text:
Search in titles only Search in San Luis Potosí only
Seasonal Flu 2009 - 2020 including H1N1 pandemic 2009
ProMed:UNDIAGNOSED ILLNESS - MEXICO: (SAN LUIS POTOSI) REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
Source: ProMed
http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?...3A1000%2C89417
Archive Number	20110720.2190
Published Date	20-JUL-2011
Subject	PRO/AH/EDR> Undiagnosed illness - Mexico: (SL) RFI
UNDIAGNOSED ILLNESS - MEXICO: (SAN LUIS POTOSI) REQUEST FOR
************************************************** *********************
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases
<http://www.isid.org>
Date: Sat 16 Jul 2011
From: Christian A Garcia-Sepulveda <https://www.genomica.uaslp.mx>
Three of 6 young Mexican mestizo civil engineers between 19 and 21
years of age remain hospitalized (day +8) due to a febrile illness
accompanied by muscle pain and spasms following contact with bats and
their guano in the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The 6 engineers
were reported to have been working for ICA (a private engineering
company contracted by the state government of San Luis Potosi, Mexico)
cleaning road gullies and drainage channels/tunnels in the highway
connecting Rayon and Tamasopo (roughly 21 deg 51'50.74" N, 99 deg
29'34.09" W). 3 of the men are being attended at the Zonal General
Hospital IMSS [Mexican Social Security Institute] no 2 in the state
capital of San Luis Potosi and maintained in isolation. The
whereabouts of the 3 other men has not been disclosed.
Christian A. Garcia-Sepulveda MD PhD
Viral and Human Genomics Laboratory
Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Autonoma San Luis Potosi (UASLP)
<https://www.genomica.uaslp.mx>
[The 3 patients described above were reported to have fever and
muscle pain after working in drainage tunnels and having contact with
bats and their guano; no mention was made of contact with other
rodents, although this is a possibility. Acute undifferentiated
febrile illnesses, that is, occurring in the absence of an obvious
focus of infection, have several possible etiologies that vary with
the geographic region in which they occur (1-3). Some are
rodent-associated, such as, leptospirosis, _Hantavirus_ infection,
_Bartonella_ infection, tularemia, and murine typhus. Specifically,
infections with _Leptospira_, _Hantavirus_, and _Bartonella_ have been
associated with bats (4-6). Also, _Histoplasma capsulatum_, the cause
of histoplasmosis, grows in soil contaminated with bat guano. Other
possible etiologies include scrub typhus, dengue, chikungunya,
malaria, brucellosis, enteric fever, and melioidosis.
The clinical manifestations and the epidemiological features of
_Hantavirus_ infection and leptospirosis can be strikingly similar
(7). Rodent-associated _Bartonella_ has been identified as causing
acute febrile illness in immunocompetent adults in the rural
southwestern United States (8). Tularemia and leptospirosis can be
acquired from contact with water contaminated by the urine of infected
hosts; melioidosis is also acquired by contact with contaminated
water. However, melioidosis is usually endemic in parts of Southeast
Asia and northern Australia, although sporadic cases of melioidosis
are reported to have been acquired in Central and South America (9).
Scrub typhus is restricted to a region that extends from northern
Japan and far-eastern Russia in the north, to northern Australia in
the south, and to Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west.
Muscle spasm following bat exposure raises the issue of rabies.
Patients may be unaware of bites by some rabid animals, such as bats.
However, onset of symptoms of rabies usually occurs several weeks to
more than a year after an animal bite, although may be as short as
several days in some patients. A more detailed description of the
clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and laboratory data is clearly
1. Manock SR, Jacobsen KH, de Bravo NB, et al: Etiology of acute
undifferentiated febrile illness in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Am J
Trop Med Hyg. 2009; 81(1): 146-51. Available at
<http://www.ajtmh.org/content/81/1/146.long>.
2. Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Niwatayakul K, et al: Causes of acute,
undifferentiated, febrile illness in rural Thailand: results of a
prospective observational study. Ann Trop Med Parasit. 2006; 100 (4):
363-70. Available at
<http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/atmp/2006/00000100/00000004/art00008>.
3. Chrispal A, Boorugu H, Gopinath KG, et al: Acute undifferentiated
febrile illness in adult hospitalized patients: the disease spectrum
and diagnostic predictors - an experience from a tertiary care
hospital in South India. Tropical Doctor 2010; 40 (4): 230-4. Abstract
<http://td.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/4/230>.
4. Matthias MA, Diaz MM, Campos KJ, et al: Diversity of
bat-associated _Leptospira_ in the Peruvian Amazon inferred by
bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Am J
5. Kim GR, Lee YT, Park CH: A new natural reservoir of hantavirus:
isolation of hantaviruses from lung tissues of bats. Arch Virol. 1994;
134(1-2): 85-95. Abstract vailable at
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8279962>.
6. Reeves WK, Rogers TE, Durden LA, Dasch GA: Association of
_Bartonella_ with the fleas (_Siphonaptera_) of rodents and bats using
molecular techniques. J Vector Ecol. 2007; 32(1): 118-22. Abstract
available at <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17633432>.
7. Clement J, Neild G, Lemos Hinrichsen S, et al: Urban leptospirosis
versus urban hantavirus infection in Brazil. Lancet 1999; 354(9194):
2003-4. Available at
<http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(05)76782-9/fulltext>.
8. Iralu J, Y Bai, L Crook, et al: Rodent-Associated _Bartonella_
Febrile Illness, Southwestern United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;
12(7): 1081-6. Available at
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no07/pdfs/04-0397.pdf>.
9. Inglis TJ, Rolim DB, De Queroz Sousa A: Melioidosis in the
Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006; 75 (5): 947-54. Available at
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17123994>.
Mestizo is a term used to describe people of mixed European and
Native American descent. San Luis Potosi, one of the 31 states which,
with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico
is located in North-Central Mexico. San Luis Potosi can be located on
a map of Mexico at
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_en_México.svg>
and on an HealthMap/ProMED-mail interactive map at
<http://healthmap.org/r/00ap>. - Mod.ML]
.................................................m l/mj/mpp
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are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of the
information, and of any statements or opinions based
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and its associated service providers shall not be held
responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Blessed are those who meditate for the love of God.
Nowadays, meditation is done like breakfast is taken. Some people meditate to fulfill their wishes, some meditate for peace of mind. Some people meditate to gain riches in the world, name and fame. Some people do it only for the building of the body, to get rid of the diseases. Some people make a show of their meditation, there are mesmerism, spiritism, spiritualism, there are hundreds of branches out of it and they have nothing to do with spirituality on the contrary they are dangerous traps for the soul. Some meditate to acquire supernatural powers, some meditate to influence others, and some people meditate for salvation. With these aims, however, one stays on the level of mind and cannot reach the plane of consciousness. There are thousand ways of meditation, which will not take us anywhere.
To meditate only with the help of mind, to meditate to fulfill wishes, is a death trap for the soul. The astral plane is fully controlled by the negative power, and is open for everybody. The experiences given by the self-styled "masters" are merely astral experiences. If you want to go to the astral plane, you do not even need a master, because mind itself will take you there. In any way you will come there into the clutch of the negative power, you will lose your free will, your consciousness and discrimination power, and you will be further bound in the net of transmigration.
So it is of great importance to find out what is that meditation, which will transcend us above the body consciousness and take us back to home eternal. Which is that meditation, which provides us the water of Life and bread of Life?
The subject meditation is directly connected with the purpose of human life, the development of the consciousness – the soul or spirit in man. The highest aim of life is self-realization and God-realization. But who meditates out of yearning and love for God?


text:
EDITORIAL – December 2020
November 29, 2020 November 29, 2020 Asian Affairs	Editorial - December 2020
Biden must listen to new Asian voices
In August 2011, Joe Biden visited China where he dined in a Beijing noodle restaurant and had several meetings with his then vice-presidential counterpart, Xi Jinping.
He also travelled to Chengdu and, speaking at Sichuan University, described China as a new partner 'with whom we can meet global challenges together'.
Not once did he mention democracy.
Nine years later, in the eyes of millions of American voters, China is seen more as a threat than a partner and Biden is already making democracy a cornerstone of his policy, with plans to set up a group of democratic nations to counter Beijing's projection of power.
This would be a dangerous path, not least because, in much of the developing world, democracy symbolises ideology over pragmatism and has become synonymous with a perception of the West's high-minded dictates that too often end badly.
The city state of Singapore has acted as a compelling voice since its founder, the late Lee Kuan Yew, deployed the term Asian Values in the 1990s, prioritising the right of the community over the right of the individual. His aim was to give intellectual ballast against constant Western pressure on how Asian governments should be run.
Like many countries in the region, Singapore has experience of dealing with opposing superpowers while balancing its own ethnic and religious communities. It does not believe now, nor did it then, that Western-style democracy, with its free and polarised press and unpredictable elections, is the right way to achieve its goals.
Biden's deployment of the democratic beacon at this moment may play well in grassroots America but it is already getting a very cool reception in Asia. The highlighting of China's dictatorial tendencies risks bouncing the spotlight onto those very Asian governments he wants to bring in as allies and pitting a democratic Asian neighbour against a more authoritarian one.
'I think not very many countries would like to join basically a coalition against those who have been excluded, chief of whom will be China,' warns Singapore's prime minister Lee Hsien Loong.
Since Biden left office in January 2017, Asian leaders have undergone a sea change of thinking. Donald Trump's isolationist approach prompted them to reflect more urgently on shaping their own future. Manymirrored Singapore's view of needing China as their top trading partner, whilst also supporting a strong American presence.
Little of this has yet percolated among America's grassroots electorate.
Biden's challenge, therefore, is to navigate the US through without compromising American values or appearing to go soft on China. Much can be done with language.
In recent years, as the Sino-US relationship became more antagonistic, China commentators have returned to using Marxist-Leninist doctrineto describe how the Chinese Communist Party operates. While Beijing still keeps basic Leninist political structures, it long ago abandoned those restrictions that ended up destroying the Soviet economy. Yet Lenin is now a defining element within the anti-China echo chambers.
In sound-bite television news cycles, there is little time to explain Lenin except that he represented Soviet communism against which the Cold War was fought. It immediately creates a mindset of hostility against China and a looming necessity for another Cold War.
Leninist comparisons were, in fact, abandoned in the early 1990s when China embraced reform. Joe Biden's 2011 assessment to Sichuan University students made no mention of either Lenin or authoritarianism. He spoke, instead, of China's progress being 'nothing short of incredible' and the power of language as the 'ability to put your ideas into words and communicate'.
The language swirling around the West's democratic beacon, therefore, needs close examination. In its present form it is seen as an attempt by the US to divide Asia into an anti-China coalition, which would have a high risk of failure.
Far better to speak about good governance, rule of law, economic growth, higher living standards and such like, than using a word that excludes those whom the US seeks as Asian allies.
By resolving to retain its position in Asia, the US faces the same challenge as China. To succeed, both must earn the trust of the smaller Asian nations which now have a far more confident and united voice.
The new president cannot abruptly reverse Trump's China policy, not least because Xi Jinping himself has been aggressively testing red lines whether with Xinjiang, Hong Kong, Taiwan or along the disputed Sino-Indian border.
Biden's message to the students in Chengdu was to understand other perspectives and he stressed, 'Like China, the United States has a huge stake in the prosperity and stability of Asia and the Pacific.'
With more nuanced language and a listening ear open to the new Asian voices, Biden could, without forfeiting American values, achieve this shared goal.
← THE DEMOCRACY FORUM APP
LETTERS – December 2020 →


Rebuilding Together has received a four-star charity rating from Charity Navigator in recognition of its efforts at preserving affordable home ownership through its network of interior designers and architects.
This was the sixth consecutive year that Rebuilding Together received the honor from Charity Navigator, the nation's largest charity evaluator.
Rebuilding Together taps into its base of skilled trades people as well as the support of local businesses and major corporate partners. They combine with volunteer designers and architects to revitalize homes and communities by performing essential home renovations for low-income families, the elderly, people with disabilities and military veterans.
Gary Officer, president and CEO of Rebuilding Together, says that for every dollar raised, approximately 89 percent is spent on direct program expenses. He estimates that they complete 10,000 projects each year.
Its work was recognized by Charity Navigator as being conducted in a fiscally exceptional manner, outperforming most other charities in America, said Ken Berger, president and CEO of Charity Navigator. Only 3 percent of the charities they rate have received at least six consecutive four-star evaluations, he added.


text:
Chelmsford man finally arrested after spending five hours hiding from police on a roof
He went to the rooftop to avoid capture
Richard BrownSenior Audience Content Editor
Sign up to our TV & Celebrity newsletter for a weekly roundup of all of Essex's latest celebrity and TV news
A Chelmsford man has finally been arrested and brought into custody after spending five hours avoiding officers on a roof.
Pembroke Place in Chelmsford was closed to traffic during the long-running stand-off, and was seen talking down to friends on the ground and even shouting "never surrender".
The man was due to be arrested by police but climbed on the roof to evade capture.
A spokeswoman for Essex Police initially said: "Officers attended an address in Pembroke Place, Chelmsford this morning, Saturday June 9, to carry out an arrest.
"A man is currently on the roof at the address and is refusing to come down. Our officers are continuing to engage wit the man and the incident is ongoing.
"As a result of the ongoing incident we have now closed the road and would ask members of the public to avoid the area if possible. We thank people for their patience."
Police issue statement on shooting outside station
A large amount of emergency service vehicles were spotted at the scene including four police cars, a fire engine, two incident support vans, and about five or six ambulance cars with more arriving as time went by.
Officers, paramedics and firefighters were gathered at the bottom of the property as a negotiator talked to the man on the roof.
The man was finally brought down from the roof at about 5.30pm today and was taken into custody. Essex Police are currently unable to say what he was arrested on suspicion of but updates are due over the weekend.


text:
<?php
require  $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']. '/vendor/autoload.php';

//Se obtiene el pago
$receiver_id = 56247;
$secret = 'b91a4947d8326319e66fa13abd6d4dd84661c587';

$api_version = $_POST["api_version"];  // Parámetro api_version
$notification_token = $_POST["notification_token"]; //Parámetro notification_token

$con = include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/admin/crearConexion.php";

//Se agregan los datos:

$sql = "INSERT INTO pagos_recibidos(api_version, notification_token) VALUES('$api_version','$notification_token')";

$resultado = $con->query($sql);

mysqli_close($con);

$con = include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/admin/crearConexion.php";

//Se agregan los datos:

$sql = "INSERT INTO log(texto) VALUES('notificación de Pago Token: $notification_token')";

$resultado = $con->query($sql);

mysqli_close($con);

try {
    if ($api_version == '1.3') {
        $configuration = new Khipu\Configuration();
        $configuration->setSecret($secret);
        $configuration->setReceiverId($receiver_id);
        // $configuration->setDebug(true);

        $client = new Khipu\ApiClient($configuration);
        $payments = new Khipu\Client\PaymentsApi($client);

        $response = $payments->paymentsGet($notification_token);
        if ($response->getReceiverId() == $receiver_id) {
            if ($response->getStatus() == 'done') {
                $respuesta = json_decode($response);

                $idCobro = $respuesta->payment_id;

                //Se actualiza el pago como realizado en la BD
                        //agregar los datos a la BD
                $con = include $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT']."/admin/crearConexion.php";

                //Se agregan los datos:

                $sql = "UPDATE cobro SET pagado='SI' WHERE idCobro='$idCobro'";
                //$sql = "UPDATE cobro SET pagado='SI'";

                $resultado = $con->query($sql);

                //Se registra el pago en el log

                $sql = "INSERT INTO log(texto) VALUES('Pago de Servicio ID: $$idCobro')";
                //$sql = "UPDATE cobro SET pagado='SI'";

                $resultado = $con->query($sql);

                mysqli_close($con);
            }
        } else {
            // receiver_id no coincide
        }
    } else {
        // Usar versión anterior de la API de notificación
    }
} catch (\Khipu\ApiException $exception) {
    print_r($exception->getResponseObject());
}

?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Coconut oil for hair & body - does it matter if it's virgin?
No poo hair very poofy is it natural or dry?
Does bone broth make hair grow faster?
Best way to improve hair/skin/nails?
dry scalp/dandruff problems, no poo?


Stay tuned for another update later this week! And more about these beautiful candles a little later, too.
I decorated this little branch with my daughter for Easter and added a few other decorations around the home. It will be a busy few days before the weekend, but if you want to see more updates from my week, make sure to follow me on Instagram. Have a good one!


text:
#include <stddef.h>
#include "cmsis.h"
#include "gpio_irq_api.h"
#include "pinmap.h"
#include "mbed_error.h"

#define EDGE_NONE (0)
#define EDGE_RISE (1)
#define EDGE_FALL (2)
#define EDGE_BOTH (3)

static gpio_irq_handler irq_handler;

typedef struct gpio_channel {
    uint32_t pin_mask;      // bitmask representing which pins are configured for receiving interrupts
    uint32_t channel_ids;   // mbed "gpio_irq_t gpio_irq" field of instance
    uint32_t channel_pin;   // pin number in port group
    gpio_irq_t * obj;
} gpio_channel_t;

static gpio_channel_t channel;

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"{
#endif
void EXTI_Handler()
{
    // To Do
    //irq_handler(channel.channel_ids);
}
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

int gpio_irq_init(gpio_irq_t *obj, PinName pin, gpio_irq_handler handler, uint32_t id)
{
    IRQn_Type irq_n = (IRQn_Type)0;
    uint32_t gpio_pin;

    if (pin == NC) return -1;

    uint32_t port_index = WIZ_PORT(pin);
    uint32_t pin_index  = WIZ_PIN(pin);

    // If port_index is not GPIOC, return -1
    if (port_index != 2 ) {
        error("InterruptIn error: pin not supported.\n");
        return -1;
    }

    // Select irq number and interrupt routine
    if ((pin_index == 0) || (pin_index == 1) || (pin_index == 4) || (pin_index == 6) || (pin_index == 7)) {
        irq_n = EXTI_IRQn;
        gpio_pin = 1 << pin_index;
    } else {
        error("InterruptIn error: pin not supported.\n");
        return -1;
    }

    // Enable GPIO clock
    uint32_t gpio_add = Get_GPIO_BaseAddress(port_index);

    // Configure GPIO
    EXTI_InitTypeDef EXTI_InitDef;
    EXTI_InitDef.EXTI_Line = gpio_pin;
    EXTI_InitDef.EXTI_Trigger = EXTI_Trigger_Falling;
    EXTI_Init(gpio_add, &EXTI_InitDef);

    // Enable EXTI interrupt
    NVIC_ClearPendingIRQ(irq_n); // Pending bit Clear
    NVIC_EnableIRQ(irq_n);

    obj->irq_n = irq_n;
//    obj->irq_index = irq_index;
    obj->event = EDGE_FALL;
    obj->pin = pin;

    channel.channel_pin = pin_index;
    channel.pin_mask = gpio_pin;
    channel.channel_ids = id;
    channel.obj = obj;

    irq_handler = handler;

    return 0;
}

void gpio_irq_free(gpio_irq_t *obj)
{
    // Disable EXTI line
    NVIC_ClearPendingIRQ(obj->irq_n);
    EXTI_DeInit();
    pin_function(obj->pin, WIZ_PIN_DATA(WIZ_MODE_INPUT, WIZ_GPIO_NOPULL, 0));
    obj->event = EDGE_NONE;
}

void gpio_irq_set(gpio_irq_t *obj, gpio_irq_event event, uint32_t enable)
{
    uint16_t porarity;

    if (enable) {
        if (event == IRQ_RISE) {
            porarity = EXTI_Trigger_Rising;
            obj->event = EDGE_RISE;
        }
        if (event == IRQ_FALL) {
            porarity = EXTI_Trigger_Falling;
            obj->event = EDGE_FALL;
        }

        uint32_t port_index = WIZ_PORT(obj->pin);
        uint32_t pin_index  = WIZ_PIN(obj->pin);

        // Enable GPIO clock
        uint32_t gpio_add = Get_GPIO_BaseAddress(port_index);
        EXTI_Polarity_Set(port_index,(1<<pin_index),porarity);
    } else { // Disable
        gpio_irq_free(obj);
    }
}

void gpio_irq_enable(gpio_irq_t *obj)
{
    NVIC_EnableIRQ(obj->irq_n);
}

void gpio_irq_disable(gpio_irq_t *obj)
{
    NVIC_DisableIRQ(obj->irq_n);
    obj->event = EDGE_NONE;
}


Information on this website is for general information purposes only. It is NOT to be used to make either diagnoses or for management purposes. It is not designed to replace your own doctor. You MUST consult your doctor for any diagnosis or treatment. This website is governed by the laws of the State of New South Wales in Australia. By viewing this website you agree to these terms and that this website and it's use is SOLELY governed by the laws of the State of New South Wales. You also agree that no other jurisdiction or it's laws will be enforceable.


text:
Oliver Golding, né le  à Richmond (Londres), est un joueur de tennis britannique. Il a également été acteur dans plusieurs films et séries télévisées.

Carrière sportive
Il a remporté l'US Open 2011 dans la catégorie junior, ainsi que la médaille d'or en double garçons lors des Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse de 2010 à Singapour.

Parcours dans les tournois du Grand Chelem

En simple

|-
|2012
|
|
|
|

En double

|-
|2012
|
|
|
|

Carrière d'acteur
Oliver Golding a débuté comme acteur à l'âge de 5 ans dans le téléfilm La Dynastie des Carey-Lewis : Le Grand Retour (1998). Il a ensuite joué dans deux films au cinéma : All or Nothing en 2002 et Les Aventures de Greyfriars Bobby en 2005. Il a aussi prêté sa voix dans l'adaptation anglaise du film d'animation danois Le Fil de la vie en 2004. À la télévision, il a également joué ponctuellement dans des épisodes des séries Keen Eddie (en 2003), Black Books (en 2004) et Ash et Scribbs (en 2004).

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Palmarès simple garçons des tournois du Grand Chelem
 Tennis aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse d'été de 2010

Liens externes

Notes et références

Naissance en septembre 1993
Joueur britannique de tennis
Acteur britannique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The TaxPayers' Alliance intends to fight the Surrey Council Tax referendum
By Mark Wallace
Follow @wallaceme
HS2's financial case gets weaker and weaker – but has its political justification held up any better?
Johnson aligns himself in the Soleimani crisis with those who deprecate barbarism
We need strategic clarity. What poses the greater danger to Britain – Iranian aggression abroad or Sunni extremism here?
Since 2012, when the Coalition introduced new provisions in for councils to exceed the cap on Council Tax rises by holding a referendum, only one such ballot has been held. Two years ago, the Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner tried to increase the police precept in the county by 15.8 per cent – the proposal was defeated, with a 69.5 per cent vote against.
Now, for the first time, a council is going to try the referendum route to raise taxes. Surrey County Council has proposed a 15 per cent increase. It's a move that Sir Humphrey would have termed "courageous".
I can reveal that the TaxPayers' Alliance, the non-partisan low tax campaign group, is gearing up to fight the referendum, and hopes to lead the official No campaign. The TPA was inspired in the first place by similar organisations in the United States that regularly fight such referendums, so is well-suited to such a campaign. In Surrey in particular it has long been a critic of the County Council's financial policies, highlighting the allowances received by councillors and cabinet members on a number of occasions.
It's an interesting development which could reveal some divides in the wider centre right movement. The question of where local Conservative councillors, activists and MPs fall on the issue will be interesting to watch. Philip Hammond, Jeremy Hunt, Chris Grayling, Dominic Raab and Michael Gove are just a few of the well-known names with Surrey constituencies.
Chris Grayling MP Council tax Dominic Raab MP Jeremy Hunt MP Michael Gove MP MPs Philip Hammond MP Referendums Surrey Surrey County Council Taxpayers Alliance
34 comments for: The TaxPayers' Alliance intends to fight the Surrey Council Tax referendum


Religious Liberty at a Crossroads: "If You're Litigating, You're Losing"
The Institute for Religious Liberty at Thomas More College hosted a three-speaker event earlier this week on the topic "Religious Liberty at a Crossroads: Legal Perspectives." The speakers were me, Fred Gedicks, and Ilya Shapiro.
Thomas More College is the liberal arts college of the Diocese of Covington (Kentucky). Prior to the evening talk, I had the opportunity to explore the campus. The architectural highlight is Mary, Seat of Wisdom Chapel, which occupies the geographical center of campus.
The opening claim in my talk was that it is important to keep legal perspectives on religious liberty in perspective. A legal perspective is neither the only nor the most important perspective for thinking about religious liberty. It is more important to think about what religious liberty is for, and to use our civic freedom to exercise our religion.
As for the legal perspective itself, my primary theme was: "If you're litigating, you're losing." This is true of normal people and institutions. You end up in court because something has broken down and you find yourself in court opposite somebody else. If you're in as a defendant, someone has brought legal action against you. And if you're in as a plaintiff, it's because you failed to get the protection you seek in some other way.
It's not great being in a lawsuit, even as a plaintiff. You have to deal with lawyers. And even if you win, you might still end up worse off than if you never had to file. That's a particular risk of religious liberty litigation because it is so easy to get framed by ideological adversaries as seeking special rules of "the normal law doesn't apply to us" sort. A better way to think about these cases is as the normal consequence of a general commitment to religious liberty as it interacts with other legal requirements. But the "special rules" framing has been more prevalent.
Another feature of recent religious liberty cases comes into view when thinking about the limits of "if you're litigating, you're losing." This is generally _not_ true of "movement litigation." In "movement litigation," you're litigating to move the law in a certain direction. If you win, you've moved the law. And if you lose, you haven't moved the law but hopefully the law is no worse than it was (though there is a risk of this happening).
Religious liberty can sometimes operate as movement litigation. But the contraceptives mandate cases were not of this sort. The cases were preservative rather than transformative.
Although some of the cases are still pending, the religious liberty claimants have largely prevailed. But while we've "won" for now, that doesn't mean we aren't losing more generally. The mandate was very aggressive, and the sources of that aggression remain.
"The only good Catholic is a bad Catholic."
In looking into the relationship between anti-immigrant sentiment and anti-Catholicism earlier today, I came across an interesting New York Times write-up of a panel on anti-Catholicism that took place in 2008. Unsurprisingly, Fr. Neuhaus's observations stood out. I've highlighted the most provocative and seemingly accurate Neuhaus-ism, which I've not previously seen.
The Rev. Richard John Neuhaus — a leading conservative intellectual, a former Lutheran pastor and the editor of the leading Catholic journal First Things — offered a surprising view on the question.
Would that Fr. Neuhaus were wrong; but he was, and remains, right.
There are tens of millions of American citizens who are not natural born, or whose status as natural born is a matter of some dispute. A naturalized citizen like Jennifer Granholm or Arnold Schwarzenegger is plainly ineligible for the presidency, for example, while someone born abroad to an American parent, like Ted Cruz, may or may not be eligible depending on the legal meaning of "natural born." With so many people excluded or placed under a shadow by the "natural born" requirement, there is no particular partisan valence to an amendment that eliminates it. But that kind of valence is inescapable once a proposed amendment appears instrumental to a particular person's candidacy.
One reason to move quickly on eliminating the "natural born" presidential eligibility requirement is to get it done before the amendment can be tied to a particular potential candidate. Examples of how partisan politics can distort perceptions are easy to come by. While the "birther" controversy about Barack Obama was brewing, for example, some were suspicious of attempts to eliminate the "natural born" requirement. Similarly, controversies about Republicans like John McCain and Ted Cruz led to (sometimes justified) accusations of motivated reasoning in dismissing concerns about "natural born" status.
Another reason to move quickly is that the idea is an obvious political winner with virtually no political downside. Politicians whose stances on illegal immigration have led to charges of anti-immigrant bias should be tripping over themselves to get out in front in support of an amendment to remove the last vestige of citizenship inequality. For them, the problem with illegal immigration is that it is illegal. People who follow the rules to become naturalized citizens are in a totally different category from people who haven't followed the rules and have stayed in the shadows as a consequence. Throwing symbolic support behind those who follow the rules is a way of underscoring this aspect of their viewpoint. That the support is largely symbolic does not make it insignificant. Symbolism matters.
Timing also matters. If an amendment to eliminate the "natural born" requirement were to become associated with Democrats before Republicans, that would probably guarantee that it goes nowhere in the present political climate. For too many, it would be viewed as just another mushy Democrat play for the immigrant vote. Interestingly, though, the partisan taint would probably not run in the other direction. If Republicans were to be the first champions of eliminating the "natural born" requirement, it could be attacked as politically opportunistic, to be sure. But the move could also be viewed as clever and perhaps even refreshing among the cynically minded, rather than as soft or devious. The merits of eliminating the "natural born" requirement would be sufficiently attractive to Democrats precisely on the merits that Republican championship of the amendment would not prevent them from also supporting it.
To get the ball rolling, it will be necessary to find the right political champions. Fortunately, that should not be difficult. There have been so many past failures to amend the natural born citizen requirement that the ranks of past proponents provide a natural place to start. And studying the reasons for those failures (apart from the sheer difficulty of the amendment process) can supply some starting insights about what to do differently.
Legal changes to legal instruments can take various forms. Parties who wish to eliminate a contract provision or legislators who want to eliminate a phrase in a statute, for example, can just strike out the language that needs to go. The flip side of this kind of change is one that interpolates new words into a contract or into a statute. Both kinds of change are common in a range of legal instruments.
When it has come to amending the Constitution of the United States, however, we have adopted a different form---supplemental add-on language tacked to the end. This kind of amendment resembles a codicil to a will. It modifies the legal effect of the original instrument by adding supplementary or replacement language without making any change to the wording of the original instrument itself.
This form is not what James Madison wanted. He acquiesced on form to save substance, as the supplemental form was important to a small group of congressmen whose votes he needed on the proposed amendments.
The First Congress's choice of this form for the first ten amendments was probably a bad decision. Putting the language that accomplishes the legal change together with what is being changed can provide more clarity than tacking it on to the end.
Consider, for example, the two amendments proposed by Madison that include protection for the "rights of conscience" against infringement by the federal government and the state governments. The protection against federal infringement would have been in Article I, § 9 (together with other limitations on the federal government), while the protection against state infringement would have been in Article I, § 10 (together with other limitations on state governments). The placement informs interpreters about the kind of protection given.
The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. If it were integrated into the body of the Constitution, it would fit comfortably in the Madisonian bill of rights in Article I, section 9. Indeed, since the Thirteenth Amendment renders irrelevant the limitation on Congressional power over the slave trade contained at the beginning of Article I, section 9, the language abolishing slavery can take the place of that evil provision. The result is that what earlier looked like an embarrassing way to begin a bill of rights would be eliminated, and the most basic right---the right to be free from enslavement---would take its place, joining such rights as habeas corpus, free speech, free exercise of religion, protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, and the prohibition on bills of attainder. Under Madison's approach to amendments, the limitation on the amendment power to protect the slave trade, as well as the hated fugitive slave clause of Article IV, section 2, would likewise be removed from the Constitution.
The proposed strike-through amendment I have been setting up with MOJ posts this week would also take something right out of the Constitution. Morally speaking, the provision does not approach the evil of the provisions protecting the institution of slavery in various ways. But it is out of step with some fundamental commitments of our American experiment in self-government.
A practical problem facing many proposed constitutional amendments is that they add language to the Constitution that can be misinterpreted. The fear of misinterpretation, in turn, dampens people's willingness to support the amendment.
Whether the fear of misinterpretation is well-founded in any particular instance or not, the dampening effect that results can be real and significant. Think, for example, of how concerns about judicial adventuresomeness played into campaigns against ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s.
One way of addressing this problem would be to an amendment that does not anything to the text of the Constitution, but just takes it away.
No such amendment of this sort has ever been made. But that may be all the more reason for doing it now.
The amendment's language refers back to the menu of case- and controversy-types in Article III, § 2 that sets out matters that can be brought within the judicial power of the United States.
But this move would have amended too much. The strike-outs would have gone further in eliminating jurisdiction than what the text of the Eleventh Amendment seemingly accomplishes. That text does not touch controversies between citizens of a state and foreign states, citizens, or subjects, but leaves them within the reach of the judicial power of the United States. By contrast, the strike-through amendment would have taken these controversies out of the reach of the federal judicial power.
Whatever reason the framers of the Eleventh Amendment had for choosing the course they did rather than a strike-through amendment, the resulting text has been a site of great confusion and controversy. The body of "Eleventh Amendment" sovereign immunity law (in scare quotes because much of that law these days has little to do with the Eleventh Amendment itself) is in very bad shape now.
A more recent missed opportunity for a strike-through amendment was the Twenty-First Amendment. This amendment ended Prohibition by repealing the Eighteenth Amendment.
Its objectives probably could have been accomplished with a strike-through amendment together with ordinary federal legislation. But the Congress that proposed the amendment chose a different route, perhaps because of uncertainty about what simply repealing the Eighteenth Amendment would have meant about the respective powers of states and Congress to regulate alcohol sale, shipment, and consumption with the Eighteenth Amendment gone. Those matters had been the subject of constitutional litigation under the dormant Commerce Clause in the decades preceding the Eighteenth Amendment.
Whatever the reason for its wording, Section 2 of the Twenty-First Amendment has been another site of confusion and controversy in our constitutional law.
Although no strike-through amendment has yet been enacted, I can think of at least one (which I am setting up for a later post) that would improve our Constitution.
What does this have to with Catholic legal theory (apart from its overlap with yesterday's post)? I am here reminded of the dangers of constitutional idolatry. There's nothing like a legal Exacto knife cutting through the Constitution itself to expose the cant of constitutional-law cultism for what it is.
Our Constitution is a human artifact made for human purposes. We should treat it as such, including by acknowledging its mistakes in the act of amending them.
It's time for a strike-through amendment.
Our politics is so poisonous and our constitutional law so contentious that one might be surprised to learn that mixing the two deliberately may benefit both. The mixture I have in mind is a constitutional politics aimed at amending the Constitution.
Whether originating in Congress (by two-thirds vote of each house) or in a convention of the states (upon a call by two-thirds of the states), a proposed amendment must be ratified in 3/4 of the states (whether by legislature or convention) in order to become law. Some have argued the process is too difficult. They're probably right. But this difficulty presents an opportunity for a particular kind of politics---one aimed at identifying and advancing changes in the law attractive enough to garner such widespread support.
Changes of such a sort must exist. Surely we don't have a perfect constitution. And some of the imperfections are obvious if we only stop to think about them. Wouldn't it be politically useful if a politician could become identified as a champion of an amendment to fix an obvious imperfection in our constitutional order? Such a politician would get credit not only for substance but also for style. People are yearning for a politics of this kind.
The proposed amendment cannot be too obvious, or else there would be little credit to be had for identifying and championing it. But it cannot be too obscure or trivial, either, or else there would be little expected gain from an investment of one's political capital in advancing it. The proposed amendment must be of a sort that does not have overwhelming support already, but that would and could merit such support if advanced effectively enough.
To satisfy these conditions, it is helpful to have a conception about what is good for our constitutional order that is not reducible to what people presently think is good for our constitutional order. Such a gap between what is really good and what is presently perceived to be good would morally justify the investment of political capital to close the gap.
What does this way of approaching political and moral dimensions of motivating a constitutional amendment have to do with Catholic legal theory? I am here reminded of Adrian Vermeule's contention that "[t]he claims of lawmaking in the service of overall public utility themselves have unimpeachable natural law credentials." When we make welfare economics arguments of a certain kind, we are not doing something different from making natural law arguments but rather making a kind of natural law argument.
Vermeule identifies the Pareto principle as one example of a principle that "natural reason suggests ... is almost necessarily correct" (at least with respect to normal central cases in which it is deployed). This is the principle that identifies a change as an improvement upon the status quo if and only if it makes one or more persons better off and no one worse off. This formulation raises obvious questions about what we mean by "better off" and "worse off," to be sure. But holding the Pareto principle in mind as a guide, might we identify any proposed constitutional amendments that satisfy it? If so, then we might also have a politically popular proposal on our hands, at least if is handled correctly.
I have one candidate that I'm setting up for a future post. But there must be more than one, right? If so, then there are more than one possible constitutional amendments in which good constitutional law holds the promise of promoting good constitutional politics.
In considering Senator Feinstein's revealing TV performance the other day, its openness is the only thing surprising about her open hostility to what a politician who panders to pro-abortionists seems to think of as Professor Amy Coney Barrett's "living dogmatism." The hostility is familiar.
It is likely to be several months, though, before we may look back to see that the longest lasting and most powerful effect of Senator Feinstein's revealing phrase was to significantly increase the likelihood that the next Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States would be Judge Amy Coney Barrett of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
President Trump and his advisers are well aware of the power of the "But Gorsuch!" Effect. And Senator Feinstein has inadvertently created a new celebrity federal judge.
In our forthcoming Supreme Court round-up for First Things ("A Less Corrupt Term"), Marc and I discuss some ways in which the "reality-TV-ification" of our governing institutions has reached the Supreme Court. The "dogma lives loudly within you" merchandise that has already appeared (reminiscent of the "Notorious RBG" merchandise that has popped up in recent years) suggests the emergence of a certain celebrity factor from unexpected quarters. And that factor will be unquestionably attractive for an Executive Producer looking to revive a flagging series through the Introduction of a New Character to the Show.
A nomination like this might not be enough to get the Executive Producer invited to speak at Notre Dame's graduation, but it would certainly be good for ratings ... and isn't that what matters these days? So while I agree with Rick that Senator Feinstein's comment was "disgraceful," we might instead consider it "deplorable."
How will this one turn out? We'll have to stay tuned all season to see.
Christian theism has been severely criticized of late because it is said to be projective (Feuerbach, Freud); sexist, patriarchal, and clerical (feminism); bankrupt (atheism; death of God); static (process thought); ideological (liberation theology); nonreferential (analytic philosophy). In effect, these critiques testify to the deleterious outomce of the Christian doctrine of God that is in many respects secular, constructed out of philosophy, not out of the self-revelation of God in Christ. The root of the nonsoteriological doctrine of God is its metaphysics of substance: the pursuit of what God is "in se," not what God is 'in Godself' or 'by Godself.' All of the critiques of classical theism cry out for soteriology: Can we believe in God after Auschwitz? Can a male savior save women? Does God's justice prefer the rich and powerful? Can God respond to petitionary prayer? Does belief in God inhibit the full development of human persons? Does God predetermine the fate of individuals, and is freedom illusory? All these questions are at base questions about the character, the 'who' of God. Theology ought to be able to answer them. Theology cannot answer them by taking refuge in the classical metaphysical properties of God, such as omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevolence, impassibility, incorporeality, and simplicity, since these are the very attributes that seem dubious. The only option is for Christian theology to start afresh from its original basis in the experience of being saved by God through Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit. The only option for Christian theology, in other words, is to be trinitarian.
In trying to understand Steve Bannon's outlook recently, I found myself wondering how it cohered with Catholic teaching about nations and peoples. That teaching, I think, is easier to understand than Bannon's outlook, if only because one must rely on reporting about Bannon. In any event, an important Catholic perspective on nationalism can be found in John Paul II's October 5, 1995 Address to the United Nations.
I was a sophomore in college that fall, and I remember one of my college chaplains remarking that Pope John Paul II's observations about the rights of nations were important. So I went and looked it up this evening. It's worth reading.
The typical law student has a tendency to think he or she has performed worse on exams perceived as harder and better on exams perceived as easier. But often the opposite is the case. Thinking that one may have done poorly because the examination seemed so hard is sometimes a sign that one has performed well.
One of my law school professors (I think it was Dan Meltzer, but I'm not sure) gave an explanation of this phenomenon that made sense to me. Exams seem hard when the exam-taker has perceived the hard issues raised by the exam. Exams that seem easy may only seem that way because the exam-taker has missed the hard issues entirely.
I'm reminded of this phenomenon in reading the Fourth Circuit's en banc immigration decision. The decision seems legally wrong for reasons set forth in Judge Niemeyer's dissenting opinion, the government's briefs, and online writings by Josh Blackman, Ilya Shapiro, Marc DeGirolami, and others. Go find and read those if you are interested in the technical legal analysis. But don't forget that good legal analysis often is technical.
Most troubling to me, though, is the seeming confidence of the majority opinion that comes through in the language it uses as it deploys modern Establishment Clause doctrine. The reason that is troubling is traceable to one of the best law review articles I've read.
In *A Political History of the Establishment Clause,* 100 Mich. L. Rev. 279 (2001), John Jeffries and Jim Ryan offer precisely what their title suggests. Go ahead and read it. It will probably make you miserable if you really care about the law part of constitutional law. But it will also make you wiser.
If you're an anti-anti-Catholic, you might also--and appropriately--be more worried about judicial decisions finding Establishment Clause violations.


Now that El Chapo has been captured by the Mexican government, there is one man who is poised to take over the Sinaloa Cartel.
His name is Ismael Zambada, aka El Mayo, and his experience in the criminal underworld is just as lengthy and broad as El Chapo's.
Here are some things to know about El Mayo, the 64-year-old Sinaloa native who is the most likely successor of El Chapo Guzman.
Insight Crime says that both men worked as partners within the drug trafficking group and adds that El Mayo's alliance with Guzman "is a big reason why the Sinaloa Cartel is the strongest in the hemisphere."
2. El Mayo's standing within the group means that El Chapo's capture is not much of a blow for the Sinaloa cartel.
"[Guzman's] arrest is important but it does not weaken the Sinaloa cartel, nor does it force it to cease operations," Anabel Hernandez, the author of a well-known book on Mexico's narco leaders told Mexican radio station MVS on Saturday.
3. El Mayo hails from Sinaloa, the same state as Guzman.
But El Mayo's career in drug trafficking took off when he began to work with the Juarez Cartel on the U.S. border. He formed his own organization in the late 90s after Juarez Cartel leader, Amado Carrillo, died during plastic surgery.
4. El Mayo and El Chapo have history.
El Mayo started to work with Guzman in 2001, helping the Sinaloa cartel to expand smuggling routes through the states of Sonora and Baja California.
5. Two of his sons are already in U.S. jails.
Two of El Mayo's sons are currently detained in U.S. prisons. One of them, Serafin Zambada, made headlines in November when he was detained at a border checkpoint in Arizona. Serafin became famous for sharing pictures of his extravagant lifestyle on Twitter.
Like this picture of a cheetah which he apparently kept as a pet.
And this picture of the vast sums of money handled by his men.
In 2010, El Mayo requested an interview with Mexican news magazine Proceso. In the interview, which took place deep in the Sierra Madre mountains. In the interview, El Mayo rejected rumors that he was planning to assassinate then Mexican Felipe Calderón. He also said that he liked to work as a cattle rancher, when he was not tending to drug trafficking deals.
The Mexican government has made several attempts to capture El Mayo. In mid February the Mexican navy embarked on a major operation to capture the cartel leader in the state of Sinaloa. El Mayo remains at large, but a key member of his inner circle, Jesus Peña, was captured on Thursday. Peña was El Mayo's chief of security according to Mexican newspaper Excelsior.


Drugs are undoubtedly bad for our health and we could even make a case that recreational drug use is immoral. However this should have no bearing on whether drugs should be illegal or legal. It is clear there is no chance of the perfect solution where drugs can be completely eradicated from society. We must therefore decide what is the harm of having drugs illegal and compare that with the harm of having drugs legalised – and then choose the least bad option.
The main harm of making drugs illegal is that it creates enormous profits for some of the world's most violent and unpleasant people, who murder, extort, bully and corrupt their way to power. i.e. organised criminal gangs. It also supports corrupt regimes in some of the worlds nastiest countries and finances terrorism.
America's attempt, in 1920-33, to prohibit the sale of alcohol (sensibly not copied in any other big country) inflated alcohol prices, promoted bootleg suppliers, encouraged the spread of guns and crime, increased hard-liquor drinking and corrupted a quarter of the federal enforcement agents, all within a decade. The drugs war has achieved all these things but, since the business is global, it has done so on an international scale.
Add to this the levels of crime conducted by users and addicts to pay the inflated prices, the high cost of law enforcement (police, customs, courts and prisons), the healthcare costs associated with poor quality and doctored products and the criminalisation of a nation's youth and we have a very high cost to society for making drugs illegal.
Legalisation gives us the ability to easily reach out to users and addicts to educate them away from drug use. We can also assure the quality of the product, making them safer and reducing the costs of treatment. Tax revenue from the sale of drugs can be fed back into education programmes explaining the risks of drug taking. Finally the poor producers in developing countries could get the financial benefits from a legitimate cash crop rather than the criminals in the current distribution chain. In my opinion the biggest benefit would be taking an enormous source of revenue away from these nasty people in organised crime.
So what is the least bad option – illegal or legal? Governments already allow their citizens the freedom to do many potentially self-destructive things: mountaineering; bungee-jumping; cave diving; motor biking; alcohol and cigarette consumption; gambling and (famously) horse riding. Some of these are far more dangerous than drug taking.
Perhaps John Stuart Mill was right. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign. Trade in drugs may be bad for our health, immoral and irresponsible, but perhaps it should no longer be illegal.


In this work, traveling wave solutions for reaction-diffusion equations on a discrete spatial domain are considered. We use the collocation method based on k-stage implicit Runge-Kutta scheme to compute numerically the functional differential equation which is the profile equation of some typical bistable spatial discrete reaction diffusion equation. Numerical techniques for solving the traveling wave equations include the continuation method. Finally, some numerical results are presented.


Sikorsky, September 05, 2013 - TIANJIN, China - Sikorsky Aircraft and Changhe Aircraft Industries Corp. today signed an agreement for Changhe to produce S-76D commercial helicopter cabins for Sikorsky, a subsidiary of United Technologies Corp. The agreement was signed during the China Helicopter Exposition, with Chairman Yu Feng, Changhe Aircraft Industry Group Co., Ltd., and Senior Vice President, Operations, Shane Eddy representing Sikorsky Aircraft.
The S-76D helicopter is Sikorsky's newest aircraft. Changhe had previously provided cabins for the predecessor S-76C++ helicopter, under an agreement signed by the two companies in 2007. Changhe will now serve as a second source for S-76D cabins, with deliveries scheduled to begin in 2016 and production volume based on market demand. Aero Vodochody in the Czech Republic also supplies the cabins.
"Changhe and Sikorsky will further expand the collaboration from S-92 and S-76C++ to S-76D products," said Yu Feng, Chairman, AVIC Changhe Aircraft Industry Group, Co., Ltd.
Changhe Aircraft Industries Corp. is a subsidiary of China's AVIC, which is a shareholder in the Shanghai Sikorsky civil aerospace joint venture company. Sikorsky has enjoyed a long and productive business relationship with AVIC dating back more than a decade to the development and production of the S-92® commercial helicopter.
The S-76D helicopter received FAA certification in 2012 and is the latest in the family of popular Sikorsky's S-76® helicopters. More than 800 S-76 helicopters in the global fleet have accumulated 6.2 million flight hours during three decades of operation. Designed for safety, reliability and efficiency, the S-76D helicopter features all-composite, flaw-tolerant main rotor blades; a fully integrated THALES glass cockpit; health and usage monitoring system; active vibration control; and powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210S engines, which deliver the best in class power-to-weight ratio and fuel burn with excellent payload and range benefits.
This press release contains forward-looking statements concerning future business opportunities. Actual results may differ materially from those projected as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to changes in aircraft demand; challenges in the design, development, production and support of advanced technologies; as well as other risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those detailed from time to time in United Technologies Corporation's Securities and Exchange Commission filings.


Arthur Peter Mutharika (born 18 July 1940) is a Malawian politician, educator and lawyer who has been President of Malawi since 31 May 2014. Mutharika has worked globally in the field of international justice. He is an expert on international economic law, international law and comparative constitutional law. He informally served as an adviser to his older brother, President Bingu wa Mutharika, on issues of foreign and domestic policy from the onset of his election campaign until the President's death on 5 April 2012.
He has also held positions as Minister of Justice and later as Minister for Education, Science and Technology. Mutharika also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2011 to 2012. He was charged to help bridge relations between Malawi and the United Kingdom due to the deterioration of public diplomacy between the two nations after the Cochrane-Dyet controversy. Standing as the candidate of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Peter Mutharika was elected as President of Malawi in the 2014 election.
His Excellency, Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika comes from Kamoto Village in Thyolo, southern Malawi. He officially became the President of the Republic of Malawi on May 24, 2004.
He holds a PhD in Development Economics from the Pacific Western University, Los Angeles, USA. He also has a Masters Degree in Economics and a Bachelor's Degree in Commerce from the University of Delhi, India.A distinguished former diplomat, Dr. Mutharika worked, from 1990 – 1997, as Secretary General of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) formerly Preferential Trade Area (PTA).
As an authority on regional institution building, Dr. Mutharika spearheaded the establishment of several regional economic organizations such as the Association of African Central Banks (AACB), Conference of African Ministers of Finance, African Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (AFCCI), and Eastern and Southern Africa Business Organisation (ESABO).
Before becoming Secretary General of COMESA, President Mutharika worked for the United Nations where he rose to the position of Director for Trade and Development Finance, responsible for 53 African countries.
His political history dates back to the early days of Malawi's Independence. He was one of the people who opposed the authoritarian rule of Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, Malawi's first Head of State. He also opposed the introduction, by the Banda administration, of racial discrimination and salary differentiation based on race in the civil service. This inevitably forced him to flee the country for Zambia.
Dr. Mutharika is married to Ethel, daughter of a medical assistant, Dunnet Disi of Disi Village in the area of chief Kuntumaji in Zomba. He has four children.
He is a devout catholic. His hobbies include playing golf, tennis, swimming, photography, writing books, fishing and listening to soft music.


text:
El càncer infantil és càncer en un nen. Als EUA, un criteri adoptat arbitràriament per tipificar els càncers pediàtrics inclou els casos diagnosticats entre el naixement i la fi dels  14 anys (14 anys i 11,9 mesos). No obstant això, la definició de càncer infantil a vegades inclou adolescents d'entre 15 i 19 anys. L'oncologia pediàtrica és la branca de la medicina dedicada al diagnòstic i tractament del càncer en nens.

A tot el món, s'estima que el càncer infantil té una incidència de més de 175.000 individus a l'any i una taxa de mortalitat d'aproximadament 96.000 a l'any. Als països desenvolupats, el càncer infantil té una mortalitat aproximada del 20% dels casos. En contextos de recursos baixos, en canvi, la mortalitat és aproximadament del 80%, o fins i tot del 90%, als països més pobres del món. En molts països desenvolupats, la incidència augmenta lentament, ja que les taxes de càncer infantil van augmentar un 0,6% anual entre 1975 i 2002 als Estats Units i un 1,19% anual entre 1991 i 2010 a Europa. A diferència dels càncers en adults, que solen sorgir a causa de anys de danys en l'ADN, els càncers infantils són causats per alteracions dels processos normals de desenvolupament.

Senyals i símptomes

Problemes d'aprenentatge
Els nens amb càncer corren el risc de desenvolupar diversos problemes cognitius o d'aprenentatge. Aquestes dificultats poden estar relacionades amb lesions cerebrals i del sistema nerviós central derivades del propi càncer, com ara un tumor cerebral primari o metastàtic o amb efectes secundaris de tractaments contra el càncer com la quimioteràpia i la radioteràpia. Són mètodes terapèutics que, eventualment, poden danyar la substància blanca del cervell i alterar l'activitat cerebral.

Els dèficits de la cognició provocats per aquests canvis iatrogènics reben el nom de deteriorament cognitiu post-càncer (postcancer cognitive impairment o PCCI, segons la sigla anglèsa) i també es coneixen com "cervell de quimioteràpia" o chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. Són termes emprats habitualment per denominar als supervivents del càncer que presenten problemes de pensament i memòria després del tractament anticancerós. Els investigadors no estan segurs de què causa exactament aquest trastorn, però afirmen que és probable que estigui relacionat amb el mateix càncer, amb el tractament del càncer o que sigui una reacció emocional a tots dos.

Aquest deteriorament cognitiu es nota habitualment durant alguns anys després que un nen hagi estat sotmès a una teràpia antineoplàstica. Quan un supervivent del càncer infantil torna a l'escola, pot obtenir puntuacions més baixes en les proves, problemes amb la memòria, l'atenció i el comportament, així com una mala coordinació ull-mà i unes etapes de desenvolupament operacional lentes. Els pares poden sol·licitar per als seus fills programes educatius individualitzats a l'escola si la seva discapacitat d'aprenentatge cognitiu afecta el seu rendiment acadèmic.

Factors de risc
Els factors familiars i genètics s'identifiquen en un 5-15% dels casos de càncer infantil. En <5-10% dels casos, es coneixen exposicions ambientals i factors exògens, com ara l'exposició prenatal al fum de tabac, als raigs X o a certs medicaments. No obstant això, per al 75-90% restant dels casos, es desconeixen les causes individuals. En la majoria dels casos, com en la carcinogènesi en general, se suposa que els càncers impliquen múltiples factors de risc i variables epigenètiques.

Entre els aspectes que fan que els factors de risc del càncer infantil siguin diferents dels observats en els càncers en adults es troben:

 Exposicions diferents, i de vegades úniques, a perills ambientals que poden provocar el futur desenvolupament d'un càncer. Els nens sovint han de confiar en els adults per protegir-los dels agents ambientals tòxics.
 Sistemes fisiològics immadurs per catabolitzar o metabolitzar substàncies ambientals
 Durant el creixement i el desenvolupament prenatal, perinatal i postnatal dels nens hi ha  unes fases conegudes com a "finestres de desenvolupament", en les quals existeixen certes "finestres crítiques de vulnerabilitat" a la carcinogènesi.

A més, una esperança de vida més llarga en els nens implica més temps perquè es manifestin processos neoplàstics malignes amb llargs períodes de latència, augmentant el risc de desenvolupar alguns tipus de càncer més endavant a la vida.

L'edat avançada dels pares s'ha associat amb un augment del risc de càncer infantil en els fills. Hi ha causes de malignitat tumoral infantil evitables, com ara un ús indegut de la radiació ionitzant mitjançant tomografia computada quan la prova no està indicada o quan s'utilitzen protocols radiològics per a adults.

Diagnòstic

Tipus

Els càncers més freqüents en nens són la leucèmia (32%), els tumors cerebrals (18%) i els limfomes (11%). El 2021, les estadístiques de l'Institut Nacional del Càncer van indicar que 15.590 nens i adolescents d'entre 0 i 19 anys dels EUA serien diagnosticats de càncer i que aquest causaria la mort de 1.780 d'ells.

El 2005, es va trobar que 2,9 de cada 100.000 persones de 0 a 19 anys tenien càncer del cervell o del sistema nerviós central i un 0,7 per cada 100.000 van morir per aquest motiu. El nombre de casos nous va ser més alt entre el grup d'edat d'1 a 4 anys, però el nombre de defuncions va ser més alt entre el grup d'edat de 10 a 14 anys. Aquests càncers es van trobar amb més freqüència en nens d'entre 1 i 4 anys, però la majoria de les defuncions es van produir entre els 5-9 anys. Les morts per càncers pediàtrics als EUA s'han reduït un 70% en el decurs dels darreres quatre dècades. El limfoma infantil amb major prevalença és el limfoma de Hodgkin clàssic. Els principals subtipus de tumors de cervell i de el sistema nerviós central en els nens són: astrocitoma, glioma de tronc encefàlic, craniofaringioma, ganglioglioma desmoplàsic infantil, ependimoma, glioma d'alt grau, medul·loblastoma i tumor teratoide/rabdoide atípic.

Altres tipus de càncer infantil menys freqüents són:

 Neuroblastoma (6%, sistema nerviós)
 Tumor de Wilms (5%, ronyó)
 Limfoma no Hodgkin (4%, sang)
 Càncer de tiroide (6%, glàndula tiroide)
 Rabdomiosarcoma infantil (3%, molts llocs)
 Retinoblastoma (3%, ull)
 Osteosarcoma (3%, càncer ossi)
 Sarcoma d'Ewing (1%, molts llocs)
 Tumors de cèl·lules germinals (5%, molts llocs)
 Blastoma pleuropulmonar, adenocarcinoma de pulmó (1%, pulmó i pleura)
 Pancreatoblastoma. (menys del 1%, pàncrees)
 Hepatoblastoma, sarcoma indiferenciat embrionari hepàtic i carcinoma hepatocel·lular (2%, càncers hepàtics)

Oncologia per a adolescents i adults joves
L'oncologia per a adolescents i adults joves és una subespecialitat mèdica que s'ocupa de la prevenció, el diagnòstic i el tractament del càncer en pacients de 13 a 30 anys. Els estudis han demostrat repetidament que, tot i que les taxes de supervivència del càncer pediàtric han augmentat, la taxa de supervivència en adolescents i adults joves s'ha mantingut estancada. Tot i que existeixen molts assaigs clínics per a adults amb càncer i nens amb càncer, aquesta franja de'edat no sol ser utilitzada pels assajos clínics. La majoria d'assaigs clínics pediàtrics fan servir a pacients de fins a 21 anys. A més, la joventut comporta problemes que adults i nens poques vegades tenen, inclosos els problemes universitaris, la fertilitat i el sentiment de solitud. Els estudis sovint han demostrat que el tractament d'adults joves amb els mateixos protocols que s'utilitzen en pediatria són més eficaços que els dissenyats per adults més grans.

Tractament
Els càncers infantils no solen ser tumors amb oncògens clínicament definits i quasi sempre el tractament és una combinació de quimioteràpia i radioteràpia. Els avenços terapèutics en oncologia pediàtrica han aconseguit un nivell de curació molt alt d'aquests processos, almenys en els països del Primer Món. La citotoxicitat de la quimioteràpia, però, pot donar lloc a comorbiditats relacionades amb el tractament immediat i a llarg termini. En el cas dels nens sotmesos a tractament per al càncer d'alt risc, més del 80% experimenta una toxicitat greu o mortal com a conseqüència del seu tractament.

Pronòstic
Els supervivents adults de càncer infantil tenen algunes dificultats físiques, psicològiques i socials.

La malaltia cardíaca prematura és una complicació important a llarg termini en supervivents adults de càncer infantil. Els supervivents adults són vuit vegades més propensos a morir de malalties del cor que altres persones i més de la meitat dels nens tractats per càncer desenvolupen algun tipus d'anomalia cardíaca, tot i que pot ser asimptomàtica o massa lleu per qualificar-se per al diagnòstic clínic de malalties del cor.

Els supervivents del càncer infantil també corren el risc de desenvolupar efectes adversos sobre els ronyons  i el fetge. El risc d'efectes adversos tardans del fetge en els supervivents del càncer infantil augmenta en aquells que han tingut radioteràpia al fetge i en persones amb factors com un índex de massa corporal més alt i una hepatitis vírica crònica. La cirurgia hepàtica i alguns tractaments farmacològics també poden augmentar el risc d'efectes hepàtics adversos en els supervivents del càncer infantil.

Epidemiologia
A nivell internacional, la major variació en la incidència del càncer infantil es produeix en comparar els països amb ingressos alts amb països amb ingressos baixos. Això pot resultar de les diferències en la capacitat de diagnosticar el càncer, les diferències de risc entre els diferents subgrups de població ètnica o racial, així com les diferències en els factors de risc. Un exemple d'aquesta heterogeneïtat factorial es troba en els casos de limfoma de Burkitt pediàtric, una forma de limfoma no Hodgkin que emmalalteix anualment de 6 a 7 nens de cada 100.000 a parts de l Àfrica subsahariana, on s'associa amb antecedents de coinfecció pel virus d'Epstein-Barr i per la malària. Als països industrialitzats, el limfoma de Burkitt no s'associa a aquestes afeccions infeccioses.

Estats Units
Tot i els avenços en el seu diagnòstic i tractament, als Estats Units el càncer és la segona causa de mort més freqüent entre nens d'entre 1 i 14 anys, només superada pels accidents. Més de 16 de cada 100.000 nens i adolescents dels EUA van ser diagnosticats de càncer i gairebé 3 de cada 100.000 van morir per la malaltia. El 2012, es va estimar que hi havia una incidència de 12.000 nous casos i 1.300 morts per càncer en els nens estatunidencs de 0 a 14 anys. Estadístiques de l'informe de la Societat Americana del Càncer de 2014:

Edats fins als 14 anys

De 15 a 19 anys

Nota: les taxes d'incidència i mortalitat són per cada 1.000.000 i s'ajusten a l'edat a la població estàndard dels 2000. El percentatge de supervivència observat es basa en dades del 2003-2009.

Regne Unit
El càncer en nens és escàs al Regne Unit, amb una mitjana de 1.800 diagnòstics cada any, però que contribueix a menys de l'1% de totes les morts relacionades amb el càncer. La mortalitat més alta de tots els càncers pediàtrics combinats al Regne Unit correspon al grup d'edat d'entre els 5 i els 9 anys. Del 2017 al 2019 van morir de càncer 230 nens, sent els càncers del cervell/sistema nerviós central la causa més freqüent.

Espanya
A l'Estat espanyol, la incidència del càncer pediàtric és de de 1.100 casos nous/any (155,5 casos per cada milió de nens/nenes menors de 15 anys). La Federación Española de Padres de Niños con Cáncer (FEPNC) va llançar la iniciativa "Ajuda'ls. Són només nens", que pretén sensibilitzar la societat sobre la malaltia en els nens perquè, abans de res, se'ls vegi com el que són: nens.

Entitats benèfiques i recaptació de fons

Actualment, hi ha diverses organitzacions que tenen com a principal objectiu combatre el càncer infantil. Entre les organitzacions centrades en el càncer infantil a través de programes d'investigació mèdica i/o suport al càncer pediàtric s'inclouen: Childhood Cancer Canada, Young Lives vs Cancer i el  Children's Cancer and Leucemia Group (al Regne Unit), Child Cancer Foundation (a Nova Zelanda), Children's Cancer Recovery Foundation (als Estats Units d'Amèrica), American Childhood Cancer Organization (als Estats Units), Childhood Cancer Support (Austràlia) i l'Associació Hayim (Israel). La Fundació Alex's Lemonade Stand permet a la gent dels Estats Units recaptar diners per a la investigació del càncer pediàtric organitzant estands de llimonada. La National Pediatric Cancer Foundation se centra a trobar tractaments menys tòxics i més eficaços per als càncers pediàtrics. Aquesta fundació treballa amb 24 hospitals diferents dels Estats Units a la recerca de tractaments eficaços a la pràctica. Childhood Cancer International és la fundació mundial més gran de càncer pediàtric. Se centra en l'accés precoç a l'atenció de càncers infantils, centrant-se en el suport i la defensa del pacient.

Segons les estimacions d'experts en el camp del càncer pediàtric, el 2020 el càncer costarà 158 milions de dòlars anuals tant per a la investigació com per al tractament, cosa que suposa un augment del 27% des del 2010. Les maneres en què les persones poden ajudar a sufragar aquest cost inclouen el lliurament de xecs, aportar el seu temps lliure, recollir xavalla, vendre llimonada, organitzar qüestacions en festes veïnals o donar un percentatge dels beneficis de botigues o restaurants; així com subhastes o passejades en bicicleta. A més, moltes de les principals fundacions tenen botons de donació als seus llocs web.

A més d'impulsar la investigació centrada en el càncer, les fundacions també ofereixen suport a les famílies els fills dels quals estan afectats per la malaltia. Els grups de suport s'ofereixen tant en hospitals com en línia i estan finançats per les diferents fundacions. Els seus col·laboradors organitzen grups de suport presencials i en línia i orienten les famílies cap a llibres que ajudin al procés d'adaptació. Totes es troben sota la designació 501 (c) 3, el que significa que són organitzacions sense ànim de lucre exemptes d'impostos, segons la normativa estatunidenca. El "Dia internacional contra el càncer infantil" se celebra anualment el 15 de febrer.

Referències

Bibliografia

Pàgines amb traduccions sense revisar
Càncer
Infantesa


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How does the grounding work inside the pump? The motor appears not to be grounded at all.
He sees ~5 v between the cabinet (grounded) and the pump motor that is on rubber isolators and he wonders if that is right.
The original problem was tingle problems in the cabinet and that was from regrounding the neutral in the wiring box. The manufacturers instructions even imply you should do that "if not prohibited by LOCAL code" WOW!
strips be bonded together (unless prohibited by local codes).
Last edited by gfretwell; 03/12/17 06:33 PM.


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No Exit ist der Debütroman des US-amerikanischen Autors Daniel Grey Marshall. Er erschien 2001 unter dem Originaltitel Still Can't See Nothin' Comin'.

Übersetzungen
In französischer Übersetzung von Laucence Viallet erschien er 2002 unter dem Titel Quand le jour viendra. In deutscher Übersetzung von Friederike Levin wurde er 2003 im Reclam-Verlag veröffentlicht. 2006 erschien er als Bertelsmann-Taschenbuch.

Inhalt
In der Geschichte handelt es davon, dass Jimmy sich wieder mit Leslie trifft, nachdem er am Meer war und nun zurückgekommen ist. Anschließend erzählt er, wie es dazu kam.
Jimmy bekommt von seiner Schwester Mandy ihre Freundin Leslie vorgestellt. Jimmy und Leslie verlieben sich sofort ineinander.
Jimmy trifft sich mit seinen Freunden Philly und Jeremy. Es folgen ein paar normale Tage.
Dann treffen sich Jimmy, Mandy, Jeremy, Philly und Leslie an einer alten Brücke, wo sie baden und rauchen, bis ein Wachmann kommt und sie davonrennen. Daraufhin verabschiedet sich Leslie und der Rest geht zu Jimmy.
Mandy und Jeremy ziehen sich als Paar in Mandys Zimmer zurück, und Jimmy und Philly betrinken sich in Jimmys Zimmer.
Dann kommt Jimmys Bruder Billy hinein und Jimmy will ihn wieder herausschieben, wobei er Billy gegen die Wand stößt. Das trübt die gute Beziehung zwischen den drei Geschwistern. Die Geschwister reden kaum noch miteinander, und als Philly und Jeremy Jimmy und Mandy zu einem Treffen zwingen, artet es aus, und Mandy wirft sich vor einen Zug.

Jimmy bleibt daraufhin sechs Wochen in seinem Zimmer und ignoriert dabei seine Freunde, die ihn anfangs täglich besuchen. Leslie dagegen kommt nur einmal, da Jimmy eine Bierflasche nach ihr wirft.
Er hat immer ein Messer dabei, um sich, wenn er seine Meinung ändert, umbringen zu können.
Nach einiger Zeit fängt Jimmy wieder an, mit Philly und Jeremy "abzuhängen".
Dabei bringt Jeremy einmal Leslie mit, die daraufhin mit Jimmy Schluss macht, da er viel trinkt und raucht.
Ein paar Tage später hat Billy Geburtstag und Jimmy beschließt, nach etwas Wodka, mit Philly und Jeremy in einem Kaufhaus ein Geschenk für Billy zu klauen. Dabei werden er und Philly erwischt und auf das Polizeirevier gebracht, wo er die Polizistin Sarah kennenlernt. Jimmy wird mit der Begründung entlassen, dass er nichts, ohne zu zahlen, hinter die Kassen gebracht hat.
Billy ist stinksauer auf Jimmy, da er seinen Geburtstag vergessen hat.
Im folgenden Kapitel geht es darum, das Philly drei Mädchen organisiert, mit denen die drei Freunde schlafen, und dass Jimmy in einen gefährlichen Drogendeal gerät, der damit endet, dass Jimmy, Philly und Jeremy nicht mehr in die Schule gehen können.

Nachdem sich die Freunde ca. zwei Monate in einem alten Filmtheater aufgehalten haben, um darauf zu warten, dass Jimmy, dem schon früher beschlossenen Plan ans Meer zu fahren, zustimmt und mitgeht.
Er beschließt mitzugehen, nachdem er noch ein Mal nach Hause geht.
Dort angekommen, es ist niemand da, geht er in Mandys Zimmer und liest ihr Tagebuch. Dabei erfährt er, dass der Grund ihres Selbstmordes wohl der ist, dass ihr Vater sie fast jede Nacht vergewaltigt hat.
Er bleibt so lange in ihrem Zimmer, bis der Rest der Familie nach Hause kommt.
Als diese isst, geht er leise an die Küchentür und beobachtet sie. Dann fängt er an, die letzte Tagebuchseite laut vorzulesen. Daraufhin schlägt er seine Mutter und verprügelt seinen Vater. Er will ihm all die Schmerzen zufügen, die er ihm und seiner Schwester zugefügt hat.
Er flieht zu Leslie, die ihn badet und ihn anschließend verführen will. Er reagiert jedoch nicht darauf, da er viel zu müde ist. Am nächsten Morgen wacht er wegen schwerer Entzugserscheinungen auf. Er war zwölf Stunden nüchtern.

Um das Geld zu bekommen, das Jimmy, Philly und Jeremy benötigen, um an das Meer fahren zu können, beschließen sie den Laden Sunshine zu überfallen, mit der Bedingung, dass nicht Carlos, alias Charlie, bedient.
Dummerweise wechselt Charlie an dem Tag zum ersten Mal das T-Shirt, weshalb ihn die drei Räuber nicht erkennen.
Philly, der draußen Wache stand, stürmt irgendwann überraschend in den Laden und schießt Charlie in die Brust. Danach wechselt Jeremy mit Philly die Waffe und flüchtet. Kurz bevor die Polizei eintrifft, flieht auch Jimmy und sieht zu, wie Philly wegen eines Missverständnisses mit der Polizei erschossen wird. Jim schreit auf und rennt weg. Obwohl er von einem Streifschuss getroffen wird, rennt er zu der Stelle, wo Mandy starb. Dort wird er gestellt und unter Bewachung in ein Krankenhaus eingeliefert.
Von dort kann er mit passiver Hilfe von Sarah fliehen und trampt ans Meer.
Dort bleibt er zwei Tage am Stück am Strand sitzen, bevor er zu Leslie zurückkehrt.
(Man ist nun wieder am Anfangspunkt.)
Das ist die Geschichte, die Jimmy Leslie erzählt hat. Nachdem sie miteinander geschlafen haben, stellt er sich der Polizei.
Aber da Jeremy, der sich kurz nach ihm stellt, alle Schuld auf sich nimmt, wird Jimmy anscheinend freigesprochen.
Jeremy bekommt zehn Jahre Haft nach Erwachsenenstrafrecht.

Autor
Daniel Gray Marshall wurde in den späten Siebzigern geboren. Er wuchs in Wisconsin auf und geriet in seiner frühen Jugend mit einer Alkohol- und Drogenkarriere schnell auf die schiefe Bahn. Danach begann er mit 15 Jahren das Buch zu schreiben. Heute lebt er in New York.

Rezension
Mark Athitakis schrieb 2001 in der New York Times: "Set in Madison, Wis., and modeled after the 23-year-old author's own experiences, Still Can't See Nothin' Comin'  is familiar coming-of-age stuff, filled with stock characters: the abusive father, the loving sibling, the girlfriend with a heart of gold and the peers who pull Jim further downward. […] Even at his most pathetic and brutal, he's honest and sympathetic; Marshall's sketches of characters and places, written in simple, slacker-cool prose, crystallize Jim's own emptiness."

Die Berliner Zeitung besprach den Roman 2003 nach dem Erscheinen bei Reclam. Der Autor erzähle in seinem Roman souverän, fast schon konventionell, die Geschichte eines Jugendlichen aus schwierigem Elternhaus. "Unmittelbar getroffen wird der Leser […] von Schilderungen der Wut und Hilflosigkeit der jugendlichen Helden, denen ihr Leben früh schon als ausweglose Sackgasse erscheint. Um diese Wirkung zu erreichen, muss ein Autor solche Existenzen nicht zwangsläufig selbst gelebt haben. Er muss nur wissen, wie man ihren emotionalen Output als Faustschlag in die Magengrube von Lesern weiterleitet. Marshall schafft das in einer Weise, die vermuten lässt, dass vielleicht nicht der Pulitzer-Preis, aber doch zumindest Hollywood demnächst an seine Tür klopfen wird."

Die Redaktion von booksXL.de empfahl No Exit als Lektüre für den Deutschunterricht: "Literarisch anspruchsvolle Verquickung der nach außen hin reizvollen Welt der Jugend, Musik, Spaß und Rebellion. Aufklärend und überzeugend die Heranführung an Untergang und Tod."

Weblinks
 No Exit (PDF; 379 kB) bei Randomhouse
 Daniel Grey Marshall bei book-info.com

Einzelnachweise

Roman, Epik
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)
Literarisches Werk


text:
Application Domains
Data integration and information
Data Integration and Information The way in which users interact with information depends on their relationship with both the content and the application context. https://www.cwi.nl/innovation/application-domains/data-integration-and-information/data-integration-and-information https://www.cwi.nl/logo.png
The way in which users interact with information depends on their relationship with both the content and the application context.
The way in which users interact with information depends on their relationship with both the content and the application context. All three – users, content and application context – tend to be studied in isolation. The main challenges are to obtain real-world data about each of these subjects for a given information system, and to develop methods that allow all three data sources to be modeled and analysed in an integrative approach.
Our Information Access group studies user interactions on representative web sites and explicitly models the complex user interfaces of modern search engines in the context of the properties of the content searched and the tasks of its users. This provides content owners and search-engine developers with deeper insights about how users interact with large data collections, and which factors play a role in successful interactions.
The tools we develop allow organizations to monitor overall search-engine performance and to understand how specific user needs are met. Visualizations display the relationships between what users have searched for, and what they actually find.
Contact person: Laura Hollink
Research group: Information Access (IA)
Research partners: National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, Rijksmuseum, Spinque, Amsterdam Data Science, Amsterdam Data Science, eHumanities.nl (http://ehumanities.nl).
Spin-off: Spinque
Industry network
W3C standards


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