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House of the Forest of Lebanon (Jerusalem) and surrounding region
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1 Kings 7:2 For he built the house of the forest of Lebanon; its length was one hundred cubits, and its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits, on four rows of cedar pillars, with cedar beams on the pillars.
1 Kings 10:17 he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three minas of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon.
1 Kings 10:21 All king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: none were of silver; it was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon.
2 Chronicles 9:16 he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three hundred shekels of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon.
2 Chronicles 9:20 All king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: silver was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon.
je-roo'-sa-lem:
I. THE NAME
1. In Cuneiform
2. In Hebrew
3. In Greek and Latin
4. The Meaning of Jerusalem
5. Other Names
II. GEOLOGY, CLIMATE AND SPRINGS
1. Geology
2. Climate and Rainfall
3. The Natural Springs
III. THE NATURAL SITE
1. The Mountains Around
2. The Valleys
3. The Hills
IV. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF JERUSALEM
1. Description of Josephus
2. Summary of the Names of the Five Hills
3. The Akra
4. The Lower City
5. City of David and Zion
V. EXCAVATIONS AND ANTIQUITIES
1. Robinson
2. Wilson, and the Palestine Exploration Fund (1865)
3. Warren and Conder
4. Maudslay
5. Schick
6. Clermont-Ganneau
7. Bliss and Dickie
8. Jerusalem Archaeological Societies
VI. THE CITY'S WALLS AND GATES
1. The Existing Walls
2. Wilson's Theory
3. The Existing Gates
4. Buried Remains of Earlier Walls
5. The Great Dam of the Tyropoeon
6. Ruins of Ancient Gates
7. Josephus' Description of the Walls
8. First Wall
9. Second Wall
10. Third Wall
11. Date of Second Wall
12. Nehemiah's Account of the Walls
13. Valley Gate
14. Dung Gate
15. Fountain Gate
16. Water Gate
17. Horse Gate
18. Sheep Gate
19. Fish Gate
20. The "Old Gate"
21. Gate of Ephraim
22. Tower of the Furnaces
23. The Gate of Benjamin
24. Upper Gate of the Temple
25. The Earlier Walls
VII. ANTIQUARIAN REMAINS CONNECTED WITH THE WATER SUPPLY
1. Gihon: The Natural Spring
2. The Aqueduct of the Canaanites
3. Warren's Shaft
4. Hezekiah's "Siloam" Aqueduct
5. Other Aqueducts at Gihon
6. Bir Eyyub
7. Varieties of Cisterns
8. Birket Israel
9. Pool of Bethesda
10. The Twin Pools
11. Birket Chammam el BaTrak
12. Birket Mamilla
13. Birket es Sultan
14. "Solomon's Pools"
15. Low-Level Aqueduct
16. High-Level Aqueduct
17. Dates of Construction of these Aqueducts
VIII. TOMBS, ANTIQUARIAN REMAINS AND ECCLESIASTICAL SITES
1. "The Tombs of the Kings"
2. "Herod's Tomb"
3. "Absalom's Tomb"
4. The "Egyptian Tomb"
5. The "Garden Tomb"
6. Tomb of "Simon the Just"
7. Other Antiquities
8. Ecclesiastical Sites
IX. HISTORY
1. Tell el-Amarna Correspondence
2. Joshua's Conquest
3. Site of the Jebusite City
4. David
5. Expansion of the City
6. Solomon
7. Solomon's City Wall
8. The Disruption (933 B.C.)
9. Invasion of Shishak (928 B.C.)
10. City Plundered by Arabs
11. Hazael King of Syria Bought Off (797 B.C.)
12. Capture of the City by Jehoash of Israel
13. Uzziah's Refortification (779-740 B.C.)
14. Ahaz Allies with Assyria (736-728 B.C.)
15. Hezekiah's Great Works
16. Hezekiah's Religious Reforms
17. Manasseh's Alliance with Assyria
18. His Repair of the Walls
19. Josiah and Religious Reforms (640-609 B.C.)
20. Jeremiah Prophesies the Approaching Doom
21. Nebuchadnezzar Twice Takes Jerusalem (586 B.C.)
22. Cyrus and the First Return (538 B.C.)
23. Nehemiah Rebuilds the Walls
24. Bagohi Governor
25. Alexander the Great
26. The Ptolemaic Rule
27. Antiochus the Great
28. Hellenization of the City under Antiochus Epiphanes
29. Capture of the City (170 B.C.)
30. Capture of 168 B.C.
31. Attempted Suppression of Judaism
32. The Maccabean Rebellion
33. The Dedication of the Temple (165 B.C.)
34. Defeat of Judas and Capture of the City
35. Judas' Death (161 B.C.)
36. Jonathan's Restorations
37. Surrender of City to Antiochus Sidetes (134 B.C.)
38. Hasmonean Buildings
39. Rome's Intervention
40. Pompey Takes the City by Storm
41. Julius Caesar Appoints Antipater Procurator (47 B.C.)
42. Parthian Invasion
43. Reign of Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.)
44. Herod's Great Buildings
45. Herod Archelaus (4 B.C.-6 A.D.)
46. Pontius Pilate
47. King Agrippa
48. Rising against Florus and Defeat of Gallus
49. The City Besieged by Titus (70 A.D.)
50. Party Divisions within the Besieged Walls
51. Capture and Utter Destruction of the City
52. Rebellion of Bar-Cochba
53. Hadrian Builds Ella Capitolina
54. Constantine Builds the Church of the Anastasis
55. The Empress Eudoxia Rebuilds the Walls
56. Justinian
57. Chosroes II Captures the City
58. Heracleus Enters It in Triumph
59. Clemency of Omar
60. The Seljuk Turks and Their Cruelties
61. Crusaders Capture the City in 1099
62. The Kharizimians
63. Ottoman Turks Obtain the City (1517 A.D.)
X. MODERN JERUSALEM
1. Jews and "Zionism"
2. Christian Buildings and Institutions
LITERATURE I. The Name.
1. In Cuneiform:
The earliest mention of Jerusalem is in the Tell el-Amarna Letters (1450 B.C.), where it appears in the form Uru-sa-lim; allied with this we have Ur-sa-li-immu on the Assyrian monuments of the 8th century B.C.
The most ancient Biblical form is yerushalem, shortened in Psalm 76:2 (compare Genesis 14:18) to Salem, but in Massoretic Text we have it vocalized yerushalaim. In Jeremiah 26:18 Esther 2:6 2 Chronicles 25:1; 2 Chronicles 32:9 we have yerushalayim, a form which occurs on the Jewish coins of the Revolt and also in Jewish literature; it is commonly used by modern Talmudic Jews.
2. In Hebrew:
The form Hebrew with the ending -aim or -ayim is interpreted by some as being a dual, referring to the upper and lower Jerusalem, but such forms occur in other names as implying special solemnity; such a pronunciation is both local and late.
3. In Greek and Latin:
In the Septuagint we get (Ierousalem), constantly reflecting the earliest and the common Hebrew pronunciation, the initial letter being probably unaspirated; soon, however, we meet with (Hierousalem)-with the aspirate-the common form in Josephus, and (Hierosoluma) in Maccabees (Books II through IV), and in Strabo. This last form has been carried over into the Latin writers, Cicero, Pliny, Tacitus and Suetonius. It was replaced in official use for some centuries by Hadrian's Aelia Capitolina, which occurs as late as Jerome, but it again comes into common use in the documents of the Crusades, while Solyma occurs at various periods as a poetic abbreviation.
In the New Testament we have (Hierousalem), particularly in the writings of Luke and Paul, and (ta Hierosoluma) elsewhere. The King James Version of 1611 has Ierosalem in the Old Testament and Hierusalem in the New Testament. The form Jerusalem first occurs in French writings of the 12th century.
4. The Meaning of Jerusalem:
With regard to the meaning of the original name there is no concurrence of opinion. The oldest known form, Uru-sa-lim, has been considered by many to mean either the "City of Peace" or the "City of (the god) Salem," but other interpreters, considering the name as of Hebrew origin, interpret it as the "possession of peace" or "foundation of peace." It is one of the ironies of history that a city which in all its long history has seen so little peace and for whose possession such rivers of blood have been shed should have such a possible meaning for its name.
5. Other Names:
Other names for the city occur. For the name Jebus see JESUS. In Isaiah 29:1, occurs the name 'ari'el probably "the hearth of God," and in 1:26 the "city of righteousness." In Psalm 72:16 Jeremiah 32:24; Ezekiel 7:23, we have the term ha`ir, "the city" in contrast to "the land." A whole group of names is connected with the idea of the sanctity of the site; `ir ha-qodhesh, the "holy city" occurs in Isaiah 48:2; Isaiah 52:1 Nehemiah 11:1, and yerushalayim ha-qedhoshah, "Jerusalem the holy" is inscribed on Simon's coins. In Matthew 4:5; Matthew 27:53 we have he hagia polis, "the holy city," and in Philo, Hieropolis, with the same meaning.
In Arabic the common name is Beit el Maqdis, "the holy house," or el Muqaddas, "the holy," or the common name, used by the Moslems everywhere today, el Quds, a shortened form of el Quds esh Sheref, "the noble sanctuary."
Non-Moslems usually use the Arabic form Yerusalem.
II. Geology, Climate, and Springs.
1. Geology:
The geology of the site and environs of Jerusalem is comparatively simple, when studied in connection with that of the land of Palestine as a whole (see GEOLOGY OF PALESTINE). The outstanding feature is that the rocks consist entirely of various forms of limestone, with strata containing flints; there are no primary rocks, no sandstone (such as comes to the surface on the East of the Jordan) and no volcanic rocks. The lime stone formations are in regular strata dipping toward the Southeast, with an angle of about 10 degrees.
On the high hills overlooking Jerusalem on the East, Southeast and Southwest there still remain strata of considerable thickness of those chalky limestones of the post-Tertiary period which crown so many hilltops of Palestine, and once covered the whole land. On the "Mount of Olives," for example, occurs a layer of conglomerate limestone known as Nari, or "firestone," and another thicker deposit, known as Ka`kuli, of which two distinct strata can be distinguished. In these layers, especially the latter, occur pockets containing marl or haur, and in both there are bands of flint.
Over the actual city's site all this has been denuded long ages ago. Here we have three layers of limestone of varying density very clearly distinguished by all the native builders and masons:
(1) Mizzeh helu, literally, "sweet mizzeh," a hard, reddish-grey layer capable of polish, and reaching in places to a depth of 70 ft. or more. The "holy rock" in the temple-area belongs to this layer, and much of the ancient building stone was of this nature.
(2) Below this is the Melekeh or "royal" layer, which, though not very thick-35 ft. or so-has been of great importance in the history of the city. This rock is peculiar in that when first exposed to the air it is often so soft that it can be cut with a knife, but under the influence of the atmosphere it hardens to make a stone of considerable durability, useful for ordinary buildings. The great importance of this layer, however, lies in the fact that in it have been excavated the hundreds of caverns, cisterns, tombs and aqueducts which honeycomb the city's site.
(3) Under the Melekeh is a Cenomanian limestone of great durability, known as Mizzeh Yehudeh, or "Jewish mizzeh." It is a highly valued building stone, though hard to work. Geologically it is distinguished from Mizzeh helu by its containing ammonites. Characteristically, it is a yellowish-grey stone, sometimes slightly reddish. A variety of a distinctly reddish appearance, known as Mizzeh ahmar, or "red mizzeh," makes a very ornamental stone for columns, tombstones, etc.; it takes a high polish and is sometimes locally known as "marble."
This deep layer, which underlies the whole city, comes to the surface in the Kidron valley, and its impermeability is probably the explanation of the appearance there of the one true spring, the "Virgin's Fount." The water over the site and environs of Jerusalem percolates with ease the upper layer, but is conducted to the surface by this hard layer; the comparatively superficial source of the water of this spring accounts for the poorness of its quality.
2. Climate and Rainfall:
The broad features of the climate of Jerusalem have probably remained the same throughout history, although there is plenty of evidence that there have been cycles of greater and lesser abundance of rain. The almost countless cisterns belonging to all ages upon the site and the long and complicated conduits for bringing water from a distance, testify that over the greater part of history the rainfall must have been, as at present, only seasonal.
As a whole, the climate of Jerusalem may be considered healthy. The common diseases should be largely preventable-under an enlightened government; even the malaria which is so prevalent is to a large extent an importation from the low-lying country, and could be stopped at once, were efficient means taken for destroying the carriers of infection, the abundant Anopheles mosquitoes. On account of its altitude and its exposed position, almost upon the watershed, wind, rain and cold are all more excessive than in the maritime plains or the Jordan valley. Although the winter's cold is severely felt, on account of its coinciding with the days of heaviest rainfall (compare Ezra 10:9), and also because of the dwellings and clothes of the inhabitants being suited for enduring heat more than cold, the actual lowest cold recorded is only 25 degrees F., and frost occurs only on perhaps a dozen nights in an average year. During the rainless summer months the mean temperature rises steadily until August, when it reaches 73, 1 degrees F., but the days of greatest heat, with temperature over 100 degrees F. in the shade at times, occur commonly in September. In midsummer the cool northwest breezes, which generally blow during the afternoons and early night, do much to make life healthy. The most unpleasant days occur in May and from the middle of September until the end of October, when the dry southeast winds-the sirocco-blow hot and stifling from over the deserts, carrying with them at times fine dust sufficient in quantity to produce a marked haze in the atmosphere. At such times all vegetation droops, and most human beings, especially residents not brought up under such conditions, suffer more or less from depression and physical discomfort; malarial, "sandfly," and other fevers are apt to be peculiarly prevalent. "At that time shall it be said.... to Jerusalem, A hot wind from the bare heights in the wilderness toward the daughter of my people, not to winnow, nor to cleanse" (Jeremiah 4:11).
During the late summer-except at spells of sirocco-heavy "dews" occur at night, and at the end of September or beginning of October the "former" rains fall-not uncommonly in tropical downpours accompanied by thunder. After this there is frequently a dry spell of several weeks, and then the winter's rain falls in December, January and February. In some seasons an abundant rainfall in March gives peculiar satisfaction to the inhabitants by filling up the cisterns late in the season and by producing an abundant harvest. The average rainfall is about 26 inches, the maximum recorded in the city being 42, 95 inches in the season 1877-78, and the minimum being 12, 5 inches in 1869-70. An abundant rainfall is not only important for storage, for replenishment of the springs and for the crops, but as the city's sewage largely accumulates in the very primitive drains all through the dry season, it requires a considerable force of water to remove it. Snow falls heavily in some seasons, causing considerable destruction to the badly built roofs and to the trees; in the winter of 1910-11 a fall of 9 inches occurred.
3. The Natural Springs:
There is only one actual spring in the Jerusalem area, and even to this some authorities would deny the name of true spring on account of the comparatively shallow source of its origin; this is the intermittent spring known today as `Ain Umm edition deraj (literally, "spring of the mother of the steps"), called by the native Christians `Ain Sitti Miriam (the "spring of the Lady Mary"), and by Europeans commonly called "The Virgin's Fount." All the archaeological evidence points to this as the original source of attraction of earliest occupants of the site; in the Old Testament this spring is known as GIHON (which see). The water arises in the actual bottom, though apparent west side, of the Kidron valley some 300 yards due South of the south wall of the Charam. The approach to the spring is down two flights of steps, an upper of 16 leading to a small level platform, covered by a modern arch, and a lower, narrower flight of 14 steps, which ends at the mouth of a small cave. The water has its actual source in a long cleft (perhaps 16 ft. long) running East and West in the rocky bottom of the Kidron valley, now many feet below the present surface. The western or higher end of the cleft is at the very entrance of the cave, but most of the water gushes forth from the lower and wider part which lies underneath the steps. When the water is scanty, the women of Siloam creep down into the cavity under the steps and fill their water-skins there; at such times no water at all finds its way into the cave. At the far end of the cave is the opening of that system of ancient tunnel-aqueducts which is described in VI, below. This spring is "intermittent," the water rising rapidly and gushing forth with considerable force, several times in the 24 hours after the rainy season, and only once or twice in the dry. This "intermittent" condition of springs is not uncommon in Palestine, and is explained by the accumulation of the underground water in certain cavities or cracks in the rock, which together make up a reservoir which empties itself by siphon action. Where the accumulated water reaches the bend of the siphon, the overflow commences and continues to run until the reservoir is emptied. Such a phenomenon is naturally attributed to supernatural agency by the ignorant-in this case, among the modern fellahin, to a dragon-and natives, specially Jews, visit the source, even today, at times of its overflow, for healing. Whether this intermittent condition of the fountain is very ancient it is impossible to say, but, as Jerome (Comm. in Esa, 86) speaks of it, it was probably present in New Testament times, and if so we have a strong argument for finding here the "Pool of Bethesda."
SeeBETHESDA.
In ancient times all the water flowed down the open, rocky valley, but at an early period a wall was constructed to bank up the water and convert the source into a pool. Without such an arrangement no water could find its way into the cave and the tunnels. The tunnels, described below (VI), were constructed for the purpose
(1) of reaching the water supply from within the city walls, and
(2) of preventing the enemies of the Jews from getting at the water (2 Chronicles 32:4).
The water of this source, though used for all purposes by the people of Siloam, is brackish to the taste, and contains a considerable percentage of sewage; it is quite unfit for drinking. This condition is doubtless due to the wide distribution of sewage, both intentionally (for irrigation of the gardens) and unintentionally (through leaking sewers, etc.), over the soil overlying the rocks from which the water flows. In earlier times the water was certainly purer, and it is probable, too, that the fountain was more copious, as now hundreds of cisterns imprison the waters which once found their way through the soil to the deep sources of the spring.
The waters of the Virgin's Fount find their way through the Siloam tunnel and out at `Ain Silwan (the "spring" of Siloam), into the Pool of Siloam, and from this source descend into the Kidron valley to water the numerous vegetable gardens belonging to the village of Siloam (see SILOAM).
The second source of water in Jerusalem is the deep well known as Bir Eyyub, "Job's well," which is situated a little below the point where the Kidron valley and Hinnom meet. In all probability it derives its modern name from a legend in the Koran (Sura 38 5, 40-41) which narrates that God commanded Job to stamp with his foot, whereupon a spring miraculously burst up. The well, which had been quite lost sight of, was rediscovered by the Crusaders in 1184 A.D., and was by them cleaned out. It is 125 ft. deep. The supply of water in this well is practically inexhaustible, although the quality is no better than that of the "Virgin's Fount"; after several days of heavy rain the water overflows underground and bursts out a few yards lower down the valley as a little stream. It continues to run for a few days after a heavy fall of rain is over, and this "flowing Kidron" is a great source of attraction to the native residents of Jerusalem, who pour forth from the city to enjoy the rare sight of running water. Somewhere in the neighborhood of Bir Eyyub must have lain `En-Rogel, but if that were once an actual spring, its source is now buried under the great mass of rubbish accumulated here (see EN-ROGEL).
Nearly 600 yards South of Bir Eyyub is a small gravelly basin where, when the Bir Eyyub overflows, a small spring called `Ain el Lozeh (the "spring of the almond") bursts forth. It is not a true spring, but is due to some of the water of Job's well which finds its way along an ancient rock-cut aqueduct on the west side of the Wady en Nar, bursting up here.
The only other possible site of a spring in the Jerusalem area is the Chammam esh Shefa, "the bath of healing." This is an underground rock-basin in the Tyropeon valley, within the city walls, in which water collects by percolation through the debris of the city. Though once a reservoir with probably rock-cut channels conducting water to it, it is now a deep well with arches erected over it at various periods, as the rubbish of the city gradually accumulated through the centuries. There is no evidence whatever of there being any natural fountain, and the water is, in the dry season, practically pure sewage, though used in a neighboring Turkish bath.
G.A. Smith thinks that the JACKAL'S WELL (which see) mentioned by Nehemiah (2:13), which must have been situated in the Valley of Hinnom, may possibly have been a temporary spring arising there for a few years in consequence of an earthquake, but it is extremely likely that any well sunk then would tap water flowing a long the bed of the valley. There is no such "spring" or "well" there today.
III. The Natural Site.
Modern Jerusalem occupies a situation defined geographically as 31 degrees 46 feet 45 inches North latitude., by 35 degrees 13 feet 25 inches East longitude. It lies in the midst of a bare and rocky plateau, the environs being one of the most stony and least fruitful districts in the habitable parts of Palestine, with shallow, gray or reddish soil and many outcrops of bare limestone. Like all the hill slopes with a southeasterly aspect, it is so thoroughly exposed to the full blaze of the summer sun that in its natural condition the site would be more or less barren. Today, however, as a result of diligent cultivation and frequent watering, a considerable growth of trees and shrubs has been produced in the rapidly extending suburbs. The only fruit tree which reaches perfection around Jerusalem is the olive.
1. The Mountains Around:
The site of Jerusalem is shut in by a rough triangle of higher mountain ridges: to the West runs the main ridge, or water parting, of Judea, which here makes a sweep to the westward. From this ridge a spur runs Southeast and East, culminating due East of the city in the MOUNT OF OLIVES (which see), nearly 2,700 ft. above sea-level and about 300 ft. above the mean level of the ancient city. Another spur, known as Jebel Deir abu Tor, 2,550 ft. high, runs East from the plateau of el Buqei`a and lies Southwest of the city; it is the traditional "Hill of Evil Counsel." The city site is thus dominated on all sides by these higher ranges-"the mountains (that) are round about Jerus" (Psalm 125:2)-so that while on the one hand the ancient city was hidden, at any considerable distance, from any direction except the Southeast, it is only through this open gap toward the desert and the mountains of Moab that any wide outlook is obtainable. This strange vision of wilderness and distant mountain wall-often of exquisite loveliness in the light of the setting sun-must all through the ages have been the most familiar and the most potent of scenic influences to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
2. The Valleys:
Within the enfolding hills the city's proper site is demarked by two main valleys. That on the West and Southwest commences in a hollow occupied by the Moslem cemetery around the pool Birket Mamilla. The valley runs due East toward the modern Jaffa Gate, and there bends South, being known in this upper part of its course as the Wady el Mes. In this southern course it is traversed by a great dam, along which the modern Bethlehem road runs, which converts a large area of the valley bed into a great pool, the Birket es Sultan. Below this the valley-under the name of Wady er Rabadi-bends Southeast, then East, and finally Southeast again, until near Bir Eyyub it joins the western valley to form the Wady en Nar, 670 ft. below its origin. This valley has been very generally identified as the Valley of Hinnom (see HINNOM, VALLEY OF.)
The eastern valley takes a wider sweep. Commencing high up in the plateau to the North of the city, near the great water-parting, it descends as a wide and open valley in a southeasterly direction until, where it is crossed by the Great North Road, being here known as Wady el Joz (the "Valley of the Walnuts"), it turns more directly East. It gradually curves to the South, and as it runs East of the city walls, it receives the name of Wady Sitti Miriam (the "Valley of the Lady Mary"). Below the Southeast corner of the temple-area, near the traditional "Tomb of Absalom," the valley rapidly deepens and takes a direction slightly to the West of South. It passes the "Virgin's Fount," and a quarter of a mile lower it is joined by el Wad from the North, and a little farther on by the Wady er Rababi from the West. South of Bir Eyyub, the valley formed by their union is continued under the name of Wady en Nar to the Dead Sea. This western valley is that commonly known as the Brook Kidron, or, more shortly, the "Brook" (hachal), or ravine (see KIDRON), but named from the 5th century onward by Christians the Valley of Jehoshaphat (see JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF). The rocky tongue of land enclosed between these deep ravines, an area, roughly speaking, a little over one mile long by half a mile wide, is further subdivided into a number of distinct hills by some shallower valleys. The most prominent of these-indeed the only one noticeable to the superficial observer today-is the great central valley known to modern times by the single name el Wad, "the valley." It commences in a slight depression of the ground a little North of the modern "Damascus Gate," and after entering the city at this gate it rapidly deepens-a fact largely disguised today by the great accumulation of rubbish in its course. It traverses the city with the Charam to its east, and the Christian and Moslem quarters on rapidly rising ground to its west. Its course is observed near the Babylonian es Silseleh, where it is crossed by an ancient causeway, but farther South the valley reappears, having the walls of the Charam (near the "wailing place" and "Robinson's arch") on the East, and steep cliffs crossed by houses of the Jewish quarter on the West. It leaves the city at the "Dung Gate," and passes with an open curve to the East, until it reaches the Pool of Siloam, below' which it merges in the Wady Sitti Miriam. This is the course of the main valley, but a branch of great importance in the ancient topography of the city starts some 50 yards to the West of the modern Jaffa Gate and runs down the Suwaikat Allun generally known to travelers as "David's Street," and thus easterly, along the Tarik bab es Silseleh, until it merges in the main valley. The main valley is usually considered to be the Tyropeon, or "Cheesemongers' Valley" of Josephus, but some writers have attempted to confine the name especially to this western arm of it.
Another interior valley, which is known rather by the rock contours, than by surface observations, being largely filled up today, cuts diagonally across the Northeast corner of the modern city. It has no modern name, though it is sometimes called "St. Anne's Valley." It arises in the plateau near "Herod's Gate," known as es Sahra, and entering the city about 100 yards to the East of that gate, runs South-Southeast., and leaves the city between the Northeast angle of the Charam and the Golden Gate, joining the Kidron valley farther Southeast. The Birket Israel runs across the width of this valley, which had far more influence in determining the ancient topography of the city than has been popularly recognized. There is an artificially made valley between the Charam and the buildings to its north, and there is thought by many to be a valley between the Southeast hill, commonly called "Ophel" and the temple-area. Such, then, are the valleys, great and small, by which the historic hills on which the city stood are defined. All of them, particularly in their southern parts, were considerably deeper in ancient times, and in places the accumulated debris is 80 ft. or more. All of them were originally torrent beds, dry except immediately after heavy rain. The only perennial outflow of water is the scanty and intermittent stream which overflows from the Pool of Siloam, and is used to irrigate the gardens in the Wady Sitti Miriam.
3. The Hills:
The East and West valleys isolate a roughly quadrilateral tongue of land running from Northwest-West to South-Southeast, and tilted so as to face Southeast. This tongue is further subdivided by el Wad into two long ridges, which merge into each other in the plateau to the North. The western ridge has its actual origin considerably North of the modern wall, being part of the high ground lying between the modern Jaffa road to the West, and the commencement of the Kidron valley to the East. Within the city walls it rises as high as 2,581 ft. near the northwestern corner. It is divided by the west branch of the Tyropeon valley into two parts: a northern part-the northwestern hill-on which is situated today the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the greater part of the "Christian quarter" of the city, and a southern hill-the southwestern-which is connected with the northwestern hill by but a narrow saddle-50 yards wide-near the Jaffa Gate. This hill sustains the citadel (the so-called "Tower of David"), the barracks and the Armenian quarter within the walls, and the Coenaculum and adjacent buildings outside the walls. This hill is from 2,500 to 2,350 ft. high along its summit, but drops rapidly on its southwestern, southern and southeastern sides. In its central part it falls much more gently toward the eastern hill across the now largely filled valley el Wad.
The eastern ridge may be reckoned as beginning at the rocky hill el-Edhemiyeh-popularly known as Gordon's Calvary-but the wide trench made here by quarrying somewhat obscures this fact. The ridge may for convenience be regarded as presenting three parts, the northeastern, central or central-eastern, and southeastern summits.
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Delray Beach Real Estate offers home buyers a wide array of condos for sale and homes for sale. Houses and condo options include urban condos near trendy Atlantic Avenue, sprawling waterfront estates, bungalows, townhouses, high-rise condos and single-family homes in urban, suburban, high-rise, golf & country clubs and 55+ active adult communities.
There is always something to do in Delray Beach. Festivals featuring fine arts and crafts, jewelry and clothing as well as special sporting events happen on a monthly basis. Yearly events including The Delray Affair and Garlic Fest attract visitors from all over the country.
Delray Beach boasts two miles of beautiful sandy beaches, which have been drawing vacationers here for decades. Delray Beach home buyers are also drawn to the area by the selection of public parks and outdoor recreational facilities. The town has outdoor sports fields, pools, and trails for the enjoyment of resident and visitors alike.
In Delray, residents enjoy the beauty of a small town with a city feel. With over 80 restaurants featuring some of the areas most sought after chefs, there is something for every taste palate. The fun doesn't stop at sundown- enjoy nightly happy hours, live music and dancing. Spend the day shopping at one of Delray's trendy boutiques, or enjoy the treasures in one of the many vintage stores. Venture into Pineapple Grove - one of Delray's best-kept secrets featuring an eclectic mix of cafes, boutiques, galleries, and spas.
Delray Beach home buyers might be surprised that this little beachside town has a wide variety of cultural attractions during the year and a selection of restaurants, museums, galleries, shops and boutiques. Delray Beach has also been awarded with the "Blue Wave" award by the Council of Clean Beaches, and is currently ranked by the Travel Channel as one of Florida's top 10 beaches.
Want to learn more about Real Estate for Sale in Delray Beach?
Contact the experts at Lang Realty for help buying or selling Delray Beach homes. For a free consultation, call us at 877.357.0618 or use the contact form below.


Pewter and glass iced medicinal drink dispenser, French, 1840-1910. Full view, graduated grey background.
This elegant drink dispenser from France, with its four working metal taps and typical acorn 'top', was almost certainly associated with one of the most notorious of all alcoholic drinks. The design is sometimes described as a fountain and it carried ice-cold water to dilute a measure of absinthe, the powerful green spirit derived from herbs including wormwood and other plants. Extremely popular in the late 19th and early 20th century it became particularly associated with bohemian and artistic circles in Paris.
Nicknamed, amongst others things, 'the green fairy', 'the atrocious sorceress' and 'our lady of forgetting' it developed a fearsome reputation for mental and physical ruination. Banned in many countries by 1915, it has recently experienced renewed popularity and partial rehabilitation through the lifting of a number of national bans.


Rama Khan is the title of a ruler of the nation of Jarhanpur which had existed at least 3,000 years ago. During the Obsidian Age of Atlantis, the Rama Khan of that time traveled from Jarhanpur to Atlantis, where he became the joint ruler of Atlantis, sharing the post with Gamemnae. The Rama Khan had earlier journeyed to Atlantis to assemble a group of heroes to protect the realm known as the League of Ancients, which was formed to fight against the Justice League of the 21st century because of their perceived threat envision by Rama Khan. Once the Ancients succeeded, it was revealed that Gamemnae manipulated Rama Khan and the Ancients as part of her plan to absorb the souls and metahuman powers of the Ancients, and use this new power to conquer the world for Atlantis. Rama Khan became the first victim to be absorbed by Gamemnae.
By the 21st century, a successor carried the title of Rama Khan and became an elemental defender of Jarhanpur. When he kidnapped a boy and separated him from his mother because the child was his spiritual successor, the Rama Khan found himself in conflict with the Justice League. He broke Wonder Woman's Lasso of Truth, resulting in reality unraveling as the nature of existence began to be defined by belief rather than truth. Although Jarhanpur's nature as living land protected it from this chaos, the League, resolved to stop this before the world became defined by the beliefs of every individual person on the planet, confronted Rama Khan once again, during which Wonder Woman accepted why the Lasso had broken; when she'd confirmed that Rama Khan was telling the truth about the need for a successor to his position, her denial of this truth had caused the lasso to break and cause a subsequent breakdown of the rules of truth. With this self-discovery, Jarhanpur helped Wonder Woman to repair the Lasso, restoring reality and undoing the initial damage, the land rejecting Rama Khan as he was now focused more on preserving his position than the wishes of the land to the Justice League to rescue its people.
Magic: Hailing from the land of Jarhanpur, Rama Khan has an array of abilities that are magic-based.
Power Distribution: Rama Khan has been shown to have bestowed newfound energy into his workers.
Transmutation: Rama Khan can alter the make-up of his arms to be that of earth. He has also turned soil into wine.
Superhuman Strength: These earthen arms can deliver powerful blows.


The Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America has a fine web site - features include"find a Book" and "Find a Bookseller", as well as information about book fairs and a Collectors' Corner.
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library is Yale University's principal repository for literary papers and for early manuscripts and rare books in the fields of literature, theology, history, and the natural sciences. In addition to its general collection of rare books and manuscripts, the library houses the Yale Collection of American Literature, the Yale Collection of German Literature, the Yale Collection of Western Americana, and the Osborn Collection. The majority of the Beinecke Library's holdings are cataloged online.
An article offering assistance on determining the value of old and rare books.
The League represents twenty nations and 2000 leading booksellers throughout the world. The website provides a wealth of resources, including a Gallery of Highlights, where book dealers present some of their most special books, and searchable online catalogues of many of the world's leading antiquarian booksellers.
Rare Books and Manuscripts Section of the American Library Association. Includes a guide covering some frequently asked questions about rare books and book values.


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Having a pity party?
I've had more than my share. The guest lists consisted of me, myself and I.
Nobody dared crash my parties.
Feeling like your life is the pits?
It can be a very deep, dark and scary place. Joseph could attest to the fact.
"So Joseph went after his brothers and found them in Dothan.
Now when they saw him afar off, even before he came near them, they conspired against him to kill him. Then they said to one another, 'Look, this dreamer is coming! Come therefore, let us now kill him and cast him into some pit; and we shall say, 'Some wild beast has devoured him.' We shall see what will become of his dreams!'
But Reuben heard it, and he delivered him out of their hands, and said, 'Let us not kill him.' And Reuben said to them, 'Shed no blood, but cast him into this pit which is in the wilderness, and do not lay a hand on him' —that he might deliver him out of their hands, and bring him back to his father (Genesis 37:17b-22 NKJV)."
The brothers did spare Joseph's life; yet, they sold him into slavery.
The time that Joseph spent in the pit prepared him for a dungeon. Though innocent of all charges railed against him his master had him thrown into prison. It was no party but he later donned happy rags.
"Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him quickly out of the dungeon; and he shaved, changed his clothing, and came to Pharaoh (Genesis 41:14 NKJV)."
Joseph's new address… the palace, as 2nd in command over the nation of Egypt.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Home » Commercial Vehicles » BYD becomes first Chinese automotive brand to enter Japan
February 27, 2015	Commercial Vehicles admin
BYD becomes first Chinese automotive brand to enter Japan
Kyotokyukou Bus Incorporated has taken delivery of 5 Long Range Battery Electric Buses from industry pioneer BYD Company Ltd. The delivery ceremony held was widely covered as it not only represented electrified public transportation, but also Japan, a nation built on engineering excellence, for the first time acquiring high tech vehicles from their neighbor, China.
The BYD electric buses will be operated in the former Japanese capital of Kyoto, a well known battleground for carbon emissions reduction thanks to the globally renowned Kyoto Protocol. One of Japan's largest transit operations, Kyotokyukou Bus Inc. will take possession of the first 5 BYD Electric Buses. During the ceremony, Sakabe Mitsuo, Director of Kyoto's Ministry of Transportation said, "it's a milestone for Kyoto's public transportation to operate the pure electric buses. The BYD pure electric buses will demonstrate entirely environmentally friendly. We will do more to improve environment quality."
Liu Xueliang, general manager of BYD's Asia pacific auto group also spoke at the event, "The Japanese market has stringent requirements for technology and quality, the delivery of the BYD buses means a great recognition for BYD as well as for China's technology and quality. We believe that BYD electric bus could provide more comfortable and greener transportation experiences to the citizens in Kyoto."
BYD's pure-electric bus employs many advanced technologies developed in-house by BYD's expansive staff of more than 15,000 engineers, such as the advanced environmentally-friendly, Iron-Phosphate (or "Fe") batteries, in-wheel hub motors and regenerative braking system. The break-through Iron-Phosphate battery is fire-safe and non-toxic: there are no caustic materials contained in the battery, no toxic electrolytes or heavy metals and can be completely recycled. The BYD electric bus delivers a host of operational and environmental benefits for public transport riders, operators and people in the community – it is very quiet and ensures a comfortable ride without vibrations, jerks or noise associated with the conventional buses and combustion engines. The bus can also drive for more than 250 km (155 miles) even in heavy city traffic on a single charge. The bus has completed more than 40 million kilometers of "in revenue service" and has been evaluated in many major cities all over the world.
Back Daimler Trucks expects a fruitful 2015
Next Volvo supplies 28 articulated hybrid buses to Budapest
New Volvo Trucks to Feature Amazon Alexa
Diesel to Electrification: Here's How Scania's Handling the Transition
Heba Eltarifi is the New MD of Scania Southeast Asia


What Did You Do On Your Day Off, Clark?
On March 28, Gable learned that because of changes in Gone With the Wind's shooting schedule, he would have two days off from work. He and Lombard were overjoyed and quickly and quietly made plans for their elopement.
They did not want to alert the press, especially the reporters who had been haunting Lombard's Bel-Air house, hoping to scoop the wedding of the year. But luck was with the lovers. The entire corps of reporters was being sent away on a junket to San Francisco to cover the world premiere of The Story of Alexander Graham Bell. It was the perfect opportunity for Gable and Lombard to slip away and be married.
Hollywood's golden couple had a nickel-plated elopement. They packed their wedding clothes in a suitcase and dressed in ragtag shirts and scruffy dungarees. For further camouflage, Lombard wore no makeup and tied her blonde hair in pigtails. The pair, accompanied by MGM's publicity man Otto Winkler, took off at 4:30 in the morning on March 29 in Winkler's blue Desoto coupe and headed for Kingman, Arizona, 357 miles away.
Along the way, the trio munched on sandwiches and drank thermos bottles of coffee. Gable and Winkler shared the driving, and during stops for gas, Gable hid in the rumble seat to avoid recognition. One of the last stops before reaching Kingman was to buy wedding flowers: a corsage of pink roses and lilies of the valley for the bride and carnation boutonnieres for the groom and best man Winkler. Total cost: fifty cents.
At 4:00 that afternoon in Kingman's town hall, Gable and Lombard completed the necessary marriage forms, then hurried to the rectory of the First Methodist-Episcopal Church. There they changed into their wedding clothes and met the minister and his wife. The quiet ceremony then began.
Gable, wearing a blue serge suit, a white shirt, and a patterned tie, nervously placed a platinum band on his bride's finger. Dressed in a tailored, light gray, flannel suit, Lombard shed tears of joy.
After the ceremony, the newlyweds, with Winkler driving, headed back to Los Angeles. Along the way they phoned the news of their marriage to MGM and wired Louella Parsons and her boss, William Randolph Hearst.
The new Mr. and Mrs. Clark Gable arrived at Lombard's house nearly twenty-four hours after they had left. They had only a few hours to rest up before facing reporters during a press conference scheduled for later that morning. And the most popular tongue-in-cheek question surely would be, What did you do on your day off, Clark?
Happy 75th anniversary, Clark Gable, Carole Lombard and Gone With the Wind!
This entry was posted in Cinema, Film, Gone With the Wind, Movies and tagged Carole Lombard, Clark Gable, Gone With the Wind, The Complete GONE WITH THE WIND Trivia Book. Bookmark the permalink.


The UICB does not at this time offer an undergraduate degree or certificate, but there are significant opportunities for undergraduates to add dimension to their majors in English, art, journalism, history, and other areas by taking center courses in the book crafts and book studies. An area of concentration within the Bachelor of Arts in Interdepartmental Studies may include an emphasis on the book arts or on the cultural and historical aspects of the book.
Students are invited to explore the Center's resources and to talk with their advisors about enrollment in Center courses.
Those interested in exploring one or more book arts or book studies courses who are not pursuing a degree program may take a UICB course that is offered by being accepted to the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences as a non-degree student and taking up to 2 regular university courses.
A list of all UICB courses can be found here or you can go to MYUI under Courses and, at the "course subject" field, typing in "UICB" to see the courses that are offered for a specific semester.


These articles hope to help raise awareness in Ireland of the effects of sleep on everyday life, and particularly how vital it is for the body and mind. We also hope to provide useful advice and information on choosing the right bed for optimum sleeping comfort and creating the right environment to allow you and your family the benefits of a good night's sleep.
Improve Your Sleep Hygiene Today!


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Calymmodon kinabaluensis är en stensöteväxtart som beskrevs av David C. Parris. Calymmodon kinabaluensis ingår i släktet Calymmodon och familjen Polypodiaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Kärlväxter
kinabaluensis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When I hear the word mysterious I think of the supernatural—and ghosts. The word mystery brings to mind murder. Kim Giarratano writes mysteries about the ghosts of people who've been murdered. I thought she'd be a good person to interview right before Halloween.
EB: Kim, tell me about ghosts! What are they? Does everyone who dies become a ghost? To whom do they appear, and what do they want?
The Lady in Blue helps solve her own murder.
KGG: For the record, this is ghost mythology according to Kimberly Giarratano. I'm sure experts in the paranormal have other theories.
Ghosts are the soul's imprint left in the physical world and they can't let go. Not everyone who dies becomes a ghost (Earth would be overrun if they did). I'd like to think ghosts appear to people who they think can help them or because they think the person will understand them. Ghosts have a story to tell and it's up to the living to figure it out what that story is.
EB: Are they dangerous? Should we be afraid of them? What can they or can they not do in the world we know?
KGG: I'm not gonna put on a false bravado– I'd be freaked out if I saw a ghost. I'm a huge scaredy cat. Ghosts can wreak havoc on the human psyche and mess with our feelings of security, and I'm not sold that they wouldn't purposefully hurt us. Perhaps some ghosts are out for revenge against the person responsible for their death. And if that person is not around, another living soul will become the focus of the ghost's revenge.
I think ghosts can affect objects indirectly and directly, ie move things. I think people can feel a ghost's touch as well, but you might be more susceptible to sensing ghosts if you're not in such an alert state of consciousness. I bet many people have ghost encounters at night, when they're drifting in and out sleep.
EB: Do you believe in ghosts? Have you ever seen one?
Dead and Breakfast will be released in early 2016.
KGG: I've never seen a ghost, but I believe in them enough. So many people have recalled experiences with ghosts that I can't believe they're all lying.
EB: Both One Night is All You Need and Dead and Breakfast are set in Key West, Florida, which is apparently a hotbed of ghostly activity. I didn't know this! For real?
KGG: I went to Key West on vacation four years ago and took a haunted ghost walk. According to the tour guide, Key West is one of the ten most haunted cities in America. There are some crazy ghost stories. Look up Robert the Doll online and try not to get freaked out. Also, apparently the ladies bathroom in the Hard Rock Café is haunted.
EB: I loved the setting in those stories—really got the feel of the place. You must have spent some time there. What is your connection with Key West?
EB: You are working in an interesting niche: would you call it YA paranormal mystery? I would not have thought to combine YA and murder, but you do it with great charm. Are there other books in this genre that inspired you?
KGG: First, thanks! I guess I would call it YA paranormal mystery with a nice side of romance. My favorite YA authors are Holly Black and Maggie Stiefvater. Their writing is unsurpassed and they really push the boundaries of their genres. Maggie Stiefvater really knows how to create a cast of intriguing characters and Holly Black has a way with words that I have yet to see duplicated in another author. She's also a Jersey girl (like me), so bonus points for that.
EB: My favorite ghost story is The Turn of the Screw. What's yours?
KGG: One of my favorite ghost movies is The Others. When I was a kid, I loved the book Christina's Ghost by Betty Ren Wright (shudder).
Thanks, Kim! Kim is a forever Jersey girl who lives in the woods of northeastern Pennsylvania with her husband and small children. A former teacher and YA librarian, she is the author of Grunge Gods and Graveyards, The Lady in Blue, One Night is All You Need, and the upcoming Dead and Breakfast.
Happy Halloween, everybody! Do you believe in ghosts? Ever seen one? What's your favorite ghost story? Have you ever written a ghost story?
Elizabeth Buhmann is the author of Lay Death at Her Door.
I would freak out if I saw a ghost or even thought I saw a ghost. That's a good interview, Elizabeth. A haunted ladies room in the Hard Rock Café? I would just use the restroom at the nearest gas station, thanks. A really scary story about supernatural strange stuff is The Little Stranger by Sara Waters. Blood curdling in a kind of slow, English kind of way.
Pam Conrad's Stonewords: A Ghost Story might be of interest. It's written for middle grades, but I read it when I was in my late 30s, and was gobsmacked. Not every adult will think it's scary, but this one did, and still does twenty-five years later. I need to re-read. One Amazon reviewer said the main character is so annoying she wanted to smack her; another said the book scared her to death in fourth grade but she kept going back to it.
Thanks for hosting me! Going to check out The Little Stranger now!
Great interview, Kim. Thanks, Elizabeth, for introducing her to us.
I had what seems like a paranormal experience when was fifteen. I know it was real because my cousin, also fifteen, heard it at the same time, and on inspection, my father found the house locked, no way in or out. The REALLY scary part was that my parents believed us. Later it was suggested that with two teenaged girls in the house (engaged in a week-long feud, I'm sorry to say) poltergeist might have been involved.
The Woman in Black? Must read! Read Cristina's ghost and loved it, but didn't think it was too scary.
Wonderful Article! Many years ago, a friend told me her ghost story and I believe it's completely true. She had recently moved into an old wood frame 2-story farm house located in rural Central Texas with her husband and three young children. As she worked around the house, she kept thinking she saw one of the kids out of the corner of her eye, but when she turned no one would be there. One night while washing dishes, she felt someone tugging at her shirt and heard a small voice saying, "Momma, Momma . . . " She turned, thinking it was one of her children, but again, no one was there. When it happened a second time, she realized it must be a spirit and began to inquire about the history of the house. Eventually she learned that back in the early sixties a child had gone missing and was never found. She and her husband began searching the property, and discovered a structural discrepancy in a basement wall. They decided that (rather than call the police and open the wall), they preferred to simply extend their love to the little ghost and ask her to join their family. They named her "Sally," and explained to the children. After that, there was a happy feeling in the home. She only got to see Sally once, standing in a doorway. She was quite small, no more than five, with blond curly hair. She was wearing a white dress, and smiling.
Oh, my. I don't doubt a word of it.


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YouTube Video Basics
What is YouTube?
YouTube is a website intended to share videos that have been created and uploaded by millions of users around the world. You can watch, like, share, comment and upload videos. They amount of video is huge and growing. Over 400 hours of video is uploaded every hour.
As a consumer of videos, the videos on YouTube can be viewed on PCs, laptops, iPhone and other smartphone, iPads and other tablets, and even smart TVs.
We also categorize YouTube as a Social Media platform due to a user's ability to comment, like and share. Although all of those steps are optional and any user can simply be a consumer of videos.
Essential for Seniors
We feel that YouTube is an essential website for any Senior. On YouTube you can find videos that entertain, teach and inform. We would place learning on the top of the list. This is what makes the site essential.
This recipe will teach you how to find and view videos on YouTube. But as you get to know YouTube, let's also understand how money is made on YouTube. Remember the site is free but there is no free lunch. We'll explain.
Why Would I Use YouTube?
How does YouTube Make Money?
Access YouTube
Search for YouTube Videos
We recommend that you consider using YouTube for news, entertainment and learning with learning as the most compelling reason for using this platform. Here is a review of each of these areas.
News – YouTube can be a source for news and includes new user uploaded video and also broadcast news. A simple search for "News" will bring you to a news channel with video provided by news sources such as CNN, network broadcasters, USA today and other newspapers and more. In today's age, there is no need to wait for the 10 o'clock news. News video is available within minutes of significant events.
Entertainment – If you are simply looking for entertainment, YouTube is well-known as a source for hours of entertainment fun. A simple YouTube search for "Entertainment" will provide access to the latest uploads from TV, movie clips, comedy, and more. See monologues from late night TV, clips from comedy shows like Saturday Night Live and sports highlights. And if you want to see what others are watching, search for "Popular on YouTube." This search will also give you access to funny cat or pet videos that have gone viral.
Music is another element of entertainment that YouTube offers. There are many people who pass on subscription music services in favor of free music through YouTube. Search for "Music" to access the Music channel. Alternatively, you can also search for "Classical Music" or "70's Rock." Or search for a favorite song or artist. Chances are you can find it on YouTube.
Learning – What do you want to learn? YouTube can provide learning videos on a large number of topics including languages, musical instruments and school topics. You can even find thousands of college course lectures from prestigious schools. You can also find the library of Ted talks on YouTube. Search for "learn piano", "Yale lectures" or "Ted Talks" to see examples.
As a learning tool, YouTube is a great how-to/DIY Reference library. If you are a do-it-your-selfer for home repair, auto mechanics, cooking, sports and more, you can find help on YouTube. Use the search function to find instructional videos on almost any topic. Here are some search examples that you can try, "filet fish", "finish drywall", "change oil on a Toyota Prius", 'devein shrimp" or "brain surgery."
In some cases, learning how to perform a fix on a car can save you hundreds of dollars over what a dealer or professional auto mechanic would charge. And it's fun.
YouTube is owned by Google. If you follow any news about Google you know that YouTube must be a money maker. Like with any web service or social media, it is important that you understand how YouTube makes money and how if affects your "free" experience. l
Although YouTube videos are free to watch, you will be presented with ad. Google uses several kinds of ads that are presented to users. Here are two examples:
The first is sponsored placements. In the example below, you will see an ad placed at the top of your search results. These ad will required you to click on the ad in order to view more information about the product. This means that these ad are also fairly easy to ignore.
Ad Placement in YouTube – Easy to ignore.
Embedded ads are advertisements most commonly presented at the beginning of ads you wish to view. When presented with an ad, look for the opportunity to skip the ad after a few seconds. There is no way to opt out of these ads unless you subscribe to a monthly premium subscription. Ads are just something you'll have to deal with if you use YouTube. But it is worth it.
YouTube also makes money through subscription services where you might pay a monthly fee. At the time of this publication YouTube offers YouTube Premium and YouTube TV. Neither of these services are necessary for the core benefits you get from YouTube unless you are looking for ad-free viewing or live-TV from YouTube.
YouTube Subscriptions Services
Access YouTube on your device
There are two ways to access YouTube video on your device, 1) use the mobile YouTube web site (m.YouTube.com) or 2) install the YouTube app on your device. If you access YouTube on a regular desk computer or laptop, you can access YouTube from any web browser at www.YouTube.com
For Seniors who wish to primarily view videos, there is no significant advantage to installing the app. So using the mobile site requires no installation and can provide immediate access to YouTube content.
If you use the web site, save the site address as a bookmark in your Safari or other web browser.
Signing in to YouTube
Do I need a Google username/account?
No. You can search and view YouTube videos without a Google username or signing into YouTube.
However, signing in with a Google account allows you to to perform additional functions including:
Like or dislike video by tapping on the like or dislike (thumbs down) icon
Subscribe to video channels where additional videos from the video owner are shown under you subscriptions. There is no cost for this subscription. Video owners encourage you to subscribe to their channel as they will earn money with ads presented to their subscribers.
Comment on the videos you view. You could ask questions or provide feedback.
You will also need to sign in if you want to share videos or upload your own videos.
To sign in you will need a Google/Gmail account. If you have an @gmail.com email address, you already have one. If you don't have a Google account, go to www.google.com and look for the Sign In and Create Account links.
Please note that if you do sign in with YouTube or any other Google product, you are providing Google information about your likes and activities that they use in presenting advertising. Privacy is a common concern expressed by many and the choice about whether you sign in or not is your decision
Watch YouTube Videos
Below is the home page of the website m.YouTube.com site. The numbers below define each function:
Home – tap either the YouTube icon or the home icon to return to the YouTube home page.
Search – Search is a key function in the YouTube interface. Tap Search to present a search bar where you can type a search term and launch a search. See Searching for Videos to Watch below.
Trending – Tap the Trending icon to see the videos that are trending. YouTube indicates that Trending considers view count, the rate of growth in views, where views are coming from and other signals to determine what's trending.
Subscriptions – You can find a Subscribe button under any YouTube video, or on a channel's page. Once you subscribe to a channel, any new videos it publishes will show up in your Subscriptions feed. Tap Subscribe for quick access to your favorite channels.
Account – Tap Account to see your video history, videos that you have saved or to access the video upload process.
Searching for Videos to Watch
How to find the content you desire – The key to finding content is the search function as identified with the search icon. Remember YouTube is owned by Google, most famous for search.
Use the search bar to uncover what you wish to view. Once you start watching a particular content, YouTube will present more of this content for you.
An effective search is to type the topic you with to explore into the search bar. You can also type a question, for example, "How to devein shrimp?"
From your search request, a list of possible videos will be presented.
You can browse the list and choose a video based on the number of views, the age of the video. The length of the video is presented and you can also tap on the video in order to see the number of likes and dislikes that previous viewers have made. All of this information could help you select a video that will provide the information you desire.
Basic Viewer Controls
When you tap on a video to play it, you will find the video player has some essential controls.
Pause/Play – tap to play or pause the current video
Video Scrubber – shows your progress through the video. Drag the dot to advance forward or back in the video.
Elapsed Time/Total Time. The first time is the elapsed time as you progress through the video. The second time is the total time of the video.
Play full screen. Tap to present a full screen view of the video.
Use the following questions to determine if you understand the skills taught in this lesson.
How do you access YouTube?
Do you need a Google login/username in order to use YouTube?
How do you use YouTube?
If you would like to have additional online training, the Senior Tech Club recommends the free courses found at GCFLearnFree.org.
Click their logo or the link to access the GCF LearnFree Facebook Series:
Senior Tech Club Recipes and Nuggets on Social Media:
420 Social Media for Seniors
421 Getting Started with Facebook
422 Getting Started with Twitter
440 YouTube Video Basics
PreviousRevisiting Spotlight Search
NextSearching the Web with Google – Tips and Insight


Remember 2 weeks ago? When I told you that I love TV, and I learn storytelling techniques when I watch shows? Well, guess what?
I'm not the only one who loves watching TV.
Ginger loves watching TV, too.
-She sits up (technically, she rolls up because she's a little chunky — no judgment).
-Her ears perk up (like she put them in a push-up bra).
-And she stares up at the TV (tilting her head ever so slightly).
This list could go on for at least 20 more lines.
I think she has a problem. Maybe an intervention would help her?
Know what copy edit intervention would help your readers?
An over-the-top exaggeration places emphasis & humor on a particular action, feeling, or feature and isn't meant to be taken literally.
This copy edit tip takes an ordinary situation and transforms it into a remarkable situation that your readers will devour.
Try it the next time you want to turn mundane into flowing, flawless & fun.


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Politics Top Stories
APC nullifies suspension of Fayemi, Ojudu, others
September 25, 2020 September 25, 2020 News Edge	0 Comments	APC, Fayemi, NewsEdge, nullifies, UPDATED
The National Secretariat of the All Progressives Congress has nullified all suspensions, noting that it was yet to receive any communication to this effect.
This was contained in a statement titled, "Disclaimer: Governor Kayode Fayemi, Other Purported 'Suspensions' a Nullity – APC", signed by the Deputy National Publicity Secretary of the party, Yekini Nabena, on Friday.
Nabena said, "The attention of the National Secretariat of the All Progressives Congress has been drawn to a purported and widely-reported 'suspension' of the Governor of Ekiti State, H.E. Kayode Fayemi, as well as an earlier reported 'indefinite suspension' of some other party members in the state.
"The actions are a nullity as the Party's National Secretariat is yet to receive communication from the state chapter on the purported 'suspensions.' We strongly advise all members to adhere to our Party constitution.
"Governor Kayode Fayemi remains the leader of the party in Ekiti State. In line with the mandate of the Governor Mai Mala Buni-led APC Caretaker/Extra-Ordinary National Convention Planning Committee and the President's admonition to party members to ensure and support ongoing amicable and rancour-free settlement of internal party disputes, we call on our esteemed party members and leaders in Ekiti State to be duly guided.
"For the avoidance of doubt, the Architect Paul Omotosho-chaired APC Ekiti State Working Committee is the authentic, valid, and duly recognised Executive as no factions or divisions exist in the State Chapter."
Recall that the state chapter of the party on Thursday, suspended a presidential adviser, Senator Babafemi Ojudu, and the son-in-law to Senator Bola Tinubu, Oyetunde Ojo, and nine other party leaders for alleged disobedience to the directive of the party's National Executive Committee. State Publicity Secretary of the party, Ade Ajayi, announced the suspensions via a statement in Ado Ekiti.
In response, a faction of the party to which Senator Ojodu belongs issued a counter suspension order in a letter titled, "Re: Dr. Kayode Fayemi anti-party activities", on Friday.
The faction, which claimed to be the authentic State Executive Committee of the APC in Ekiti State, suspended the state governor from the party.
The statement was signed by Senator Tony Adeniyi, Senator Babafemi Ojudu Dayo Adeyeye, and five others.
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Bio: The Diamond Drapes are an accomplished trio who play 50's rock 'n roll with gusto and pride! Dressed in the style of the English "Teddy Boys" (a subculture in 1950s London, who fashioned themselves after Prince Edward VII), their smart three-piece black suits add a touch of class that sets them apart from other acts, intriguing their audiences before they've even played a note.
Although they've only been together since September 2012, their fan base is growing fast, with people of all ages wanting to know where they are playing next. Their authentic interpretation of classics from American and British 50's rock 'n roll legends never fails to get people out of their seats dancing.
Lead singer and guitarist, Pete Lyth, has been performing in rock 'n roll bands for 30 years, of which the last 7 have been as a professional musician fronting "The Rhythm Aces" in the U.K. The Rhythm Aces toured extensively. They were regarded as the top Teddy Boy band in the UK, and one of the top 50's rock 'n roll bands in Europe. Having recently immigrated to Canada, Pete brings with him a very high standard of musicianship and style to the music he is dedicated to. His command of the guitar places fellow musicians in wonder, and his vocals are unique and powerful. Pete is true to the sound and spirit of the original artists, and pays tribute to them with every song.
Bassist and backing vocalist, Kenny Lee plays the upright bass in the way the music was meant to be played, with a slap and a solid walking line. Kenny has listened to and loved this genre of music for years and is absolutely "slap happy" to perform his favourite songs.
On drums and backing vocals, Derek Millar delivers a swinging back-beat that completes the sound. Originally a jazz drummer, "Dekker the Wrecker", as Pete has nicknamed him, plays Teddy Boy style rock 'n roll with a vengeance while decked out in his Edwardian drape jacket.
Giving 100% in every show, The Diamond Drapes are both impressive to see and exciting to hear. There is no other band like them. With professionalism as their priority, The Diamond Drapes performances are all-ages appropriate.
A few amateur videos and photographs of The Diamond Drapes can be found on the Facebook page of "The Steel Town Rockers 50's rock 'n roll club, Hamilton", or on YouTube, but to really experience the quality of entertainment they deliver, you need to come out to one of their shows!
For booking contact Pete Lyth.


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[#]: subject: "10 universal steps for open source code review"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/10/code-review"
[#]: author: "Martin Kopec https://opensource.com/users/martin-kopec"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: " "
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "

10 universal steps for open source code review
======

Code review doesn't have to be scary when you follow this universal process.

Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you needed to do a code review but didn't fully understand the project? Maybe you did not review it to avoid looking like you didn't know what you were doing.

This article assures you that there's a better way. You don't need to know everything to provide a code review. In fact, based on my experience, that's quite common.

I remember when I joined Red Hat as an intern and was asked to help with code reviews. We used a system of +1 or -1 votes, and I was initially very hesitant to weigh in. I found myself asking whether when I gave a +1 on a change but then someone else voted -1, would I look foolish?

What does happen if someone votes -1 on a change you've vote +1? The answer is nothing! You might have missed a detail that the other person noticed. It's not the end of the world. That's why we have this voting system. Like the rest of open source, merging code is a collaborative effort.

Lately, I've been so inundated with code reviews that I can hardly keep up with them. I also noticed that the number of contributors doing these reviews steadily decreased.

For this reason, I'm writing about my point of view on writing a code review. In this article, I'll share some helpful tips and tricks. I'll show you a few questions you should ask yourself and a few ideas of what to look for when doing a code review.

### What is the purpose of a code review?

Have you ever written a really simple patch? Something you think is so trivial that it doesn't require a review? Maybe you merged it straight away. Later, it turns out there was a mistake, something obvious or silly, like the wrong indentation or a few duplicated lines of code instead of a function call (yes, I'm speaking from experience!).

A code review by someone else would have caught these things.

The point of a code review is to bring a fresh pair of eyes with a new perspective on the problem you're trying to solve. That new context is exactly the reason a code review is crucial.

You may think that you must be an expert in the language to review someone else's code, the project, or both. Here's a secret all code reviewers want you to know: That's wrong! You don't need to fully understand the project or the language to provide a fresh perspective on a change. There's a universal process of code review.

### The universal process of a code review

Here's my process for code review, grouped into a couple of points. The process provides questions I ask myself to help me focus on a code change and its consequences. You don't need to go in this specific order. If there's a step, you can't execute for any reason, just move to another step.

### 1. Understand the change, what it's trying to solve, and why

The explanation of why the change is needed and any relevant context should be in the commit message. If it isn't, request it and feel free to -1 until it's provided.

Is it something that needs to be solved? Is it something the project should focus on, or is it completely out of scope?

### 2. How would you implement the solution? Would it be different?

At this point, you know what the code change is about. How would you have done it? Think about this before reviewing the change in detail. If the solution you have in mind is different from the one you're reviewing, and you think it's better, bring that up in the review. You don't need to -1 it; just ask why the author didn't go in this direction and see how the discussion evolves.

### 3. Run the code with and without the change

I usually put a few breakpoints into the code, run it, and inspect how the new code interacts with the rest.

If you can't run the whole code, try to copy the function containing the new code to a new local file, simulate the input data, and run that. This is helpful when you either don't know how to run the whole project or when it requires a specific environment to which you don't have access.

### 4. Can the new code break anything?

I mean, really anything. Think about the consequences.

In the case of a new command-line option, will it always be accepted by the target?

Can a situation occur when the option wouldn't be accepted or when it could conflict with something?

Maybe it's a new import. Is the new library, and possibly a new dependency, available in the older releases or systems you ship the project for?

What about security? Is the new dependency safe to use? The least you can do is run a quick Internet search to find out. Also, look for warnings in the console log. Sometimes there are more secure methods within the same library.

### 5. Is the code effective?

You've determined that the proposed solution is probably correct. Now it's time to check the code itself, its effectiveness, and its necessity.

Check the style of the new code. Does it match the style of the project? Any open source project has (or should have) a document informing (new) contributors about the styles and good practices the project follows.

For instance, every project in the OpenStack community has a HACKING.rst file. There's often also [a guide for new contributors][1] with all the must-know information.

### 6. Check that all new variables and imports are used

Often, there have been many iterations of the code you're reviewing, and sometimes the final version is very different from when it started. It's easy to forget an import or a new variable that was needed in a former version of the new code. Automation usually checks these things using linting tools like [flake8][2] in the case of Python code.

Can you rewrite the code without declaring new variables? Well, usually, yes, but the question is whether it's better that way. Does it bring any benefit? The goal isn't to create as many one-liners as possible. The goal is to write code that is both efficient and easy to read.

### 7. Are the new functions or methods necessary?

Is there a similar function that can be reused somewhere in the project? It's always worth helping to avoid reinventing the wheel and re-implementing logic that's already been defined.

### 8. Are there unit tests?

If the patch adds a new function or new logic in a function, it should also include new unit tests for that. It's always better when the author of a new function also writes unit tests for it.

### 9. Verify refactoring

If the commit refactors existing code (it renames a variable, changes variable scope, changes the footprint of a function by adding or removing arguments, or removes something), ask yourself:

- Can this be removed? Will it affect the stable branch?
- Are all the occurrences deleted?

You can use the [grep command][3] to find out. You wouldn't believe how many times I've voted -1 just because of this. This is a simple mistake that anyone can make, but that also means anyone can uncover it.

The owner of the commit can easily overlook these things, which is totally understandable. It's happened to me many times too. I'd finally figured out the root of the problem I'd been fixing, so I was in a rush to propose the review, and then I forgot to check the whole repo.

Apart from the project's repository, sometimes it's also necessary to check other code consumers. If some other project imports this one, they may need refactoring, too. In the OpenStack community, we have a tool that searches across every community project.

### 10. Does project documentation need to be modified?

Again, you can use the [grep command][4] to check whether the project documentation mentions anything related to the code change. Apply common sense to determine whether a change needs to be documented for end users or it's just an internal change that doesn't affect user experience.

### Bonus tip: Be considerate

Be considerate, precise, and descriptive if you make a suggestion or comment on something after you've reviewed the new code. Ask questions if you don't understand something. If you think the code is wrong, explain why you think so. Remember, the author can't fix it if they don't know what's broken.

### Final words

The only bad review is no review. By reviewing and voting, you provide your point of view and vote only for that. Nobody expects you to give the final yes or no (unless you're a core maintainer!), but the voting system allows you to provide your perspective and opinion. A patch owner will be glad you did it, trust me.

Can you think of any other steps for a good review? Do you have any special technique different from mine? Let us all know in the comments!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

via: https://opensource.com/article/22/10/code-review

作者:[Martin Kopec][a]
选题:[lkxed][b]
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)

本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

[a]: https://opensource.com/users/martin-kopec
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://docs.openstack.org/tempest/latest/contributor/contributing.html
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/5/python-flake8
[3]: https://opensource.com/downloads/grep-cheat-sheet
[4]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/how-to-use-grep


Is there a number that called you that you aren't familiar with from the 267 area code? Don't be left wondering who called and perform a reverse phone search. We have compiled a database that features all Delaware phone numbers including the 267 and any other calling codes based in this state.
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text:
Article| March 01 1989
Rapid phosphorylation and reorganization of ezrin and spectrin accompany morphological changes induced in A-431 cells by epidermal growth factor.
A Bretscher
Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
J Cell Biol (1989) 108 (3): 921–930.
https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.3.921
A Bretscher; Rapid phosphorylation and reorganization of ezrin and spectrin accompany morphological changes induced in A-431 cells by epidermal growth factor.. J Cell Biol 1 March 1989; 108 (3): 921–930. doi: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.3.921
Addition of EGF to human carcinoma A-431 cells is known to induce membrane ruffling after approximately 2 min (Chinkers, M., J. A. McKanna, and S. Cohen. 1979. J. Cell Biol. 83:260-265) and the phosphorylation of a protein referred to as p81, a known substrate for various protein-tyrosine kinases (Cooper, J. A., D. F. Bowen-Pope, E. Raines, R. Ross, and T. Hunter. 1982. Cell. 31:263-273). Ezrin, a Mr approximately 80,000 cytoskeletal protein of the isolated chicken microvillar core, is present in actin-containing cell surface structures of a wide variety of cells (Bretscher, A. 1983. J. Cell Biol. 97:425-432). Ezrin was then found to be homologous to p81 and to be phosphorylated on tyrosine in response to EGF (Gould, K. L., J. A. Cooper, A. Bretscher, and T. Hunter. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 102:660-669). Here, the purification of ezrin from human placenta is described. Antibodies to human ezrin, together with antibodies to other microfilament-associated proteins, were used to follow the distribution and phosphorylation of these proteins in A-431 cells after EGF treatment. EGF induces the formation of microvillar-like surface structures on these cells within 30 s and these give way to membrane ruffles at approximately 2-5 min after EGF addition; the cells then round up after approximately 10-20 min. Ezrin is recruited into the microvillar-like structures and the membrane ruffles, and is phosphorylated on tyrosine and serine in a time course that parallels the formation and disappearance of these surface structures. Spectrin is recruited into the membrane ruffles and shows a similar rapid kinetics of phosphorylation, but only on serine residues, and remains phosphorylated through the rounding up of the cells. The microvillar-like structures and membrane ruffles are also enriched in fimbrin and alpha-actinin. Myosin becomes rapidly reorganized into a striated pattern that is consistent with it playing a role in cell rounding. These results show that two cortical proteins, ezrin and spectrin, become phosphorylated in a time course coincident with remodeling of the cell surface. The results are consistent with the notion that ezrin phosphorylation may play a role in the formation of cell surface projections whereas spectrin phosphorylation may be involved in remodelling of more planar areas of the cell surface.
408 Web of Science
290 Crossref
The protein-tyrosine kinase substrate, p81, is homologous to a chicken microvillar core protein.
Ezrin has a COOH-terminal actin-binding site that is conserved in the ezrin protein family.
Ezrin contains cytoskeleton and membrane binding domains accounting for its proposed role as a membrane-cytoskeletal linker.


Samuel Heath Security Door Bolt. Samuel Heath Hardware is still made in Birmingham, England. It is made from the finest materials with a combination of the latest technology and hand craftsmanship, employing a high quality plating process to ensure a flawless finish.
61mm bolt with a 30mm backset.


text:
CITP's Public Interest Technology Summer Fellowship is in Full Swing
Summer is in full swing and so is CITP's Public Interest Technology Summer Fellowship. This year, 19 university students, including five from Princeton, are interning at government agencies across the nation — including the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the office of New York City's Chief Technology Officer and the offices of the attorneys general of Iowa and Texas — as part of the eight-week program.
CITP launched the program three years ago through a grant from the Public Interest Tech University Network (PIT-UN) to give students from PIT-UN member schools real-world experience working with agencies and experts who shape or influence technology policy.
Among the 2022 cohort are:
an international economics student at Georgetown University who founded an AI startup to improve the communication skills of people with autism in New Zealand;
a disc jockey who is studying international political economy at the University of Texas in Dallas; and,
a Georgia Institute of Technology student who is invested in making technology and the internet accessible to all people.
The five Princeton Fellows are Emma Bearss, Leashell Camille, Hannah Kapoor, Archie McKenzie and William Powers.
As part of the program, Fellows participate in a virtual policy bootcamp organized by CITP Associate Director Tithi Chattopadhyay and Mihir Kshirsagar, CITP's Tech Policy Clinic lead. They also engage weekly with experts and leaders in tech policy. The program will conclude in early August with a gathering of all the Fellows at CITP's office on the Princeton campus.
To learn more about the program, and this year's Fellows, visit the fellowship page here.


A family member has been diagnosed with Mesothelioma that is not surgecially treatable as it is the worst genetic type and has also spread into the mediastinum.
The Doctor wants to start chemotherapy ASAP, and I am not sure if they plan on Radiation as well?
The patient is questioning if he should even take this treatment? His Wife passed away from lung cancer and he has seen what the chemo does.
How much life extension would chemotherapy +/- radiation provide to someone with this sort of situation? Quaility of life would be ????
Welcome to Grace. I'm very sorry to know your relative is going through this. It's not possible for anyone to say what should be done or what someone might do if this were their patient because there are too many other issues that go into making a plan. Having said that there is a lot of information about managing unresectable mesothelioma. I've posted a couple of links below that will help you understand what options may be available.
It is always possible to get a second opinion from a meso specialist. However, if his cancer is unresectable radiation or other focal treatment (treating just one site as opposed to systemic treatment that treats the whole body) isn't helpful unless it's for palliative purposes (to aid in comfort care).
There are clinical trials that are testing chemo with immunotherapy that are showing promise and your relative may be interested in checking that out. His oncologist should be able to get info on them.
Whether or not to accept treatment is a personal decision and appropriate to consider with unresectable mesothelioma. If he doesn't like it he can quit at anytime. It's important for him to know though that he doesn't have to make the decision today or tomorrow however this is usually an aggressive disease so the more time taken the greater chance of becoming too frail to have treatment. Side effects of chemo are most often managed with meds given with chemo and most people are surprised by how well they feel compared to how difficult it was for loved ones in the past.
At any time he decides not to have or continue treatment, hospice should be called in to manage the symptoms of cancer both physical and emotional for patients and caregivers. The sooner they are allowed to help the better.
Thank you very much for the very informative and helpful reply.


This Desk Nameplate is hand carved from solid mahogany and then filled with varnished and finally handpainted. Each nameplate is given three coats of clear lacquer to guard against tarnishing over the years. We dry and cure the wood at our own factory you can be sure that our products will not warp or twist.
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Our staff are specially trained to help you with any questions or design issues that you might have. Call us on 63-905-509-0717.


text:
Log in Join Add My Business Inquire About This Domain
Fès-Boulemane
Meknès-Tafilalet
Souss-Massa-Draâ
Tangier-Tétouan
Ancient Morocco
Borj-Nord Musuem – Housed in a 16th Century Fortress
If you're planning to visit Fez during your trip to Morocco, you should definitely schedule some time for a visit to the Borj-Nord Museum. This interesting museum seems to be an almost forgotten tribute to the past, with many visitors and locals neglecting to visit it. Nevertheless it is immensely interesting and provides interesting insight into the military history and traditions of Morocco through a variety of excellent collections that have been donated to the museum.
The Borj-Nord Museum in Morocco is hard to miss since it is housed in a 16th century fortress that towers above the city, its stark walls clearly visible over quite a distance. The fortress was once a northern tower that formed part of the walled fortifications that surrounded Fez in times gone by. It was built in 1582 at the command of Saadian Sultan Ahmed El Mansour Eddahbi as part of efforts to ensure that Fez was adequately protected. No better location for the museum could have been chosen since the building itself is a testimony to the evolution of military warfare and architecture. Inside the tower you will find the Borj-Nord weapons museum. Here you will find weapons from virtually every age and corner of the country. The majority of the collection has been donated by royalty and as a result, there are even a number of rare pieces included in the displays. Overall, there are more than 5000 different arms in the collection which include 775 military items. All these articles are displayed in a serious of 13 different rooms and collections include everything from pre-historic weaponry to modern day rifles. The collection is also not limited to only Moroccan artifacts and includes Indian, European and Asian articles.
The most outstanding portion of the museum simply has to be the Moroccan weaponry, which is not only dangerous, but decorative too. Daggers are encrusted with precious stones and rifle butts are carefully shaped and inlaid with jewels. These articles are so beautifully decorated that they hold appeal for art lovers too. The largest piece in the collection is a cannon that was used during the Battle of the Three Kings (Battle of the Wadi Al-makhazin). This massive weapon is five meters long and weighs a whopping 12 tons! The fortress that houses the Borj-Nord Museum has been recently restored and the collection is excellent. So give this great museum a visit the next time you're in Fez. You won't regret it.
back to Museums
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Know where you're going! Below is a list of some key facts and essential information about Morocco.
Bab Rouah
Boulaouane Kasbah
Citadel Of Chellah
Dar El Makhzen
Djemaa El Fna
Friouato Caves
Glaoui Kasbah
Grand Socco
Grottoes Of Hercules
Kasbah De Oudaias
Mahkama Du Pacha
Mamora Forest
Medersa Bou Inania
Medina Of Rabat
Menara Gardens
Mohamed V Mausoleum
Saadian Tombs
St Andrews Church Tangier
Zaouia Moulay Idriss
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text:
The Americano
Puerto Rico Municipalities Most Affected by Natural Disaster Flipped Parties
Written By	 Mivette Vega
Originally Published	November 11, 2020 5:53 pm
A man rides his bike in front of a collapse house after 6.4-magnitude earthquake hit Guanica, Puerto Rico on January 11, 2020.
Some 20 municipalities—especially those affected by recent earthquakes—moved away from their traditional political affiliations.
The shuffling of political-party affiliation in approximately 20 of the island's 78 municipalities is one of the most notable outcomes of the election in Puerto Rico.
Some of the municipalities that flipped were important strongholds for the New Progressive Party (PNP by its Spanish initials) or the Popular Democratic Party (PPD by its Spanish initials), the two main traditional political parties on the island.
RELATED: Puerto Rico Just Elected Its Most Politically Diverse Senate Ever
One of the most surprising changes happened in Ponce, where Mayor María "Mayita" Meléndez lost after three terms. The PNP official lost by a wide margin: Dr. Luis Irizarry Pabón of the PPD won with 63% of the votes.
Ponce is one of the southern municipalities that has suffered severe earthquake damage since the beginning of 2020.
Guánica, another municipality severely affected by quakes, will also see a change in administration. Current PNP-affiliated Mayor Santos Seda ended up in the third position after Edgardo Cruz became the first mayor in Puerto Rico's history to win an election without appearing on the ballot, but rather as a write-in candidate.
Cruz is a retired Air Force soldier. He obtained 2,041 votes while the PPD candidate, Ismael "Titi" Rodríguez Ramos, tallied up to 1,962. Seda's total came up to 1,953.
In Guayanilla, PPD Mayor Nelson Torres lost against Raúl Rivera of the PNP, who won with 4,748 votes. Torres' votes tallied up to 3,357. The municipality was severely damaged by a 6.4 magnitude earthquake on Jan. 6.
Santa Isabel Mayor Enrique "Quique" Questell, affiliated with the PNP, lost against Rafael "Billy" Burgos Santiago of the PPD, who obtained 50.4% of the votes.
San Lorenzo's PPD Mayor José "Joe" Román will conclude a 19-year term after being defeated by PNP candidate Jaime Alverío. The candidate won with 7,451 votes, compared to Román's 7,291.
The San Juan mayoral race was one of the most hotly contested during the election. In the early hours of the ballot count, PNP candidate Miguel Romero trailed behind Movimiento de Victoria Ciudadana (MVC) candidate Manuel Natal. Later on, Romero surpassed Natal with a 2,232 vote difference. Natal is claiming irregularities in the scrutiny process and has requested a recount.
Carmen Yulín Cruz of the PPD had been mayor of San Juan for eight years.
On Tuesday, Francisco Rosado, president of the Puerto Rico State Elections Commission, confirmed the sudden discovery of 174 boxes filled with uncounted ballots at the Coliseo Roberto Clemente in San Juan, where votes are being counted. He did not specify the precise quantity of ballots contained in the boxes.
"I can tell you there were many votes in there," the president of the commission said at a news conference.
RELATED: Pedro Pierluisi Is the New Governor of Puerto Rico
During the past four years, politicians have had to deal with the additional challenges brought upon by Hurricane María in 2017, the earthquakes this year, and the pandemic affecting the island since mid-March.
Puerto Rico's government has been plagued by corruption. Famously, former Gov. Ricardo Rosselló was forced to resign in August 2019 after a chat-room scandal.
election 2020local electionspoliticsPuerto RicoVoting 2020
Mivette Vega is our Puerto Rico Reporter. This seasoned journalist reports on what happens on the island. She is passionate about justice, equality, environmental matters, and animals. She is a Salvadorrican—Salvadorian that grew up in Puerto Rico—that has lived in San Juan, Venice, and Miami.
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Economy	Consejitos to Save Money This Christmas
Politics	Todo lo que debes saber sobre el 'redistricting' y cómo te afecta
Puerto Rico Los Camioneros: a Force That Impacts Far More Than the Economy in Puerto Rico
Elections	Charlie Crist Runs to Unseat Gov. DeSantis in 2022 with a Clear Message: 'Stop the Division and Hate'.
Education	How Latinos Could Benefit if Biden Forgives Student Loans
COVID Vaccine	Florida Kids Ages 5 to 11 Can Now Get Vaccinated. Here's Where to Go for the COVID-19 Vaccine.
BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE AMERICANO
Courier Newsroom


This copy shows the entry on 22-Apr-2019 at 17:16:53.
CRANFORD SP9277 ST.ANDREW'S LANE, Cranford St.Andrew 1337-0/18/161 (North side) No.31 GV II Cottage. C17/C18. Coursed limestone rubble with thatched roof and rendered end stack. One storey and attic. Ground floor has a single-light and a C20 porch to right. 3-light small-paned eyebrow dormer above. Wooden lintels. One-storey addition to left with C20 interlocking concrete tile roof and brick end stack has C20 door and a 2-light casement window. Interior not inspected.