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Home > How to Become a School Counselor in Maryland
How to Become a School Counselor in Maryland
School counselors occupy an important role in educational settings, providing support to students, parents, educators, and administrators. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that demand for school counselors should increase faster than the national average at 13% through 2026. Aspiring professionals researching how to become a school counselor in Maryland should begin by examining pertinent qualities for careers in the field. School counselors must possess compassion, empathy, and interpersonal skills, as their roles require management of sensitive information. Becoming a guidance counselor requires an advanced degree in school counseling or a related field. Read on for specific educational, licensing information, and resources for aspiring school counseling professionals.
Counseling License and Career Requirements in Maryland
Explore more pathways to becoming a counselor in Maryland here
Education and Experience Requirements
The section below includes information about qualifying degrees aspiring counselors should consider at the bachelor's and master's degree levels. This profession also offers opportunities for doctoral degrees. Professionals must hold a master's degree at minimum to practice counseling with a license. This section also includes details about coursework, credit requirements, and licensure requirements.
Aspiring school counselors must earn a master's degree in counseling to qualify for licensure
The Maryland School Counselor Board requires applicants to hold a bachelor's degree in a relevant field and a master's degree in counseling. These degrees must prepare candidates to provide personal and academic growth, educational and career decision-making, social and emotional growth, and interpersonal relationship development. The Maryland Counselor Board does not require a specific major at the undergraduate level. However, students should consider a major in counseling, psychology, or sociology. These bachelor's programs typically require at least 120 credits. Common courses include counseling methods, probability and statistics, research methodology, developmental psychology, theories of personality, and biological foundations of psychology.
Aspiring school counselors must earn a master's degree in counseling to qualify for licensure. These programs typically require 60 credits at minimum. Core courses include law and ethics, group counseling, career guidance, leadership and advocacy, social justice practices, and intervention methods. While students must obtain a master's degree to practice with a license, earning a doctorate in counseling allows professionals to stand out as subject matter experts. Additionally, students should primarily consider programs that hold accreditation through the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CAREP). This accreditation indicates that the program covers pertinent knowledge and skills professionals need in the field.
Interested in pursuing an education in school counseling? Check out the following pages to explore available academic programs by level:
Counseling Certification Bachelor's Degrees in Counseling Master's Degrees in Counseling
Practicum and Internship
To become a school counselor in Maryland, students must complete a practicum, which requires 500 supervised contact hours in a K-12 school setting. However, the Maryland Counselor Board also accepts licensed professionals with two years of experience who hold a National Board of Certified Counselors certificate.
Application and Exam Requirements for Maryland School Counselors
The Maryland Department of Health mandates that professional counselor applicants must hold a master's degree from an accredited institution approved by the board. While CACREP-accredited programs retain the highest esteem, the National Board for Certified Counselors accepts students from non-CACREP programs. However, students may need to provide additional documentation. To qualify for the National Counselor Examination (NCE), students must receive approval from the Maryland Counselor Board, submit official transcripts, complete Bureau of Criminal Investigations and FBI background checks, and complete the online application.
Maryland applicants may take the exam on the third Wednesday or the fourth Thursday of each month. The NCE exam contains 200 multiple-choice questions and the exam requires just under four hours to complete. The NCE does not use a curved scoring system; therefore, students' scores do not alter based on the scores of other learners taking the exam. However, test takers may compare their scores to national results. The exam assesses pertinent knowledge and skills, including:
Social and cultural diversity
Counseling and helping relationships
Group counseling and group work
Research and program evaluation
Professional counseling orientation and ethical practice
Maryland counselor applicants should note that the process may vary depending on students' specialization.
Out-of-State School Counselor Candidates
Maryland welcomes qualified out-of-state counselors. Applicants should hold a master's degree from accredited institutions with a minimum 27 months of professional experience within the past seven consecutive years. Maryland also requires applicants to submit an application and pay the $250 fee to the Board of Professional Counselors and Therapists. The Maryland Counselor Board also requires:
Out-of-state verification forms
Course description forms
Three professional experience verification forms
Applicants need to show proof of passing the NCE. The state board also requires students to pass the Maryland Law Test. Out-of-state applicants should note that the board may request additional information to determine eligibility.
School Counselor License Maintenance and Renewal Requirements
The Maryland Counselor Board requires practitioners to renew their license every two years. Professionals must submit an application, a $275 renewal fee, and a $36 Health Care Commission fee to the Board of Professional Counselors and Therapists. For a two-year renewal, practitioners must also complete 40 hours of continuing education (CE) coursework. A minimum 30 CE hours should include symposiums, workshops, seminars, or coursework. Informal experiences including speaker sessions, conferences, and professional supervision experiences should not exceed 10 CE hours. Maryland also offers one-year extensions, which require half the CE hours. Professionals who do not complete CE courses cannot
The Maryland Counselor Board requires practitioners to renew their license every two years
Resources and Organizations for School Counselors in Maryland
Licensed counselors gain access to an active international network that shares cutting-edge research and innovative practices on a regular basis. The resources below can assist both emerging and practicing counselors to enhance their skills.
American School Counselor Association The ASCA strives to support students and professionals in the field by providing cutting-edge resources, statistical data, publications, access to conferences, and professional development.
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development The AMCD provides resources that help counselors promote ethnic and racial empathy. AMCD offers leadership academy competency opportunities, growth workshops, mentorship, and a 25-state division network.
Center for School Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation CSCORE provides educational opportunities for aspiring counselors. CSCORE also provides professional development opportunities for practitioners who wish to develop data-driven decision making, survey development, and program implementation skills.
Counseling Academic and Professional Honor Society International Established in 1985, this international honor society promotes professional excellence in counseling. Students gain access to annual conventions, mentorship, practical experience, leadership development, research opportunities, and fellowships.
Journal of School Counseling The JSC provides articles that discuss best practices for professional school counselors. Content focuses on innovation, theory and research, professional development, emerging issues, and current dilemmas.
Maryland Career Development Association School counselors play a vital role in students' career development. For instance, in secondary and postsecondary settings, counselors can help launch students' careers. School counselors benefit from MCDA resources as the organization strives to support professionalism and innovation.
Maryland School Counselor Association For more than 50 years, the MSCA has continued to advocate for active school counselors and emerging professionals. Members gain access to annual conferences, seminars, and workshops. Members can also join political advocacy efforts or serve on the board.
National Association of College Admission Counseling The NACAC strives to connect students and professionals. Members gain access to webinars, workshops, job fairs, national conferences, and micro-communities that focus on specific areas of the counseling field.
National Board for Certified Counselors The NBCC identifies as a grassroots network. Certified counselors gain access to a network of professionals who remain passionate about developing innovative solutions to modern problems in the field.
National Education Association Over three million education employees belong to the NEA. Membership includes access to discussion forums, innovative field techniques, news, online resources, and webinars.
Explore More Pathways to Becoming a Counselor in Maryland
Learn How to Become a Rehabilitation Counselor in Maryland Learn How to Become a Substance Abuse Counselor in Maryland Last Updated: September 17, 2019
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I will explain the terms that appear in computational material science.
Many calculation codes expand the wave function using functions localized around atoms. Usually, numerical solutions to the Kohn-Sham equation for the atom or atom-localized Gaussians are used. Since the wave function in molecules and solids usually resemble a linear combination of atomic wave functions, atom-localized basis sets can describe the wave function accurately using a much smaller number of basis functions compared to the plane wave basis set. However, since atom-localized basis functions are not orthogonal in general, the improvement with increasing basis size is not always monotonic. Moreover, atom-localized basis sets are usually unsuitable for describing systems where electrons exist at positions away from atoms (such as in electrides or floating electron states).
An approximation often used for disordered systems. In general, it is difficult to describe the disordered systems, including alloys, within the framework of the band theory that usually assumes periodic structures. CPA successfully describes realistic alloys quantitatively, by confining the effect of the disorder within each site in a self-consistent fashion. As a part of KKR method, CPA is used in computing the electronic state calculations of disordered systems.
Density functional method refers to methods for calculation of the total energy and various physical properties of physical systems based on density functional theory (DFT). DFT has its foundations in Hohenberg-Kohn theorems, which basically states that the energy and physical properties of many-electron systems can be calculated from a universal functional of the electron density. This theory shows that in order to describe an N-electron system, there is no need to solve the Schroedinger equation for a wave function with 3N variables, but that it suffices to handle the electron density with 3 spatial variables. Thus, it is a very powerful theory for describing many-electron systems, but there is a caveat; it does not give a prescription for the form of the density functional. Good approximations for the density functional is still an active area of research.
DMRG is a method for computing expectation values of various quantities at the ground state of a given Hamiltonian that describes a quantum many-body system in discrete space. It can be viewed as a variational method using the matrix product state (MPS) as a variational wave function. Therefore, it provides a precise approximation in the cases where the matrix product state is a good description of the target state. One-dimensional systems is a typical example. The precision of the approximation can be controlled by the dimension of the tensor indices (the bond dimension). The quality of the result can therefore be evaluated by altering the bond dimension. Since the MPS is a special case of the tensor network state (TNP), DMRG can be regarded as one of the tensor network methods.
One of the quantum Monte Carlo methods. The method is based on the observation that the evolution in the imaginary-time can be used as a projection operator onto the ground state. In the DMC, one introduces many walkers, each carrying a weight, and let them do random walks in the space of the basis states in such a way that the evolution of the ensemble of the walkers stochastically satisfies the imaginary-time dependent Schrodinger equation. DMC is often used with other variational, e.g., for generating the initial distribution of walkers.
A method to solving a strongly correlated quantum lattice model. This treats correlations along imaginary time (dynamical correlations) with accuracy but ignores spatial ones. This can exactly solve infinite dimensional models such as models on the Bethe lattice. In this method, one first reduces the original model to an impurity model (Anderson model) by dividing the original lattice model into a center site (impurity) and the surrounding sites (effective medium) . Second, one solve this impurity problem under the self-consistent condition that a Green function and a self energy of the medium are equal to those of the original lattice model. Exact diagonalization, numerical renormalization, and path-integral Monte Carlo method are used for an impurity solver. Including spatial correlations has been studied.
A method for first-principles calculation in treating charged systems and electronic structures of materials under electric fields for slab models (= models with periodic boundary conditions along two spatial coordinates in three dimension). In this method, one first imposes a periodic boundary condition for two directions, and an appropriate boundary condition for the other direction, and then solves the Poisson equation with Green's function method. By this method, charged states and effect of applied electronic fields are appropriately taken into account. A number of first-principles calculation packages supports this method.
A method for studying quantum many-body systems by diagonalizing the Hamiltonian matrix. Due to its exactness, this method is widely used in spite of the strong size limitation. By switching from the full diagonalization to partial diagonalization in which only a small number of eigenvalues and eigenvectors are computed, one can relax the size limitation. As program packages based on the Lanczos method, TITPACK, KobePack, and SpinPack are available. A full diagonalization can be found in ALPS package. HΦ provides codes suitable for massively parallel computers for a broad range of models.
A method used in quantum chemistry calculation for large molecules. In this method the whole molecule is split into multiple clusters (fragments). For each fragment molecular orbital calculation is carried out with the static electric potential caused by the other fragments.
A method for calculating quasiparticle energies of many-electron systems using perturbation theory. The self energy of the many-electron system is approximated by the single-particle Green's function G and screened coulomb interaction W. This makes possible much more quantitative calculations of quantities such as photoemission spectra compared to the Kohn-Sham method with semilocal functional approximations. Nowadays, the accuracy is, in many cases, comparable to experiment. The GW approximation is usually coded as a perturbation on Kohn-Sham wave functions.


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Maschinenbau Kiel GmbH var ett tyskt mekaniskt verkstadsföretag i Kiel, som tillverkade dieselmotorer för fartyg, diesellokomotiv, dieselmotorvagnar och bandfordon under varumärket MaK.

Maschinenbau Kiel har sina rötter i Deutsche Werke, som grundades 1925 på basis av en sammanlagning av Kaiserliche Werft Kiel och and skeppsvarv i Kiel . Detta var en följd av Versaillesfördraget efter första världskriget,vilket framtvingade en minskning av den tyska krigsindustrin. Företaget ägdes av staten och hade huvudkontor i Berlin.

Deutsche Werke började med att tillverka handelsfartyg, men efter nazisternas maktövertagande 1933 övergick det till örlogsfartyg. Därutöver tillverkade Deutsche Werke också handeldvapen, bland annat så kallade Ortgies-pistoler, utvecklade av Heinrich Ortgies, som var särskilt populära i USA.

Deutsche Werkes fabriksområde i Kiel förstördes av flygbombningar under andra världskriget. Delar av företaget reorganiserades som Maschinenbau Kiel.

År 1955 köptes varvet av Howaldtswerke. Krigsmaterialproduktionen såldes 1990 till Rheinmetall, lokomotivtillverkningen 1992 till Kruppkoncernen och motortillverkningen 1997 till Caterpillar. Lokomotivtillverkingen såldes 1994 vidare till Siemens samt ytterligare vidare 1998 till Vossloh. Både motorer och lokomotiv tillverkas fortsättningsvis i Kiel, lokomotiven under namnet Vossloh Locomotives GmbH, medan motorerna fortsatt utnyttjar varumärket MaK.

Lokomotiv i Sverige
SJ köpte i mitten av 1950-talet lokomotiv från Maschinenbau Kiel av modellen MaK 800 för att ersätta ånglok på sidolinjer. Beställningen omfattade 56 lok, varav 10 skulle byggas på licens i Sverige vid ASJ i Falun. Dessa
T21-lok användes in på 1990-talet både som växellok och som linjelok. Loken trafikerade i stort sett hela landet, men trafiken var särskilt tät med denna loktyp i trakterna kring Nässjö och Kristinehamn. Också Nora Bergslags Järnväg köpte fyra lok av samma typ som T21.

Källor
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Tyska loktillverkare
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The Edge of the Frame
A Look at the Oscars…and the Movies that Chase Them
Oscar Predix
2011 Film Index
2012 Films Index
Posts Tagged 'andy serkis'
Washington D.C. Film Critics Announce Nominees
December 3, 2011 thomasconroy	Leave a comment
I had a feeling that these guys were going to stick their heads up this week. They have a tendency of announcing early and without warning. While the results of their voting is apparently still being tallied and the winners will be announced on Monday, we can take a look at the nominees right now.
Well, there's not much question as far as what film will likely go all the way here, and that is the emerging critical darling "The Artist." The film received eight nominations, practically in every category that it was eligible. "Hugo" comes in second with six nominations, continuing to baffle me. I'm sure that I'm going to be saying that a lot this awards season.
The overrated, but still exceptionally cool, "Drive" picked up four nominations, including one for it's phenomenal director Nicholas Wending Refn. "The Descendants" also continued its string of love with five nominations. Octavia Spencer receives her first of what I'm sure will be a long string of nominations for her work in "The Help," likewise for Viola Davis. I personally wouldn't mind seeing both of those ladies with gold in their hands come Oscar night.
A surprisingly absent film from these nods is a little title about a war and a horse. Not sure if you've heard of it. For a critics group that largely trends towards the Oscars, it's highly unusual to find Mr. Spielberg's latest largely vacant from these nominations. True it picked up a few tech nods, yet this film is believed by many to potentially be the nomination leader next month. One can't say that the group has a beef with the director, either, for they were the first and one of the only to award "Munich" Best Picture back in 2005.
The big story here is Tom McCarthy's "Win Win" picking up a nomination for Best Picture, beating out the above mentioned "War Horse" and a number of others. Quite a coup for this little delight of a film. Yet, as intriguing as this nomination is, I doubt it will pan out much for the rest of the year, at least in terms of Best Picture. However, a screenplay nomination for McCarthy is becoming more and more likely.
Some underdog victories abound here that are worth mentioning. Michael Shannon asserts himself as a certifiable contender, getting a nod for his fantastic work in "Take Shelter." It's also very refreshing to see Andy Serkis get his first and hopefully not last nomination as a motion captured ape in "Rise of the Planet of the Apes." His is certainly the most interesting campaign of the season, and if it succeeds, it will make Oscar history. While I despise the precedent that it will set, I admit that I can't help feeling proud of Andy Serkis. If it's going to happen, it should happen to him. From Gollum, to Kong, and now Ceasar, the man has truly put his heart and soul into his work and has ultimately changed the face of cinema in a lot of ways.
Hands down, my favorite pick of the evening has got to be Melissa McCarthy for "Bridesmaids." A good movie that this lady really took to another level with her incredible comedic skills. Her performance, if it continues down this track, could end up being one of the funnest nominations since Robert Downey Jr. in "Tropic Thunder." Kudos to the WAFCA for getting the ball rolling, there.
Check out the full list of nominations after the cut:
Categories: Critics Awards, News Tags: andy serkis, drive, hugo, melissa mccarthy, michael shannon, munich, octavia spencer, the artist, the descendants, the help, tom mccarthy, viola davis, wafca, war horse, washington dc film critics, win win
"Rise of the Planet of the Apes" Trailer
April 14, 2011 thomasconroy	Leave a comment
A half and hour ago, this film was not even close to being on my radar screen. Since 2001, how can anyone look at anything with "Planet of the Apes" in the title and look forward to it? It just doesn't have a high probability of greatness. However, I took the time to scope out the new teaser at Apple after seeing an effects shot that looked pretty decent.
I wouldn't say that the trailer looks anything along the lines of incredible. Yet, there seem to be some pretty looking elements at play here. For one, much of the imagery looks incredible. The shot of a chimp standing over a sleeping couple was truly chilling. Also, the slow motion storm of branches and leaves falling from the sky as dozens of apes leap from tree to tree. One would hope that the presence of James Franco might mean something good, since he seems to be choosing his projects with a little more care, lately (with the exception of "Your Highness"). Plus, the added incentive of Andy Serkis reprisin his monkey-movement skills that he perfected in "King Kong" is very promising. I mean the man lived with mountain gorillas for the better part of a year just to make sure that he got their mannerisms correct.
Or maybe this will simply be another version of "Deep Blue Sea" only with apes instead of sharks.
Whatever the outcome, I think we can assuredly expect some dazzling visual effects here. The chimpanzee motion capture work from several shots (including that final one) look even more impressive than "Avatar." Therefore, I will keep my expectations for this film above the minimum amount. Enjoy the trailer. I definitely recommend taking the extra time to download the Apple version below the embed.
Apple HD Version
Categories: News, Trailers and Videos Tags: andy serkis, brian cox, chimpanzees, freida pinto, gorillas, james franco, john lithgow, rise of the planet of the apes, rupert wyatt, sequel, trailer
Predictions for the 90th Annual Academy Awards
The 8th Annual Edgy Award Nominations
The 7th Annual Edgy Award Winners
My Ranked Films of 2016
Predictions for the 89th Academy Awards
Critics Awards
127 hours 2010 2011 aaron sorkin academy awards albert brooks alice in wonderland amy adams andrew garfield anne hathaway annette bening awards best picture black swan brad pitt christian bale christopher nolan christopher plummer colin firth david fincher david o'russell drive edgy awards george clooney golden globes hfpa hugo inception inside job james franco jeff bridges jennifer lawrence jesse eisenberg john hawkes les miserables lincoln melissa leo Michelle Williams midnight in paris moneyball movie natalie portman new nominations Oscar oscars poster predictions review Ryan Gosling steven spielberg the artist the dark knight rises the descendants the edge of the frame the fighter the girl with the dragon tattoo the help the kids are all right the king's speech the social network the town the tree of life Thomas Conroy tinker tailor soldier spy tom hooper top ten toy story 3 trailer true grit viola davis war horse winners winter's bone zero dark thirty
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Facility: Swimming pool, jogging track and fitness centre, Minimarket, 24-hour CCTV and Security System, ATM Centre, Parking lot, 24-hour Receptionist, Cafe, Restaurants, etc.
Additional Info: Location is very strategic at Cawang, comfortable residence (not too crowded), near Busway & Train Station (KRL / commuter line) with various destinations, free 3 in one, supermarket, Restaurant & Cafe at ground level, office building & business, 24 hours security.
Additional Info: Viewing by appointment only. Harga jual di bawah harga pasar. View ke MT Haryono.
Condition: Furnished with 3 AC, 1 water heater and 1 parking lot.
Condition: Full furnished. Classic designed (solid wood), highest floor, great views, complete electronic equipments (TV, Internet modem, refrigerator, dispenser, microwave, front load washing machine, etc), cooking utensils, dining utensils. All furniture are still in great condition as only used for less than a year.
Facility: Swimming pool, gym, 24 hours security, parking slot.
Condition: Full Furnished and Brand new.
Facility: Swimming Pool, Jogging Track, Minimarket, 24-hrs CCTV and Security System, ATM Centre, Shopping mall, Parking lot, 24-hrs Receiptionist.
Nearby Groceries: Carrefour & Hero.
Nearby Schools: Penabur, Vincentius, Antonius, Marsudirini, PSKD, STRADA, University of Indonesia, University of Gunadarma, UKI, STIE Nusantara.
Near by Hospitals: Tebet Hospital, MMC Hospital, Mitra International Hospital.
Additional Info: No broker. Sales and negotiation with owner. SHM. Property management with 5 star Hotel standart. Serviced Apartment, high rent cost. Good for investment.
Additional Info: For detail please send me text, WA or call.
Condition: Fully furnished. Wall-papered, electricity 3500 watt, kitchen set, cooking equipment and kitchen utensils, dinner set, refrigerator, microwave oven, water dispenser, air-conditioner, water heater, LCD TV.
Facility: In-house facility, fitness centre, swimming pool, mini market, 24 hours security, near toll entrance.
Condition: SHM, Full furnished brand new. Dekat dengan Carrefour, Kampus UKI dan pintu masuk tol Cawang.
Facility: Swimming pool, gym, shopping area, Restaurant, ATM centre, security 24-jam.
Additional Info: Spring bed merk Dunlo Pillo. Water heater tidak menggunakan listrik/gas (bebas biaya bulanan). Design interior clean and modest. Unit di lantai 6, dekat ke swimming pool.
Condition: Lokasi Strategis, Harga Terjangkau.
Facility: Kolam Renang, Gym, Restaurant (Bakso Lapangan Tembak, Cafe, dll), ATM Centre, Security 24-jam.
Additional Info: Lokasi bagus, lantai dasar (4 perkantoran dan Restaurant), lantai 5-18 Apartemen.
Condition: Full Furnished. Tempat Tidur, Lemari Pakaian, Meja Kursi Kerja, Meja Kursi Makan, LCD TV, Video, AC 1 PK, Kulkas, Dispenser, Kitchen Set, Water Heater, dll.
Facility: Keamanan 24-jam, Kolam Renang, Parkir 2 Basement, Fitness Center, Kartu Pass Penghuni, Minimarket, dll.
Additional Info: Lokasi sangat strategis.
Public Facility: Swimming pool, fitness center, CCTV, playground, guest room.
Supporting Facility: Supermarket, Mall, Pharmacist, Hospital, Bank/ATM and School / Campus.
Additional Info: Near Busway Line, Bus Terminal, Train Station and Easy Access to Highway.


text:
package com.ashigeru.lang.java.parser.javadoc;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import com.ashigeru.lang.java.internal.parser.javadoc.ir.IrDocBlock;
import com.ashigeru.lang.java.internal.parser.javadoc.ir.IrDocFragment;
import com.ashigeru.lang.java.internal.parser.javadoc.ir.IrDocNamedType;

/**
 * タグの直後に名前付き型を指定するブロックを解析する。
 * @author Suguru ARAKAWA (Gluegent, Inc.)
 */
public class FollowsNamedTypeBlockParser extends AcceptableJavadocBlockParser {

    /**
     * インスタンスを生成する。
     * @param tagNames タグ名の一覧
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    public FollowsNamedTypeBlockParser(String...tagNames) {
        super(tagNames);
    }

    @Override
    public IrDocBlock parse(String tag, JavadocScanner scanner) throws JavadocParseException {
        ArrayList<IrDocFragment> fragments = new ArrayList<IrDocFragment>();
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        fragments.addAll(fetchRestFragments(scanner));
        fragments.trimToSize();
        return newBlock(tag, fragments);
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Join Us for Dec. 2 Caregiving Webcast with NBC's Richard Lui
Family caregiving is the nation's most common job with 45 million people nationwide acting as a caregiver to their loved one. Caregiving is a job that will touch every family in some way.
Join AARP Nebraska on December 2 from 2-3 p.m. CT as we welcome special guest Richard Lui to share stories and the emotions of caregivers.
As a caregiver himself, Lui will discuss how individuals can prepare themselves for caregiving, gender stereotypes, technology, family conflict, planning, and more.
Register now for Caregiving: The Care in Health Care webcast.
Lui has worked more than 30 years in media, technology, and business. A veteran, award-winning journalist, he has served a decade as news anchor at MSNBC and NBC News, and CNN Worldwide.
Before journalism, Richard spent 15 years in business, launching six brands over three tech cycles, patenting a fintech model in 2003. Lui is also currently producing and directing a caregiving documentary and the author of a 2021 HarperCollins release.
He is a caregiver for his father and Celebrity Champion for the Alzheimer's Association, ambassador for BrightFocus, and Caregiving Champion for AARP.
Lui holds an MBA from Michigan Ross School of Business and is a graduate from UC Berkeley.
This story is provided by AARP Nebraska. Visit the AARP Nebraska page for more news, events, and programs affecting retirement, health care, and more.
More from AARP in Lincoln
Lincoln Happenings | Upcoming AARP Events | About AARP
Lincoln Happenings
Exercise Virtually with AARP Nebraska - Simply Fit
An ally on the issues that matter most to you in Lincoln


Planning a wedding can be a daunting and time consuming task. If you are recently engaged and starting to feel overwhelmed with wedding planning, it might be time to consider hiring a Wedding Planner. If you've been following our posts, you already know that there are many reasons why a Wedding Planner Helps. We save you time, money, stress, and sanity during a very important time in your life. Most importantly, teaming up with a Wedding Planner allows you to enjoy the planning process, as well as your engagement.
Choosing the right planner for you is so important! You need to ensure that you are selecting a reputable company, who will be able to execute your vision, keep you on track, and make the process as stress free as possible. Most importantly, you need to ensure you are hiring an experienced, seasoned planner, that you can connect with. Interviewing potential candidates for the role is very important, and we always encourage a face to face meeting when possible.
Seems obvious right? However, this is a really important question to ask during your initial inquiry. You don't want to waste valuable time meeting with someone who isn't actually available on your date. If you are interviewing a team of planners, like Twelfth Night Events, it's important to know which Planner would be available on your date so you can meet them specifically. If they aren't available, but you are flexible, you might want to meet them anyway. Finding the right Planner, who isn't available on your date, can be an easy fix if you are flexible. We've worked with many brides, who have changed their wedding date to accommodate a specific planner from our team that they wanted to work with! After all, it's all about the connection.
These days, with the invention of Facebook Pages, pop-up Wedding Planners seem to be everywhere! It is important that you do your research and hire a reputable Wedding Planning company, that has experience in planning more than just their own wedding. Ask them how long they've been in business and how many weddings they've planned (that weren't friends or family member) This is an important question as their virtual presence can be misleading. Learning about their history will help you understand how they work, and how you can expect to work together. Established Wedding Planning companies plan between 20 – 25 weddings per year, so it is important that you understand how you will work together over the next year or so.
What was your experience prior to planning weddings? Are you certified?
This is an important question. Why? See question 2! There are too many "pop-up" Planners out there, who claim to be experienced planners but actually have little to no real experience in the industry. Why does this matter? Surely, everyone has to start somewhere? You are right, they do have to start somewhere – but do you want it to be with your wedding? Hiring a Certified Wedding Planner, with real experience in the industry, is always the way to go. The aspiring Planners can get real experience by working with established planners – they don't need to own their own business before they are experienced. Learning about what they did before starting their business will help you gauge their experience and expertise. At Twelfth Night Events, we pride ourselves on having an extensive hospitality background, which means we can use our industry knowledge to work for our Clients. Check out our testimonials to see how we've done this for past Brides.
Do you plan weddings on a full-time or part-time basis?
To us, this is a make it or break it question. If your Planner isn't full-time, how can they possibly devote themselves to your wedding on a full time basis? After all, isn't that why you are hiring someone to help you – because you can't devote your time to planning full-time? There are many planners out there who have full-time jobs in a completely unrelated field, and "dabble" in Wedding Planning in their spare time. Kudos to them for their time management skills, but this definitely impacts their performance as a Planner and your response time and efficiencies may be drastically delayed by their lack of availability during work hours. You should never have to work around your vendors schedule for meetings, responses to emails or phone calls, etc. A full time vendor can meet you any time, any where…within reason of course!
Please explain your package in detail. What services are included and what would we be expected to do on our own?
Every Wedding Planner offers a variety of packages for their Brides and it's important that you understand exactly what those packages include. For Full Wedding Planning, the industry standard is 10% of the final budget, with a minimum fee to establish their clientele (minimums can vary depending on your city). Understanding what "Final Budget" means, and when that is determined is very important. From a Planners perspective, it is important that you also understand our packages, how we create our fee structures, and what is included. It is crucial that you understand exactly what services are offered with each package, how many meetings you can anticipate having, how many hours they will work on your day, and what you will be expected to complete on your own. Hiring a Wedding Planner will help you in many aspects of the planning process. However, there will still be a considerable amount of work you will need to complete on your own – especially if you are having a DIY wedding! Learning exactly what is covered will set realistic expectations and avoid disappointment down the road.
Can you share some examples of how you've saved your Clients money?
Every Wedding Planner claims that they can "save you money", and so they should – it's an important part of what we do! However, claiming you can save money and actually saving money are two very different things. Ask your Wedding Planner to share a few examples of how they can (and have) save their Clients money. This question will allow your Wedding Planner to show off their success stories, their vendor relationships, and experience. It will also enlighten you on exactly what you can expect, as well as showcase the value of a Planner, in case you weren't already convinced.
Tell me about an experience where something has gone wrong for the Client, and how did you fix it?
Planning a wedding is an emotional roller coaster. For the Bride, you want everything to be absolutely perfect and flawless. However, the reality is that every wedding will have a hiccup at some point in the planning process, and there are usually one or two small ones on the day of. For this reason alone, we think it is crucial to have a Day of Wedding Planner! Having a team in place that can quickly and efficiently solve problems, find solutions, and keep your stress level down is important. Like any interview, a behavioural question like this will help you distinguish a pattern on how your Wedding Planner can help. Their experiences will show you how they work under pressure and how they have turned a negative situation into a positive one. No matter how well you plan, or how organized you(or your planner) are, there will always be "something" that pops up when you're trying to manage multiple vendors. Believe us, we've got examples to prove it – but don't worry, our brides are none-the-wiser until a solution is found.
References are very important. You wouldn't hire a new employee without checking their references, so hiring a Wedding Planner shouldn't be any different. If you want to know how their past Brides felt about their experience, the best thing to do is give them a call and ask them a few questions. Hearing experiences directly from the Bride can make all the difference. As a Wedding Planner, I could try to "sell" you on why you should pick me, but I would rather connect you with our past Brides, so they can tell you first hand why we are London Ontario's most sought after Wedding Planning Company! Of course, references are only as good as the information given, but if you plan the right questions to ask, you can easily determine if the Bride was real and genuine.
Those are just some of the questions you should be asking a potential Wedding Planner. By asking the above questions to each of your candidates, you should be able to make an informed decision on hiring your Wedding Planner.
Interested in setting up an interview with Twelfth Night Events? Complete our Contact Form, or send us an email at events@twelfthnightevents.com. We would love to hear from you!


2010 Supply & Demand Chain Executive 100 Applauds Companies for Enabling Supply Chain Excellence, Post Recessionary Return to Growth.
SYSPRO, the leading provider of visionary, pragmatic ERP software, has today announced that Supply & Demand Chain Executive Magazine has named SYSPRO to the publication's 2010 Supply & Demand Chain Executive 100 listing of Innovative Supply and Demand Chain Vendors.
Supply & Demand Chain Executive (S&DCE) announced its first "100" list of supply chain solution providers, consultants and other organizations nine years ago. The list was comprised of organizations helping to lead the way in transforming companies' supply and demand chains. This year the magazine focused the criteria for its "100" feature on supply chain excellence and preparing the supply chain for the post-recessionary return to growth.
SYSPRO was recognized by S&DCE for the company's recently announced, highly innovative SYSPRO ERP software release. The new release contains more than 1,500 enhancements and five new applications, all of which are based on the company's efforts to enable small and medium size manufacturers and distributors in various industry verticals to lean and green their operations, dramatically enhance supply chain efficiencies and boost their bottom lines.
The 2010 Supply and Demand Chain Executive 100 is the cover story of the May/June 2010 issue of Supply & Demand Chain Executive, as well as online at www.DSCEcex.com/SDCE100.
About Supply & Demand Chain Executive.
Since its inception in 1978, SYSPRO has been delivering state-of-the-art business solutions to some of the world's leading companies. As a global leader in the production of world-class ERP software, the company now caters to the specialized needs of 14,000 licensed companies in more than 60 countries worldwide. SYSPRO is marketed globally through regional territory distribution centers and a global reseller network in the US, Canada, Africa, Asia Pacific, Australia and the UK.


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The history of North Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its classical period, the arrival and spread of Islam, the colonial period, and finally the post-independence era, in which the current nations were formed. The region has been influenced by many diverse cultures. The development of sea travel firmly brought the region into the Mediterranean world, especially during the classical period. In the 1st millennium AD, the Sahara became an equally important area for trade as camel caravans brought goods and people from the south of the Sahara. The region also has a small but crucial land link to the Middle East, and that area has also played a key role in the history of North Africa.

Geography

North Africa is a relatively thin strip of land between the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean, stretching from Moroccan Atlantic coast to Egypt. The region has no set definition, and varies from source to source. Generally included are, from west to east, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. The area located at the south of the desert is a steppe, a semi-arid region, called the Sahel. It is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara desert to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. The Sudanian Savanna is a broad belt of tropical savanna that spans the African continent, from the Atlantic Ocean coast in the West Sudanian savanna to the Ethiopian Highlands in the East Sudanian savanna.

Climate

In 15,000 BP, the West African Monsoon transformed the landscape of Africa and began the Green Sahara period; greater rainfall during the summer season resulted in the growth of humid conditions (e.g., lakes, wetlands) and the savanna (e.g., grassland, shrubland) in North Africa. Between 5500 BP and 4000 BP, the Green Sahara period ended.

Prehistory

The earliest known humans lived in North Africa around 260,000 BC. Through most of the Stone Age the climate in the region was very different from today, the Sahara being far more moist and savanna like. Home to herds of large mammals, this area could support a large hunter-gatherer population and the Aterian culture that developed was one of the most advanced paleolithic societies.

In the Mesolithic period, Capsian culture dominated the eastern part of North Africa with Neolithic farmers becoming predominant by 6000 BC. Over this period, the Sahara region was steadily drying, creating a barrier between North Africa and the rest of Africa.

In 10,000 BP, engraved and painted Central Saharan rock art began to be created, spanning the Bubaline Period, Kel Essuf Period, Round Head Period, Pastoral Period, Caballine Period, and Cameline Period.

Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late Pleistocene era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.

The Nile Valley on the eastern edge of North Africa is one of the richest agricultural areas in the world.  The desiccation of the Sahara is believed to have increased the population density in the Nile Valley and large cities developed. Eventually, ancient Egypt unified in one of the world's first civilizations.

Classical period

The expanse of the Libyan Desert cut Egypt off from the rest of North Africa. Egyptian boats, while well suited to the Nile, were not usable in the open Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, the Egyptian merchant had far more prosperous destinations on Crete, Cyprus, and the Levant.

Greeks from Europe and the Phoenicians from Asia also settled along the coast of Northern Africa. Both societies drew their prosperity from the sea and from ocean-born trade. They found only limited trading opportunities with the native inhabitants, and instead turned to colonization. The Greek trade was based mainly in the Aegean, Adriatic, Black, and Red Seas and they only established major cities in Cyrenaica, directly to the south of Greece. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and for the next three centuries it was ruled by the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty.

The Phoenicians developed an even larger presence in North Africa with colonies from Tripoli to the Atlantic. One of the most important Phoenician cities was Carthage, which grew into one of the greatest powers in the region.  At the height of its power, Carthage controlled the Western Mediterranean and most of North Africa outside of Egypt. However, Rome, Carthage's major rival to the north, defeated it in a series of wars known as the Punic Wars, resulting in Carthage's destruction in 146 BC and the annexation of its empire by the Romans. In 30 BC, Roman Emperor Octavian conquered Egypt, officially annexing it to the Empire and, for the first time, unifying the North African coast under a single ruler.

The Carthaginian power had penetrated deep into the Sahara ensuring the quiescence of the nomadic tribes in the region. The Roman Empire was more confined to the coast, yet routinely expropriated Berber land for Roman farmers. They thus faced a constant threat from the south. A network of forts and walls were established on the southern frontier, eventually securing the region well enough for local garrisons to control it without broader Imperial support.

When the Roman Empire began to collapse, North Africa was spared much of the disruption until the Vandal invasion of 429 AD. The Vandals ruled in North Africa until the territories were regained by Justinian of the Eastern Empire in the 6th century. Egypt was never invaded by the Vandals because there was a thousand-mile buffer of desert and because the Eastern Roman Empire was better defended.

During the rule of the Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Carthaginians and the Ottomans the Kabyle people managed to maintain their independence. Still, after the Arab conquest of North Africa, the Kabyle people maintained the possession of their mountains.

Arrival of Islam

Arab Conquest

The Arab invasion of the Maghrib began in 642 CE when Amr ibn al-As, the governor of Egypt, invaded Cyrenaica, advancing as far as Tripoli by 645 CE. Further expansion into North Africa waited another twenty years, due to the First Fitna, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate and its rule over the newly-conquered territories. In 670 CE, Uqba ibn Nafi al-Fihiri invaded what is now Tunisia in an attempt to take the region from the Byzantine Empire, but was only partially successful. He founded the town of Kairouan but was replaced by Abul-Muhajir Dinar in 674 CE. Abul-Muhajir successfully advanced into what is now eastern Algeria incorporating the Berber confederation ruled by Kusaila into the Islamic sphere of influence.

In 681 CE Uqba was given command of the Arab forces again and advanced westward again in 682 CE, holding Kusaya as a hostage. He advanced to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and penetrated the Draa River Valley and the Sus region in what is now Morocco. However, Kusaila escaped during the campaign and attacked Uqba on his return and killed him near Biskra in what is now Algeria. After Uqba's death, the Arab armies retreated from Kairouan, which Kusaila took as his capital. He ruled there until he was defeated by an Arab army under Zuhair ibn Kays. Zuhair himself was killed in 688 CE while fighting against the Byzantine Empire which had reoccupied Cyrenaica while he was busy in Tunisia.

In 693 CE, Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sent an army of 40,000 men, commanded by Hasan ibn al-Nu'man, into Cyrenaica and Tripolitania to remove the Byzantine threat to the Umayyads advance in North Africa. They met no resistance until they reached Tunisia where they captured Carthage and defeated the Byzantines and Berbers around Bizerte.

Soon afterwards, al-Nu'man's forces came into conflict with the indigenous Berbers of the Jrāwa tribe under the leadership of their queen, Al-Kahina.  The Berbers defeated al-Nu'man in two engagements, the first on the river Nini and the second near Gabis, upon which al-Nu'man's forces retreated to Cyrenaica to wait for reinforcements. Reinforcements arrived in 697 CE and al-Nu'man advanced into what is now Tunisia, again meeting Al-Kahina near Gabis. This time he was successful and Al-Kahina retreated to Tubna where her forces were defeated and she was killed.

Al-Nu'man next recaptured Carthage from the Byzantines, who had retaken it when he retreated from Tunisia. He founded the city of Tunis nearby and used it as the base for the Ummayad navy in the Mediterranean Sea. The Byzantines were forced to abandon the Maghreb and retreat to the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. However, in 705 CE he was replaced by Musa bin Nusair, a protégé of then governor of Egypt, Abdul-Aziz ibn Marwan. Nusair attacked what is now Morocco, captured Tangier, and advanced to the Sus river and the Tafilalt oasis in a three-year campaign.

Kharijite Berber Rebellion

Abbasid rule and local dynasties

The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid Revolution, which replaced it with the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasids imposed their authority on Egypt and central North Africa as far west as Ifriqiya, but the regions further west of here remained beyond their control. These western regions were ruled by the local Berber tribes or other local dynasties, often adhering to either Sufri or Ibadi Kharijism.

Rustamids

Banu Midrar

Idrisids

Aghlabids

Tulunids and Ikhshidids in Egypt

Fatimids

The Fatimid Caliphate was established by Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i with the help Kutama Berbers from Little Kabylia after they conquered Ifriqiya from the Aghlabids. In 909 Abdallah al-Mahdi was enthroned as the first Fatimid Caliph in Ifriqiya. They went on to extend direct control or suzerainty over Egypt, varying extents of the Maghreb, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. In 969 the Fatimid army conquered Egypt and in 973 the Fatimid court was reinstalled in the new capital of Cairo, while government of the Maghreb was entrusted to the Zirids. After a long period of decline, the Fatimid Caliphate was eventually abolished by Salah ad-Din in 1171 and replaced in Egypt by the Ayyubid dynasty.

Muslim Berber Empires

Zirids

The Zirid Dynasty was a family of Sanhaja Berbers that were originally from the Kabyle mountains. Initially on behalf of the Fatimids, they ruled the eastern and central Maghreb but encountered more resistance to the west from local Zenata factions and the Umayyads of Cordoba. Sometime between 1041 and 1051 they renounced the suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs in Cairo. The Fatimid retaliation came in the form of the invasions of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym into the Maghreb.

Hammadids

The Hammadids came to power after declaring their independence from the Zirids in 1015. They managed to conquer land in all of the Maghreb region, capturing and possessing significant territories such as: Algiers, Bougie, Tripoli, Sfax, Susa, Fez, Ouargla and Sijilmasa. South of Tunisia, they also possessed a number of oasis that were the termini of trans-Saharan trade routes.

The Hilalian invasions

Almoravids

In the 11th century, Berbers of the Sahara began a jihad to reform Islam in North Africa to impose what they saw as a more rigorously orthodox Maliki version of Islam. They were initially inspired by the teachings of Ibn Yasin and nominally recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphs. This movement created an empire which, at its greatest extent, encompassed Al-Andalus (southern and eastern Iberia at the time) and roughly all of present-day Morocco and Western Sahara. This movement seems to have assisted the southern penetration of Africa, one that was continued by later groups. In addition, the Almoravids are traditionally believed to have attacked and brought about the destruction of the West African Ghana Empire. However, this interpretation has been questioned. Conrad and Fisher (1982) argued that the notion of any Almoravid military conquest at its core is merely perpetuated folklore, derived from a misinterpretation or naive reliance on Arabic sources while Dierke Lange agrees but argues that this doesn't preclude Almoravid political agitation, claiming that Ghana's demise owed much to the latter.

Almohads

The Almohads were another religious and political movement that arose among the Berbers of the western Maghreb during the 12th century. They promoted a new fundamentalist and unorthodox/reformist version of Islam which recognized Ibn Tumart as a messianic figure, the Mahdi. After Ibn Tumart's death, the movement's political leadership passed on to 'Abd al-Mu'min, who overthrew the Almoravids and conquered the entire Maghreb and the remaining territories of Al-Andalus. Their empire disintegrated in the 13th century and was succeeded by three major states in North Africa: the Marinids in the western Maghreb, the Zayyanids in the central Maghreb, and the Hafsids in the eastern Maghreb (Ifriqiya).

Marinids

Hafsids

The Hafsids were a Masmuda Berber dynasty ruling Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) from 1229 to 1574. Their territories stretched from east of modern Algeria to west of modern Libya during their zenith.

The dynasty was named after Muhammad bin Abu Hafs, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe of Morocco. He was appointed governor of Ifriqiya (present day Tunisia) by Muhammad an-Nasir, Caliph of the Almohad empire between 1198 and 1213. The Banu Hafs were a powerful group amongst the Almohads; their ancestor was Omar Abu Hafs al-Hentati, a member of the council of ten and a close companion of Ibn Tumart. His original name was "Fesga Oumzal", which later changed to "Abu Hafs Omar ibn Yahya al-Hentati" (also known as "Omar Inti") since it was a tradition of Ibn Tumart to rename his close companions once they had adhered to his religious teachings.
The Hafsids as governors on behalf of the Almohads faced constant threats from Banu Ghaniya who were descendants of Almoravid princes which the Almohads had defeated and replaced as a ruling dynasty.

Hafsids were Ifriqiya governors of Almohads until 1229, when they declared independence. After the split of the Hafsids from the Almohads under Abu Zakariya (1229–1249), Abu Zakariya organised the administration in Ifriqiya (the Roman province of Africa in modern Maghreb; today's Tunisia, eastern Algeria and western Libya) and built Tunis up as the economic and cultural centre of the empire. At the same time, many Muslims from Al-Andalus fleeing the Spanish Reconquista of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal were absorbed. He also conquered Tlemcen in 1242 and took Abdalwadids as his vassal. His successor Muhammad I al-Mustansir (1249–1277) took the title of Caliph.

In the 14th century the empire underwent a temporary decline. Although the Hafsids succeeded for a time in subjugating the Kingdom of Tlemcen of the Abdalwadids, between 1347 and 1357 they were twice conquered by the Merinids of Morocco. The Abdalwadids however could not defeat the Bedouin; ultimately, the Hafsids were able to regain their empire. During the same period plague epidemics caused a considerable fall in population, further weakening the empire.
Under the Hafsids, commerce with Christian Europe grew significantly, however piracy against Christian shipping grew as well, particularly during the rule of Abd al-Aziz II (1394–1434). The profits were used for a great building programme and to support art and culture. However, piracy also provoked retaliation from Aragon and Venice, which several times attacked Tunisian coastal cities. Under Utman (1435–1488) the Hafsids reached their zenith, as the caravan trade through the Sahara and with Egypt was developed, as well as sea trade with Venice and Aragon. The Bedouins and the cities of the empire became largely independent, leaving the Hafsids in control of only Tunis and Constantine.

In the 16th century the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire-supported Corsairs. Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534 and held one year. Due to Ottoman threat, Hafsids were vassal of Spain after 1535. Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for 4 years. Don Juan of Austria recaptured it in 1573. The latter conquered Tunis in 1574 and the Hafsids accepted becoming a Spanish vassal state to offset the Ottoman threat. Muhammad IV, the last Caliph of the Hafsids was brought to Constantinople and was subsequently executed due to his collaboration with Spain and the desire of the Ottoman Sultan to take the title of Caliph as he now controlled Mecca and Medina. The Hafsid lineage survived the Ottoman massacre by a branch of the family being taken to the Canary Island of Tenerife by the Spanish.

Zayyanids

Wattasids

Ottoman rule

After the Middle Ages, Northern Africa was loosely under the control of the Ottoman Empire, except for the Kabyle people and Moroccan region ruled by Saadi Sultanate. Ottoman rule was centered on the cities of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.

European colonial period

During the 18th and 19th century, North Africa was colonized by France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Italy. During the 1950s and 1960s, and into the 1970s, all of the North African states gained independence from their colonial European rulers, except for a few small Spanish colonies on the far northern tip of Morocco, and parts of the Sahara region, which went from Spanish to Moroccan rule.

In modern times the Suez canal in Egypt (constructed in 1869) has caused a great deal of controversy. The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British, after British troops had moved in to protect it in 1882. Under the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the United Kingdom insisted on retaining control over the canal. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty, and by 1954 Great Britain had agreed to pull out.

After the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam, President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the canal, which led Britain, France and Israel to invade in the week-long Suez War. As a result of damage and sunken ships, the canal was closed until April 1957, after it had been cleaned up with UN assistance. A United Nations force (UNEF) was established to maintain the neutrality of the canal and the Sinai Peninsula.

Post-colonial period

In World War II from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the North African Campaign. During the 1950s and 1960s, all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over Western Sahara between Morocco and the Algerian-backed Polisario Front.

The wider protest movement known as the Arab Spring began with revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt which ultimately led to the overthrow of their governments, as well as civil war in Libya. Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent. Many hundreds died in the uprisings.

History of North African Architecture

Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa:
 Prehistoric North African Architecture
 Ancient North African Architecture
 Medieval North African Architecture

History of science and technology in North Africa

Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa:

 Education
 Astronomy
 Mathematics
 Metallurgy
 Medicine
 Agriculture
 Textiles
 Maritime technology
 Architecture
 Communication systems
 Warfare
 Commerce
 By country

Military history of Northern Africa

Genetic history of North Africa

Archaic Human DNA

While Denisovan and Neanderthal ancestry in non-Africans outside of Africa are more certain, archaic human ancestry in Africans is less certain and is too early to be established with certainty.

Ancient DNA

Egypt

Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, and Tutankhamen carried haplogroup R1b. Thuya, Tiye, Tutankhamen's mother, and Tutankhamen carried haplogroup K.

Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a.

Khnum-aa, Khnum-Nakht, and Nakht-Ankh carried haplogroup M1a1.

Libya

At Takarkori rockshelter, in Libya, two naturally mummified women, dated to the Middle Pastoral Period (7000 BP), carried basal haplogroup N.

Morocco

The Taforalts of Morocco, who were found to be 63.5% Natufian, were also found to be 36.5% Sub-Saharan African (e.g., Hadza), which is drawn out, most of all, by West Africans (e.g., Yoruba, Mende). In addition to having similarity with the remnant of a more basal Sub-Saharan African lineage (e.g., a basal West African lineage shared between Yoruba and Mende peoples), the Sub-Saharan African DNA in the Taforalt people of the Iberomaurusian culture may be best represented by modern West Africans (e.g., Yoruba).

Y-Chromosomal DNA

Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial haplogroups L3, M, and N are found among Sudanese peoples (e.g., Beja, Nilotics, Nuba, Nubians), who have no known interaction (e.g., history of migration/admixture) with Europeans or Asians; rather than having developed in a post-Out-of-Africa migration context, mitochondrial macrohaplogroup L3/M/N and its subsequent development into distinct mitochondrial haplogroups (e.g., Haplogroup L3, Haplogroup M, Haplogroup N) may have occurred in East Africa at a time that considerably predates the Out-of-Africa migration event of 50,000 BP.

Autosomal DNA

Medical DNA

Lactase Persistence

Neolithic agriculturalists, who may have resided in Northeast Africa and the Near East, may have been the source population for lactase persistence variants, including –13910*T, and may have been subsequently supplanted by later migrations of peoples. The Sub-Saharan West African Fulani, the North African Tuareg, and European agriculturalists, who are descendants of these Neolithic agriculturalists, share the lactase persistence variant –13910*T. While shared by Fulani and Tuareg herders, compared to the Tuareg variant, the Fulani variant of –13910*T has undergone a longer period of haplotype differentiation. The Fulani lactase persistence variant –13910*T may have spread, along with cattle pastoralism, between 9686 BP and 7534 BP, possibly around 8500 BP; corroborating this timeframe for the Fulani, by at least 7500 BP, there is evidence of herders engaging in the act of milking in the Central Sahara.

List of archaeological cultures and sites

 Abadiyeh, Egypt
 Aboccis
 Abu Ballas
 Abu Madi
 Abu Mena
 Abu Nafisa fort
 Abu Simbel
 Abydos, Egypt
 Ad Turres (Byzacena)
 Aeliae
 Affad 23
 Agilkia Island
 A-Group culture
 Ahl al Oughlam
 Aïn Doura Baths
 Ain Farah
 Ain Sokhna
 Aïn Turk, Bouïra
 Aït Benhaddou
 Akhmim
 Akoris, Egypt
 Al Amarat (Khartoum)
 Al-Azhar Park
 Alexandria
 Al-Meragh
 Almorada (Omdurman)
 Altava
 Amara, Nubia
 Amratian culture
 Ancient Carthage
 Ancient Cotta
 Aniba (Nubia)
 Anthylla
 Antinoöpolis
 Apollonia (Cyrenaica)
 Aptuca
 Aquae in Byzacena
 Aquae Regiae
 Aquae Sirenses
 Armant, Egypt
 Arsennaria
 Askut
 Aswan
 Aten (city)
 Aterian
 Athribis (Upper Egypt)
 Ausafa
 Autenti
 Auzegera
 Auzia
 Avaris
 Badarian culture
 Bagai
 Baliana
 Ballana
 Banganarti
 Bant (Omdurman)
 Bapara, Mauritania
 Basa, Sudan
 Basra, Morocco
 Batn-El-Hajar
 Bawit
 Behbeit El Hagar
 Benepota
 Benghazi
 Beni Hammad Fort
 Beni Otsmane
 Beni-Derraj
 Bennefa
 Berenice Troglodytica
 B-Group
 Bigeh
 Bir el Ater
 Bir Kiseiba
 Bir-Abdallah
 Bordj-Bou-Djadi
 Borj Gourbata
 Botriana
 Bou-Hedma National Park
 Boumedfaâ
 Bubastis
 Buhen
 Butana Group
 Buto
 Cabarsussi
 Calama (Numidia)
 Canopus, Egypt
 Capsian culture
 Carcabia
 Cardium pottery
 Cartennae
 Carthage (archaeological site)
 Castellum Dimmidi
 Castellum Medianum

 Castellum Ripae
 Castellum Tatroportus
 Castellum Tingitii
 Catabum Castra
 Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa
 Cave of Archers
 Cave of Beasts
 Cave of Swimmers
 Cebarades
 Cemetery GIS
 Centenaria, Algeria
 Central Field, Giza
 Centuria (Numidia)
 C-Group culture
 Chemtou
 Cherchell
 Chusira
 Cirta
 Civitas Popthensis
 Cohors Breucorum
 Contra Latopolis
 Crepedula
 Cufruta
 Culusi
 Cusae
 Cynopolis
 Cyrene, Libya
 Dabenarti
 Dahshur
 Debeira
 Dederiyeh Cave
 Deir el-Ballas
 Dendera Temple complex
 Diana Veteranorum
 Diocese of Dices
 Diocese of Sesta
 Diocese of Thucca Terenbenthina
 Dionysiana
 Djémila
 Douela
 Drâa-Bellouan
 Dzemda
 Edfu-Project
 Edistiana
 Egnatia, Byzacena
 El Brij, Tunisia
 El Gour, Morocco
 El Harrouch
 El Hawawish
 El Hiba
 El Jadida
 El Kab
 El Kenissia
 El Kseur
 El Lahun
 El Matareya, Cairo
 El Qattah
 El-Amrah, Egypt
 El-Detti
 Elephantine
 Eles, Tunisia
 El-Gabal el-Ahmar
 El-Haria
 El-Hobagi
 El-Kurru
 El-Tod
 Enera
 Enfidha
 Esna
 Essaouira
 Fadrus
 Faras Cathedral
 Feradi Minus
 Fes el Bali
 Filaca
 Flenucleta
 Floriana, Mauritania
 Flumenzer
 Foratiana
 Forontoniana
 Fossatum Africae
 Gabal El Haridi
 Gafsa
 Gala Abu Ahmed
 Gash Group
 Gebel al-Ain
 Gebel el-Silsila
 Gebel Ramlah
 Gebelein
 Gemellae
 Gerf Hussein
 Gerzeh culture
 Gilva, Numidia
 Giru Mons

 Giza East Field
 Giza pyramid complex
 Giza West Field
 Gratiana, Africa
 Grimidi
 Gubaliana
 Gueldaman caves
 Gummi in Proconsulari
 Gunela
 Gunugus
 Gurza
 Gynaecopolis
 H.U.N.E.
 Hajar an-Nasar
 Halfan culture
 Hamadab
 Hammam Essalihine
 Harageh
 Harifian culture
 Hawara
 Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)
 Hellenion (Naucratis)
 Helwan (cemetery)
 Henchir Chigarnia
 Henchir-Aïn-Dourat
 Henchir-Baldia
 Henchir-Belli
 Henchir-Bez
 Henchir-Boucha
 Henchir-Bou-Doukhane
 Henchir-Ed-Douamès
 Henchir-El-Dukhla
 Henchir-El-Hatba
 Henchir-el-Kermate
 Henchir-El-Meden
 Henchir-El-Msaadine
 Henchir-Ezzguidane
 Henchir-Guennara
 Henchir-Khachoum
 Henchir-Madjouba
 Henchir-Mâtria
 Henchir-Sidi-Salah
 Henchir-Tebel
 Heracleion
 Heracleopolis Magna
 Hermopolis
 Hillat al-Arab
 Hippo Regius
 Horrea Coelia
 Hosh el-Kab fort
 Hu, Egypt
 Iberomaurusian
 Idfa
 Ifri N'Ammar
 Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa
 Ifri Oudadane
 Igilgili
 Islamic Cairo
 Iubaltiana
 Jebel Barkal
 Jebel Dosha
 Jebel Irhoud
 Jebel Mokram Group
 Jebel Moya
 Jebel Sahaba
 Jebil National Park
 Jedars
 Kageras
 Kairouan
 Karanis
 Karanog
 Kawa, Sudan
 Kehf el Baroud
 Kellia
 Kellis
 Kerkouane
 Khemis Miliana
 Khiamian
 Khor Shingawi
 Kom El Deka
 Kom el-Hisn
 Kom Firin
 Kom-el-Gir
 Ksar Ghilane
 Ksour-El-Khaoua
 Kulb
 Kulubnarti church
 Kulubnarti fort
 Kumma (Nubia)
 Kuntillet Ajrud
 Lake Ichkeul
 Lambaesis
 Lamdia
 Lapda

 Lari Castellum
 Legis Volumni
 Leontopolis (Heliopolis)
 Lepsius list of pyramids
 Letopolis
 L'Hillil
 Library of Alexandria
 Libyco-Punic Mausoleum of Dougga
 Lisht
 List of ancient Egyptian sites
 List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
 List of prehistoric sites in Morocco
 Lixus (ancient city)
 Luxor Temple
 Maadi
 Madarsuma
 Madauros
 Magharet el Kantara
 Mahjouba, Morocco
 Malkata
 Malliana
 Manaccenser
 Maraguia
 Marazanae
 Marea (ancient city)
 Marina, Egypt
 Masclianae
 Mascula
 Mattiana
 Maximiana in Byzacena
 Mazghuna
 Medamud
 Medina of Sousse, Tunisia
 Medina of Taroudant
 Meidum
 Meinarti
 Melzi
 Memphis, Egypt
 Mendes
 Merimde culture
 Meroë
 Mesarfelta
 Mibiarca
 Midianite pottery
 Midica
 Mididi
 Migirpa
 Mila, Algeria
 Milevum
 Miliana
 Mimiana
 Minshat Abu Omar
 Mirgissa
 Mizigi
 Monastery of the Archangel Gabriel at Naqlun
 Mousterian
 Mozotcori
 Msoura
 Musawwarat es-Sufra
 Musti (Tunisia)
 Muteci
 Mutugenna
 Myos Hormos
 Nabala, Mauritania
 Nabta Playa
 Naqada culture
 Naqada III
 Nasbinca
 Naucratis
 Naustathmus (Cyrenaica)
 Necropolis of Cyrene
 Nefrusy
 Negrine
 Nekhel
 Nekhen
 Nekor
 New Kalabsha
 New Wadi es-Sebua
 Nitria (monastic site)
 North Asasif
 Nubian pyramids
 Numluli
 Nuri
 Octabia
 Oglet-Khefifa
 Old Dongola
 Oppidum Novum
 Oxyrhynchus
 Pbow
 Pederodiana
 Pelusium
 Philae
 Philoteris
 Pi-Ramesses

 Pi-Sekhemkheperre
 Pithom
 Pocofeltus
 Port Said
 Portus Magnus, Algeria
 Precausa
 Ptolemais, Cyrenaica
 Putia in Byzacena
 Pyramids of Meroë
 Qadan culture
 Qalʿat ibn Salama
 Qasr el Banat
 Qasr Ibrim
 Qift
 Qubbet el-Hawa
 Quiza Xenitana
 Qustul
 Rachgoun
 Rapidum
 Raqqada
 Reperi
 Rhacotis
 Riqqeh
 Rock art of Iheren and Tahilahi
 Roknia
 Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
 Rufiniana
 Rusazus
 Rusubbicari
 Sabu, Sudan
 Sabu-Jaddi
 Sadd el-Kafara
 Saft el-Hinna
 Saint Catherine, Egypt
 Sais, Egypt
 Saldae
 Samannud
 Sanam, Sudan
 Sassura
 Scebatiana
 Sebilian
 Sebkha-El-Coursia
 Sedeinga pyramids
 Sedment
 Sega (Upper Egypt)
 Sehel Island
 Semna (Nubia)
 Semta (Africa)
 Senâm
 Septimunicia
 Serabit el-Khadim
 Sereddeli
 Sesebi
 Setifis
 Severiana
 Shalfak
 Sheikh Muftah culture
 Shellal
 Siccenna
 Siccesi
 Sidi Bennour
 Sidi Brahim
 Sidi Daoud, Tunisia
 Sidi El Hani
 Sidi Khelifa (Tunisia)
 Siga
 Singa, Sudan
 Sinnuara
 Sitipa
 Soba (city)
 Soknopaiou Nesos
 Soleb
 Souk El Khemis
 Sousse
 Speos Artemidos
 Stone quarries of ancient Egypt
 Sufasar
 Suliana
 Sullectum
 Sululos
 Sumenu
 Tabaicara
 Tabalta
 Taberdga, Algeria
 Tabo (Nubia)
 Taborenta
 Tabuda
 Tadrart Rouge
 Taforalt
 Tagarbala
 Tagase
 Tahpanhes
 Tahpsus
 Talaptula

 Tamazeni
 Tambeae
 Tamera, Tunisia
 Tamuda
 Taposiris Magna
 Taraqua
 Tarkhan (Egypt)
 Tarrana
 Tasaccora
 Tasian culture
 Tassili n'Ajjer
 Tatilti
 Tel Habuwa
 Tell el-Balamun
 Tell El-Dab'a
 Tell el-Qudeirat
 Tell Nebesha
 Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal
 Temple of Debod
 Temple of Edfu
 Temple of Hibis
 Temple of Kalabsha
 Temple of Kom Ombo
 Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal
 Temuniana
 Tennis, Egypt
 Tetci
 Tétouan
 Thabraca
 Thagaste
 Thamusida
 Thasbalta
 Theban Necropolis
 Thebes, Egypt
 Thenae
 Theveste
 Thiava, Numidia
 Thibilis
 Thiges
 Thimida Bure
 Thinis
 Thubursicum-Bure
 Thucca Terenbenthina
 Thunusruma
 Tiddis
 Tigisis in Mauretania
 Tigisis in Numidia
 Tiguala
 Timgad
 Timidana
 Tinisa in Proconsulari
 Tipasa
 Tipaza
 Titular Bishopric of Vita
 Tobna
 Tombos (Nubia)
 Trofimiana
 Tubernuca
 Tubyza
 Tura, Egypt
 Uchi Maius
 Umm Ruweim
 Unfinished obelisk
 Uppenna
 Uronarti
 Usilla
 Uzinaza
 Vagada (Numidia)
 Vagal, Mauritania
 Vagalitanus
 Vageata
 Valley of the Golden Mummies
 Vallitanus
 Vazi-Sarra
 Vegesela in Byzacena
 Volubilis
 Voncariana
 Wad ban Naqa
 Wadi al-Jarf
 Wadi el-Hudi
 Wadi Hammamat
 Wadi Hamra (Gilf Kebir)
 Wadi Maghareh
 Wadi Tumilat
 Wah-Sut
 Zaraï
 Zawyet el-Maiyitin
 Zawyet Umm El Rakham
 Zella (see)
 Zian, North Africa
 Zuccabar
 Zuma, Sudan

See also
Genetic history of North Africa
History of Africa § North Africa
History of Algeria
History of Egypt
History of Libya
History of Morocco
History of Tunisia
History of Western Sahara

References

Further reading

 Cesari, Jocelyne. The awakening of Muslim democracy: Religion, modernity, and the state (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
 Falola, Toyin, Jason Morgan, and Bukola Adeyemi Oyeniyi. Culture and customs of Libya (Abc-clio, 2012).
 Fischbach, ed. Michael R. Biographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa (Gale Group, 2008).
 Ilahiane, Hsain. Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen) (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).
 Issawi, Charles. An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (Routledge, 2013).
 Naylor, Phillip C. North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present (University of Texas Press, 2015).
 Stearns, Peter N., et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience (AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006) p. 174.

External links

 Maroc-history: A Taste of Maghribi History

North Africa
History of North Africa
History of Africa by region
Maghreb
History of the Mediterranean
Natural history of Africa