text:
Ultimate Guide to Understanding Lymes Disease: Symptoms & Recovery
What is Lymes Disease, and how is it spread?
Lyme disease is from the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected black-legged ticks. It is the usually reported tick-borne illness in the United States, with most cases happening in the Northeastern and Midwestern states. Lyme disease affects several body systems and cause many symptoms. It can be challenging to diagnose in some cases because its symptoms are similar to those of other illnesses.
No vaccine is available to prevent Lyme disease, and it can be challenging to treat, especially if it is not caught early. The best method in preventing Lyme disease is to keep away from tick bites by using tick repellent, wearing long sleeves and pants, and avoiding tick-infested areas.
What are the symptoms of Lymes Disease?
1. Fever
One of the most common symptoms of Lyme disease is a fever. This can occur within a few days to weeks after being bitten by an infected tick. The fever may accompany other symptoms such as chills, sweats, and body aches.
2. Rash
Another symptom of Lyme disease is a rash that typically appears 3-30 days after you were bitten by an infected tick. The rash is often in the shape of a bull's-eye and may be accompanied by itching, redness, and swelling. In some cases, the rash may spread to other body parts.
3. Headache
A headache is another common symptom of Lyme disease. The headache may be mild or severe and is often accompanied by neck stiffness.
Fatigue is another symptom that can occur with Lyme disease. This fatigue can be debilitating and may last for weeks or months. Other signs that can occur with fatigue include brain fog, difficulty concentrating, and memory problems.
5. Joint pain
Joint pain is another symptom that can occur with Lyme disease. The joint pain is often described as achy and may worsen with movement. The pain may also shift from one joint to another and can last for weeks or months.
How are Lyme Disease symptoms relieved?
Physical therapy may also be recommended to help treat Lyme disease. Physical therapy can help to stretch and strengthen the muscles and joints that have been affected by the infection. Physical therapy can also help to improve the range of motion and reduce pain.
It is essential to get plenty of rest when you are suffering from Lyme disease. This will help your body to heal and recover from the infection. It is best to avoid strenuous activity until you are feeling better.
Alternative options to supporting Lyme Disease symptoms
Herbal supplements are another option that some people may choose to treat Lyme disease. There is evidence that certain herbs, such as echinacea and goldenseal, may help boost the immune system and fight off infection. However, it is crucial to speak with a healthcare professional before taking any herbal supplements, as they can interact with other medications.
Probiotics are live microorganisms similar to the beneficial bacteria that are found in the gut. Some research has shown that probiotics may help improve Lyme disease symptoms, such as fatigue and joint pain. Probiotics are generally considered safe, but it is always advisable to speak with a healthcare professional before taking them.
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that involves thin needles that are inserted into the skin at specific areas of the body. There is research that shows that acupuncture may help reduce Lyme disease symptoms, such as pain and fatigue. However, it is vital to ensure that a qualified practitioner performs acupuncture to reduce the risk of complications.
Exercise is another option that may help to improve symptoms of Lyme disease. Exercise can help to boost the immune system and increase energy levels. It is important to start slowly and gradually increase exercise intensity as tolerated.
As an alternative and holistic option, WAVE 1 is a bioenergetic wearable delivering issue based frequencies helping to restore proper cell function and strengthen the immune system for overcoming the symptoms of Lyme disease. Wave 1 can deliver ultra-low frequency fields through sound and light. Through the help of WAVE 1, cell-signaling pathways can send the proper communications, thus affecting your energy, health, and mental sharpness.
What is the recovery process like for someone who has contracted Lymes Disease?
The recovery process of the disease can vary from person to person. Some people may recover quickly with no lasting effects, while others may experience more long-term results. The severity of the infection also plays a role in the recovery process. People who have a more severe infection may require hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics. In general, the earlier the diagnosis is made and treatment starts, the better the prognosis.
However, some people may experience long-term effects such as fatigue, joint pain, and cognitive difficulties. These effects can often be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. It is essential to follow up with your healthcare provider to ensure that all symptoms are resolved and to monitor for any new or worsening symptoms.
How can you prevent yourself from getting Lymes Disease
Before Going Outdoors
Know where to expect ticks. Ticks live in moist, shaded areas with long grasses and bushes.
Cover up. Wear light-colored clothing so you can see ticks more easily. Wear long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, socks, and closed shoes.
Use EPA-registered repellents. Repellents help keep ticks away from your skin. Apply them to clothes and exposed skin, following the product label instructions. Do not put repellents on the skin under your clothes. The two most common types of repellents contain DEET or permethrin.
After You Come Indoors
Examine your body for ticks after being outside. Use a hand-held or full-length mirror to check your entire body for ticks. Pay close attention to your underarms, groin, and scalp.
Remove ticks promptly and correctly. Use fine-tipped tweezers in grasping the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible. Pull upward while being mindful of the pressure. It should be steady. Avoid crushing the tick's body. Once the tick is removed, clean the bite area with alcohol, soap, and water.
Examine gear and pets. Ticks can attach to clothing, camping gear, and pets. To eliminate the hazards of ticks, you can place all clothes inside the dryer on high heat for a minimum of 10 minutes. Check equipment and pets for ticks before bringing them into your home.
Check your pet for ticks. Ticks can attach to pets. Check your pet's fur thoroughly for ticks, especially in areas where the skin is thinner, such as the groin, armpits, and around the neck. If you find a tick, remove it promptly and correctly. You may also want to consult your veterinarian about tick-prevention products made specifically for animals.
Shower soon after being outdoors. This will help wash off unattached ticks and make it easier to spot attached ticks.
Resources for further information on Lymes Disease
Anyone who is concerned about Lyme disease should visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. The CDC provides detailed information about risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options. The site also includes a section on Lyme arthritis, a common complication of the disease.
In addition, the CDC website offers educational resources for patients and healthcare providers. For more specific information about Lyme disease, the National Institutes of Health also has a website that provides an overview of the disease and links to recent research studies.
Finally, several patient-centered websites offer support and education for people with Lyme disease. These sites include the Lyme Disease Association and the International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society.
What is a WAVE 1 wearable device?
Who can wear the WAVE 1 device?
What kind of battery does the WAVE 1 have and how long does it last?
How is the WAVE 1 constructed?
What is firmware?
Can I purchase additional frequencies for the current firmware version of my WAVE 1?
How long does the WAVE 1 device last?
What does the WAVE 1 do?
How do frequencies affect the physiology of animals, plants, humans?
What is frequency?
How are the cycles in the WAVE 1 programmed?
What is the duration of each cycle?
What is being delivered in each session?
What happens after the initial Lyme Frequency Program has been completed?
What are the differences in the light colors on my WAVE 1?
What are the lights underneath the anodized case?
Does the WAVE 1 have electromagnetic frequencies?
What does the research show on frequency technology?
Recommendations For Use
How long do I have to wear my WAVE 1 device?
Can I change the cycles? Can I change the length of time the sessions run?
What is being delivered in each cycle?
What can I expect when using the WAVE 1 device?
Can I use the Detoxification separately without the other supportive frequency packages?
Are there any side effects from wearable frequency devices?
Will I experience a detoxification or clearing reaction, otherwise called a herxheimer reaction by some?
Can I wear my WAVE 1 while I sleep?
Can I wear my WAVE 1 while I exercise?
How do I care for my device?
How does frequency delivery differ from other forms of bioregulatory methods?
What happens when I receive my WAVE 1 device in the mail?
Why do I need to register my device?
When and How do I use my WAVE Assistant App?
How do I find my WAVE Assistant App?
User Manual and User Support
What do I do if I experience unwanted responses during my program?
Orders/Shipping/Return Policy/Warranty
How do I order a WAVE 1?
How does my WAVE 1 get shipped?
What if my WAVE 1 gets lost in shipping?
Who do I contact if I have problems with my shipment?
What is the return policy for the WAVE 1 device?
What is the cost of a device upgrade?
Pre-Paid Credit Card Transactions
For Transactions Originating in the US
For Transactions Originating from Canada
What are the Terms and Conditions for use of the WAVE 1?
How does FREmedica™ protect my privacy?
As a potential buyer, do you have any more questions before making your WAVE 1 purchase?
As a current WAVE 1 owner, do you have technical or customer service questions still needing attention?
Do you want to inquire about returning your device?
Who do I contact if I want to upgrade my Waveforce™ ONE to a WAVE 1?


So many people either directly in our lives or viewed from afar via social media etc. inspire and motivate on a daily basis, some probably not even aware of the ripple affect they have on us.
Davina Mccall, needs no introduction, and has shown all of us women that even in our older years we are not on the shelf and sagging, it is possible to push ourselves and be on fire! And how much has she raised £££ over the years for charity in doing some serious sporting feats.
Zoe Ball, who with a cause she was so passionate about in terms of supporting people with mental heath, from first hand experience and pain at losing someone close, went out and cycled a huge amount of miles without even being on a bike for years, to me that proves with passion you can achieve the impossible.
Ant Middleton, seeing him at the Nottingham Concert Hall recently gave me the kick up the behind to get a grip on my life, zero negativity, to always be true to who you are, that life is not about the mistakes, but about how we acknowledge and use them, to learn, grow and better ourselves on a daily basis is what counts. And the 'fear bubble', learning how to use this has taught me cancer is not to be feared, it enables me with positivity to get on with life.
Between us we came up with a few ideas in regards to getting people we like on the hook so to speak, for example some questions we would like to ask those that inspire us, get inside their minds.
So hopefully if we can persuade over the next few months some personalities whom inspire us on this team at Tour de Friends in one way or another, seriously famous types I cannot guarantee, although Carley is going to try one or two of her stalking techniques..
So over the next few months we aim to have not necessarily an A list celebrity, but a celebrity in their own right nevertheless, answering our questions and hopefully inspiring you as you find out more about them.
Tomorrow on the blog will see my legend, Jackie Buxton author of Tea & Chemo, my fellow secondary breast cancer pal, and friend, respond to the questions we grilled her on.


The Perry Ellis board needs to work on its math.
"We are confident that your shareholders will conclude that $28.00 per share is superior to $27.50 per share, and thus that our proposal is in fact a superior proposal," Jeffrey Spiegel, chief executive of Randa Accessories, said in a letter to the Perry Ellis board sent Monday.
The Randa letter comes days after the Miami-based apparel company shot down the $28 bid — in favor of a $27.50 offer from George Feldenkreis.
But Randa countered that not only is its offer "superior" — it can be completed faster than the Feldenkreis deal.
"Our proposal would not require the added complexity, cost and timing associated with the shareholder litigation and SEC filings and review associated with the [Feldenkreis] Transaction," Spiegel wrote.
Perry Ellis accepted the Feldenkreis offer last month after a four-month review by a special committee on the board and some battling between Feldenkreis and the company he founded. In May, Feldenkreis nominated four members to the Perry Ellis board in the hopes of winning a speedy approval.
But a proxy fight was avoided as Perry Ellis finally accepted Feldenkreis' offer in June.
"This transaction delivers an immediate cash premium and is in the best interest of all Perry Ellis shareholders," chairman David Scheiner said in a statement last month.
Randa's upsize offer came two weeks later.
"We hope that the Special Committee will quickly reach the unavoidable conclusion that our proposal is reasonably expected to lead to a superior proposal," Spiegel wrote.
Perry Ellis shares closed Monday at $28.60.
Reps from Perry Ellis did not immediately respond to requests to comment.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: How to concat the values of case statement values in a single column in Oracle database select
 case
   when s.X344731='Y' then 'Property Tax Assessment'
   when s.X344732='Y' then 'Property Tax Payment'
   when s.X344733='Y' then 'Birth and Death Certificate'
   when s.X344734='Y' then ' Trade License'
   when s.X344735='Y' then ' Complaints/Grievance Redressal'
   when s.X344736='Y' then 'Water Connection'
   when s.X344737='Y' then 'Sewerage Connection'
   when s.X344738='Y' then 'Online Building Plan Approval System'
   when s.X344739='Y' then ' Fire NOC'
   when s.X3447310='Y' then ' NOC (Others)'
   when s.X3447311='Y' then 'Certificates (Others)'
   when s.X3447312='Y' then 'User Charges (water charges, parking fee, advertisement charges, electricity charges etc. )'
   when s.X3447313='Y' then 'All of the above'
   when s.X3447314='Y' then 'None of the above'
   else 'Not Answered' end as municipal_services_do_you_use
from lime_survey_988773 s
left join lime_tokens_988773 t
on (s.token=t.token)
where s.submitdate is not null
  and user_id=143561;

I want to concat the values of these three  'Property Tax Assessment', 'Property Tax Payment' and 'Birth and Death Certificate' it will look like this:-
User_id  Municipal_Services_Do_you_use                                                      State
142351   ('Property Tax Assessment', 'Property Tax Payment','Birth and Death Certificate')  Delhi

A: You can use conditional aggregation with concatenation operators(||) such as
SELECT user_id AS "User_id",
       MAX(CASE WHEN s.X344731='Y' THEN '(''Property Tax Assessment''' END)||
       MAX(CASE WHEN s.X344732='Y' THEN ',''Property Tax Payment''' END)||
       MAX(CASE WHEN s.X344732='Y' THEN ',''Birth and Death Certificate'')' END)
       AS "Municipal_Services_Do_you_use"
  FROM lime_survey_988773 s
  LEFT JOIN lime_tokens_988773 t
    ON t.token = s.token
 WHERE user_id = 143561
 GROUP BY user_id

would return the desired result provided that at least one 'Y' value returns for each column with the name like X344... while user_id = 143561 after joining those tables.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
AFF – The Official Website Of The Asean Football Federation
Asean Football Federation News Portal
SOUTH EAST ASIAN GAMES
AFF U18/U19 CHAMPIONSHIP
AFF WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP
AFF U16 GIRLS' CHAMPIONSHIP
AFF FUTSAL CHAMPIONSHIP
AFF FUTSAL CUP
AFF BEACH SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP
🇲🇲 Myanmar
🇹🇱 Timor Leste
Putri scores on debut for Singapore win over Maldives
2018, Latest News, SingaporeBy Editor AFF March 6, 2018 Leave a comment
SINGAPORE (6 March 2018) – Putri Nur Syaliza made a smashing debut in the Singapore women's national team with a sweet opener in their 2-0 win over Maldives in a friendly that was played at the Sports Hub. The 15-year-old Warriors FC midfielder pounced on a weak clearance from goalkeeper Abdul Razzaq Aishath to slot…
Indonesia U16 head to Japan
2018, Indonesia, Latest NewsBy Editor AFF March 5, 2018 Leave a comment
JAKARTA (5 March 2018) – The Indonesian Under-16 team head to Japan this week with the hope of polishing the squad up for the AFC U16 Championship which will be hosted by Malaysia later this year. The team will be taking part in the Jenesys Tournament in Japan on 6-15 March 2018. In the run-up…
Penang, Selangor, Pahang, Melaka advance in FA Cup third round
2018, Latest News, MalaysiaBy Editor AFF March 5, 2018 Leave a comment
PENANG (5 March 2018) – Penang shrugged off their miserable run in the league to advance to the third round in the FA Cup competition with a 3-1 win over Police at the Shah Alam Stadium on Sunday. A brace by Danish striker Ken Ilso in the seventh and 34th (penalty) and one by Korean…
FFA sanction Western Sydney Wanderers FC with suspended three point deduction
2018, Australia, Latest NewsBy Editor AFF March 4, 2018 Leave a comment
SYDNEY (4 March 2018) – Football Federation Australia (FFA) have found Western Sydney Wanderers FC (the Club) guilty of bringing the game into disrepute following the actions of the Club's active supporters during last Sunday's Sydney Derby at Allianz Stadium. After considering the Club's response to the Show Cause Notice and the measures taken by…
Marikina take first win as Davao, Kaya settle for point
2018, Latest News, PhilippinesBy Editor AFF March 4, 2018 Leave a comment
MANILA (4 March 2018) – JPV Marikina FC snatched the early three points in their homecoming match of the Philippines Football League (PFL) over the weekend at the Marikina Sports Center. JPV Marikina jump started their campaign this season on a positive note with 2-1 victory against Global Cebu FC in front of their home…
MFF Futsal Open Cup 2018 for talent ID
2018, Latest News, MyanmarBy Editor AFF March 3, 2018 Leave a comment
YANGON (3 March 2018) – The Myanmar Football Federation (MFF) launched the MFF Futsal Open Cup 2018 this week with the hope of finding new players to be recruited into the national team. Myanmar created history when they made the cut for the AFC Futsal Championship earlier in the year but they failed to make…
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© Copyright 2018 - Asean Football Federation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


No Description Available for Outpost Saloon.
No Website Description Available for Outpost Saloon.
My friend wanted to meet half way between our offices and we ended up at Minna which used to be my Friday nite spot way back when. This is a review for their happy hour scene which was "popping." Drinks were priced just right even in this economy. We went on a Wednesday which was hosted by Qool and they throw some good parties.
Oscars is great for those days off when you really don't have much to do, so drinking at noon sounds like a great idea...haha just joking (or am I?) The place has no windows so when you step out at 4 PM and its still light out you get a little disoriented (of course I am speaking from what friends have told me...) The people are always nice and up for an impromptu conversation. And the cheese-steak and a half deal can't be beat. They never run out of lager �and you rarely walk out spending more than 20 bucks. Nothing has changed my mind about this place over the years. This is a no attitudes place where you can go to unwind, drink and chat. If you enjoy a friendly crowd, cheap eats and drinks and great atmosphere, make it a place to stop when in the neighborhood.
Write a review that you would find helpful. Please don't disparage owners, employees or other patrons by name or post personal information. Describe your experience at Outpost Saloon, and be specific. How was the service and atmosphere? Would you return? Why or why not? Add any stories or other information you think might be helpful.


Could You Help Save a Life with an AED? Be Prepared.
LEARN HOW TO USE AN AED. YOU MAY JUST SAVE SOMEONE'S LIFE.
Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in the U.S. Over 350,000 people will suffer from sudden cardiac arrest this year . It can happen to anyone, anytime, anywhere and at any age. An AED is the only effective treatment for restoring a regular heart rhythm during sudden cardiac arrest and is an easy to operate tool for someone with no medical background.
ARVD is a rare form of cardiomyopathy in which the heart muscle of the right ventricle (RV) is replaced by fat and/or fibrous tissue. The right ventricle is dilated and contracts poorly. As a result, the ability of the heart to pump blood is usually weakened.


This entry was posted in Atlantic Crossing, Good Grub, Good Juice, Landlubber Outings, Sea School, Videos. Bookmark the permalink.
5 Responses to New Friends, New Plans, and a Tour of La Rochelle, France!
Merci! Hope you got your bread last night. We're going to tour the Lagoon factory now. See you guys soon back in La Rochelle!
Thanks Jack. We are definitely stoked about this opportunity and the voyage. It seems the more we cruise and continue to meet people doing the same thing we are, we tend to make connections all over. It's an awesome cruising community out there.
This is going to be a great trip , I hope the shake down cruses goes well , new boats always have issues!
You are going to be the "experts on this trip"!!!
Any idea of your intended itinerary? or did I miss that?


The fine, golden sandy beach is a firm favourite with families and older holidaymakers who are attracted to Benidorm for its safe, blue flag beaches and microclimate. The bay provides a tranquil setting to watch the world go by. More adventurous tourists can enjoy a variety of water sports. Levante is known as the sunrise beach and is perfect for soaking up the early morning rays.
This stunning setting is a firm favourite with photographers who are keen to record the crystal clear turquoise waters. Sunbathers love the calming scent of the pine forest, which provides a natural windbreak. This is a fantastic place to relax, unwind and enjoy nature at its finest.
A fine sandy beach with everything you need for a perfect family holiday. The blue flag beach is safe, pretty and within easy walking distance of many restaurants, hotels and holiday apartments. Windsurfers and sailors are also attracted by its cooling winds and clear blue sea.
Benidorm's blue flag beaches have been attracting tourists for many years now. The fine sands, clear waters and the promenade provide hours of entertainment throughout the year. Thousands of tourists head for Benidorm's beaches every week.
Sandy, city centre beach where you can hire a sunbed and unwind. Workers head here at lunchtime to take their spot amid the sunbeds to unwind. Its a firm favourite with residents and holidaymakers who are attracted by the sandy beaches, water sports and disabled access.
A day trip to Tabarca should be on everyone's 'to do' list. It's just a short boat trip from the mainland but transports you to a different world. Time stands still on Tabarca. It is a firm favourite with divers, swimmers and yachties, who are tempted by the turquoise waters and laidback lifestyle.
Denia boasts more than 15 kilometres of beaches with something to suit everyone. In Denia you will find picturesque coves as well as family-friendly beaches. Les Bovetes is a very popular spot with families for its sandy blue flag beach and calm waters.
This is by far the best beach in Calpe. Not only has it been awarded the coveted blue flag but sunbathers also enjoy fantastic views of the impressive Ifach rock. There are plenty of leisure and sporting activities for the more active tourist as well. In October, the beach sets the scene to reenact the famous Moors and Christians battle of 1744.
Undoubtedly one of Orihuela's finest and most popular spots. Strollers like to walk along the promenade while sunbathers love the clear waters and fine sand. It has a vibrant, cosmopolitan feel. It has two main beaches plus a few little coves for holidaymakers searching for a little peace and quiet.
Cap Blanc is another beautiful blue flag beach between Altea port and Albir. The views are spectacular and it is a great spot to rent a sunbed and watch the fine yachts heading in and out of the marina. The bay is renowned for its special beauty, which attracts artists and photographers as well as sun worshippers.


text:
State Photos
About Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 160,205 km2 (61,855 sq mi). As per 2011 census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. The new riverfront Capital City of Andhra Pradesh touted to be named as Amaravati is proposed in Guntur District, in between Vijayawada city and Guntur City and will be developed under Capital Region Development Authority.In accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad will remain the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding 10 years.
The state has the second longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among all the states of India, second only to Gujarat. It borders Telangana in the northwest, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the northeast, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. A small enclave of 30 km2 (12 sq mi) of Yanam, a district of Punducherry, lies south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta to the northeast of the state.
There are two regions in the state namely Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema and hence, the two regions are more often referred as Seemandhra by the media. There are 13 districts with 9 in Coastal Andhra and 4 in Rayalaseema. Visakhapatnam is the largest city and a commercial hub of the state with a GDP of $26 billion followed by Vijayawada with a GDP of $3 billion.Guntur, Nellore, Kurnool, Kadapa, Tirupati, Rajahmundry , Kakinada , Eluru and Ongole are other important cities.
Geography and History:
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is bestowed with two mighty river systems of Krishna and Godavari. Its varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamallas to the shores of Bay of Bengal supports varied ecotypes, rich diversity of flora and fauna. The state has two regions Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema.The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penna rivers. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Kadapa Basin formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral-rich area. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions. Lambasingi (or Lammasingi), a village in the Chintapalli Mandal of Visakhapatnam district is situated at 1000 meters above the sea level. It is the only place in South India which has snowfall and is also nicknamed as Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh. Throughout the year the temperature here ranges from 0 °C to 10 °C.
Natural vegetation
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection, conservation and management of forests. The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22,862 km2.The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces.They are:
Deccan Plateau
Eastern Highland
East Coastal Plains
Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. These ghats has rich biological diversity with wide variety of plants, birds and lesser forms of animal life. The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous type with a mixture of Teak, Terminalias, Dalbergias, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus etc. The State possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum etc.
The diversity of fauna includes tigers, panthers, hyenas, black bucks, cheetals, sambars, sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of river Godavari and Krishna support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species.
The Andhras trace their history to the vedic age. Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig veda, Andhras left the "northern land of the Aryans" and migrated to South India.
The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE.
Satavahana empire
The Early Satavahanas ruled Andhra. The puranas refer to Satavahanas as Andhra Bhrityas. The Purāṇas list 30 Andhra rulers. Many are known from their coins and inscriptions as well. Satavahanas made Amaravati as their capital.
Simuka (c. 230–207 BCE) After becoming independent around 230 BCE, Simuka, the founder of the dynasty, conquered the present-day Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh (including Malwa). He was succeeded by his brother Kanha (or Krishna) (r. 207–189 BCE), who further extended his state to the present day Andhra Pradesh. Later, Simuka made Srikakulam his capital.
His successor Sātakarnī I was the sixth ruler of the Satavahana. He is said to have ruled for 56 years. The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in the fourth century BCE. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the third century BCE, the Satavahanas became independent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.
Ikshvakus
Andhra Ikshvakus were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Guntur-Krishna regions of Andhra Pradesh.They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the later half of the second century CE. Puranas called Andhra Ikshvakus Shri Parvatiya Andhras.Their capital was Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda). It is a strong common belief among some historians that Andhra Ikshvakus were related to the mythological Ikshvakus, while some believe Andhra Ikshvakus seem to be a local tribe who adopted the title.
Archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley. Ikshvakus have left inscriptions at Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Amaravati and Bhattiprolu.
Pallavas
During third century AD, there was utter political and military confusion in the coastal Andhra due to the invasion of the Abhiras and their allies on the last Ikshvaku remnants and the rise of the Brihatphalayanas, the Anandagotras and the Salankayanas on the other. Simha Varma of the Manchikallu stone inscription establishes the independent rule of the Pallavas in parts of the Krishna valley of Andhra Pradesh.
During the reign of Maharaja Sivaskanda Varma of the Mayidavolu, Hirahadagalli, the early Pallavas became dominant power in the first quarter of the fourth century AD Sivaskanda Varma was the first great ruler of the early Pallavas. He extended his dominions from the Krishna in the north to the south Pennar in the south and to the Bellary district in the West. He performed the Aswamedha and other Vedic sacrifices.
Most of the Pallava Prakrit and Sanskrit charters from the southern Andhra country intimately connects them with the history of southern Andhra. The influence of the Pallavas was still felt by Andhra till it was swept by the Western Chalukyan invasion led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the seventh century AD. The Pallavas were not a recognized political power before the 2nd century AD. Pallavas were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings.
Vishnukundins
Since the fall of the Ikshvakus, the Vishnukundins were the first great dynasty, which held sway way over the entire Andhra country including Kalinga and parts of Telangana and played an important and imperial role in the history of Deccan during the fifth and sixth century AD.
Salankayanas
The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital as Vengi, modern Pedavegi 12 km from Eluru in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, India's from 300 to 440 AD. They were Brahmins and their name is derived from their symbol and gotra name, which stood for Nandi (the bull of Shiva).
Chola Dynasty
The Chola dynasty ruled Andhra during the period of 1010–1200. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh.
Reddy Dynasty
The Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448 CE) was established in present day coastal Andhra Pradesh by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early fourteenth century. The region that was ruled by this dynasty spanned present day coastal andhra from Vishakapatnam in the north to Kanchipuram in the south. Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE and succeeded in repulsing them from Warangal.Today Reddys is a social group or caste of India, predominantly inhabiting the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire was an empire originated South India, in the Deccan Plateau region in the early fourteenth century. It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty.The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the thirteenth century. It lasted until 1646 although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 to the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India.The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes and Niccolò Da Conti, and the literature in local languages provide crucial information about its history. Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire's power and wealth. The region of Rayalaseema in the present day Andhra Pradesh got its name from the rulers of this dynasty who's name generally ended with raya, meaning raya ruled region (seema).
The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The Vijayanagara emipre's time is considered as the golden era of South India in many aspects by historian be it prosperity, welfare, wealth, military might and nurturing of arts. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor.
Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal. In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century.
In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.In 1947 Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu Princely state in Andhra Pradesh.
India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.
Post independence
In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic differences and to protect the interests of the Telugu-speaking people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. As Madras became a bone of contention, in 1949 a JVP committee report stated "Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras (now Chennai)". After Potti Sreeramulu's death, the Telugu-speaking areas, i.e. Andhra State, was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953, with Kurnool as its capital city.
On the basis of a gentlemen's agreement of 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State.Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state. The Marathi-speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada-speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.
In February 2014, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts.Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for 10 years for both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India.The formation of a new state named Telangana from Andhra Pradesh is not considered an amendment to the Constitution of India per article 3 and 4 of that document.
Culture and Society:
Population Trend
As of 2011 Census of India, the state had a population of 49,386,799 with a population density of 308/km2 (800/sq mi).The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural population with 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6% of urban population with 14,610,410 inhabitants. Children in the age group of 0–6 years are 5,222,384, constituting 10.6% of the total population, among them 2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls. Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47.5% and Srikakulam district with 83.8%, has the largest rural population, among others districts in the state. The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% of Scheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.
There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female citizens—a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 67.41% with 29,772,532 literates, significantly lower the national average of 73.0%. West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6% and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9%.
Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna, West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order.
The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu. The Minister of Tourism and Culture has issued declaration of Telugu language as Classical Language. Other languages often spoken in the state include Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.
Andhra Pradesh state's population is around 92.25% Hindu with a Muslim minority of 6.9% along with smaller numbers of Christians, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra, Bhaktha Kannappa, Yogi Vemana, Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami, who was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste with Brahmin and Dalit disciples, Satya Saibaba and many others. Andhra Pradesh has several Hindu shrines. Most important and richest of them is Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanams.
Mahayana-Buddhism
Buddhism spread to Andra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna River valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."
The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana-buddhism, alongside with the Magadha-erea in northeastern India. A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krsna River."The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras.
Main articles: Mandals of Andhra Pradesh and List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh
The state is divided into two regions viz., Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. It has a total of 13 districts, with nine in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema. These 13 districts are further divided into 664 mandals under the administration of 49 revenue divisions. There are as many as 6 revenue divisions in East Godavari district and only 2 in Vizianagaram district. Chittoor district has the most number of mandals with 66 and Srikakulam district has the least with 37.
District Court, Guntur
Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 175 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upper house) of 58 members. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 11 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House, and 25 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.
Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played an important role in the 1950s. In the 1967 state assembly elections, all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India. In 1983, the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party.The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992.
N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004).In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu.
In the ensuing elections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies and Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became Chief Minister again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance of TDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, former state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009, who resigned on 24 November 2010 on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was sworn in as the new Chief Minister, who was also the last Chief Minister of the united Andhra Pradesh. He resigned after the announcement of the state bifurcation. President's rule was imposed and the state assembly was dissolved.
In what would be the last elections held in the unified state, Telugu Desam Party got a mandate in their favor in the residuary (new)state. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the chief of Telugu Desam Party became Chief Minister on 8 June 2014, for the new state of Andhra Pradesh.
The early dynasties which ruled this region had their influence on the culture of the state. The state is rich in its culture in terms of religious worships, literature, dance, music, arts and architecture, spicy cuisine. Some of the notable cultural aspects include paintings of Bapu, Annamayya's songs, famous Kuchipudi dance of the state, the harvest festival Sankranti and many more fairs as well.
Arts, crafts and artifacts
Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada
The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilisation. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupati is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for wood toys with rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys.
The state has many museums, which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions, and religious artifacts such as the Archaeological Museum at Amaravati with features relics of nearby ancient sites, Visakha Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-Independence,and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with large a good collection of artifacts.
Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language.
Nannayya (c. eleventh century AD) was the earliest known poet and translator. He wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar, called "Andhra Shabda Chintamani" in Sanskrit. There was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that.Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam, authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada.
Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848–1919) is termed as Adhunika Sahityam (Modern literature). He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel, Satyavati Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana . The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.
Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma (second Nobel prize nominee in literature after Rabindranath Tagore), Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu who wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnayasuri, Viswanatha Satyanarayana are also notable writers.
Art forms and festivals
Kuchipudi, dance by Yamini Reddy
Dance :
Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various classical dance forms (Śastriya Nrutyam) such as Kuchipudi, Andhra Natyam, Bhamakalapam, Veeranatyam and folk dances(Janapada Nrutyam) forms such as Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, and Chindu exists in Andhra Pradesh.
Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.
Balamuralikrishna during a concert in Kuwait on 29 March 2006
Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.
Harikatha:
Harikathaa Kalakshepam (or Harikatha) involves the narration of a story, intermingled with various songs relating to the story. Harikatha was originated in Andhra.Harikatha Kalakshepam is most prevalent in Andhra Pradesh even now along with Burra katha. Haridasus going round villages singing devotional songs is an age-old tradition during Dhanurmaasam preceding Sankranti festival. Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu with his Kavyas and Prabandhas has made Harikatha a special art form.
Burra katha:
Burra katha is a oral storytelling technique in the Katha tradition, performed in villages of Telangana and coastal Andhra Pradesh region. The troupe consists of one main performer and two co-performers. It is a narrative entertainment that consists of prayers, solo drama, dance, songs, poems and jokes. The topic will be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue.
Ugadi is celebrated as the Telugu New Year. People listen to Panchanga recitals by Pundits on the day of Ugadi. This process is called as Panchanga Shravanam which is an important aspect of the festival. Makara Sankranti is also a famous harvest festival which is celebrated across the state. Just like in other parts of the country, many other festivals include – Dasara, Vinayaka Chaviti, Deepavali, Vasantotsavam, Maha Shivaratri, Attla Taddi etc. Muslim festivals include Bakrid, Ramadan and Christians celebrate Christmas and Easter.
A Vegetarian Andhra Meal served on important occasions
Cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is famous for the rich seasoning and lots of variety. Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide variety of dishes. Typical meal includes rice, Pappu(Dal), vegetable curry, Relishes, pickles, chutneys and Curd. A lot of spices are produced in the region and hence the cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is considered spiciest of all. Tamarind and Red Chillies are the distinct flavor of local cuisine.
Pickles and chutneys (sauces) are made from chilli, ginger, coconut and other vegetables like tomato, brinjals, Gongura are served with meals. Aavakaaya is probably the best known of the pickles.Roselle leaves (Gongura), termed as Andhra Bhakshyam (or food of Andhra). Rayalaseema region too had its own variety which includes Jonna (Jowar), Ragi roti with ragi sangati, usually served with spinach.
The coastal region of the state has abundant seafood supply. The variety of fish curry recipes are famous. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken are also the most widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes.
Sweets made up of milk are widely eaten. Payasam is one of them made with milk, rice or vermicelli pudding served both warm and cold. Pootharekulu, bobbattlu, mamidi tandra, kaja, ariselu (rice based vada using jaggery) etc., are famous sweets.
Business and Commerce:
Visakhapatnam is an important commercial hub of the state.
Andhra Pradesh has a very diverse geography which leads to a very diverse economy. As many as 9 of the 13 districts have sea coast along the Bay of Bengal, which has created manufacturing and export centric industry. The fertile river plans in the delta regions of major peninsular rivers of Godavari and Krishna are rich with agriculture-based industries and the mineral deposits found in the districts of Rayalaseema, Eastern Gats and neighboring states has led to large-scale ore exports.
The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Andhra Pradesh was INR2359.3 billion (US$37 billion) in 2012–13. The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for INR545.99 billion (US$8.6 billion) and Industrial sector for INR507.45 billion (US$8.0 billion). The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of INR1305.87 billion (US$21 billion). In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine, there were several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.
Lush green farms in Konaseema, East Godavari
Economy of the state is mainly based on agriculture and livestock. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl of India".Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra, flow through the state, providing irrigation. Agriculture is the main occupation and 60 percent of population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state.
Besides rice, farmers of this state also grow wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco. Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.
Livestock is also another profitable business which involves, rearing of cattle in an enclosed area for commercial purposes.
Fisheries contribute 10% of total fish and over 70% of the shrimp production of India. The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production. Most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimpand are expected to cross $1 billion in 2013-14.
Industrial sector
Front of large round building, with street and trees in front
Tech Mahindra Development Centre, Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam has emerged as a major industrial center and has major public and private sector establishments producing large scale industrial goods ranging from steel, metals, petroleum, polymers, fertilizers, heavy engineering equipment and also facilitates ship building, ports and fishing. Kakinada has multiple fertilizer refineries and produces large scale of natural gas from the offshore of KG basin. Kakinada also exports seafood and related products and produces agricultural products like rice and corn, edible oils, oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, biofuel etc. Vijayawada is famous for processing of agricultural products, automobile body building, hardware, textile, consumer goods and small scale industries. Andhra Pradesh has one major port at Visakhapatnam and several medium-sized ports like Gangavaram, Kakinada & Krishnapatnam; which account to large export of cargo traffic. They are several large power plants and major ones are established at Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Kakinada, Krishnapatnam and Cuddapah.
The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology. The IT/ITES revenues of the city alone is at INR14.45 billion (US$230 million) in 2012–13. The development of IT in Tier-II and Tier-III cities like Vijayawada, Kakinada and Tirupati are also improving. In the fiscal year 2012–13, Vijayawada's IT/ITeS revenues were INR1152.6 million (US$18 million) crore while Tirupati with INR693 million (US$11 million) and Kakinada with INR615.4 million (US$9.7 million).
Other key sectors include pharma, power, banking & Financial, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather and tourism also constitute in the economy of the state.
Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India. Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations, contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones.
Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India. Minerals found in the state include limestone, reserves of Oil and natural gas, manganese, asbestos, Iron Ore, Ball Clay, Fire Clay, Gold Diamonds, graphite, Dolomite, quartz, Tungsten, Steatitic, Feldspar, Silica Sand. It has about one third of India's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of Barytes and Galaxy granite in the international market.
Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure. The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totaling three times its current size. 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in close proximity to Visakhapatnam Port.
Reliance Industries Limited struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the Krishna Godavari Basin, 150 km (93 mi) off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada. Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth.
Srisailam Dam – Hydro Electric Power Source
There are both thermal and hydel power plants. Natural gas, one of the cheapest source in power generation is in abundance.APGENCO is the power generating organization of Andhra Pradesh.Thermal power plants with total capacity of 5610 MW are situated in the state which includes Dr Narla Tata Rao Thermal Power Station (1760 MW), Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station (1050 MW), Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station (800 MW) are of APGENCO, Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant (2000 MW) of NTPC, and the Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 3693.20 MW. There are also non−conventional power generation plants contributing a small portion to the power generation in the state.
The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks. It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well. With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal, it also has many ports for sea trade. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam.
National Highway 5 near Ongole
Roads in Andhra Pradesh comprise of National Highways and state highways with district roads as well. NH 5, with a highway network of around 1,000 km (620 mi) in the state, is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network.
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public bus transport owned by the state government which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state. Pandit Nehru Bus Station (PNBS) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia.
The New look of Vijayawada railway station
Andhra Pradesh has a railway network of 5,046 km (3,135 mi) and have played a significant role in boosting the economy of the state alongside developing the industrial and the tourism sectors. One of the highest broad gauge tracks in the world is in eastern ghats route that runs from Visakhapatnam to Anantagiri.Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under with Guntur, Vijayawada , Guntakal (South Central Railway zone and Waltair (East Coast Railway zone) divisions. This serves the north coastal districts.
Waltair Railway Division under ECoR zone, is fourth largest revenue earning division in India.Vijayawada railway station is the highest grosser in the SCR zone and one of busiest railway junctions in India.
Map of airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh
Visakhapatnam Airport, is the only airport in the state now with international connectivity. There are Three domestic airports at Vijayawada Airport at Gannavaram, Rajahmundry Airport at Madhurapudi, Tirupati Airport at Renigunta and a Private Airport at Puttaparthi. There are also 17 small air strips located in the state.
A view of Visakhapatnam Harbour
Andhra Pradesh has one of the country's largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of (cargo handling).The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port(Nellore), Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port. Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000–250,000 DWT.There are 14 notified non-major ports at Bheemunipatnam, S.Yanam, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam, Vadarevu etc.
Tourism:
Hindu Pilgrimage sites map of Andhra Pradesh (click on the image to enlarge)
R.K.Beach
Araku Valley
Pelican at Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department, APTDC as the Koh-i-Noor of India.
The seacoast of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district.The coastline has many beaches, namely Ramakrishna, Rushikonda, Bheemli, Suryalanka, Krishnapatnam, Vodarevu beach, Uppada beaches etc.The state tourism board APTDC promotes tourism in the state.
Borra Caves in the Ananthagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. Belum Caves in Kurnool district are the second largest natural caves of 3.229 km (2.006 mi) in length on the Indian subcontinent.
Valleys and Hills
Araku Valley is the famous hill station in Visakhapatnam district with thick forests, coffee plantations and waterfalls. Horsley Hills is a summer hill resort in the Chittoor district, situated at an elevation of 1.265 km (0.786 mi), has natural flora and fauna. Papi Hills in East Godavari district is famous for its scenic beauty of the location in the river Godavari with.
The state has rich forests, diverse flora & fauna that provides ample scope for promoting ecotourism. The state has many Sanctuaries, National Parks, Zoological Parks such as Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park, Indira Gandhi Zoological Park etc. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attracts many migratory birds.
Religious destinations
Apart from these, the state is home to many pilgrim destinations. It has many temples and shrines, mosques, and churches. Some famous temples, mosques, Buddhist shrines and churches of religious importance which are often visited by many tourists include Tirumala Temple, Simhachalam Temple in Visakhapatnam District, Dwaraka Tirumala in West Godavari District, Srisailam temple, Kanaka Durga Temple of Vijayawada, Srikalahasti temple, Shahi jamia masjid in Adoni, Gunadala Church in Vijayawada, Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda etc.,and many more as well.
In the early 1990s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted from Chennai to Hyderabad. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India next to Bollywood Film Industry.Prolific film producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person.
In the years 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry, has produced the largest number of films in India exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood.The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world.
Acharya Nagarjuna University, Namburu, Guntur district
Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 91.01% (2014). According to the report of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2011–12) and Statistical Abstract (2012–13), 37,45,340 children out of 38,05,791 (98.4%), were enrolled in Primary schools with a teacher/student ratio of 29.3%. 21,01,928 children out of 21,56,577 (97.5%), were enrolled in Upper Pimary schools with a teacher/student ratio of 24.6%. Schools in Andhra Pradesh require Telugu to be learned. Apart from thousands of schools ranging from the pre-primary to the senior secondary ones, the state is home to a number of institutes, which impart higher education.
The Ministry of Human Resource Development has sanctioned The Indian Institute of Management (IIM) at Visakhapatnam which will start functioning from the academic year 2015-16 The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The higher education includes many colleges, universities and research institutes providing professional education in the fields of arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary sciences, with undergraduate and post graduation. K L University, GITAM, Vignan University are the Deemed Universities. Some of the major state funded universities include:
Acharya Nagarjuna University at Guntur
Vignan University at Guntur
KL University at Guntur
Andhra University at Vishakapatnam
Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University at Vishakapatnam
Dr. N.T.R. University of Health Sciences at Vijayawada
JNTU Kakinada & JNTU Anantapur & JNTU Pulivendula & JNTU Vizianagaram
Sri Krishnadevaraya University at Anantapur
Sri Venkateswara University at Tirupati
Rayalaseema University, Kurnool
Research institutes have been set up by the central government in the state. Some of them include:
School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Govt. of India.
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), carry out fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space Sciences.
Space research organization
Indian Space Research Organisation (or Sriharikota Range (SHAR)) at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station. It is India's primary orbital launch site. India's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 was launched from the centre at 6:22 AM IST on 22 October 2008.
Government of India through Ministry of Human Resource Development, also announced National Institute of Technology, which is to be constructed in the West Godavari District of State of Andhra Pradesh and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) ,IIIT,IISER in the Chittoor District.
ACA-VDCA Cricket stadium at Visakhapatnam
The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling etc.Sports like kho kho, kabaddi and volleyball are played mostly in Andhra Pradesh.
One of the most popular sports in Andhra Pradesh is cricket. The ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to the Andhra Pradesh cricket team. These venues regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc.
Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari(Weight Lifting), Pullela Gopichand(Badminton), Chetan Anand (badminton),Kamineni Eswara Rao (Arjuna Award winner) etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Humpy Koneru, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika hail from the state.
Newspapers and journals
The electronic media with wide range of news channels and print media that cover many national newspapers enlightens the people of Andhra Pradesh with all important political, economic and social news of national as well as international importance. Some of the notable Telugu newspapers are Eenadu, Andhra Jyothy, Sakshi, Andhra Bhoomi, Vaartha etc. and English daily includes Deccan Chronicle, The Times of India, The Hindu etc. For the purpose of business related news the print media has certain publishers namely The Economic Times, Business Line.
Current Chief Minister
Nara Chandrababu Naidu MLA-2014
State Leaders
Bojjala Gopalakrishna Reddy Telugu Desam Srikalahasti Andhra Pradesh (MLA-2014)
Paritala Sunithamma Telugu Desam Raptadu Andhra Pradesh (MLA-2014)
Uma Maheswara Rao Devineni Telugu Desam Mylavaram Andhra Pradesh (MLA-2014)
Nara Chandrababu Naidu Telugu Desam Kuppam Andhra Pradesh (MLA-2014)
Kambalapadu Ediga Krishna Murthy Telugu Desam Pattikonda Andhra Pradesh (MLA-2014)


The labour market, gender employment gap, childcare and early school leavers in Malta were all on the agenda at a business breakfast organised by The Malta Business Weekly in conjunction with the European Commission in Malta on Wednesday.
These are the main points that, according to the EU's Social Scoreboard, Malta is lacking most in, and following an open discussion between a panel of experts and employment stakeholders it was concluded that whilst work had already started on addressing these matters in the long term, more measures were needed to keep building upon these foundations.
Stefan Olsson from The Malta Independent on Vimeo.
The business breakfast focused initially on the European Pillars of Social Rights, asking what implications this will have on Malta.
The business breakfast contained an address by Stefan Olsson, Director for Employment at DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, and was followed by an open discussion, with Olsson joined on a panel by of Malta's permanent representatives to the European Union within the social policy and employment attaché, Antonella Gatt, and Josann Cutajar, who is a senior lecturer within the Faculty of Social Wellbeing at the University of Malta, focusing especially on the subject of gender studies. The panel was moderated by The Malta Independent Editor-in-Chief Rachel Attard.
Various stakeholders present at the business breakfast acknowledged Malta's positive work done in this sector so far, but each raised points of concern which Malta needed to work on in the future to further improve the workplace.
The issues of tele-working was one of the first to be brought up, with Joseph Farrugia from the Malta Employers' Association, saying that it must be kept in mind that not all companies and businesses can offer this service.
PN MEP candidate and sociologist Michael Briguglio meanwhile shifted the discussion towards looking at childcare as a social right for children rather than simply an incentive for more workers. He said that this latter view of things made children a matter of educational inequality; children in lower class families were not getting the advantages of childcare. He also commented on pensions, calling for a stop to the politicisation of the issue and for a cross-party agreement on the matter.
Renee Laiviera, the Commissioner for the Promotion of Equality, brought up another key issue, saying that analysts on this subject fall into the trap of looking only at employment and unemployment figures, and ignoring inactivity figures. She said that there were only 57% of women who were active in the labour market compared to 80% of men. She said that the reason for this was in part found to be a lack of childcare, but even now that childcare systems have been implemented to help working families, more improvements must be made to bring more women into the workforce.
With regards to the work-life balance, Laiviera said that a lot has already been done, and encouraged the private sector to take up more measures in this regard. She said that some 74 companies are already offering family friendly measures over and above what must be legally offered, but called for more companies to follow this example. "Malta's technology infrastructure is very good, so why are we stuck to the desk at the office?" she questioned.
President of the National Council for Women Mary Gearty meanwhile pointed out that a lot of women were working part time jobs because they had to deal with their children themselves. She said that the country is losing out on the talent of some children because their families cannot afford to take them to extra-curricular activities. These are the children that later on in life will be the early school leavers, she said.
Another interesting point of improvement in terms of childcare was raised by Martin Balzan, a consultant at Mater Dei Hospital, who pointed out that the childcare system did not cater for those parents – such as those in the medical field – who had to work night shifts.
Latching onto this point, it was also mentioned that even in terms of medical appointments, since most of these were held between 8am and 1pm, parents were forced to take leave to take their children for these appointments. In some cases, these appointments are even required weekly and this affects the parents situation on the workplace.
Marthese Mugliette, representing the Down Syndrome Association, said on inclusion that some people with disabilities are not managing to find employment, because a number of companies are not ready or willing to adapt to their needs. She did say however that there are many companies who do "have a heart" and adapt their procedures to the personal needs of these employees. She said however that this acceptance on the workplace isn't as widespread as it should be.
The panellists themselves addressed the matter of early school leavers with special interest, with Cutajar saying that the difference between the culture of home and the culture of school was a large contributing factor to the figure of early school leavers. She praised the recent move to give students projects to do at home and a cumulative mark as opposed to just a one-time examination, saying that it will help to increase qualifications in certain levels.
Gatt pointed out that the government was working on this and that a programme, called My Journey, which they hoped will continue to address this statistic will be issued next year. She also pointed out the investment that was being done by the government in family friendly measures such as childcare, the Breakfast Club, Klabb 3-16, and the maternity trust fund, but also acknowledged that more work was needed in this sector so more families could take advantage of it.
Cutajar, said that there are many examples out there that Malta could work towards, and that there is the necessity to sit down and discuss what is sustainable and suitable for implementation in Malta. She said that if businesses want skilled labour in the future, then it was within their interest to implement more flexible family friendly measures. Concluding, Cutajar called for more impetus in implementing measures that are more family-friendly and to help parents and women especially enter into the workforce.
In his concluding remarks, Olsson praised the openness of the discussion, saying that it was clear that there was a common understanding on what needed to be done. He said that the debate needs to be moved away from the ideological perspective to a more practical one. He said that if governments don't manage to get everybody into the labour market, be them men, women or even migrants, then the European economy will not be able to compete with powers like China. He concluded that Malta can take inspiration from the pillar to keep implementing these measures.
The European Pillar of Social Rights was conceived based on two major challenging phenomena; the divergence between member states in the labour market, and the transforming working life.
Olsson explained that the labour market divergence in 2015 in fact had reached worse levels than before the 2008-2009 Financial Crisis, and in fact the situation was so dire that President Jean-Claude Juncker thought it would be the issue that would divide and break Europe. But, we all need to put in a collective effort to restart a convergence in this sector.
Alexia Zammit from The Malta Independent on Vimeo.
The working life of people has also radically transformed in the previous decade, Olsson said, with many more Europeans having tele-worked and taking up part-time jobs. The most substantial transformation however is in the age of the working population – the number of active workers in the labour market that fall into the 55-64 age bracket now stands at 32 million as opposed to 16 million in 2005. By 2025, this number will have risen by another six million, Olsson explained.
The pillar itself contains 20 principles and rights, centering around three major subject areas – Equal opportunities and access to the labour market, fair working conditions, and adequate and sustainable social protection. Some points mentioned within these three include wages, life-long learning, minimum income, social protection and childcare services.


Winter brings with it not just chilly wind but also recipes of hot drinks that are a treat for our taste buds and also for our health.
Let's get the list started with everyone's most favorite drink of the winter – tea. It wouldn't be wrong to coronate tea with the queen of all drinks. With over ten unique flavours, tea is undoubtedly the most popular drink in every nook and corner of this country. Adrak chai (ginger), tulsi chai (basil), elaichi chai (cardamom), kesari chai (saffron), dalchini chai (cinnamon) are just a few examples of the family of tea flavours.
One certainly cannot enjoy winter season with runny nose and sore throat. Rasam is a well-known South Indian soup having tangy taste along with medicinal properties. Rasam is definitely the most exotic looking drink in this list. It is rich in antioxidants and helps in preventing constipation too.
May be you remember this drink from your childhood. All Indian mothers made their kids drink haldi doodh to make boost their immunity. It is the best remedy for cold and cough and also helps improves digestion. Haldi milk is not just about turmeric and milk; it needs other ingredients as well such as black pepper, ghee and honey.
Why sarson ka saag is star dish of the winter?
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