but after negotiations fell through, Tara Stadium in nearby Clayton County was selected and would serve as the Chiefs' home venue for the 1970 season. The Chiefs would return to Atlanta Stadium for the subsequent season.[18] Also in 1970, Sonny Carter became the first American-born player to sign with the team, having previously played the sport for Emory's collegiate team.[15] The 1971 season saw the Chiefs win their division and advance to the NASL Final 1971, where they lost to the Dallas Tornado.[19]
Atlanta Apollos logo
After the 1972 season, the team owners sold the team to the owners of the Atlanta Hawks. After the sale, the team was renamed the Atlanta Apollos and played their home games at Grant Field on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology for the 1973 season.[20] The Apollos experienced their worst season in franchise history in 1973, posting a 3–7–9 record just two seasons removed from playing for the championship. Following the 1973 season, the franchise folded.[21]
The Chiefs brand would remain dormant for several years until the name and logo (altered slightly) were revived in 1979 when the Colorado Caribous franchise moved to Atlanta, with Cecil and Ted Turner as owners.[22] This new franchise included notable players such as Victor Nogueira, Adrian Brooks, Mark MacKain, Carl Strong, Webster Lichaba, Jomo Sono, and Louis and George Nanchoff. After the 1979 season, David Chadwick was hired away from the Fort Lauderdale Strikers to serve as team manager. After an abysmal 7–25 season in 1980, Chadwick brought Brian Kidd to the team on a loan from Bolton Wanderers F.C.. While the team's prospect improved during the 1981 season, including increased attendance and a division championship, a lack of profitability led Turner to pull the plug on the team after that season.[23] For these three seasons the team once again played at Atlanta Stadium (by this time renamed Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium), while also playing at Omni Coliseum for two NASL Indoor seasons.[22]
Other notable soccer athletes who played for the Atlanta Chiefs at various points in time include Keith Furphy, Paul Child, Lou Cioffi, Tony Whelan, Graham Tutt, and Bruce Savage.
"If we are to be a success in this country, we must sell the game to the public."
-Phil Woosnam, speaking to United Press International about soccer in the United States[5]
One of the biggest legacies of the Chiefs was introducing the game of soccer to the people of Atlanta and the surrounding region. According to a 1968 report by the Chiefs, at the time of the team's arrival in Atlanta, fewer than 150 people in the city were playing organized soccer, a number which had grown to about 16,000 by mid-1968. Furthermore, the Chiefs are purported to have held over 390 soccer clinics throughout the state during their existence.[1] These extensive outreach efforts, primarily lead by Woosnam, also lead to the creation of the Atlanta District Amateur Soccer League and the soccer program at Georgia State University.[5]
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. of the South African Premier Soccer League was founded in 1970 by Kaizer Motaung, who had played for the Atlanta Chiefs in the 1968 and 1969 seasons.[24] Motaung based the name and logo of the team on that of the Atlanta franchise. Addressing this, Motaung stated that, "We wanted to model ourselves against what my experiences were in Atlanta."[21]
Year-by-year[edit]
Outdoors[edit]
Regular Season Finish
Avg. Attend.
1967 10–9–12 4th, Eastern Division, (NPSL) Did Not Qualify 6,961
1968 18–6–7 1st, Atlantic Division NASL Champions 5,794
1969 11–2–3 2nd no postseason 3,371
1970 11–5–8 2nd, Southern Division Did Not Qualify 3,002
1971 12–5–7 1st, Southern Division Runners-up 4,275
1972 5–3–6 3rd, Southern Division Did Not Qualify 5,034
1979 12–18 4th, Central Division, National Conference Did Not Qualify 7,350
1980 7–25 4th, Central Division, National Conference Did Not Qualify 4,884
1981 17–15 1st, Southern Division First Round 6,189
Indoors[edit]
Avg. Attendance
1979–80 10–2 1st, Eastern Division Division Finals 5,069
1980–81 13–5 1st, Eastern Division Semi Finals 9,611
Honors[edit]
NASL Championships (1)
1969, 1971 runners up
NASL Regular Season Premierships (1)
1979–80 indoor
1969, 1970, 1971 runners up
Division Titles (5)
1968 Atlantic Division
1971 Southern Division
1979–80 Eastern Division indoor
1968 Phil Woosnam
1968 Kaizer Motaung
League Goal Scoring Champion
1969 Kaizer Motaung (16)
1979–80 David Byrne (23) indoor
League Scoring Champion
1969 Kaizer Motaung (16 goals, 4 assists, 36 points)[25]
1979–80 David Byrne (23 goals, 11 assists, 57 points) indoor[26]
All-Star First Team Selections
1967 Emment Kapengwe
1969 Emment Kapengwe, Kaizer Motaung
1970 Uriel Da Veiga, Dave Metchick, Art Welch
1972 Paul Child
1981 Brian Kidd
All-Star Second Team Selections
1968 John Cocking, Vic Rouse
1970 Ray Bloomfield, John Cocking, Delroy Scott
1971 John Cocking, Uriel Da Veiga
1972 Art Welch
All-Star Honorable Mentions
1971 Mick Hoban, Manfred Kammerer, Barrie Lynch, Freddie Mwila
1972 John Cocking, Mick Hoban
U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
1992 Ron Newman
Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame
2012 Ron Newman, Victor Nogueira[27]
2014 Slobo Ilijevski, Bruce Savage[28]
Head coaches[edit]
Phil Woosnam 1967 – 1968
Vic Rouse 1969 – 1972
Ken Bracewell 1973
Dan Wood 1979 – 1980
David Chadwick 1980 – 1981
^ a b c d Hummer, Steve (March 9, 2018). "Remembering soccer's Chiefs, 50 years after they won it all". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Lisi, Clemente (August 20, 2018). "Soccer History: Atlanta Chiefs". US Soccer Players. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Crossley, Andrew (August 31, 2016). "1967-1972 Atlanta Chiefs". FunWhileItLasted.net. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ a b c Weathersby, Jim (September 2, 2017). "Atlanta Professional Soccer: Who Knew?". The Sports Historian. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ a b c Longshore, Jason (September 8, 2016). "On this day 50 years ago: The most important hire in Atlanta soccer history was made". Dirty South Soccer. SB Nation. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ "Welsh footballer and US soccer chief Phil Woosnam dies". BBC News. BBC. July 21, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Seal, Brian (April 17, 2017). "The 50th anniversary of the first professional soccer match to be televised in the United States". Howler Magazine. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Curtis, Ian (October 27, 2019). "The Origin of the NASL and America's First Soccer Boom". Grit Daily. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Roberson, Doug (July 26, 2010). "When Atlanta was on top of the soccer world". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Longshore, Jason (May 30, 2016). "When Atlanta was on top of the soccer world..." Dirty South Soccer. SB Nation. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ "A History of Atlanta Soccer: Pelé to Today". Atlanta Daily World. Real Times. April 15, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Stirgus, Eric (February 25, 2019). "Pele: Soccer legend has spoken on race, but some say not enough". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Maske, Mark (October 29, 1995). "Atlanta, at Last; Braves Win World Series". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Hummer, Steve (December 8, 2018). "Atlanta United wins it all for a soccer town". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ a b "Atlanta Chiefs 1968". When Saturday Comes. December 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ Roberson, Doug (July 20, 2013). "Chiefs legend Phil Woosnam passes away". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ a b Hutcherson, J. "The Early Years Of The NASL". US Soccer Players. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ Grubbs, Rob (February 14, 2019). "Clayton County's forgotten soccer history". Clayton News-Daily. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ "Previo Campeones: Dallas Tornado Ganan Titulo En 1971" (in Spanish). North American Soccer League. September 22, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ Newberry, Paul (March 3, 2017). "Atlanta debuts in MLS at stadium known for college football". The Washington Times. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ a b Goff, Steven (December 7, 2018). "With MLS Cup, Atlanta United caps an overnight success 50 years in the making". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ a b Crossley, Andrew (May 12, 2013). "1979-1981 Atlanta Chiefs". FunWhileItLasted.net. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
^ Roberson, Doug (June 21, 2016). "Former Chiefs coach on Atlanta's soccer past and future". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Cox Enterprises. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ Makhaya, Ernest (October 16, 2019). "Kaizer Motaung turned down $1 million offer in 1969 to form Kaizer Chiefs". Goal. DAZN Group. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
^ "The Year in American Soccer - 1969". homepages.sover.net. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
^ "The Year in American Soccer - 1980". homepages.sover.net. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Home - Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame". www.indoorsoccerhall.com.
Based in Atlanta, Georgia
Atlanta Chiefs (1966–1972)
Caribous of Colorado (1978)
Atlanta Chiefs (1979–1981) (indoor)
Atlanta Fulton County Stadium
Tara Stadium
DeKalb Memorial Stadium
Mile High Stadium
Omni Coliseum
Paul Child
Victor Nogueira
Jomo Sono
Ted Turner
Art Welch
Phil Woosnam
NASL Championship (2)
1968 (Champions)
1969 (Finalist)
NASL Division titles (3)
1968 (Atlantic Division)
1971 (Southern Division)
NASL Indoor League
1979–80 (Champions)
1979–80 (Eastern Division)
indoor (1975–84)
National Professional Soccer League (1967)
Baltimore Bays
Chicago Spurs
Los Angeles Toros
Oakland Clippers
Philadelphia Spartans
Pittsburgh Phantoms
St. Louis Stars
Toronto Falcons
North American Soccer League (1968–1984)
Contemporary NASL
First overall draft picks
NPSL 1967
Indoor seasons
Soccer Bowl (NASL Championship)
NASL Indoor Championship
Baltimore Comets
Boston Beacons
Boston Minutemen
Boston Rovers
Calgary Boomers
Chicago Mustangs
Cleveland Stokers
Caribous of Colorado
Connecticut Bicentennials
Dallas Tornado
Denver Dynamos
Detroit Express
Team Hawaii
Houston Hurricane
Houston Stars
Jacksonville Tea Men
Kansas City Spurs
Las Vegas Quicksilvers
Los Angeles Wolves
Memphis Rogues
Miami Toros
Minnesota Strikers
Montreal Manic
Montreal Olympique
New York Skyliners
Oakland Stompers
Philadelphia Atoms
Philadelphia Fury
Rochester Lancers
San Antonio Thunder
San Diego Jaws
San Diego Toros
San Francisco Golden Gate Gales
Toronto Blizzard
Vancouver Royals
Washington Darts
Washington Diplomats
Washington Whips
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlanta_Chiefs&oldid=934697470"
Association football clubs established in 1967
Association football clubs disestablished in 1981
Defunct indoor soccer clubs in the United States
Defunct soccer clubs in Georgia (U.S. state)
Soccer clubs in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Professional Soccer League (1967) franchises
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) teams
Soccer clubs in Atlanta
Aston Villa F.C.
1967 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1973 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Phoenix clubs (association football)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 maint: archived copy as title
Use American English from November 2019
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from November 2019
Football team templates which use American parameter


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Clients rarely search for legal services before they need them, and by the time they reach that stage, your firm will be competing with everyone else for the active buyers. The thing is, active buyers make up just 3% of a market, so the most effective digital marketing strategy is to target the other 97% to nudge them into buying mode. That way, your firm is at the forefront of their mind when their hour of need arrives.
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Can my ex contest my will?
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Savvy digital marketing is not just about where and when to place an ad on online media platforms, it's about seeing your potential market beyond the active buyers. That requires you to think deeply about your customers and their needs to put a long-term strategy in place, one that allows you to stay visible, and nurture your leads by constantly adding value to your potential prospects. Do this and then when they are ready they will gravitate towards your firm, not google.
Sabri Suby is the founder of King Kong, which has just been named Australia's fastest-growing full service digital marketing agency for the second year in a row, coming in at 28th on the Australian Financial Review's "Fast Starters List." King Kong uses true ROI and only charges for success. Based in Melbourne, King Kong has clients across Australia and overseas. Its services include SEO, CRO, PPC, Facebook Advertising, web design and landing pages.