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Implications of 1 Corinthians 5:5
Implications of 1 Corinthians 5:5 for church discipline
First Corinthians 5:5 is a difficult passage to understand. What lessons about church discipline, taught by Paul to first century Christians, can be applied to the church today?
First Corinthians 5:5 is fraught with both exegetical and theological difficulties.1 How is the church to "deliver" the incestuous man to Satan? What does "destruction of the flesh" mean? What about the salvation of the "spirit" in the day of the Lord? What implications does this text have regarding church discipline? Our discussion will focus on three areas.
Daniel Bediako is a PhD candidate in Old Testament studies, Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Silang, Cavite, Philippines.
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Artboard 1 Implications of 1 Corinthians 5:5
"Deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus" (1 Cor. 5:5).
First Corinthians 5:5 is fraught with both exegetical and theological difficulties.1 How is the church to "deliver" the incestuous man to Satan? What does "destruction of the flesh" mean? What about the salvation of the "spirit" in the day of the Lord? What implications does this text have regarding church discipline? Our discussion will focus on three areas. The first briefly surveys various scholarly views on the passage; the second establishes its historical and literary contexts; and the third will provide a lexical analysis of the relevant phrases of the text, indicating how they fit into the context of 1 Corinthians 5 and the Pauline writings in general. The conclusion will briefly note the implications of this text to church discipline.
Views on 1 Corinthians 5:5
Much of the debate on the passage centers on the meaning of flesh and spirit.2 The discussion also deals with the nature of Pauål's verdict. Does it point merely to temporary discipline3 or to something more (that is, permanent expulsion and subsequent death)?4 Some scholars understand "deliver such an one unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh" in a physical sense: the expelled, incestuous man will suffer physical illness,5 or even physical suffering leading to death at the hands of Satan.6 Accordingly, some scholars have posited a "curse/death" interpretation of 1 Corinthians 5:5 based on analogies from Greek "magical" papyri and/or Jewish writings.7 Several variations of these views are promulgated: Paul may have meant a delivery of the man to Roman magistrates,8 a secret execution,9 a self-atoning physical death,10 or a delivery to purgatory.11 In any case, these interpretations take flesh in a physical sense, namely, the body. However, some understand flesh and spirit metaphorically, each denoting the whole person rather than a dichotomy of the person.12 Some scholars believe that Paul refers to the expulsion of the incestuous man, and that this would lead to the "destruction" of his sinful nature,13 not his physical body. Some seek to identify the incestuous man in 1 Corinthians 5:5 with the offender in 2 Corinthians 2:6-11 whom Paul says the church should accept back.14 Others see in this expulsion both the mortification of the flesh (fleshly lust) and physical suffering (destruction of the flesh or body).15 While there is no concensus regarding the details of the text, many scholars agree that the purpose of Paul's verdict is the salvation of the man's "spirit."
Nonetheless, some scholars have questioned whether in 1 Corinthians 5:5 "flesh" and "spirit" could not refer to some other person(s) rather than the incestuous man.16 Tertullian17 and H. von Campenhausen18 agree that here flesh refers to the incestuous man; yet, while the former understands spirit as the spirit of the church, the latter links it with the Spirit of God. K. P. Donfried connects flesh with the church and spirit with God.19 Barth Campbell follows Tertullian, Donfried, and Campenhausen, but he argues that both flesh and spirit refer to the church.20 According to these views, Paul's focus is on the spiritual life of the church,21 not the incestuous man. Finally, V. G. Shillington understands 1 Corinthians 5:5 in the context of the atonement in Leviticus 16.22 Thus, the incestuous man, like the scapegoat, bears the sins of the community in his flesh so that the "spirit-in-community" will be preserved on the day of the Lord.23 Such diverse interpretations of 1 Corinthians 5:5 necessitate a full-fledged analysis of the text.
Understanding the context
Historically, Corinth is known, among other things, for its sexual corruption.24 Thus sexual immorality was part of the Corinthians' pre-Christian lifestyle (1 Cor. 6:9, 10), and this lifestyle seems to have found its way into the church (5:9; 6:12-20; 7:2; 10:8; cf. 2 Cor. 12:21). The problem with which Paul deals in chapter 5 is not just sexual immorality, but an extraordinary case of immorality,25 one not common even among the Gentiles.26 Paul is straight to the point: "a man has his father's wife" (v. 1, NKJV).
In 1 Corinthians 3:16, 17, Paul says that the church at Corinth is the temple of God and that those who destroy it will be destroyed by God. This serves as a basis for understanding 5:1-13.27 Having been informed of the incestuous relationship (v. 1), Paul directs the church to put the man out of their fellowship (v. 2). This directive is repeated several other times in the passage (vv. 4, 5, 7, 13), indicating the gravity of the matter. Verses 3-5 state how and why the church should carry out the judgment, and verses 6-8 give the theological basis for the intended action. In verses 9-13 Paul excoriates the church's relaxed attitude and seems to suggest that the church should have taken the appropriate action based on his former letter.28 This context provides the parameters for understanding the verdict in verse 5. By keeping close to this context, most of the scholarly opinions given above will be discarded.
Analysis of 1 Corinthians 5:5
This section offers lexical-semantic analysis of the following words and/or phrases within the general context of the Pauline corpus: paradounai, "to hand over" or deliver; eis olethron tēs sarkos, "destruction of the flesh"; and hina to pneuma sōthē, "that the spirit may be saved."
Hand over. The apostle says that when the church assembles in the name of the Lord, they should paradounai (aorist infinitive of paradidōmi) "hand over" the incestuous man to Satan. In the Septuagint (LXX), the root paradidōmi (translating the Hebrew beyādekā "in your hand") is used to refer to God handing over Job to Satan (Job 2:6; cf. 1:12) for physical affliction. The word is also used in the sense of God's rejection or abandonment of His people as a form of judgment (Jer. 33:24, 25). In the Gospels, paradidōmi is used in reference to the betrayal of Jesus by Judas (Mark 14:10) and the handing over of Jesus to Pilate (Mark 15:1), who in turn hands Jesus back over to the people (Luke 23:18-25; cf. Rom. 4:25). The word also denotes God's judgment on sinners (Acts 7:42; Rom. 1:24-28). It is clear from this that paradidōmi may either be literal, physically handing someone over for punishment, or figurative, judgmentally rejecting or abandoning someone.
In the context of 1 Corinthians 5:5, a figurative understanding of paradidōmi seems to be a better option. Paul uses several metaphors in this chapter. Examples include the references to the "old yeast," "Christ, our Passover lamb," and "the feast" (vv. 7, 8, NIV, KJV). Verse 5 may thus be understood.29 Moreover, in several contexts paradidōmi simply implies rejection and abandonment (Rom. 1:24; Eph. 4:19) or surrender (John 19:30; 1 Cor. 13:3; 2 Cor. 4:11; Eph. 5:25). In 1 Timothy 1:20, the word implies abandonment.30 Here, Paul says that some believers, Hymenaeus and Alexander, have shipwrecked their faith and that he has handed them over to Satan to be taught not to blaspheme.
Thus understood, paradounai in 1 Corinthians 5:5 does not refer to a magical spell or curse, nor does it refer to a court summons, a secret execution, or a self-atoning death. We may take verse 2 as the basic verdict of Paul, and that the rest of the chapter (including the figurative sayings in v. 5 and v. 7) serves to reinforce this verdict. Note also that verse 13 forms an inclusio with verse 2. This is to say, that what verses 2 and 13 state literally, verses 5 and 7 state figuratively.31 In any case, the incestuous man must be expelled from fellowship. Christ rules within the church, and Satan rules outside the church. If the sinner is expelled from church fellowship, he automatically finds himself in the sphere of Satan's operation.32
Destruction of the flesh. The phrase eis olethron tēs sarkos literally means "destruction of the flesh." The word olethros (olethron is masculine singular accusative of olethros) generally denotes physical destruction. The noun olethros or the verb olethreuō in the LXX may denote destruction (Exod. 12:23) or judgment (Jer. 5:6; 48:3; Ezek. 6:14). In the New Testament (NT), olethros has the more general sense of eschatological or spiritual destruction (1 Thess. 5:3; 2 Thess. 1:9; 1 Tim. 6:9). While olethros may have physical meaning,33 the figurative tenor of 1 Corinthians 5:5, 7 (cf. vv. 2, 13) seems to suggest that, like paradounai, olethron should be taken figuratively. This should also advise against interpreting the text in a strict, literal sense. A careful look at the Greek sentence in verse 5b seems to indicate that eis olethron tēs sarkos stands in apposition to paradounai tō satana. Both paradounai tō satana and eis olethron tēs sarkos have judgmental connotations and their juxtaposition here suggests that both phrases have the same reference. If so, this means that "deliver such an one unto Satan" equates or, at least, is explained by "for the destruction of the flesh." Since the hina clause ("that the spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus") has the incestuous man in view and syntactically relates to the main clause ("deliver such an one unto Satan"), hina expresses the intended result of the action in the main clause. In other words, the intended result of paradounai here is the salvation of the incestuous man's spirit.34
Having taken olethros in a metaphorical sense, the meaning of sarx (sarkos is the genitive of sarx) needs to be determined. In the first place, it should be noted that Paul, as well as the NT, has no dichotomous or dualistic view of the human being.35 This means that we should not divide the human being into "flesh" and "spirit." Rather, either of these elements refers to the person as a whole.36 Thus, when in 1 Corinthians 5:3, 4 Paul says that his own spirit will be present when the congregation meets to execute the verdict, he merely means that he fully undersigns the action.
According to A. Sand, sarx is used in three ways: (1) the bodily substance (1 Cor. 6:16; 15:39); (2) earthly and natural, merely worldly, existence (1 Cor. 1:26; 9:11; 2 Cor. 1:17); and (3) human beings subject to the power of sin (Rom. 7:5-8:10; Gal. 5:13-6:8).37 The context of 1 Corinthians 5 seems to suggest that sarx be understood to mean sinful human nature.38 Sarx refers to the incestuous man, not the worldly inclination of the church. That this is what Paul means becomes clear even from a cursory reading of verses 3-5: "Even though I am not physically present, I am with you in spirit. And I have already passed judgment on the one who did this, just as if I were present. When you are assembled in the name of our Lord Jesus and I am with you in spirit, and the power of our Lord Jesus is present, hand this man over to Satan, so that the sinful nature may be destroyed and his spirit saved on the day of the Lord" (NIV).
This understanding of sarx complies with the figurative sense of olethros. The incestuous man must be expelled from the church (1 Cor. 5:2, 7, 13), an action which may possibly lead to the destruction of his sinful nature. Accordingly, rather than physical destruction or death,39 olethros implies the renouncement of the incestuous man's sinful nature, namely, turning away from his present fleshly way of life marked by this gross immorality. While olethros is, admittedly, a strong word for destruction, Pauline references to the subjugation of the flesh elsewhere indicate that its use with reference to flesh in 1 Corinthians 5:5 should not be a surprise or demand literal interpretation. For example, Paul says that those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh (Gal. 5:24). He also says that believers must put to death whatever belongs to the earthly nature (Col. 3:5). If in such instances Paul does not mean literal crucifixion or death of the flesh, we should not understand olethron sarkos in 1 Corinthians 5:5 otherwise. The same is true of 1 Timothy 1:19, 20, the only NT parallel to 1 Corinthians 5:5. Paul does not consider death as a means of church discipline, since discipline is clearly redemptive (cf. 2 Cor. 2:5-11).
Salvation of the spirit. Finally, how are we to understand Paul's phrase, hina to pneuma sōthē, "that the spirit may be saved." As argued above, sarx refers to the whole person, namely, the sinful nature or present way of life of the incestuous man. Since in the context of 1 Corinthians 5 pneuma ("spirit") is the antonym of sarx, it follows that pneuma should be understood as the man's new nature in Christ, resulting from the destruction of his sarx. Both terms are figurative, each referring to the whole, undivided being. They also correspond to Paul's old nature/new nature antithesis (2 Cor. 5:17; cf. Eph. 4:22). Note Rosner's statement: "When Paul contrasts flesh and spirit, as here in verse 5, flesh refers almost without exception to the contrast of evil and good tendencies, as in Romans 8:5-17 and Galatians 5:16-24." "Flesh" refers to the person oriented away from God and "spirit" to the person oriented towards God.40
In Pauline writings salvation may be present (Rom. 11:14; 1 Cor. 9:22) or eschatological (1 Cor. 1:18, 21; 3:15; 2 Cor. 2:15). The significance of sōthē "may be saved" (aorist subjunctive passive of sōzō) in 1 Corinthians 5:5 is seldom debated. Nonetheless, the reference to the salvation of the spirit "in the day of the Lord Jesus" presents some difficulty. Do we have to construe salvation here in an eschatological sense because sōthē is qualified by "the day of the Lord Jesus"? On the other hand, if Paul envisioned the return of the incestuous man after the destruction of the "flesh," would he situate the salvation of the man's "spirit" only at the eschaton? Gordon Fee makes the point that "the day of the Lord Jesus" is one of Paul's "ordinary ways of expressing salvation" (cf. 1 Cor. 3:15; 4:5).41 Thus understood, Paul may not necessarily have attached temporal significance to the phrase. Paul elsewhere envisions the day of the Lord with considerable immediacy (1 Cor. 1:7, 8; 7:26, 27; 15:51, 52; Phil. 1:6, 10; 1 Thess. 4:17; 5:4). However, nothing in the context of 1 Corinthians 5 argues against understanding the day of the Lord in an eschatological sense. In the parallel text of 1 Timothy 1:19, 20, Paul seems to expect the repentance of Hymenaeus and Alexander when he says that he has given them over to Satan to be taught not to blaspheme. Similarly, in 1 Corinthians 5:5 Paul seems to assume the repentance of the man. On this basis, he proleptically-bypassing the intermediate-announces the eschatological salvation of the incestuous man once he repents. In any case, Paul's verdict seems redemptive.
While the interpretation of 1 Corinthians 5:5 presented here is not entirely new, it has given a solid basis for the "expulsion view." Some scholars advocate this interpretation, yet, based on analogy with Job's suffering (Job 1:12; 2:6) and Paul's thorn in the flesh (2 Cor. 12:7),42 they seem to (or at least doubt whether such interpretation does not) envision the physical involvement of Satan in destroying the "flesh" of the incestuous man.43 This brief study has argued a figurative understanding of Paul's injunction in 1 Corinthians 5:5. Accordingly, Satan plays no role in this nonliteral destruction of the flesh. If, as stated above, "for the destruction of the flesh" stands in apposition to "deliver such an one unto Satan," then the difficulty disappears. By figuratively handing over the incestuous man to Satan i.e., expelling him from the church, it is hoped, in view of the accompanying disgrace and grief, that the man would come back to his senses, repent of his sin, turn away from it, and be accepted back into fellowship.
Implications for church discipline
First Corinthians 5 has enormous implications for church discipline. Among other things, the text teaches the following about discipline:
Among other sins, the sexual immorality of a believer contaminates not only the person, but also the church, the temple of God (vv. 6-8). Therefore, the church must not entertain such people (vv. 9-11).
When such a grave sin comes to the notice of the church, the appropriate action must be taken immediately. This may include expulsion from fellowship (vv. 2, 5, 13).
Church discipline is primarily remedial. The idea is not to send away an erring believer from the church. Rather, by expelling such a person from fellowship, the person may realize the gravity of sin and repent from it.
Church discipline also purifies the church as the temple of God and protects it against contamination (vv. 6-8).
The church must responsibly discipline an erring believer (vv. 2-5, 13).
Church discipline is to be carried out by the whole congregation under the leading of the Holy Spirit (vv. 4, 5). In this way, personal sentiments are guarded.
The above points suggest that church discipline was not meant just for first century Christians, but for Christians of all times. Today, it appears that some congregations have forgotten that church discipline exists. On the other extreme, some are so obsessed with church discipline that the discipline loses its significance. Whatever the reasons for such a bifurcation of attitude towards church discipline, Paul's message in 1 Corinthians 5 and elsewhere must be heeded.
See Gordon D. Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987), 209.
See Barth Campbell, "Flesh and Spirit in 1 Cor 5:5: An Exercise in Rhetorical Criticism of the NT," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 36 (1993): 331.
For example, F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians (London: Oliphants, 1971), 55; John Ruef, Paul's First Letter to Corinth (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977), 40; James T. South, "A Critique of the 'Curse/Death' Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 5:1-8," New Testament Studies 39 (1993): 539-561; R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Paul's First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg, 1961), 216, 217; Brian S. Rosner, " 'Drive Out the Wicked Person': A Biblical Theology of Exclusion," Evangelical Quarterly 71 (1999): 31-34; Jerome Murphy-O'Connor, "The First Letter to the Corinthians," in New Jerome Biblical Commentary, ed. Raymond E. Brown (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), 803; Leon Morris, The First Epistle to the Corinthians: An Introduction and Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958), 88; Eugen Walter, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (New York: Crossroad, 1981), 54.
Tertullian, De Pudicitia 13 (Ante-Nicene Fathers 4.87, 88). See also R. Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament (New York: Scribner's, 1951-1955), 1:233; W. F. Orr and J. A. Walther, 1 Corinthians, Anchor Bible Series (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 188, 189; S. M. Gilmour, "Pastoral Care in the New Testament Church," New Testament Studies 10 (1964): 395; J. C. Hurd, Jr., The Origin of 1 Corinthians (New York: Seabury, 1965), 137, 286; E. Schweizer, "Sarx, Sarkikos, Sarkinos," Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (TDNT), ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), 7:98-151; Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to Corinthians, Hermeneia, trans. James W. Leitch (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975), 97.
See for example, H. Olshausen, A Commentary on Paul's First and Second Epistles to the Corinthians (Minneapolis, MN: Klock and Klock, 1984), 90; H. Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975), 471; Margaret E. Thrall, The First and Second Letters of Paul to the Corinthians (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), 40; Morris, First Epistle, 88, 89; Thomas Charles Edwards, 1 A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Minneapolis, MN: Klock and Klock, 1979), 126, 127; W. Harold Mare, 1 Corinthians, The Expositor's Bible Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 10:217; G. B. Caird, New Testament Theology, ed. L. D. Hurst (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 109; Paul W. Marsh, 1 Corinthians, A New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1969), 384.
Bultmann, Theology, 1:233; Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians: A Commentary, 97; Orr and Walther, 1 Corinthians, 188, 189; Gilmour, "Pastoral Care," 395; Hurd, Origin, 137, 286; Schweizer, "Sarx, Sarkikos, Sarkinos," 98-151; Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, The Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians, 2d ed. (Minneapolis, MN: Klock and Klock, 1981), 84, 85; C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1968), 126, 127.
A. Deissmann, Light from the Ancient East, trans. Lionel R. M. Strachan (New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1911), 302, 303; J. Schneider, "Olethros," in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament 5:168; Adela Yarbro Collins, "The Function of 'Excommunication' in Paul," Harvard Theological Review 73 (1980): 254-263; Orr and Walther, 1 Corinthians,186; Barrett, A Commentary, 126; Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians: A Commentary, 97 n. 37; Clarence T. Craig and John Short, "The First Epistle to the Corinthians," in The Interpreter's Bible (New York: Abingdon, 1953), 10:62; Gerald Harris, "The Beginnings of Church Discipline: 1 Corinthians 5," New Testament Studies 37 (1991): 1-21.
Olshausen, First and Second Epistles, 90, mentions Gräfe as a proponent of this view. For modifications of this view, see Orr and Walther, 1 Corinthians, 186; A. C. Thiselton, "The Meaning of SARX in 1 Corinthians 5:5: A Fresh Approach in the Light of Logical and Semantic Factors," Scottish Journal of Theology 26 (1973): 218.
J. Klausner, From Jesus to Paul, trans. W. F. Stinespring (London: Allen and Unwin, 1946), 553; J. D. M. Derrett, " 'Handing Over to Satan': An Explanation of 1 Cor. 5:1-7," Revue Internationale des Droits de L'antiquité 26 (1979): 21.
ee Campbell, "Flesh and Spirit," 332; cf. Mishnah Sanhedrin 6:2.
E. Stauffer, New Testament Theology (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 212, 312, 313; S. D. MacArthur, " 'Spirit' in Pauline Usage: 1 Corinthians 5:5," Studia Biblica (1978): 249-256.
For example, W. Larry Richards, 1 Corinthians: The Essentials and Nonessentials of Christian Living, The Abundant Life Bible Amplifier, ed. George R. Knight (Nampa, ID: Pacific Press, 1997), 98; Craig L. Blomberg, 1 Corinthians, NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), 105; Thiselton, , "The Meaning of SARX ," 204; Ruef, Paul's First Letter, 40; Frederic Louis Godet, Commentary on First Corinthians (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977), 256; Murphy-O'Connor, "The First Letter," 42; South, "Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' "552.
F. W. Grosheide, Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963), 123; Lenski, Interpretation of St. Paul's, 217; Bloomberg, 1 Corinthians, 105; Nigel Watson, The First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Epworth, 1992), 49; Godet, Commentary on First Corinthians, 255, 256; Donald Guthrie, New Testament Theology (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1981), 207; Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 209.
Colin G. Kruse, "The Offender and the Offence in 2 Corinthians 2:5 and 7:12," Evangelical Quarterly 60 (1988): 129-139; see also Bloomberg, 1 Corinthians, 106; Olshausen, First and Second Epistles, 90, 91; John MacArthur, 1 Corinthians, MacArthur New Testament Commentary (Chicago: Moody, 1984), 127; cf. Godet, Commentary on First Corinthians, 259.
A. T. Robertson and A. Plummer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians, 2d. ed., International Critical Commentary (New York: Scribner's, 1916), 99; MacArthur, 1 Corinthians, 126, 127; see also Richards, 1 Corinthians: The Essentials, 98; A. T. Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament, vol. 4 (Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1931), 113.
See Campbell, "Flesh and Spirit," 333.
Tertullian, De Pudicitia 13 (Ante-Nicene Fathers 4:87, 88).
H. von Campenhausen, Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power in the Church of the First Three Centuries (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969), 134, 135.
K. P. Donfried, "Justification and Last Judgment in Paul," Interpretation 30 (1976): 150, 151.
Campbell, "Flesh and Spirit," 333-342.
See also Schneider, 62; Collins, "The Function of 'Excommunication,' "259, says that 1 Corinthians 5:5 is better interpreted "communally and eschatologically." For her, flesh refers to the elements and aspects of creation that are hostile to God and due for destruction during the eschatological crisis, while spirit refers to the Holy Spirit that dwells in the community.
V. George Shillington, "Atonement Texture in 1 Corinthians 5:5," Journal for the Study of the New Testament 71 (1998): 29-50.
While Shillington, "Atonement Texture," 29-50, takes spirit to refer to the church's orientation to God, he understands flesh in a physical sense, namely, the flesh of the offender, which is to be destroyed in what Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians: A Commentary, 97, terms as a "dynamistic ceremony."
In view of its notoriety for sexual immorality, Aristophanes coined the term korinthiazo to designate fornication, and Plato used the term "Corinthian girl" as a euphemism for a prostitute. See Murphy-O'Connor, "The First Letter," 56; Mare, 1 Corinthians, 180, 216; and Scott J. Hafemann, 2 Corinthians, NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000), 24.
Perhaps this incestuous man was a libertine, engaging in an extraordinarily hedonistic relationship as a manifestation of his freedom in Christ. Similarly, Manfred T. Brauch, Hard Sayings of Paul (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1989), 99, comments on the conceit of the church about the incest (1 Cor. 5:1) as follows: "Indeed, their arrogant pride regarding sexual immorality in their midst indicates that they may have seen this matter as the very proof of their spiritual perfection."
Incest was banned in the Old Testament (Lev. 18:8; 20:11), Jewish writings (Mishnah Sanhedrin 7:4), and Greek writings (Caius, Inst. 1.63).
Brian S. Rosner, "Temple and Holiness in 1 Cor 5," Tyndale Bulletin 42 (1991): 137-145, argues that 1 Corinthians 5 is the application of the metaphor of the temple in 3:16, 17; see also Collins, "The Function of 'Excommunication,' "259, 260.
Bloomberg, 1 Corinthians, 104, divides the chapter into three parts: (1) a judgment pronounced (vv. 1-5); (2) a rationale explained (vv. 6-8); and (3) a misunderstanding corrected (vv. 9-13).
South, " Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 553, correctly observes that vv. 2, 7, and 9-13 explain the intention of paradounai. Further, "we should understand v. 5 as simply an additional figure of speech to describe what is clearly stated in v. 2, i.e., that the man must be removed from their midst." See also Brauch, Hard Sayings of Paul, 99.
Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 208, says that the use of paredōka tō satana in "1 Tim 1:20 suggests that for Paul this was a quasitechnical language for some kind of expulsion from the Christian community." Fee, 208, and South, " Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 550, suggest that in 1 Corinthians 5:5 Paul has Job 1:12 and 2:6 in mind.
See also Rosner, " 'Drive Out the Wicked Person,' " 32.
Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 209. See also Rosner, " 'Drive Out the Wicked Person,' " 32, 33; South, " Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 552.
Some think that in 1 Corinthians 5:5 physical suffering from the hands of Satan, analogous to Job 2:4-10; Acts 5:1-10; 1 Corinthians 11:30-32; 2 Corinthians 12:7; is in view. However, a scrutiny of these passages suggests that they do not provide genuine parallels to 1 Corinthians. 5:5. See also South, " Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 548.
Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 210, says that since the emphasis is on salvation, "destruction of the flesh" "must be seen as part of the remedial process." The phrase "destruction of the flesh" in Paul no where refers to death.
Sand, 231.
Ibid.; Guthrie, New Testament Theology, 172,207.
Thus, sarx is used in an ethical sense. See Edwards, A Commentary on the First Epistle, 127; Lenski, Interpretation of St. Paul's, 217, 18; Guthrie, New Testament Theology,172, 207.
South, "Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 554, notes that in verses 9-13 Paul says that pornoi (the same word used of the incestuous man, v. 5) should be avoided, not killed.
Rosner, " 'Drive Out the Wicked Person,' " 32, 33. See also Murphy-O'Connor, , "The First Letter," 42; Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 209; South, "Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " 552.
Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 213.
Morris, First Epistle, 88. South even says that "it is not at all problematic for the expulsion view for Satan to be the unwitting agent, indirectly, of the incestuous man's salvation." , "Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' " (560). See also Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 212, who sees the possibility of "remedial suffering."
Fee, The First Epistle to the Corinthians, 213; Morris, First Epistle, 88; South, , "Critique of the 'Curse/Death,' "560. The texts used to support the possibility of physical suffering in Satan's hands (Job 1:12; 2:6; Acts 5:1-11; 1 Corinthians. 11:30; 2 Corinthians 12:7) do not provide a genuine parallel to 1 Corinthians 5:5.
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Deaconesses in the church - Part two of two
The conclusion of a two-part series about the role of deaconesses in the church.
Pastor's Pastor: Power-filled church growth Pastor's Pastor: Power-filled church growth


Getting a reliable printer that will fulfil your wide range of office needs doesn't have to be a hassle. The HP OfficeJet Pro 7730 provides plenty of functions and features to help you achieve professional text documents, diagrams, photographs or complex technical drawings. With HP's blend of robust build quality and value for money, users can benefit from a printing solution that is incredibly simple to install and use. Printer engineer call outs or maintenance costs are virtually eliminated thanks to easy-to-fit consumables and replacement parts.
For busy offices that send thousands of documents to the printer on a daily basis, the OfficeJet Pro 7730 is a machine that can handle heavy traffic. With low costs for both colour and monochrome prints, you can produce large documents without having to worry about your bottom line. Up to 1200 x 1200 dpi print resolution allows for sharp, crisp prints up to A3, with automatic double-sided printing also available in A4 size. Queued jobs are handled quickly with 512MB of onboard RAM, while USB, network cable and wireless connections allow networked MACs or PCs to print directly to the OfficeJet Pro 7730. The 250-sheet feed tray even allows paper sizes up to 105gsm, with a 6.72cm LCD colour touchscreen displaying local jobs and printer setup functions.
All of our HP products are sourced directly from the manufacturer, so you don't need to worry about being let down by inferior build quality or a lack of warranty for your new product. Although cheaper accessories and non-HP consumables may make sense from a cost perspective, the potential damage and incompatibility often seen with low-cost imitations will only throw up further spending further down the line. For a reliable, robust, environmentally friendly solution that provides quality prints for your office from the first page to the last, the HP OfficeJet Pro 7730 is the ideal choice.
On 21/08/2018 16:02:26 Looking at the XL cartridges, the colours each say 1600 pages. So is that between the 3 cartridges or 4800 for all 3. Single sided A4 then plus the black on top. Silly question I know but it's one that's bugging me. Thanks.
The HP CMY 953XL ink cartridges are capable of producing 1,600 pages. If each colour is being used evenly, then it will be a combined page yield of 1,600. The HP 953XL Black in cartridge is capable of producing 2,000 pages. All page yields are manufacturer estimates based on 5% per page coverage.
On 17/06/2018 21:59:52 Hi, Does this printer scan Double Sided using the ADF?
The HP OfficeJet Pro 7730 only supports single sided scanning via the 35-Sheet ADF.
On 19/01/2018 14:28:32 What is the tray capacity A3 sheets?
The HP OfficeJet Pro 7730 has two 250 Sheet Input trays which can support A3 media sizes.
Unfortunately, the HP OfficeJet Pro 7730 has a maximum scan size of 216 x 356 mm, which is only slightly larger than an A4 size.


text:
Owl City Has Answered Your Long-Simmering Question About Viral Song 'Fireflies'
Adam Young attends the AOL BUILD Speaker Series: "Owl City" at AOL Studios In New York on July 14, 2015 in New York City.
Dave Kotinsky—Getty Images
By Lena Grossman
Throwback to 2009 when Owl City released their pop hit "Fireflies," which lit up iPods with synthesized piano and some baffling lyrics. Though the song was released eight years ago, the anthem has been revived through Internet users' favorite medium: memes.
In many of the memes and gifs that have surfaced online, tense situations are juxtaposed with the upbeat rhythm of Owl City's chorus.
What confuses Internet users the most is the sheer possibility of receiving "a thousand hugs from ten thousand lightning bugs," which leads the second verse of the song. One Twitter user went straight to the source — Owl City — and asked about the logistics of being hugged by ten thousand fireflies.
Owl City provided the Internet with a detailed response, as Buzzfeed reported: "As the lyrics of the song clearly state, the average layperson would not believe their eyes if 10,000,000 fireflies were to illuminate planet Earth, nor would the average person conclude by natural instinct that 10,000 lightning bugs, acting as a collective group, are capable of embracing a human being 1,000 times without difficulty."
So, in fact, we would not believe our eyes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Clock movements are the cores of every wrist watch, tracking elapsed time and also effectively positioning the hands at each moment. However clock movements (likewise called motors) are actually efficient in working out beyond this function either through timekeeping expansions or with included attributes. This write-up concentrates on the novelty feature of chiming, an augmentation that hardly ever cannot draw out shock, joy, and also charm in those who experience it.
The clock motions of today are significantly advanced than the standard ones, providing them a lot more conveniently susceptible to designing as well as executing novelties as well as extensions. The old approach involved using a hanging weight or coiled spring to put in a rotational force on a flywheel, with pendulums and also escapements providing timing regulation. Periodic rewinding or resetting of the force was needed, and the complicated network of gears utilized to acquire seconds, minutes, as well as hrs made adaptations awkward and unwieldy.
But the electronic design of the contemporary clock electric motor has actually replaced the old mechanical arrangement. Digital control accomplishes the positioning of the shafts attached to the hands, and a quartz crystal supplies a consistent stream of pulses that can be counted in mathematical registers. Subdivision of the accumulated worths results in precise timekeeping, and also the entire system is both basic as well as quite flexible.
So activities in clocks normally track elapsed hours, minutes, and also seconds, however they can conveniently take on various other tasks as well. Expanding the cycle by 12 hrs leads to 24-hour timekeeping (with a likewise special dial). Additional extensions to weekly or regular monthly cycles permit monitoring of days in a week or the day.
Such expansions are seldom seen in off-the-shelf clocks, despite their charm while amusing as well as educating. But there have actually long been alternative means to report the moment, especially the hr and/or the quarter-hour. As an example, cuckoo clocks spruce up these statements both visually and aurally.
Possibly the cuckoo clock is stemmed from, or at the very least related to, the old practice of town criers. The same could be said of the chiming wrist watch, though an extra impact was most certainly the bell tower. Definitely the relating of events as well as information was early related to revealing the moment, as well as the distinct signals of this, taking form as tolling, bell ringing, or vocal shouts, well preceded the visual cues.
Nevertheless, communications were primitive and townspeople were typically clueless other than when getting notices while assembled in a church or the square. You might claim that obtaining the word out at that time was a precursor of program media. And also establishing timelines for reporting the news was clearly deemed to be vital.
Eventually the church belfry ended up being the village square clock towers. Residents and also community visitors could check out the clock as well as hear its chimes. However, those beyond community, such as peasants and farmers, had no visual cues as well as relied on the distinct bells to know what time it was.
One more trend over time was to diminish the scale of timekeeping however to proceed the mix of view and also hearing cues. Grandfather clocks and mantle clocks that rang bell patterns became popular. The audible chimes and the aesthetic hands reinforced each other.
You are apt to discover 4 chime patterns conveniently offered from suppliers of movements: Westminster, Whittington, Winchester, and also St. Mary's. The initial is the most familiar, being exactly what Big Ben plays daily and just what Brahms adjusted right into his First symphony. The other three are satisfying as well as a welcome adjustment.
When chimes audio every 15 mins, the rep can obtain extremely bothersome regardless of how lovely the song. A good bell tone helps, yet ensure that the particular clock activity you pick features an override switch.
Some electric motors offer a means for the user to videotape audios to be utilized as the chiming pattern. There are no limitations to the clockmaker's imagination with this function. Charm your close friends and thrill your household by using clock movements that chime.


text:
# Copyright 2015 Amido Limited
function Initialize-SharedAssemblyInfo {
  Param(
    [Parameter(Mandatory=$False)]
    [Switch]$RemoveComments = $False
    )
  process {
    $crlf = [System.Environment]::NewLine;

    $current = $PSScriptRoot;
    while ((-Not (Test-Path "$current\Solutions")) -Or ($current.Length -lt 4)) {
      $current = (Get-Item $current).Parent.FullName;
    }

    $solutions = "$current\Solutions";

    if (-Not (Test-Path $solutions)) {
      throw "Unable to find solutions directory.";
    }

    Write-Host -ForegroundColor Green "Found Solutions at $solutions";

    $sharedAssemblyInfo = Join-Path $solutions "SharedAssemblyInfo.cs";

    if (-Not (Test-Path $sharedAssemblyInfo)) {
      Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow "SharedAssemblyInfo.cs not found, supply some details and we can set it up for you...";
      Set-SharedAssemblyInfo -SharedAssemblyInfoFile $sharedAssemblyInfo;
    }

    $assemblyInfoFragment = "<Compile Include=`"Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs`" />";
    $sharedAssemblyInfoFragment = "`t`t<Compile Include=`"{0}`">" + $crlf + "`t`t`t<Link>Properties\SharedAssemblyInfo.cs</Link>" + $crlf + "`t`t</Compile>";

    $sharedAttributes = Get-Content $sharedAssemblyInfo `
                | Where-Object { -not [String]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($_) } `
                | Where-Object { -not $_.StartsWith("//") } `
                | Where-Object { -not $_.StartsWith("using") } `
                | ForEach-Object { $_.Split((' ', '('))[1] };

    if (Test-Path $sharedAssemblyInfo) {
      Write-Host -ForegroundColor Green "Found SharedAssemblyInfo.cs in $solutions";
    } else {
      throw "Could not find SharedAssemblyInfo.cs... exiting.";
    }

    $projects = (Get-ChildItem -Recurse $solutions *.csproj);

    foreach ($project in $projects) {
      $projectXml = [xml](Get-Content $project.VersionInfo.FileName);
      $assemblyInfo = ($projectXml.Project.ItemGroup `
                        | Where-Object { `
                          ($_.GetType().Name -eq "XmlElement") `
                          -And (($_.ChildNodes | Select-Object -Last 1).Name -eq "Compile")}).Compile.Include `
                        | Where-Object { $_.EndsWith("AssemblyInfo.cs") };

      if ($assemblyInfo | Where-Object { $_.EndsWith("SharedAssemblyInfo.cs")}) {
        Write-Host -ForegroundColor Green "  $project already contains SharedAssemblyInfo.cs";
      } else {
        Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow -NoNewLine "  $project dosn't contain SharedAssemblyInfo.cs";

        Push-Location ($project.DirectoryName);
        $relativeSharedAssemblyPath = Resolve-Path -Relative $sharedAssemblyInfo;
        Pop-Location;
        $projectFile = (Get-Content $project.VersionInfo.FileName);
        $projectFile = $projectFile.Replace($assemblyInfoFragment, $assemblyInfoFragment + $crlf + ($sharedAssemblyInfoFragment -f $relativeSharedAssemblyPath));
        Set-Content -Path $project.VersionInfo.FileName $projectFile;

        Write-Host -ForegroundColor Green "... added.";
      }

      $assemblyInfoPath = (Join-Path $project.DirectoryName "properties/AssemblyInfo.cs");
      $assemblyInfo = Get-Content $assemblyInfoPath;
      $newAssemblyInfo = New-Object System.Text.StringBuilder;

      Write-Host -ForegroundColor White "    Inspecting AssemblyInfo.cs in $project"
      $previousLine = "";

      foreach ($line in $assemblyInfo) {
        $found = $False;

        foreach ($attribute in $sharedAttributes) {
          if ($line.StartsWith("[assembly: $attribute")) {
            Write-Host -ForegroundColor Yellow "      Removing shared attribute: $attribute"
            $found = $True;
          }
        }

        if (-not $found) {
          if ($RemoveComments -and $line.StartsWith("//")) {
            continue;
          }

          if ([String]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($line) -and [String]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($previousLine)) {
            continue;
          }

          $newAssemblyInfo.AppendLine($line) | Out-Null;
        }

        $previousLine = $line;
      }

      $tempFile = "{0}.tmp" -f $assemblyInfoPath;
      Set-Content -Path $tempFile -Value $newAssemblyInfo.ToString().Trim() -Encoding UTF8;
      Remove-Item $assemblyInfoPath;
      Move-Item $tempFile $assemblyInfoPath;
    }
  }
}

function Set-SharedAssemblyInfo {
  Param(
    [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
    $SharedAssemblyInfoFile,
    [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
    $Company = "Amido Limited",
    [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
    $Product = "Product",
    [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
    $Year = (Get-Date).Year,
    [parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
    $Trademark = ""
        )

  process {
    $template = "using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

// General Information about an assembly is controlled through the following
// set of attributes. Change these attribute values to modify the information
// associated with an assembly.
[assembly: AssemblyConfiguration(`"debug`")]
[assembly: AssemblyCompany(`"$Company`")]
[assembly: AssemblyProduct(`"$Product`")]
[assembly: AssemblyCopyright(`"©$Year $Company, All Rights Reserved`")]
[assembly: AssemblyTrademark(`"$Trademark`")]
[assembly: AssemblyCulture(`"`")]

// Setting ComVisible to false makes the types in this assembly not visible
// to COM components.  If you need to access a type in this assembly from
// COM, set the ComVisible attribute to true on that type.
[assembly: ComVisible(false)]

// Version information for an assembly consists of the following four values:
//
//      Major Version
//      Minor Version
//      Build Number
//      Revision
//
// You can specify all the values or you can default the Build and Revision Numbers
// by using the '*' as shown below:
// [assembly: AssemblyVersion(`"1.0.*`")]
[assembly: AssemblyVersion(`"1.0.0.0`")]
[assembly: AssemblyInformationalVersion(`"From Source`")]
[assembly: AssemblyFileVersion(`"1.0.0.0`")]"

  Set-Content -Path $SharedAssemblyInfoFile -Value $template -Encoding UTF8;
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Olivier Deschacht (Gante, 16 de febrero de 1981) es un exfutbolista belga que jugaba como defensa.

Trayectoria
A los 7 años comenzó jugando por el S. K. Begonia Lochrist antes de irse al K. A. A. Gante en 1991. Luego jugó entre (1995 y 1997) por el K. S. C. Lokeren, luego de lo cual firmó para jugar en la academia del Anderlecht. Hizo su debut en el equipo de Primera División en el 2001, cuando era técnico Aimé Anthuenis.

En la temporada 2007 fue premiado con el brazalete de capitán, en reemplazo de su compañero Bart Goor mientras duraba la lesión de este. Ante el retiro de Goor, pasó a ser el capitán a tiempo completo durante 2008. Estuvo hasta 2018 en el conjunto malva y se marchó siendo el jugador que más partidos había jugado en la historia del club.

El 25 de agosto de 2018 se hizo oficial su vuelta al K. S. C. Lokeren firmando por una temporada. Un año después, y tras el descenso de categoría del club, se marchó al S. V. Zulte Waregem. Allí compitió las dos últimas campañas de su carrera, anunciando su retirada en abril de 2021.

Vida privada
Desde agosto de 2007 es pareja de Miss Bélgica 2007, Annelien Coorevits.

Clubes

Palmarés

Títulos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en Soccerway

Futbolistas del Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht en los años 2010
Futbolistas del K. S. C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen
Futbolistas del SV Zulte Waregem
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Bélgica en los años 2000
Nacidos en Gante

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


— and her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.
— And her husband heard [it], and held his peace at her, [and] disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.
— and her husband heard [it], but said nothing to her [and] did not forbid her, then all her vows shall stand and every obligation by which she bound herself shall stand.
— And her husband heard [it], and held his peace at her, [and] disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond with which she bound her soul shall stand.
— and her husband have heard it, and been silent at her, and hath not prohibited her, then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.
— and her husband heard, and held his peace at her, did not forbid her, then shall all her vows stand, and, every bond which she hath bound upon her soul, shall stand.
— and her husband hath heard, and hath kept silent at her—he hath not disallowed her—then have all her vows been established, and every bond which she hath bound on her soul is established.
— If her husband hear, and hold his peace, and doth not disallow the promise, she shall accomplish whatsoever she had promised.
— And her husband heard [it], and held his peace at her, [and] disallowed her not: then all her vowes shall stand, and euery bond wherewith shee bound her soule, shall stand.
— and her husband should hear, and hold his peace at her, and not disallow her, then all her vows shall stand, and all the obligations which she contracted against her soul, shall stand against her.
A primitive root; to refuse, forbid, dissuade, or neutralize.
Please post your comment on Numbers 30:11.


If you've got 10 minutes to spare why not go and fill out a survey - it's easy, fun, you get to give you opinion and depending on the site you will either be entered in a draw to win money or paid outright and it's usually in U.S. Funds!!!!! So go sign up you've got nothing to lose but lots to gain. Greenfield online has surveys posted continually so you can go sign up and see if you qualify for one and you're always ended into the random draw for whatever prize they are paying out. Others will send you a notification when they have a survey that is suited for you, you may only get one all year, but most of the time you will be paid outright for the survey.
The very first survey I ever did and got paid for was with this site - $4 US for a couple minutes work, it was great.
ATTENTION ALL GOLFERS --- This survey site is for you, it's all about golf and you can make a difference, plus it has all kinds of great information. So join up today. I have to endorse this site personally because I decided to give them a suggestion to help improve their site based on something my son, a 15 year old who loves golf, said to me and they not only liked the recommendation but as a thank you sent two Adidas Golf shirts - one for my son because it was his idea and one for me for submitting it, and Maxfli Revolution golf balls! These are not cheap gifts my friends and all because of a suggestion. After seeing this I can just imagine what great gifts you get if you're chosen in the draw for doing a survey!
I've signed up for this site and as of January 2001 have received $15 US for surveys I've done and I'm not done yet, receiving another $12 in May so this site definitely pays and what's nice is you can let the money build before you request payment or take each payment as it comes in and you get the money in about 2 weeks!
This is a bit different, if you want a survey on your site and are willing to spend a little money on a book that will help you design a survey that is perfect for you.


Easiest wakame and sesame salad recipe.
Peel and slice your cucumbers, thick.
Set the cucumbers in a bowl and sprinkle them with salt. Let them sit about 20 minutes and then drain off the water.
Soak your wakame in water until it is fully expanded (about 10 minutes) and then drain. Press some, but not all, of the water out of the wakame.
In a jar with a tight fitting lid, add about ¼ cup of rice vinegar, 1 tablespoon of sesame oil, and one large tablespoon of sugar. Put the lid on the jar and shake furiously until the sugar is dissolved.
In a large bowl, mix the cucumbers, wakame, and rice vinegar mixture. Allow to sit for 3-5 minutes.
Taste the salad and adjust for your palate. Just be sure to dissolve any added sugar.
This is the perfect salad for summer because cucumbers are in season, the ingredients are refreshing, and since it's vegan it holds up very well in the heat. Pair it with spicy food for a welcome relief from the spiciness.


Sometimes users post unappropriate content which is against the rules of your social network. To deal with this you can allow users to report thoose posts and comments to the administrator.
The administrator will get a notification when someone reports unappropriate content. The administrator can then review the reported contents via the reported contents page within the admin panel.


text:
Main & South
Fri & Sat:
9:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m.
Mon, Tue, Thu:
Indiana Gateway for Local Government Units
Account Board ▼ Departments
Adults Blogs Bookmobile/Outreach Children Family/Local History Teens
Donate ▼ eResources
By Subject Adult All Children's Family/Local History Teen
Events Hours Indiana Gateway for Local Government Units Policies ▼ Services
About Apply for a job Catalog Find A Job Help
Family and Local History
Bookmobile/Outreach
How Do I Check It Out Download/Stream Research
Search This Page:
Flipster Magazine
Users can browse magazines by category as well as perform searches for specific periodicals. An online newsstand provides a carousel of the most recent issues, as well as a carousel of all issues allowing for quick access to magazines. The table of contents contains links for quick access to articles of interest and hotlinks within magazines are hyperlinked, opening in separate tabs when clicked. In addition, there is an option to zoom in and out for better readability.
Informe!
A collection of full-text Hispanic magazines in Spanish that cover business, health, technology, culture, current topics, and other subjects. Database interface is in English. Articles are in Spanish.
INSPIRE is Indiana's Virtual Library. INSPIRE is a collection of academic databases and other information resources that can be accessed by Indiana residents within the state. INSPIRE includes magazine and journal articles, websites, pamphlets, images, almanacs, library catalogs, and more.
MAS Ultra High School Edition
Contains full-text for nearly 80 popular high school magazines. All full-text articles are assigned a reading level indicator (Lexile limiter). Full text is also available for biographies, primary source documents, pamphlets, reference books, and an Image Collection of photos, maps, and flags is featured, as well.
Provides articles from over two thousand magazines covering general interest topics including current events, business, health, science, sports, multicultural issues, and more. Includes full access to Consumer Reports magazine.
McClatchy-Tribune Collection
Contains a 90-day archive of approximately 290 newspapers from the McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. This database is updated daily.
Middle Search Plus
Contains full-text for more than 150 popular middle school magazines, as well as thousands of biographies, historical essays and student pamphlets. In addition to the full text, this database offers indexing and abstracts for nearly 200 magazines. Additionally, Middle Search Plus contains Essential Documents in American History, an Image Collection of 116,000 photos, maps and flags, 96,600 biographies, and 76,000 primary source documents.
Military And Government Collection
Offers current news pertaining to all branches of the military and government, with a thorough collection of periodicals, academic journals, and other content pertinent to the increasing needs of those sites. The Military & Government Collection provides cover-to-cover full text for nearly 300 journals and periodicals and indexing and abstracts for nearly 400 titles.
Military And Intelligence Database Collection
Offers periodical articles that have been selected to meet the needs of military personnel. It also includes basic reference materials such as The Columbia Encyclopedia and The World Almanac and Book of Facts.
Introduces kids to the amazing, compelling, and surprising with reputable, authoritative, and age-appropriate content that brings them the world in a way they've never seen it before. Fun and substantive, National Geographic Kids will take them on amazing adventures in science, nature, culture, archaeology, and space. Includes National Geographic Kids magazine 2009-present (3 month lag time). It also contains 200 National Geographic Kids books and 500 kid-friendly, downloadable images.
Provides searchable access to more than 300 hundred years of local historical newspapers dating back to the 17th century. Every part of every page is searchable, including valuable local articles, advertisements, editorials, classified ads, and obituaries. It contains more than 130 million digitized pages of content from over 6,000 newspapers throughout North America, the UK, and other select countries worldwide.
Access Resource Inside Library
Access Resource Outside Library
Newspaper Source Plus
Provides selected full text for over 200 regional U.S. newspapers, international newspapers, newswires, newspaper columns and other sources as well as indexing and abstracts for national newspapers. This database is updated daily.
Indiana Newspapers
Access Resource Outside the Library
Overdrive – eBooks and Audio and Video Downloads
Borrow ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and streaming videos free from our library to enjoy on your mobile device or computer. Read, listen, or watch instantly or download for offline usage
Download the Libby App
Primary Search
Contains full text for nearly 70 popular, elementary school magazines. All full text articles are assigned a reading level indicator (Lexiles). It includes the Encyclopedia of Animals, American Heritage Children's Dictionary, and an image collection of 91,000 photos, maps and flags.
RBdigital Magazines
Allows patrons to view and checkout magazines with no waiting and no due dates. RBdigital Magazines is the ultimate app for magazine lovers, with digital magazines for iPad, iPhone, Android, Mac and PC. There are interactive elements such as audio and video, and intuitive searching and navigating within each magazine.
Covers publications that include business news from rural and metropolitan areas of the U.S. Types of publications include: newswires, newspapers, and business journals. Dates of coverage vary considerably among the publications. Some publications have full text, some only citations, and some a combination of both citations and full text.
TOPICSearch
Provides a current events database that allows researchers to explore social, political & economic issues, scientific discoveries and other popular topics discussed in today's classrooms. TOPICsearch contains full-text from more than 4,800 diverse sources.
KHCPL MAIN
220 N. Union St.
Kokomo IN 46901
KHCPL SOUTH
1755 E. Center Rd.
KHCPL RUSSIAVILLE
315 Mesa Dr.
Russiaville IN 46979


text:
Iraqis face worst energy crisis since 2003, despite oil riches
Topic: Iraqis face worst energy crisis since 2003, despite oil riches
Media: The Associated Press
Byline: RAWYA RAGEH
BAGHDAD, Iraq - Under a scorching sun, Baghdad taxi driver Sameer Abdul
Razzaq wraps a wet towel around his head and waits for gasoline in a line
stretching a mile.
"I've been here since 6 a.m.," he said Sunday. "If I'm lucky, I'll get to
the end of the line by sunset. I actually think I might end up spending the
night here."
This is the capital of what should be one of the world's great oil
producers, but corruption and insurgent attacks have Iraqis mired in their
worst fuel shortage since Saddam Hussein was ousted, with black market
gasoline costing as much as $4 a US gallon (1 Euro per liter).
The official price is $1 a gallon, but the fuel is often unavailable,
forcing most Iraqi drivers to shell out the higher price to streetside
vendors or wait in long lines at gas stations.
The shortage affects other petroleum products too. A cylinder of cooking gas
costs about $18 (14 euros) on the black market _ double the price a few
months ago.
All that causes ripple effects that compound problems facing an Iraqi public
weary of bloodshed, sectarian strife, the presence of U.S.-led forces and
the government's inability to restore peace.
Taxi drivers have quadrupled their fares. Higher delivery costs for food and
other essentials are passed on to consumers _ many already living on the
margin.
"We're going to switch to a small kerosene stove instead," housewife Amaal
Ahmed Jabbar said after paying premium prices for cooking fuel.
The irony is especially bitter in a country that sits atop the world's
third-largest proven petroleum reserves. Iraq's estimated 115 billion
barrels are exceeded in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
only by Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Iraq has been plagued by periodic fuel shortages since the 2003 U.S.-led
invasion. But the current crisis comes amid higher demand for fuel to power
generators and air-condition homes and offices, with summer temperatures
topping 115 degrees.
The shortage is so bad that even a gas station inside the Green Zone, home
of major Iraqi government offices and the U.S. Embassy, ran out of fuel
Sunday afternoon.
The government blames the problem on insurgent attacks on pipelines and
other infrastructure, which snarl the distribution system.
"I realize that people are really suffering from the lack of energy and
electricity," President Jalal Talabani said Sunday. "But this is not the
fault of the government ... terrorists have blown up many power stations as
well as the pipeline" that delivers crude oil from the northern fields
around Kirkuk to the main refinery in Beiji, 240 kilometers (155 miles)
north of Baghdad.
The Beiji facility had a prewar capacity to refine 2 million to 2.25 million
gallons (7.5 million to 8.25 million liters) of gasoline a day. It is now
producing less than 260,000 gallons (984,180 liters) of gasoline a day, Oil
Ministry spokesman Assem Jihad said, citing electricity shortages and
threats to refinery operators as the main sources of the problem.
Last week, the main oil storage facility in Latifiyah, about 30 kilometers
(20 miles) south of Baghdad, had to shut down after workers received death
threats.
More than 250 Oil Ministry officials, workers and security guards have been
killed since the collapse of the previous regime, according to the ministry.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimated that 315 major attacks
have struck pipelines, electricity plants and other energy infrastructure
between April 2003 and June.
The attacks have left the country struggling to restore oil production to
prewar levels of about 2.5 million to 3 million barrels a day. As of May,
production stood at about 1.9 million barrels a day, U.S. officials said.
The International Relations and Security Network, a Swiss group that
promotes exchanges of information among security professionals, also blamed
widespread corruption within the Oil Ministry.
Last year, 450 Oil Ministry employees were fired for illegally selling oil
and petroleum products. In an April report, the Oil Ministry's inspector
general Ali al-Alaak estimated about $4 billion worth of petroleum products
were smuggled out of Iraq last year, including gasoline and crude oil
siphoned from pipelines.
All that has added to the deep sense of pessimism among Iraqis.
"The ministers are busy with one thing only, and that is touring the world
as we wallow here in the Middle Ages," said lawyer Ahmed Mohammed Ali, 55.
"Everyday I take a container to the gas station to get some fuel to run my
generator. It takes me up to five hours and sometimes all I get is
humiliation by the security personnel in charge of the station."
Last month, Iraq's Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani predicted that Iraq's
oil production would double over the next four years to 4 million barrels a
day _ a forecast that some petroleum experts thought was overly optimistic.
Hassan al-Jubouri, who runs a ceramics workshop, says he's going broke.
"My workshop is closed because I cannot run the generator," he said. "My
family is without a source of living due to this shortage."
understanding between china and india
U.N. names oil companies in Iraq kickback scheme
Indians are so treacherous -- Richard Nixon
oil for food article
war for oil


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535 Mission Street, 14th Floor, San Francisco CA 94105
(415) 463-5186 • info@grimaldilawoffices.com
Law Firm Overview
About Grimaldi Law
Ann Grimaldi, Principal
Jennifer Karpinski Singh, Associate
Legal Practices
California's Proposition 65
Safer Consumer Products Regulations
Toxic Substances Control Act
Government Accountability Office Assesses Implementation of TSCA
Ann Grimaldi
The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report in March 2019 that provides insight into the EPA's progress in implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The EPA is responsible for evaluating the risk to human health and the environment from chemicals used in both consumer and commercial products. In 2016, the amended TSCA provided the EPA with expanded authority to review both existing and new chemicals and to issue regulations for chemicals that are found to present unreasonable health or environmental risks.
The EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program creates toxicity evaluations for the subject chemicals. In the past, the EPA's IRIS Program has been criticized for failing to produce timely evaluations and for a lack of transparency in its assessments. In 2011, the EPA vowed to improve its methods for chemical evaluation. The GAO produced a report that was aimed at both reviewing the progress made by the IRIS Program in overcoming the challenges in chemical evaluation and more generally, the extent to which the EPA has successfully applied the provisions of the TSCA.
GAO made several key findings in its recent evaluation of these factors:
The EPA's IRIS Program has made progress in improving the timeliness of its assessments by applying certain project management techniques and incorporating improved software.
The IRIS Program has improved transparency in its assessments by instituting a systematic review process. This process describes the studies relied upon, identifies their methodologies, and applies these studies in a comprehensive analysis of all relevant materials.
The EPA has improved its implementation of TSCA provisions by adhering to statutory deadlines. This includes finalizing the rules for prioritizing chemicals known as the Framework Rules (although three of the rules are being challenged on account of the TSCA requirement that the EPA must consider all conditions of use in prioritizing chemicals and not exclude any specified uses).
However, the EPA continues to encounter challenges in implementing TSCA consistently given the rigid deadlines and increased caseload under the amended law
An additional problem occurred between June and December 2018, when the EPA was ordered to halt its assessments during deliberations about program priorities
Grimaldi Law Offices has been advising clients for over 20 years on chemical and product law. For knowledgeable advice and in-depth analysis on your chemical regulatory compliance obligations, contact Grimaldi Law Offices at (415) 463-5186 or email us at info@grimaldilawoffices.com.
Ms. Grimaldi maintains a diverse environmental law practice focusing on chemical and product regulation and litigation defense. Her practice areas include Proposition 65, California's Safer Consumer Products Regulations, California's Rigid Plastic Packaging Container Act and the federal Toxic Substances Control Act. Ms. Grimaldi graduated from the University of California Hastings College of the Law magna cum laude and holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Bacteriology from University of California, Davis. Prior to attending law school, she worked as a research assistant in laboratories at the University of California, San Francisco Cancer Research Institute and at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine.
New Proposition 65 Chemical Listings May Affect The Cannabis and The CBD Industries
DTSC Schedules Public Meeting on PFAS
OEHHA Postpones Meeting on Listing Acetaminophen as Proposition 65 Carcinogen
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Home Photography Fujifilm launches new X-H2 mirrorless camera, two new lenses
Fujifilm launches new X-H2 mirrorless camera, two new lenses
There's a new mirrorless camera in Fujifilm's lineup, the X-H2, and it comes with new surprises inside, along with two new XF mount lenses.
This launch follows the X-H2S, another Fujifilm mirrorless camera that came out in July 2022. They bear similarities beyond just their respective names, which I'll touch on here, but the the X-H2 is new in a number of respects.
Fujifilm X-H2 details
The key spec for the X-H2 is the 40.2-megapixel X-Trans CMOS 5 HR APS-C sensor, a backside illuminated one that prioritizes resolution above all else. The "HR" stands for "high resolution", whereas the X-Trans HS sensor in the X-H2S camera stands for "high speed." Basically, the X-H2S is better suited to burst shooting and fast focusing, while the X-H2 offers greater detail and the ability to record video in 8K.
This is also the first X-Series camera to feature something called "Pixel Shift Multi-Shot." This nifty thing captures 160-megapixel images for increased detail and cropping. It does this by shooting 20 frames at a time, and shifting the sensor slightly to repeat the process. You end up with one big DNG RAW image that you can process in Lightroom or another similar program. In contrast, the X-H2S doesn't have Pixel Shift Multi-Shot.
Like the X-H2S, this camera will be able to automatically detect animals, vehicles, and other objects because of the X-Processor 5 AI capabilities. There are up to 425 autofocus points, with phase detection going beyond what the X-H2S can do.
Bear in mind, however, that the X-H2S doubles the burst rate, so while it can shoot at a whopping 40fps, the X-H2 is limited to 20fps, owing to the sensor's size. On the bright side, literally, shutter speeds via the electronic shutter increase by 2.5 stops, meaning you can shoot up to 1/180000 of a second. That makes it easier to shoot with a wider aperture in bright conditions, like a sunny beach, for instance.
Design and functionality
Fujifilm used the same body to construct the X-H2, so apart from the different name on the front, they are very much alike. The LCD screen, viewfinder, memory card slots, in-body image stabilization, battery type, menu system, and even the strap are the same.
The purposes between them diverge mostly on the video side. The X-H2S may not be able to shoot in 8K, like the X-H2 can, but it does 4K at 120fps, which the X-H2 can't. To take advantage of the higher speeds in the X-H2, you may have to consider a CFexpress Type B memory card. There is a UHS-II SD card slot as well, but the CFexpress can read data faster.
Another two lenses
Fujifilm also announced two new lenses for its XF mount, which will be easily compatible with the X-H2 (and X-H2S). The first lens is the XF56mm f/1.2 R WR, what the company describes as a "mid-telephoto prime lens" that could work as a portrait shooter or for everyday photography. Its very wide aperture also applies to a variety of shooting conditions and situations. The second lens is the GF20-35mm f/4 R WR, more an ultra-wide model offering a slight zoom in focal length.
The new X-H2 will become available in October 2022 but you can already pre-order it at Best Buy. Make sure to also check out all the latest Fujifilm cameras and gear available now.
smallGrid
Editor Cellular/Mobile Technology
I'm a fortunate man in being able to do the fun job of following and reporting on one of the most exciting industries in the world today. In my time covering consumer tech, I've written for a number of publications, including the Globe and Mail, Yahoo! Canada, CBC.ca, Canoe, Digital Trends, MobileSyrup, G4 Tech, PC World, Faze and AppStorm. I've also appeared on TV as a tech expert for Global, CTV and the Shopping Channel.
Enter for a chance to win an Amazon Fire tablet from Best Buy
Jan Kong October 6, 2022 At 8:58 pm
I love the
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-x-t4-mirrorless-camera-with-16-80mm-lens-kit-silver/14473263, as it features autfocus and image stabilization so your pictures are crystal-clear. I'm tired of straining my eyes, trying to make out stuff.
Owen D October 6, 2022 At 8:52 pm
Fujifilm X-T4 Mirrorless Camera with 16-80mm Lens Kit – Black
SD memory card (up to approx. 2GB)
Sharon October 6, 2022 At 8:20 pm
I like the Fujifilm X-T4 Mirrorless Camera with 16-80mm Lens Kit – Silver best for the Five-axis In-Body Image Stabilization feature
Karen+S. October 6, 2022 At 7:25 pm
I think the Fujifilm X-T30 II Mirrorless Camera with 15-45mm Lens Kit is the best, because it reminds me so much of the first SLR I ever used.
Clayton October 6, 2022 At 4:01 pm
The Fujifilm X100V 26.1MP Digital Camera – Silver Model Number: X100V would be nice to have so I could get some nice pictures at a family get-together.
Ed October 6, 2022 At 12:28 pm
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-x-t4-mirrorless-camera-with-16-80mm-lens-kit-silver/14473263. I like this best because of the amazing pictures I could take with it. I also like the looks and design of this camera.
Natasha October 6, 2022 At 10:38 am
I would like the Fujifilm Instax Mini 11 Instant Camera – Blush Pink Model Number: Instax Mini 11. This would be great to have to capture some special weekend holiday moments that I could share with friends.
DanaV October 6, 2022 At 9:30 am
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-x-t30-ii-mirrorless-camera-with-15-45mm-lens-kit-silver/15798804
Fujifilm X-T30 II Mirrorless Camera with 15-45mm Lens Kit – Silver Model Number: X-T30 II
I think this is the perfect camera because it seems to take amazing pictures nas it has wifi capabilities.
Emilio October 6, 2022 At 9:23 am
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-mini-11-instant-camera-ice-white/14438362
Fujifilm Instax Mini 11 Instant Camera – Ice White Model Number: Instax Mini 11
I think I like this is the best one because it has instant pictures and it works in any lighting conditions.
Sharon October 6, 2022 At 9:17 am
I like the SQ1 instant camera. https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-square-sq1-instant-camera-with-instant-film-20-sheets-glacier-blue/B0014271 It would be easy to use.
Paul October 6, 2022 At 8:54 am
My dream camera is the Fujifilm X-T30 II Mirrorless Camera with 15-45mm Lens Kit – Silver The camera takes photos with amazing colour which my camera is lacking. It looks easy to use but at the same time has many options.
Barb Townsend-Batten October 6, 2022 At 4:06 am
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-mini-11-instant-camera-blush-pink/14438364 I would love to use it for a family picture record. Smile Please and thanks
Debbie+McClelland October 6, 2022 At 1:18 am
I like the Fujifilm Instax Square SQ1 Instant Camera with Instant Film (10 Sheets) – Chalk White (B0014272). I like the size and the look of the camera and it would be so handy to have instant pics.
Eileen October 5, 2022 At 11:02 pm
I like the FUJIFILM GFX 50S II Medium Format Mirrorless Camera with 35-70mm Lens Kit best because it offers the perfect mix of accessibility and flexibility!
Jason T October 5, 2022 At 10:51 pm
I like the Fujifilm X100V 26.1MP Digital Camera (https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-x100v-26-1mp-digital-camera-silver/14431442)
It captures photos with professional quality yet has a classic aesthetic to it :).
Shepherd Winfield October 5, 2022 At 8:11 pm
The Fujifilm Instax Mini Link 2 Smartphone Printer – Space Blue. Model Number: 600022534 would make the perfect gift for a teen!!
Xu Li October 5, 2022 At 7:00 pm
I would like this the best: Fujifilm X-T30 II Mirrorless Camera with 15-45mm Lens Kit – Silver
1. It has versatile lens
2. It has a compact design makes it easy to carry around and handle with great comfort
Mary October 5, 2022 At 8:48 am
I like the SQ1 instant camera as being a senior it looks easy for me to use.
Jeremy October 5, 2022 At 7:48 am
We like the SQ1 instant camera. https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-square-sq1-instant-camera-with-instant-film-20-sheets-glacier-blue/B0014271 It would be easy to use
Aimee October 5, 2022 At 7:47 am
I like the SQ1 instant camera. https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-square-sq1-instant-camera-with-instant-film-20-sheets-glacier-blue/B0014271 It would be easy to use
Amanda T. October 4, 2022 At 6:37 pm
I love Fujifilm X100V 26.1MP Digital Camera -Silver because it would capture professional photo.
https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-x100v-26-1mp-digital-camera-silver/14431442
Herbert+To October 4, 2022 At 6:06 pm
would love the Fujifilm X-T4 Mirrorless Camera with 16-80mm Lens Kit – Silver, quality pictures while looking like a retro camera
Cecilia V October 4, 2022 At 2:55 pm
I would like to give this as a gift https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-mini-11-instant-camera-blush-pink/14438364
Jason M October 4, 2022 At 2:43 pm
I like the SQ1 instant camera. https://www.bestbuy.ca/en-ca/product/fujifilm-instax-square-sq1-instant-camera-with-instant-film-20-sheets-glacier-blue/B0014271 It would be easy to use for the whole family and comes with paper.
Loretta K October 4, 2022 At 1:31 pm
I would go with the Fujifilm Instax Mini 11 Instant Camera Bundle in Sky Blue because I would gift it to my Grandson for Christmas to get him started in photography! This camera bundle would be the way to go for sure!
Yong+C October 3, 2022 At 12:43 pm
I love Fujifilm X100V 26.1MP Digital Camera -Silver because it would capture professional looking photo.
Charlie Tran October 3, 2022 At 12:28 pm
Fujifilm X100V 26.1MP Digital Camera – Silver/Model Number: X100V/Web Code: 14431442
WOULD BE AMAZING AT TAKING professional quality photos


Centaku Media started in 2007 as CEN.TAKU.ME, and before then, started out as three blogs hosted on Blogger. It was originally meant for updates playing Final Fantasy XI. The blog went well for a year, until it was put on hiatus due to a family move. The blog eventually resumed publication—until the author and founder, Sanjo-chan, retired from FFXI in favor for World of Warcraft; a blog was created just for WoW content as well.
A few months prior of opening the WoW blog, the founder created a test blog related to anime, originally called NA.KI.ME. (combining the names Nakashima, the author's character in FFXI, and "Anime".) In November 2006, both the WoW blog and NA.KI.ME was put on hiatus due to a family emergency.
Sanjo-chan eventually picked up blogging again in January 2007. It wasn't until May of that year when the thought of launching a hub with all three blogs came together. The domain for CEN.TAKU.ME was purchased. The name came to mind as the founder wanted to share her love of Anime, Gaming, and Otaku culture with everyone!
What Kind of Site is Centaku Media?
When CEN.TAKU.ME was launched, most of the content was about the progressions in FFXI and WoW exported from the original blogs on BlogSpot. As readership increased, content relating to WoW or FFXI (except if it was related to the "CTM Network") was phased out and focused on Anime and Otaku culture from the US and Japan.
Anybody who is a fan of Anime, Gaming, Cosplay, J-Pop, K-Pop, and anything in-between those interests! Centaku Media was originally featured on Otaku.fm and JapanSoc, a Social Bookmarking community for people who are or have been to Japan, fans of Japanese culture (including Otaku), or a guide to what's hot in Japan.
Back in January 2017, a video was uploaded to the YouTube channel about the origins of Centaku Media, for a more face-to-face narrative. Please check it out!
Hello! Or "Konnichiwa," which ever you want to say! You can call me by my fandom name "Sanjo-chan". I've been blogging for a little over a decade, starting with a LiveJournal back in 2004.
I've been here and there on the Internet: I had a brief stint as a moderator on some message boards before writing. My first moderator job was on A Wandering Poet, a forum for fans of the game, Dynasty Warriors. I was also the co-founder of Asian Kung-Fu Alliance, a small guild on Gaia Online named after our old guild on Ragnarok Online. I was also the guild's forum moderator until the Ragnarok guild disbanded in 2005.
There are many anime series I enjoy such as Dragonball Z, Bleach, Fullmetal Alchemist, Elfen Lied, Paranoia Agent… and pretty much the entire Gundam franchise (being a proclaimed local Gundam expert). I've been into this hobby for nearly two decades, but it still feels like I'm missing out, and more so as an employed adult, hahaha! I am also the Vice President of Scenic City Anime & More, our weekly anime club right here in the Chattanooga area (currently on Hiatus as of Spring 2018).
You can learn more about me by reading this very website, or follow me on my personal Twitter account, @sanjo_chan!


The Wiregrass of Swainsboro and Brier Creek of Screven County, Chapters of the Georgia Society Sons of the American Revolution, held a joint monthly meeting on Thursday, July 12, at the New China Restaurant with President Wilder Smith, Jr. presiding. In attendance, there were a combined attendance of 35 attendees, 20 members and 15 guests. In attendance were East Region Vice-President Sonny Pittman, Col William Few Chapter Registrar Bill Tankersley, Alton McCloud, and Hayden McCloud.
Registrar Dess Smith III presented his program on the Winter Encampment at Morristown, 1779-80. General George Washington and his 10,000 Continentals built a log cabin city just south of Morristown, New Jersey, to ride out the worst winter recorded in history. Compatriot Smith also showed a 22-minute video about the encampment. After the program presentation, Smith presented Compatriot Carlie Smith with his second supplemental. This made 3 of his 4 great-grandfathers ancestors that he has proven fought in the American Revolution. Because of the joint chapter meeting, Vice-President Steve Burke suggested that the skunk brigade wear their militia uniforms and skunk hats, which result in 5 of the 6 members were able to attend. Compatriot Tommy Christopher was unable to attend because of illness.
If you would like to become a member of the SAR, please contact Registrar Smith at 478-299-1039 or e-mail him at Saussure@bellsouth.net. You may also visit the Wiregrass and Brier Creek Chapter on their Facebook accounts.


Notice: chat3 requires that the server be running Minetest 0.4.16, as it is required for several features of chat3's core functionality. More specifically, you need a version of Minetest that includes this commit (May 6th, 2017).
Yes, chat3 seems a whole lot like a spinoff of chat2, however, it (mostly) isn't. It isn't that much unlike chat3, except for one thing: rather than cluttering the screen with a second chat window, chat3 just uses the default Minetest chat. Then it's entirely up to the player to configure the chat placement, size, and anything else on their client.
Messages are highlighted in a light blue to players who are within 12 blocks of the sender (configurable with chat3.near, if set to 0 positional highlighting is ignored). Messages in which the receiving player's name or a previously configured alternate username is mentioned are highlighted in a light green, as are PMs. Messages in which the first character is a ! are highlighted in red to all players (also known as a shout). Important messages (mentions or shouts) also cause a bell to be played to players if chat3.bell is true and the player hasn't disabled the chatbell using the /chatbell command. Everything mentioned here can also be configured, and is documented below in the Configuration section.
If the server is using Minetest 0.4.16, which has the ability to properly retreive the protocol version of the client without requiring a debug build, chat3 will automatically adjust its message handling to work with older clients as well. This means that clients before 0.4.16 will not see chat duplication on their side, and colour codes will not be sent to clients that do not support them.
Chat3 is also compatible with some of my other chat-related mods, including ranks.
All of the features provided by chat3 can be configured directly from the advanced settings menu in the chat3 subsection of the top-level Mods section. You can also configure chat3 directly from minetest.conf with the settings listed below.
The chatbell can also be enabled or disabled using the /chatbell command per-player. The ignore feature can be further configured by adding players that cannot be ignored with ignore_override privilege. Furthermore, the server owner (as defined by the name setting) cannot be ignored no matter what.