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Automation Nation: The Rise of Robots in Restaurants
April 27, 2017 | By: Tony Nusret
Last updated on: August 11, 2017
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Over the past few years, food service has become more and more automated. From "Flippy" the burgerbot to Starship Technologies' delivery drone – more on him in a minute – restaurants have seen an unprecedented uptick in the use of robotic technology. Let's take a look at some of today's new bots on the block, and what they mean for tomorrow's restaurant employees.
1. Delivery bots
Starship Technologies' robots have been hitting the streets since last year – but they're new to the states. Just a few weeks ago, they appeared in Redwood City, CA. These adorable, rolling robots navigate street traffic to deliver food right to your door. And they're not the only ones – Yelp Eat24 and Marble have partnered up with a similar project. San Franciscans started spotting delivery drones from this new effort on April 17th, 2017. It may be time for your restaurant to start researching how you can integrate these exciting new services.
2. Zume
Some servers have expressed concern that robots will soon take over their jobs – but experts say that day is far away. Some restaurants, like Zume Pizza, know that the only thing to fear is fear itself. Although this Mountain View, CA, restaurant employs robots to do the dangerous, oven-side work of baking pizzas, they also invite employees to become shareholders. Their 30 employees get full benefits, and the company subsidizes their studies in coding, graphic design, and engineering.
3. Eatsa
This restaurant has been compared to a vending machine. Although the popular chain employs human chefs, it has eliminated the need for human interaction between diners and servers. Guests place their order via touchpad, wait while it gets prepared behind the scenes, and pick it up at a window before eating at a table. Introverts rejoice! There's no need to speak with a server, busser, host, or cashier when you dig into an Eatsa pizza.
4. Tacobots
Who says a robot's place is in the kitchen? Taco Bell's new Tacobot has arguably traveled even further than Yelp's delivery drone – it's all the way in cyberspace! Watch out, office workers, now you can chat with the Tacobot directly through Slack. Ordering lunch is now as simple as OMG.
5. Momentum Machines
Momentum Machines is one of a few companies seeking to turn QSR kitchens over to robots – entirely. The star of their show is a burger-flipping robot that can cook 400 patties per hour. The efficiency is impressive, but some experts say that shouldn't be the goal. Siddhartha Srinivasa, a professor at the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University, envisions a world where robots become the norm. As one Eater article quotes him: "It's weird to say this, but when something becomes unsexy, it means that it works so well that you don't have to think about it. You don't stare at your dishwasher as it washes your dishes in fascination, because you know it's gonna work every time… I want to get robots to that stage of reliability."
Reliability doesn't necessarily mean ubiquity. There are plenty of complex tasks a robot can perform better than a person, but experts are divided about what that means for the future of employment. "While robots excel at complex calculations and precise, repetitive tasks, they have difficulty doing some things that are easily mastered by small children – such as stacking blocks and sensing objects in space." writes one Reuters reporter. "Sit-down restaurants have additional tasks that are hard to automate, including setting and clearing tables, refilling coffee cups and answering questions about what's on the menu."
Technology is the future of restaurants, and robots are no exception. While they may not replace human employees overnight, it looks like the Age of Restaurant Robots is already here.
Topics: Concept, Great Service, Restaurant Technology
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Ensure resume includes the FAR part number each company operated under.
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(E) High school diploma or equivalent.
SPECIALIZED EXPERIENCE, TRAINING, AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS: To qualify for this position you must demonstrate in your application that you possess at least one year of specialized experience equivalent to the next lower level in the Federal Service. Specialized experience is experience that has equipped you with the particular knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform successfully the duties of the position.
(G) Not more than 2 flying accidents in the last 5 years in which the applicant's pilot error was involved.
Specialized experience at the FG-12 grade level involves a wide range of assignments or a few highly complex assignments, requiring planning and organization, setting priorities and working without clear or specific guidelines. Work at this level is typically reviewed only to assess the impact on overall organizational objectives.
Specialized experience at the FG-11 grade level involves a broad scope of responsibility, more variety, and less clear guidelines. Work at this level is typically subject to review to assure compliance with organized policies or regulations, and specific guidelines to ensure compliance with organizational policies or regulations.
Specialized experience at the FG-9 grade level involves assignments involving familiar aircraft, facilities, and equipment. Work at this level is typically subject to review and specific guidelines to ensure compliance with instructions.
A positive education experience is not required for this position.
Applications will be rated on an as needed basis.
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Applicants will be required to appear in person for an interview and/or other assessments to determine whether they possess the necessary qualifications, competencies and personal qualities to successfully perform Aviation Safety Inspector duties. Applicants will be questioned about information on their application and will be required to show appropriate airman certificates, ratings, and pilot logbooks or other appropriate records of flight time to substantiate that the applicant meets the requirements of this announcement.
Qualified applicants are limited to being referred on a maximum of 10 open referral lists at one time.


Commercial production is officially starting at Doris gold mine and mill, an exciting milestone for the Hope Bay Project established by TMAC Resources (TSE:$TMR) that began almost four years ago. With production starting, Hope Bay is now the home of Nunavut's second operating gold mine, and the very first in the western area of the Territory.
To celebrate its step up towards full production after workers poured the first gold bar at the mine, TMAC is flying in around fifty people — including Inuit landowners and mining executives — to the remote site and conducting a ceremony and tour, according to CBC News.
For TMAC, the production of the mine has been a long time coming. After the company acquired the project in March 2013 from Hope Bay Mining, a subsidiary 100% owned by Newmont Mining (NYSE:$NEM), it has been working hard to get the mine into production.
Besides officially starting production, one of the project's latest milestones was obtaining a water sampling, or test mining, from the Nunavut Impact Review Board and the Nunavut Water Board. The sampling will be done at the Madrid north and south deposits of Doris North mine.
Compared to TMAC, other companies who hope to start a mine in the area isn't faring as well. For example, the Black River Project established by Sabina Gold and Silver Corp. (TSX:$SBB) has faced numerous opposition from local citizens. The project, located in the western Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, is said to be on caribou populations grounds. Thus it is argued that industrial development should not be allowed in the area.
The mine by TMAC Resources, on the other hand, is seen as a positive development. The Kitikmeot Inuit Association could earn millions, as they receive 1% royalty payments from all gold sold. The mine also employs many of the locals. Additionally, the Inuit own 1.4% of TMAC Resources.
High hopes are on the Hope Bay project as it officially begins production, having proven and probable reserves of 14.2 million tonnes grading 7.7 g/t gold, or about 3.5 million ounces of gold.


Now, to the winner of the worst possible sentence from last weeks writespiration, and boy did we have some cracking entries. And by cracking, I mean awful!
Helen Jones new to writespiration, gave a stonking effort with this terrible opener. If my wife had been choosing the winner, Helen would have won 🙂 – it made Mrs. Black laugh out loud.
Why is silence so deafening? It ached in my ears, the pounding silence swallowed up any thoughts I had. It hurt. Hurt like the loss of my parents. No more voices to call me in at the end of the day. No mother to shout upstairs "dinners ready." Just endless silence.
Thanks for the honourable mention, Sacha. It depressed me writing it!
I love starting prompts with just one word. There are so many possibilities. Thanks for the prompt!
Hi Sacha, thanks for the honourable mention – that's awesome 🙂 and I'm glad I made Mrs Black laugh.
Hmm. Not sure that I didn't take a bit of a segue into 'time'. Oh well.
Ok Sacha, I will give your sixty seconds a try.
oh my gosh, how heart wrenching and emotional. I love it. Thanks SOOOOO much for joining in 🙂 Im chuffed you joined in 🙂 and its a fab entry too.
Yes, I love these timed challenges where we can let the mind go wild.
I am SO thrilled that my talent for putting readers off in the first sentence has at last been recognised 🙂 Thank you Sacha. Here's my go at the stop watch thingy.
Well, that wasn't very long, was it? What happens when you don't have a stop watch and your phone only stays lit up for five seconds at a time so you have to keep stopping to peer and the clock.
Had to try this one. Thanks for the writespiration. 🙂 Off to read the comments (didn't want to see the word ahead of time). Absolutely LOVE Helen's first line. Truly. Brilliant.


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Blogging, Flowery Thoughts - Creative
The Wiz Live – Review / Yahoo! Don't Bring Me #NoBadNews
Image December 4, 2015 Toi Powell Leave a comment
The Wiz is a Classic. If you don't agree…Ease On Down The Road
I watched The Wiz Live last night and absolutely loved it! I joined the live twitter feed and of course like always, the Black Twitter family along with some honorary NON-Racist members of society, tuned in to watch together. When I say the amount of love, support, and connection that was felt through social media and throughout our culture was beyond overwhelming. It was! To laugh, applaud, shout in excitement and cry together with people you don't know at all– but are connected as kin of the same struggle…it was epic, moving, chilling and glorious. Imagine 2 million people laughing, crying and making jokes at a family BBQ and you're ALL related… yeah that's Black Twitter. It was absolutely the best and proudest moment we could experience together and we LOVED @NBC for showing the magic of black actors in The Wiz to the world.
Shanice Williams, let's just say, I was very impressed by her musical theater presence. Being so fresh to the scene she showed a certain comfort-ability that most seasoned actors take years to attain.
Mary J. Blige was spectacular, she was amazing, she sang DOOOOOOOWN and I was sooo proud of her. She has so many great moments in her performance and I was extremely impressed with her acting. Sure I can bypass some tiny moments of coming out of character a bit, because the amazing-ness coming from her and that amazing costume gave me all the life I needed for the night. I love her all over again!
Neyo, David Alan Grier and Elijah Kelly were amazing as well. I was impressed wtih Neyo's stage presence and David amazed at his role playing that Lion. Loved them. Elijah Kelley stayed in character the entire time and THAT was impressive!
THE WIZ LIVE! — Season: 2015 — Pictured: Common as The Bouncer — (Photo by: Paul Gilmore/NBC)
Common, was ok. I could honestly do without his character. Maybe if they gave him more of a role, but how could they. I think he did pretty well for the amount of speaking lines he was given.
Queen Latifah, I love her love her love her… but something with the songs I wasn't really getting everything I needed from them. She looked amazing and she was better playing herself than the Wiz honestly. Can we talk about the makeup and costumes?!! FLAWLESS! All I know is, she better work! She was still awesome to watch!
Honey!!! AMBER freaking RILEY!!! SANG for the GODS last night! She was everything you would want in a good witch of the North! I didn't know what else to do but stare, mouth open and absorb everything she spit out! I mean, Brava to her! She was getting DOWN with those munchkins!
Enough about my brief review – (trimmed it due to this nonsense I'm about to get into.)
I was so excited, I went to bed singing "Home" until 2 am this morning. Sang myself to sleep and woke up with the songs still in my heart. I couldn't wait to read some reviews online because I just knew it was spectacular. And then I came across this article from Yahoo! Critic-at-large, Ken Tucker
Yahoo! Don't Bring Me #NoBadNews
I am appalled. I speak to Ken now and any other people who don't understand the magic of The Wiz (and no, I'm not even giving a paragraph to the idiots who said The Wiz is racist and there should be an all white cast of the Wiz. Look up Judy Garland and go back to sleep).
Ken, to say that…
The Wiz "simply isn't a classic piece of material"
…just makes me sick. Your critique of performances is understandable, although I may not agree, I agree to disagree. But where I draw the line is when you discount a musical, one of the ONLY musicals that represent the black culture, and one of the ONLY successful earlier black productions ever to grace Broadway. To say it "simply isn't a classic" is ridiculous!
Just because it doesn't speak to you and people like you, doesn't mean that it isn't a classic!
You don't understand the IMPACT this production, the movie and this newer modern version has had on our culture, on our creative talents and on our youth!
There are so many reason's WHY the original "The Wiz" on Broadway may not have translated to "contemporary" audiences in prominent venues.
LIKE VIOLA DAVIS SAID: The only thing that separates women of color from everyone else is OPPORTUNITY!
If there is no opportunity, how COULD it translate to "contemporary audiences"?
And who the hell is a contemporary audience anyway? If you were on Twitter last night, It was FULL of an audience who could relate, who loved it, who cried, who applauded, who had viewing parties. It was the top #1 trending topic all day AND night yesterday! So, AGAIN…. who are the members of the "contemporary" audience you speak of.
There was an overwhelming amount of support (crushing the naysayers and racists) for this production and it went on for hours! If you tuned in, you would see how our culture and others appreciated this momentous moment TOGETHER. You would see the hundreds and hundreds of tweets from people of multiple races express how they loved it as a kid, performed it in high school musicals and were actually watching it with their children…ECSTATIC to be able to share this CLASSIC with them!
To be so removed from our culture, our relations, our art, our appreciation, our CONNECTION to this CLASSIC production and movie, shows exactly WHY television needed this, why WE needed this, why this COUNTRY needed this.
Sure, Ken doesn't need to sugar coat his critique of the performances. Ken, tell it like it is with all of your professional due diligence. BUT, do your homework, understand what's going on here and WHY it's important. Understand that YOU sir are just as bad as everyone else who discounts ANY and EVERYTHING we do or attempt to do, putting your "denied a classic" stamp on it because YOU are ignorant of its magic, its impact and its influence on our community!
This line here from you:
"Here's a challenge: Name a song from The Wiz other than "Ease On Down the Road." "Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News," maybe, but that's about it."
…. Goes to show your total and complete ignorance of this production and the "Contemporary Audience" your article is aimed at.
"HOME"… "Home" is the biggest song of the production and movie. Stephanie Mill's career took off from this song and it's been a talent show staple song since! The Ballad piece is the most spectacular and popular song from The Wiz and you don't even name it!
And What about "You Can't Win"? Michael Jackson Slaaaaayed that song in the movie! That's MY favorite! C'mon man!
Me AND Michael are looking at you crazy!
As far as I'm concerned your critique means NOTHING because you KNOW nothing about the magic and the message of The WIZ.
This line you say here:
"The idea of seeking out some powerful wisdom that will grant intelligence, courage, and freedom, only to realize that these qualities reside inside, not outside, oneself—that's a potent, enduring theme."
Yes, it's a potent and enduring theme, but do you understand WHY it's important to "our audience" to "our culture"? Because when you have people like you who call the most epic piece of African American theater "Not a classic" you, Ken, enforce the idealism that minorities are not AS important and some of us therefore have to STRUGGLE through our OWN insecurities to find the INTELLIGENCE, COURAGE and FREEDOM inside of ourselves to become better versions of OURSELVES. To create art, to succeed at what our hearts desire. Your insensitive remarks enforce and reveal your ignorance of a culture you know nothing about.
THE WIZ LIVE! — Pictured: (l-r) Uzo Aduba as Glinda, Shanice Williams as Dorothy — (Photo by: Virginia Sherwood/NBC)
When Uzo Adubo sang "Believe in yourself" she brought tears to not only the cast on stage but to thousands of people on twitter live. Most of whom did not know that UZO is a TRAINED OPERA SINGER! That song, that message speaks VOLUMES to those of us with shattered dreams, to those of us who have to overcome way more obstacles than your "contemporary audience". As she hugged Dorothy it was as if she hugged US. That moment, that song was pivotal and encouraged HOPE & FAITH in us but in your words:
"Uzo Aduba was positively adorable as Glinda the Good Witch."
And… that was it. What an UNDERSTATEMENT!
While I accept your critique and agree to disagree, I am going to ask you to "simply" Ease on down the road with that "Classic" BS.
The world loved it and if you don't believe me, go #TheWiz or #TheWizLive on Twitter and see for yourself. Your article was mediocre at best. Have several Theater seats. Thank you!
# StephanieMills#AfricanAmerican#BlackTwitter#Common#DavidAllenGrier#Dorothy#EaseOnDownTheRoad#ElijahKelly#Home#KenTucker#Lion #CowardlyLion#MaryJBlige#Musical#Musicals#NBC#Neyo#NoBadNews#QueenLatifah#Scarecrow#ShaniceWilliams#The Wiz#The Wiz Live#Theater#TheWiz#TheWizardofOz#TheWizLive#TheWizLiveReview#TinMan#UzoAdubo#Yahootwitter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Forum Home → Discussion → Housing costs → Thread
Hardy v Sandwell and DHPs
Ruth Knox
RAISE Benefits Advice Team, Liverpool
What are people finding about Local Authority's approach to taking PIP/DLA into account for means test in relation to DHPs? I've always assumed that since this case the Local Authority has no right to take the disability benefit into account or ask for an explanation as to how it is spent - this is what happens in Liverpool - we identify it as income and we identify a corresponding amount as expenditure on disability needs with no further explanation. I can't see any other interpretation of the decision. However, I would be interested to know what happens in other parts of the country, or if colleagues dissent from my view of it. Thanks a lot Ruth
Timothy Seaside
Housing Services, Arun District Council
In DHP applications and financial statements generally I would almost always include PIPDL and PIPM as income, and then offset them 100% with spending on care and transport.
Hardy v Sandwell specifically finds that local authorities can treat DLA(C) as income. It reinforces the point that they must consider disregarding such income, and makes it very hard for a local authority to include DLA(C) income in bedroom tax cases. But DLA(C) is not ringfenced in the same way as DLA(M) generally is.
Where there's earned income, or where it's an LHA shortfall which is nothing to do with bedroom entitlement and carers, I can see that there could be situations where an authority could justify taking PIPDL into account - like when a disabled claimant has chosen to take an unnecessarily large and expensive PRS property, knowing there would be a shortfall which they could cover with their PIP.
My instinctive feeling is that it's wrong to ask disabled people to contribute to their housing costs with PIP, but my instinctive feeling is also that it's wrong to ask people with children to use CTC or CHB to top up their rent. However in homelessness law CTC and CHB are taken into account when considering affordability. It's not fair.
Yes in practice I do as you say, in on the income side and out as additional care costs on the expenses side and my Local Authority is happy. But I have the impression that other authorities do not: they ask for details of the care expenditure and I have heard a few times the comment that Sandwell went wrong only by fettering its discretion rather than by taking the disability benefit into account per se. .
But I have gone back to the decision and I can't find any understanding of the decision on Issue 2 as summarised in paragraph 62 other than that when considering DHPs a council would be discriminating without justification if it took the disability income into account.
Z2K also tried (issue 4) to argue that regardless of the ECHR and 2010 Act it was inherently irrational or contrary to the intention of the statutory scheme to take the care element into account and it was this point that was rejected. But once the discrimination arguments are engaged then to do so breaches the human rights legislation. So I can't read it as specifically finding that it's possible for a council to take the care element into account.
It seems to me the judge finds that it is a breach of the law on grounds 1, 2, and 3 but not on Issue 4. In other words it is a breach of the law but it is the human rights argument which makes it so and not the "inherently irrational " argument. Am I misinterpreting or overlooking something here? Ruth
On your other point Timmy yes it would be unfair to grant a DHP for a very expensive private rent but it would be the rent figure which made it so rather than the claimants income. On the child benefit CTC argument I agree but I suppose you get into unfairness by definition once you start to consider that an amount - the Applicable Amount - which is defined as being the amount necessary to cover basic subsistence needs is then considered as available for other purposes such as a top up of rent. It's even unfair in the case of single people on 73 10. Ruth
Ken Butler
This is an extract from the DWP's Discretionary Housing Payments Guidance Manual that advises how LAs should consider DLA/PIP payments -
"3.9 When deciding how to treat income from disability-related benefits such as Disability Living Allowance (DLA) or the Personal Independence Payment (PIP), you must have regard to the decision of the High Court in R v. Sandwell MBC, ex parte Hardy. This decision places an obligation on LAs to consider each DHP application on a case by case basis having regard to the purpose of those disability related benefits and whether the money from those benefits has been committed to other liabilities associated with disability."
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/692240/discretionary-housing-payments-guide.pdf
MartinB
Homeless Unit - Southampton City Council
Just for Info. The Homelessness code looks at all income, but there are caveats.
The Homelessness Code of Guidance.
17.46 Housing authorities will need to consider whether the applicant can afford the housing costs without being deprived of basic essentials such as food, clothing, heating, transport and other essentials specific to their circumstances. Housing costs should not be regarded as affordable if the applicant would be left with a residual income that is insufficient to meet these essential needs. Housing authorities may be guided by Universal Credit standard allowances when assessing the income that an applicant will require to meet essential needs aside from housing costs, but should ensure that the wishes, needs and circumstances of the applicant and their household are taken into account. The wider context of the applicant's particular circumstances should be considered when considering their household expenditure especially when these are higher than might be expected. For example, an applicant with a disabled child may have higher travel costs to ensure that the child is able to access additional support or education that they require and so this should be taken into account when assessing their essential needs, and the income that they have available for accommodation costs.
I feel as if I am looking at this in a different way from everyone else! Sandwell Borough Council was found to be wrong on a number of counts - failure to exercise discretion, failure to do a proper Equalities Assessment etc - but on the central issue of breach of Human Rights my reading of it is that it's not enough to say " We will take DLA care into account but of course if you identify the additional disability expenditure we will take that into account as well". As a matter of fact Sandwell were willing to do this with Mr Hardy. And my understanding of the decision on this issue is that you accept that the state has already made a decision that the disabled person needs the additional income to off-set the disability and bring them back to a level with everyone else, so if you are doing a means assessment you must ignore that income or you are discriminating unlawfully. So I disagree with the DWP Guidance on this issue.
On the homelessness issue, I think it's as was said in the last couple of paragraphs of the Sandwell judgement - in ordinary English law there is no inherent reason why the care component should be disregarded but once you engage human rights issues that might well turn out to be the case. So, so long as there is no challenge to that procedure, it can continue.
I know this is a small point, and it's a bit theoretical, because, as Timothy Seaside has already said, most authorities seem happy if you just put it in on the income line as PIP/DLA and put it in the expenditure line as "additional disability needs" but I am really puzzled as to where I am getting it wrong, or what caveat I have overlooked in my reading of the decision. So I would be really grateful for anything that either agrees with me or shows me what I have overlooked. Ruth
Brian JB
Advisor, Wirral Welfare Rights Unit, Birkenhead
I think it was the blanket policy of taking DLA (C) into account when assessing income for DHPs that is ruled out by Hardy v Sandwell
Yes, this is what everyone keeps telling me!. I think it is clear that the first reason why the appeal succeeded was that Sandwell had a blanket policy of taking DLA care into account and the judge ruled this was wrong. But there were a number of other issues that the judge ruled against Sandwell on, and one issue where he ruled against the intervenor (Z2K). The issue where he ruled against the intervenor was on whether it was inherently illogical in English law to exclude taking care income into account and he said no. But on the issue as to whether taking it into account was discriminatory once ECHR and Humans Right Act engaged he said it was. So as I read it, following Sandwell, it would ALWAYS be discriminatory to take it into account even if there wasn't a blanket policy of doing so. Do you have a different interpretation of the ruling on the discrimination issue.? Ruth
HB Anorak
benefits consultant/trainer, hbanorak.co.uk, east london
The difficult part of the decision is concerned with Issue 2 (discrimination) at paragraphs 56 to 60, which can be summed up as saying the expenses that people on DLA(c) face as a result of disability are not easy to pin down in a weekly income v outgoings statement. Attempting to do so amounts to "Thlimmenos" discrimination. Therefore "the Council's approach to awarding him DHPs discriminated against him because of his disability". But it would be reasonable for the Council to deduct from the outgoings side of the equation an amount equal to the DLA(c) provided those outgoings related to the "provision of care".
This is contradictory and confusing. What difference is there really between disregarding the income and excluding the related expenses on the one hand, and including both the income and expenses on the other?
I think the court is trying to say that a DLA(c) claimant might well have expenses that are both quantifiable as regular care-related outgoings (eg means tested home care charges payable to Adult Social Care) and other less easily quantifiable and more sporadic expenses which together could exceed the amount of DLA(c). To the extent that the quantifiable expenses are met by DLA, they can be excluded from the account of the claimant's outgoings, but the DLA also should be excluded from the income side. That way, additional expenses over and above the amount of DLA could still be looked at. I am really not convinced that such an approach achieves a great deal in practice that is different from including everything quantifiable on both the income and expenses side.
The decision is further confused by Issue 4 where the court declines to say that it is irrational ever to take DLA(c) into account as income in a means test.
20 April 2019, 06:10 am #10
I don't think it is confusing really. All that is being said in paragraph 59 is that you cannot on the one hand exclude DLA care on the income side and then include all of your additional disability expenses (including for instance the personal care charges) on the expenditure) and this is kind of self evident. So the sensible thing to do is not to enter the DLA in the income side and not to enter the disability expenditure on the expenditure side. What a lot of people do including myself is to enter the DLA on one side and offset it completely as "disability related expenditure" on the other. This is in practice the same thing. I would regard it as a courtesy /or a "for your information " practice rather than an acknowledgement that the LA has the right to take it into account. The only problem might arise is where a disabled person went on to claim further disability expenses but this is no different from a person without a disability having particular circumstances which lead to high heating/travelling or other costs and would have to be assessed on a case by case basis.
But the reason I started the thread was that I feel very strongly that Sandwell established that, up to the level of DLA care (or PIP Daily Living) the LA should not ask for an accounting of the expenditure but accept that it is not available for other purposes such as covering a shortfall. But I encountered a number of times the argument that all Sandwell does is say the LA should not have a blanket policy - and this seems to be what the Guidance says. I think this is wrong! I think Sandwell says you can't do it!
If you read his summary on the discrimination issue in paragraphs 61 and 62 together I just don't see how you can come to any other conclusion.
I wonder if the fact that the judge left to last the one issue where he did not accept the appellant's (actually the intervener's) argument muddies the waters. As HB Anorak says, he declined to say that in general it would always be wrong to take DLA care into account when assessing for another benefit. So the very last words (paragraph 77) we read are "taking into account DLA care in calculating another benefit is not in itself irrational". But what he is saying here is that to take DLA care into account when assessing for another benefit is not irrational (Issue 4) but in the case of DHPs it is discriminatory (Issue 2) and that it might well be that other cases would also engage the HRA. However all he is doing is making a decision "as above" on the facts of the DHP case. Ruth
Okay, Ruth, you've won me over with your 6am on a Saturday posting dedication. Thank you. The clincher is in para 62 when Phillips J says he fully agrees with the conclusion of Stuart-Smith J in Rutherford; that councils were acting wrongly by including DLA(c) in household income for DHP. That seems pretty clear now.
I think it is helpful to break down the judgment into the "four" issues.
1. Policy - the judge found that Sandwell's blanket policy of including DLA(c) was unlawful because it fettered discretion and failed to have regard to statutory guidance.
2. Discrimination - Yes, Article 14 is engaged. Including the DLA(c) is indirect discrimination, and it is not justified, so it is a breach of the Equality Act.
3. PSED and Failure to make reasonable adjustments - The judge agreed there was a clear breach of PSED, and Sandwell didn't attempt to defend the reasonable adjustment point - but findings on issues 1 and 2 mean it doesn't have any bearing on the outcome.
4. Statutory purpose and irrationality (Z2K's points) - The judge concluded that the statute would have excluded DLA(c) as it does DLA(m) if that was what parliament intended. And he concluded that it was not irrational (in public law terms) to include DLA(c) in benefit calculations.
I think I was misreading it because I wasn't fully following the layout of the judgment. But yes, as well as saying that you can't have a blanket policy of including DLA(c), and saying that there was unjustified indirect discrimination in this case, it does appear that Phillips J is saying that councils would be wrong to include DLA(c) in household income for DHP.
So I think the judgment is useful in cases where a council refuses to accept the 100% of DLA(c) offset of "care costs" in expenditure, or where the applicant hasn't offset the care costs themselves, and the council has treated the DLA(c) as spare money. But I can't see it helping in a case where the council is including DLA(c) but also accepting the full offset because the net effect is that DLA(c) is being disregarded, but in a transparent way.
Yes Timothy, totally agree with all of this analysis. Thanks for taking the time to look at the whole decision as I was really beginning to doubt my understanding. I think the problem may have arisen because Issue 1 was dealt with clearly at the beginning and Issue 4 in the final paragraphs so the crucial decision which was Issue 2 got lost in the middle. But it is worrying that the DWP guidance, on which the Local Authorities are entitled to rely, is so misleading. Probably also worrying that I'm again posting this early morning whilst on holiday. Ruth
Forum feed


Busy upstairs/downstairs pub near north side of Waterloo Bridge. Food available.
Also a Sam Smith's pub – so cheap drinking. And they still have the cask bitter which not all Sam Smiths pubs do.
The whole pub often smells a bit like a toilet – problems with the plumbing?
Not as good as it used to be. Try the excellent Wellington just a few doors away.


text:
Q: Is Shortest-Spanning-$(u,v)$-Walk NP-complete? Given an unweighted graph $G$. Here are some definitions that I invented:

*

*A walk $W$ is called a spanning walk if $v \in V(G) \implies v\in V(W)$

*A $(u,v)$-walk $W$ is a walk of the form $u=v_0, v_0v_1, \cdots, v_{t-1}v_{t}, v_{t}=v$
Design an algorithm that finds the length of a shortest spanning $(u,v)$-walk.
This is a question I made for myself. However, I was not able to find an efficient algorithm. I tried to use DP but since walks may have repeated edges, there is no nice topological order to the structure of subproblems. Hence, the solution I discovered was to use backtracking that restricts duplicated arcs, rather than duplicated vertices in the standard application. Unfortunately, it is a quite inefficient alogrithm despite its correctness. I would like to know whether this problem is $NP$-complete; otherwise, please give me an efficient algorithm.

A: Well, in particular, there is a spanning $(u,v)$-walk of length $|V(G)|-1$ if and only if there is a Hamiltonian path from $u$ to $v$. The Hamiltonian path problem is NP-complete; therefore, so is this problem.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Home » Television Magazine » March 2019
Stephen Graham discusses his career and what advice he'd give to aspiring actors
Matthew Bell enjoys an RTS event showcasing the career of the prolific British actor Stephen Graham
Over the past couple of decades, Stephen Graham has become increasingly hard to avoid on both TV and film. The variety of roles he's taken on is extraordinary. He can play cops and robbers, modern and period drama, ordinary and larger-than-life characters. He is convincing in all of them.
Finally, at last year's RTS Programme Awards, Graham received the recognition he has been due for many years when he took the Actor award for his portrayal of the detective who investigated the murder of the Liverpool schoolboy Rhys Jones, in ITV's harrowing real-life drama Little Boy Blue. The judges described his performance as "unquestionably brilliant, showing extraordinary range and skill".
Graham looked back over a career that has taken in some of British TV's grittiest parts – and some meaty mobster roles across the Atlantic – at an RTS early-evening event in February. He was in conversation with Alice Feetham, his co-star in the Sky Atlantic thriller Save Me.
The award-winning actor, who was born in Kirkby, a satellite town of Liverpool, first trod the boards at primary school, when he played Jim Hawkins in a version of Treasure Island. He was spotted by Andrew "Drew" Schofield, a local actor who played the title role in Alan Bleasdale's Channel 4 drama Scully, concerning a teenager who dreams about playing for Liverpool FC. Schofield was in the audience to watch his nephew perform in the play – the first of many pieces of "luck" that Graham said actors need at some point in their careers.
"Drew said to my mum and dad that he thought I had some talent and that they should look at getting me to the Everyman Youth Theatre [in Liverpool] – and that's what we did. It started from there," recalled Graham, who added: "Drew was the inspiration for me being an actor."
"You can learn a lot from drama school, but you can learn much more when you're working"
His first paid teenage acting job was in Children's Ward, which was developed for ITV by Paul Abbott and Kay Mellor, then at the very start of their writing careers.
Other early TV appearances included ITV cop series The Bill. "It was great because it gave you on-the-job training – part of your apprenticeship. You can learn a lot from drama school, but you can learn much more when you're working," said Graham.
The actor went to drama school in London, but doubted whether it is a "necessity nowadays". "And, let's be completely honest, is it affordable for most people? I would love everybody to have the opportunity to go but, if I hadn't had a grant, I wouldn't have been able to go."
However, when asked by a member of the RTS audience whether he had a view on the advantages enjoyed by "Oxbridge/Eton-ite" actors over those from a working-class background, Graham responded: "No – everyone has got to make a living."
Although he talks broad Scouse, Graham made his name as the cockney boxing promoter Tommy in Snatch, Guy Ritchie's 2000 comedy crime flick. "Snatch was a joy to do – it was a lot of fun," he said. "It did dramatically and drastically change my life – and all for the good. It gave me much broader opportunities and the chance to go for many different [parts].
"There was a part of me at the very beginning [that thought] this is me and [Liverpool] is where I'm from – and authenticity is beautiful. I'm very proud of where I come from."
But he did not want to be typecast: "[I thought] learning to do different accents could hopefully open doors for me and give me different opportunities." In fact, he is a virtuoso at accents, treating the RTS to impersonations of some of the acting greats he's worked with, including Al Pacino and Robert De Niro.
Graham had a small part in Martin Scorsese's 2002 movie Gangs of New York. Almost a decade later, he played Al Capone in Scorsese's HBO series Boardwalk Empire. The actor, though, was adamant "that there was no conscious decision to [try and be] a success in America – that was never my objective."
Stephen Graham as Al Capone in Boardwalk Empire (Credit: HBO/Sky)
But working on the other side of the Atlantic was an opportunity that Graham "grabbed with both hands". "For a young lad who grew up in Liverpool, who always wanted to be an actor, to be given the opportunity to play Al Capone was amazing," he said. Back in the UK, it is gritty dramas – of the type he used to watch as a child – that pepper his career. "I was brought up on fantastic drama in this country, the likes of [Alan Bleasdale's] Boys from the Blackstuff and [the BBC's] Play for Today. I used to watch that kitchen-sink type of drama, which I used to adore, with my dad. I always wanted to do that kind of work."
British drama has given Graham some of his best roles, including the skinhead Andrew "Combo" Gascoigne in Shane Meadows' 2006 film This Is England and its later TV incarnation on Channel 4 (see box, page 25). "If I'm honest, that particular job was where I grew up as an actor. It really [helped me to] understand the [acting] process completely," he said. "I really learned how to dive into a character."
He was then nominated for the Actor prize at the 2010 RTS Programme Awards for his role as the alcoholic bookie, Shay, in Jimmy McGovern's RTS award-winning BBC One drama The Street.
Most recently, he has appeared in Save Me, which was created and written by its star, Lennie James. Graham plays troubled Fabio "Melon" Melanzana, with Feetham cast as his much-younger wife, Bernie. He is also in the latest instalment of Jed Mercurio's police corruption thriller Line of Duty.
In keeping for a series known for guarding the secrets of its dizzying plot turns, nothing is known of his criminal character, John Corbett, other than the teaser released by the BBC. This shows the actor pulling off a black balaclava. Pressed for further details, Graham confirmed only that: "He wears a balaclava."
Later this year, Graham will star in Scorsese's latest film, The Irishman, playing a mobster in the company of De Niro, Pacino and Joe Pesci. He has also reunited with Meadows for Channel 4's The Virtues, in which he portrays a man with a troubled childhood.
Looking back over more than two decades in TV and cinema, Graham reflected: "This, to me, is not a job – I adore what I do."
'In conversation with Stephen Graham' was organised jointly by the RTS and Premier Communications. It was held at Kings Place in central London on 18 February.
Stephen Graham on: making This is England with Shane Meadows
'I love [Shane's] way of working – it's the drama school and Stanislavsky stuff, but it's done practically, in a way you can all understand,' said Graham. 'You have a look at what's on the page, as you do with every other director, but you're creating a character from scratch.
Stephen Graham playing Combo in This is England (Credit: Channel 4)
'You do the background – where he was born, where he went to school, who is mum was, who his dad was, what his favourite colour is.
'That's how Shane works. You spend about a week doing that. Then, you spend time creating scenarios and possibilities of what may happen.'
In Meadows' film about skinhead culture in early-1980s Britain, Graham played Andrew 'Combo' Gascoigne. Portraying a racist skinhead was problematic for Graham. 'I'm mixed race – my granddad was from Jamaica; my nanna was Swedish on my dad's side of the family.
'I didn't want to tell Shane that I was mixed race at the beginning because I thought, if I tell him, he's not going to give me the part. We did a day's workshop and, because I really wanted this part, I went for it proper. Some of the language I used was painful, but it was authentic because I'd been on the other end of it.'
Eventually, Graham told Meadows about his heritage. 'There was silence,' he recalled. 'And then he said, "That makes it really interesting.'"
Four years later, Meadows brought This Is England to Channel 4, taking the stories of the characters from the original film through the late 1980s and into 1990. 'I thought it was going to be a one-off film and, to be honest, at first I was very sceptical about turning it into a TV series,' he said.
For This Is England '90, Meadows used some of his trademark methods to help Graham get into character for the release of Combo from prison.
'Shane set me an exercise. He took all my money off me, dressed me in [Combo's] clothes, put the tattoos on my face that he'd got while he was in prison… and then he dropped me off in the middle of Sheffield,' he recalled. 'At that moment, I knew what it was like to feel invisible.
'I could never have got that [feeling] from three years in drama school, but I got it from being on the streets… of Sheffield.… It was proper scary.
'People were walking past me and completely ignoring me – I felt worthless. And that was the objective of the exercise – it was amazing.'
Graham on: Guy Ritchie
The actor first worked with Guy Ritchie on his 1995 short film, The Hard Case, the director's calling card for his big-hit debut, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels.
He had accompanied a friend, who was auditioning for a tiny part in the short. 'Guy popped his head around the door and said [to me], "It's you next." I said no, because I'd just come with my mate. But he asked if I was an actor and he called me in.'
Handed the script, Graham explained that he was dyslexic and would need time to read it. Offered the chance to improvise instead, Graham grabbed the opportunity: 'We did a little bit of messing about and he said, "You've got the job and start on Monday."'
A few years later, when Ritchie was casting for his second feature, Snatch, 'He wasn't seeing anyone who wasn't a cockney,' said Graham. 'Apparently, he was watching something I had a little part in as a Scouse builder, but he was looking at this other lad to see if he wanted him for the role of Tommy. Then I popped up and he [obviously] remembered me.
'I walked in [to the audition] and pretended I was a cockney. And he let me pretend I was a cockney. He asked me where I was from and I said Beckenham, because I lived in Beckenham, and Guy went, "No you're not – you're pure Scouse. I've worked with you before." But, anyway, I got the job.'
Almost two decades after the film's release, Graham said it 'gave me an opportunity to be a part of a successful film for the very first time. It was an amazing honour for me.'
Stephen Graham
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Rare and wonderful. The Romanée Conti vineyard was uprooted after the '45 vintage. The best bottles are so concentrated and exotic, with seemingly everlasting power - a wine at peace with itself.
Afterward, a bottle of identical vintage and size sold for $496,000, which is exactly the same amount of rare except less wonderful by precisely $62,000.
According to Newsweek, the bottles broke the previous 2010 price record for a standard-sized bottle which went to three bottles of 1869 Château Lafite-Rothschild averaging $232,692 each.


This study asked members of the Somali‐American community in Minneapolis‐St. Paul to describe the challenges of living in a refugee community, how violent extremists try to exploit their condition for recruitment purposes, and what resources and strategies are needed to minimize their vulnerability. Using ethnographic methods, this study looked at the everyday lives of Somali‐American adolescent boys and young men in the context of their families and communities. It found opportunities for entering violent extremism as well as capacities for diminishing those opportunities. Based on empirical data and informed by relevant theory, it identified themes and built a model, Diminishing Opportunities for Violent Extremism (DOVE), which can help to inform prevention strategies for building community resilience to violent extremism in the Somali‐American community in Minneapolis‐St. Paul.


text:
deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager
===============

Class StatementManager.

Responsible for executing CQL statements and providing a
StatementBuilder factory.

* Class name: StatementManager
* Namespace: deasilworks\CEF

Properties
----------

### $session

    protected \Cassandra\Session $session

* Visibility: **protected**

### $cluster

    protected \Cassandra\Cluster\Builder $cluster

* Visibility: **protected**

### $statement

    protected \Cassandra\Statement $statement

* Visibility: **protected**

### $statementBuilder

    protected \deasilworks\CEF\StatementBuilder $statementBuilder

* Visibility: **protected**

### $config

    protected \deasilworks\CEF\CEFConfig $config

* Visibility: **protected**

### $consistency

    protected mixed $consistency

* Visibility: **protected**

### $retryPolicy

    protected mixed $retryPolicy

* Visibility: **protected**

### $arguments

    protected array $arguments

* Visibility: **protected**

### $previousArguments

    protected array $previousArguments

* Visibility: **protected**

### $entityManager

    protected \deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager; $entityManager

* Visibility: **protected**

### $transformerClass

    protected string $transformerClass = \deasilworks\CEF\Cassandra\Transformer::class

* Visibility: **protected**

### $resultClass

    protected string $resultClass = \deasilworks\CEF\ResultContainer::class

ResultContainer class.

* Visibility: **protected**

### $resultModelClass

    protected string $resultModelClass = \deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataModel::class

EntityModel class.

* Visibility: **protected**

Methods
-------

### __construct

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::__construct(\deasilworks\CEF\CEFConfig $config, \deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager $entityManager)

StatementManager constructor.

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $config **[deasilworks\CEF\CEFConfig](deasilworks-CEF-CEFConfig.md)**
* $entityManager **[deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager](deasilworks-CEF-EntityDataManager.md)**

### getTransformerClass

    string deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getTransformerClass()

* Visibility: **public**

### setTransformerClass

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setTransformerClass(string $transformerClass)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $transformerClass **string**

### getTransformer

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getTransformer()

* Visibility: **public**

### getEntityManager

    \deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getEntityManager()

* Visibility: **public**

### setEntityManager

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setEntityManager(\deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager $entityManager)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $entityManager **[deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataManager](deasilworks-CEF-EntityDataManager.md)**

### getCluster

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getCluster()

* Visibility: **public**

### getSession

    \Cassandra\Session deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getSession()

* Visibility: **public**

### getConsistency

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getConsistency()

* Visibility: **public**

### setConsistency

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setConsistency(mixed|null $consistency)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $consistency **mixed|null**

### getRetryPolicy

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getRetryPolicy()

* Visibility: **public**

### setRetryPolicy

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setRetryPolicy(mixed|null $retryPolicy)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $retryPolicy **mixed|null**

### setArguments

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setArguments(null|array $arguments)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $arguments **null|array**

### getArguments

    array|null deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getArguments()

* Visibility: **public**

### getSb

    \DeasilWorks\CEF\StatementBuilder deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getSb()

* Visibility: **public**

### setSb

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setSb(\DeasilWorks\CEF\StatementBuilder $statementBuilder)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $statementBuilder **DeasilWorks\CEF\StatementBuilder**

### setStatement

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setStatement(string|\deasilworks\CEF\StatementBuilder $simpleStatement)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $simpleStatement **string|[string](deasilworks-CEF-StatementBuilder.md)**

### getStatement

    \Cassandra\Statement deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getStatement()

* Visibility: **public**

### reset

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::reset()

* Visibility: **public**

### executeStatement

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::executeStatement(string $type)

* Visibility: **private**

#### Arguments
* $type **string**

### execute

    \deasilworks\CEF\ResultContainer deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::execute()

* Visibility: **public**

### getResultContainerClass

    string deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getResultContainerClass()

* Visibility: **public**

### setResultContainerClass

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setResultContainerClass(string $resultClass)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $resultClass **string**

### getResultContainer

    \deasilworks\CEF\ResultContainer deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getResultContainer()

Result Container Factory.

* Visibility: **private**

### getResultModelClass

    string deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getResultModelClass()

* Visibility: **public**

### setResultModelClass

    \deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::setResultModelClass(string $resultModelClass)

* Visibility: **protected**

#### Arguments
* $resultModelClass **string**

### getResultModel

    \deasilworks\CEF\EntityDataModel deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getResultModel()

* Visibility: **public**

### getStatementBuilder

    \DeasilWorks\CEF\StatementBuilder deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::getStatementBuilder($builderClass)

* Visibility: **public**

#### Arguments
* $builderClass **mixed**

### previousArgs

    mixed deasilworks\CEF\StatementManager::previousArgs(array $previousArgs)

* Visibility: **private**

#### Arguments
* $previousArgs **array**

## LICENSE

MIT

##### This open-source project is brought to you by [Deasil Works, Inc.](http://deasil.works/) Copyright © 2017 Deasil Works, Inc.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Android Adapter failing to fill activity with views In my MainActivity I use a RecyclerView to fill an activity with images and names, but when I run the app the activity is empty. An adapter is called that is filled with and array of data objects that contain an "id". The adapter inflates the item_view and uses a ViewHolder that holds a textview and acts as an onClickListener.
Any ideas as to why it remains empty and how I may fill it?
MainActivity:
package com.com.com;

import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView;

import android.os.Bundle;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private RecyclerView mRecyclerView;
    private RecyclerView.Adapter mDataAdapter;
    private RecyclerView.LayoutManager mDataLayoutManager;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        mRecyclerView = (RecyclerView)  findViewById(R.id.recyclerView);
        mRecyclerView.setNestedScrollingEnabled(false);
        mRecyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true);
        mMatchesLayoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(MainActivity.this);
        mRecyclerView.setLayoutManager(mDataLayoutManager);
        mDataAdapter = new DataAdapter(getDataSetData(), MainActivity.this);
        mRecyclerView.setAdapter(mDataAdapter);

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            DataObject obj = new DataObject(Integer.toString(i));
            resultsData.add(obj);
        }
        mDataAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
    }

    private ArrayList<DataObject> resultsData = new ArrayList<DataObject>();
    private List<DataObject> getDataSetData() {
        return resultsData;
    }
}

DataAdapter:
package com.com.com;

import android.content.Context;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;

import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView;

import java.util.List;

public class DataAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<DataViewHolders>{

    private List<DataObject> dataList;
    private Context context;

    public DataAdapter(List<DataObject> dataList, Context context) {
        this.dataList = dataList;
        this.context = context;
    }

    @Override
    public DataViewHolders onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {

        View layoutView = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.item_data, null, false);
        RecyclerView.LayoutParams lp = new RecyclerView.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
        layoutView.setLayoutParams(lp);
        DataViewHolders rcv = new DataViewHolders((layoutView));

        return rcv;
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(DataViewHolders holder, int position) {
        holder.mDataId.setText(dataList.get(position).getId());

    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        return 0;
    }
}

DataObject:
package com.com.com;

public class DataObject {
    private String Id;

    public DataObject (String Id) {
        this.Id= Id;
    }

    public String getId() {
        return Id;
    }

    public void setId(String Id) {
        this.Id= Id;
    }

}

DataViewHolders:
package com.com.com;

import android.view.View;
import android.widget.TextView;

import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView;

public class DatasViewHolders extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder implements View.OnClickListener {

    public TextView mDataId;

    public DataViewHolders(View itemView) {
        super(itemView);
        itemView.setOnClickListener(this);

        mDataId = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.Dataid);
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {

    }
}

activity_main:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".MainActivity"
    android:orientation="vertical">

    <androidx.core.widget.NestedScrollView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent">

        <androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
            android:scrollbars="vertical">

        </androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView>
    </androidx.core.widget.NestedScrollView>

</LinearLayout>

item_data:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="horizontal"
    android:padding="20sp">

    <ImageView
        android:layout_width="75sp"
        android:layout_height="75sp"
        android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher" />

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Data ID"
        android:layout_gravity="center"
        android:id="@+id/Dataid" />

</LinearLayout>

A: @Override
public int getItemCount() {
  return 0;
}

You return wrong value here, it must be the size of list.


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text:
The red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata) is a passerine bird native to southern Australia. At  in length, it is the second largest species of Australian honeyeater. It has mainly  grey-brown plumage, with red eyes, distinctive pinkish-red wattles on either side of the neck, white streaks on the chest and a large bright yellow patch on the lower belly. The sexes are similar in plumage. Juveniles have less prominent wattles and browner eyes. John White described the red wattlebird in 1790. Three subspecies are recognized.

The species is found in southeast Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and southwest Western Australia in open forest and woodlands, and is a common visitor to urban gardens and parks. Loud and conspicuous, the red wattlebird is generally found in trees, where it gets most of its food; occasionally it forages on the ground. It is one of the largest nectarivorous birds in the world, feeding from a wide variety of flowering plants. Insects also comprise part of its diet. It is territorial and at times aggressive towards birds of other species, often defending rich sources of nectar. Breeding throughout its range, the red wattlebird builds a cup-shaped nest in a tree and raises one or two broods a year. Although it has declined in places from land-clearing, it is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.

Taxonomy
The red wattlebird was first described as the wattled bee-eater by the Irish surgeon and naturalist John White in his Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, which was published in 1790. He wrote that it was the "size of a missel thrush, but much larger in proportion". The taxonomic descriptions in White's book are believed to have been written by the English naturalist George Shaw, who is generally credited as the author by subsequent authorities. The specific epithet, carunculata, was introduced later in the same year by John Latham. The word is derived from caruncula, Latin for 'a small piece of flesh'. Both Shaw and Latham assigned the red wattlebird to the genus Merops. The species was moved to Anthochaera in 1827 by the naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield. The generic name derives from the Ancient Greek anthos 'flower, bloom' and khairō 'enjoy'.

Common names include gillbird, gilly warbler, barkingbird, muttonbird, butcherbird, what's o clock, and chock. Unlike many species in southwestern Australia, the red wattlebird was given names by the local indigenous people that were onomatopoeic (sounding like the calls they make). Names recorded include wodjalok, durdal, doongorok, and djoongong (this last name is also applied to the western wattlebird). In the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, the local Barngarla people knew it as ngarkarko or ngarkabukko. The local people of Denial Bay in South Australia called it noggal, and the Ngarrindjeri people of the Lower Murray region in South Australia knew it as rungkan.

There are three recognised subspecies, though there is a zone of intermediate birds across western Victoria and eastern South Australia, bordered by western Port Phillip Bay to the east, Mount Lofty Ranges to the west, and Little and Big Desert national parks to the north. The differences in plumage are not generally prominent enough to be noticeable in the field.

 A. c. carunculata (Shaw, 1790) – found in southeast Australia, namely Victoria, eastern New South Wales, and southeastern Queensland.
 A. c. clelandi (Mathews, 1923) – Kangaroo Island (South Australia). Of a similar size to the nominate subspecies, it tends to have darker plumage, a longer bill, and shorter tarsus.
 A. c. woodwardi Mathews, 1912 – southwest and south-central Australia, west of the Mount Lofty Ranges. This subspecies is a little smaller than the nominate subspecies and has shorter wings. Its plumage is similar, though the yellow patch on the belly is more prominent.

Analysis of DNA showed that the closest relative of the red wattlebird is the yellow wattlebird of Tasmania, the pair splitting from the ancestor of the regent honeyeater—their next closest relative. Honeyeaters are related to the Pardalotidae (pardalotes), Acanthizidae (Australian warblers, scrubwrens, thornbills, etc.), and Maluridae (Australian fairy-wrens) in the large superfamily Meliphagoidea.

Description

The sexes of the red wattlebird are similar in size and plumage, the length of the adult male ranging from  and the adult female from . With an average weight of , the red wattlebird is one of the largest nectar-feeding birds in the world, and the second largest species of honeyeater native to Australia, eclipsed only by the yellow wattlebird. The crown, forehead and upper lores (area between the eyes and nostrils) are dark brown, streaked with pale brown at the front of the crown and white at the rear of the crown. The nape (back of the neck) is slightly paler brown, with white streaks. A whitish triangular marking covers the lower lores and anterior ear covert feathers, bordered below by a dark brown stripe from the lower mandible down to the wattle and around to behind the eye. The throat is dark brown streaked with white. The iris of the eye is orange-red to crimson. The distinctive pinkish-red wattles dangle from the lower rear corner of the ear coverts on either side of the neck, and there is a sliver of pink bare skin at the lower border of the white patch on the face. The chest and belly are streaked white, and there is a bright yellow patch towards the tail. The strong legs and feet are pink or pinkish-brown, and the downward-curving bill is black. The average dimensions of the bill are  long,  wide, and  high at its base. The gape is grey-black, while the inside of the mouth is orange. In common with other honeyeaters, the red wattlebird has a long, specialized tongue to extract nectar from flowers. The tongue can extend well beyond the tip of the bill, and is divided at the end to form a brush-like structure with over a hundred bristles that soak up nectar by capillary action.

The red wattlebird begins moulting after the breeding season, starting with the primary flight feathers in November or December, and finishing between the following March and May. The feathers of the breast, back, median and lesser covert feathers are moulted before those of the crown, remiges, and rectrices.

Immature red wattlebirds are generally less flamboyant. Juveniles have much less prominent wattles, brown irises, a pale crown, and much less yellow on the belly. They moult into first immature plumage within a few months of leaving the nest. First immature birds are more similar to adults overall, having red irises with brown rings, wattles larger but still smaller than adults, and a greyish pink gape.

The red wattlebird is hard to confuse with any other species, though in poor visibility it might be mistaken for the spiny-cheeked honeyeater, or little or western wattlebirds.

Call
Red wattlebirds are noisy animals, producing a range of raucous calls. Pairs of birds appear to duet, particularly at food sources, with the male producing a loud cackle and the female a whistling call. The male's cackle is loudest between 1 and 3 kHz frequency. A guttural-sounding call, it has been variously described as having a squawking, coughing or hiccuping sound. Males cackle when foraging by themselves, when with other birds, or when declaring their territory to other birds. The whistling call consists of up to five rapid whistles that may or may not ascend in tone, and are repeated 3–4 times. Both sexes commonly utter a single chock note that may be harsh and guttural or have 4–5 harmonics. This is thought to be a contact call. These calls all carry over long distances.

Red wattlebirds utter two types of alarm calls, alternating between them while mobbing other animals. One is a harsh call over a wide frequency (1.3 to 5.9 kHz) that is louder at lower frequencies. The other is a lower-pitched staccato call with a frequency of 1.1–2.2 kHz. They give a harsh call when trying to distract intruders from the vicinity of the nest or when picked up, often trying to flap or peck the handler.

Distribution and habitat

The red wattlebird is found in southeast Queensland, where it occurs south of Noosa and Cooloola, becoming more common south of Brisbane and Toowoomba. Further south into New South Wales it is found most places east of (and including) the Great Dividing Range and stretching west to the southern North-West Plain, Central Western Slopes and eastern Riverina, and is an occasional visitor to points along the Murray River valley. It is found across Victoria, though is uncommon in the northwest of the state. In South Australia, Devonborough Downs Station, Manunda, Wilpena Pound and Nullarbor Station mark the northern limits of its range. There are scattered records from the Nullarbor Plain, but the species is common in Western Australia west of  125 °E and south of 29 °S. The yellow wattlebird replaces it in Tasmania. The red wattlebird has become more common in some localities, such as the Sunraysia district in the 1960s, and Nambucca Heads and Lefevre Peninsula in the 1980s. Breeding numbers have increased in Sydney and Adelaide. The red wattlebird is a rare vagrant to New Zealand, with confirmed records at Matakana in 1865 and Rohutu, Taranaki, in 1885, and a third unconfirmed report from Motupiko in 1938.

The red wattlebird appears to be a permanent resident in much of its range, though its movements are poorly known. It appears to be partly migratory in Western Australia and the north coast of New South Wales. In southeastern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, it appears to move to lower altitudes for winter. For instance, birds vacate the Brindabella Range over the cooler months. Overall, little pattern is discernible in the species' movements, though red wattlebirds appear to move to feed on populations of flowering banksias and eucalypts, such as winter-flowering banksias in Perth over the cooler months. Large numbers arrive in  time to feed on flowering native apples (Angophora) in Mudgee and Cobbora districts in central-western New South Wales, and on white box (Eucalyptus albens) at Barrington in central-northern New South Wales. A mainly resident population on the Swan Coastal Plain near Perth is supplemented during winter by more arriving from inland areas. South of Perth, red wattlebirds are more locally nomadic, moving to new patches of blooming wildflowers. East of Perth in areas around Kellerberin, Kwolyin, and Nangeenan, the red wattlebird is present from late autumn to spring, breeding in August and September. Around Lake Grace, the red wattlebird is present year-round.

Open sclerophyll forest and woodland, generally dominated by eucalypts, is the most common habitat of the species. It is more common in forests with ample shrubby or grassy understory. It is less commonly encountered in shrubland, heath, or margins of wet sclerophyll forest. It is rarely found in mature pine plantations. Within urban areas, it is abundant in parks and reserves, gardens and golf courses, as well as orchards and vineyards. It occasionally ventures into subtropical, semi-arid or subalpine regions, and has been found up to  above sea level. The red wattlebird is rarer in forests that have been affected by dieback (infection by the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi).

Behaviour
A loud and active bird, the red wattlebird is found in pairs, in a small family group, or alone during the breeding season, and gathers in larger groups of up to several hundred birds over winter. It flies straight or with a slightly undulating pattern, alternating between gliding and flapping its wings with quick shallow beats, at or slightly above the level of the tree canopy. The red wattlebird moves on the ground by hopping, cocking its tail upwards slightly.

Aggressive and territorial, the red wattlebird defends its nest and sources of food against other birds. It either calls at, snaps at the tails of, or flies at other birds, sometimes scuffling with members of the same species or other large honeyeaters in the air. Displacement is a dominant display in which a red wattlebird will land on a perch that has been immediately vacated by another bird. A smaller red wattlebird adopts a horizontal appeasement posture side-on to the aggressor in which it lowers its head, flutters its wings and edges closer to the other bird.

As well as smaller bird species, red wattlebirds can mob and chase larger species, such as the Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen), butcherbirds, currawongs, the black-faced cuckooshrike (Coracina novaehollandiae), the olive-backed oriole (Oriolus sagittatus), crows, ravens, the laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), and even small raptors like the collared sparrowhawk (Accipiter cirrocephalus).

Breeding

The red wattlebird breeds throughout its range, with nesting taking place between July and December, though occasionally outside these months, if conditions are favourable. One or two broods are laid each year.

Red wattlebirds generally nest as solitary pairs. The nest is a cup-shaped structure formed from sticks and leaves, lined with bark, grass, and hair, between  above ground, usually in the forked branches of a tree—generally a eucalypt. The nest is usually located centrally rather than on the periphery of a tree. A study in Eastwood State Forest, near Armidale in New South Wales, found that red wattlebirds preferred to nest in manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and apple box (E. bridgesiana).

A clutch of two or three pale brown- and lavender-spotted pinkish eggs are normally laid. They measure , and are a tapered oval in shape. The eggs are normally incubated by both parents, but sometimes just by the female. They hatch after 16–21 days. The chicks are born almost naked, with a small amount of grey down on their head and body. They are mostly brooded by the female, but sometimes the male will also brood. The nestlings are fed by both parents, and occasionally immature birds will contribute. Their eyes open at around 7 days. They fledge 15–20 days after hatching, and both parents continue to feed them for a further 2–3 weeks. Young are given manna (crystallised plant sap) and insects, such as beetles, bugs, and flies.

Feeding

The red wattlebird is predominantly a nectar-feeder, foraging mostly in trees; in particular, climbing along branches (rather than the trunk) and probing flower-heads with its bill. One study in Bondi State Forest in southern New South Wales revealed that the species foraged at a height of . They seldom look for food on the ground, though do so to feed on shrubs such as the cats paw (Anigozanthos humilis). The red wattlebird prioritises visiting flowers that produce a lot of nectar, such as those of eucalypts, banksias, grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea), and emu bushes (Eremophila). It often prefers plants with easy access to nectar, rather than those with tubular flowers (and thus difficult-to-access nectar). The red wattlebird seeks out yellow flower-heads of holly-leaved banksia (Banksia ilicifolia), which have much higher nectar content than the more mature red flower-heads. The species forages much more often in native than exotic plants, though the introduced coral tree (Erythrina) is popular. In addition to nectar, it takes insects and other small creatures, usually by hawking, and it also feeds on berries and other fruit. A field study in the Mount Lofty Ranges found that it spent twice as much time feeding on nectar compared to insects.

One field study found that red wattlebirds foraged for longer periods when nectar concentrations in flowers were low, and consumed fewer insects at this time. However, this could have been because the temperature was lower and hence insects were less active. In Gingin, Western Australia, 97% of red wattlebirds at a site of two mixed kangaroo paw species were observed feeding on a single species at its peak flowering: cats paw in August and red-and-green kangaroo paw (A. manglesii) in September, with very few visits to the other species or hybrids.

In central New South Wales, the red wattlebird forages more often on the foliage of the grey gum (Eucalyptus punctata) over other trees, though it does also show some preference for narrow-leaved ironbark (E. crebra), if grey gum is not present. Red wattlebirds tend to oust noisy friarbirds (Philemon corniculatus) where both species are present. The red wattlebird often forages alongside the New Holland honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae), little friarbird (P. citreogularis), western and little wattlebirds, rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus), purple-crowned lorikeet (Glossopsitta porphyrocephala), satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus), pied currawong (Strepera graculina), and crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans), though they generally chase other nectar-feeding birds away from a horde of eucalypt flowers.

A field study, conducted in winter 1978 on Kangaroo Island, found red wattlebirds to be territorial around a rich source of nectar, namely a large cup gum (Eucalyptus cosmophylla), driving off smaller honeyeaters. This indicated that the species would exclude other species, if food was scarce. In New England National Park, red wattlebirds would be more aggressive when there were moderate amounts of nectar in groves of flowering banksias, but were less so at lean or abundant times.

The red wattlebird has a brush-tipped tongue, with a   long segment bearing around 120 individual bristles. It feeds by placing the bill in a flower and inserting the tongue into its nectar chamber, drawing the nectar up by capillary action. The bristles increase the surface area of the tongue available for the uptake of nectar.

Predators and parasites
The nests of red wattlebirds are often parasitized by the pallid cuckoo (Cacomantis pallidus), and less commonly by the Pacific koel (Eudynamys orientalis). Nest predators include the brown goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus), black falcon (Falco subniger), pied currawong (Strepera graculina), Australian raven (Corvus coronoides), common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), domestic cat, and snakes.

Isospora anthochaerae is an Apicomplexan parasite that has been isolated from the red wattlebird in Western Australia, from oocytes collected from faecal samples. Species of bird louse that have been recorded on the red wattlebird include Menacanthus eurysternus, and members of the genera Brueelia, Myrsidea and Philopterus.

Interactions with people
Red wattlebirds are adversely impacted by land and undergrowth clearing, and have vanished from some habitats thus altered. Despite this, they are classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, as they occur over a wide range, have a large population, and the population decline is not rapid. Red wattlebirds are regularly killed by cats and dogs, as well as being hit by cars on roads. In 1924 in northern Victoria, the red wattlebird was described as very wary, on account of being highly regarded (and shot) for its meat. Indeed, it was shot widely for food or sport, or because it was held to be a pest of vineyards or orchards. On occasion, red wattlebirds have raided vineyards and orchards for grapes, stone fruit, figs, olives, loquats, apples, pears, and berries, which they puncture and extract the juice or flesh from.

The red wattlebird has been kept as an aviary bird in Sydney. It is not difficult to look after, but can be very aggressive to other cage birds. Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon' is a useful companion shrub as it bears flowers all year round.

References

Cited texts

  The title page of the issue has the year 1826.

External links

 Holotype of the red wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
 Internet Bird Collection: videos, photos and sound recordings of the red wattlebird
 Xeno-canto: Sound recordings of the red wattlebird

red wattlebird
red wattlebird
Birds of New South Wales
Birds of Victoria (Australia)
Birds of South Australia
Birds of Western Australia
Endemic birds of Australia
Taxa named by George Shaw

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Vanesa Campos can't wait for winter vacation. Skiing on the slopes, sipping hot cocoa . . . her week at Pinecloud Lodge promises to be cozy and perfect. And maybe she can make some new friends! Never mind that glamorous Beck writes off Vanesa right away; twins Emma and Eric are ready to join the fun out in the snow.
But when the flakes start falling, everything changes. Vanesa's little brother, Hunter, might be stranded out in the blizzard! Vanesa will have to team up with all the kids -- plus one giant dog -- to rescue him. Can she save her brother and discover which real friends will weather the storm with her?
Yamile (sha-MEE-lay) Saied Méndez was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina, but has lived most of her life in a lovely valley surrounded by mountains with her husband, five kids, and two dogs. She loves meteor showers, deer, and spooky stories on stormy nights. Although she's a self-proclaimed summer creature, she thinks snow is pretty magical. A Walter Dean Myers Grant recipient, she's also a VONA Workshop (Voices of our Nations) alumna and a graduate of the Vermont College of Fine Arts. Connect with her at yamilesmendez.com.


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Olive trees and cliffs between lake and mountain
Vittorio Veneto square, 1 - 24060 Predore (BG)
Basso Sebino Tourist Office
Proloco Eventi Predore
Piazza V. Veneto, 1 - 24060 Predore (Bg)
e20predore@email.it
Foresti Tower
Bus del Coren's cavern
The village has been inhabited since ancient times, as confirmed by the remains of a Roman house and by the discovery of an altar dedicated to the goddess Diana, dating back to the 3rd century AD.
The 14th-century Micideno Foresti Tower (property of the feudal Guelph family of the same name, built in the 13th century) still rises above the Sebino and is curiously split lengthwise due to the sinking of the ground which caused the partial collapse of the tower.
Halfway up stands the Santuario della Madonna della Neve (Sanctuary of the Madonna of the Snow) or of San Gregorio (St. Gregory), built in the 15th century, accessible via a steep flight of 288 steps, from which you can enjoy one of the best views over the lake. Up the hill, the rest of the old town centre is characterized by narrow streets and stone houses.
You can also admire the Chiesetta di San Giorgio (the little Church of St George), the first church you come across when approaching from Sarnico. Built in the 13th century, it is very small and in typical Romanesque style.
The hut-like structure has a squat steeple on two levels with two bells, while a St George and a 15th-century Madonna are still preserved in the single nave.
The Parish Church of San Salvatore is situated in the town centre near the town hall.
The entrance is topped with a gable supported by elongated columns and is harmoniously positioned in the façade of the church.
The Chiesa Arcipresbiteriale di San Giovanni Battista (Archipresbyterial Church of St. John the Baptist), built around the year 1000 in the old town centre by the lake, has been damaged and modified a lot over the years. The façade faces the lake and has a very simple shape and a floor plan with a single nave in perfect baroque style, whereas the current roofing has trusses, substituting the collapsed vault. The church is also situated near the breezy square where the town hall stands today and next to which there is a historic fountain dating back to 1709.
Finally, it is worth mentioning an important discovery recently made in the area of Predore. During the exploration of the Bus del Coren cave among the crags towering above the village, some samples on the ground made it possible to unearth important finds from the Neolithic period. The discovery was of considerable archaeological importance, since this was the only evidence of cave settlements from that period throughout the Bergamo area.
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Terme della villa romana di Predore
Terme Romane di Predore
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Just like its name states, this room is capable of accommodating four persons. It could be for parents who have two children or a group of four friends. The room is very comfy and is very spacious for it is 23m sq. It has a queen size bed plus two single beds. There would surely be enough room for all of them.


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Krasnodon (), known officially as Teple () since 2016, is an urban-type settlement in Krasnodon Municipality in Dovzhansk Raion of Luhansk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Population:

Demographics
Native language distribution as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
 Ukrainian: 2.12%
 Russian: 97.80%
 Others 0.08%

References

Urban-type settlements in Dovzhansk Raion


In my recent entry Dear Homeowner: If You're Paying $260,000 in Property Taxes Over 20 Years, What Exactly Do You "Own"?, I questioned the consequences of high property taxes.
People shouldn't 'own' land (more accurately, the rental value of land) any more that they 'own' the right to vote. The right to a share in the rental value of land or the right to vote should be shared out as equally as possible. Luckily, actual vote-buying is uncommon; if people want to occupy more than their pro rata share of land, they have to pay a bit extra.
Some readers wondered if I was saying all property taxes should be abolished. The short answer is no--what I was questioning is local government reliance on property taxes to the point that owning a home no longer makes financial sense because the property taxes consume any appreciation other than the transitory "wealth" generated by a housing bubble.
That's like saying "buying food" or "running a car" makes no financial sense. Consumers don't make a cash profit from these things but they benefit from or enjoy their own spending.
In effect, local tax authorities are capturing all future appreciation for themselves.
It would be good if they did, but they don't, not even in US states with high property taxes.
Note that applies to areas with high property taxes--in excess of $10,000 annually, not locales with annual property taxes of $2,000.
Why the caveat? Even under full-on LVT, there would be plenty of homes with a bill of $2,000 or less.
State and local taxes--sales, income and property--tax very different events. Sales taxes are based on consumption, and are typically highly regressive, as low-income households pay a higher percentage of their income on sales taxes than higher-income households.
Income taxes are typically progressive, as the higher one's income, the more income tax one pays.
Income taxes are progressive relative to income. Higher earners tend to live in more expensive homes, so property taxes are progressive too, putting Poor Widows In Mansions to one side.
Property tax is not based on consumption or income, but on the presumed wealth and income of property owners.
No they are not based on presumed anything; they are based on the rental i.e. enjoyment or use value of the plots which people choose to occupy, so they are very much a consumption tax - but unlike sales taxes/VAT, they are not a disguised tax on production.
In effect, property taxes are a wealth tax: if you can afford a house, you can afford property taxes.
In that case, all tenants are liable to privately collected wealth tax. Does that seem morally justifiable? And of course, in economic terms, the tax was borne by whoever sold you the house. What you pay in LVT comes off the price or your mortgage payments.
The fallacy in this assumption is that homeowners' incomes do not automatically rise along with housing valuations.
In individual cases, no. In the grander scheme of things, very much yes.
Consider the 35% increase in the Case-Shiller 20-City Index since 2012: in a four-year period that officially experienced a mere 4% inflation, housing leaped 35%.
Meanwhile, real median household incomes rose a paltry 5%. Local tax authorities love housing bubbles because rising valuations justify higher property taxes. But the homeowners' income needed to pay higher property taxes may well have declined during the bubble due to layoffs, shortened hours, medical emergency, reduced bonus, etc.
Nice bit of Doublethink there. Is he describing a growing economy or one in recession?
"You are correct that property taxes are an oft-forgotten cost of homeownership that many buyers fail to properly evaluate when determining how much house they can afford over the long term. Perhaps a better way to view property taxes is as an inefficient proxy for income taxes -- state and local governments assuming that people who can afford a home of a certain value, must have sufficient income to pay ad valorem taxes and per foot and per parcel charges at a given rate.
"In a volatile economy, that assumption is often invalid. When the Fed runs out of monetary games to play, and asset values across the economy normalize, both state and local governments and homeowners will all be in a pinch -- governments because the valuation-based portion of the tax base will crash, and homeowners because the fixed charges will no longer fit within their diminished incomes.
"This is already occurring in suburban Chicago, where annual property taxes can approach 10% (!) of property values."
Shifting from income/sales tax to LVT is not supposed to increase people's tax bills, it merely changes the timing. So more people put away a bit of surplus in the good times. Is that not considered to be a desirable outcome?
In a recession, earnings can decline very quickly indeed. Meanwhile, property taxes are "sticky": they only decline grudgingly (if ever), and only if homeowners pursue bureaucratic appeals based on the declining value of their home.
Then push for more up to date and accurate valuations. With less tax on income and production, recessions would be much milder.
Owning your house free and clear (no mortgage) is no guarantee you'll be able to live there once property taxes are $1,000 per month. One of the emotional triggers of Prop 13 limitations on property tax increases in California was the stories of elderly pensioners having to sell their homes because they could no longer afford the skyrocketing property taxes.
And again, Poor Widows In Mansions. Defer until death or later sale. Sorted.
A wealth tax based on housing valuations applies equally to homeowners with diminishing income, i.e. the decidedly non-wealthy.
As pensions dry up and blow away under the relentless erosion of the Federal Reserve's zero-interest rate policy (ZIRP), unaffordable property taxes may well start evicting homeowners from the "asset" they mistakenly thought they "owned." If your Social Security pension can barely pay your property tax, never mind your Medicare, healthcare costs, food and other living expenses, then what exactly do you own?
Oh, so you like the idea of taxes to pay for social security pensions and Medicare?
... and an option to profit from the next housing bubble. If the bubble pops in a recession that also costs you your job, well tough luck, Bucko--your "asset" reverts to the state/county as payment for property taxes you can't possibly pay.
With higher LVT, bubbles would be very much dampened so all his waffle about fluctuations in values is otiose.
If politicos and tax authorities think people will passively watch their neighbours lose their homes to sky-high property taxes, they will soon discover their mistake.
Save up in the good times, take out unemployment insurance, trade down if you must, take in a lodger, roll up and defer etc. Or alternatively, passively watch as somebody who is prepared to pay the rent/LVT moves in next door instead.
And why the adjective "sky-high"? Why is $1,000 a month property tax "sky-high" when $1,000 a month payroll tax isn't?
LVT is based on rental values, not selling prices, so no need to worry about price volatility. Rents are a lot less volatile and of course are highly correlated to wages, so very few people will be 'priced out' anyway. Of those that are, how many are renters and have no recourse to the homeownerist sob story in any case? LVT would greatly reduce price volatility of course, doing humankind a solid.
"If the bubble pops in a recession that also costs you your job, well tough luck"
So what exactly do you own if you pay even more than $260k of income and payroll taxes over 20 years of working? If we can't own our labour, is it reasonable to say the select few can own land in its entirety?


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cvcl044 $6.30 25 56 2 1/2" x 1 3/4" x 1 1/2"
cvco029-b $4.55 60 110 7/8" ~ 1"
cvmp012 $9.15 25 44 3 3/4" x 2 1/4" x 2 1/2"
China Factory Minimum Quantity of these farm pig figurine items can be negotiated with factories. Dollar Amount is often more important to smaller factories than the quantity of each piece. Minimum quantity often can be divided among several farm pig figurine or stock numbers. Please inquire with us about your specific needs for smaller quantities than those listed. Smaller quantity can result in a bit higher price. Ask us for a quote.
Custom Orders are possible with any of our farm pig figurine products. Send us a .jpg example of what you want. If we don't have it, we can get it.