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Home program Sports Coaching
September 27, 2015 Addy Kingsley
INTERNSHIP INFO
SAFETY & BACKUP
Sport is an amazing way of bringing people from different backgrounds and cultures together. It is not confined by boundaries or borders, it is not discriminatory, nor is it judgmental. Our sports development program is perfect for those volunteers who have a love of sports, and who wish to share this love with others.
Volunteers in India on the sports development program work in rural parts of Ghana coaching specific sports at local schools, the most popular being volleyball, football and Table Tennis . As a volunteer on this program, you will help provide a platform to school children to not only improve their fitness and health, but also to enjoy more play time with their friends.
Activities include conducting training drills and games and arranging inter-school/community competitions and tournaments. Volunteers will have the opportunity to bring their skills and interests to this program.
Ghana experiences two major seasons: the rainy season and the dry season. There are two main seasons of rainfall in the south starting from April to June and the minor rains from September to October. The northern region experiences a single rainy season from June to October. There is a dry season from November to April.
CLIMATE: Ghana has a tropical climate, hottest months March, April, 23-31ºC and the coldest month, August 22-27 ºC. There are relatively long dry season from mid October to March. Driest month January has a maximum rainfall of 15mm. There are two rainy seasons, from March to July and from September to October, wettest month, June has 178mm average rainfall.
VEGETATION: Ghana 's vegetation can be classified into three zones (a) coastal savannah, tropical rain forest in the central part and the guinea savannah in the north. FAUNA & FLORA: The warm sun, the regular rains and the fertile soils join together to give exuberant vegetation. As a result, dense tropical rain forests have over the years being conserved and developed into game reserves and theme parks.
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST: Ghana used to share a virgin forest of about 85,000km², which has reduced to about 40,000km² due economic and human developmental activities. It is only in the extreme southwest with its wet climate that is left intact. Our deciduous and semi deciduous forests offer both economic and medicinal uses. THE SAVANNAH: The savannah, which is the main vegetation in the northern and certain parts of the south, is endowed with birds that are suitable for bird watching and other mammals.
PEOPLE: The Ghanaian hospitality is legendary. In this peaceful and loving country, all visitors are received warmly and sincerely regardless of race, religion, nationality or sex. Ghanaians are often referred to as ' Africa 's Friendliest People'.
POPULATION: Ghana has a population of about 19 million based on March 2000 population census. It is made up of 75 ethnic groups who speak 46 languages and dialects.
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: Ghana 's policy of liberalization has been extended to private sector participation in education. The country's literacy rate is about 50%. The educational system provides nine years of Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education, FCUBE, which is followed by a 3 year secondary / technical/ commercial and vocational education. The tertiary level consists of teacher training colleges, Diploma and degree awarding institutions. There is also specialized management; technical and vocational institutions responsible for human resource development that ensure an immediate availability of skilled and trainable labor force as well as technical and managerial personnel. In addition, there are special international schools, which follow the curricula of some foreign schools examination syllabi. Below are the number of institutions by level and type. Ghana has 10 polytechnics in all regions, several teacher training colleges, nursing training colleges spread all over the country by choice as well as 5 government run universities in the country. These include the Universities of Ghana, Legon, founded in 1948, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi founded in 1961, University of Cape Coast, UCC founded in 1962, University of Education, Winneba, founded in 1992 and the University of Development Studies, Tamale, founded in 1993. There privately funded universities. These are primarily run by religious organizations. As part of efforts to increase literacy rate, in Ghana , which stands at 53%, functional adult literacy programme have been put in place and illiterate adults are taught to read and write in their local languages. Achievement of these programmes was to help them understand government projects, political process by making informed decisions, understand population growth issues, agriculture practices, use of insecticides, improved seedlings, as well as appreciation of technology among other things.
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
History: Formerly known as the Gold Coast because of the abundance of gold, the name was changed to Ghana after attaining independence from British colonial rule on 6 th March 1957.The country is named after one of the ancient Sudanese Empires, which flourished between the 4 th and 10 th centuries. Subsequently, the area was divided among several kingdoms, of which the most important were the Fanti, who occupied the coastal region, and the Ashanti , whose territory was further inland. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in the late 15th century.
During the next 300 years, the Gold Coast became a major trading centre, mainly in gold and slaves. From the beginning of the 19th century, an increasingly assertive Ashanti kingdom drove out many of the European colonists. The important exception was the British who, allied with the rival Fanti kingdom, defeated the Ashanti in 1874 and took control of the whole of the Gold Coast. The Ashanti-controlled interior was subjugated over the next 15 years and converted into protectorates', locally ruled under British supervision. The colony's lands were supplemented in 1917 by parts of neighbouring Togoland which was formerly under German control. Together, these formed what in 1957 became the independent state of Ghana – the first British territory in Africa to be decolonised. Three years after independence (1960) Ghana became a Republic with Dr Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Convention People's Party (CPP) as the first President.
Under Dr Nkrumah, Ghana made rapid and remarkable progress in education, industrial and infrastructure development and in the provision of social services. At the same time, the country played a leading role in international affairs – especially the United Nations and Commonwealth – in the struggle for the liberation of other African countries, most of which were still under colonial rule. However, Nkrumah's growing dictatorial tendencies at home disaffected many, especially in the armed forces, and in the end it was they who in February 1966 overthrew the CPP Government in a coup led by Colonel Emmanuel Kotoka. One of the most prominent figures in recent Ghanaian politics is Jerry John Rawlings, a former Air Force Flight Lieutenant, who first came to power as the leader of coups in 1979 and 1981. On the political front, President Rawlings and the ruling party, the National Democratic Congress (NDC) introduced a new constitution in 1992 before submitting themselves to the verdict of the electorate and winning both the presidency and a huge majority of legislature seats. Both Rawlings and the NDC were re-elected in 1996. In December 2000, a closely-fought election pitted Rawlings' former deputy John Atta Mills, standing for the NDC, against John Agyekum Kufour, leader of the main opposition New Patriotic Party (NPP) and several minor candidates. The contest was dubbed 'the battle of the bores', acknowledging the failure of either main candidate to match the charisma of the outgoing Rawlings. However, charisma is not an essential qualification for governing a country and Kufour won the run-off against Mills and took office at the beginning of 2001. The NPP also replaced the NDC as the largest party in the Ghanaian Parliament.
Government: Ghana practice a multiparty parliamentary democracy based on a constitution. The Fourth Republican constitution, accepted by refendum and came into force in 1992, provides for a unitary state governed by a president (and cabinet ministers) and a unicameral National Assembly. The presidency has a four year term and an incumbent can serve a maximum of two years. The Parliament has 230 seats and is elected for a four year term. The Supreme Court headed by the Chief Justice at the apex of the Judiciary constitutes the third arm of Government in Ghana . The legal system is based on common English law, where the courts are bound to develop the notions of fairness to an individual. The constitution also makes provision for continued recognition of traditional Chiefs and customary laws.
Local Government: A decentralized central government administration has been fostered at local government level where there are 10 regional co-coordinating councils, 110 metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies which serve to involve grassroots participation in the formation and implementation of government policies and general development of their area of jurisdiction.
Head of State: President John Dramani Mahama since 25th July 2012.
This is an important part of the service Projects Abroad offers you. Your safety and security is our prime concern – so we have many procedures and systems to ensure you have the support you need to enjoy your placement with peace of mind.
Pre-Departure Advice:
Once you've been accepted on to our projects we will send you a pre-departure booklet which includes information about how to apply for a visa, packing lists, and cultural advice about Ghana etc. Our highly experienced Project Manager will contact you once you have applied and are always available to give advice and answer any questions you may have – both before you go and while you are away.
Placement Details:
Before you go you will be allocated your placement details. These include addresses and numbers for your host family, and details regarding your placement and coordinator.
Contact between Staff and Volunteers:
Our staff regularly visit host-families, volunteers, and placements to ensure everything is running smoothly. We maintain a cycle of monitoring all volunteer accommodation and placements. On arrival, our staff will make a final check that your accommodation and arrangements for your placement are acceptable. Again, during the first week we shall be in contact to ensure all is satisfactory. After the first week, volunteers vary in the amount of contact that they need with local staff; however, we actively check on the status of every volunteer weekly – through direct contact or through the host family.
All accommodation is checked regularly by our staff. Accommodation is only accepted if it is clean, hygienic, and comfortable. We strive to have at least one member of the family be able to speak basic English, and the family will understand GHVs aims. They must also be interested in having an English speaker to stay. Detailed records are kept of every host family, and these are updated after inspection visits. Checks are made before and during volunteers' stays.
Each volunteer, regardless of whether on a teaching, medical, conservation, or other placement is allocated a supervisor. The supervisor is not only responsible for enabling volunteers to carry out their work, but also for ensuring that they are happy and assisting them at their placement with any problems or concerns. From your first point of contact with GHV until the time you finish your volunteer program, you will receive dedicated support and service from us. Your GHV Project Manager is directly responsible for making your program arrangements and helping you to prepare for your experience. Once you reach your program destination, our coordinators will become your main point of contact until the day you depart your program.
Meeting on arrival:
We will meet you at the airport (or local place of arrival) unless you request otherwise. We use our own members of staff when possible, but in some cases we may use an approved transfer company to pick volunteers up from the airport. You will be met by someone carrying a GHV sign, who will welcome you with your full name. They will carry some form of identification that you can validate. It is also our responsibility to help you get back to the normal international point of departure at the end of your placement.
Induction:
All volunteers have an induction in Ghana.
A Welcome information Pack with details of the local office and other volunteers, maps, and other useful information (such as banks, doctors, and public transport);
A tour of the area on local transport that you'll need to use regularly (such as tro-tros in Ghana);
We'll advise you on local customs and what to expect while you are away and help you feel confident in your new environment.
Health and Insurance:
All of our volunteers are advised to have a comprehensive medical and travel insurance before traveling to Ghana. This includes repatriation for certain cases. If a volunteer falls ill, our Staff we will be on hand to assist with hospital arrangements and insurance liaison, and will, of course, make sure that the patient is comfortable.
Ghana Volunteers Program Cost Affordability
Ghana Volunteers strives hard to keep costs low and offers one of the most affordable volunteer abroad programs. Compare our prices and services to other organizations and you would be surprised to see the difference. By working directly with grass roots organizations in Ghana where our projects are based, we are able to keep our fees low and ensure these go towards meaningful community projects and local employment.
Ghana – Program Fees, EUROS
€150 for each extra week
€200 €400 €600 €800 €1000 €1200 €1400 €1600 €1800 €2000 €2200 €2400
What is included in my Program Fee?
The program fees listed above cover accommodation, food, orientation, transport, and in-country support staff throughout the duration of your volunteer placement. A small amount is also set aside for future program development. When you consider the costs you might incur at a hotel or eating at restaurants, the costs are minimal. Plus, as GHV offers non-profit program fees, you know that every penny of your program fee is going directly to the local organizations and the people you have chosen to support. Our organization is a grassroots organizations, and in most cases we are solely funded by volunteer fees. For us to be able to continue the amazing work we do, volunteer fees and donations are essential. Ultimately, it is a decision of where you would like your money to go… to a hotel, or to a local family? We know which one we'd choosen!
What other expenses will I have to cover?
Volunteers are also responsible for arranging and paying for their own flights, travel insurance, visas and vaccinations (if required), as well as any spending money they may require. We have formed partnerships with some amazing organizations in order to offer discounted rates for flights and insurance so please check our Resources page for information on how to get no-obligation quotes. Just another way GHV is making volunteering in Ghana more affordable!
** All transaction costs pertaining to online, bank or wire transfers are additional to the program fee and must be covered by the volunteer.
What are you Paying For?
24 hrs Assistance and support from Staff
Comprehensive Pre- Departure Information
Airport Pickup from Accra
First night hotel stay in Accra,if required
Food – 2 meals a day
To and fro transport from Accra to Project site
Return Airport Drop(Can be arranged at an extra cost)
Community Volunteer Programme
Micro Financing
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To kickoff this year of podcasts, the founders of Ironclad, Jeremy and Danny, turn the tables by being the interviewees to tell the story of Ironclad. Listen as they reflect on how they got started, the benefits of taking ownership of mistakes, hard-learned lessons, having gear that keeps up, and more poignant advice for both the up-and-comer and the seasoned pro. AND be sure to checkout more of Ironclads' content @thisisironclad on Instagram and at thisisironclad.com.
Episode 008 - "Sacrificing and Setting Goals - The Story of Ironclad"


O ften just glancing at a food label can create confusion and uncertainty. And who has time to stand there and work it all out! Often if you take your eyes off the trolley for a few seconds, the kids sneak in as much as possible hoping you don't notice!
So where do you even start to decipher it all? We have broken it down into an easy to read guide for you. Then all you have to do is work out what all the claims on the front of the package mean!


Jul 20, 2016 Small rock crusher is used brick crusher machine for sale Glass jaw crushers for sale uk Portable Glass Crusher Price Portable Rock Crusher.
282 products ... Small 100*150 Mini Diesel Engine Crusher for Sale. FOB Price: ... Mini Diesel Engine Clay Crusher for Small Brick Production Line .... PE Series Iron Ore Widely Used Jaw Crusher Price, Mini Jaw Crusher Wholesale From Gold .


All Communities > Welcome to Circle of Moms!! > 6 month old circumcision?
My son is 6 months old and still not circumcised, i wanted him to be after he was born but my health insurance doesnt cover it. They said its a cosmetic procedure more than anything. I Just got back into school, so now i have a little bit extra money from my pell grant to finally get it done for him. Im just not sure if i should since hes 6 months? he would be in severe pain im sure im just not sure what all goes on? any ideas on what i should do? please help :) thanks a bunch!
They told you it was a cosmetic procedure, because it actually is. There is absolutely no medical reason to get it done, and therefore you would be doing it purely for your view on aesthetics.
What are your reasons for wanting him to be circumcised? At this point, I can't see the sense. There are no benefits to doing so.
My son is intact, and I had never wanted to do it. I figured it was his chioce as an adult if he wanted it done. I cannot see putting your 6 month baby through a cosmetic surgery that is very painful for no real reason. Please think long and hard about this. It is unnecessary. You are changing his body for what reason?
Leave him intact. Its not a birth defect. Why put him through an unnecessary, cosmetic procedure that will cause him pain and has the potential for damaging him, or even worse risk is life? Circumcisions should be banned unless for medical reasons.
Unless you have a specific valid medical reason for getting it done, just leave him as he is. Why subject a 6 month old baby to that type of pain for a purely cosmetic reason?
My advice? Don't do it. I paid cash for my son to have it done when he was a newborn. Aside from the fact that he had issues with the way it healed, I've since learned more about it and would never do it again if I ever had another boy.
I agree, if you were going to get it done it should have been immediatly after birth. It is definetly a cosmetic situation - and technically he does not need it. It will certinally cause him great discomfort - also most boys this day and age do not have it done.
I know my brother was done at birth - and somehow the DR missed half of it :S He had to go back at a year old to have it snipped again, Mom says it was awful because of his age, he was in alot of pain.
To circumcise or Not circumcise?!?!?!
Expecting a son and clueless about circumcision . . .


I'm not sure whether the fewer pictures selected after 2002 represents a greater number of photographers taking (and submitting) images or just that most of us do find work we shot on film rather harder to fined than digital images. I took rather less in the first few months for health reasons, missing the major event in February completely. The black and white Halloween image was taken using flash and I suspect I probably used an Olympus OM4 which had better metering than any of the rangefinder cameras. At the time I was also probably using a flash meter, though there just isn't time to do this when things begin to happen.
I think that the rangefinder cameras were better for my coverage of events such as this, and it took me a while to get used to the difference. But being able to see clearly the area surrounding the frame in the optical viewfinder is really a great advantage. It also took me quite a while to build up the set of equipment that let me really bring out the potential of the Nikons.
I still have the D100, though in recent years I've only ever used it as a pinhole camera. The viewfinder was really small, dim and poky compared to film cameras. The D200 was a great deal better but still poor. Although I don't think you need 'full-frame' to actually take decent pictures, the larger sensor also results in a much better viewfinder in the D700.
Although the D100 was only a 6Mp camera, the files it gave with a good lens at low or moderate ISO were good, and with good software to increase the file size can give some pretty impressive big prints. One of mine has gone to 2.3 metres wide, and doesn't look bad, though probably the D700 would have done a better job with its 12Mp. Above that size I have a feeling that unless you can get better glass there probably isn't much to be gained.
This entry was posted on Monday, December 12th, 2011 at 08:59 pm and is filed under My Own Work, Technical.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Snowglobe was the previous Second Life open source viewer project (before Project Snowstorm). It created the viewer of the same name, which added many new features on top of those supported by Linden Lab's official Second Life Viewer.
This page was last modified on 12 July 2011, at 07:39.
This page has been accessed 538,496 times.


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Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (2 July 1965 – 7 November 2019) was a Kashmiri Muslim scholar and jurist who served as the senior professor of hadith at Darul Uloom Waqf. He also taught hadith at Jamia Ziya al-Uloom and Jamiat al-Tayyibat in Poonch. He was among the early graduates of Darul Uloom Waqf and authored books such as Hayat-e-Tayyib, a biography of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi.

Early life and education
Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri born on 2 July 1965 in Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir. He received primary education at his native place, and joined Darul Uloom Deoband for higher education. Subject to administrative disputes at the Deoband seminary, he moved to newly established Darul Uloom Waqf, from where he graduated in the traditional dars-e-nizami in 1983. He was among its early graduates. He received an M.A in Arabic language from Aligarh Muslim University and an M.A in Urdu language from Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University. His teachers included Anzar Shah Kashmiri and Muhammad Salim Qasmi.

Career
Kashmiri was appointed as teacher in Darul Uloom Waqf in 1985. He remained on this post until 2017 and taught books such as Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud, Sunan Tirmidhi, and several books of jurisprudence. He moved to Darul Uloom Zakariya where he was appointed senior professor of hadith, however, he came back to Waqf seminary right after a year. During his last days, he moved to his native place in Poonch and became the senior professor of hadith at Jamia Ziya al-Uloom and Jamiat al-Tayyibat. He also served briefly at the University of Kashmir as a lecturer. His students included Faizul Waheed.

Literary works
Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri's books include:
Akhlaqiat ka islami tasawwur
Barah Mahino'n ki barah taqreerein
At Taliqaat ala Tanzeemul ashtat (Guide of Mishkat Shareef)
Tasheel al-Mutanabbi (Guide of Deewan-e-Mutanabbi)
Faizul Imamein (Guide of Jalalein Shareef)
Hayat-e-Tayyib (2 Volume biography of Qari Muhammad Tayyib)
Nawa-i-Qalam
Liberalism aur Islam
Dawat-O-Tableegh ki Ehemiyat

Death and legacy
Kashmiri went to Deoband after teaching the last lesson on Sahih al-Bukhari in Jamia Zia-ul-Uloom Poonch. He had been suffering from stomach cancer for about 3 years. He died on 7 November 2019 in Delhi. After Isha prayer, Kashmiri's funeral prayers were offered in the premises of Molsari in Darul Uloom Deoband. Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi (rector Darul Uloom Waqf Deoband) led this funeral prayer. He was buried at Mazar-e-Qasmi.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1965 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanafi fiqh scholars
Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Deobandis
Darul Uloom Deoband alumni
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
People from Poonch district, India
Burials at Mazar-e-Qasmi
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

Medical studies using real-world data (RWD) may benefit from exploiting clinical reports, a rich albeit unstructured part of electronic health records (EHR) collected during care episodes. These reports may contain relevant information that is scarce in structured EHR: by some estimates, up to 80\% of entities found in clinical reports are absent from other media \cite{raghavan_how_2014}.

In this context and given the scale of data to analyse, natural language processing (NLP) methods are needed to extract meaningful medical information from this unstructured medium, and help address challenges such as automatic detection of adverse drug reaction, clinical trial eligibility or identification of temporal associations \cite{kreimeyer_natural_2017}.

Initially bound to purely rule-based methods, the NLP field has been shifting towards machine learning (ML) algorithms that can detect patterns automatically. The most recent techniques rely on a first processing stage to represent free-text data into machine-readable input using models known as word embeddings, whose goal is to provide a vector representation that conveys as much semantic and syntactic information as possible.

Methods such as GloVe \cite{pennington_glove_2014}, Word2Vec \cite{mikolov_efficient_2013} or fastText \cite{bojanowski_enriching_2017} can learn meaningful static representations for words, but novel embeddings algorithms like ELMo \cite{peters_deep_2018} and XLNet \cite{yang_xlnet_2020} have since been proposed to include contextual information in the embeddings. Introduced by Delvin et al, the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) \cite{devlin_bert_2019} proposes an efficient method outputting rich representations for words based on their context that consistently demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in most NLP applications. In French, FlauBERT \cite{le_flaubert_2020} and CamemBERT \cite{martin_camembert_2020} are trained on general-purpose French-language documents crawled from the Internet.

Using transfer-learning, such pre-trained models can serve as a basis for a variety of NLP tasks. In the context of a clinical data warehouse (CDW), an ecosystem of researchers and clinicians may rely on a shared pre-trained language model, and fine-tune it on their specific tasks.

Previous work has shown that using specialty language for training BERT-based models can widely increase performances \cite{lee_biobert_2019,alsentzer_publicly_2019}: specialty languages and clinical reports in particular follow a distinct syntax and vocabulary, such that training a model to learn these specificities can represent an advantage. Moreover, Martin et al \cite{martin_camembert_2020} have determined that a model trained on a carefully selected subcorpus could achieve comparable results despite using less than 10\% of the original training data.

In this work, we leverage the CDW of the Greater Paris University Hospitals (Entrepôt des Données de Santé, EDS) to confirm whether there is significant advantage to using a word embedding model specifically trained on French clinical reports for clinical NLP tasks, and address the following questions:

\begin{enumerate}
    \item Is there an advantage to retraining from scratch, as opposed to fine-tuning an existing model, given the excess computational toll and environmental footprint?
    \item How many training steps and examples are necessary to learn useful knowledge about the speciality language?
\end{enumerate}

\section{Methods}
\label{sec:methods}

This study followed the RECORD reporting guideline \cite{benchimol_reporting_2015}; the checklist is available in the appendix \ref{app:reproducibility/RECORD}.

\subsection{Dataset}
\label{sec:methods/datasets}

The EDS contains data collected in the EHR of 39 hospitals from the greater Paris area and relative to 11M patients, including 80M clinical text reports.

The training corpus for this work consists of clinical reports gathered between August 2017 and July 2021. Documents are pseudonymised \cite{paris_desidentification_2019} to preserve privacy, by replacing directly identifying entities with fake entities.

Reports containing less than 20 characters were removed and the corpus was resampled to limit the influence of over-represented report types (e.g. prescriptions, consultation or imaging reports).

We pre-processed selected documents with \texttt{EDS-NLP} \cite{dura_eds-nlp_2022} and \texttt{spaCy} \cite{honnibal_spacy_2020} by removing textual pollution, such as administrative information shared by a large proportion of the reports, which could skew the distribution seen by the model (see appendix \ref{app:dataset} for details). Although clinical reports may contain other forms of duplicate information \cite{digan_evaluating_nodate}, we remained conservative and did not push the pre-processing further.

This study was authorised by the EDS institutional review board (IRB 00011591, project CSE-19-20). The EDS is approved by the French national data protection agency (CNIL, decision 1980120).

\subsection{Models}
\label{sec:methods/models}

We used the architecture of CamemBERT-base for all the experiments and compared two training strategies: fine-tuning or retraining it "from scratch". In what follows, we focus on two models which we compare to the freely-accessible CamemBERT-base model:

\begin{enumerate}
    \item \textit{EDS-fine-tuned}, a version fine-tuned on our clinical documents but using the original weights as the initialisation.
    \item \textit{EDS-from-scratch}, a version trained from the ground up. This approach lets us retrain a domain-specific tokenizer.
\end{enumerate}

Since most reports go over the 512-token limit imposed by the BERT architecture, we decided to segment documents into 128-token-long sequences.

\subsection{Training}
\label{sec:methods/training}

The dataset was split into training (19.6M documents) and validation subsets (1M documents). We pre-trained seven models:

\textbf{EDS-from-scratch} was initialised with random weights. We followed CamemBERT's training procedure, and ran the experiment for twelve full epochs, totalling more training steps to compensate for the smaller batch size.

\textbf{EDS-fine-tuned} used CamemBERT-base as its initialisation point, and was trained for one epoch on the full dataset. We also trained five other versions to estimate the impact of the number of training samples, using 100K, 300K, 1M, 3M, 10M and 21M documents. We sampled the documents uniformly from the training dataset described earlier. Every model used in this comparison was trained with the same number of steps, corresponding to one full epoch on 21M documents.

We relied on the transformers library by \texttt{HuggingFace} \cite{wolf_transformers_2020}, \texttt{Pytorch} \cite{noauthor_pytorchpytorch_2022} and \texttt{Pytorch-Lightning} \cite{falcon_pytorch_2019} for our code base.

\subsection{Validation}
\label{sec:methods/validation}

\subsubsection{Intrinsic validation}
\label{sec:methods/validation/intrinsic}

We validated our models using their perplexity measured on a held out validation set, and investigated the influence of the tokenization step. We compared the distribution of tokenized sequence lengths to evaluate whether the tokenizer had learnt some useful information about the clinical vocabulary.

\subsubsection{Extrinsic validation}
\label{sec:methods/validation/extrinsic}

We validated our models on two named entity recognition (NER) tasks, see appendix \ref{app:tasks} for detail:

\begin{itemize}
    \item APMed \cite{neuraz_natural_2020,jouffroy_hybrid_2021}: a corpus for extracting drug related information in clinical reports in French.
    \item QUAERO \cite{neveol_quaero_nodate}, a compilation of two French corpora annotated to ten types of clinical entities:
    \begin{itemize}
        \item EMEA includes long texts containing information on marketed drugs from the European Medicines Agency;
        \item MEDLINE regroups titles of research articles.
    \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

Every task was framed as a token classification problem, using IOB2 notation. We used the same architecture for every test, and trained the models in depth during fine-tuning on the downstream task. We added a classification head consisting of:

\begin{itemize}
    \item A fully-connected hidden layer with ReLU activation;
    \item A fully-connected output layer.
\end{itemize}

Experiments were reproduced ten times with different random initialisations, to obtain a confidence interval around the results. We used seqeval \cite{nakayama_seqeval_2018} to compute the micro-averaged F1-score, and we evaluated the statistical significance using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. All tests were 2-sided and p-values were considered statistically significant when lower than 0.05.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Training}
\label{sec:results/training}

Training \textit{EDS-from-scratch} on 21M reports for 12 epochs took 25 days on 8 Tesla V100 GPUs. Each version of EDS-CamemBERT-fine-tuned was trained for 2 days on the same setup. Total carbon emissions were estimated using the MachineLearning Impact calculator \cite{lacoste_quantifying_2019} at respectively 10 and 110 kgCO2eq for each version of \textit{EDS-fine-tuned} and \textit{EDS-from-scratch}.

\subsection{Intrinsic validation}
\label{sec:results/validation-intrinsic}

The median number of tokens needed to represent one document was 1724 for CamemBERT's original tokenizer, and 1500 using our EDS-specific tokenizer.

The models' loss on unseen data was still decreasing at the end of training (see appendix \ref{app:training}).

\subsection{Extrinsic validation}
\label{sec:results/validation-extrinsic}

\subsubsection{Comparison with CamemBERT-base}
\label{sec:results/validation-extrinsic/comparison}

We compared the transfer-learning capabilities of our models with CamemBERT-base, and recapitulated the results in Table \ref{tab:perf-extrinsic}.

\begin{table}[h]
    \caption{Performance of our models on multiple extrinsic tasks compared to CambemBERT-base. Results are formatted as mean (+/-std).\\ *: significantly different from from CamemBERT-base (p-value: $p<0.05$)}
    \label{tab:perf-extrinsic}
    \begin{adjustwidth}{-.5in}{-.5in}
        \centering
        \begin{tabular}{ ccccc }
            \toprule
            \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{Model}} & \multirow{2}{*}{\textbf{APMed (F1-score)}} & \multicolumn{3}{ c }{\textbf{QUAERO (F1-score)}} \\
            & & \textbf{EMEA} & \textbf{MEDLINE} & \textbf{Total} \\
            \midrule
            \textit{EDS-fine-tuned} &
            .902 (±0.003)* &
            .729 (±0.008) * &
            .597 (±0.007) * &
            \textbf{.655 (±0.007)} \\
            \textit{EDS-from-scratch} &
            \textbf{.908 (±0.005)} * &
            .693 (±0.012) * &
            \textbf{.601 (±0.01)} * &
            .642 (±0.007) * \\
            CamemBERT-base &
            .866 (±0.007) &
            \textbf{.737 (±0.006)} &
            .584 (±0.004) &
            .651 (±0.004) \\

            Best QUAERO \cite{neveol_clinical_nodate} model &
            &
            .749 &
            .698 & \\
            \bottomrule \\

        \end{tabular}

    \end{adjustwidth}
\end{table}

The results on APMed, the EDS-specific dataset, show a statistically significant improvement when using re-trained language models (maximum $p = 4 \cdot 10^{-3}$). However, the difference between \textit{EDS-fine-tuned} and \textit{EDS-from-scratch} is not significant ($p = 0.1$).

On QUAERO, \textit{EDS-fine-tuned} performed better than \textit{EDS-from-scratch} overall ($p = 4 \cdot 10^{-3}$).

\subsubsection{Impact of the number of training steps and training examples}
\label{sec:results/validation-extrinsic/impact}

Figure \ref{fig:training-steps} investigates the impact of the number of training steps performed on \textit{EDS-from-scratch} on its performance on the APMed dataset.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{training-steps}
    \caption{Impact of the number of training steps for \textit{EDS-from-scratch} on the F1-score for the APMed task (logarithmic scale on the horizontal axis). CamemBERT-base is presented as reference (not re-trained). Each model goes through 5.6M documents and emits roughly 4 kgCO2eq every 100k steps.}
    \label{fig:training-steps}
\end{figure}

Moreover, Table \ref{tab:num-train-examples} shows the impact of the number of examples when fine-tuning CamemBERT-base.

\begin{table}[!ht]
    \centering
    \caption{Performance on APMed with respect to the number of the training examples}
    \label{tab:num-train-examples}
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
        \toprule
        \textbf{Training examples} & \textbf{APMed (F1-score)} \\
        \midrule
        100K & .900 (±0.004) \\
        300K & .900 (±0.006) \\
        1M & .904 (±0.004) \\
        3M & .904 (±0.003) \\
        10M & .901 (±0.004) \\
        21M (\textit{EDS-fine-tuned}) & .902 (±0.003) \\
        \bottomrule \\
    \end{tabular}
\end{table}

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

In this work, we investigated the impact of pre-training a BERT-based language model on clinical reports by comparing the performance on two medical down-stream NER tasks.

Our results on the APMed corpus confirm previous literature findings that pre-training on speciality language leads to a statistically significant performance improvement.

We also evaluated our models outside the EDS context to check for non-regression, namely on the QUAERO corpora, and observed that \textit{EDS-fine-tuned} fared comparably to CamemBERT-base on this non-clinical dataset. However, BERT-based methods achieved much lower performance than QUAERO's rule-based laureates on the MEDLINE subcorpus. We posit that the fine-tuned model retains sufficient general language knowledge to keep relatively high performances on a non-clinical task, and that the short length of MEDLINE's examples hinders contextual methods, although further validation is needed.

What is more, even on the EDS-specific APMed task, we found no significant advantage to using a model pre-trained from scratch compared to fine-tuning a generalist model. Although the new tokenizer is better apt to capture the medical vocabulary (the median token sequence length on EDS reports drops by 15\% when using the EDS-specific tokenizer), the overall performance on EDS-specific NER tasks is similar (Table \ref{tab:num-train-examples}). The impact in terms of inference time is to be evaluated in a future work.

Moreover, our study on the impact of the number of training steps and training examples suggests that relatively few samples are required to reach good test performance. Indeed, our model fine-tuned on 100K samples was able to reach performances similar to models trained on the full 21M-report dataset, at a fraction of the computational and environmental toll. This finding opens up a world of possibilities for smaller-scale CDW, which can adapt general-language models to their distribution at a relatively low cost.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}

In this work, we propose EDS-CamemBERT, a language modelling neural network adapted to the context of French-speaking clinical data warehouses. We show that fine-tuning state-of-the-art language models on clinical reports improves performances on downstream speciality tasks. We demonstrate that in this setting, training a model from scratch bears little advantages to fine-tuning a general-language model, despite providing a better tuned tokenizer. Finally, we provide evidence that very few samples are needed to achieve a statistically significant gap in performance.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
\label{sec:acknowledgement}

We thank the Greater Paris University Hospitals CDW for its support and the realisation of data management and data curation tasks.

\section*{Conflicts of Interest statement}
\label{sec:conflicts-of-interest}

None declared.

\section*{Data and code sharing}
\label{sec:data-code-sharing}

Access to the Clinical Data Warehouse's raw data can be granted following the process described on its website: eds.aphp.fr. A prior validation of the access by the local IRB is required. In the case of non-APHP researchers, the signature of a collaboration contract is also mandatory.

The source code used for building the dataset and training the models is freely available on APHP's Github account, distributed under a 3-Clause BSD licence. It is documented, versioned and citable through Zenodo.

\section*{Funding}
\label{sec:funding}

This study has been supported by grants from the APHP Foundation.

\bibliographystyle{unsrtnat}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Leases commenced were 12.5 million square feet
Period-end occupancy was 97.1%
Net effective rent on rollovers increased 12.4%
Weighted average customer retention was 87.1%
Same store cash NOI decreased 4.7%
Acquired US$438 million of Class-A properties
Net earnings per CBFI was Ps. 3.2891 (US$0.1576) for the quarter compared with Ps. 0.8332 (US$0.0419) for the same period in 2019. For the full year 2020, net earnings per CBFI was Ps. 4.4111 (US$0.2091).
Funds from operations (FFO) per CBFI as defined by FIBRA Prologis was Ps. 0.8164 (US$0.0380) for the quarter compared with Ps. 0.7465 (US$0.0374) for the same period in 2019. For the full year 2020, FFO per CBFI was Ps.3.5937 (US$0.1663).
STRONG OPERATING RESULTS CONTINUE
"Our 2020 financial and operating performance exceeded our expectations many times over," said Luis Gutiérrez, CEO, Prologis Property Mexico. "Despite the tragic effects of the global pandemic and its impact on the Mexican economy, we delivered 12.4 percent rent change on rollover and added 5.3 million square feet through accretive acquisitions, enhancing our position in Mexico City, Monterrey Ciudad Juarez and Guadalajara."
Four of six markets at or above 97%
78% of leasing activity related to Monterrey and Ciudad Juarez
Led by Ciudad Juarez and Mexico City
Higher concessions, the result of longer lease terms along with a weaker peso partly offset by higher rents
Same Store NOI
SOLID FINANCIAL POSITION
At December 31, 2020, FIBRA Prologis' leverage was 29.0 percent and liquidity was Ps. 6.9 billion (US$347.0 million), which included Ps. 6.5 billion (US$325.0 million) of available capacity on its unsecured credit facility and Ps. 434.4 million (US$21.8 million) of unrestricted cash.
"A significant testament to our commitment to ESG, the completion of our $375 million green bond offering bolstered our balance sheet to its strongest level in our history" said Jorge Girault, senior vice president, Finance, Prologis Property Mexico. "With well-laddered maturities, a low debt cost and significant liquidity, we are in solid position to be opportunistic in 2021."
Excludes the impact of foreign exchange movements and any potential incentive fee
Same Store NOI (Cash)
Based in U.S. dollars
Building Dispositions
Live webcast at www.fibraprologis.com, in the Investor Relations section, by clicking News & Events.
Dial in: +1 833 714-0919 (U.S. and Canada), 01 800 853 0237 (Mexico) or +1 778 560-2663 (all other countries) and enter Passcode 3157918.
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View original content to download multimedia:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fibra-prologis-announces-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2020-earnings-results-301216751.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
How to Recall an Elected Official in New Jersey
ByKrystal Knapp March 2, 2016 March 2, 2016 Updated March 2, 2016
More than half a dozen news outlets in New Jersey have called on Gov. Chris Christie to resign or be recalled by the voters in the wake of his move to support Donald Trump for president and his ongoing presence on the campaign trail instead of in the state he governs.
Many readers are asking what the recall process entails. Recalling an official in New Jersey is not an easy task, but it can be done. Officials who could themselves be recalled created the cumbersome process. The process approved by the state legislature requires that 25 percent of the registered voters in the elected official's jurisdiction sign a petition to get the issue placed on the ballot. To get a Christie recall on the ballot, 25 percent of the voters in New Jersey who voted in the last general election in November of 2015 would need to sign the recall petition.
Moves to get a recall on the ballot in recent years have failed in Trenton and Ewing, where citizens came close to getting the required number of signatures for a referendum to be placed on the ballot, but ran out of time.
Yet in some towns, residents have successfully recalled officials. Voters in Roosevelt recalled Mayor Neil Marko in 2006. And in some municipalities, even though citizens did not obtain enough signatures for a ballot measure, officials, under pressure from their own political parties, resigned or did not seek reelection. In Ewing, for example, Democratic Mayor Wendell Pribila did not seek reelection in 2006 after an unsuccessful recall campaign.
To recall the governor, a committee with at least three members must be formed and a petition must be created listing the members. A brief statement may be included with the petition but is optional. The committee must also file forms with the New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission.
New Jersey regulations covering recalls are set forth in state statutes 19:27A.
A recall committee must file a notice of its intention to recall an elected official with the county clerk. The notice must contain:
1. The name and office of the elected official sought to be recalled.
2. The name and business or residence address of at least three sponsors of the recall petition who constitute a recall committee that represents the sponsors and signers of the recall petition in matters relating to the recall effort.
3. The name of the recall committee, which shall be expressed in the following form: "COMMITTEE TO RECALL (name of the official sought to be recalled) FROM THE OFFICE OF (name of the office)."
4. A statement certified by each member of the recall committee that the member is registered to vote in the jurisdiction of the official sought to be recalled and that the member supports the recall of the named official and accepts the responsibilities associated with serving on the recall committee.
5. At the option of the recall committee, a statement, not in excess of 200 words, of the reasons for the recall.
6. A statement as to whether the recall election shall be held at the next general election or regular election or at a special election.
The county clerk reviews the notice to make sure it has been properly filed, and serve a copy to the elected official in question. The official can make a statement of 200 words or less that then must be added to the first page of the petition.
Whenever the official sought to be recalled is the governor or a U.S. senator, separate sections of the petition must be prepared for use by signers registered to vote in each county.
People who circulate the petition and sign the petition must be registered to vote in New Jersey. This seems obvious, but it is surprising how many people sign petitions who are not registered to vote. At least 25 percent of the registered voters in the jurisdiction who voted in the last general election must sign the recall petition.
The recall committee has 320 days to get enough signatures for the measure to be placed on the ballot if the elected official is a governor or senator. For other elected officials in New Jersey, the time limit is 160 days.
The recall petition can be challenged by the elected official within 10 days of the completed petition being submitted. If it is not challenged, it will be placed on the ballot and must be approved by a majority of voters.
For more details on filing a recall petition, visit the New Jersey Department of Elections website.
Krystal Knapp
Krystal Knapp is the founding editor of Planet Princeton. Follow her on Twitter @krystalknapp. She can be reached via email at editor AT planetprinceton.com. Send all letters to the editor and press releases to that email address.
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Fourth of July Fireworks Cut in Town of Princeton
Bob G says:
For my 2 cents, the only thing worse than having Gov. Christie galumphing around the country in pursuit of Presidential valor is having him back at home in NJ looking surly and disappointed.
Joe D says:
Is there a legitimate recall effort one can work with at this point or is this nascent?
BC says:
http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/recallchrischristie#scrollTo–undefined
http://pac.petitions.moveon.org/workingfamilies/sign/governor-christie-its


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text:
Window on Eurasia: Can the Most Important Cold War Alliance Be Restored?
Staunton, June 20 – Even as Moscow and its defenders talk about the threat of "a new cold war" – an impossibility the suggestion of which reflects the calculations of some and the intellectual laziness of others – what is actually on display is the demise of the most important alliance of that conflict.
Not the formal alliance of NATO which if anything has been re-energized by Russian aggression and subversion in Ukraine, but rather the politically more potent alliance within Western countries between those concerned with the promotion of democracy and human rights and those concerned with the pursuit of economic profit.
During the Cold War and indeed sustaining the West in its opposition to the Soviet Union, these two groups typically worked in tandem with communist oppression energizing the former and leading those interested in profits to support them not only because they hoped to gain new markets but also because they did not want to be tarred as "soft on communism."
Now, with the end of communism, this alliance is no more. Those concerned with democracy and human rights remain committed to promoting these values especially in post-communist societies where these values are under threat. Because of that, they regularly press Western governments to take up this cause.
But they no longer have their old allies. Those concerned with the pursuit of profits view the post-Soviet world as being one more place to do so, and, not surprisingly given the reactions of the governments to complaints about violations of democracy and human rights as at best a distraction and at worst an obstacle to their goals.
The Kremlin and the leaders of the other pot-Soviet states fully understand this new division and routinely exploit it and routinely use it to their advantage, limiting both the willingness and ability of Western governments to promote the very values on behalf of which they had declared they had prosecuted the Cold War itself.
Unless something changes either in the willingness of post-Soviet states to be open for investment or how defenders of democracy and human rights articulate their position, there is little chance that the old alliance will be restored. A change in the first is beyond our control, but a change in the latter is not and represents a very real chance to rebuild the old alliance on a new basis.
That chance lies in one of the most important but least heralded contributions that democracy can make to any country. In non-democratic regimes, whether they are openly autocratic or use the trappings of democracy to conceal that reality, every change of leader is a potentially destabilizing event, one that undercuts stability and predictability for everyone.
Democracies, in contrast, provide a predictable and stable means of organizing successions from one leader to another, successions that will occur in every case if only because of the working out of the actuarial tables and often for other reasons as well.
Given that businesses operate most effectively and profitably in a stable and predictable environment, their leaders have an interest in precisely those qualities. Those who take a very short term approach, which unfortunately encompasses an ever-larger share of all business leaders, thus often back authoritarian leaders who at least can make the trains run on time.
But businesses who care about long-term profitability have an interest in the stability, however messy, that democracy alone can provide from one leader to another. And consequently, those who seek to promote democracy and human rights have an opening for the restoration of the Cold War alliances within their respective countries.
In recent years, such advocates have seldom talked very much about this both because they are overwhelmed with responding to violations of human rights and often have trouble talking about the ways in which democracy has been subverted by the political technologists who use the term but drain it of any real meaning.
That is all the more often the case because Western governments with which these groups work in many cases foolishly proclaimed the establishment of democracy after the first elections were held and accept the quasi-Marxist notion that all that is necessary to perfect these political systems is to get the free market to work properly.
If the West is to oppose the slide toward an ever more unstable post-Soviet world, the old alliance between the advocates of democracy and human rights and those pursuing profits needs to be restored. The stakes are very high indeed for the peoples of Russia and other post-Soviet states and thus for the West as well.
Those who want to extend democracy and freedom know that it cannot be exported by force or established simply by the workings of the market. But they must also recognize that they can achieve their goals only if they are united as they were with powerful economic interests.
There is a possibility to restore that alliance, but it can only be realized if the advocates of democracy and human rights present their cause in terms of self-interest. The time to do that is now before the instability of these authoritarian regimes comes back to haunt us when leaders are under threat or when one group of them is inevitably replaced by another.


In September approximately 80 local ladies grabbed their rackets and took part in a tennis day and lunch in aid of St Lawrence's Church in Ecchinswell. R.W. Armstrong & Sons donated £500 to the total sum raised of over £2,500.
The players were divided between seven courts located at private homes across the area, playing doubles in a round robin format. The winners of each court received a prize, before all players returned to organiser Gabrielle Burn's home for lunch.


I try not to 'rock the boat' too often. However, it is impossible to share this post without pointing out the differences in the cultures that I have worked in during my first few years in the web design industry. Out of respect for the ones that aren't getting the best review, I don't want to name names of the companies. I want to be sure to say that I have also had a couple positions with great company cultures that ended for other reasons.
My early exposure to web design and front-end development as a profession was more of a culture of 'production first'.
By 'production first', I mean that producing something as a deliverable is the number one priority. While this might not be stated outright, it is created by the guidelines by which you work. There were positions that felt that at all times my hand should be on the keyboard or a mouse and in a tool that produces a deliverable. Research was a secondary option and it would usually be offered with the words "spend a couple of minutes".
The lesson I learned: My time at work is meant to be producing something. Research and efficiency are not as important as the fact that you are currently manipulating something into a deliverable.
To grow my skills, I had to spend time outside of work reading, doing tutorials, attending events and doing online training. I would leave work and read about how all of these other companies and people work. I would read that people talked with their co-workers about projects (outside of client meetings), sketched things while 'on the clock', took breaks when they were stuck on something (even doing fun things like ping pong or video games), paired with another person (where they both figured out a code solution together) and many other examples. So, I would read about these and then I would go back to work and not be able to apply any of them.
After a couple of positions with 'production first' company cultures, I started to question the things posted online. It began to feel like these companies were like unicorns or Bigfoot. Luckily, I get around to a lot of events and had great conversations with people that confirmed that some of these things were real. However, that left me 'chasing the white whale'.
I now work at Envy Labs, which is based in Orlando. I would say that their culture has a focus on 'shipping'. In a shipping culture, the focus is a lot more holistic. While deliverables are the ultimate goal, everything involved in that process is important because it all affects how efficiently you ship and the quality of the things that you ship. It's doing things in the right way, but also choosing the right things to do.
Here are some of the things that affect the overall process as I have seen them so far.
So, with all of these things you would think that maybe they do it to make sure that people are there all day. Nope. It's up to you when you work in the office. I can tell you firsthand that the combination of the people, the amenities and the freedom make me want to be in the office every day.
Everything about the company is wide open for discussion amongst the team. We have weekly standups where this communication is planned as well as some optional team building times like Whiskey Wednesdays or Free Lunch Fridays. The bulk of the communication happens online, though, via Campfire and Basecamp. This transparency makes me already feel like part of the team and that it would be perfectly ok for me to ask any question about projects, the team, financials, etc.
The combination of a fantastic workspace and dedicated time to team building and transparency results in a desire to be part of the team. You want to be there and you want to help out others because you feel like you are a part of something special. You could think that this is just me being new, but I routinely see requests for help (or even task swapping) go into Campfire and they are fulfilled with the quickness. Plus, I witnessed the team knocking out to-dos and fixing things in support for Code School customers throughout the 4th of July.
I am now paid to think. Think first, then do what is the best solution or what will lead you to the best solution. Then, ship it.


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Hangover Rescue Kits. Hangover rescue kits or "cures" are a must-have if your guests will be drinking. From a personalized bottle of water, to a hangover remedy-packed kit, you can make this wedding favor as simple or as perplexing as you like. As as soon as the supplementary do-it-yourself ideas, this concept is energetic and budget friendly. Hangover rescue kits plus create good bachelor and bachelorette party favors!
Sachets. You probably already know that sachets are little bags of perfumed flowers or aromatic herbs that people typically place in drawers or closets to make the proclaim smell pleasant. What you might not know is that these herb and flower-filled pouches make creative wedding favors as well. As afterward sunglasses or totes, these complex wedding party favors can either be bought or made at home.


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El escudo de armas de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán fue adoptado el 1 de marzo de 1937 por el Gobierno de la RSS de Tayikistán. Está basado en el emblema nacional de la URSS.

Descripción
El emblema está compuesto por una estrella roja (símbolo del "socialismo en los cinco continentes") dentro de la cual se encuentran la hoz y el martillo (símbolos soviéticos) y, detrás de esta, un sol naciente, que representa el futuro del pueblo tayiko, abrazados por un haz de trigo a la derecha y uno de algodón a la izquierda (que representan la agricultura) que están rodeados por una cinta roja que lleva el lema de la Unión Soviética, «¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!», escrito en ruso (Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!, romanizado: Stran Proletarii vsekh, soyedinyaytes!), y en tayiko (Пролетарҳои ҳамаи мамлакатҳо, як шавед!, romanizado: Proletarhoi hamai mamlakatho, jak şaved!).

Historia
El emblema fue cambiado en 1992 al actual escudo de armas de Tayikistán, que conserva muchas partes de la vieja Unión Soviética.

De conformidad con el decreto del Presidium de la CCA de la ASSR de Tayikistán, de 23 de febrero de 1929,

El escudo de armas del estado de Tayikistán ASSR consistía en dosa dorada (martillo tayiko) y un martillo colocados en cruz con los brazos hacia abajo y ubicados en los rayos dorados del sol, rodeado por una corona de espigas de trigo a la derecha y una rama de algodón con cápsulas abiertas en la izquierda sobre un fondo naranja. Debajo de la inscripción en ruso: "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!". Encima de la inscripción en idioma tayiko en la letra persa "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!"

De conformidad con el artículo 105 de la Constitución de 1929 de la ASSR de Tayikistán,

El emblema nacional de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán consistía en una dosa (similar a un martillo) y un martillo en oro colocados en cruz con los brazos hacia abajo y ubicados en una estrella de cinco puntas en el cielo azul iluminado por los rayos dorados del sol dorado que se elevaba por detrás. montañas cubiertas de nieve. La estrella está rodeada por una corona de espigas a la derecha y una rama de algodón con cápsulas abiertas a la izquierda sobre fondo naranja. En la parte inferior de la cinta de la corona de color rojo (escarlata). Debajo de la estrella está la inscripción en ruso: "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!". En la parte superior de la estrella, una inscripción en persa tayiko, la letra latina tayika: "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!". La imagen interna del escudo de armas rodeada por una cinta dorada en forma de media luna, cuernos hacia arriba. Tres inscripciones están dispuestas una encima de la otra en la cinta: la carta en persa, tayiko ASSR y la carta en ruso: "la República Socialista Soviética Autónoma de Tayikistán". Todas estas tres inscripciones están dispuestas en semicírculo sobre una cinta dorada en forma de media luna.

De acuerdo con la Constitución de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán, adoptada el 24 de febrero de 1931, el IV Congreso de los Soviets de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán:

El escudo de armas consistía en una imagen de una estrella de cinco puntas, en cuya parte superior se colocaba la hoz y el martillo a los rayos del sol, y en la parte inferior: una fábrica cerca de las laderas de las montañas, un puente de ferrocarril, un rebaño de ovejas, un tractor, una locomotora. Estrella enmarcada por una corona de espigas de trigo (derecha), ramitas de algodón (izquierda) y uvas (abajo), una corona estaba entrelazada con una cinta con el lema "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!" En el sector inferior del círculo se colocaron las palabras "República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán" en los idiomas tayiko latín, persa y ruso.

Según la Constitución, adoptada por el V Congreso de los Soviets en enero de 1935, el escudo de armas se mantuvo sin cambios, solo el nombre de la República se abrevió como "la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán". El 27 de junio de 1935, el Presidium de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán invitó al artista Alexander Yakovlev S. a refinar su proyecto del emblema (el proyecto AS Yakovlev obtuvo el primer lugar en el concurso, 1934).

El 4 de julio de 1935, el Presidium de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán aprobó un borrador revisado. Posteriormente, el 27 de abril de 1936, este borrador fue aprobado por el Decreto de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán. Descripción de este emblema:

Una corona de espigas a la derecha y ramitas de bolas de algodón en la parte inferior izquierda en el lugar de las ramas entrelazadas de algodón y mazorcas de maíz se colocaron hoz y martillo rodeadas de matorrales y hojas de parra; en medio de la hoz - capullos de seda; la corona está entrelazada con una cinta roja con el lema "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!" en tayiko (izquierda) y ruso (derecha); dentro de la corona de abajo hacia arriba estaban el tractor, dos ovejas, tierra cultivable, canal, construcción de centrales hidroeléctricas con una bandera roja, árboles, pueblo, neftevyshka, montañas; sobre las montañas sale el sol, cuyos rayos se coloca la inscripción "Tajik SSR" en el idioma tayiko; entre los extremos de la corona - estrella roja de cinco puntas.

El 27 de abril de 1936, el Presidium de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán adoptó la resolución "Tras la aprobación de la descripción del emblema estatal de la República socialista soviética de Tayikistán". El 26 de mayo de 1936, la cuarta sesión de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán de la quinta convocatoria adoptó las imágenes y descripciones del escudo de armas y la bandera e hizo estas descripciones en los artículos 92 y 93 de la Constitución de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán.

Según la Constitución, aprobada durante el VI Congreso Extraordinario de los Soviets el 1 de marzo de 1937, el emblema se ha simplificado enormemente: en el centro del escudo de armas en los rayos dorados del sol se representa una estrella roja de cinco puntas, la parte superior de los cuales se colocaron la hoz y el martillo de oro. Todo enmarcado por una guirnalda de espigas (derecha) y ramas de algodón con cápsulas abiertas (izquierda). Guirnalda entrelazó la cinta roja con inscripciones en tayiko y ruso: "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!" y "Tajik SSR" (en la base de la corona).

Sobre la base de las descripciones constitucionales de la preparación de las imágenes del emblema y la bandera. El 19 de mayo de 1937, el Presidium de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán ha considerado las figuras del escudo de armas y la bandera de la República y recomendó hacer el lema en el escudo de armas de oro, para hacer el fondo del emblema y las hojas. de algodón verde claro, hoz y martillo en la estrella para representar el oro.

El 20 de mayo de 1937, el Presidium de la CCA de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán había revisado los borradores de los dibujos del escudo de armas y la bandera y adoptó un decreto "Sobre el emblema y la bandera del Estado de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán". Esta resolución fue finalmente aprobada con algunos cambios, el lema "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!" Se recomendó escribir en oro, el fondo y las hojas de algodón a verde pálido, la hoz y el martillo de oro, los rayos del sol para colocar sobre la circunferencia. El 23 de mayo de 1937, el Presidium de la CEC aprobó el escudo de armas. Según se estableció en 1937 como una Comisión bajo el Presídium del Sóviet Supremo de la traducción del lema "¡Proletarios de todos los países, uníos!" en tayiko se hizo con precisión.

Véase también
 Bandera de la República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán
Emblema nacional de Tayikistán

Enlaces externos

T
Símbolos de Tayikistán
República Socialista Soviética de Tayikistán
Tayikistan
Tayikistan
Tayikistan
Tayikistan
Tayikistan
Tayikistan


Let's claim this word. What is motheristing? It is a twist on the Feministing website, originally organized by Jessica Valenti. Only in the case of Motheristing, we are committed to thoughtful commentary, critical analysis, and social engagement on the topic of m/otherness: how our connected (and disconnected) status inspires us, thwarts us, and drives us to examine our perspectives, our roles in society, and our very personal experiences.
After you write your post, submit it to Wordle and make a word cloud like the one featured here. Format a jpg and send it along with your post to JourMS.@gmail.com. We'll put it up, or send us a request to become a regular guest blogger, and we'll get you the right coordinates.


I am currently studying Sports and Exercise Science at the University of Bath, but for the past 9 months I have been on a placement in the Movement Science Group at Oxford Brookes University. During my time here I have worked with adults and children with neurological conditions in the Clinical Exercise and Rehabilitation Unit. I have helped run an exercise intervention looking at blood pressure response in hypertensive young adults, some of whom had difficult birth histories, and I am currently doing the capillaroscopy analysis. Finally, I have been involved in the screening, testing and training intervention of a study investigating the relationship between exercise and motor co-ordination in Year 9 pupils.
My role in Fit to Study, as a research assistant, will involve collecting data from the schools for the baseline assessments (May -July 2017). Sport has always been a big part of my life growing up with two older brothers, so seeing how exercise can improve quality of life has always been a great interest in mine.


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The siege of Rocroi was a battle of the Franco-Prussian War, it was held in January 4 to the 6th, 1871 at Rocroi which was a bastion of France located to the west of Sedan. After an artillery fire by the Prussian army, the officer commanding the French troops at Rocroi was forced to surrender the Division Militia under General Schuler and Sendan and Wilhelm von Woyna. With the success of the Siege of Rocroi, the military spectrum was obtained on their hands were hundreds of prisoners (of which there are several officers) along with many stocks, costumes and contemporary heavyweight artillery of the French. During this siege, the town of Rocroi was heavily destroyed. The fall of Rocroi marked one of the German army's consecutive victories in the war.

The small fortress of Rocroi, located on the French-Belgian border, is located on a hilly plateau in the Ardennes forest, the Mézières to the northwest, and was captured by the Prussian army in 1815 during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Prussians, under the command of Major General Wilhelm von Woyna captured Mézières on January 2, 1871, the 14th Division of the spectrum has been resting for a few days to arrange for their next military campaign. To save time and materials on fortress blockades like earlier sieges of the war, the Germans decided to capture Rocroi with a sudden attack. And, on the 4th of January, in an attempt to capture Rocroi, the German infantry and cavalry forces of General Von Senden's division, along with field batteries , marched out. They approached the fortress later that day, and the twilight sky on January 5 prevented the French in the fortress from conducting any reconnaissance forces. They were completely surprised by the enemy's presence which was a testament to the skill of the Prussians in carrying out the campaign. With careful preparation, the Prussians were able to encircle Rocroi, but when the Germans suggested the surrender of the commanding officer of the French garrison, the fog in the morning obscured the German armies to the east of Rocroi. The French commanding officer refused to surrender, and the German army launched artillery fire on Rocroi. Faced with this situation, many soldiers of the French Garde Mobile had to flee, and a fire broke out in the town. The fierce resistance of the French artillery failed, and the German bombardment gave them a decisive victory. In the evening, a German officer was ordered to call on the French to surrender and the officer noticed the turmoil of the French garrison and the townspeople in Rocroi.

The commanding officer of the French army garrison had urged the German army should enter Rocroi which was the only fort was occupied by German forces that wasn't raided during the war. With the French surrender, the Germans pulled into the town and ceased fire. Almost half of the French artillery at Rocroi fled, the rest were sent back to Germany.

References

1870 in France
Rocroi
Rocroi
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January 1871 events


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Welcome to the Reno News & Review Archives
RN&R Live Updates
Noise candy
BRAP! A Reno Noise Night
Jason Hollis and Kyle Weiss organize BRAP! A Reno Noise Night. Weiss describes noise music as "abstract application of sound."
Photo by KELLEY LANG
This month's BRAP! A Reno Noise Night, featuring N8-Bit, Oh Gnosis and Transmitter, is at 8 p.m. on Feb. 11 at Hobson Gallery, 315 Spokane St., Ste. 1. Cover is $3. For more information, search for BRAP! A Reno Noise Night in Facebook.
No neon signs greeted visitors as they arrived at the Hobson Gallery on a quiet January night in downtown Reno. If it hadn't been for the low lights visible through the front windows, you probably wouldn't have known something was going on at the art space across the street from The Spice House.
But that night, four local musicians made some "noise," as part of BRAP! A Reno Noise Night, an all-ages showcase of experimental, electronic music.
Featured acts Death Driver (Louis Gezelin), Totality (Clark Bongiovanni), Transmitter (Tim Hurst) and Next Door Ninja (Hector Urtubia) took turns creating improvised pieces of noise music lasting from five to 10 minutes. Each performer played four sets during the two-hour show. The musical output ranged from earsplitting feedback loops to atmospheric moodscapes.
What is noise music? It depends on who you ask.
"It's 'abstract application of sound' is how I could best try to tell people in a way that's easy to understand, even if they're not familiar with the genre," says Kyle Weiss, who along with Jason Hollis, organizes the monthly event.
"What I tend to respond with is, 'What do you imagine when you hear that? What comes to mind?' They describe something, maybe one or two things, and I'll say yes it's all that, because it's true, all of that," says Hollis. "If you're thinking of [a dissonant sound similar to radio static] then you're right. If you're thinking of analog doodlelies and live percussion over that, you're right."
The Reno Noise Night concept actually dates back a few years ago to a series of shows organized by Holland Project gallery director Van Pham, according Weiss. The shows featured a variety of music, some created on homemade acoustic instruments or old-school synthesizers. Weiss performed at some of these events under the name Stickybop. After Pham moved to Portland, Ore., Weiss carried on with the Reno Noise Night name, setting up shows at the Hen Den and the Aeon Gallery. Eventually, Weiss teamed up with friend Hollis, who is also the electronic musician Endif.
"The Noise Night name, as far as I'm concerned, is not owned by anybody in concept," says Weiss "It's been promiscuously traded [among] folks of like-minded musical natures."
In this version of Reno Noise Night, artists who participate in the show must adhere to a mostly freeform, improvised performance. Modified or homebuilt instruments are also encouraged.
The "BRAP!" part of the title refers to "brap," a term coined by the Canadian industrial music band Skinny Puppy that refers to "drug-fueled experimental noise," says Hollis. However, he adds, the "drug-fueled" part of the term doesn't apply in this showcase.
The first show of this version of Reno Noise Night took place at Hobson Gallery last November. Hollis and Weiss performed under their Endif and Stickybop monikers and were joined by Noisecomm and XTeVioN, the frontman of local avant-garde pop band Schizopolitans. Weiss and Hollis said the debut went well, attracting up to 30 to 40 people that night.
Weiss says the Hobson Gallery is a good venue for this kind of event.
"Part of the reason why [the Hobson Gallery] wanted us to participate with this, for that one night that we do it a month, we're kind of their soundscape," he says. "In fact, the artists really expressed a great interest in us. They create art while we're creating our art."
The musicians who performed at last month's event say they also appreciate having a place to reach an audience and show off their skills.
"[For some of us] this is the only outlet we have," says Urtubia, a.k.a. Next Door Ninja and also a member of Schizopolitans. "I hope it keeps happening for a long time."
The dicemen cometh
The Hardways are working their hustle.
Melody makers
Melody—rather than rhythm or energy or atmosphere or anything else—dominates this band.
"I'm moving forward in my present, 'cause in the future I'm ahead," raps Ozie Ogbebor.
"Hip-hop is very similar to the same BPM of the heart," says DJ Likewise.
Let the '90s revival begin!
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An engagement ring, that small, precious thing many will wear every day for the rest of their lives, carries a lot of emotional weight. It symbolizes a couple's love and commitment to the world. It shares their history, and their hopes and dreams. And then there's the cost: according to The Knot 2016 Real Weddings Study, consumers in the market for diamond engagement rings spent an average of $6163.00 in 2016.
It's no wonder that you may view the task of buying an engagement ring with apprehension. Luckily, if you're the one buying the ring, you don't have to make this purchase alone! Many modern couples choose a ring together, or prefer the experience of working with a jewelry designer. This helps them envision a custom engagement ring, and wedding bands, that they will surely love. And if your intent is to surprise your beloved with a beautiful engagement ring, our talented staff can work with you to help you choose or create a ring that will leave her speechless.
For the over 20 years we've been in business, we've guided customers through the process of finding the right engagement ring. We carry a wide selection of engagement rings, both new and vintage. Our selection includes round brilliant cut diamond solitaires, marquise cut, princess cut, and old cut diamonds. If our choices seem overwhelming, don't worry! We'll be there with you every step of the way towards finding the perfect ring. We've included some brief descriptions below – just in case.
Round cut diamonds exhibit the brilliance of a stone by reflecting the most light. Perhaps this is why round cut is among the most popular classic styles for engagement rings. They are also incredibly versatile: this shape will fit into nearly every type of setting. In fact, if you have an old family ring it's diamond is probably round cut.
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If you and your sweetheart decide you want a vintage engagement ring, the choices may seem endless! Browse styles online for inspiration, or come into our shop to check out some sparkling vintage beauties. These days, designers often take inspiration from creative vintage styles, so if your wish is to get a custom engagement ring, then bring in some photos of vintage styles you like. From the floral ballerina style to sleek art deco; there are countless styles and design touches waiting for you to explore.
If you think you want a custom design, don't worry if you don't have a specific idea of what the finished piece will look like. Design is an intuitive, organic, collaborative process. By the end, you'll have something more beautiful than you could ever have imagined!
Our friendly and talented staff can accommodate your needs – whatever they may be. Whether you want to purchase a ring, or create a custom design, we can help you. If you have an older ring and need a new, updated setting for the stone we will work with you to create an entirely new piece sure to stun.
For those forward-thinking couples, we also have a large selection of men's and women's wedding bands in white & silver gold, platinum and titanium with and without diamonds. Stop by our store at 14718 Main Street in Upper Marlboro, MD to browse our selection and chat with our staff about what you have in mind or give us a call at 301-574-4400 .