text:
British Parliament Extends Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Equality Rights to Northern Ireland
The House of Commons liberalizes laws regarding women's health and LGBTQ rights.
The British Parliament on Tuesday, July 9 voted in favor of extending abortion rights and same-sex marriage equality to historically socially conservative Northern Ireland. In a free vote, MPs in the lower House of Commons voted in favor for the same-sex marriage amendment by 383 votes to 73 while the abortion amendment was supported by 332 votes to 99.
MPs vote in favour of amendment aiming to extend access to abortion in Northern Ireland, by 332 votes to 99https://t.co/VZq1MLe2hA
— BBC Politics (@BBCPolitics) July 9, 2019
The extension of these civil rights to Northern Ireland will be officially enacted if the Northern Irish Assembly is not restored by October 21, 2019, since there has been no official government formed due to an ideological divide between progressive Catholic republicans and conservative Protestant unionists. These rights for women and LGBTQIA+ people will likely cover Northern Ireland under The Same-Sex Couples Act 2013 that legalized marriage equality across England and Wales in 2014, and the Abortion Act 1967 that liberalized abortion across the majority of Britain since the late 1960s.
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Related Topics:#news#WorldNewsAbortionBigStoryfeaturedLGBTLGBTQpolicypolitcspolitical climatepoliticsWorld Politics
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Автор: Заливохина О. С. / Author: Zalivokhina O. S.
Translated from English by O.S. Zalivohina, Student of the Russian State University of Justice, under the scientific editorship of D.A. Dorogin, PhD in Law, Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal Law, Russian State University of Justice.
изъятие человеческих органов, торговля человеческими ор- ганами, уголовная ответственность, уголовная юрисдикция, международное сотрудничество, Совет Европы.
human organs retrieval, trafficking in human organs, criminal responsibility, criminal jurisdiction, international cooperation, the Council of Europe.


The Mayan culture was one of the most important cultures in Mesoamerica, along with the Mexica (Aztecs), Toltec, Zapotec and Mixtec. They had very particular flavors that are still present in the cuisine of the region, and it is worth having their own cooking workshop.
There are recipes that we continue to prepare and eat nowadays that represent pre-hispanic dishes.
Chef Dussan will take you through a time travel and you will learn ancient techniques from the Yucatan Peninsula.
Meet at the cooking school in Plaza Nichupté.


hi guys this is my first instructable i hope you'll enjoy it !!
Got sick of the high prices of Home Security systems ??
have old mobile sets don't know what to do with ?
build a cheap alarm system that will notify you on your mobile by SMS.
An old mobile phone set with supply (charger).
Cheap door magnetic alarm (can be replaced by a magnetic switch and a magnet ).
wires and thin insulated copper wires.
here is the whole thing....you write the text message " for example : the main door was opened " then you put your mobile number then you...don't press the sending button.... you'll make the burglar do it !
you just want the magnetic switch to work as the sending button.
so when the magnetic field applies "that means the door is closed ", the switch closes. and that means also that when the door is opened the magnetic field vanishes and the switch is opened..
what will we do ?? you can just seek a SPDT "Single Pole Double Throw" magnetic switch from components shops this should solve the problem of the whole alarm, but this was hard to find so i used a relay powered by the mobile charger to do the job..
The other problem is that some mobile sets closes the keypad automatically or switch to standby mode after a period of time "in order to save energy" but most of old ones doesn't... you just have to go to settings and turn of the automatic keypad lock.
if your mobile does closes the keypad automatically or switches to stand buy mode then you'll have to build a small 555 timer circuit that will trigger any unvital key on the keypad like the volume control " every 3 sec for example " to keep it on the send message mode.. of course the mobile should be powered from the charger all the time.
Most of Nokia old mobiles are easy to deal with they don't standby and you can disable the auto keypad lock .
In this step you'll just solder two wires to the two terminals of the magnetic switch inside.
NOTE : you have to test your alarm first, you may not need a relay at all test the magnetic switch with the multimeter to know whether it is NC or NO.
"as the mobile will be always be connected to the charger "
I have two question to ask you.
What other phones are possible to soldered, apart from Nokia.
Hi, good job, during a month of a period i was tried to find how to make this kind of a thing enabled with sms, thanks a lot for sharing these experiments with all of us. i want to make a employee suggestion box by using this tool, that's why i was search this type of tool. i think it possible to make a SMS alert system when some one drop their suggestions in to the box. if you have any other tools which can help to that, please send it to me. udarathilina.wijerathna@gmail.com, again thank you..
where did you buy the door magnetic alarm in Cairo ?
intelligent.. but how sms will send??? it may be that sms will send due to continue press of ok button of Nokia phone... but is it working on other phones??
can i know what is findings and specific objectives of this device my pleasure to know.
Men like you, make the world go round! keep going!
Hi Am I missing something , Once the switch is made , does this not mean that the send button is effectively on all the time. I am thinking of using the system on my old boat , to warn of water ingress , but the switch would make once only , whereas you really want a pulse to operate the phone.
for your application you can also make a very simple digital circuit to send one pulse and stops working,on this way you wont need to "re-trigger" the system to make it work again.
Many thanks will rig up a circuit and try this.
I am wondering if you ever got this to work for your old boat. I arrived at the same instructable because I am trying to do the exact same thing to warn me if the bilge pump is running, or if the water level gets too high on my vintage boat.
Any help you can offer would be great!
Yes I have had this system working on my boat for the last two years. The only problem I had was keeping the phone battery charged . as I can leave the boat for several months over the winter, All I did was connect the bilge switch do the phone contacts , unfortunatly it was never tested as I have not had a leak.
Has anyone managed to connect wires to the light or sounder on a phone in order to switch anything on via a phone, any ideas.
Oooh, Oooh, I know. A BOMB!!!


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Home/News/LUBAMBE MINE OFFLOADS K5.5M IN COVID-19 SUPPORT
LUBAMBE MINE OFFLOADS K5.5M IN COVID-19 SUPPORT
Precious Chama Send an email July 2, 2020
Chililabombwe recently unveiled a brand new clinic, ambulance at a total cost of K5,550,000 for the provision of primary health services and emergency response to 2,000 employees and contractors.The facility, which can also serve as a first aid centre will operate 24 hours daily, has the capacity to handle multiple emergencies, primary and occupational cases, wellness programmes and trauma cases among others.
Lubambe Copper Mine (LCM) General Manager Operations Tony Davis who officially opened the clinic at the mine site, is happy that the mine has made major strides in raising its standards in safety and health services to its employees. The mining company has also employed highly competent and skilled staff who include a resident medical doctor, paramedic, three nurses and four drivers to provide the best health care services to employees and contractors.
He noted that as Lubambe Mine strives towards attaining its vision of being the best copper mine in Zambia, it was important for the mine to maintain very high standards in key areas such as health and safety. The mine has in the last two years invested heavily in health and safety.
In a statement released by LCM Communications Manager Loyce Saili, Davis expressed happiness that the mine had employed the right people to provide emergency response and quality health care to the workforce.
Mineworkers Union of Zambia (MUZ) Branch Chairperson Godfrey Mwale who represented all three labour unions and was recognised at the mine, thanked management for the construction of the clinic which he said had come at the right time.
Mine Manager Alfred Ng'ambi expressed happiness that the construction of the clinic would enable workers to receive quick and quality health care.
Resident Medical Doctor Thierry Mumba said he was delighted that Lubambe was adhering to the World Health Organisation's call for strengthened health systems across the globe through the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). He advised employees to make good use of the facility and that the medical team was there to serve them.
The clinic also has 12 lead Electrocardiograms (ECG) with the latest ECG interpreting software, in line with CO2 monitoring for ventilated patients, external pacing, defibrillator, blood pressure and temperature monitoring, automated haematology machine, bedside sonar, autoclave steriliser to sterilise surgical instruments, emergency trolley with the emergency medication and ventilator.
Other facilities include an emergency bed allowing for resuscitation and the transportation of the patient with the mattress, intraosseous drill and needles to establish a high capacity line for patients in a trauma case.The new ambulance is equipped with
modern equipment that includes a full assist ventilation transport ventilator which is electrically driven and uses less oxygen than other transport ventilators allowing for longer ventilation time per oxygen cylinder.
Previously, the mine only had a one room facility which was inadequate in terms of space and offered no privacy for patients. The old facility had no capacity to accommodate multiple casualties or incidents due to inadequate space and equipment. In total contrast, the new clinic will offer world class standards and medical services.
By Martin Musunka, Solwezi Today.
Precious Chama
Zambia Chamber of Mines Press Release
FIVE KALUMBILA COMMUNITIES RECEIVE K3M HEALTH EQUIPMENT

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Side effects that occurred early in people with multiple sclerosis during the first year of treatment with cladribine tablets: a plain language summary
Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2022 Feb 1;12(1):1-7. doi: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0041. Epub 2022 Jan 12.
Jiwon Oh 1 , Bryan Walker 2 , Gavin Giovannoni 3 , Dominic Jack 4 , Fernando Dangond 5 , Axel Nolting 6 , Julie Aldridge 5 , Lori A Lebson 7 , Thomas P Leist 8
1 Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
2 Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
3 Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
4 Merck Serono Ltd., Feltham, UK, an affiliate of Merck KGaA.
5 EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA.
6 Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
7 EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA.
8 Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0041
People with multiple sclerosis (also shortened to MS) may have difficulties staying on treatment due to side effects. Cladribine tablets, approved for treating relapsing forms of MS, are given by mouth for four short periods over two years. The benefit of convenient dosing may be lost if side effects prevent people with MS from finishing their treatment. This is the summary of a study that examined side effects from cladribine tablets treatment in the first 12 weeks of two clinical studies called CLARITY and ORACLE-MS. Overall, 34.7% of participants who took cladribine tablets experienced drug-related side effects compared to 23.2% of participants who took placebo. Most side effects were mild and were seen in 54.8% of participants taking cladribine tablets and 59.1% taking the placebo. A low number of participants discontinued treatment due to side effects (1.6% of participants who took cladribine tablets; 1.4% of participants who took placebo). The researchers concluded that cladribine tablets are well-tolerated and people with MS are likely to complete the full treatment course. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT numbers: CLARITY study - NCT00213135 and ORACLE-MS study - NCT00725985.
Keywords: CLARITY; ORACLE-MS; cladribine tablets; lay summary; multiple sclerosis; plain language summary; side effects.
Cladribine* / adverse effects
Immunosuppressive Agents / adverse effects
Multiple Sclerosis* / drug therapy
Tablets / therapeutic use


Abstract: Increasing transparency is one of the first and most common recommendations from international financial institutions to policymakers in countries that experience economic crises. Despite the widespread prescription of this elixir, disagreements persist about its efficacy during crises. Much of the existing literature suggests that increasing transparency decreases information asymmetries, increases policy predictability and the credibility of policy commitments, improves the effectiveness of monetary policy, and bolsters public confidence. Each of these effects could plausibly shorten the duration of economic crises. Critics counter, however, that effects of transparency are ambiguous and may increase policy uncertainty, raise volatility, increase the prospect of collectively self-destructive behaviors, and decrease the effectiveness of monetary policy – effects that could prolong crises. These debates persist in part because related empirical research tends to focus primarily on the transparency of central banks and its impact on market expectations regarding short-term interest rates without considering the transparency of national governments and how the availability of credible data about the national economy from sources other than the central bank affects public and market expectations. We argue that greater transparency of national governments – often inferred from, yet independent of, the transparency of central banks – will decrease the duration of inflation and currency crises by providing information about existing economic conditions, increasing the predictability and credibility of national economic policy, and increasing confidence in the efficacy of policy choices by demonstrating the degree to which the policy positions of national politicians and central bankers align. We operationalize government transparency in terms of the government dissemination of credible macroeconomic information using the Hollyer, Rosendorff, and Vreeland (HRV) index. Our analyses of 125 countries from 1980 through 2010 indicate that higher levels of government transparency are strongly correlated with shorter durations of inflation and currency crises and that the level of transparency is negatively correlated with the severity or size of inflation crises.


text:
2010 BMW M6 Base 2dr Coupe
Rear Wheel Drive, 2 Door Coupe, Subcompact
Recently Viewed Cars 2010 BMW M6 Base 2dr Coupe
January 13, 2010 by Brian Alexander, Road Test Editor
DriverSide Overview
Attempting to figure out just what exactly the BMW M6 is can prove a daunting task. Is it a supercar? It's a bit too heavy, slightly too luxurious and just a hair slow to qualify by today's frankly ridiculous standards, so no, it's not a supercar. Is it a GT, a stately luxo-barge used for long, comfort-filled hauls across entire states or countries? Well, it's a little too stiffly sprung and a bit too manic, so no, it's not a GT. So it has to be a sports coupe, right? Again, it falls a bit off mark, being too large and heavy to be considered a modern sports coupe. BMW has the M3 for that.
Instead, the M6 lies at the intersection of supercar, GT and sports coupe. It brings performance and styling cues from all three segments to create a car that is unlike any other on the market, and as such, will only appeal to a very specific – and very affluent – group of consumers. Within the stately shell of the 6-Series lies an M-inspired interior with deep sports seats, ahead of which sits an engine that appears to have been snagged from a Formula One parts crate and an automated manual gearbox that feels a bit antiquated in today's market. It's a fun car to say the least, but just what exactly it defines itself as, we can't say for sure.
Watch our Video Review
The manic power delivery of the M6 is highly addictive, and above 6,000 rpm the engine is terrifyingly rampant, delivering a Formula One howl unlike anything else in the segment. Inside, it's very luxurious, with an array of available leather choices and all the tech one could hope for.
When the M6 was released, BMW's SMG automated manual transmission may have been at the top of its game, but today much better technologies exist (including BMW's own M DCT) and the SMG feels too jerky and unpredictable for daily use. The rear seats are absolutely useless and fuel economy is painfully poor around town. Paying a $3K gas-guzzler tax is never fun.
DriverSide Driving Impressions
While the top-heavy powerband of the M6 doesn't feel like anything special around town – if you've every owned a five-cylinder engine you will notice an induction note that's immediately familiar – find an empty stretch of road (or, preferably, racetrack) where you can pin the throttle and you'll discover it hides its magic above 6,000 rpm, at which point it slams you back in your seat on the way to its surreal 8,000 rpm redline. With the M button activated, it's good for 500 horsepower, and it feels like every single one of them subsists exclusively on Red Bull. Chassis feedback isn't at the level of say, an M3, and grip levels are so high that you won't be too tempted to get on the gas mid-corner, as appealing as deliciously huge power slides may be given the long wheelbase of the M6. Around town the DSG transmission feels a bit oafish and outdated, and can be especially frustrating in automatic mode. Variable suspension means you can have anything from a soft cruiser to a backbreaking super-coupe with a prod of the EDC button.
The M6 is powered by the same 5.0-liter V-10 engine found in the BMW M5, which produces an astonishing 500 hp at a very lofty 7,750 rpm and 383 lb-ft of torque at 6,100 rpm. Power is transmitted to the rear wheels via either a seven-speed SMG automated manual gearbox or, preferably, a six-speed manual gearbox.
There are plenty of standard tech items in the M6, such as 14-way adjustable M sports seats and a 13-speaker Logic7 Surround Sound system, but there are a few curious omissions that come up as options, such as Comfort Access keyless entry and smartphone integration. A heads-up display is a cool add-on that's fun to show off.
BMW's recently reworked iDrive system comes standard, and if you've heard horror stories from the past, you can relax. The new system is a substantial achievement in usability, technological integration and, er, common sense compatibility. We find it a bit ridiculous that iPod and USB adaptors don't come standard in a car this price.
Considering the car has been slapped with a gas-guzzler tax and carries within it a 5.0-liter V-10, no reasonable human being would expect it to return respectable fuel economy numbers. EPA estimates are 11 mpg city, 17 mpg highway.
A Closer Look: Vehicle Details
The interior of the M6 hits the mark, blending the subtly sophisticated innards of the standard 6-Series with vibrant leather combinations and cavernous M sports seats. A colorful iDrive display dominates the center stack; below it sit the intuitive climate control knobs and an array of buttons that control engine, chassis and transmission settings.
A more aggressive front-end hints at the M6's potential, and lower side skirts, quad tailpipes and massive 19-inch rims continue the theme around the car. None of this does much to hide its massive dimensions, which remain readily obvious once up close.
With an MSRP of $102,100 (before a $3K gas-guzzler tax), the M6 certainly resides in near-supercar territory. Competitors include the timeless $87,000 Porsche 911 Carrera S, $83,040 Nissan GT-R Premium, $95,150 Jaguar XKR, $117,500 Masterati Granturismo and $110,400 Mercedes-Benz CL550 4Matic.
It might have a bit of an identity crisis, but perhaps that's part of the appeal of the BMW M6 – the fact that there is nothing else quite like it. Artfully crafted and with an engine unlike anything we will ever see again, it represents the end of a dying breed – high horsepower, flagrantly ostentatious sports tourers. Doubtless, there are people out there seeking just such a machine.
2012 Infiniti IPL G Coupe 6MT
2012 Chevrolet Corvette Z06 Ce...
Crate Engines: When You Need t...


In my painting "Listening to the Whispers", we see a popular icon, one that we have known through out the ages. The Angel Being seems pensive, realized, still and therefor able to receive. Reflections of Spirit appear in the background through nature, tress, sky revealing to us the suggestion that indeed Spirit is all around. If we allow ourselves the grace to stop, look and listen to the whispers, a sense of oneness with all of life beckons for our awakening.
This artwork is sold and shipped to you by Sheryl Ann Noday, and will be packaged in a cardboard box. Artworks are dispatched within 10 working days from United States.


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text:
Maurice M. Martinez, Ph.D. is a Renaissance man. A New Orleans-born poet (often referred to as "MARTY MOST: Jazz Poet," the Crescent City's original beat poet), photographer, musician and filmmaker, he is a Professor in the Department of Instructional Technology, Foundations and Secondary Education at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. A protégé of poet Langston Hughes, Dr. Martinez is steeped in the African American culture through both his heritage and scholarly endeavors. He has written numerous articles about the Mardi Gras Indians, and his award-winning film (the first definitive treatment on the history and culture of the Mardi Gras Indians) titled: "THE BLACK INDIANS OF NEW ORLEANS (1976)" edited by Sam Pollard of Spike Lee fame, is considered a classic. It was shown for a full week at the New York Whitney Museum's "New Filmmakers" Program, and received a favorable review in The New York Times. Dr. Martinez is frequently called upon by Arts and Cultural Centers to present keynote speeches on the sociocultural history of the Black Indians of Mardi Gras. His films include: "TOO WHITE TO BE BLACK, TO BLACK TO BE WHITE: The New Orleans Creole;" "THE QUORUM: ARESSTED FOR INTERRACIAL DRINKING OF A CUP OF COFFEE IN NEW ORLEANS;" "IRENE;" "BLACK FRAULEIN;" "LA VIDA NO ES FACIL (Life is Not Easy);" "COLORED WHITE BOY;" "NO TEACHER LEFT BEHIND;" "WINGS OF WOOD (Creole Woodcarvers);" and a 5 part series titled: MISERICORDS: HIDDEN MIRRORS OF MEDIEVAL LIFE." In New York City at Hunter College, C.U.N.Y., Dr. Martinez was artistic director for several of the Caribbean Cultural Center's "Expressions" concerts, including Trumpet Traditions with Wynton Marsalis; Orisha World Conference; Drums of New Orleans featuring Ed Blackwell, Vernel Fournier and Earl Palmer; and Carnival in New York at Lincoln Center. He has published three college textbooks. His study of the cultures and rhythms in Brazil and New Orleans was featured in the annual Tom Dent Congo Square lecture at the Jazz and Heritage Festival in 2001.
During his 19 year tenure at UNCW, he has produced: poetry slams; edited a poetry anthology; directed Spring Happenings that brought together performance artists, musicians, dancers, and studio artists at the Wilmington Azalea Festival; been a supporter of and participant in jazz and blues scenes; and given many workshops on multicultural diversity. In the years 2000 and 2001during Black History Month, Dr. Martinez was the host on National Public Radio, WNPR, of a 15 part program series titled: "North Carolina Blue Notes" that focused upon the lives of famous jazz, blues, and R&B people born in North Carolina, such as John Coltrane, Theloneous Monk, Max Roach, Nina Simone, Nappy Brown, Blind Boy Fuller, Maceo Parker, Sonny Terry, Lou Donaldson, Percy Heath, etc.
Dr. Maurice M. Martinez earned his B.S. at Xavier University of New Orleans, and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. In the year 2014, Dr, Martinez celebrated 51 years in the classroom. His teaching experience includes 8 years as a high school mathematics teacher at Carver Senior High School in New Orleans, 24 years at Hunter College, and 19 years at UNCW. He received a Ford Foundation award to undertake two years of research in Brazil in a program titled: "Internships in Latin American Education" administered by the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.
His musical CD release (2002), titled Marty Most, Jazz Poet presents: DRUMSCUSSION, features a cross-fertilization of the drum rhythms of Brazil and New Orleans as performed by master drummers: Alfred "Uganda" Roberts, [Professoir Longhair's conga drummer], Jorge Alabe [master drummer from Brazil], and Charles "Honeyboy" Otis, a legendary drummer from New Orleans who has performed and recorded hits with a long list of R&B performers.
Dr. Martinez is featured as an onscreen narrator in "ALL ON A MARDI GRAS DAY", a one hour PBS-TV documentary that was aired nationally in February, 2003. The film depicts how Blacks celebrate the New Orleans Carnival.
Dr. Martinez has produced 36 documentary films. His documentary co-produced with Dr. Harriet J. Ottenheimer titled: "THE QUORUM" [60 minutes] won a first place award of "Best Documentary" in the Cape Fear Independent Film Network's Sometime in October Film Festival, October, 2004. It was nominated for an award at the Independent Black Film Festival in Atlanta, March 3, 2004. It won a 1st place "Best Documentary" award in the CINE NOIR: A Festival of Black Film, March 3-6, 2005.
A screening of the THE QUORUM was hosted by the American Embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, on November 23, 2004. Director Maurice M. Martinez was invited to speak at the screening and received a warm welcome in Prague.
In addition to Director, Dr. Martinez did the camera work, composed and produced the music soundtracks, narrated, co-edited, and co-produced THE QUORUM.
The documentary (2006) titled: "LA VIDA NO ES FÁCIL [Life is Not Easy]" premiered on February 10, 2006, at UNCW. In addition, it had an international premiere in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 14,2006, at the 50th anniversary conference of the Comparative and International Education Society.
In addition, Dr. Martinez contributed film footage about New Orleans Black Culture to Spike Lee's four hour documentary on Hurricane Katrina titled: "WHEN THE LEVEES BROKE", premiered on HBO August 21, 22, and 28, 2006.
Dr. Martinez's documentary in two acts (2006) titled: [running time 84 mins] "TOO WHITE TO BE BLACK, TOO BLACK TO BE WHITE: The New Orleans Creole" was premiered in New Orleans at the LA CREOLE conference on Nov. 4, 2006, had a successful European premiere at the international conference of NAES [National Association for Ethnic Studies] in Istanbul, Turkey, on November 19, 2006. It recently won an award as "BEST DOCUMENTARY" [second place] at the CINE NOIR FILM FESTIVAL on March 17, 2007.
His has two films depicting the lives of bass players, musical legends: Percy Heath of the Modern Jazz Quartet, and Peter "Chuck Badie, New Orleans bassist. He has a work-in-progress honoring the late Kermit Moore, cellist/composer/conductor titled" "UBIQUITY: THE KERMIT MOORE STORY."
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The key to significant and permanent weight loss is making permanent changes in eating habits – but it's not nearly as simple as that. Thankfully, such proven bariatric procedures as sleeve gastrectomy and lap band really can bring the necessary lifestyle changes within reach of the large majority of patients. Leading board certified weight loss surgeon Michael Feiz, M.D., F.A.C.S. is here to help by providing the kind of outstanding and thoughtful medical care needed to help severely obese people develop the new lifestyle they need to move on to a new life.
The problem with conventional approaches to weight loss is that, the moment we begin to lose weight, our body starts to send messages to our brain telling us to overeat. Fortunately, a bariatric surgery can short-circuit that biological program by radically reducing the way our body absorbs food and, along with it, our appetite. Thus, a lap band or sleeve gastrectomy in Carson, Huntington Beach, Rancho Cucamonga, Valencia, Beverly Hills or any of the other Southern California locations of Dr. Feiz and Associates can make it vastly easier to do what we've been trying to do all along: lose weight via a new lifestyle built around the sensible plan of eating less and exercising more.
If you are seriously interested in learning how bariatric procedures can help you make the important changes you need to make in order to lose weight, then your next step should be to participate in one of the free seminars being offered by Dr. Feiz and Associates. From such topics as the pros and cons of lap band vs gastric sleeve procedures, to whether or not an individual may be a good candidate for a weight loss surgery, these seminars may be the best first step there is on the road to a new life and a new lifestyle.


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A Trio of Supernova Fossils
by Jesse Feddersen | Jun 11, 2016 | Daily Paper Summaries | 2 comments
Title: Three supernova shells around a young star cluster in M33
Authors: Camps-Fariña, A., Beckman, J.E., Font, J., Borlaff, A., Zaragoza-Cardiel, J., & Amram, P.
First Author's Institution: Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain
Status: Accepted by MNRAS Letters
When massive stars die, they explode as supernovae. These explosions are so powerful they can outshine the billions of stars in an entire galaxy. Supernovae can be used to measure distances in cosmology. The same supernova can even be observed multiple times when its host galaxy is gravitationally lensed. These explosions can also wreak havoc on their neighborhood, blasting gas out of their host galaxies, preventing further star formation.
Supernova feedback is invoked in simulations of galaxy evolution to reproduce realistic galaxies. These simulations must make assumptions about how supernova are distributed in the galaxy. Supernovae which are more clustered will have a different impact on their galaxy than supernovae which are more spread out. Since supernova explosions are transient and rare, it's challenging to study how they cluster in real time. One strategy is to look for their fossils: supernova remnants. Remnants are expanding bubbles of gas swept up by the explosion.
The authors of today's paper found three concentric expanding bubbles of gas around a massive star cluster in the Triangulum Galaxy.
Finding Bubbles
To identify expanding bubbles, you need to know the velocity of the gas. The authors targeted the Hα emission line, which traces the gas ionized by massive stars. Using a technique called Fabry-Perot spectroscopy, the authors obtained a spectral cube, with two spatial dimensions and one velocity dimension, of the Hα emission towards the star cluster.
Each pixel of this spectral cube contains a spectrum of the ionized gas towards that pixel. The spectrum encodes the distribution of velocities in the ionized gas. Figure 1 shows the spectrum of a pixel. A simple expanding bubble will cause a pair of peaks in the spectrum offset from the average velocity by the expansion velocity of the bubble. The approaching side of the bubble will have a negative velocity compared to the galaxy, while the receding side will have a greater velocity. The authors fitted Gaussian functions to the spectrum of each pixel, searching for pairs of peaks offset by the same velocity on either side of the main peak.
Figure 1. Ionized gas spectrum of one pixel with multiple velocity components. The crosses show the observed spectrum. The three pairs of Gaussians (solid lines) represent the approaching and receding parts of each expanding bubble. The middle Gaussian is the main component of ionized gas. Spectra in every pixel are searched for such symmetric pairs of Gaussians.
The authors found three pairs of peaks towards the star cluster, each with a different expansion velocity. Figure 2 shows the pixels where each pair of peaks was detected. The pair of peaks with the lowest velocity show the largest spatial extent, just what you'd expect for expanding bubbles that are slowing over time.
Figure 2. Maps of the three expanding bubbles detected towards the star cluster, corresponding to the three pairs of peaks in the spectrum in Figure 1. Each pixel is color coded by the bubble's expansion velocity at that location. The expansion velocity of the bubbles decreases as size increases, just as a bubble should slow as it expands into surrounding gas. Contours outline where H-alpha emission has constant brightness, increasing to smaller contours.
Fossils of Supernovae
Are the bubbles generated by supernova remnants or some other process? When low mass stars (like our Sun) die, they eject their outer layers, becoming a supernova's gentler cousin: a planetary nebula. Before massive stars go supernova, they emit lots of ultraviolet photons, which ionize the gas around them. This ionized gas has a higher pressure than the surroundings, so it expands outward, forming an HII region. HII regions and planetary nebulae also look like expanding bubbles of ionized gas, so they can masquerade as supernova remnants.
In supernova remnants, the gas is ionized by the shockwave from the explosion, while HII region and planetary nebulae are ionized by energetic photons from their central stars. This difference in ionization mechanism results in different emission line strengths. Emission from ionized sulfur, called [S II], discriminates between shock ionization (from supernovae) and ionization from photons (HII regions and planetary nebulae). Figure 3 shows that the bubbles emit strongly in [S II], in agreement with other observations of supernova remnants.
Figure 3. Measurements of emission lines from ionized nitrogen ([N II]), sulfur ([S II]) and hydrogen (Hα) from the bubbles, compared to supernova remnants (SNR), HII regions, and planetary nebulae (PNe). The three bubbles (1, 2, 3) have emission lines consistent with other supernova remnants. The HII region ionized by this star cluster is also plotted.
Since the three bubbles are concentric and centered at the same point, the three supernova must have originated in the same massive star cluster that exists today. Using the expansion velocity and size of each bubble, the authors worked out how long each bubble has been expanding and thus how long ago each supernova exploded. The ages are 20, 40, and 100 thousand years. These supernovae are simultaneous from the perspective of galaxy simulations, which only calculate time steps of millions of years.
The Clumpy Surroundings
This trio of supernova remnants, nested within each other like Matryoshka dolls, cannot be expanding into a simple uniform medium. If the surrounding gas had a constant density, the first supernova remnant would have collected all of this gas and driven it away from the cluster leaving no gas for the subsequent expanding bubbles. The interior of the first supernova remnant must have been replenished with gas somehow. This means that the surrounding medium does not have a uniform density. In fact, we know that gas in galaxies is clumpy, not smooth, and organized into structures like giant molecular clouds. As the first supernova remnant expands it dissolves nearby molecular clouds, which replenish the excavated bubble with gas. The subsequent supernovae push concentric bubbles into this recycled gas. The clumpy surroundings of supernovae allow multiple rapid-fire explosions to have an additive effect on the galaxy, which must be taken into account in simulations.
Supernova feedback is an important element of all modern galaxy evolution models. It's necessary to reduce the efficiency of star formation to realistic levels. But in order to make simulations more realistic, supernova feedback must be modeled after observations. These observations show that multiple supernovae can explode from the same cluster (almost) simultaneously. The impact of supernovae on a clumpy gaseous medium can both slow the expansion of bubbles and quickly replenish the bubble interiors. Simulations can no longer assume that single supernovae explode into a smooth medium when gas reaches some critical density.
About Jesse Feddersen
I am a 4th-year graduate student at Yale, where I work with Héctor Arce on the effect of stellar feedback on nearby molecular clouds. I'm a proud Indiana native (ask me what a Hoosier is), and received my B.S. in astrophysics from Indiana University. If I'm not working, you'll probably find me on a trail or at a concert somewhere.
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Brian Skidmore	on June 11, 2016 at 9:55 am
Fascinating article, thanks for posting Jesse. The three explosions seems extraordinarily close to each other both in space and time which might suggest a planetary nebula origin from a single star rather than a supernovae one from 3 different stars? If they genuinely were three different supernovae then the masses of each of the progenitors must've be almost exactly the same mass, though perhaps the earlier explosions triggered the later ones?
richardmitnick	on June 11, 2016 at 11:57 am
You guys should look at my reblogs of your posts. I am picking up much more of your text than you advance for the reblog, and, really, you should be doing it if you want your reblogs to be read.
Meet the Keynote Speakers: Laura Lopez | astrobites - […] like I wanted to broaden." She transferred to UC Santa Cruz the next year and began new work on…
theory astronomy planetary science galaxies exoplanets stellar evolution AGN observations galaxy evolution stars cosmology astrophysics black holes radio astronomy dark matter simulations gravitational waves star formation binary stars spectroscopy planet formation transits protoplanetary disks solar system habitability astronomical methods supernovae Kepler AAS Milky Way


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Educational institutions established in 1976
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