text:
Where Are All The Trans-Friendly Gynecologists?
The medical field still falls short of providing proper care to transgender patients. This is especially true for OB/GYN services.
Mathew Foresta
12/19/2019 11:41am EST | Updated December 19, 2019
Paul Campbell via Getty Images
Research shows transgender patients are hesitant to see a gynecologist due to fears of misgendering, a lack of knowledge and more. There's also less information for providers on treatment options.
It was a battle for Jaden Fields to even get the appointment. When he, a trans man, tried to make arrangements with a gynecologist's office, he was met with disrespect and disbelief. So much so that his primary care provider had to make the appointment for him. When he arrived at the office, he was dismissed, misgendered by the staff and eventually had the police called on him.
Fields, who described his experiences for Hello Beautiful, is far from the only transgender person to have a problem finding respect and affirmation from the health care establishment.
"Engaging with the medical system as a trans person is always a scary proposition," Katelyn Burns, a trans woman, freelance writer and Vox contributor, told HuffPost. "The health care system's lack of general competence with trans people absolutely is a deterrent for all trans people to go to the doctor, but when we do find good medical providers, we tend to stick with them."
Burns encountered this general lack of competence after seeking treatment for minor post-surgery complications. The gynecologist she was referred to was inexperienced in dealing with her issues and offered few solutions. After this, she decided it was time to find a new doctor. Her search ended when a trusted friend recommended one in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Here, she was treated with respect by a physician who was "worth every penny" despite being out of network.
While there are excellent providers like Burns' out there, the medical field in general still falls short of providing proper care to transgender patients. Deadnaming, improper pronouns and a general lack of knowledge about transgender issues lead many from the trans community to avoid the doctor altogether. General questioning of patients' transgender identities is another common reason for doctor avoidance, said Kristie Overstreet, a licensed psychotherapist based in Orange County, California.
"Engaging with the medical system as a trans person is always a scary proposition."
- Katelyn Burns
Research supports this. A 2018 study from Ontario, Canada, found that 54% of trans men surveyed avoided going to the gynecologist. Approximately 59% of those who avoided it cited being misgendered as one of the main reasons; 70% cited having to educate their providers themselves was another deterrent; 86% said it was due to the gynecological exam itself, which many respondents found physically and emotionally distressing.
Ian Harvie, a trans comedian, actor, and writer, explained his issues with the medical system in a series of emails to HuffPost.
"Initially, for me, I think the problem was fear of going to a doctor at all. I think that's one of the major obstacles for getting trans people health care, is getting us over our own fears of the unknown in the doctor's office," he said. "I told myself a lot of negative 'what if' stories. What if physician or office staff are not understanding, or don't know what trans is? Will I be mistreated or misgendered, intentionally or unintentionally? A more graphic fear was: 'As a man, will getting in the stirrups for an exam make me feel like a girl?'"
Tales of medical bigotry have spread through the community by word of mouth. In Harvie's case, this had a big effect.
"I had heard stories of trans women having to get their hormones on the black market because doctors wouldn't give them prescriptions. The doctors either didn't believe they were trans or they made them prove it by waiting and living their life as women before they'd prescribe them hormones. I guess some of those stories, even if they weren't mine, made me worry about what might happen when I ask for what I need," he said. "Doctors hold the keys to medical transition, and we hold the keys to our identities, and it was still an era when we all didn't trust each other, and I definitely think some of that seeped in and made me fearful."
How The Current System Hurts Trans Patients
A 2018 study published in the Annals of Family Medicine found that support for providing supportive services to transgender patients wasn't exactly universal. Researchers surveyed over 300 clinicians in an integrated health system in the Midwest on providing transgender patients care, with 53% responding. Approximately 85.7% said they were willing to provide routine care to transgender patients, and 78.6% of respondents said they were willing to provide Pap tests to transgender men.
"Willingness to provide routine care decreased with age; willingness to provide Pap tests was higher among family physicians, those who had met a transgender person, and those with lower transphobia," the study authors wrote. "Medical education should address professional and personal factors related to caring for the transgender population to increase access."
Marki Knox, an OB-GYN and the co-chair of the Los Angeles LGBT Center Board of Directors, has dedicated a good deal of her career to providing supportive gynecological services to the trans community. A lesbian who came out as a teenager before Stonewall, she said trans people were a part of the group she hung out with.
"I always had a lot of compassion for them because there were no resources at that time," she said.
Knox makes an effort to create a safe and welcoming environment for her patients. She has addressed proper pronouns with her staff. While she is clearly an empathetic and dedicated provider, she sometimes finds it difficult to determine the best course of treatment for trans patients.
Knox said she struggles to find "nuts and bolts" type of research articles on specific practices and procedures for trans patients. Statements from others in the medical field show they have encountered similar issues. Because of this, Knox said physicians who focus on trans individuals often consult each other. Patients themselves sometimes give her the best information.
"There's probably research that I'm not aware of, but when I go to look for things in the literature to guide what I do, there's nothing. So I end up networking with other physicians who do trans care to try to get some clue," she said.
Knox has been dealing with issues like this for much of her career (she's retiring at the end of December). In her early days as a doctor, she had to figure out how to give trans patients hormone therapy properly. She called this "seat of your pants medicine."
"The first thing I always say to my trans patients is 'I do not have a textbook here.'"
- Marki Knox, OB-GYN
She attributes this to the fact that the trans community is a small, though very in need, population that requires dedicated researchers. While she has seen some articles start to emerge, she believes there is a long way to go.
"The first thing I always say to my trans patients is 'I do not have a textbook here. Now, we're going to treat you to the desired outcome, and how we get there may vary from person to person, and it'll be you and I working together, not me telling you what to do,'" she said.
She explained that when doctors don't know what to do it can come off as "fear" or "I can't see you" to the patient. This can lead to doctor avoidance and possibly missing vital screenings for issues like HPV, which is linked to diseases like cervical cancer.
Overstreet, the psychotherapist, pointed to the broader problem of society's failure to accept trans people. She said this can contribute to severe mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.
'Be Kind, Believe Us … Educate Yourselves'
In addition to giving a Ted Talk on this issue, Overstreet has created a program called the "Dignity Model" to help train medical providers how to give respectful care to the transgender community. She pointed to programs at Vanderbilt and The University of California, San Francisco as positive examples of affirming care.
There are other promising signs that some in the medical establishment are taking these issues more seriously. On July 1, the University of California, Los Angeles launched a LGBTQ healthcare fellowship for physicians trained in family medicine, internal medicine or internal medicine and pediatrics. According to UCLA Health's website, the fellowship will "train future primary care physicians to be sensitive, comfortable, clinically knowledgeable and culturally competent in delivering healthcare to sexual and gender minority patient populations."
"A lot of the faculty kind of came together, and we thought there were not a lot of providers who were comfortable dealing with issues that LGBTQ communities face. A lot of our own residents who graduate from training also do not feel comfortable with many of the issues," said George Yen, a practicing physician and the program's co-founder and director.
He explained that many people from the LGBTQ community sought out his private practice after online searches for a friendly provider. Due to the fact that there are so few supportive physicians, he became very focused on those patients. This further emphasized to him the need for the program.
Yen pointed to a 2011 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association to demonstrate how little attention LGBTQ issues are given during medical training. According to the research, "the median reported time dedicated to LGBT-related content in medical school in 2009-2010 was 5 hours, but the number of hours in the required curriculum, as well as number of LGBT-related topics covered, varied widely. In many schools, deans of medical education endorsed dissatisfaction with their institutions' coverage of LGBT-related topics and provided potential strategies for increasing curricular content."
More recent studies have shown this trend hasn't gotten much better, despite nascent efforts to include trans health in medical education curriculums.
While UCLA's program is working to mitigate this problem, it is still only educating one fellow at a time. Yen attributes this to the issue of the government not funding the fellow's salary, leading the school to fund it instead. The reason for this is LGBTQ medicine is not an American Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited subspecialty. LGBTQ medicine is very new, unlike other specialties like cardiology or neurology. This requires programs to create their own curriculum and apply for accreditation.
Still, a 2007 joint statement by the Association of American Medical Colleges Group on Student Affairs and Organization of Student Representatives shows the importance of a program like UCLA's. It recommends "medical school curricula ensure that students master the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to provide excellent, comprehensive care for GLBT patients."
This should include "training in communication skills with patients and colleagues regarding issues of sexual orientation and gender identity. Visible faculty members and administrators who model behaviors reflecting respect and appreciation for each student, regardless of the student's sexual orientation or gender identity. Faculty development programs for faculty members and residents regarding GLBT issues. Comprehensive content addressing the specific health care needs of GLBT patients."
"Be kind, believe us when we tell you who we are, educate yourselves on trans people's medical needs ... and if you mess up, apologize and try again."
- Ian Harvie
In terms of solving this problem broadly, Overstreet emphasized the need for providers to create a feeling of safety. She also highlighted the need to train not only doctors, but other health care personnel like receptionists.
Harvie said he hopes more physicians seek education on trans issues in order to alleviate some of the fears he discussed.
"Be kind, believe us when we tell you who we are, educate yourselves on trans people's medical needs, make sure your staff is educated as well, every member of a medical office has to be on board of the kindness train, make great effort with pronouns, and if you mess up, apologize and try again," he said.
In his essay, Fields stressed the need to understand how this all intersects with race and historical trauma as well as the need to simply treat people with humanity.
"First, medical providers need to check their conscious and unconscious biases. They also need to be aware of the historical trauma the medical industrial complex has inflicted on people of color. There is a legacy of distrust because of that. I think medical providers need to understand the impact of systemic oppression on communities of color and how that trauma can lead to negative health outcomes," he wrote. "When it comes to trans people specifically, I think they need to move away from gendering body parts and look at us as human beings."
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TransgenderobgynHealth systemObstetrics & Gynecology


the winner of the Iowa caucus. Well, I told you so.
the Republican race, wasn`t it?
as you`re a part of the 1 percent?
MITT ROMNEY (R), PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: Let me change something.
America is great nation. America`s right and you`re wrong.
money in the Cayman Islands.
polls, even though his ex-wife is taking shots at him.
open marriage and I refused.
Rick Perry makes the announcement we`ve all been waiting for.
GOV. RICK PERRY (R), TEXAS: Adios, mofo.
SCHULTZ: Tonight, we bid farewell to the Texas governor.
company is back to being number one on the planet.
tell you all about it.
And Stephen Colbert is at it again. We`ll bring you the latest.
messing with our Monday to Friday elections.
released since the Republican debate on Monday night.
Gingrich the biggest margin with a six-point lead over Mitt Romney.
the Tea Party credit for Gingrich`s turn around.
Gingrich for president of the United States.
SCHULTZ: I thought he said he`d never quit.
called Rick Perry a true American patriot for what he did.
called him today and finally conceded defeat in Iowa.
congratulate him on the Iowa results."
cool when a 99 percenter confronted him during a campaign stop today.
as how you are part of the 1 percent?
to divide us between one and another. It`s to come together as a nation.
America`s right and you`re wrong.
M. GINGRICH: He was asking to have an open marriage and I refused.
BRIAN ROSS, ABC NEWS: He wanted an open marriage?
SCHULTZ: What will Jerry Falwell say tonight if he were here?
violate a lot of conservative values. How can Newt Gingrich overcome this?
redemption, for it is a central tenet in my faith.
trying to win over Americans while being Mr. 1 percent.
I`ve already released, it`s a pretty full disclosure.
happening because Mitt Romney just can`t close the deal?
could be open for Gingrich to win other states.
primary`s on Saturday. Things could still get worse for Romney.
Saturday`s a lifetime away in this campaign.
I`m joined tonight by MSNBC political analyst and "Bloomberg View"
Institution and columnist for "The Washington Post."
Gentlemen, it`s been an eventful day in the world of politics.
apparently are willing to see past his marital infidelities.
what would happen if this was a Democrat, what Rick Perry would be saying?
are they going to drop the bar in this campaign?
I mean, E.J., what impact will the Marianne Gingrich interview have?
allowed a full recount of the votes, and we got the actual result.
evangelical women than he is among evangelical men, surprise, surprise.
by the momentum and the swing away from Romney?
although in this campaign, I`ve given up making bets on anything.
few endorsements do, but the timing of this was very good for Gingrich.
has so many times in the past, then Romney`s in a world of hurt.
Bailey, bad banker over the good banker in "It`s A Wonderful Life"?
thinks about this as much as any of the specific revelations.
Jonathan Alter, E.J. Dionne, great to have you with us tonight.
Friedman are here to say adios.
Republican candidates, and I`ll tell you why.
dropped his bid for the GOP nomination earlier today.
Colbert. OK, comedian John Fugelsang joins me later in the hour.
We`re right back. Stay with us.
feels a lot safer tonight. Don`t you think?
campaign. Perry was at 38 percent in an NBC News/"Wall Street Journal"
to 6 percent. And he only has himself to blame.
your support and your vote.
Commerce, Education, and the -- what`s the third one there, let`s see.
We fought the revolution in the 16th century.
And you can always follow me on tweeter.
And let`s see -- I can`t, the third one I can`t, sorry. Oops.
That! Today has been awesome, girl!
First bite`s the best one.
hot, yellow Kool-Aid, and save a pretzel for the gas jets.
never got on a roll.
Make America Miss George W. Bush."
Well, it`s too late now, Jim. You can`t rename that title.
going to fall apart this fast.
else in the states didn`t know?
decided to use to vet their candidate was a series of innumerable debates.
of getting rid of some of these guys.
Gingrich? I mean, is he leading the anti-Mitt charge right now?
I think that`s probably more what happened.
weak during the debates. Here`s some of the examples.
BRET BAIER, FOX NEWS: Do you believe Turkey still belongs in NATO?
The third one I can`t, sorry. Oops.
I`ll bump plans with you, brother.
I`m kind of getting where I like these debates.
I hope I am the Tim Tebow of the Iowa caucuses.
how to prepare, he had never done it before, or is that an overreach?
going to have to say anything of any substance.
disappointments the GOP has seen in modern time. Jim Moore -- go ahead.
MOORE: I agree with that.
Jim Moore with us tonight here on THE ED SHOW -- thanks so much.
he was just full of hot air.
react? Richard Wolffe, Joy-Ann Reid and Krystal Ball weigh in on that.
STEVE DOOCY, FOX NEWS: What does this change?
GOV. CHRIS CHRISTIE (R), NEW JERSEY: Nothing.
DOOCY: OK, thank you very much.
they eat the ballots? I don`t know what happened.
the first time or didn`t he? I think nobody`s going to really care.
SCHULTZ: Really? Nobody is going to care.
in Iowa -- well, that is Jersey-style psycho talk.
today, that`s creating jobs and boosting tourism.
today`s good news for the president.
And the interview Newt Gingrich called tawdry.
doesn`t care what I do.
SCHULTZ: And the pizza man is not finished.
Stephen Colbert a message. On January 21st, vote Herman Cain.
SCHULTZ: John Fugelsang is here to preview the theatrics.
to meet a world leader who has bigger ears than me.
may be on a roll.
Mitt Romney wrote an article entitled, "Let Detroit Go Bankrupt."
claims fell to a four-year low, the lowest levels since April 2008.
getting the economy back on track. There are plenty of indicators.
and Democratic strategist Krystal Ball.
aren`t they kind of hoping on bad news economically?
RICHARD WOLFFE, MSNBC POLITICAL ANALYST: Could be.
SCHULTZ: A lot of good stuff is out there right now.
never even seen the working economy.
has got nowhere else to go.
news. They actually sound like they`re betting against America right now.
states exactly what he`s been paying in taxes and what his investments are?
It`s clear he doesn`t want the American people to see these things."
biggest business he ran, Bain Capital.
pushing the same doggone policies that Bush did that got us into this mess.
I mean isn`t this easy picking for President Obama?
cheerleading for their own policies, which have been incredibly successful.
policies not as popular as he is.
been worse if it were not for him.
difficult place to be in.
plan and put it to where we were and to where we are.
there and would convince a lot of people. Where am I wrong?
you know, there was a President Obama there, it all happened beforehand.
control. They know why this economy went into the tailspin it did.
to convince people they can make it better.
2010 federal income tax return. He reported over $3 million in income.
personally, so we`re interested in his wealth and his business background.
looked like he has something to hide.
Richard Wolffe. Stay with us. We`ve got a lot more coming up.
open marriage. The party of family values is rushing to his defense.
voters. Not only in South Carolina but everywhere.
Don`t forget to tweet us using #Edshow. Stay tuned.
She elaborated further in an interview with ABC News.
yourself. Callista doesn`t care what I do.
BRIAN ROSS, ABC NEWS: What was he saying to you, do you think?
M. GINGRICH: He was asking to have an open marriage, and I refused.
ROSS: He wanted an open marriage?
M. GINGRICH: No. No. That is not a marriage.
opportunity to defend Newt and attack the media.
case, Newt, he`s now going to soar even more.
that what the Clintons used to say?
Newt says his mistakes were for the greater good.
nasty attack ads, and we decided the country was worth the pain.
"I think Romney keeping $100 million in the Bahamas is more important."
Richard Wolffe, and Democratic strategist, Krystal Ball.
Krystal, does this really mean anything to any of the voters today?
you think this will have an impact on either candidate?
women sort of quietly looking for another alternative.
SCHULTZ: Joy-Ann, does that work?
Carolina is one of the, if not the most, conservative state in the south.
and this might be behind him, what do you think?
South Carolina, then the Florida evangelicals will buy the same thing, Ed.
and creating such havoc in his personal life.
voters prefer it to someone who`s squeaky clean.
you with us tonight. Thanks so very much.
Next up, Herman Cain reveals who he`s endorsing for president.
miss this, stay with us.
problem, Mitt Romney`s taxes or Newt Gingrich`s infidelity bombshell?
Colbert PAC ad and Herman Cain`s unusual endorsement.
by Frank Luntz. Some voters, however, were not amused.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: I think he`s a dandy.
UNIDENTIFIED FEMALE: He`s a Charleston dandy.
oh, my, lord, lord have mercy.
SCHULTZ: Now a dandy that when we`re fishing we call that a big fish.
Colbert with a higher favorability rating than other Republican candidates.
new ad attacking Stephen Colbert. Take a look.
exploring a run for president of the United States of South Carolina.
about? Letting murderers out of jail?
Now a super PAC that he founded is running attack ads against him.
Just so we`ll think they`re not coordinated.
for Herman Cain, because we can`t afford to have a leader like this.
COLBERT: Look, I just think that Rosa Parks was overrated.
SCHULTZ: And joining me now is comedian and writer John Fugelsang.
Queens Theater in New York City.
John, great to have you with us tonight.
illustrating the absurdity of it all. What do you make of the ad?
the truth, make it funny or they`ll kill you.
what he`s really doing, I think, is prolonging the Republican struggle.
signing on to a comedic agenda to keep this race going on even further.
married to Jon Stewart but it`s an open marriage.
SCHULTZ: Isn`t it mean to low-information voters?
and the knights of the trickle down table, it`s a protest vote for them.
two will hold a rally in Charleston, good idea?
cabinet position all that bad.
all he`s doing, is helping Obama.
charge. That`s who I`m endorsing.
CAIN: Whoever gets the nomination.
BLITZER: So you`re not going to endorse anyone?
frontrunners since the summer and they want to call gay guys promiscuous?
I discussed this on the tour every night.
stuck with him, comedians, so make the most out of it.
SCHULTZ: Well, how much of a bummer is it that Rick Perry is out?
There goes half your material.
wrong. And comedy had a great blow today.
getting into a scrap with Turkey.
something, too, Ed, by the way. That`s a dream come true for Rick.
SCHULTZ: Let`s not forget the kids.
Newt get the nomination because I`m a comic.
FUGELSANG: Exactly. And that`s what we got.
SCHULTZ: Maybe that`s his -- maybe that`s his best play right now.
things about it. Good luck to you on the 28th.
FUGELSANG: Yes, Ed, I want to bring you on stage.
SCHULTZ: That won`t happen, but thank you for the invitation.
that shows right now. She`s the best and she is here again tonight.
SCHULTZ: Well, it`s the truth, too.
MADDOW: All right, thanks, man.


That so many of the military's most elite forces could be killed shook troops around the world. It takes years to train a Navy SEAL unit, and however many of those killed on the Chinook were SEALs will have reverberations across the force.
Navy SEALs operate stealthily throughout Afghanistan conducting raids, searches and high-risk operations. Traveling in a group of a dozen or more, they go after high-profile targets or wanted figures, yet they rarely release details on their missions. But in 2008, then-President George W. Bush awarded a Navy SEAL, Lt. Michael Murphy, a Medal of Honor posthumously. He was the first Medal of Honor recipient from the war in Afghanistan.
A villager in the area where the helicopter went down told McClatchy he heard rocket fire. He said he later saw the helicopter burning an orchard about a half-mile from his home.
"Smoke was rising from the helicopter till morning," Mansour Majab said.
In his statement, Karzai said the helicopter went down in Maidan Wardak province, west of Kabul. He expressed his condolences for the deaths to President Barack Obama and the families of the American dead.
"My thoughts and prayers go out to the families and loved ones of the Americans who were lost earlier today in Afghanistan. Their deaths are a reminder of the extraordinary sacrifices made by the men and women of our military and their families, including all who have served in Afghanistan. We will draw inspiration from their lives, and continue the work of securing our country and standing up for the values that they embodied. We also mourn the Afghans who died alongside our troops in pursuit of a more peaceful and hopeful future for their country. At this difficult hour, all Americans are united in support of our men and women in uniform who serve so that we can live in freedom and security."
The Afghan defense ministry confirmed the death of seven Afghan commandos in the crash. Gen. Zahir Azimy, the Afghan army spokesman, placed the crash in Logar province, however.
The Taliban claimed credit for the attack in a statement. "Last night at 11 p.m. in the Joye Zarin area of Tangi Saybabad district, the invader forces conducted a night raid and faced hard resistance from the Islamic Emirate fighters," according to the statement, attributed to Zabiullah Mujahid, the Taliban spokesman, and posted on the group's website.
Shahidullah Shahid, the spokesman for the provincial governor, largely confirmed the Taliban statement, saying the crash had taken place after an operation by the International Security Assistance Force, as the U.S.-led coalition is known, killed eight insurgents.
"After the operation the ISAF helicopter crashed and there are casualties," Shahid said. "The area has been surrounded by U.S.-led NATO forces."
Maidan Wardak is a volatile province located about 25 miles west of Kabul. It shares a border with Logar, another insecure province.
Majab told McClatchy that night raids by U.S.-led forces happen frequently.
"Every night the helicopters are flying over our house," he said by phone. He said on Thursday U.S. troops conducting a night raid in another village killed three Taliban fighters."
He said Taliban forces fired a rocket at the downed helicopter.
Majab said that "most people are awake during night because of night raids" and that the region is dominated by the Taliban. "From each house at least one person is with the Taliban," he said.
Night raids have become a favored tactic of ISAF troops in recent years and have been credited with weakening Taliban forces, though the downing of he helicopter renewed questions about U.S. claims that the security in Afghanistan is gradually improving, in part, because the Taliban is weaker.
Often the U.S. military has noted that the Taliban is on the run from areas in the south and east they once firmly controlled because of an aggressive U.S. campaign in Taliban strongholds. But a string of successful assassinations and high-profile attacks has some asking whether losing such ground has in fact made the Taliban weaker.
Since April, the Taliban has claimed to assassinate Kandahar's police chief and mayor and Ahmed Wali Karzai, the president's brother and power governor of Kandahar. In addition, the Taliban claimed last month to killed a top presidential aide.
In June, insurgents attacked the seemingly secure Intercontinental Hotel in Kabul, killing 18 and rattling residents in Kabul about their security.
Regardless, U.S. military officials have said they can safely, albeit gradually, draw down troops. The U.S. is planning to withdraw 10,000 troops in Afghanistan by the end of this year, citing security gains and a more capable Afghan Army and police. There are currently roughly 100,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan.


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Free Essays Finance Financial News Nature Of Debenture And Companies Ordinance
Essay About Nature Of Debenture And Companies Ordinance
BankFinancial NewsBuying And Selling Homes
The Nature of Debenture
At law, debenture is any document issued by a company that evidences or acknowledges its indebtedness. In Companies Ordinance, debenture includes debenture stock, bonds and any other securities of a company whether constituting a charge on the assets of the company or not. It need not contain any security. If the debenture issued as a deed, it will called a bond
Legal characteristics of debenture
Every trading company is assumed to have the power to borrow money unless its memorandum of association provides otherwise. Introductions Ltd v. National Provincial Bank Ltd [1970] Ch199 shows that if a company has power to borrow, it can also create debentures.
Usually, the debentures are long-term loans available form banks and deposit taking companies, and short-term finance in the form of bank overdrafts and trade credit.
If a company executes any document to evidence a financial transaction of this type, the document is a debenture.
Often a debenture is issued in a series to a large number of subscribers in order to raise a particularly large loan. Each person who takes a debenture will take the same rights against the secured property.
In such a case, each debenture would contain a pari passu clause that states that the debenture is one of series of a certain stated number of debentures, all of which rank equally. That means the company will regard the creditors as a class. If the company defaults in repaying the loan, one debenture holder can enforce the security, but only on the basis that all other debenture holders will share it.
– The requirement of registration of charges and consequences of failure to register a charge
By section 74A of the Companies Ordinance, any company which issues a series of debentures other must keep a register of the debentures.
Nature Of Debenture And Companies Ordinance. (April 2, 2021). Retrieved from https://www.freeessays.education/nature-of-debenture-and-companies-ordinance-essay/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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