There's rarely a shoot that doesn't present a challenge, and my day at Pechanga Resort & Casino was no different. Giroux Glass provided the exterior glass for the new additions to the property – for which the scopes included the atrium and the tower hotel. The first vantage was taken from the parking garage, during sunset. The biggest problem was that at that moment, the sun was setting behind the building, causing a silhouette. Luckily the cloud cover provided me with a natural yet dramatic softbox to shoot into. I also had a chat with Security due to someone reporting that "someone" (i.e. me!) was pointing a "massive camera" at the hotel – which became a non-issue, once I explained what I was doing.
Next, I shot some details of the atrium both exterior and interior. From the interior of the atrium, I got a sense for just how large it was and how much light it let into the space. The installation was incredible – insulated glass units with spider fittings, blending seamlessly into the rock pillars. Finally, I shot the same exterior vantage from the parking garage during sunrise to get the moon setting behind the building and the reflecting dawn in the glass.
For more details about the project, please see our earlier blog posted dated March 4, 2016. And in case you can't make it out to there in person, here are some other shots of the resort. For a project such as this one, any challenges on the day of a shoot are simply a part of the process.


I shall be there as I have been affected by their wrong decision making. By the way, I later won my appeal; only for the Jobcentre, on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions, to send me three months after it the next questionnaire with which the whole process will start all over. This is for somebody whose many health problems will only will get worse in future. It is high time that as many as possible of us go to court against this state that creates increasingly more injustice for the people who need help. I am certainly and seriously contemplating to go to court myself.


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Perspecta to Provide Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance Support to the United States Army Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities Program
By: Perspecta Inc. 01 Aug
Chantilly, Va.— August 1, 2018—Perspecta Inc. (NYSE: PRSP), a leading U.S. government services provider, announced today that its subsidiary Vencore, Inc. has been awarded a systems engineering and technical assistance task order to support the U.S. Army's Product Director, Tactical Exploitation of National Capabilities (PD TENCAP) office. The five-year task order has a one-year base plus four option years, and a ceiling value of $40 million. Work will be performed in Fort Belvoir, Va.
A part of Program Executive Office – Intelligence, Electronic Warfare, and Sensors (PEO IEW&S), PD TENCAP is charged with achieving the Army's vision of seamlessly integrating into the Intelligence Community, in an effort to outpace the threat and win in a multi-domain, complex environment.
"For more than 40 years we have been trusted to support our nation's most critical national security missions by providing specialized systems engineering and integration support to customers across the military, intelligence and federal IT spectrum," said Mac Curtis, president and CEO, Perspecta. "We look forward to extending our longstanding expertise to PEO IEW&S in their efforts to advance intelligence and threat management capabilities for the U.S. Army."
Perspecta will work with the PD TENCAP customer to improve systems engineering processes and will provide technical logistics and program management services to Army systems.
Lorraine M. Corcoran
Vice President, Corporate Communications
lorraine.corcoran@perspecta.com
Perspecta Named Top Veteran-Friendly Company by U.S. Veterans Magazine
Perspecta Inc. (NYSE: PRSP), a leading U.S. government services provider, announced today that it has been named to the U.S. Veterans Magazine (USVM) 2018 Best of the Best Top Veteran-Friendly Companies list.
Perspecta Schedules First Quarter FY19 Earnings Release and Conference Call
Perspecta Inc. (NYSE: PRSP), a leading U.S. government services provider, announced today it will issue its first quarter fiscal year 2019 earnings press release after close of market on Tuesday, August 14, 2018. Members of Perspecta's executive team will discuss the results in a conference call beginning at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Le diocèse de Strängnäs est l'un des diocèses de l'Église luthérienne de Suède. Son siège épiscopal se situe à la cathédrale de Strängnäs.

Son territoire s'étend sur le Comté de Södermanland et le sud de celui d'Örebro.

Armoiries
Les armoiries du diocèse comprennent les attributs des saints patrons Pierre et Paul. La clé symbolise les clés des portes du ciel que Pierre a reçues de Jésus, tandis que l'épée représente la mort dramatique de Paul, exécuté en 67.

Territoire
Le diocèse de Strängnäs comprend aujourd'hui des parties des provinces historiques de Närke, Södermanland et Västmanland. Une zone à l'est de Södertälje fait partie du diocèse luthérien de Stockholm depuis la création de ce dernier en 1942. Le diocèse de Strängnäs compte plus de 373 000 fidèles.

Histoire

Diocèse catholique

Histoire
Selon une légende tardive, saint Eskil, un missionnaire anglo-saxon, aurait perturbé un sacrifice païen organisé à Strängnäs par le roi Sven de Suède et aurait été tué. Saint Botvid, un laïc autochtone converti en Angleterre, continue à prêcher le christianisme jusqu'à son assassinat le 28 juillet 1120 par un captif slave qu'il a racheté. À peu près à la même époque, Ragnhild, épouse du roi Inge II, meurt et est enterrée à Södertälje, dont elle devient la sainte patronne. En 1152, les limites du diocèse de Strängnäs sont fixées lors d'une assemblée à Linköping. Le premier évêque est Gerder (1129-59), qui fonda une école au monastère clunisien de Strängnäs.

L'évêque Guillaume (1160-1208) lui succède. En 1160, l'abbaye cistercienne de Juleta est fondée. En 1165, la province de Närke est ajoutée au diocèse. À cette époque, la construction de la cathédrale de Strängnäs est entreprise. En 1176 ou 1179, la nouvelle église en pierre de Botkyrka est consacrée par l'évêque William et Stefan, archevêque d'Uppsala ; les reliques de Botvid y sont transférées. Un hôpital de Saint Jean de Jérusalem est construit sur la tombe de Saint Eskil, et est restauré en 1255. En 1224, l'évêque Uffe (1208-24), appelé Basatömer, un neveu du roi Éric IX, devient archevêque d'Upsala.

Le diocèse reste vacant pendant neuf ans, mais en 1233, l'évêque Trogil est élu. C'est à cette époque que sont fondés le couvent cistercien de Vårfruberga (latin : Mons Mariae) sur l'île de Fogdö et, en 1234, le prieuré franciscain de Nyköping. Vers 1250, Frogil est remplacé par Kol, qui démissionna een 1257 et est remplacé par l'évêque Finved (1257-75). Vers 1268, le prieuré dominicain de Strängnäs est fondé. En 1291, l'évêque Annund (1275-91) consacre la cathédrale, qui est incendiée le même jour et reconstruite par Isarus, l'évêque suivant (1291-1303). En 1305, il est décidé que la ville de Stockholm appartient au diocèse d'Uppsala, mais que Södermalm appartient à celui de Strängnäs.

Le poète Thomas Simonsson (1380-1443) est évêque de 1429 à 1443. Le plus célèbre des derniers évêques évêques est Kort Rogge (1479-1501), un médecin formé à Pérouse en Italie du Nord et un savant humaniste. Il construit le chœur actuel de la cathédrale vers 1481 et fonde une chartreuse à Svartsjo vers 1493 et un hôpital pour prêtres âgés et infirmes à Strängnäs en 1496. En 1495, il fait imprimer à Stockholm le Bréviaire de Strengnäs dans une édition révisée.

Son successeur, Matthias Gregerson Lilje, est le protecteur du "Luther suédois", Olaus Petri (né à Örebro en 1493), qui, après avoir étudié comme disciple de Martin Luther et de Philippe Mélancthon à Wittenberg en Saxe (1516-18), revient à Strengnäs en 1519. L'évêque le nomme chancelier du diocèse et maître de l'école cathédrale, et en 1520 il est ordonné diacre et devient chanoine de Strengnäs. Il y enseigne le luthéranisme, une forme de croyance que l'évêque Gregerson ne connait absolument pas. L'évêque est décapité le 8 novembre 1520 lors du bain de sang de Stockholm.

Cathédrale et institutions
La cathédrale de Strängnäs avec ses nombreuses chapelles, dont l'une abrite aujourd'hui un musée d'art ecclésiastique, le palais de l'évêque, construit vers 1490, qui abrite aujourd'hui l'école de la cathédrale, l'église Saint-Nicolas dans la vieille ville d'Örebro, et de nombreuses anciennes églises de village témoignent de la présence de l'église catholique dans la région avant la Réforme.

Trois synodes provinciaux se sont tenus à Telge, dans le diocèse de Strängnäs, en 1279, 1341 et 1380. Les deux premiers ont publié des statuts sur des questions concernant la discipline du clergé, tandis que le synode de 1380 a menacé de diverses sanctions ceux qui molestent les locataires des terres de l'église.

Les "Sondermannalagen", un code de lois publié au début du  pour les habitants du Södermanland, contiennent un certain nombre de lois ecclésiastiques.

Entre autres institutions, le diocèse comprend le chapitre de la cathédrale, fondé vers 1288, qui compte treize membres à la fin du quinzième siècle, en plus desquels il y a au moins dix-huit chapelains, qui desservent les dix-huit autels. Le diocèse comprend en outre la Chartreuse de Gripsholm (1491-1526), et le Prieuré d'Örebro, fondé par les Carmélites en 1418.

Réforme protestante
Le roi Christian II de Suède confie l'évêché à Jens Andersen Beldenak, évêque d'Odense, qui retourne cependant au Danemark en avril 1521. Pendant la vacance, le diocèse est gouverné par Laurentius Andreae, qui avait été nommé archidiacre de Strängnäs en 1520. Il est très favorable à Olaus Petri et, en tant que chancelier du roi Gustave Ier Vasa (1523), il favorisa les intérêts du protestantisme.

Le dernier évêque catholique de Strängnäs est Magnus Sommar (1528-36), doyen de Strängnäs en 1518, nommé évêque par Gustave Ier Vasa en 1522, et consacré sans confirmation papale par Petrus Magni, évêque de Västerås, le 6 janvier 1528. Johannes Messenius affirme que les évêques élus ont signé un document dans lequel ils promettent de se rendre à Rome pour demander la confirmation papale, et ont ainsi persuadé Petrus Magni de procéder à la consécration. Magnus Sommar est très fidèle au roi, mais ses concessions ne le sauvent pas. Il est déposé et emprisonné, puis libéré afin de pouvoir se retirer dans le monastère de Krokek.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Liste des évêques de Strägnäs
Église de Suède
 Église du monastère d'Eskilstuna

Strängnäs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Limnozetes palmerae är en kvalsterart som beskrevs av Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier 1989. Limnozetes palmerae ingår i släktet Limnozetes och familjen Limnozetidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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text:
Pierluigi Ghianda
The man who signs the wood
Francesca Esposito
In the dense jungle of the Mato Grosso, in Brazil, there is a very rare kind of wood of a purple color that only a few people have seen. "It was something out of this world. I had brought a few pieces home, and treated them like gold. I polished it, stroked it; it was like touching glass. Despite taking every possible care over it, the wood vanished. Somebody stole it, but to tell the truth I'd have stolen it too. To go to a place like that, in Brazil, in the midst of vegetation where you don't even know where to put your feet and you risk falling over with every step you take, you have to be off your head. Or have a wooden head, like me." Pierluigi Ghianda, the cabinetmaker from Brianza who together with the architects of the Polytechnic has written fundamental pages in the history of Milanese design, has a wooden head and heart. Ghianda—appropriately, the name means "acorn" in Italian—is a living legend. Born in 1926, he is known not only as the poet of wood, but also for the eclecticism of his art, which reaches extraordinary levels. He has collaborated with some of the most famous designers in the world on furniture, objects, prototypes… Among others: Gae Aulenti, Mario Bellini, Cini Boeri, the Castiglioni brothers, Ettore Sottsass, Richard Sapper, Eileen Gray, Aldo Cibic, Slegten & Toegemann. And then the companies: Hermès, Rolex, Knoll, Classicon, Dior, Memphis, Rochas, Pomellato, De Padova, Loro Piana and many others. From his hands have come the historic desk of the Crespi family at Il Corriere della Sera, the first prototype of Vico Magistretti's Vidun table, a masterpiece of dovetailing, and Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini's library at the archbishop's palace in Milan. Dressed in an impeccably tailored suit and seated at the desk of his studio at Bovisio Masciago, part Renaissance workshop and part alchemist's laboratory, Pierluigi Ghianda is surrounded by thousands of objects (all made of wood, obviously), a few books, family photographs and the scent of pear, ebony and rosewood.
Workshop. Photo: Patrizio Saccò.
Let's start with your hands. How are the hands of the man who signs wood, as you were dubbed in Studiolabo's documentary L'uomo che firma il legno?
They're all right now, because they no longer touch wood, but they used to be full of cuts. All carpenters and joiners worthy of the name, the ones who practice the craft out of real interest, have hands like that. But I'm talking about my generation: with today's machines you no longer need to know wood. They do the work for you. They stop, reflect and decide how to cut. All you have to do is set up the computer, insert the piece, press the button and wait for the finished object to come out.
But what does wood mean to you?
For me wood has an unlimited value, woe betide if you spoil a piece. Because all wood, unlike metal, is precious: it's a gift from God. Once some ladies from New York who were wandering around the workshop asked me the same question. I came out with something I can't even remember now and they took it like a Confucian saying or a poem. But it's enough for you to know that when someone asks me "what do you do for a living?," I simply answer: "I'm a carpenter."
Trays, design by Gae Aulenti. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
This summer you went to Japan, where on June 27 the exhibition Gli artigiani ["Craftsmen"] opened at the Cassina IXC showroom in Tokyo. Your passion has taken you all over the world, both for exhibitions and on an almost endless quest for rare types of wood. What is the place closest to your heart?
I've been to Japan many times. There cabinetmakers are called "the craftsmen of God," because there is a different, almost sacred view of this craft. I travel a lot for my work, even though now, given my age, I find it very hard. Let's say that the whole world is beautiful, including the poorer countries, places where when you look around you can't understand how people manage to live. But the place closest to my heart, obviously, is Italy.
What is a typical day for Mr. Ghianda?
My typical day has always been the same: I wake up, look at the clock and realize that it's already too late because the work had to be finished and delivered the day before. In the absence of a timesheet, one of my assistants once wrote down in pencil the number of hours he had put in in a day. "But how many did you do?" I asked him. And he said: "Twenty-five, I went home at one in the morning." In Brianza before the economic boom there was work and nothing else. With affluence, the young started to prefer automobiles to the hand plane. But I think that before that there were only three cars in Bovisio Masciago: the mayor's, the doctor's and the shoemaker's.
Who does the Ghianda workshop work for today?
Mainly for Hermès, as it is the only company that aims at unconditional quality. Their articles are perfect. Not that there aren't companies in Italy that produce quality furniture, but nowadays houses are hardly furnished at all: we find them with everything ready, and the level has gone down.
Kyoto, design by Gianfranco Frattini. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
Who is responsible for this loss of quality?
The fault lies with society, which demands everything at once. In addition, technological progress does not sit well with craftsmanship. Quantity takes precedence over quality, plastic over noble materials. The skill of the craftsman has not vanished, but it has been drastically reduced: only a few today achieve perfection, excellence. To make a handcrafted object properly takes hours and hours of work, whereas the machine does it in a moment: it's not the same thing, but it does it. As a result, the mastery of the craftsman is doomed to extinction.
You have worked with the historic names in Italian design. What is left of that tradition?
Nothing. The needs of the clients have changed, and there is no longer anyone who understands that to make a dovetail joint instead of using a nail really makes a difference. Today the only people come to us are the ones with old houses or houses to restore. There are only a few of us who know how to do certain works by hand, but even people with money prefer to spend it on other things. They end up buying another car or an airplane.
Hanging on one wall, along with photographs, there is a drawing by Ettore Sottsass. What relationship did you have with him?
I got to know him when he was already getting on in years, but I learned a lot from him all the same.
Bookmark. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
You knew Gio Ponti too, who used to come to see your grandmother in the workshop. How do you remember him?
The first time I met Gio Ponti I can't have been more than fifteen. I was in the old workshop, and my grandmother was receiving some foreign clients. Gio Ponti was standing a bit to one side. Everyone was talking about prototypes, and at a certain point he came up to me and said: "Samples cost less than prototypes, tell them to make a sample."
The love of wood, a passion that has lasted for generations. Where did it come from?
My father, who died young, carried on the tradition of my grandfather Luigi. But the origins of the workshop date all the way back to the beginning of the 19th century. There are documents that attest to its cabinetmaking activity. One of the earliest items in the catalogue was a folding music stand that dated from even before the Risorgimento: we supplied the accessories for a piano factory in Vienna. Today the firm has about ten employees, all the children or grandchildren of former workers, because the workshop has always been a family affair.
In psychoanalysis wood symbolizes above all the relationship with the mother, because it is associated more than other things with growth and maturation. What sort of tie do you have with your family roots?
During the war, the firm was entirely in the hands of my mother Serafina. A special woman, a true matriarch. All she had to was say: "Is there any water?" and three of us were already on our feet. My daughter Beatrice takes after her a lot. She's the only one of my three daughters who takes an interest in the workshop. She looks after everything, from the materials to the orders, from the accounts to the clients, and is the custodian of family lore.
Some extraordinary objects have passed through your hands, like Gianfranco Frattini's Kyoto table (1705 joints to create a texture with 1600 holes), Gae Aulenti's frames for the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, Mario Bellini's Étagère and dozens of other historic pieces. Is there an object of which you're particularly fond?
What can I say? We're talking about an entire life. But everything started with the setsquare. To be hired or to go from being a shop boy to a worker, you had to know how to make a setsquare, it was obligatory. And you had to do it as well as possible, because many people were going to assess it, looking at it from every point of view. The result had to be up to the standards of the master: excellent. To obtain that result you made a lot of trials, attempts, finishes; you had to acquire perfect manual skill. When clients spoke to my mother, in the workshop, they always said to her: "Don't forget, just a bit of wood and a lot of labor."
Setsquare. Photo: Mauro Donzella.
Étagère, design by Mario Bellini. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
Desk organizer, design by Gae Aulenti. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
Frames, design by Gae Aulenti for Musée d'Orsay. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
Amore, design by Pino Tovaglia. Photo: Marirosa Toscani Ballo.
Photo: Giancarlo Pradelli.
A journalist, she contributes to various publications, writing on architecture, photography, arts and crafts. She is responsible for communication at the new Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. She currently resides in the heart of Milan's Chinatown, after having lived in Shenzhen, Rome, Parma, London and Paris. She is planning a getaway.
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text:
Ir.ia.ac.cn
Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 International Publisher International Journal of Medical Sciences 2016; 13(2): 99-107. doi: 10.7150/ijms.13456 Comorbidity Analysis According to Sex and Age in Hypertension Patients in China Jiaqi Liu1†, James Ma3†, Jiaojiao Wang1†, Daniel Dajun Zeng1, Hongbin Song4, Ligui Wang4, Zhidong 1. The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; 2. Cloud Computing Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan, China. 3. College of Business, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA. 4. Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. †These authors contributed equally to this work.  Corresponding author: Zhidong Cao, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 95 Zhongguancun East Road, 100190, Beijing, China. E-mail: [email protected] Ivyspring International Publisher. Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. See http://ivyspring.com/terms for terms and conditions. Received: 2015.08.04; Accepted: 2015.11.11; Published: 2016.01.29 Abstract
Background: Hypertension, an important risk factor for the health of human being, is often accom-
panied by various comorbidities. However, the incidence patterns of those comorbidities have not been widely studied.
Aim: Applying big-data techniques on a large collection of electronic medical records, we investigated
sex-specific and age-specific detection rates of some important comorbidities of hypertension, and sketched their relationships to reveal the risk for hypertension patients.
Methods: We collected a total of 6,371,963 hypertension-related medical records from 106 hospitals
in 72 cities throughout China. Those records were reported to a National Center for Disease Control in China between 2011 and 2013. Based on the comprehensive and geographically distributed data set, we identified the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension, and disclosed the sex-specific and age-specific patterns of those comorbidities. A comorbidities network was constructed based on the frequency of co-occurrence relationships among those comorbidities.
Results: The top four comorbidities of hypertension were coronary heart disease, diabetes, hyper-
lipemia, and arteriosclerosis, whose detection rates were 21.71% (21.49% for men vs 21.95% for women), 16.00% (16.24% vs 15.74%), 13.81% (13.86% vs 13.76%), and 12.66% (12.25% vs 13.08%), respectively. The age-specific detection rates of comorbidities showed five unique patterns and also indicated that nephropathy, uremia, and anemia were significant risks for patients under 39 years of age. On the other hand, coronary heart disease, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipemia, and cerebral in- farction were more likely to occur in older patients. The comorbidity network that we constructed indicated that the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension had strong co-occurrence correlations.
Conclusions: Hypertension patients can be aware of their risks of comorbidities based on our
sex-specific results, age-specific patterns, and the comorbidity network. Our findings provide useful insights into the comorbidity prevention, risk assessment, and early warning for hypertension patients. Key words: Hypertension, Comorbidity, Electronic Medical Records, Detection Rate, Network Analysis. Background
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is one of 2]. In China, hypertension is the leading preventable the most important risk factors that can lead to car- risk factor for death among Chinese adults aged 40 diovascular diseases, and is thus regarded as a serious years and older [3, 4]. Moreover, hypertension has a public health problem. The prevalence of hyperten- large number of comorbidities, which greatly affect sion has been increasing in most areas worldwide [1, hypertension patients' quality of life [5-7]. In previous http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 years, researchers and medical practitioners have Although the comorbidities of hypertension made a tremendous effort to study the comorbidities have been extensively studied, most existing research of hypertension [8-10]. Specifically, heart disease [2, is based on medical surveys and public census data. 11], diabetes [12, 13], and obesity [14, 15] are the most Census data sets show aggregated facts of the general widely studied comorbidities of hypertension. Some public without detailed information regarding indi- other diseases, such as allergic respiratory disease [9], vidual patients. In contrast, medical surveys while sleep-disordered breathing [16], and chronic kidney include some individual level information usually disease [17], have also been studied as potential involve a limited number of survey participants be- comorbidities of hypertension. Hypertension and cause of limited resources. Those surveys are often set some of its comorbidities have shown high correla- for a confined geographical area (i.e., a city or a tions in terms of their prevalence. An example of this county), and thus cannot claim to be representative of type of correlations is that the prevalence of hyper- a larger and broader area. Due to the nature of medi- tension in patients with diabetes is as high as 92.7% cal surveys, usually only certain types of participants are willing to reveal their private and sensitive medi- Moreover, the sex-specific and age-specific cal related situations. People with a stronger sense of analyses of comorbidities of hypertension have re- privacy are normally reluctant to reveal their medical sulted in various important findings [1, 19-21]. Spe- history or health-related conditions. Therefore, med- cifically, the incident rates of comorbidities in hyper- ical surveys on a voluntary basis may have a biased tension patients with a different sex and age can sig- participant population. The data points that are col- nificantly differ. An example of this difference is that lected in a medical survey also largely depend on the the incidence of hypertension and hypercholesterol- participant's availability during the time of the sur- emia combined is 20% for women versus 16% for vey, the participant's mood at the time, and the sur- men, and ranges from 1.9% for those aged 20–29 to vey collector's attitude and human interaction skills. 56% for those aged 80 years and older [22]. Addition- Too many human-related factors can affect the quality ally, patient's age and sex need to be considered for of medical surveys. Furthermore, to reduce the survey treatment of these comorbidities [23, 24]. An example participant's reluctance, a medical survey is usually of the situation is that treatment for hypertension pa- composed of a limited number of survey questions so tients who are 80 years or older with indapamide has that an interview or a questionnaire can be completed been proved to be effective and can also reduce the within a short time period. This greatly reduces the patient's risk of stroke [23]. Research has shown that versatility of the survey when analyzing the survey untreated male hypertension patients are more likely results. In summary, because of the time-consuming to suffer from cognitive impairment than untreated and labor-intensive nature of medical surveys, the female hypertension patients do [25]. Thus, hyper- limited number of, and possibly biased, survey par- tension should be treated and controlled as early as ticipants and survey questions can lead to biased possible for male patients before they encounter de- analysis results, and possibly overlook important patterns and relationships in the occurrence of dis- There has been increasing interest in analyzing eases. disease relationships using network theory [26, 27]. In the current study, we leveraged a large, relia- The disease network is particularly useful when ana- ble, and extensive data set and analyzed the occur- lyzing the co-occurrence of different diseases. Specif- rence patterns of hypertension comorbidities. We also ically, the disease network denotes an individual investigated the common comorbidities of hyperten- disease with a vertex, and the co-occurrence of two sion with respect to the patient's sex and age. The diseases with an edge connecting those two diseases. co-occurrence relationships among comorbidities of The disease network summarizes the connections hypertension are also discussed using the disease among diseases and shows progress of disease pref- network approach. erentially along the edges or links [28]. The frequency of co-occurrence relationships among important Methods
comorbidities could provide useful insight into de- scribing the disease development process, and thus Study population
result in doctor's and patient's awareness of diseases Our data set was obtained from a Chinese Na- at the early stage of development. Studying the tional Surveillance System, which was initially im- comorbidity co-occurrence of hypertension using the plemented by the Chinese government in 2010. This disease network may be an effective tool for deter- surveillance system collects electronic medical records mining meaningful comorbidity relationships that from hospitals and aims to oversee the overall health other approaches have not reported. conditions of the Chinese population. Since 2010, this http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 system has been adopted by 192 hospitals located Statistical analysis
throughout China. Although we had access to all 192 The occurrences of comorbidities were counted hospitals' data in the surveillance system, we inten- in hypertension-related electronic medical records. tionally excluded some hospitals that did not appear The comorbidity's occurrence was then utilized to to present a sufficient and continuous data stream. derive the detection rate of the comorbidity which Some obvious errors and incomplete data points were better reflected the comorbidity's prevalence in hy- also removed to maintain the data integrity. pertensive patients. The detection rate of a comorbid- Eventually, we decided to use 6,371,963 hyper- ity was defined as the ratio of the number of the tension-related high-quality data records from the comorbidity's records to the number of hyperten- 110,528,991 electronic medical records that we had sion-related records: access to. Those medical records were dated between 2011 and 2013, and were from 106 hospitals located in 72 cities in China (Figure S1). Those cities are geo- graphically distributed in 29 of 31 provinces in China The sex-specific detection rate was determined (excluding two underpopulated provinces, Qinghai as the ratio of the number of each comorbidity in and Ningxia). Our data set covers 33.90% of the city males or females to the number of hypertension cases population in China. The city population data is based in the corresponding sex group. The odds ratios and on the sixth Chinese population census published by their 95% confidence interval (CI) of each sex-specific the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Re- detection rate were also calculated. For the public of China (http://www.stats.gov.cn). age-specific analysis, every 10-year age range between This study was approved by the institutional re- 0 and 99 years was considered an age group (e.g., 0–9 view board of the Institute of Automation, Chinese years, 10–19 years). Ages greater than or equal to 100 Academy of Sciences. The data set was collected by years were considered as one age group. Because the the Chinese government for disease control. All pa- numbers of each comorbidity in the 0–9 years group tients gave their informed consent. The patient's pri- and above 99 years group were small, the age-specific vacy was strictly preserved in our study. We only detection rates were calculated and analyzed only used the patient's sex, age, and clinical diagnostic from 10 years to 99 years. Similarly the age-specific information to perform our analysis. Patients' identi- detection rate was determined as the ratio of the ty-related information was masked before we started number of each comorbidity in each age group to the number of hypertension cases in the corresponding Data normalization
age group. Their 95% CIs were calculated. To analyze The clinical diagnosis in the original electronic the age-specific prevalence trends of the top 20 medical records was not coded using uniformed and comorbidities, the expectation maximization class in standardized text terms. An example was that some Weka [32] version 3.7.7 was used to cluster those 20 doctors had used "upper infection" as an abbreviation trends. The expectation maximization [33] algorithm for "upper respiratory tract infection" and others had assigns a probability distribution to each trend, which chosen a different abbreviation for the same diagno- indicates the probability of it belonging to each clus- sis. To standardize the diagnosis, we applied a natural language processing technique [29, 30] and developed Network analysis
several in-house Python scripts for Chinese text pro- When two comorbidities of hypertension ap- cessing and mining. Python [31] has been proved an peared in one electronic medical record, we consid- effective tool for handling similar tasks. Specifically ered that there was a co-occurrence relationship be- for our study, each electronic medical record was au- tween this comorbidity pair. The number of tomatically segmented into a series of Chinese words, co-occurrences between a couple comorbidities can be and these words were then combined to form Chinese an important factor to reveal the relationship of those phrases according to the probability distribution of two comorbidities. Thus, we constructed a weighted those words. In addition to automatic normalization comorbidity network [34, 35] to study the comorbidi- of data, many text ambiguities and synonyms were ties of hypertension and the co-occurrence relation- handled manually. Finally, all medical diagnostic ships among those comorbidities. records were converted to standardized and coded The nodes of the network represented comor- diagnostic terms that could be easily manipulated and bidities and the diameter of each node was propor- tional to the detection rate of each comorbidity. An edge in the network indicated the co-occurrence of two comorbidities whom that edge was connecting. http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 The weight of an edge was the number of sufficiency and uremia, and respiratory-related dis- co-occurrences of those two comorbidities. When an eases, such as respiratory tract infection, upper res- electronic medical record contained more than two piratory tract infection, and tracheitis had a high de- comorbidities of hypertension, the count of every re- tection rate, which indicated that those comorbidities lationship between each possible pair of comorbidities were of a higher risk in hypertension patients than in that record would have an increment of one (e.g., other comorbidities were. Moreover, the detection when the record was "hypertension, A, B, C", the rates of comorbidities reduced with rank. The detec- count of relationships A-B, A-C, and B-C would all tion rate of the last comorbidity, arthritis, was only encounter an increment of one). After investigating all hypertension-related electronic medical records, we retained the high-frequency relationships among the top 20 comorbidities. The high-frequency relation- Table 1. Detection rates of the top 20 comorbidities of hyper-
ships were defined as relationships with a weight of tension in China. more than 1% of the total number of hyperten- sion-related records. Coronary Heart Disease Several network measures have been adopted to identify the importance of nodes [36]. Three primary methods, namely degree centrality, average degree, 4 Arteriosclerosis and average path length [37], were used to analyze the Cerebral Infarction Move With Difficulty comorbidity network. Degree centrality is the most 7 readily calculated and understood concept of node 8 Respiratory Tract Infection centrality. The degree centrality of a comorbidity is 9 Cerebral Circulation Insufficiency 3.87 the total number of relationships that are directly as- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 3.43 Renal Insufficiency sociated with that comorbidity. A comorbidity with a high degree centrality has more co-occurrence rela- tionships with other comorbidities in the network 14 [38]. The average degree of a network is an overall 16 Anemia evaluation about the connections among comorbidi- ties [39]. In addition, path length focuses on the least number of relationships in order to connect two 19 Osteoarthropathy comorbidities. A comorbidity pair with a low path length and high edge weights along the path has a higher risk of co-occurrence in hypertension patients. The path length of any two directly connected Sex-specific detection rates
comorbidities is one and the number of comorbidities The sex-specific detection rates of the top 20 on the shortest path is path length minus one. Similar comorbidities of hypertension and their odds ratios to the average degree of a network, the average path were shown in Table 2 and Figure S2. Osteoporosis length of a network is also used to describe the aver- showed the largest difference between males and fe- age distance between each comorbidity pair in the males, which suggested that female hypertension pa- network [40]. A frequently used force-directed layout tients have a 73.12% higher risk than male hyperten- algorithm, the Fruchterman–Reingold algorithm, was sion patients in developing osteoporosis. Other used to layout the network. bone-related diseases, such as arthritis and osteoar- thropathy, also had a higher incidence in female hy- pertension patients than in male hypertension pa- Detection rates of the top 20 comorbidities
tients (40.64% vs 36.29%). In addition, insomnia and The top 20 comorbidities of hypertension with difficulty with movement threated the health of fe- the highest detection rates were identified (Table 1). males more than males (39.78% vs 29.92%). Surpris- Coronary heart disease (CHD), which is one of the ingly, two cerebral diseases showed different risks in most important cardiovascular diseases, had the males and females. Cerebral circulation insufficiency highest detection rate. Diabetes, hyperlipemia, and was 40.15% more likely to occur in females, while arteriosclerosis had a detection rate that was higher cerebral infarction was 19.05% more likely to occur in than 10%. Cerebral diseases, such as cerebral infarc- males. Moreover, several diseases related to the kid- tion and cerebral circulation insufficiency, kid- ney had a higher morbidity in male hypertension pa- ney-related diseases, such as nephropathy, renal in- tients than in female hypertension patients. More at- tention should be paid to renal insufficiency, uremia, http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 and nephropathy in male hypertension patients pertension patients was cerebral infarction being (35.39%, 25.56%, and 17.99%) than in female hyper- ranked in the top five comorbidities between 50 and tension patients. The sex-specific detection rates of 89 years of age and the fourth at 90–99 years of age. other top comorbidities, including CHD, diabetes, The age-specific detection rates of the top 20 hyperlipemia, and arteriosclerosis, were relatively comorbidities of hypertension (Figure 2) were clus- uniform, with no significant differences between male tered into five classes. First, the age-specific detection and female patients. rates of CHD, arteriosclerosis, cerebral infarction, in- somnia, arrhythmia, gastritis, osteoarthropathy, and Age-specific detection rates
arthritis gradually increased as patients got older. The The age-specific occurrence distribution of hy- detection rates of these comorbidities at 90–99 years pertension patients was shown in Figure 1. Based on were several times (relative ratio: CHD, 25.91; arteri- 6,371,963 electronic medical records, the proportion of osclerosis, 22.65; cerebral infarction, 18.55; insomnia, hypertension patients who were aged between 50 and 12.58; arrhythmia, 8.17; gastritis, 3.03; osteoarthropa- 79 years was 71.27% (95% CI: 71.23–71.31%). Only thy, 62.16; and arthritis, 8.02) higher than those at the 5.99% of hypertension patients were younger than 40 age of 10–20 years. years. In addition, because there was only a small number of patients who were aged 9 years or older than 100 years, these two age groups were removed from the analysis. The top five detection rates of comorbidities in each age group were different (Table 3). Nephropa- thy, uremia, and anemia were the three biggest risks for hypertension patients who were younger than 39 years, while renal insufficiency was a potential risk to hypertension patients who were younger than 29 years. Hyperlipemia was always in the top five comorbidities through all age groups and was the top comorbidity in the 40–49-year age group. Addition- ally, CHD, diabetes, and arteriosclerosis became a major risk when hypertension patients were older than 40 years. Another significant risk for older hy- Figure 1. Age-specific distribution of hypertension patients in China.
Table 2. Sex-specific distribution of the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension in China.
Male Detection Rate(%) 95% CI Female Detection Rate(%) 95% CI Odds ratios 95% CI Coronary Heart Disease 21.44-21.53 21.95 21.90-22.00 0.973 0.970-0.977 <.00001 16.20-16.28 15.74 15.70-15.78 1.038 1.034-1.042 <.00001 13.82-13.89 13.76 13.72-13.80 1.008 1.003-1.012 0.00057 Arteriosclerosis 12.22-12.29 13.08 13.05-13.12 0.928 0.923-0.932 <.00001 Cerebral Infarction 1.200-1.215 <.00001 Move With Difficulty 0.761-0.773 <.00001 1.179-1.198 <.00001 Respiratory Tract Infection 0.892-0.907 <.00001 Cerebral Circulation Insufficiency 3.24 0.698-0.710 <.00001 Upper Respiratory Tract Infection 3.36 0.945-0.962 <.00001 Renal Insufficiency 1.355-1.380 <.00001 0.946-0.963 <.00001 0.563-0.573 <.00001 0.702-0.715 <.00001 1.252-1.276 <.00001 0.969-0.988 2.5E-05 0.908-0.927 <.00001 0.868-0.886 <.00001 Osteoarthropathy 0.721-0.737 <.00001 0.698-0.714 <.00001 http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 Table 3. Top five comorbidities of hypertension in each age group.
Renal Insufficiency Renal Insufficiency Arteriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Infarction Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Infarction Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Infarction Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Infarction Arteriosclerosis Cerebral Infarction Figure 2. Age-specific patterns of the top 20 comorbidities of hypertension in China.
Second, the age-specific detection rate of diabe- Third, moving with difficulty, respiratory tract tes, hyperlipemia, and cerebral circulation insuffi- infection, upper respiratory tract infection, tracheitis, ciency increased with an increase in age but decreased and osteoporosis had different rates of detection rate in older patients. For diabetes and hyperlipemia, the increase, and occasionally showed a slight decline detection rate reached a peak at 70–79 years, with depending on age. The detection rate of moving with detection rates of 19.55% and 15.33%, respectively. difficulty greatly increased at 20–29 years (228.86%), The detection rate of diabetes continued to increase 50–59 years (172.18%), and 70–79 years (153.28%) over time, with the highest detection at 40–49 years. compared with the previous age group. Respiratory However, the detection rate of hyperlipemia flattened tract infection and upper respiratory tract infection off from 50–79 years (14.56–15.33%). Moreover, the had the same patterns in detection rate of greatly in- detection rate of cerebral circulation insufficiency creasing at 20–29 years (171.34% and 153.13%, respec- flattened off from 50–69 years (3.92%) and then tively) and 50–59 years (128.87% and 127.20%, respec- peaked at 70–89 years (4.62–4.70% for the two age tively). The detection rate of tracheitis greatly in- groups). The detection rates of these three comorbidi- creased at almost all age ranges (131.13–181.66%) and ties greatly decreased in older people after the peak declined at 60–69 years (103.18%) compared with (diabetes: 29.72%; hyperlipemia: 26.01%; and cerebral previous age groups. The detection rate of osteoporo- circulation insufficiency: 8.05%). http://www.medsci.org
Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 sis was also unique in that it decreased below 40 tion ensured individual patient's medical records to years and quickly increased by 50–59 years (212.36%). be reliable, extensive, and timely. Compared with Fourth, the trend for detection rate did not al- other similar research [1, 19, 20, 22], our study was ways show an upward trend. The detection rate of based on a much larger patient base. Our data records kidney-related diseases continued to fall at most age were collected while patients were hospitalized, thus ranges. The age-specific detection rates of nephropa- the records contained detailed and extensive coverage thy, uremia, and anemia fell from 16.81% (10–19 on patient's medical-related information. Because the years) to 1.94% (90–99 years), 10.47% (20–29 years) to medical-related information was for medical diag- 0.56% (90–99 years), and 8.57% (10–19 years) to 1.64% nostic purposes, the information was highly reliable (80–89 years), respectively. The decline in detection and objective. rate of these diseases in each age group compared with the previous age group was similar. The last class only contained renal insufficiency whose detection rate reached a peak at 20–29 years (6.15%) and showed a U-shaped curve with increasing age. At 50–69 years old, hypertension patients had the lowest risk in developing renal insufficiency with a detection rate of only 2.66%.
Comorbidity network of hypertension
The comorbidity network comprising high co-occurrence frequency relationships among comor- bidities of hypertension was presented in Figure 3 and Table S1. The core of the network included CHD, hy- perlipemia, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes whose de- gree centrality was 13, 7, 7, and 6, respectively. Those comorbidities were directly connected to 75% of all comorbidities. Therefore, hypertension patients who had one of those four comorbidities had a greater health risk. Uremia and anemia were connected to the Figure 3. Comorbidity network of hypertension.
core network through nephropathy, which indicated that nephropathy was an important indicative varia- ble between those two comorbidities and the core To the best of our knowledge, this study was the network. Hypertension patients with CHD, hyper- first to investigate the prevalence of comorbidities of lipemia, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes had a relatively hypertension through a large amount of electronic low risk of developing uremia and anemia. Gastritis medical record data rather than using just medical and the comorbidity pair of arthritis and osteoar- survey or census data. Our findings on the detection thropathy were isolated in the core network. The rates of comorbidities were sufficiently representative morbidity risk of these three comorbidities was rela- for Chinese population and were insightful for doc- tively independent to comorbidities in the core net- tors and hypertension patients. The top 20 comorbid- work. Moreover, because the average degree was 3.3 ities in terms of the detection rate and their and the average path length was 2.09 in the comor- co-occurrence relationships implied important health bidities network, the comorbidity network showed risks to hypertension patients. From our study, more that the top 20 comorbidities had a strong correlation targeted measures can be taken into consideration in with each other. Each top 20 comorbidity was directly order to prevent the deterioration of health of hyper- connected to an average of 3.3 other comorbidities tension patients. and the number of comorbidities between any two The sex-specific and age-specific detection rates comorbidities was only approximately one. of comorbidities described the different risks of comorbidities in hypertension patients with a differ- Discussion
ent sex and age range. We found that female hyper- In our study, we obtained a large collection of tension patients were more likely suffer from osteo- electronic medical records from 106 prestigious hos- porosis, while male hypertension patients were more pitals located in 72 cities in China. The data collection likely to develop renal insufficiency. Nephropathy, process was mostly automatic and involved little uremia, and anemia were important risk factors in human intervention. The automation of data collec- hypertension patients younger than 39 years, while http://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2016, Vol. 13 CHD, diabetes, hyperlipemia, arteriosclerosis, and medical data collection process need to be executed to cerebral infarction were high risk factors in older hy- ensure a more comprehensive data collection. pertension patients. Those findings can provide guidelines for the prevention of comorbidities of hy- Conclusions
pertension. An example of a preventative measure is In summary, our analysis of comorbidities of with diabetes, one of the most frequently observed hypertension in China between 2011 and 2013 pro- comorbidities of hypertension, where reducing sugar vided an overview of the detection rate of comorbidi- intake is a common proposal for hypertension pa- ties among hypertension patients. Variate detection tients. In addition, kidney disease is the most im- rates of comorbidities regarding age and sex were portant risk factor in young hypertension patients. presented, and the co-occurrence relationships among Therefore, patient's sex and age should be accounted comorbidities were analyzed. Our findings can sup- in when proposing prevention measures for hyper- port doctors and patients to make more specific di- tension patients. agnoses and treatment plans by considering patient's Currently, medically-aided diagnostic technolo- age, sex and comorbidity conditions. Our results can gies primarily focus on preliminary statistics and a also increase people's awareness of the comorbidities probabilistic computing system. In the era of large of hypertension. Further study on hypertension and amounts of data, network-based recommendation its comorbidities will likely improve the life quality of technology continues to be developed. The character- hypertension patients, and be helpful for the preven- istics of comorbidities that are calculated from a tion of hypertension. comorbidity network could provide valuable infor- mation about the relationships between each comor- bidity pair. Our findings could rapidly promote the CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; CI: Confidence development of new diagnostic technologies, not only for hypertension, but also for other diseases. In the current study, the high-frequency Supplementary Material
co-occurrence relationships among comorbidities of Figures S1-S2, Table S1. hypertension were analyzed and presented by the http://www.medsci.org/v13p0099s1.pdf comorbidity network. Relationships with a high edge weight indicated those two comorbidities had a high co-existing correlation. The core network comprising This study was funded by National Natural the top four comorbidities verified a strong Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91024030, co-occurring relation and high risk of those four 71025001, 91224008, 91324007) and Important Na- comorbidities to hypertension patients. Anemia and tional Science & Technology Specific Projects (Nos. uremia had a relatively lower relevance with comor- 2012ZX10004801, 2013ZX10004218). bidities in the core network than nephropathy did. Moreover, arthritis, osteoarthropathy, and gastritis Competing interests
had a relatively independent morbidity risk with the core network. In overall, the high-frequency The authors declared that they had no compet- co-occurrence relationships among comorbidities ing interests. could be important for prevention and treatment of References
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Clinical Case Series Adipose Derived Stem and Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Equine Joint Injuries Vet-Stem, Inc., 12860 Danielson Court, Suite B, Poway, CA 92064 Developmental bone disease, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), and subchondral bone cysts compromise surface cartilage and the underlying supporting bone. Traumatic injuries to joints and their supporting structures happen frequently to high performance athletes as these are the regions under the greatest stress during intense activity. Whether a horse inherits a tendency towards musculoskeletal disease or acquires an injury, if left unchecked, this may lead to degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis, eventual joint breakdown, and a reduction in functional career longevity.
Microsoft word - gbm treatment options 2014 word (mac).doc
Treatment Options for Glioblastoma and other Prepared by Ben A. Williams Glioblastoma Diagnosis, March 30, 1995 Last Updated: March 10, 2014 Copyright 2014 Ben Williams Disclaimer: the information presented here is the opinion of Ben Williams. It is for informational purposes only, do not consider it medical advice. Discuss the


The basic classroom ideas and concepts are applied to the driving phase. Habits and skills are developed for residential, city, and highway driving with special emphasis on specific maneuvers. Six hours of driving instruction are necessary to meet the state requirement for applying for a driver's license. This course requires the payment of a user's fee as well as the fee paid to the State of Illinois for a driver's permit.
Students will identify and locate all information gauges, emergency instruments, emergency lights and controls, mirrors, and other communication devices.
DE.BW:1-2 Students will show the ability to identify locate and use the lighted warning system of a motor vehicle.
Students will demonstrate basic simple vehicle maneuvers within the laws of Illinois.
DE.BW:2-1 Students will demonstrate proper starting and stopping use of the accelerator and the brake.
DE.BW:2-2 Students will demonstrate competent right and left hand turns from a stopped and in motion modes.
DE.BW:2-3 Students will demonstrate skills in backing in all directions.
Students will assess critique and identify right of way situations with a high level of accuracy.
DE.BW: 3-2 Evaluate and deduce rules of right of way at each simple to complex intersecting situation.
Student will demonstrate competence in safely traveling in a multi-lane environment.
DE.BW: 4-1 demonstrates ability analyze multi-lane traffic in a city, rural, and low traffic environment.
DE.BW: 4-2 Demonstrates proper lane change procedure.
DE.BW: 4-3 Identify and describe proper emergency stopping on a multi-lane road.
DE.BW: 5-1 consistently identifies all pavement marks in a city setting.
DE.BW: 5-2 Identify one way streets.
DE.BW: 5-3 Identify control devices and signs.
DE.BW: 5-4 Identify places of continues conflict (alleys, loading zones, parked cars).
DE.BTW: 5-5 Identify pedestrian crosswalk and conflict areas.
DE.BW: 6-1 Demonstrate the ability to time right and left hand entries into high speed environments.
DE.BW: 6-2 Demonstrate communication tactics and plans at high speed.
DE.BW: 6-3 Demonstrate the ability to use speed consistency in traffic.
Students will diagnose emergency situations and properly use the safety procedures for each of the following.
DE.BW:7-1 Demonstrate the procedure for off-road recovery.
DE.BW:7-6 Demonstrate the procedure for a stuck accelerator.
Students will distinguish integrate techniques and mechanics of special maneuvers in a motor vehicle.
DE.BW:8-2 Demonstrate the procedure for a proper three-point turn.
DE.BW:8-3 Demonstrate the procedure Demonstrate the procedure for a proper turnabout.


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Q: Multiprocessing with a fixed set of parameters I have a fixed number of API endpoints (4 for example) that all do the same thing. I would like to multiprocess a loop that can asynchronously send data to the endpoints. However, I want to make sure that each endpoint only sees one request at a time. Is there a way to do this using the multiprocessing tool in python. Perhaps it would look something like,
import pandas as pd
from multiprocessing import Pool

def process_data(data, endpoint):
    ...

endpoint_lst = [
   'https://endpoint1',
   'https://endpoint2',
   'https://endpoint3',
   'https://endpoint4'
]

df = pd.read_csv('datafile.csv')

with Pool(processes=len(endpoint_lst)) as p:
    p.starmap(process_data, [df.iteritems(), endpoint_lst])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Brushes, face paint and glitter at the ready? Polish your face painting technique with these super simple face painting guides, laid out step-by-step.
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*'199 Mumsnet testers tested the Snazaroo range, December '15. 99% would buy again and 99% would recommend'.


Located near the northern-most area of Thailand, the Golden Triangle was once the centre of opium poppy growing in the Thailand area, nowadays the only opium yo will find is in a museum. The opium crops have long since been replaced by small tourist villages, the roads are now lined with many small restaurants and roadside souvenir stalls.
To speak to a Thailand travel advisor please call 0845 365 6565 or complete the form on the right to request a callback. Our advisors will help you plan the perfect getaway that meets all your needs and budget.
The area is full of stunning natural scenery and ancient temples, and is growing more popular with tourists who want something other then the beach scene. A number of hotels and resorts have been built in the area to cater for the growing popularity.
Typical sights on a Golden Triangle tour is the town of Mai Sai, where you can cross the border into Burma to do some shopping; the small village of Sop Ruak, where the Ruak and Mekhong rivers meet; and finally the ancient city of Chiang Saen.


Been using these kennels for about 25 years. No problems dogs seem very happy there. I feel it is a safe secure place. Puts my mind st rest whilst away.
Had fair reports about this place.
A wonderful organisation which rescues and shelters homeless dogs while trying to find new homes for them. The staff are so dedicated and work so hard for abandoned dogs.


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This smoothly finished preformed underwired bra does not show at all under tight clothes.


WASHINGTON, Oct. 18, 2018 /PRNewswire/ — Marijuana has unleashed a "green gold rush" across our nation, creating $10.8 billion in new wealth a year. Every day it's transforming more and more Americans into millionaires and now, John Boehner and a team of experts are bringing the invaluable information and resources to the masses.
In an historic free event, hosted by the National Institute for Cannabis Investing, former Speaker of the House John Boehner, and leaders in the cannabis business Danny Brody and Mike Ward, will present the first online event to introduce THE authoritative source for cannabis investing – Cannabis Investors Network.
There is no one more connected inside Washington than Boehner; Brody is the executive behind two of the largest cannabis IPOs in history – Emblem Corp. and The Green Organic Dutchman; Ward is the Publisher of Money Map Press, which is devoted to helping investors understand and profit from global trends in investing. His Money Morning is one of the fastest-growing, most-visited investment news sites on the internet. Using their combined expertise, The American Cannabis Summit brings the best research and the most lucrative investment opportunities available anywhere in the cannabis industry to the public.
This team has built the most comprehensive database of cannabis companies and investing information on the planet, from every publicly-traded cannabis company to the most promising privately-held startups. All have been carefully analyzed, financials and business plans scrutinized, and executives vetted, all with the goal of bringing consumers a one-stop shop to learn and discover how to become the next marijuana millionaire.


The Sherlocks is an indie pop band that has their roots in Dearne Valley. This indie pop band has been touring the cities of UK for some time now, but now they have announced their biggest ever tour that will begin in 2017.
Their last tour in the UK was a hundred percent sold out event that completed only in last September. Fans will be looking out for this tour where their hit singles like Escapade will be performed. The 35-date tour will cover UK and Ireland and will begin in the month of February and March respectively.
They recently made the announcement on their social media page with the following words – Bussing for Sheffield. We can't wait to see you there.
The Sherlocks not only have fans across the world and on the Internet and the social media, but they also have live fans who simply love to attend their live events. A large number of audiences of the BBC radio were treated with their songs and the gig proved to be very successful. Their BBC stint was also accompanied by some of the top names in the DJ industry like Steve Lamacq, Annie Mac and Huw Stephens.
Their last single was titled "Will You Be There" which again became a hit with the fans. The tickets for the upcoming tour will begin selling from Friday, November 18th from 10 AM in the morning UK time.
So if you are planning to attend this tour then make sure to buy the tickets on the first day itself, as tickets might get sold out pretty quickly and you may not get another chance.


Benjamin Hull is a Canadian Magic player. He won Pro Tour 25th Anniversary alongside teammates Allen Wu and Gregory Orange. He was also the 2016–17 Rookie of the Year, accomplished after he finished fourth at his very first Pro Tour, PT Kaladesh 2016. He also made it to the top eight of a Grand Prix, GP Denver 2016, where he finished sixth.


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InvestorNewsBreaks – Tryp Therapeutics Inc. (CSE: TRYP) (OTCQB: TRYPF) to Present at Biotech Showcase
Tryp Therapeutics (CSE: TRYP) (OTCQB: TRYPF), a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing intravenous-infused psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) for diseases with high unmet medical needs, today announced that it will be presenting at the Biotech Showcase on Monday, Jan. 9, 2023. Tryp's presentation is slated to begin at 11 a.m. PT at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square Hotel in San Francisco, California. Interested parties should visit https://ibn.fm/dEhHP to attend the event. In addition, Tryp's CEO Jim Gilligan and CBO Peter Molloy will be in San Francisco from Jan. 8-11, 2023, during the 41st Annual J.P. Morgan Health Care Conference and will be available for meetings with investors as detailed in the announcement.
To view the full press release, visit https://ibn.fm/kxOvb
About Tryp Therapeutics Inc.
Tryp Therapeutics is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing proprietary, novel formulations for the administration of psilocin in combination with psychotherapy to treat diseases with unmet medical needs. Tryp's lead program, TRP-8803, is a proprietary formulation of IV-infused psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) that alleviates numerous shortcomings of oral psilocybin including: significantly reducing the time to onset of the psychedelic state, controlling the depth and duration of the psychedelic experience, and reducing the overall duration of the intervention to a commercially feasible timeframe. The company has an ongoing phase 2a clinical trial for the treatment of binge eating disorder at the University of Florida and an upcoming phase 2a clinical trial with the University of Michigan for the treatment of fibromyalgia, both of which are utilizing TRP-8802 (synthetic, oral psilocybin) to demonstrate efficacy in these indications. Where a preliminary clinical benefit has been demonstrated, subsequent studies are expected to utilize TRP-8803, which has the potential to further improve efficacy, safety and patient experience. For more information about the company, please visit www.TrypTherapeutics.com.
NOTE TO INVESTORS: The latest news and updates relating to TRYPF are available in the company's newsroom at https://ibn.fm/TRYPF
InvestorWire is part of the InvestorBrandNetwork
InvestorNewsBreaks – CubCrafters Inc. Eyes Great Potential Growth with Summit Brand on Heels of Acquisition
InvestorNewsBreaks – Aegis Capital Corp. Acted as Sole Bookrunner on BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd.'s (NASDAQ: BVXV) $8M Underwritten Public Offering


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Home Psychedelics MDMA Treatment for PTSD Shows Promise in Clinical Trial
MDMA Treatment for PTSD Shows Promise in Clinical Trial
Trial found "no serious adverse events were observed in either the MDMA group or the control group."
A biopharmaceutical company dedicated to psychedelic treatment announced last week that its clinical trial on MDMA-assisted therapy for post–traumatic stress disorder ("PTSD") produced encouraging results.
The company, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation, said that it had completed "confirmatory phase three" of the multi-site study, which "met both the primary endpoint as measured by the change from baseline in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 ('CAPS-5') and the key secondary endpoint of improvement in functional impairment associated with PTSD as measured by the change from baseline in the Sheehan Disability Scale ('SDS')."
"The Phase 3 confirmatory results support the development of MDMA-assisted therapy as a potentially new breakthrough therapy to treat individuals with PTSD—a patient population that is often left to suffer for years," said Amy Emerson, chief executive officer of MAPS Public Benefit Corporation.
Last week's announcement comes after the company said in November that it had completed "the second of two Phase 3 pivotal trials."
"Now with two positive Phase 3 trials complete, we can add this important data to the new drug application which we expect to submit in the third quarter of this year," Emerson said last week.
The study, known as "MAPP2," was "a randomized, double-blind, multi-site Phase 3 study of the efficacy and safety of MDMA-assisted therapy for the treatment of PTSD," the company said last week.
"The study enrolled 121 participants and of those enrolled 104 were randomized to either a group that received 80 to 120 mg MDMA hydrochloride followed by a supplemental half-dose of 40 or 60 mg during three extended sessions of therapy, or a group that received placebo plus extended sessions of therapy. The MAPP2 study enrolled participants with PTSD for the 12-week treatment period. The MAPP2 participants reflected the U.S. demographics of those living with PTSD with people of color representing more than half of those enrolled in the study," the company said in a press release.
Founded in 2014, MAPS Public Benefit Corporation says that its vision is to create a "world where all people have opportunities to heal and grow through psychedelic medicines and therapies."
The company's mission statement reads: "Lead the research, development, and integration of psychedelic medicines and therapies into the healthcare system, prioritizing purpose over profits."
That mission has been buttressed by the the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which in 2017 "granted MDMA-assisted therapy Breakthrough Therapy designation, a process designed to expedite development and review of drugs intended to treat serious conditions and that demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapies," the company said in last week's press release.
"Reaching agreement with [the] FDA on the design of our Phase 3 program and having the ability to work closely with the agency has been a major priority for our team," Emerson said in 2017. "Our Phase 2 data was extremely promising with a large effect size, and we are ready to move forward quickly. With breakthrough designation, we can now move even more efficiently through the development process in collaboration with the FDA to complete Phase 3."
The company said last week that it "expects to submit the new drug application to the FDA in the third quarter of 2023."
"MAPS PBC plans to submit the full data set for publication in a peer-reviewed journal," the press release said. "MDMA-assisted therapy has not been approved by any regulatory agency. The safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted therapy have not been established for the treatment of PTSD."
MAPP2
psychedelic therapy
Thomas Edward
High Times Writer.
One Virginia Senator introduced a bill to reschedule psilocybin and create an advisory board to monitor access.
DMT for Depression? Clinical Trial Finds Hallucinogen Significantly Reduces Symptoms
U.K.-based Small Pharma is conducting a study of DMT and its potential for treating major depressive disorder.
Arizona Bill Would Provide Grants for Magic Mushroom Trials
The legislation has bipartisan support in Arizona.
Two Bills to Decriminalize Psychedelics Filed in Massachusetts
The bills would end the prosecution of DMT, psilocybin, mescaline, etc. for adults ages 18 and older.
Missouri Legislator Introduces Psilocybin Bill
A Missouri Representative recently introduced legislation that would allow psilocybin as a treatment option for qualifying patients.
Study: Legal MJ Laws Create 'Significant' Dip in Pharmacy-Based Codeine Distribution
A recent study focuses on a specific opioid with high potential for misuse: codeine.
Psychedelics Market Expected To Hit Approx. $12 Billion by 2029
Recent market analysis shows the global market for psychedelic drugs climbing to nearly $12 billion per year by 2029.
Study Shows Rise in Weed-Related Emergency Room Visits Among Older Adults
A new study from researchers at the University of California San Diego has determined that marijuana-related visits to the emergency room increased among Californians aged 65 and older over a 15-year period.


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Toronto FC sign three players from TFC II
The Reds are filling out their roster ahead of some low-priority MLS games.
By Charlie O'Connor-Clarke@charliejclarke Apr 13, 2018, 4:06pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Toronto FC sign three players from TFC II
With most of the regular starting eleven unlikely to play tomorrow against the Colorado Rapids or next weekend against the Houston Dynamo, Toronto FC have announced a few homegrown signings to help fill out the roster. Defender Julian Dunn and midfielders Aidan Daniels and Ryan Telfer have all been handed their first MLS contracts.
The trio of GTA natives all played with Toronto FC II in the USL last year. Dunn and Daniels, both of whom have come all the way up through the TFC Academy, are the club's 17th and 18th homegrown players to get senior deals. Telfer didn't follow the whole academy pathway, joining TFC II last year after playing for the York University Lions for a couple seasons.
All three players are apparently with the team in Colorado right now, meaning they're all available for Greg Vanney's squad on Saturday. Dunn, at least, has apparently been training with the first team since they were down in Mexico late last week.
Dunn (17 years old) and Daniels (19) are promising young academy products, both joining TFC III last year for the Viareggio Cup in Italy. They've also both represented Canada at youth levels (Dunn at U-17 and Daniels at U-20).
Telfer played 29 games for the Young Reds last year, and before that he was one of the brightest young players on Carmine Isacco's York Lions team.
The Reds also announced today that they've made the Jason Hernandez signing official, so expect to see him in action this weekend as well.


Terror in the Skies! ← You Want Me To Wear What?
I'm a nerd. I'm a huge, giant nerd. My other blog is about disaster movies. So, that should have been your first hint right there that I am a rock collecting, Bill Nye loving science geek.
Therefore, it is without shame that I post these sweaters and admit that yes, I would absolutely wear them if they were handed to me.
No, really. Come on, it has teradactyls on it! How cool is that? I'd argue that this is well worth the nearly $270 price tag, if for no other reasons than, well, DINOSAURS.
I wouldn't wear this dress with sequined leggings, but I would work very hard to create an outfit around this sweater dress. It's a little devastating to me that it's sold out, because that means I'm going to see women wearing this sweater dress, and I'm not one of them.
I like the solo teradactyl on this – it's a surprisingly simple cardigan, when you consider that it has a giant dinosaur on the back. Normally, if it's Betsey Johnson, I would expect to see lace hems and polka dots and half of Andie's prom dress from Pretty In Pink. But no, it's a very simple cardigan with a teradactyl on it.
I wouldn't wear this sweater, only because I have a very short torso and therefore cropped sweaters do me no favors. If it weren't $230, I'd consider buying it just so I can own an article of clothing that has a dinosaur on it.
Betsey Johnson gets some major points for designing a sweater and a dress with teradactyls on it – and, beyond that, for letting it stand on its own, as a simple statement of awesomeness. That takes bravery, Ms. Johnson, and it has paid off handsomely.


Now that winter is nearing its end and warmer temperatures are coming back around, you may find yourself less concerned about pests and wildlife potentially invading your home. Unfortunately, there is still reason to worry. No matter what time of year it is, animals are always looking for new places to set up camp, and the threat of cold weather is not the only thing drawing them in.
Whether they are looking to escape predators, searching for a place to have babies, or like being close to any food you may have stored in your cupboards, there are many reasons why curious critters may find their way into your living space.
We realize this thought is a bit unsettling, but that is why we are here to help you put your worries to rest. We have the tools, the training, and the expert knowledge necessary for keeping all kinds of animals out for good. Learn more about what My Bat Guy can do for by reading below, then give us a call to set something up. We would love to hear from you!
Now, we figure you have a couple of options when it comes to wildlife invasion. You could either wait until the bats, raccoons, or rodents enter, then figure out how to get them out, or you could take measures beforehand to ensure they never enter in the first place. Let us assure you, the latter is more affordable, less messy, and it is definitely not as stressful.
If you want to ensure your house stays animal-free for the long haul, then one option is to invest in our preventative maintenance program. When it comes to year round protection, this program is all you will need.
Basically, our expert crew will come in once during the springtime and once during fall to inspect your home and ensure no unwanted visitors are present. If they are, we can take the proper steps to remove them as quickly as possible. If we do not find any animals, then we will ensure all potential entry points are well-sealed and, should any of the spots we previously sealed need touching up, we will take care of it at no additional cost to you.
If you are ready to guarantee better protection all year long, then this is a surefire way to do it.
In The Midst Of A Wildlife Problem?
Already have wildlife in your home? Then, there is no time to lose when it comes to calling in our team. We have the equipment to humanely remove the creatures and set them free in a more appropriate environment.
Along with this, we can clean up any mess they made, as well as restore your attic space. That's right – we are licensed contractors with decades of construction experience, and we would love to get your space looking like new again. Whether it is torn insulation, chewed up wiring, rotted floorboards, or something else, we are certain we can handle it one today.


At first I wondered if I liked the gray strap. Would black have been better, more traditional? But after wearing it two days I decided I like the flash of my gray band. It's very smart and fashionable and brightens up an old guy like me. The dial is very readable and With just that touch of fashionable look. All in all a terrific purchase at a most reasonable price. A winner!


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Национальный парк Фрэнк-Ханн () — национальный парк в штате Западная Австралия, расположенный в 428 км к востоку-юго-востоку от столицы штата Перта в округе Лейк-Кинг. Площадь парка составляет 675,5 км². Парк был назван в честь Фрэнка Ханна, одного из первых исследователей этого района. Официальное название парк получил 30 октября 1970 года.

Состоит главным образом из пустоши и кустарниковых растительных сообществ, расположенных на внутренней песчаной равнине. Входная плата не требуется, чтобы войти в парк, однако он не предоставляет инфраструктуру для туристов.

Флора
В парке есть множество растений, в том числе сезонные полевые цветы. Некоторые из растений, встречающихся в парке, включают Acacia mackeyana, Acacia disona и Banksia xylothemelia.

Фауна
Фауна парка включает ящериц, таких как гекконы родов Christinus, Crenadactylus, игуанообразные рода Ctenophorus, сцинковые родов Cryptoblepharus и Egernia. Многие виды лягушек также обитают в этом районе, включая Myobatrachus gouldii, Pseudophryne guentheri и Limnodynastes dorsalis. В пределах парка были обнаружены такие птицы, как страус эму, седобородая пустельга, бурый сокол, австралийский орёл-карлик, хохлатый бронзовокрылый голубь, кустарниковый бронзовокрылый голубь-фапс, разноцветный плоскохвостый попугай и .

В парке также обитает множество млекопитающих, в том числе австралийская ехидна, чернохвостая сумчатая куница, сумчатая мышь Гилберта, хоботноголовый кускус, западный серый кенгуру, перчаточный валлаби, Chalinolobus gouldii и  .

Примечания

Национальные парки Западной Австралии
Появились в 1970 году в Австралии


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Bryan Sellers
Madison Snow
Corey Lewis
Andrea Caldarelli
Rolex 24 final
Jan 31, 2010 | 2010 News
(January 31, 2010) — Miller Barrett Racing completed 19 hours of racing this weekend – the equivalent of seven sprint races in the GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car Series – but it wasn't enough to get to the checkered flag in the season-opening Rolex 24 At...
Rolex 24 half-distance
Dated: January 31, 2010 Miller Barrett Racing had some strong stints during the second quarter of the Rolex 24 At Daytona, but mechanical issues slowed the team's progress. Bryce Miller took over driving duty in the No. 48 Porsche 911 GT3 Cup car at 6h17. His...
Rolex 24H – 6Hour Mark
(January 30, 2010) — Miller Barrett Racing enjoyed a strong start to the Rolex 24 At Daytona. Bryce Miller of Summit, N.J., started the No. 48 Porsche 911 GT3 Cup car from 13th on the GT grid, but quickly moved up to fifth in class, despite heavy rain. He...
Rolex 24 Qualifying
(January 28, 2010) — Miller Barrett Racing will start the 48th Rolex 24 At Daytona from 13th on the GT class grid. Bryce Miller of Summit, N.J., qualified the team's No. 48 Porsche 911 GT3 Cup in one minute 50.662 seconds on the 3.56-mile Daytona...
Miller Barrett Racing – Rolex 24 preview
(January 25, 2010) — The Miller Barrett Racing drivers and crew are ready for the team's first Rolex 24 At Daytona. Bryce Miller of Summit, N.J., leads the strong driver contingent of Luke Hines of Sedge Green, England; Peter Ludwig of New Paltz, N.Y.; and...
Paul Miller Racing kicks off another decade of IMSA racing
Gallery #3: Roar Before the 24 2020
Perfect preparation for Paul Miller Racing at the Roar Before the 24
Video: Bryan Sellers Roar Day 2 Recap


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Home » China » Beijing Enacts New Law to Strengthen Border Security
Beijing Enacts New Law to Strengthen Border Security
Visitors to local cultural heritage sites are expected to rise in the coming months. (Image: Pixabay / CC0 1.0)
While the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is embroiled in high tensions in the east, it continues to attempt to assert control over its frontiers, particularly in the western reaches of the mainland, showcasing its determination in securing its borders. On Oct. 23, Beijing approved a law that enforces its strength across its borders. The law is to take effect on Jan. 1, 2022.
After a legislative session of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the new Land Border Law (LBL) aims to preserve what the CCP claims as the "sacred and inviolable" sovereignty and territorial integrity of the communist-ruled lands.
According to experts and affairs scholars, the CCP's top legislature voted to enact their "first national law on the protection and exploitation of the country's land border areas."
According to the government-run Global Times, the law would work on ensuring national security and legal management of matters involving the mainland's borders.
This new law will allow the communist government to "resolutely safeguard" its territories and border security on the ground, as well as oppose any action they deem to threaten them. It also lays out the government's and its leadership's roles in border security, the defensive capabilities of said borders, and the international cooperation between two sides of a border affair.
Beijing claims that it will close its borders should armed conflict threaten border security. Following the "principle of equality, mutual trust and friendly consultation," it said it will also consult with other countries through negotiations to resolve their affairs.
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) would "carry out border duties," which includes military drills and seek to prevent aggressive or militaristic acts against border security, the law states.
Other than its defenses, the law also specifies the need to improve public services and infrastructure, support economic and social development, and decide on the opening of border areas, India Today reported.
Under the law, the state will have to support the development and capacity of border towns, where hundreds have already been constructed on the borders of Tibet.
Stalemate with India
As of Oct. 25, India and Bhutan are the two countries yet to conclude on border agreements with Beijing, while 12 other countries have settled their disputes with the communist nation.
The two governments of Beijing and New Delhi have been interlocked in a stalemate along their borders for 17 months, which included a skirmish in the Galwan Valley in easter Ladakh on June 15, 2020. Twenty Indian soldiers and four Chinese soldiers were killed as both sides fought one another with rods and clubs wrapped with barbed wire and rocks.
According to India's Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla, developments along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh have "seriously disturbed" the peace in the border areas, risking damaging relations between Beijing and New Delhi. Over 3,488 kilometres of the LAC is faced with tense border disputes, and 400 kilometres of tension engulf the China-Bhutan border.
From his seminar on "Leveraging China's Economy" on Oct. 21, Shringla also commented on the importance of India and China's cooperation to "determine the Asian century."
"We hope that the Chinese side will work with us to bring a satisfactory resolution to the current issues so as to make progress on our bilateral relations keeping in view each other's sensitives, aspirations and interests," the foreign secretary said.
Other than its tensions with India, Beijing has also cited the law's role in the protection against other threats, especially the deluging effects from the Taliban in Afghanistan and COVID-19 spreading from Southeast Asia.
The CCP has expressed its concerns regarding possible Islamist movements into the Xinjiang province, where tens of thousands of Uyghur Muslims are being round up by communist authorities and corralled into labor camps, Deutsche Welle (DW) reported.
While Beijing promises closer cooperation with the Taliban government, it may face more problems than it solves, according to Eurasia Group President Ian Bremmer. The CCP could potentially face the return of the Uyghur militant group, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), which has claimed the lives of Chinese nationals and prompted the need for heightened security.
Already hard-hit by COVID-19, the CCP also fears that illegal immigration from Vietnam and Myanmar could also bring in more cases of COVID-19, as the virus strikes provinces close to the borders.
Tag: Beijing
Tag: Border disputes China
Tag: China-Bhutan
Tag: Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Tag: Ian Bremmer
Tag: Land Border Law
Tag: LBL
Tag: National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)
Tag: Uyghur Muslims
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Find yourself being transported to the bright lights of Broadway as you are treated to all to your favourite show tunes, from the classic hits of the silver screen, to current West End blockbusters!
We'll also be welcoming leading West End performers onto the stage for a sensational night of music as this incredible line up of talent perform some of the World's most popular numbers from some of theatreland's biggest shows.
Your break also includes fun sports and leisure facilities, late-night entertainment after the show, a five-course dinner served pre-show with selected wines, a midnight 'dish of the day' and breakfast the following morning.


This is a picture of the traditional close combat knife used by the Scots. Whilst today it has a mainly ceremonial duty (we are civilised after all) it has an interesting history.
"No matter how you spell it, it's pronounced "skeen doo". In Gaelic, "Sgian" means "knife", and "Dubh" means "black". The handles of the knives are traditionally made from bog oak, which is a dark black hardwood. Black has a dual meaning for these knives; it refers to the handle wood, and also their dark, secretive side. These knives were originally intended to be hidden in the owner's clothing, to be used when taken by surprise as a last means of defense..... "