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Jay Dunlap is an American chronobiologist and photobiologist who has made significant contributions to the field of chronobiology by investigating the underlying mechanisms of circadian systems in Neurospora, a fungus commonly used as a model organism in biology, and in mice and mammalian cell culture models. Major contributions by Jay Dunlap include his work investigating the role of frq and wc clock genes in circadian rhythmicity, and his leadership in coordinating the whole genome knockout collection for Neurospora. He is currently the Nathan Smith Professor of Molecular and Systems Biology at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. He and his colleague Jennifer Loros have mentored numerous students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom presently hold positions at various academic institutions.

Early life and education
Born in Ludlow, Massachusetts on May 9, 1952, Jay Dunlap grew up in York, Pennsylvania as the third of four children. Dunlap became interested in biochemical oceanography during a high school summer program and decided to pursue this interest in college. He graduated with a B.S. in oceanography and a B.S. in chemistry from the University of Washington in 1974.

Dunlap originally planned to pursue oceanography in his graduate studies. However, after meeting with John Woodland Hastings, who studied the circadian regulation of bioluminescence in marine organisms, Dunlap decided to study biology in graduate school at Harvard University. While studying with Hastings, Dunlap changed his field of study to circadian biology.

Career and research
For his postdoctoral fellowship, Dunlap attended the University of California, Santa Cruz and started working with Jerry Feldman, who had successfully isolated clock gene mutants in Neurospora that have abnormally long or short circadian-oscillation periods. Dunlap was unable to clone frequency, a gene that has an important role in the transcription-translation negative feedback-loop (TTFL) that drives circadian rhythms in Neurospora, as the Santa Cruz lab did not have the molecular tools necessary to study Neurospora's molecular biology in depth. Dunlap learned basic molecular techniques as he worked alongside fellow biology graduate students in other labs. At one point, Dunlap worked with Harry F. Noller, a renowned biochemist whose lab had "unofficially adopted" Dunlap.

In 1984, Dunlap secured a junior faculty position at the Department of Biochemistry at Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. He became a professor of Biochemistry in 1994 before being named the Inaugural Chair of the Department of Genetics in 1999. In 2010, Dunlap was named Nathan Smith Professor, and in 2016, he was appointed inaugural chair of the Department of Molecular and Systems Biology which subsumed Genetics and other departments.

Working closely with Jennifer Loros' laboratory, Dunlap's research has primarily focused on the molecular basis of circadian rhythms using Neurospora as a model system to further understand the mammalian circadian clock. Although clock gene mutations were also identified in Drosophila and Chlamydomonas, Dunlap studied Neurospora in his postdoctoral work, as a wider array of biochemical and genetic tools were applicable to the species at the time. Neurospora was a simple model organism and a powerful tool to study molecular genetics; its then-unknown molecular clock presented a great opportunity for exploration.

Identifying Neurospora clock components and mechanisms
Based on the work of Dunlap and others, clock genes are now understood to encode proteins that participate in a self maintaining negative feedback loop: transcriptional activators drive expression of specific clock gene mRNAs, which are translated into clock proteins, which enter the nucleus and act to depress the activity of the transcriptional activators driving the expression of the clock genes. However, clock genes were not yet cloned when Dunlap began his research as an assistant professor in 1984. Dunlap correctly predicted that single cells, including mammalian cells, can act as autonomous oscillators with their own intrinsic circadian rhythms.

Dunlap deciphered the circadian system by framing and addressing three problems in cellular metabolism:

 How is the clock put together: what are the gears and cogs, how do they mesh, what regulates them, and how do they regulate one another so the collective output is a molecular/biochemical cycle with all the circadian characteristics?
 How do abrupt and transient changes in the environment, chiefly ambient light or temperature, reset the phase of the clock and align the internal clock of an organism with the external time?
 How is an intracellular molecular cycle used to regulate the behavior of the cell?

Prior to the adoption of transcriptional reporters such as luciferase, studies of the Neurospora circadian clock utilized the rhythmic development of asexual spores (conidia), assayed using a race tube. Conidial production peaks in the subjective night—a behavioral phenotype lacking in arrhythmic strains. During her graduate work, Jennifer Loros observed mutant frq9 as a recessive, arrhythmic, and phenotypically null allele at the frq gene. Her observation, combined with the ability to transform Neurospora with exogenous DNA, provided the basis for a novel strategy to clone frq, namely by transformation-based rescue of the null mutant behavioral phenotype. Utilizing a bidirectional chromosome walk beginning at oli, a gene on the same linkage group as frq, Dunlap and colleagues walked over 200kb across frq. The location of frq was verified in 1986 through transformation of cosmids into frq9 and by rescuing the circadian rhythm. frq was thus the second clock gene to be cloned, following Drosophila per.  Furthermore, the lab manually sequenced roughly 9kb and conducted transcript mapping on the frq genomic region; the results were published in Nature in 1989. In subsequent work, Dunlap and colleagues showed that frq was rhythmically expressed and were able to manipulate the expression of frq sufficiently to create a null mutant. They implemented a system in which a heterologous promoter—induced in a manner that did not affect the clock—could be used to drive regulated expression of frq. Using this system, they demonstrated that the product of frq acted to repress its own synthesis; it was autoregulatory. Dunlap and colleagues observed that the continual over-expression of frq resulted in arrhythmicity, and they defined the phase of clock's rhythm to be the time at which the cell returned to normal expression levels of frq. They concluded, in a Science article in 1994, that the core pacemaker of the Neurospora clock is regulated via negative feedback by clock proteins, and frq determines its own expression through auto-regulation via negative feedback, demonstrating that intracellular, auto-regulatory negative feedback is the basis of a circadian oscillator.

Dunlap's work on the auto-regulatory mechanism included modeling the circadian clock's negative feedback loop and discovering the roles and connections between activators (which he identified as proteins with PAS domains) and repressors (products of the clock genes). Additionally, Dunlap demonstrated the role of protein phosphorylation in the clock mechanism and has done research involving the role of these proteins (namely Casein Kinase 2) on the temperature compensation mechanism. In 2009, Dunlap and colleagues showed that the FRQ protein is phosphorylated at over 100 sites in a highly reproducible and time-of-day-specific manner and that casein kinase 2 establishes and maintains temperature compensation within the circadian clock. Four years later in 2013, Dunlap and colleagues found that FRQ is an Intrinsically Disordered Protein whose stability is determined by its interaction with partner protein FRH. Additionally, Dunlap and colleagues discovered that the daily phosphorylation of FRQ governs its ability to interact with the proteins in the negative element complex. The kinetics of these circadian processes, Dunlap discovered, are heavily influenced by progressive phosphorylation of FRQ.

Mechanism of entrainment

After identifying frq as a clock gene whose product's abundance tends to be variable and rhythmic, Dunlap, Loros, and colleagues showed how environmental regulation of its expression led to understanding the molecular basis of circadian entrainment by light: through the induction of expression of frq by light.

In 1995, Loros and Dunlap worked to uncover the molecular basis underlying how light resets the clock, a mechanism later shown in collaborative work with Hitoshi Okamura to be conserved in mammals. The daily cycle in frq transcript levels, combined with the ability of light to acutely induce frq expression, explained light resetting (the advances and delays seen on a phase response curve). If light was provided and induced frq-mRNA when it was rising to peak levels (late subjective night), light would rapidly bring frq-mRNA levels to peak values, resulting in an advance. If light induced frq-mRNA while its levels were falling (early subjective night), frq-mRNA would rapidly go back to peak levels causing a phase delay. The results of this investigation led to the conclusion that the light induction of frq is responsible for the phase-specific advances and delays observed in Neurospora and provided a general explanation for how the unidirectional response of a clock component to an environmental signal (light) could result in a bidirectional time-of-day specific clock response (advances or delays): the basis for circadian entrainment. These experiments eventually led to the universal recognition of entrainment via light-induced changes in a specific variable of the circadian oscillator, later observed in Drosophila and mammals.

Identification of PAS-PAS heterodimers as activators in the circadian feedback loop

The mechanism through which frq is induced by light was unknown at the time that entrainment was explained, and studies aimed at identifying the proteins responsible for light-induction of frq led to the identification of White Collar-1 and White Collar-2 as components of the circadian activator complex. Work by Giuseppe Macino had shown White Collar-1 to associate via PAS domains with White Collar-2 to create the White Collar Complex; Dunlap, Loros and colleagues showed how this heterodimeric complex is the transcription factor that acts in the dark to drive expression of frq, thereby acting as the activator in the circadian negative feedback loop. This observation associated specific biochemical activities, DNA binding and transcriptional activation, with known clock proteins, allowing the formulation of the oscillator as a single step transcription-translation negative feedback loop. Later, in 1997, the first mammalian clock gene (CLOCK) was shown to encode a protein similarly having PAS domains and, later, to associate via PAS domains with a different protein, BMAL1, again forming a heterodimeric protein complex that acted as a transcriptional activator; similar proteins were identified in 1998 in Drosophila. This confirmed a common model for the transcription-translation negative feedback loops in fungi and animals: a positive element composed of two different proteins interacting via PAS domains drives expression of negative elements such as FRQ or PER that, in association with other proteins, represses the activity of heterodimeric activators: negative feedback. These observations contributed to the naming of Circadian Rhythms as first runner up to Breakthrough of the Year in Science magazine in 1997.

Identification of a circadian photoreceptor

Although it was established that heterodimeric WC-1/WC-2 transcription factor was required for light-induction of frq, researchers believed that WC-1 and WC-2 did not have a direct role in the process of photoreception. WC-1/WC-2 transcription factor was instead assumed to be the final target of a signal transduction cascade initiated by the action of light on a distinct blue light photoreceptor. In 2002, Dunlap and colleagues biochemically studied WC-1/WC-2 in vitro to show that WC-1 bound FAD as a cofactor (also shown independently by Yi Liu), and analysis of binding to DNA by the WC-1/WC-2 complex showed that light resulted in a structural change in the heterodimer. The dose response and action spectrum for this in vitro structural change in WC-1 was FAD-dependent and matched the in vivo dose response and action spectrum for light-suppression of circadian banding determined by Briggs and colleagues in 1967. These findings revealed that WC-1 is a blue light photoreceptor and a circadian photoreceptor; the signal transduction cascade from photoreceptor to transcription factor happens all within the same protein. WC-1 is the founding member for the family of blue-light photoreceptors common to all fungi. Circadian photoreceptors were later identified in animals and green plants and shown to be distinct from WC-1.

Circadian output
In 1989, Dunlap's work with Jennifer Loros led to the first targeted screen for genes regulated by the circadian clock, paving the way for the systematic dissection of clock output pathways. The term "clock-controlled genes" (CCGs) was coined in this study. CCGs are defined as genes whose level of expression is regulated by the circadian clock but whose activities do not impact the operation of the clock. Circadian control of gene expression is now widely thought to be the principal means through which clocks control the biology of the cells in which they operate.  Subsequent work expanded the universe of CCGs in Neurospora, and later in mammalian cells, and revealed the connection between the circadian and cell cycles in which the clock regulates the DNA damage response which, in turn, can regulate the clock. The search for CCGs finally culminating in the complete description of the circadian transcriptome of Neurospora where as much as 40% of the genome is controlled on a daily basis by the clock.

Studies on bioluminescence
	Jay Dunlap's graduate work at Harvard with J.W. Hastings focused on bioluminescence in the marine organism Gonyaulax. Their work uncovered the structure of Gonyaulax luciferin. After purifying luciferase, they determined that it was regulated through daily synthesis and destruction. This was one of the first clock-regulated enzymes whose method of regulation was determined under experimental conditions. One part of the mechanism is that Gonyaulax produces luciferin and luciferase at night when the emitted light can be seen, while production of the substrate and protein decreases at dawn. The realization that a complete understanding of this biochemical process would also require a combined genetics approach led Dunlap to begin his study of the circadian clock of the Neurospora.

Dunlap and colleagues later developed bioluminescence as a reporter for gene expression in Neurospora. Prior to the use of bioluminescence the only assay for rhythmicity in Neurospora was the daily cycle in asexual development (conidiation). As a result, strains bearing mutations that interfered with development could not be accurately assayed for rhythmicity. Dunlap, along with Jennifer Loros, Arun Mehra, and Van Gooch, adapted firefly luciferase for expression in Neurospora, thereby greatly expanding the ability to analyze strains. frq-promoter-driven luciferase is an exquisitely sensitive reporter for the core oscillator and has been used show that developmental rhythms that do not require frq are not truly circadian, and that daily phosphorylation of FRQ protein, but not daily turnover of FRQ protein, is required for closing of the negative feedback loop. The novel method used by Dunlap and his colleagues to characterize and use the luciferase gene improved expression by 3 log orders and allowed for the correction of several errors in the Neurospora literature. Dunlap and Loros collaborated with Cassius Stevani to show that bioluminescence of the basidiomycete (mushroom) Neonothopanus gardneri is regulated by circadian rhythms through regulated expression of the luciferase, luciferin, and a required reductase. N. gardneri is found growing beneath palms in the Amazonian forest and the nocturnal bioluminescence is believed to be used by the fungus to attract insects at night as an aid to spore dispersal.

Technological advancements
Dunlap and his colleagues have contributed greatly to advancements in the use of technology within the field of molecular biology. These methodological advancements have had major implications for both fungal biology and chronobiology and their future directions. For example, Dunlap's lab developed the first gene replacement for Neurospora in 1991. These technologies as well as Dunlap's support greatly contributed to the sequencing of the Neurospora genome (which was accomplished in 2002). Subsequently, Dunlap and his team improved gene replacements. He spearheaded the push to knock out all 10,000 genes in the Neurospora genome and construction of a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism map. Finally, Dunlap revolutionized the role of luciferase expression by examining codon bias and is using its implications in Neurospora and other organisms.

Present work
Dunlap continues to investigate the circadian clock, using Neurospora and other organisms, such as Aspergillus fumigatus. As a result of the Neurospora crassa Genome Project, the results of which were published in 2003, and the development of knockouts for every gene, which are stored at the Fungal Genetics Stock Center, Dunlap believes the molecular basis for the circadian clock of Neurospora may be the first to be completely understood. Due to the highly conserved nature of biological clocks, clock mechanisms have evolved relatively few times and are similar between species. Knowledge of Neurospora systems may lead to applications with relevance to human health. The circadian nature of cellular processes in humans may be leveraged to target cancerous cells more effectively and treat sleep abnormalities.

Dunlap is also interested in the interaction between biological clocks and metabolic processes. While circadian rhythms govern aspects of metabolism, metabolic products may feedback to an organism's internal clock. This form of communication may prove to be an adaptive feature of biological clocks and enable beneficial responses to changes in environment. Additionally, Dunlap works with William Cannon and Jennifer Hurley to develop mathematical models describing circadian clock function. This effort will make use of statistical techniques to model both reactions occurring in metabolism and the overall clock.

Dunlap has also been involved in work examining the hierarchical network of transcription factors that govern circadian output. The core oscillator generates rhythmic activity of the heterodimeric circadian activator (WC-1/WC-2 or CLOCK/BMAL1), but the peak activity is restricted to one time of day. Thus, in Neurospora, the core oscillator that generates time creates rhythmic activity of the WC-1/WC-2 heterodimer that peaks in the morning. WC-1/WC-2 sits on top of a network of transcription factors where different tiers of regulators work together to act as a dynamic filter for time information, changing the morning peak activity of WC-1/WC-2 into a signal that can drive circadian gene expression at all times of day. A part of this is the transcription factor ADV-1. This factor, found in Neurospora, responds to light and regulates genes involved in processes such as cell growth.

Recently, Dunlap looked into the evolutionary conservation of the circadian clock among species. Specifically, he found that proteins conserved in biological clock mechanisms among three species (Drosophila melanogaster, Neurospora crassa and Mus musculus) all exhibit high amounts of intrinsic protein disorder. Intrinsically disordered proteins do not have a stable secondary structure. Throughout the day, these proteins have different levels of disorder. The changing levels of disorder allow for a stable circadian rhythm. Dunlap concluded that because disordered proteins are so conserved among different species, the proteins must be essential for the control of the circadian rhythms across species.

In his most recent work, Dunlap's lab examined regulators of the mRNAs encoding the Casein Kinase 1 protein; one such regulator is an RNA-binding protein translated from the prd-2 gene. They examined two mutations (created by inversion of a part of the prd-2 gene) and found that these mutations drastically affected Casein Kinase levels. These mutations caused circadian periods much greater than 24 hours. He and his colleagues genetically increased the Casein Kinase 1 levels and found that the period was restored when Casein Kinase 1 levels increased. They concluded that the circadian period is dependent on Casein Kinase 1 levels.

Personal life
During Dunlap's time at Santa Cruz, one of the biology graduate students he met was Jennifer Loros. They forged a permanent relationship and were married on September 1, 1984. They have two children. When he is not conducting research, Dunlap enjoys gardening.

Memberships, honors, and awards

Memberships
Jay Dunlap is currently involved with the following organizations:
 editorial board, Journal of Biological Rhythms (1994–2001; 2014–present)
 editorial board, G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics (2011–present)
Previously, he has participated in:
 President, Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, (1998–2000)
National Advisory Council for General Medical Sciences, (2000–2004, 2011)
 Founding Editor, Eukaryotic Cell (ASM Press), (2001–2011)
co-Editor-in-Chief, Advances in Genetics (1995–2017)

Honors and awards
1980 Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Fellowship
 1983 National Research Service Award, NIH
 1991 Honma International Prize For Biological Rhythms Research
 1992 - 1997 Senior Scientist Award, National Institute of Mental Health
 1998 MERIT (Method to Extend Research in Time) award, NIGMS
 2005 (first) recipient of Robert L. Metzenberg Award, Genetics Society of America
 2009 George W. Beadle Award, Genetics Society of America
 2009 elected to the National Academy of Sciences, Genetics section
 2010 elected fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science
 2010 elected to the American Academy of Microbiology
 2013 fellow, Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Studies
 2017 PM Lecture, 29th Fungal Genetics Conference, Genetics Society of America

Key Publications

Research articles
Loros, J.J.; Denome, S.A.; Dunlap, J.C. (1989). "Molecular cloning of genes under control of the circadian clock in Neurospora." Science. 243: 385–388. doi:10.1126/science.2563175 PMID             2563175
Aronson, B.D.; Johnson, K.A.; Loros, J.J; Dunlap, J.C. (1994). "Negative feedback defining a circadian clock: autoregulation of the clock gene frequency." Science. 263(5153): 1578-84. doi: 10.1126/science.8128244 PMID: 8128244
Crosthwaite, SK; Loros, JJ; Dunlap, JC. (1995). "Light-induced resetting of a circadian clock is mediated by a rapid increase in frequency transcript." Cell. 81(7): 1003-12. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(05)80005-4 PMID: 7600569
Crosthwaite, S.K.; Dunlap, J.C.; Loros, J.J. (1997). "Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity." Science. 276(5313): 763-9. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5313.763 PMID: 9115195
Liu, Y.; Merrow, M.; Loros, J.J.; Dunlap, J.C. (1998). "How temperature changes reset a circadian oscillator." Science. 281: 825-829. doi:10.1126/science.281.5378.825 PMID 9694654
Dunlap, J.C. (1999). "Molecular bases for circadian clocks." Cell. 96: 271-290. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80566-8 PMID 9988221
Froehlich, A.C.; Liu, Y.; Loros, J.J.; Dunlap, J.C. (2002). "White Collar-1, a circadian blue light photoreceptor, binding to the frequency promoter." Science. 297: 815-819. doi:10.1126/science.1073681 PMID 12098706
Baker, C.L.; Kettenbach, A.N.; Loros, J.J.;Gerber, S.A.; Dunlap, J.C. (2009). "Quantitative proteomics reveals a dynamic interactome and phase-specific phosphorylation in the Neurospora cirdadian clock." Cell. 34(3): 354-63. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.023 PMID 19450533
Mehra, A.; Shi, M.; Baker, C.L.; Colot, H.V.; Loros, J.J.; Dunlap, J.C. (2009). "A role for casein kinase 2 in the mechanism underlying circadian temperature compensation." Cell. 137(4): 749-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.019 PMID 19450520
Larrondo, L.F.; Olivares-Yañez, C.; Baker, C.L.; Loros, J.J.; Dunlap, J.C. (2015). "Circadian rhythms. Decoupling circadian clock protein turnover from circadian period determination." Science. 347(6221): 1257277. doi: 10.1126/science.1257277 PMID 25635104

Books
Dunlap, J. C., Loros, J. J., & DeCoursey, P. J. (2004). Chronobiology: Biological timekeeping. Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-396-9

Other works
A 2015 NPR article, "Why Some Mushrooms Glow In The Dark", notes work done in Dunlap's lab identifying circadian control of bioluminescence in mushrooms.

References

Chronobiologists
1952 births
People from Ludlow, Massachusetts
People from York, Pennsylvania
University of Washington alumni
American nonprofit chief executives
University of California, Santa Cruz staff
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Geisel School of Medicine faculty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


During development, real orders were issued from backtrader to Interactive Brokers TWS and a maximum of 2 simultaneous data feeds were put in play.
No matter how much effort is put into keeping backtrader bug free: bugs may be there.
@backtrader - could you please consider including above in next release.
a) how to get the mix of rtbar and market data.
b) within market data should get all (bid, ask and trade (if IB is giving based on security type)), c) how to get all of this in next() and be able to distinguish the fields.
IBUS500-SMART-CFD-USD. This seems a lot more like if a CFD is treated like a common stock and not as a CASH product as you mentioned above.
Where it is fully unknown what BAAVG means and where it is supposed to fit.
The platform delivers OHLC bars and bid/ask data is not considered (except for CASH products which don't offer anything else and the BID price is followed according to industry practices).
What IB calls Real Time Bars is a 5-second snapshot of the market activity and with it comes not bid/ask data.
Keeping a record of the bid/ask prices would be possible, but it will have to be implemented.
2 types, STOCK CFD - price is that of underlying stock, and INDEX CFD - price is derived by that of underlying index's immediate future contract.
Long/Short - both are possible.
IB don't give data for stock CFD, we need to source it for underlying stock.
Trying out on paper trading, found that while it recovers the open positions at start of program, it does not recover the open orders.
It may be a good use case to selectively enable order download.
Long/Short was a badly formulated question in the sense that it tried to ask if, like with Options, you can have a different end symbol if you go for a PUT or a CALL.
It seems like the data-source vs trading-asset paradigm which can be used in the VisualChart data feed is applicable to this case too.
Using backtrader for IB paper trading (with simple strategy to buy / sell on particular conditions). This is a failover scenario.
A limit order is sent to exchange and accepted and got FILLED from this client. For some reason the program crashed, on restart backtrader download the position and I know I got a open position while making decisions - this is fine.
A limit order is sent to exchange and accepted (but NOT filled) from this client. For some reason the program crashed, on restart it has no clue of the existing open order at exchange as it does not download the orders (like what it does for positions).
There is an api reqOpenOrder which return open orders for that client, can we please look to add this to TODO list.
I'm currently testing Backtrader as the platform for our day-trading startup. I have a difficult time to connect to 100+ symbols realtime. The client gets connected and disconnected many times before all the symbols are added. Is there anybody with experience with that many symbols in backtrader?
@rastegarr For sure not many people try to use those many symbols regardless of the platform.
One thing to remember is that TWS limits the amount of historical requests that can be issued in a certain amount of time.
Making six or more historical data requests for the same Contract, Exchange and Tick Type within two seconds.
Do not make more than 60 historical data requests in any ten-minute period.
If the whatToShow parameter in reqHistoricalData() is set to BID_ASK, then this counts as two requests and we will call BID and ASK historical data separately.
At least over that one. Some others could kick in. That limit will apply to any platform connecting to TWS or IBGateway.
Of course by disabling backfilling, the indicators will take longer to produce usable values.
I am also trying to change code for multiple symbols however got issues in handling strategies next() call. Its call for each bar and couldn't identify for which of data0/1/2... it is called so that rest could be ignored in that call. This is causing multiple signals on same products.
Check out this link - https://www.backtrader.com/blog/posts/2015-09-03-multidata-strategy/multidata-strategy.html. Maybe it will help.
To issue the order for particular dataN the BUY order code is self.buy(data=dataN).
@skytrading54 next is not called for individual data feeds.
It is called when the next unit of time of any of the data feeds has elapsed.
One of the data feeds may advance in time whilst the other(s) may remain static. This can happen, for example, if assets from different exchanges are in the system and the exchanges have different trading calendars. An example SPY and DAX. Bank holidays in the USA and Germany are not aligned (some are but most aren't).
Scenario C is the one applicable to multiple live data feeds, because some may not deliver data for a given period, whilst others will do.
The smaller the period, the higher the chances that some data feeds will not have data for a given period, whilst others (those with more liquidity) will keep pushing the clock forward.
Initial support for CFD products has been added.
Historical data request is not seen going through..
next is not getting called even when real time data is coming through as seen in debug mode.
this is irrespective of --rtbar or not. so far I am not altering anything, will try to run it in trace to see what is happening.
If the error states: Invalid Real-time Query, it seems difficult next may be called at all, because the code believes there is no incoming data.
May it also be that the currency specifier is missing?
The issues in processing the data received for CFD's.
Basically the error is its processing the market data returned for CFD's.
The current implementation of tickprice checks if its CASH then only it process, ignore rest.
I have made the to include if its CFD's as well.
rest of the changes are to create/push/pop self.iscfd dictionary.
Please take a look to merge in the next cycle.
Basically the error is its NOT processing the market data returned for CFD's.


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Minimum Pax: 15

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This Soundpack is all about the fight. Smacking hits, bloody punches, heavy kicks, slaps, massive body falls and lots of cloth whooshes. We captured these raw and meaty sounds during eleven extensive recording sessions in different studios and in the field.
All the sounds for the fight were recorded during eleven different recording sessions. We recorded realistic body falls at different locations with a professional trained dancer and a martial arts fighter. We also dropped a prepared 80 kilo heavy punching bag from varying hight onto concrete.
To get the most realistic and terrifying hits, kicks, slaps, clubs and punches we treated a dead pig with all kind of tools in a recording studio. We also brought in a professional trained boxer to perform those heavy punches that made the pig shake!
During three different recording sessions we captured lots of fruit and vegetable sounds with varying mic setups. We wrapped peaces of leather cloth around the vegetables to get even creepier sounding fleshy, gory, bone brakes and rips.
Besides foley sessions in our studio we also recorded two martial arts fighters in a professional foley studio to come up with fresh and unique sounding cloth and whoosh sound effects. Here we also recorded small fight sequences to capture the authentic sound of a close combat fight.
Finally we brought our carefully edited material to 48 Volt Studios in Hamburg. Where we sent selected sounds through finest analog outboard mastering gear to generate some hot sounding variants!
It was important for us to preserve the natural dynamic range of the recordings. So no excessive compression or limiting was used. This means, that it might appear that you have to turn up the level a little more compared to some existing old school sound effects.
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Important: Before you buy you should know that the sounds sold through this website are meant for single user license only. If you want to use our sounds on more than one workstation you need a multi user license please contact us.
All Wav sounds are thoughtfully tagged with metadata ready for use in Soundminer, Protools, Basehead and many more!


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The  Green Bay Blizzard season was the team's fourteenth season as a professional indoor football franchise and seventh in the Indoor Football League (IFL). One of ten teams that competed in the IFL for the 2016 season, the Green Bay Blizzard were members of the United Conference.

Led by head coach Chris Williams, the Blizzard played their home games at the Resch Center in the Green Bay suburb of Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin.

Schedule
Key:

Regular season
All start times are local time

Standings

Roster

References

External links
Green Bay Blizzard official website
Green Bay Blizzard official statistics
Green Bay Blizzard at Green Bay Press-Gazette

Green Bay Blizzard seasons
Green Bay Blizzard
Green Bay Blizzard


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Born William Roscoe Leake on April 12, 1961, Willi became fascinated with dance from a young age through visits to the ballet and Motown shows at the Apollo as a kid with his mom, who nurtured his love of dance. By his early 20's he was a fixture in ball culture and could often be found perfecting what became his craft in Washington Square in Greenwich Village. The House of Ninja, his brain child, was formidable. A make shift family of impoverished black/latino LGBT youth, House of Ninja boasted the best dancers. Willi's interpretation and perfection of the dance separated him from the rest. Described as a safe form of throwing shade, he drew inspiration from not only from poses in Vogue magazine but also from ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, gymnastics, Asian influences, marital arts and samurai warriors- hence the name Ninja.
Willi gained prominence after his Paris is Burning feature- where besides proving just why he was one of the best voguers out, he displayed a fierce sense of determination for his future and the future of vogue. His ambition was to be on to top of voguing when it hit mainstream. To be known worldwide either as choreographer, dancer or singer. He used the balls to perfect the dance and learn from legendary peers like Hector Xtravaganza and William Dupree. The fact that he actually achieved every one of these goals is inspirational in itself, a gay black man on a mission. His work ethic was ingrained in his house, to be a part of Ninja you needed to be in school, working or doing some form of outreach. He danced in music videos for Malcolm McLaren, Masters At Work and Janet Jackson among others. He even recorded a track in '94- aptly entitled Hot.
In the beginning Willi taught models at the Fashion Institute of Technology (NYC) and regular NYC women how to walk a runway. Top models like Iman and Naomi Campbell early in their careers fell under his tutelage and much later, Paris Hilton. He toured the world promoting the art form and modelled runway shows by Jean-Paul Gaultier and Theirry Mugler, was featured by Bessie/New York Dance and Performance award winning choreographer Doug Elkins and performed alongside David Neumann and Karole Armitage. He produced 'The House of Ninja' for Delacotre Theatre's summer stage in Central Park and Théâtre de Suresnes Jean Vilar in Paris. In the midst of the AIDS crisis of the 80's that saw many in the ball culture of the time affected claiming way too many exceptionally talented lives, Ninja advocated for HIV/AIDS prevention- something that wasn't being done courtesy the stigma and fear of the disease, much like today.
In 2004 Willi established a model agency, EON- Elements of Ninja and is credited with reintroducing voguing to the world of fashion through his work with legendary designers Theirry Mugler and Jean-Paul Gaultier and through TV features on America's Next Top Model circa 2007 and Jimmy Kimmel Live. In addition to Paris is Burning, Ninja was featured on the 2006 documentary How do I look and 2012's Check your body at the door – a 35 year project dating back to 1980. On September 2, 2006 Ninja died at the age of 45 due to AIDS- related heart failure in Queens, NYC.
Willi remains synonymous with the art form and continues to be referenced in LGBTQ studies for his nonconformity and gender-bending expression as an artist. His house continued his legacy through the promotion of HIV/AIDS awareness in his name.


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Home News Showbiz News
Rebekah Vardy all smiles ahead of 'Wagatha Christie' libel hearing
in Showbiz News
Rebekah Vardy was looking bright and breezy as she arrived for Dancing On Ice rehearsals, ahead of her High Court libel hearing against Coleen Rooney.
The wife of Premier League footballer Jamie Vardy is suing fellow footballer's wife Rooney after she claimed Vardy had leaked private stories about her to the press.
Vardy, 38, has always denied any involvement and next week, a High Court judge will decide what it is that Rooney, 34, must prove to successfully defend her case.
Image: Coleen Rooney accused Rebekah Vardy of leaking stories about her to the press
Crucially, it must be established whether Rooney was pointing the finger at Vardy personally, or whether she was blaming any user of the account.
The very public fall out between the two former friends was dubbed "war of the wags", and saw Rooney christened "Wagatha Christie" in response to her private detective skills in her attempts to track down the person responsible for leaking her social media posts.
Rooney had claimed she had set the privacy settings to ensure the stories were only visible to one account, which belonged to Vardy.
She said the posts which she set to be only viewable by Vardy's account were fake, including that she had been considering gender selection in order to have a baby girl. These stories were written about by some newspapers.
More from Instagram
At the time of the accusation, Vardy insisted that "various people" had access to her Instagram account.
The mum-of-five, who was seven-months pregnant at the time the claims were made, later said the stress of the public row had caused her to have severe anxiety attacks.
Image: Vardy was seven-months pregnant at the time of the accusations
Away from the forthcoming trial, Vardy is now preparing to appear on next year's Dancing On Ice, hosted by Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby.
She has said she's looking forward to "the sequins and full glam" but doesn't have too much faith in her dancing skills admitting "I just think I want everyone to laugh at me".
Other stars who will appear on the ITV show include presenter Myleene Klass, actress Denise Van Outen and former Olympic skier Graham Bell.
Judges include former Olympic world champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, and performers John Barrowman and Ashley Banjo.
:: Subscribe to the Backstage podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Spreaker
Vardy has already had a brush with reality TV, having appeared on I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here! in 2017, but was the third celebrity to be eliminated.
The thirteenth series of Dancing On Ice starts in January 2021.
Vardy's High Court libel hearing will take place in central London next Thursday.
Grime artist has sentence increased to 30 years for rape and imprisonment
Saved By The Bell star Dustin Diamond diagnosed with cancer
Servant, Stardust and Blithe Spirit
From sci-fi to reality: UK wants to use lasers to beam down energy from the sun


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James Kenneth Perry (Elizabethtown, Kentucky, 10 augustus 1960) is een Amerikaans golfprofessional.

Hoewel Perry in Elizabethtown werd geboren, woonde hij het grootste deel van zijn jeugd in Franklin, ook in Kentucky. Samen met zijn vader oefende Perry reeds als 7-jarig mannetje urenlang op de drivingrange. Hij ging naar school op de Franklin-Simpson High School, en later op de Lone Oak High School in McCracken County. Daarna ging hij naar de Western Kentucky University.

Mini Tours
In 1982 werd hij professioneel golfer. Tweemaal mislukte het om via de Tourschool toegang te krijgen tot de Amerikaanse PGA Tour, dus de eerste jaren speelde Mini Tours. Voor zijn derde poging op de Tourschool vindt hij twee sponsors en haalt zijn spelerskaart. De ene sponsor geeft hem een normale lening, de andere sponsor, David Lipscomb University (nu Lipscomb University) wil liever 5% van zijn toekomstige verdiensten krijgen. Deze afspraak loopt nog steeds, en er worden studiebeurzen mee gefinancierd.

US PGA Tour
In mei 1987 wordt hij 4de bij de Panasonic Las Vegas Invitational, en betaalt al zijn leningen af.
Zijn eerste overwinning is de Memorial Tournament, georganiseerd door Jack Nicklaus. Hij eindigt het seizoen op de 5de plaats van de Amerikaanse Order of Merit.
Perry blijft op de Amerikaanse PGA Tour spelen. Zijn laatste seizoen is ook zijn sterkste seizoen. In 2008 wint hij drie toernooien, waardoor hij automatisch zijn plaats verdient in het Ryder Cup team, dat in zijn eigen staat speelde.

Overwinningen
 1991: Memorial Tournament (-15) na play-off tegen Hale Irwin
 1994: New England Classic (-16)
 1995: Bob Hope Chrysler Classic (-25)
 2001: Buick Open (-25)
 2003: Bank of America Colonial (-19), Memorial Tournament (-13), Greater Milwaukee Open (-12)
 2005: Bay Hill Invitational (-12), Bank of America Colonial (-19)
 2008: Memorial Tournament (-8), Buick Open (-19), John Deere Classic (-16) na play-off tegen Brad Adamonis en Jay Williamson
 2009: FBR Open

 Champions Tour
 US Senior Open

Teams
 Presidents Cup: 1996 (winnaars), 2003 (tie), 2005 (winnaars)
 Ryder Cup: 2004, 2008 (winnaars)

Trivia
In 2002 ontvangt Perry de Charles Bartlett Award. Deze wordt door de 'Golf Writers Association of America' uitgereikt aan golfprofessionals die bijdragen aan het verbeteren van de wereld.

In 1995 koopt Perry een stuk land in zijn woonplaats Franklin, en legt daar een openbare 18-holes golfbaan aan, Country Creek.

Records
 Tussen 2003 en 2005 stond hij vijftig weken in de Top-10 van de wereldrangorde.
 In 2006 bereikte hij als 10de speler op de US PGA Tour de magische grens van $20.000.000 prijzengeld. Vroeg in 2006 werd hij aan zijn knie geopereerd, en moest twee maanden rust nemen, maar het kostte hem een vol jaar om weer goed te kunnen spelen. In 2008 wint hij weer drie toernooien en plaatst zich voor een plaats in het Ryder Cup team. Het Amerikaanse team wint de Cup voor het eerst sinds 1999.
 In 2008 werden Perry en J.B. Holmes tot 'Kentuckians of the Year' verkozen vanwege hun bijdrage aan de overwinning van de Ryder Cup.
 Perry is de Amerikaanse speler die het meeste geld heeft verdiend zonder ooit een Major te hebben gewonnen.
 Samen met Ángel Cabrera stond hij in 2009 na drie dagen aan de leiding bij de Masters, dat betekende zijn doorbraak bij het internationale publiek.

Perry, Kenny


Yesterday, New England Sports Network (NESN) ran a feature on my work with Kevin Youkilis of the Boston Red Sox. In the background of the video, you'll notice several other professional athletes (including a pro soccer player and pro triathlete) doing their thing, too. What's perhaps more interesting, though, is that you'll even see some general fitness clients getting after it at the same time.
It reminded me of an interview Chad Waterbury did with me for his website a while back; the focus was what ordinary folks can learn from professional athletes, and how they're alike/different in the gym. I think that there are some valuable takeaway points: CW: You work with a lot of high-performance athletes. What are three principles that apply equally to athletes and non-athletes? EC: I think people would be surprised to realize just how similar the Average Joe or Jane is to a professional athlete – both socially and physically. The lay population often sits in front of a computer for 8-10 hours a day, but many pro athletes have 4-8 hour flights or 10+ hour bus rides where they're sitting – and because they're taller, sitting is even more uncomfortable and problematic. Like everyone else, they spend time surfing the internet, Skyping, playing video games, and goofing around on Facebook/Twitter. The advances in technology have hurt everyone from a physical fitness standpoint – but brought the "Pros and the Joes" closer together, believe it or not. They're also very similar in that they want the most bang for their buck. Most pro athletes are no different than anyone else in that they want to get in their training, and then go to visit their families, relax, play golf, or whatever else. They really don't have interest in putting in six hours per day in training outside of the times when they have to do so (namely, in-season).
All that said, if I had to pick three principles crucial to the success of both populations, they'd be the following: 1. Realize that consistency is everything. I always tell our clients from all walks of life that the best strength and conditioning programs are ones that are sustainable. It's not about working hard for three months and making great progress – only to fall off the bandwagon for a month. This is absolutely huge for professional athletes who need to maximize progress in the off-season; they just can't afford to have unplanned breaks in training if they want to improve from year to year. If a program isn't conducive to your goals and lifestyle, then it isn't a good program. That's why I went out of my way to create 2x/week, 3x/week, and 4x/week strength training options – plus five supplemental conditioning options and a host of exercise modifications – when I pulled Show and Go together; I wanted it to be a very versatile resource.
Likewise, I wanted it to be safe; a program isn't good if it injures you and prevents you from exercising. Solid programs include targeted efforts to reduce the likelihood of injury via means like mobility drills, supplemental stretching recommendations, specific progressions, fluctuations in training stress, and alternative strength exercises ("plan B") in case you aren't quite ready to execute "Plan A." 2. You must balance competing demands, and prioritize the ones that are the most pressing at a given time. Using our professional baseball pitchers as an example, their training consists of strength training, mobility drills, medicine ball throws, movement training, and the throwing program (which is near daily in nature). In the Cressey Performance system, when the throwing program ramps up, the medicine ball work must come down substantially, and the strength training tapers off just a bit. You simply can't keep adding sets and reps without subtracting something else and making a tradeoff, as athletes only have a certain amount of recovery capacity, and it's hard to fine-tune an exact movement like throwing a baseball if you're fatigued from everything else. Managing competing demands is arguably more challenging in the general population, as their jobs outside the gym are usually more stressful than those that face many professional athletes – meaning that the Joes and the Janes have less recovery capacity with which to work. It seems logical that when you add something to a program, you have to subtract something else – but I'm constantly amazed at how many people decide to just keep adding more volume when they can't lose fat or gain muscle mass fast enough. Sometimes, you just need to change the composition of the program, not add more and more, thereby creating three-hour marathon training sessions. This leads to my next point… 3. The success comes from the overall program, not just the individual parts. In other words, synergy is everything. The aforementioned pitchers can't just go out and start a throwing program after doing nothing for three months. Rather, they need to work to enhance their mobility and get stronger, more reactive, and more powerful first. If they skip these important steps, they increase their likelihood of injury, make it harder to re-acquire a skilled movement, and reduce the likelihood of improvement.
In the general population, a good strength and conditioning program consists of tremendous interdependencies. Your deadlift technique and strength depends on the training you've done in the previous month, week, and day – and how thorough and targeted your mobility warm-up (or lack thereof, in many unfortunate cases) was prior to that day's training session. Those trainees who have the best results are the ones that line everything up – from nutrition, to strength training, to mobility exercises, to movement training, to metabolic conditioning, to recovery protocols. CW: It's common for people to think they're advanced when they're really not. Can you mention a few things a pro athlete typically does that a weekend warrior shouldn't do? EC: I would strongly discourage non-professional athletes from holding shirtless press conferences in their driveways while exercising during contract holdouts.
Then again, I wouldn't really recommend that to Terrell Owens or any professional athlete, for that matter, but I digress… To be honest, in the context of resistance training, a lot of professional athletes aren't really as advanced as you might think, especially after a long season that's taken its toll on them. Many of them have a ton of similarities with our general fitness clients – but just have different exercise contraindications and energy systems needs. I think the better comparison would be between novice lifters (less than one year of resistance training) and those with years and years under their belt. They have to do things quite a bit differently. As a first example, the novice lifter can handle a lot more volume because he (or she, of course) is relatively neurally inefficient. If this lifter did the volume of an advanced athlete, he might actually undertrain on volume (and possibly overdo it on intensity to the point that it'd interfere with picking up appropriate technique). Second, a really advanced lifter will often need to deload on intensity – meaning that when it's time for a "backoff week" – he'll often keep the sets and reps up, but take a lot of weight on the bar. It's just about getting reps in. A novice lifter, on the other hand, is better off keeping the intensity up and dropping the number of reps.
Third, a novice lifter can often be more aggressive in terms of caloric intake because there is such a large window of adaptation ahead in terms of muscle weight gain. I gained 50 pounds in my first year of lifting, but nowadays – even though I'm five times as strong as I was then – if I can go up 3-4 quality pounds a year, I'm thrilled. Surely, lifters are the opposite ends of the experience continuum can't have similar caloric needs – even if the more experienced ones are heavier. Skinny novice guys can sometimes get away with eating like absolute crap as long as there are enough total calories – and still end up getting bigger. I certainly don't advise it, but it's one more way to show that novice and experienced lifters are horses of different colors, and that you have to be honest with yourself on where you fall on this continuum so that you train and eat optimally. Sign-up Today for our FREE Newsletter and receive a deadlift technique tutorial!
Here are a few good reads to check out this week: 15 Muscle Building Tips at a Restaurant - I came across this article by Vince Delmonte on how to maintain a healthy eating schedule even when you're eating out. This is a place where a lot of people fail, so I think it's an excellent article for folks to read as a reminder. Small in Stature, Royals Pitcher Tim Collins a Force on the Hill - Here's piece at MLB.com on Cressey Performance athlete and Kansas City Royals pitcher Tim Collins. I've been training Tim since he was 18 years old, and he's got a tremendous story. Scalenes: Breathing and the Thoracic Spine - This is an excellent post from Patrick Ward on how aberrant breathing patterns can markedly influence upper extremity function. Sign-up Today for our FREE Newsletter and receive a detailed deadlift technique tutorial!
Effectively, you're not only getting more total sets in favor of "postural balance;" you're also getting more reps per set.
8. How Neurally Efficient a Client/Athlete Is – Some athletes – especially those who tend to be of a more slow-twitch muscle fiber predominance – always seem to need to get more sets in on their strength exercises. This is impacted in a lot of them by a previous history of endurance training – whether it's high school soccer or a dedicated running career – that made them less efficient at tapping in to high threshold motor units. The same holds true for female athletes; they always seem to need a little extra volume on strength exercises; it's almost as if they can't ramp up to a max as quickly as men. I don't think you necessarily need to increase reps per set, but definitely ought to consider adding an additional set or two.
9. Whether You're Trying to Achieve a Metabolic Training Benefit – Some programs use a concept called metabolic resistance training to improve cardiovascular conditioning and increase energy expenditure so that you can burn fat faster. Generally, in programs like these, you'll need more sets and higher reps to elicit this training effect.
10. Whether You're Dealing with a Post-Injury Client – In these folks, you want to keep the sets and reps down and gradually ease them back in to things. So, while a "normal" client might be fluctuating up and down to impose and decrease training stress, respectively, an post-injury client would be gradually increasing the sets and reps to match his/her capacity for loading at a particular time.
That said, you have to be cognizant of giving them sufficient volume to maintain a training effect and keep them from going insane. So, using the example of someone with shoulder pain, you might have to cut back on pressing movements, but you can really bump up the volume on horizontal pulling sets and reps.
Sure, this is a ton of work (and very specific work at that), but quite a few lifters have used it with excellent success. You know what, though? Try adding a lot of extra sets and reps for "other stuff" and you'll fail...miserably. You can't specialize on everything all at once. If sets and reps go up in one facet of your strength and conditioning program, they have to come down somewhere else.
13. Whether or Not an Athlete is In-Season - If an athlete is in-season, less is more. I prefer to have our athletes leave the gym feeling refreshed after their in-season training sessions - so they might be completely finished with a lift after only 8-10 sets of strength exercises in session. You can get in more sets and reps during the off-season.
That wraps up the primary considerations that come to mind for determining the sets and reps in a strength training program. Of course, there are many more to consider. Feel free to share them in the comments section below.
Q: I know this is a loaded question with hours upon hours of answers, but I'm trying to make some sense about the different kinds of ways/philosophies involved in writing strength and conditioning programs. I have read different articles and chapters in books that discuss program development, looked at programs at my current job, and can write a basic one for a new athlete. It's not the exercises; I'm familiar with plenty and love seeing something new. My problems come more with the sets and reps and when they change and why; I can't seem to map out the actual progression of the program.
What philosophies, if one, do you follow and what basic rules do you find to be the most important when determining the sets and reps?
1. The duration of a session - You won't be able to do 6 sets of 4 reps if you only have an client/athlete for an hour and want to accomplish other things. This is, in particular, a big issue in collegiate strength and conditioning programs because the NCAA allows only limited number of hours per week with athletes, and sport coaches and strength and conditioning coaches have to share this time. Additionally, it's a challenge for personal trainers in private training set-ups where clients may train in 30-, 45-, or 60-minute blocks.
I've written several times in the past about how I would never allow our business model to dictate our training model - and this sets and reps question is one reason why. At Cressey Sports Performance, we do all semi-private training, which allows for sliding starts and finishes. It allows us to get in all the work we need to do with clients - regardless of the sets and reps in question. Likewise, as you'll see in the rest of this two-part series, you'll appreciate that it's why we don't have one program standardized for everyone on the dry erase board; every single CSP client has a unique program because they all have unique needs.
2. Competing demands - The more variety (plyos, conditioning, medicine ball work, etc) that you want to add to a program, the less volume you'll be able to do on strength training. We have limited time and recovery capacity, so we can't just keep adding all the time.
For me, a good example is what happens over the course of the baseball off-season. Lifting volume is high when they get back, throwing is a no-go, movement training is 2x/week, and medicine ball is light. After the first month, medicine ball work goes up, lifting comes down a bit.
Then, at the start of January, medicine ball and lifting volume comes back down and throwing volume increases. We then get rid of medicine ball work almost altogether and go to 3x/week movement training as the season approaches, throwing intensifies, and guys do more hitting. So, it doesn't just depend on the exercises; it depends on the big picture.
A great follow-up read to this point would be my post, Weight Training Programs: You Can't Just Keep Adding.
3. Exercise selection - If you're doing more sets, you'll want to do it on "money" exercises like deadlifts and not curls, etc. Moreover, certain exercises lend themselves better to higher reps than others. For instance, we never front squat anyone over six reps, because technical breakdown often occurs with fatigue. You also wouldn't want to do cleans for sets of 15!
Usually, it's also good to just "call it" on a particular exercise and move on to the next if someone has already dropped the weight on subsequent sets and form continues to deteriorate. That energy is better spent on different exercises where technique can remain perfect even in the presence of fatigue.
4. Training age - As a general rule of thumb, the more experienced they are, the more sets and FEWER reps they'll need. At this point in my training career, I just won't get strong on sets of five. Here's another good follow-up read: Why I Don't Like the 5x5 Workout.
Conversely, beginners generally need more sets and reps to pick up on things. That doesn't mean that you should just do three sets of 15 reps on everything with a novice, though. I find myself teaching squat and deadlift variations with four sets of five reps quite a bit; the load, however, is light enough that the lifter could usually do 10-12 reps. In other words, it's just technique practice.
5. The Training Goal and Client/Athlete in Question – While taking heavy singles over 90% of one's 1-rep max may be ideal for helping folks get strong, working at such a high percentage in some populations warps the risk: reward circumstances. Whether it's older folks, those with injuries, or athletes who have a lot more to lose by getting hurt than they have to gain by adding five pounds to their squat, you have to take each individual situation into consideration. I always remind people that we lift weights to improve quality of life, not just so that we can talk about how heavy the weights we lifted were.
6. Whether You Want to Impose or Remove Fatigue – In a "loading" week, volume is going to be higher. If you're deloading, though, that volume is going to be reduced. Aside from beginner strength training programs, volume should never be the same over several weeks in a row. I discuss several deloading strategies in my e-book, The Art of the Deload.
I'll be back in a tomorrow with more factors that influence the sets and reps in a strength training program. In the meantime, if you're looking for a comprehensive strength and conditioning program to take all the guesswork out of things for you, check out The High Performance Handbook.
The scary part is that he did this for about 45 seconds right after he woke up from his nap. I actually had time to go grab my camera, and then still get all this footage.
If you've read much of my stuff, you've probably come to realize that I'm quite the shoulder geek. With that title comes a lot of questions at seminars and via email, and one of the more common ones is whether I think direct rotator cuff strengthening exercises are necessary for everyone. A lot of coaches say that they aren't essential, but I beg to differ for five reasons. Here's why: 1. Bad Posture - Nowadays, pretty much everyone has rounded shoulders - which means that the scapulae are winged out. When a shoulder blade isn't sitting right, the rotator cuff muscles that attach to that scapula are at a mechanical disadvantage because they are outside of their ideal length-tension relationship for creating force; it's analogous to trying to shoot a cannon from a canoe.
Incorporating some direct rotator cuff exercises not only strengthens muscles that you know will be operating at a mechanical disadvantage, but also educates a lifter about how the scapula should be positioned for ideal shoulder function. 2. Shoulder impingement is a physiological norm. - Research from Flatow et al. demonstrated that everyone – regardless of age, activity level, sport of choice, acromion type, gender, you name it – has direct impingement on their rotator cuff tendons. If you know a region is going to get beaten up regardless of what you do in your life, why wouldn't you opt to strengthen it proactively?
3. Rotator cuff tears are far more common than you think. - In consideration of the previous point, it should be no surprise that rotator cuff tears are actually far more common than one might realize - even if you look at asymptomatic subjects. Connor et al. discovered that on MRI, 40% of asymptomatic tennis/baseball players had evidence of partial or full-thickness cuff tears. The general population is no different; Sher et al. took MRIs of 96 asymptomatic subjects, finding rotator cuff tears in 34% of cases, and 54% of those older than 60. And these studies don't even include the ones who are actually in pain! It makes sense to strengthen these areas proactively - even if your shoulder doesn't hurt...yet. 4. Lots of people also have labral tears. - In the past, I've written quite a bit about Active vs. Passive Restraints. In the shoulder, the rotator cuff would be considered an active restraint, as it's something that can be strengthened to improve dynamic stability. The labrum, on the other hand, doesn't get stronger with exercise; it's a passive restraint that provides stability. So, if the labrum is torn or frayed (as it very commonly is in both lifters and overhead throwing athletes), then the active restraints - the rotator cuff tendons - need to pick up the slack. 5. The "Just do normal stuff and the rotator cuff will take care of itself" philosophy isn't working. - That's been tried for quite some time, and nowadays, as a society, we move like absolute crap and - as noted above - have a boatload of issues on MRI even if we're asymptomatic. With respect to the cuff, we've built the deltoids up to the point that they absolutely overwhelm the rotator cuff (particularly the supraspinatus), which is trying to prevent the humeral head from migrating upward into the acromion.
My article, Clearing up the Rotator Cuff Controversy demonstrates some of our favorite rotator cuff exercises and talks about how to include them in a weekly strength training program. For more information, check out the Optimal Shoulder Performance DVD Set.
I'll be brief today, as I have a lot going on, and frankly, Nate Green can better explain what he has going on than I can. Nate's a great dude and excellent writer, and he's doing a free giveaway at his website of his "Hero Handbook," which is basically a how-to guide that covers everything from personal, to physical, to professional development. So, whether you want to get strong, get lean, get self-employed, or get a girlfriend/boyfriend, it's a good read. I really enjoyed it. No charge; it's just a sweet free gift Nate's made available as a thank you to his readers. It's so thorough that it deserves more than just a "Stuff You Should Read" column, so I'm giving it an entire blog. Check it out: The Hero Handbook.
Sappy title, huh? Well, the truth is that people around the world will spend loads of money on flowers that will die in the next week - so we'll carry that theme forward with today's list of recommended reading. Check these out: White Sox, Brewers Lead Injury Prevention Parade - A big thanks goes out to Mike Stare, DPT for sending this article my way. It's always good to see quantifiable evidence of just how bad injuries in major league baseball have gotten. One really important thing to consider is that man games (and money) lost to injuries doesn't always paint a true picture of how effective a team's medical staff is. Teams with good medical staffs are more likely to sign better players in spite of pre-existing injuries (the 2009 Red Sox signed John Smoltz, Billy Wagner, and Brad Penny when they were all coming off surgery, for instance), so they'll understandably have higher rates in spite of the fact that they're doing a lot of things really well. Muddy waters, indeed. Smith Machine Salaries - Speaking of wasteful spending, this post is about two years old and is very, very sad, but true. I'm sure it's even worse nowadays. Baseball Showcases: A Great Way to Waste Money and Get Injured - This is timely on a number of fronts, as there are loads of showcases going on right now. Many of the participants are kids who haven't even picked up a baseball since last August, yet they're throwing full speed in front of radar guns. Sad. Happy Valentine's Day, everyone; try not to think about all the money you spent on flowers! Sign-up Today for our FREE Newsletter and receive a detailed deadlift technique tutorial!


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Next TVS bike co-developed with BMW Motorrad to be based on existing platform - IAB Report
27/04/2020 - 18:54 | BMW G 310 R, BMW G 310 GS, TVS Apache RR 310, TVS, Bike news, BMW Motorrad | Utkarsh
The partnership between TVS and BMW Motorrad has given enthusiasts 3 phenomenal motorcycles - the TVS Apache RR 310, the BMW G 310 R and the BMW G 310 GS. This joint venture's next offspring will be launched in 2021, TVS has reaffirmed.
The BMW G 310 R and BMW G 310 GS are the two most affordable motorcycles in the German brand's product line-up.
In February, K. N. Radhakrishnan, President, CEO & Additional Whole-Time Director, TVS Motor Company Limited, had revealed that the next TVS bike co-developed with its German partner will arrive in 2021. Now, he has reaffirmed this development and let us know that the project on track despite the ongoing problems in the industry resulting from the Coronavirus outbreak. "Possibly next year will have one more variant of that (platform co-developed with BMW Motorrad) from TVS Motor Company," he has said.
The exact details regarding this motorcycle are still blurred. Earlier reports tell us that it could be a twin-cylinder bike which would cater to the growing middleweight segment in the Indian market. However, the latest development reveals that it will be based on the same platform on which the G 310 R, G 310 GS, and Apache RR 310 are built. We are expecting to get more information about this upcoming TVS bike later in the year.
The BMW G 310 R and BMW G 310 GS are the two most affordable motorcycles in the German brand's product line-up. The company not only sells them here in India but in many other countries including American and European markets. Both the bikes have been designed and developed by BMW Motorrad and are produced by TVS Motor Company.
The TVS Apache RR 310 is the company's flagship model. The fully-faired motorcycle is the brand's fastest bike to the date. It has received a lot of appreciation from many enthusiasts from all over the country. The bike got its BS6 update earlier this year.
The next TVS bike co-developed with BMW could be a naked or touring model.
Also Read: TVS Motor Company acquires Norton Motorcycles for INR 153 crore
In other news, TVS Motor Company, now the owner of Norton Motorcycles, is working to clear off all the existing bookings of Norton bikes. Meanwhile, BMW Motorrad is preparing to launch the BMW F 900 XR and 2020 BMW S 1000 XR in India.
For more TVS news and other two-wheeler updates, stay tuned to IndianAutosBlog.com.
TVS reaffirms 2021 launch for its next bike co-developed with BMW Motorrad
BMW F 900 XR launched in the Philippines, costs INR 14.84 lakh
TVS Scooty Pep+ Mudhal Kadhal Edition launched only in Tamil Nadu
New TVS Jupiter SMW is the most affordable variant in the line-up
TVS Apache range of motorcycles receives a price hike in India
2021 Tata Safari Production Already Underway; Spied At Tata's Plant
Hyundai i20 1.5L Diesel vs 1.2L NA Petrol - Acceleration Comparison


But even then, they could implement a law where schools require AC or something.
But being sweaty isn't a reason to throw away half of the education.
I'm pretty sure summer vacation was at least maintained in the U.S. due to farming schedules. Could be wrong, though.
WHAT? I would rather just have the 180 days that's required all done with, all at once and in row (partially so teachers can't give projects) and then have the other 185 days as a break. That would be pretty nice.
180 days in a row would be extremely tiresome. Humans aren't meant to work for such extended periods of time, particularly small humans.
There has to be enough time for teachers to grade and plan the rest of the year. While the year is technically planned all in advance, you almost never end up sticking perfectly to the schedule. Not to mention that, unfortunately, not everyone can learn at the same pace. Try out a charter school if you're in a public system, some of them do things quite differently.
Is it weird to be in this thread now that I'm a substitute teacher working on becoming a full-time teacher? I dunno about the others, but I would rather not work all 180-181 days in a row. And if the faculty don't want to do it then you're stuck with it.


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Watch: Putin high-fives Saudi Crown Prince
During the G20 summit in Argentina, Russian President Vladimir Putin high-fives Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, who most of the world has castigated after the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.
Posted: Dec 1, 2018 3:22 PM
Updated: Dec 1, 2018 3:24 PM
A video is worth a thousand words: At the G20 summit in Buenos Aires, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman can be seen flashing big smiles, laughing and giving each other a robust high five before sitting down for their meeting.
This bizarre image lit up social media. Reporters have been tweeting out jokes about what the two men must have saying. "You would be happy too if you just got away with murder," wrote Aaron Blake of The Washington Post, as he offered his caption.
But the video is also deadly serious. As these two leaders laugh it up -- and are in the process of thawing tensions between their nations by working in partnership to shore up crude oil prices -- there is a total absence of moral leadership from America's President. The video comes out as Americans are still recoiling from the brutal murder of Jamal Khashoggi and on the same day it was reported that the UK authorities believe Putin approved of poison attacks that killed a Briton and harmed a former Russian spy and his daughter. (Saudi officials have insisted that bin Salman had nothing to do with the murder and Putin's government has said the nerve agent attacks in the UK weren't its doing.)
It gets directly to the heart of why President Donald Trump's family business might very well be legal, but it's certainly not very cool. During the campaign, some now wonder whether his bottom line influenced promises made to foreign leaders. When President Trump told reporters that, "I was allowed to do whatever I wanted during the campaign," he confirmed some of the worst fears that are circulating in the public.
Despite the paper-thin firewall separating the President from his two sons, who now control the business, there are also deep concerns about what motivated his positions once he was President on Russia's intervention in the 2016 US election as well as the murder of a Washington Post journalist by Saudi officials allegedly connected to MBS, and whether these stances have fundamentally undermined confidence in America's leadership role in the world. According to Gallup, only 40% of Americans approve of how Trump has handled foreign affairs.
It is almost impossible to know at this point why President Trump acts the way he does. While this is true of all presidents, rarely have we seen a situation where there have been genuine fears that the administration is being driven by personal economic considerations rather than the public interest or even other sorts of interest group and partisan considerations.
The reason Michael Cohen's admissions about the negotiations that were going on about the proposed Moscow Trump Tower project during the campaign, which one associate said could have included an offer to give Putin a $50 million suite in the building, is that they raise the big question of whether US policies have been influenced by the President's thirst for money. (Trump's lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, dismissed the idea that Trump was aware of discussion of a penthouse for Putin.)
The President didn't make matters much better when he made a defiant claim to a gaggle of reporters that as a businessman he could do whatever he wanted during the campaign and had the right to look into possible business opportunities until the election was over. If Robert Mueller has been looking for a possible motive that explains the President leaning over backwards to placate Putin at key points in the presidency, he might have found one.
The same questions swirl around the President's position toward Saudi Arabia. While there are many legitimate reasons why the administration might seek to protect relations with Saudi Arabia and ignore a high-level murder, such as the need for this ally in a turbulent region of the world, it has not been lost on observers that Trump and his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, have real estate interests in New York that benefit from Saudi investment. The Saudis have also been loyal guests in Trump hotels.
The costs of the murky understanding that we have of Trump's business interests -- which stems from his refusal to release his tax returns during the campaign -- have been enormously damaging to our ability to evaluate foreign policy.
The new revelations understandably generate concerns about the worst possible form of corruption, namely that the President of the United States may have made big decisions about how to treat other countries based on his personal profit motive. It is as if Gilded Age corruption reached the global stage. If Americans were excited about having a businessman in the Oval Office, they are now learning about the potential costs of this mentality when that entrepreneur refuses to change his outlook on priorities.
Robert Mueller's final report will be important on a number of levels, such as determining whether there are grounds for impeachment and providing a better understanding of what happened in the 2016 election.
But restoring faith in the foreign policy process is as important as anything else. In certain respects, we are fortunate that the nation has not yet faced a major, immediate foreign policy crisis during Trump's presidency. If we did, it would be hard for many citizens to have full confidence that the President was acting in the best interests of the nation. Mueller's report will be pivotal to clearing the air, determining whether there is really nothing there to be concerned about, or providing the kind of data that would be needed for House Democrats to start cleaning up the mess that the President has left behind.
The short video that has made so many people cringe today draws its comedy from our fears and concerns. Why were the two men laughing? Where is President Trump when it comes to their behavior and what causes him to remain so silent? If Trump had greater authority on the world stage, and fewer questions looming about the ethics of his presidency, he would be in much better position to stand firm against the most abhorrent behavior that we have seen -- even if still maintaining relations.
Instead, we just see them laughing.
NYT: Kushner offered Saudi Crown Prince advice
NYT: Audio could implicate Saudi Crown Prince
WaPo: CIA finds Saudi crown prince ordered Jamal Khashoggi's death
Intercept: Saudi crown prince bragged about Kushner relationship
Women's arrests cast doubt on Saudi Crown Prince's reforms
Saudi admission on Khashoggi's death won't touch 'reformist' crown prince
Saudi Arabia's crown prince says his economic dream will survive
Saudi Crown Prince's uncle returns to Riyadh after absence
NYT: Audio may link Saudi Crown Prince to murder


This entry was posted on Tuesday, December 18th, 2007 at 9:18 pm and is filed under Aviation, musings, Technology.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Great Website, found you thru "Google Blog Alerts" for "UAV" so I will be checking back from time to time, I agree with much of what you have said here and it is good to see you have an excellent handle on things.
Thanks for the kind words, and the look!


You may well ask "why would I be interested in this film?", and to this I say that we all need to learn about each other, and it's about time misconceptions about those defined as disabled were dissolved.
I cannot be sure how much I was influenced, but in a style reminiscent of Lorenszo's Oil, the family in Son Rise reach their child and help him emerge into the world.
I LOVE it when films can be such great teachers.


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Compact portable refrigeration for use as cold-storage rooms. Reefers maintain a constant temperature from -25 C to 32 C suitable for cold and frozen food storage set to freezer or chiller temperatures.
We require 48 hours for delivery as all our Refrigerated Containers are pretripped, set to your temperature requirements and run up to temperature for 24 hours before being delivered. Your container will be delivered by Hiab Crane Truck and placed on site for hook up by your electrician. Pick-up is easy – just call or email our office when you have the electrical disconnected and we'll arrange a pick-up within 24 hours in most cases.
Delivery and Pick-up charges are calculated based on your site location and will be provided at the time of rental.
While rental periods for our Refrigerated Containers typically range from a few months to several years the minimum rental period for our Refrigerated Containers is one month. Partial months are pro-rated by the day after the one month minimum has been reached.
If you decide to purchase your Refrigerated rental Container anytime during your rental period we will credit you up to 25% of the first years rent towards the purchase price. Call our office for details at 604.581.1924.
8'6" high x 8' wide, wind and water tight, Clean, secure steel storage, rodent proof, portable temporary refrigerated storage, factory double container doors.
High Cube Containers are 9'6" high, 8' wide, and water tight, secure storage, rodent proof, portable temporary refrigerated storage, with factory double container doors.


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Q: PyTorch: How to use DataLoaders for custom Datasets How to make use of the torch.utils.data.Dataset and torch.utils.data.DataLoader on your own data (not just the torchvision.datasets)?
Is there a way to use the inbuilt DataLoaders which they use on TorchVisionDatasets to be used on any dataset?

A: Yes, that is possible. Just create the objects by yourself, e.g.
import torch.utils.data as data_utils

train = data_utils.TensorDataset(features, targets)
train_loader = data_utils.DataLoader(train, batch_size=50, shuffle=True)

where features and targets are tensors. features has to be 2-D, i.e. a matrix where each line represents one training sample, and targets may be 1-D or 2-D, depending on whether you are trying to predict a scalar or a vector.

EDIT: response to @sarthak's question
Basically yes. If you create an object of type TensorData, then the constructor investigates whether the first dimensions of the feature tensor (which is actually called data_tensor) and the target tensor (called target_tensor) have the same length:
assert data_tensor.size(0) == target_tensor.size(0)

However, if you want to feed these data into a neural network subsequently, then you need to be careful. While convolution layers work on data like yours, (I think) all of the other types of layers expect the data to be given in matrix form. So, if you run into an issue like this, then an easy solution would be to convert your 4D-dataset (given as some kind of tensor, e.g. FloatTensor) into a matrix by using the method view. For your 5000xnxnx3 dataset, this would look like this:
2d_dataset = 4d_dataset.view(5000, -1)

(The value -1 tells PyTorch to figure out the length of the second dimension automatically.)

A: Yes, you can do it.
Hope this helps for future readers.
from torch.utils.data import TensorDataset, DataLoader
import torch.utils.data as data_utils

inputs = [[ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5],[ 2,  3,  4,  5,  6]]
targets = [ 6,7]
batch_size = 2

inputs  = torch.tensor(inputs)
targets = torch.IntTensor(targets)

dataset = TensorDataset(inputs, targets)
data_loader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size, shuffle=True)

A: In addition to user3693922's answer and the accepted answer, which respectively link the "quick" PyTorch documentation example to create custom dataloaders for custom datasets, and create a custom dataloader in the "simplest" case, there is a much more detailed dedicated official PyTorch tutorial on how to create a custom dataloader with the associated preprocessing: "writing custom datasets, dataloaders and transforms" official PyTorch tutorial

A: You can easily do this be extending the data.Dataset class.
According to the API, all you have to do is implement two function: __getitem__ and __len__.
You can then wrap the dataset with the DataLoader as shown in the API and in @pho7 's answer.
I think the ImageFolder class is a reference. See code here.

A: Yes. Pytorch's DataLoader is designed to take a Dataset object as input, but all it requires is an object with a __getitem__ and __len__ attribute, so any generic container will suffice.
E.g. a list of tuples with your features (x values) as the first element, and targets (y values) as the second element can be passed directly to DataLoader like so:
x = [6,3,8,2,5,9,7]
y = [1,0,1,0,0,1,1]

data = [*zip(x,y)]
dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(data)

for features, targets in dataloader:
    #...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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