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"Embrace your quirks," the singer said at a New York City fundraiser Monday.
As if you needed another reason to want Ed Sheeran as a life partner, the singer was honored Monday in New York City for being open about conquering his stutter at the American Institute for Stuttering's Freeing Voices Changing Lives Benefit Gala. And he gave a speech that will melt your heart.
But he insisted in the speech that suttering doesn't have to be a problem. In fact, he encouraged people to embrace the qualities that make them different.
"I wanted to not necessarily to shed light on stuttering or make it a thing, but stress to kids in general to just be yourself, because there's no one in the world that can be a better you than you," he said. "If you try to be the cool kid in class, you'll end up very boring and doing plumbing for someone who apparently wasn't that cool. Be yourself. Embrace your quirks. Being weird is a wonderful thing.… I have a f—ing football team now, that's pretty cool!" Yaaaas.
Sheeran has a promising career in inspirational speaking, ya know, if this whole singing thing doesn't work out.


Since forming in 1997, Mike Kay and Steven Harding aka Milk & Sugar have lived a career most DJs would dream of.
They've performed globally alongside dance royalty such as Frankie Knuckles and David Morales, remixed on request the likes of Jamiroquai, Janet Jackson and Ben Pearce, and have continued to supply dance floors with a steady stream of powerful hits, both via their own imprint and on revered labels such as Enormous Tunes, Positiva, Ministry of Sound and many more.
Today, Germany's dynamic double act Milk & Sugar released a special CD artist album to commemorate their 20th anniversary, distributed via their label Milk & Sugar Recordings.
Electronic Groove: Hello both! What's been going on with Milk & Sugar these past few weeks?
Milk & Sugar: Hello EG! We've been busy with the release of our anniversary album. Getting the album tracks together, mastering, graphics, PR and the physical CD, which is still important over here in Germany. Plus this week it's Oktoberfest in Munich, so there was not too much time for relaxing.
EG: How does it feel to celebrate 20 years of making music?
Milk & Sugar: I suppose we didn't realize back then that it would be the beginning of a long and exciting journey. We were happy to be a part of the development of electronic music and seeing it rising from underground to the highest heights of the sales charts.
EG: Over the years, what differences have you noticed in the music scene and what's stayed the same?
Milk & Sugar: In the very beginning, club culture was all about the music and people getting together to celebrate. In clubs, a DJ was often standing in a dark corner of the club and probably considered to be a bit nerdy. Today we see the result of a development that transformed the DJ into some kind of a movie or rock star. For us, it was always about the music and the crowd who came to our parties and wanted to have a good time. We would never play a pre-recorded set and still give our best during our sets, be it in a small club or on a big festival stage.
EG: Let's talk about the new album. In the press release, you speak about a conscious decision to ensure the LP isn't essentially a 'Best Of' release – What was the reasoning behind this?
Milk & Sugar: We started last year in Autumn working on our album and tour concept, and we soon realized that we didn't just want to release 'a best of' album with all of our biggest singles or remixes. We felt should reflect our own creativity. It turned out we had to make a bunch of new tracks that have not been released yet to get on a proper number of tracks. In the end, we tried to keep a modern touch and not going back into our history too far.
EG: What tracks were made with the album in mind and what inspired these?
Milk & Sugar: There is a lot of amazing stuff to discover, like our co-operation with Ron Carroll or Roland Clark. Our intention was to make it sound like a concept album, modern sounding, made over a short period of time. The new productions raise the album to a great level in terms of more an electronic and deep house approach.
EG: There is, of course, several classics present – What memories/experiences do they bring back from your career?
Milk & Sugar: We produced a completely new version of 'Let the Sun Shine' for the album, but also included our new version of 'Higher & Higher', that we released as a single earlier this year together with a great remix package. We remember that we went to the Miami Winter Conference back in 1999 with a package of 100 vinyl promotion copies, but unfortunately, they got stuck at the customs. Only at the last conference day, they arrived at our hotel and we were able to distribute just a few to the DJ's that hadn´t already left. Nevertheless, we received great feedback and a request for a David Morales compilation soon after our return, and the rest is history.
EG: Do you approach the process of remixing your own music any different to remixing someone else's?
Milk & Sugar: It depends, but getting a perfectly balanced acapella from a producer is great fun to work with. With own productions, you struggle a lot with the composition, next with recording vocals or instrument, getting them to sit in place and so on. And then, when the production process is about to start, you sometimes lack the inspiration to create something great with those elements. A remix can be a spontaneous piece of work that breathes the spirit of intuition, whereas own productions can be sometimes over-produced and sound too constructed.
EG: We saw you recently performed at Nature One festival – what other shows have you got penciled in for 2017?
Milk & Sugar: We are planning a couple of shows for our anniversary, for example in our hometown Munich, but also during Amsterdam's ADE. We also got some great international gigs up our sleeves for the coming months, but we're especially looking forward to play NYE in Thailand and Asia.
EG: What's the number one lesson you've learned over these past 20 years?
Milk & Sugar: A lot, really, a lot! But one of the key takeaways is that have maintained our trademark sound over the years as well as our passion for real house music. This is what probably makes our sound special, and allows our community to still grow after such a long period of time.


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Why Science Needs Theories
Theories set science apart from stamp collecting
— P. Lutus — Message Page —
Copyright © 2011, P. Lutus
Explanation versus Description | Bob, Alice and Falsifiability | Darwin's Clock | The Winged Messenger | Science vs. Pseudoscience | The Structure of Science | Asperger's: A Pseudoscience Case Study | Conclusion | Feedback | References
Explanation versus Description
Here are two anecdotes from the world of science:
In 1847, decades before the germ theory of infection, physician Ignaz Semmelweiss suggested that, by washing their hands before examinations, doctors could save the lives of many maternity ward patients. Semmelweiss came to this conclusion by noting that doctor's wards produced much higher infection and death rates than midwives' wards (midwives were willing to wash their hands, doctors were not).
Semmelweiss' advice was supported by published results showing that hand-washing produced a reduction in maternal mortality to less than 1%, compared to 10%-35% in general practice. But doctors were offended by Semmelweiss' advice and rejected it.
The bottom line was that Semmelweiss couldn't offer an explanation for his advice — a reason it might work. He could describe the benefit of hand-washing, but he couldn't explain it.
In 1887, physicists Albert Michelson and Edward Morley designed an experiment meant to detect the "luminiferous ether." In the physical theory of the day, the ether was a substance thought to fill space and provide a medium for the transmission of light. In the same way that water provides a medium for water waves on a pond, the ether was thought to provide a medium for light waves in space.
As it turned out, and to the shock of working physicists, the Michelson-Morley experiment didn't detect the ether. Because the ether was essential to the prevailing theory, and because of the extreme care taken by the experimenters, this negative result placed all of physics in limbo. Subsequent efforts to incorporate this result into theory — to "save the ether" — were unsuccessful, and it was only with the 1905 publication of Einstein's theory of Special Relativity that the crisis was resolved. (Special Relativity doesn't disprove the idea of an ether, it just doesn't need it.)
Einstein offered a new, testable theory to replace the old, and explained why the Michelson-Morley experiment didn't detect the ether.
Let's compare these examples. In the hand-washing example, Semmelweiss summarized specific experimental results — descriptions — and offered a piece of general advice. But because he had skipped over the step of explaining the experimental results, doctors refused to go along. This is an example of a description awaiting an explanation, and of people being skeptical of a mere description. The fact that Semmelweiss was absolutely right, and that his advice could have saved many lives, only dramatizes the role played by explanation.
In the ether example, a prevailing theory (an explanation) was contradicted by experiment (a description), and scientists realized they didn't have a working model for an essential part of physics. This theoretical crisis temporarily placed the physics of light outside the domain of science.
These examples show that, without explanation, description is not science, and without description, explanation is not science. (Or: without theory, evidence is not science, and without evidence, theory is not science.) Both are required — if we only offer theories and never test them, it's philosophy. If we only gather data and never shape and test a theory about the data, we're not scientists but stamp collectors.
If we collect evidence and shape a theory about the evidence, we take the perpetual risk that our theory might be falsified by new evidence. We can use our theory to predict the outcome of experiments not yet performed (examples below). Each experimental success increases confidence in our theory, but each experiment has the potential to falsify it. That's science.
Bob, Alice and Falsifiability
Readers may ask whether the above section goes too far — doesn't it define science too strictly? Can't we have sciences that rely only on description, or only on explanation? Well, no, we can't, because of the essential part played in science by falsifiability:
Let's say Bob watches a moving billiard ball collide head-on with a stationary one, notices that the first ball comes to a complete stop, and (barring friction) the second ball moves away with the exact velocity of the first — no more, no less. Bob now has a description.
Let's say that Joe, and Frank, and other observers, also witness billiard ball collisions — they all now have descriptions that may or may not agree.
Let's say Alice proposes a theory about energy — of motion, among other kinds of energy — in which it's always conserved, meaning energy can change form, or be transferred from one object to another, but is never created or destroyed. Alice now has an explanation.
By itself, Bob's observation cannot become science, because it only describes, other descriptions may differ, and more importantly, it's not possible to falsify a description. Bob's description needs an explanation.
By itself, Alice's theory cannot become science, because in isolation it is an untested, therefore unfalsifiable, explanation of reality. It must be tested, compared to reality — to descriptions — and without this requirement, Alice is free to say anything. Alice's explanation needs supporting descriptions.
Only by comparing Alice's explanation with Bob's — and Joe's, and Frank's — descriptions, do we have the chance to validate or falsify a proposed general statement about reality.
Only by comparing Alice's theory to reality (by comparing Alice's explanation to Bob's description), do we cross the threshold of science. And it doesn't matter whether the comparison succeeds or fails — it's still science.
Science isn't defined by the shaping of theories and the gathering of experimental data — it's defined by a willingness to test theories against reality and cast out theories that fail comparison with reality. This may seem self-evident, but much of what's called science in the modern world fails to meet this criterion, and the word "science" is frequently used to describe activities that are quite obviously not science.
Darwin's Clock
This is one of my favorite stories about the power of theory to unify otherwise seemingly unrelated scientific fields. While doing preliminary research for what would become the Theory of Evolution, Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism for species evolution called natural selection. But a problem arose — natural selection required a certain amount of time and, based on the theorized age of the earth, there wasn't enough time for natural selection to produce observed species and their level of complexity.
In Darwin's time, assumptions about the age of the earth hinged on assumptions about the mechanism responsible for the sun's energy. In the mid-19th century, the sun was thought to radiate by the converted energy of gravitational contraction. Unfortunately for Darwin's work, this mechanism only allowed the earth to have a lifetime of millions of years, not the billions required for an evolution from single-celled organisms to modern vertebrates. Being a scientist, Darwin took this problem very seriously — he even went so far as to consider the idea of inheritance of acquired traits, which, had it been true, would have greatly sped up natural selection. But as things stood, given the assumed lifetime of the sun and barring an ad hoc explanation like inheritance of acquired traits, Darwin's theory stood falsified by an older, better-established theory with more observational evidence.
It was only in the 1930s that Hans Bethe provided a detailed explanation showing that the sun's energy arises from nuclear fusion, not gravitational contraction. Nuclear fusion directly converts mass to energy, a process that can go on for billions of years, and the last serious barrier to acceptance of natural selection was removed. This paved the way for the so-called Modern Synthesis, the present understanding of biological evolution.
In this way a theory in particle physics provided critical support to a theory in biology. It's hard to imagine two scientific fields with less in common, and this story dramatizes the unifying effect of scientific theory.
The Winged Messenger
By the beginning of the 20th century, observational astronomy had become very precise — precise enough to detect small deviations from Newtonian orbital mechanics. One such deviation was a small precession in the perihelion (closest approach to the sun) of Mercury's elliptical orbit, amounting to 43 arc-seconds per century.
This deviation was small enough that it was initially attributed to systematic errors in observation, but newer, more careful observations eliminated that possibility. The deviation contradicted the prevailing Newtonian gravitational theory and remained unexplained until Einstein published his General Relativity theory in 1916. General Relativity explains the precession as resulting from the fact that masses change the shape of spacetime — or, as physicist John Wheeler put it, "Mass tells spacetime how to curve, and spacetime tells mass how to move."
A simpler, more accessible (and less accurate) explanation is to note that, under General Relativity, time passes more slowly near masses, therefore Mercury's velocity is slightly reduced when it's near the sun, and this changes Mercury's orbital path in a way that doesn't agree with Newtonian physics.
The point I make with this example is that Einstein's theory would never have been accepted without observational confirmation (i.e. until his explanation was vindicated by descriptions), and the Mercury-orbit example is just one of many. More important, Einstein's theory made predictions of things not yet observed, things that were later observed, a particularly compelling kind of scientific evidence.
Had Einstein's theory made predictions that were not borne out in observation, or had observations appeared that did not agree with Einstein's theory, this would have falsified the theory and it would have been abandoned. But there's no opposite outcome — scientific theories are never proven true. They are perpetually falsifiable by new evidence, and they never become "laws." This statement seems contradicted by how often one hears the expression "scientific law," but there are no scientific laws, only scientific theories with varying degrees of observational support.
Science vs. Pseudoscience
In my voluminous correspondence with science students, many from fields that are scientific in name only, I've heard many of the expressions people use when calling something "science" that isn't science. One example is "soft science." But in fact, there's no such thing as "soft science" any more than there's such a thing as "slightly dead."
Here are some of the sillier defenses offered by people claiming that a given field is really science:
"Some form of the word 'science' appears in its name."
"It's listed as a science in university curricula."
"The practitioners wear white lab coats."
"There's lots of cages with pigeons and rats."
"They have professional journals that sometimes reject articles that don't meet their standards."
"They get government grant money that's been earmarked for scientific research."
"You need a doctorate to practice it."
But science isn't defined circumstantially, it's defined in much more direct ways, and a field's standing among sciences is much easier to establish than for an individual. For a field to be counted among sciences:
The field must have theories that unambiguously define it.
The theories must be stated clearly enough to be conclusively falsifiable through evidence.
The field must have ongoing, disciplined research programs.
The research must address, and must have the potential to falsify, the field's theories.
If research falsifies one or more of the theory's claims, those claims must be abandoned.
If all the theory's claims are falsified, the field itself must be abandoned.
There are only a few named sciences that meet all these requirements. To dramatize the amount of illusion in science, in an earlier article I published a toy astrology study. The study, although rather silly, is perfectly legitimate science — it gathers evidence and analyzes it, and its result has practical value to astrologers. But it cannot be used to confer scientific status to astrology, because it fails criterion (4) in the table above — it doesn't address astrology's theories.
In science, as explained above, a field is defined by its theories, and those theories must be falsifiable by new evidence. A scientific field's practitioners are more than willing to support or falsify the field's theories through vigorous research, because (among other things) any significant finding, positive or negative, is a sure way to establish one's standing among peers.
A classic example is the Michelson-Morley experiment cited above. It failed to confirm what its authors had hoped to confirm, and by publishing this negative result the researchers temporarily undermined their own field. In the long run, this negative result was of critical significance to the progress of science, but that could not have been obvious at the time. The publication of this result was a clear act of scientific integrity.
The philosophical meaning of Michelson-Morley and many similar cases is that there are no failed scientific experiments. All legitimate scientific results, positive and negative, increase our understanding of reality.
In pseudoscience, a field may have theories, but the field's continued existence does not depend on evidence for or against its theories. Research programs are often only peripherally related to the defining theories, and published results often contradict other results in the same field without anyone noticing. The field's practitioners are often unwilling to publish outcomes that might jeopardize the field's reputation among the public or that might adversely affect professional advancement. Such a field's journal editors are sometimes unwilling to publish negative outcomes, as a result of which most published research is of positive results, regardless of how soft the original evidence is, or how many negative studies must be abandoned along the way.
There is ample confirmation for the above summary. A recent study of publications ranked by field shows a strong bias against publishing negative outcomes among the so-called "soft sciences." To quote from the linked study:
"The hypothesis of a Hierarchy of the Sciences with physical sciences at the top, social sciences at the bottom, and biological sciences in-between is nearly 200 years old ... This study analysed 2434 papers published in all disciplines and that declared to have tested a hypothesis. It was determined how many papers reported a 'positive' (full or partial) or 'negative' support for the tested hypothesis. If the hierarchy hypothesis is correct, then researchers in 'softer' sciences should have fewer constraints to their conscious and unconscious biases, and therefore report more positive outcomes. Results confirmed the predictions at all levels considered ... the odds of reporting a positive result were around 5 times higher among papers in the disciplines of Psychology and Psychiatry and Economics and Business compared to Space Science ...".
The above-cited study shows that, of the publication sample, space science published 29.8% negative outcomes, while psychiatry/psychology published just 8.5%. This graph summarizes the study's conclusions.
It's not possible to overestimate the risk to science posed by a bias against publication of negative results. If a body of evidence has only marginal statistical significance, repeated publication of positive results and rejection of negative results can produce a completely false positive impression of an idea's scientific standing. In an in-depth analysis of this risk published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers compared a list of successful research proposals for antidepressant medications to later article publication, and discovered that 34% of the studies simply weren't published. The study found that virtually all the published articles (94%) reported positive results. The remainder of the studies, the negative outcomes, were either not published (2/3), or were rewritten in a way calculated to suggest a positive outcome, but at odds with the study's actual results (1/3).
The authors of the above study say, "Whether and how the studies were published were associated with the study outcome", a diplomatic way of saying that negative outcomes tended to be discarded or rewritten. To a naïve reader of scientific literature, this makes antidepressants seem effective in 94% of published studies. But an FDA analysis of the same studies, including those that were not published, shows positive outcomes in 51% of the studies, and negative outcomes in 49%. This means the real results lie near the chance level and, contrary to a very public impression, support the null hypothesis (in this case, the idea that antidepressants don't actually work).
The Structure of Science
The foregoing sections are meant to show that (a) evidence validates or falsifies a theory, and (b) a theory defines a scientific field. Any breakdown — a failure to properly test the theory, or a disconnect between evidence and theory, as two examples — invalidates the scientific standing of the field.
Fields without theories (or without testable theories) tend to have research programs that either ignore or contradict each other, a fact that would become obvious if only there was a coherent theory to inform the research. My point is that the presence of scientists, and of scientific research, is by itself no assurance that a field is scientific. Even the presence of a theory that defines the field is of no use if the field's research doesn't meaningfully address the theory.
For example, let's take Superstring Theory — if it were a separate branch of physics, it would have everything a scientific field requires except the ability to test its theoretical claims. With respect to Superstring theory it's not laziness that prevents meaningful tests, the issues are deeper than that — a quote from the linked article: "... it is exceedingly hard to make predictions from any superstring theory which can be falsified by experiment, and in fact no current superstring theory makes any falsifiable prediction." Superstring Theory may eventually bear scientific fruit, but at present it's philosophy with plenty of mathematics — it's all theory and no evidence.
By contrast, the cosmological issues of Dark Matter and Dark Energy represent fields that are all observational evidence. On that basis they aren't scientific either, but for the opposite reason of the prior example: they're all evidence and no theory.
This is not to suggest that these ideas don't deserve support — they do, because they're important physics frontiers of different kinds — just to say that they're not formally sciences at present. Each of these examples deserves support on the ground that they're expected eventually to produce the missing part (evidence or theory) and turn themselves into sciences.
On the other hand, there are fields that superficially resemble sciences, but that have no chance to ever fulfill the requirements of a real science as set out above.
Asperger's: A Pseudoscience Case Study
Because there's no shortage of pseudoscientific practices at large in the world, choosing an example is somewhat arbitrary. But even in a short list of pathetic efforts to dupe the public, the Asperger's story is particularly egregious.
First, clinical psychology is fringe even among pseudosciences, and a clinical psychologist can get away with virtually anything short of killing his/her clients (although that sometimes happens). As just two examples selected at random, there are prominent therapists offering Past Lives Therapy and Alien Abduction Recovery Therapy (and many willing clients). In a scientific field, these practices would have to prove their efficacy and correspondence with the field's theories and evidence, except that in clinical psychology (a) there's no requirement for practitioners to show efficacy, and (b) there's nothing resembling a testable, scientific theory to govern the field's practices.
In 1944 Hans Asperger asserted that a distinctive form of mild autism merited its own diagnosis. Characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests, physical clumsiness and atypical use of language, what became known as Asperger Syndrome had certain traits that separated it from other forms of high-functioning autism (HFA) — for example, relatively normal linguistic and cognitive development.
As with so many psychological ideas, Hans Asperger's discovery appeared destined to sink out of sight, except that it was recently championed by Allen Frances, chair of the department of psychiatry at Duke University School of Medicine and chair of the DSM-IV Task Force. (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the "bible" of psychological practice.) Because of Frances' efforts, Asperger's was included in DSM-IV as an official diagnostic category.
Around the same time, someone frosted the cake by assembling a list of people thought to have had Asperger's Syndrome or another form of mild autism, including Thomas Jefferson, Albert Einstein, Bill Gates, and many others.
The result — of making Asperger's an official DSM-IV diagnostic category, and of revealing that a great number of famous, successful people were "sufferers" — quickly turned the Asperger's diagnosis into ... wait for it ... a really cool thing to get for your quirky youngster. There was also a factor later bemoaned by Frances himself, that those having the diagnosis could force school districts to provide special education services.
In a recent interview, Frances says, "And so kids who previously might have been considered on the boundary, eccentric, socially shy, but bright and doing well in school would mainstream [into] regular classes ... Now if they get the diagnosis of Asperger's disorder, [they] get into a special program where they may get $50,000 a year worth of educational services."
These factors produced an epidemic of Asperger's diagnoses, and Frances soon regretted having been its champion. Frances, who now strongly advocates abandonment of the Asperger's diagnosis, says the true Asperger's rate is "vanishingly rare," and it's likely that better than 90% of present Asperger's diagnoses are given to people with no significant mental difficulties (the remainder likely have some mild form of autism not meriting the Asperger's label).
To summarize, the problems with an Asperger's diagnosis are:
Its association with famous, successful, very individualistic people, a trait guaranteed to attract the attention of teenagers intent on setting themselves apart from their mundane peers.
Its status as a lever to force special treatment from schools, a trait guaranteed to attract the attention of parents intent on playing the system.
The fact that the diagnosis is easily confused with the normal behavior of bright youngsters, a trait guaranteed to attract the attention of parents suffering from Münchausen Syndrome by Proxy, people constantly looking for ways to stigmatize their offspring with imaginary illnesses.
The fact that no one knows what causes autism, how to unambiguously diagnose it, how to treat it, or how to cure it, which means there are no reliable diagnostic indicators beyond the opinion of mental health practitioners, people who rarely agree on anything.
What I don't understand is that the problems listed above should have been obvious at the outset, especially to people who pride themselves in understanding behavior, who see themselves as professionals in deciphering the human psyche. But this sage clan of mental health professionals forged ahead and opened Pandora's Box.
In a larger sense, the above list shows that Asperger's — and most other mental illness diagnoses — have a serious problem: there's nothing resembling science in the process. This is not to argue that people don't have mental difficulties, it's only to say that the mental health field is a playground for unethical and incompetent practices, conjectures, fads, and gross miscalculations like those leading up to the present status of Asperger's.
In a predictable coda to the Asperger's affair, it's being abandoned as a serious diagnostic category. For those unfamiliar with the history of human psychology, every proposed diagnosis is eventually either refuted and abandoned (as with Asperger's, homosexuality and many others), or recognized as a physical ailment with mental symptoms, as with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism (the real kind, i.e. Rain Man).
Conclusion? It may be there are no true "mental illnesses" (ailments of the mind alone, diagnosable and treatable using psychological methods); there may only be fanciful psychological diagnoses awaiting abandonment, and physical illnesses with mental symptoms awaiting reassignment to the field of neuroscience.
One is reduced to such conjectures because there are no defining scientific theories in psychology. The theory vacuum in human psychology is so severe that, when researchers recently wanted to identify discredited therapies, they decided to ask clinical psychologists for their opinions and let their responses decide the issue. A quotation from the linked article: "A second major flaw in this survey was the lack of safeguards. As it stands there is no evidence, except self-report, as to what the respondents actually knew about the techniques they were 'voting on'. Thus the results could reflect nothing more reliable than the respondents' personal opinions and prejudices. There is no way of telling how far this is, or is not, the case." In spite of this laughable data-gathering method, it seems the authors couldn't think of a more reliable way to evaluate current mental health practices.
To summarize this section, psychiatry and psychology, although different pursuits, both suffer from a lack of testable theory and, in some cases, a contempt for evidence-gathering and analysis. Unfortunately, these fields are often mistaken for sciences by vulnerable members of the public, by courts of law, by medical insurers, and by school districts. This is both deplorable and correctable.
Because of its significance to the modern world, defining science is more than a philosophical exercise. As just one example, for those who depend on science to validate medical treatments, science's proper definition can be a matter of life or death. And because of its potential for validation, any number of people would like to associate themselves with science, but without necessarily adopting the methods and discipline this would require.
A given field may have any number of scientists at work within it, and any number of slick professional journals, but might never take the dangerous step of shaping a theory that formally defines the field — a theory specific enough to be falsified by evidence.
Such fields resemble politicians in an election year, who know they must avoid taking a stand on any issue that could backfire in the future. For this reason, they make seemingly informative public pronouncements that only appear to convey meaning, and (in the U.S.) will avoid discussing certain topics entirely — Social Security, Israel, women's rights, race relations, and a few others. In the same way, pseudoscientific fields avoid taking positions that might be falsified by research.
But imagine what might happen if these strict and unspoken rules were to be briefly suspended with respect to psychology. Someone then might candidly say, "We want the status of science, but we can't produce testable, falsifiable theories about human behavior. So we conduct endless studies, none of which address a nonexistent central defining theory, many of which are thrown away rather than being published, and some that confirm a researcher's pet theory but can't be replicated by others. And no matter what is discovered and published, it has no effect on the behavior of clinical psychologists, who simply don't care about science except to claim that their practice is based on science."
Reader responses to this article.
Description versus Explanation I
I just read your essay "Why Science Needs Theories" and agree with everything you've written save for one nagging issue I would like to resolve. In the example of Semmelweiss and hand-washing, you state that his advice went unheeded because he only provided a descriptive analysis and did not include any explanation of his results. For clarification, do you mean that he did not provide the medical establishment at the time with the explanation of how he arrived at his empirical results, or do you mean that he did not provide a theoretical mechanism (eg. germ theory) for why hand-washing would in fact explain the decrease in mortality? The second. An empirical conclusion, based on observation but without an explanation, wasn't persuasive. Someone could argue that the evidence was circumstantial or biased. That's still true, by the way — many studies in psychology and other soft sciences seem quite persuasive until one reads all the studies that flatly contradict them, using equally persuasive descriptive evidence. This distinction is important in my understanding of whether you view scientific theory as strictly necessitating a mechanism for its explanatory power or if explanation of the empirical process used in arriving at the falsifiable theory is sufficient. Hold on. How can you have a falsifiable theory unless you offer an testable explanation? There is no description so persuasive that it can stand in for an effort to explain. So the idea of a testable explanation is the central issue. Would Semmelweiss' recommendation have been scientific if he explained his experimental process documenting the inductive process along with the conclusion derived from the collected statistical data, or would he have had to formulate a falsifiable mechanism (eg germ theory) explaining why such a result makes sense? He would have had to offer an explanation, then use it to make a prediction about an experiment not yet conducted, then the experiment would have had to support his explanation. As was true for Louis Pasteur 25 years later, when the doctors finally began to listen.
Description versus Explanation II
Hold on. How can you have a falsifiable theory unless you offer an testable explanation? There is no description so persuasive that it can stand in for an effort to explain. So the idea of a testable explanation is the central issue.
I was hinting at the type of science routinely done under the methodological title of 'observational study'. Ironically I always denounce such studies to colleagues as unreliable and merely a way to come up with hypotheses, but nevertheless, does it not have a place in the scientist's toolkit, maybe we can call it pre-science? For some years now I've been taking the position with psychologists that science must have testable theories and (thus) a basis for falsification, and I don't think this is particularly controversial if one thinks about it, because:
To count as science, claims must have the potential for falsification by way of evidence.
Falsifiability requires someone to offer an explanation.
Explanations are the everyday name for testable theories.
One cannot falsify a mere description. Penzias and Wilson really did have a noise in their microwave dish, that's hardly open to dispute. What won them a Nobel Prize was the explanation they offered for the noise, not the noise itself. It seems the point of contention is not that such methods are unscientific, but that they are not persuasive enough standing on their own merit and must eventually be followed up with testable theory of mechanism in order to be considered scientific (as yet unfalsified) fact. Yes. Scientific observations are like Olympic athletic training — many people train in ways indistinguishable from Olympic athletes, but few actually compete in the Olympics. Many observations and descriptions are given the name "scientific," but this is a polite convention, sort of like calling an athletic performance "world class" — it all depends on what happens next. So then my argument is not so much against your definition of science as it is a proposal to sometimes relax that strict definition for pragmatic reasons. And my reply must be the same one I give psychologists — if everyone describes and no one explains, at some point it's necessary to distinguish those descriptions that eventually are followed by explanations, from those that never are. The former are science, the latter are onanism. Would it not have been prudent to have listened to Semmelweiss given his data and followed up with more rigorous explanations rather than ignoring him completely? One might argue that Hans Asperger (Asperger Syndrome) deserved the same recognition, on the ground that his description seemed reasonable. Or Walter Freeman (prefrontal lobotomy). Or Wilhelm Reich (Orgone box). These descriptions predated any reasonable chance for an explanation, all were eventually abandoned, and all of them caused tremendous waste and confusion for lack of a testable explanation (and of any effort to conduct objective tests).
I chose Semmelweiss as an example because he was right, in order not to be seen as preaching to the choir (i.e. through choosing only examples in which a description turned out to be wrong, as above). The point is that, absent a testable explanation, Semmelweiss failed an implied responsibility to take more concrete steps, well-defined and time-tested, to earn the attention of doctors.
In this connection, remember the null hypothesis, the assumption that, without a tested theory (and in a manner of speaking), observations that support an idea can fairly be looked on as examples of confirmation bias, conscious or unconscious, or the placebo effect. The null hypothesis is a great labor-saving device — it forces people to do more than argue that descriptions constitute science.
Scientific Theory — A reasonable summary that unfortunately includes the meaningless term "scientific law."
Ignaz Semmelweiss — Dared to suggest that doctors wash their hands.
Michelson-Morley Experiment — Great experiment, but no detected ether.
Special Relativity — The relativity of unaccelerated motions.
General Relativity — A more general theory that accommodates accelerations.
What's A Mental Disorder? Even Experts Can't Agree (NPR) — Allen Frances confesses all.
Hans Asperger (Wikipedia)
Asperger Syndrome (Wikipedia)
A Powerful Identity, a Vanishing Diagnosis — Psychologists reluctantly abandon Asperger's.
Evidence-based practice — A rather discouraging look at how psychologists are trying to reform their field.
Discredited Psychological Treatments and Tests: A Delphi Poll — An influential but rather comical effort to identify discredited therapies, by collecting the opinions of clinical psychologists.
The Myth of Mental Illness — One of my prior articles on this general topic.
Asperger's by Proxy — Personal observations of a dysfunctional family.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Training for junior teams will be on Tuesdays between 5:30pm and 6:30pm, commencing Tuesday 20 February 2018.
Training for senior teams will be on Tuesday between 8:30pm and 9:30pm, commencing Tuesday 20 February 2018.
Training will start promptly at the times shown.


Electricity theft is a criminal activity, which places lives in danger and adds unnecessary cost to people's electricity bills. If you think someone is tampering with their electricity supply please call Haven Power on 01473 725943.
If you do not wish to contact us, you can still report your concerns using this website: www.stayenergysafe.co.uk. Your report will be treated confidentially, and you do not have to give your name.


Aloha Pacific Federal Credit Union has nine branches in Hawaii. Its members may also access their funds from any CO-OP, First Hawaiian Bank, American Savings Bank, or Hawaii National Bank ATMs free of charge. It offers business savings and checking accounts, commercial lending, safe deposit boxes, automated coin bank, notary, and realty services.
It has an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau and generally positive reviews online. To be eligible to become a member of Aloha Pacific Federal Credit Union, you must meet one of its eligibility requirements.
Ready to get started with Aloha Pacific Federal Credit Union business checking? Apply now.
Aloha Pacific Federal Credit Union has nine branches in Hawaii. Its members may also access their funds from any CO-OP, First Hawaiian Bank, American Savings Bank, or Hawaii National Bank ATMs free of charge. You can use its branch locator to check which locations are closest to you.
Aloha Pacific Federal Credit Union also offers business savings accounts, credit cards, and commercial real estate financing. It currently does not offer Small Business Administration funding, business lines and loans, money market accounts, and wealth management. Find out more about its small business offerings on its website.


text:
Restoration of Stewart Drive's Stonework
Leave a Comment / News, Restoration / By Johannesburg Heritage Foundation
As part of the JHF's on-going Restoration Programme, we are proud to announce that the stonework along beautiful Stewart Drive has been stabilised and repaired. Funded by the Johannesburg Heritage Foundation, this was a collaborative effort with Mayat Hart Architects, local activist Richard Holden, City Parks (who developed Stewart Drive Park and installed playground equipment) and City Power (who responded to our appeal and fixed the street lighting).
We trust that the local community and church groups who meet in the adjoining ravine will continue supporting this historic pass, and that the illegal dumping that once blighted the site will be curtailed.
A Short History of Stewart Drive
Stewart Drive connects Yeoville, Highlands and Bellevue to Bellevue Central, Bertrams and Lorentzville. It is Johannesburg's longest pass, connecting two areas of relatively high density – greater Yeoville and greater Bertrams, but it traverses a wooded and scenic ravine unspoiled by development.
Construction of Stewart Drive started in 1933 and was completed in 1935. Anna Smith records a Council Minute for 26 September noting the petition from ratepayers to name the "proposed connecting link road" Stewart Drive or Road to commemorate the public work over more than quarter of a century of Mr Joseph Stewart, a local man who lived in Judith's Paarl. The decision was taken to name it Stewart Drive, although the ratepayers association of the Yeoville/Bellevue area had suggested "Bellevue Drive". In 1937 the drive was lined with a low stone wall with open arches made of dressed quartzite quarried from the site. The stone wall is the culmination of a municipal programme that started in the early 1930s, providing unemployed white labour with the opportunity to learn stone masonry and providing them with public projects to earn a living.
Decline and Restoration
Demographic changes and poor urban management has resulted in the rapid decay of greater Yeoville and greater Bertrams since the 1990s. Stewart Drive did not escape this fate and, by the second decade of the 21st century, it had become a local dumping spot.
In about 2015, Yeoville resident Richard Holden decided the neglect of this historic pass could no longer be tolerated. When appeals for assistance from agencies of the City of Johannesburg proved unsuccessful, he decided to roll up his sleeves and get the job done himself. Between 2015 and 2018, he and Thulani Madondo removed tons of waste from the pass and ravine. This work has continued, with Holden taking on the responsibility for everything from mowing the lawn at the top of the pass, to continuing to keep the pass and ravine clean.
However, cleaning of the pass and ravine highlighted the poor condition of the stonework. Most of the damage is a result of missing mortar. This results in loosening of the dressed stone, and in some cases has resulted in the loss of stones.
Local stone masons, under the supervision of Richard Holden and Mayat Hart Architects, have now repaired much of the degraded mortar and replaced some of the missing stones. It's a huge improvement and we sincerely thank everyone who got involved with this project.
In the last month, Richard Holden has also paid Boltson's to repair the paving on the south end of the pass, which was in bad condition.
An enlightening article on the restoration of Stewart Drive recently appeared in the Citizen newspaper (see below).
Yeoville residents welcome refurbished park


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text:
Q: What does "loading" page actually load Many heavy games have a loading splash screen before the game starts. I wonder, what does a load page actually load (so maybe I can use such an optimization in my app)? Are they loading images? If they are then memory will run out quickly.
Thank you

A: Loading pics, deserializing data, requesting data from db... it depends on what app actually do.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Items where Subject is "15 COMMERCE, MANAGEMENT, TOURISM AND SERVICES > 1503 Business and Management > 150308 International Business"
Export as ASCII CitationBibTeXDublin CoreEP3 XMLEndNoteHTML CitationJSONMETSMultiline CSVObject IDsOpenURL ContextObjectRDF+N-TriplesRDF+N3RDF+XMLReferReference Manager Atom RSS 1.0 RSS 2.0 RSS 2.0
Fields of Research (48831)
15 COMMERCE, MANAGEMENT, TOURISM AND SERVICES (2013)
1503 Business and Management (698)
150308 International Business (50)
Jump to: Article | Book Chapter | Report | Conference Item | Book | Thesis
Kannaiah, Desti, and Jayakumar, A. (2018) Impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices on consumer behavior (with reference to FMCGs in Tamil Nadu). International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 13 (3). pp. 1-14.
Dahms, Sven (2015) The effects of institutions and subsidiary competence on the international market orientation in foreign-owned subsidiaries. Management Research Review, 38 (12). pp. 1285-1305.
Jiang, Fuming, Liu, Lixian, and Stening, Bruce W. (2014) Do foreign firms operating in China incur a liability of foreignness? Local firms' perspective. Thunderbird International Business Review, 56 (6). pp. 501-518.
Prideaux, Murray (2014) Issues in the health care system in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. The Business Review, Cambridge, 22 (1 - Summer 2014). pp. 59-65.
Wong, Caroline (2014) Serangoon Road: a bridge for co-production and cultural learnings in the Asia-Pacific. Creative Transformations Asia, 1. pp. 12-14.
Kuah, Adrian T.H., Esposito, Mark, and Tse, Terence (2013) Competitive advantage rewired. European Business Review, Jul-Aug . pp. 8-11.
Wong, Caroline (2011) Collaboration and co-production in the Singapore film industry: opportunities for development through strategic alliances. Journal of Competence-Based Strategic Management, 5. pp. 29-48.
Cole, Nina, and Mcnulty, Yvonne (2011) Why do female expatriates 'fit-in' better than males? an analysis of self-transcendence and socio-cultural adjustment. Cross Cultural Management, 18 (2). pp. 144-164.
McNulty, Yvonne, De Cieri, Helen, and Hutchings, Kate (2009) Do global firms measure expatriate return on investment? An empirical examination of measures, barriers and variables influencing global staffing practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20 (6). pp. 1309-1326.
Kar, Malobi, and Yahagi, Toshiyuki (2009) The process of international business model transfer in the Seven-Eleven group: US-Japan-China. Asia Pacific Business Review, 15 (1). pp. 41-58.
McNulty, Yvonne (2008) How a major multinational is working to overcome the barriers to improved expatriate ROI. Global Business and Organisational Excellence, 27 (3). pp. 38-47.
Kuah, Adrian (2008) Clustering in the UK financial services: the quest for the enigmatic pecuniary externality. University of Bradford. School of Management. Working Paper Series, 08/30. pp. 1-19.
Wong, Caroline (2008) A knowledge-based economy: the case of Singapore. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 8 (6). pp. 169-180.
Kuah, Adrian (2007) The Porterian Concept on the case of London and its lessons for Singapore. University of Bradford. School of Management. Working Paper Series, 07/23. pp. 1-14.
Wong, Caroline Y.L., Millar, Carla C.J.M., and Choi, Chong Ju (2006) Singapore in transition: from technology to culture hub. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10 (5). pp. 79-91.
Kuah, Adrian, and Day, John (2005) Revisiting the Porter Diamond: applying importance performance matrix to the Singaporean financial cluster. University of Bradford. School of Management. Working Paper Series, 05/39. pp. 1-22.
Berrell, Michael, Teal, Greg, and Gloet, Marianne (2005) Culture and globalization in the curriculum: theory, cases and practice. Journal of New Business Ideas and Trends, 3 (1). pp. 1-8.
McNulty, Yvonne M., and Tharenou, Phyllis (2004) Expatriate return on investment: a definition and antecedents. International Studies of Management and Organization, 34 (3). pp. 68-95.
Bartels, Frank L., and Freeman, Nick J. (2000) Multinational firms and FDI in Southeast Asia: post-crisis changes in the manufacturing sector. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 17 (3). pp. 324-341.
Klimkeit, Dirk, and K., Thirumaran (2018) Conclusion to "Management of Shared Service Centers in Asia: examples from Malaysia and Singapore". In: Klimkeit, Dirk, and K., Thirumaran, (eds.) Management of Shared Service Centers in Asia: Examples from Malaysia and Singapore. GRIN Verlag, Munich, Germany, pp. 109-113.
K., Thirumaran, and Klimkeit, Dirk (2018) Introduction to "Management of Shared Service Centers in Asia: examples from Malaysia and Singapore". In: Klimkeit, Dirk, and K., Thirumaran, (eds.) Management of Shared Service Centers in Asia: Examples from Malaysia and Singapore. GRIN Verlag, Munich, Germany, pp. 9-13.
Ng, Eddy S., and Lillevik, Waheeda (2017) Intercultural communication in the world of business. In: Chen, Ling, (ed.) Intercultural Communication. Handbooks of Communication Science, 9 . De Gruyter Mouton, Berlin, Germany, pp. 597-616.
Wong, Caroline (2008) Knowledge economy in transition: the case of Singapore. In: Yigitcanlar, Tan, Velibeyoglu, Koray, and Baum, Scott, (eds.) Knowledge-Based Urban Development: planning and applications in the information era. IGI Global, New York, NY, USA, pp. 58-80.
McNulty, Yvonne M., and Tharenou, Phyllis (2006) Moving the research agenda forward on expatriate return on investment. In: Morley, Michael J., Heraty, Noreen, and Collings, David G., (eds.) New Directions in Expatriate Research. Palgrave Macmillan, UK, pp. 18-38.
Bartels, Frank (2002) Conflict and resolution: avoiding political and legal pitfalls - the case of Enron in India. In: Fletcher, Richard, and Brown, Linden, (eds.) International Marketing: an Asia-Pacific perspective. Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW, pp. 203-208.
Berrell, Michael M., and Gloet, Marianne (2002) Government relations and managing political risks. In: Zhang, Xinsheng, Wang, Yuan, Wrathall, Jeff, and Berrell, Mike, (eds.) International Management: managing in the era of globalization. China Renmin University Press, Beijing, China, pp. 127-148.
Kuah, Adrian T.H., Shapira, Philip, Doyle, Eleanor, and Ward, Damian R. (2011) Productivity, Innovation and Competitiveness in Small Open Economies. Report. Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI).
Kuah, Adrian T.H., Shapira, Philip, Doyle, Eleanor, and Ward, Damian R. (2010) Competitiveness and Innovation: profiles of three small open economies: New Zealand, Singapore and Republic of Ireland. Report. Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI).
McNulty, Yvonne (2010) Expatriate return on investment in global firms: executive summary for participating firms and their expatriates. Report. UNSPECIFIED, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia.
Kuah, Adrian T.H., Shapira, Philip, Doyle, Eleanor, and Ward, Damian R. (2009) A Comparison of Northern Ireland's Productivity and Efficiency Across Services and Manufacturing. Report. Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI).
Kuah, Adrian T.H., Shapira, Philip, Doyle, Eleanor, and Ward, Damian R. (2009) Mapping Organizational Capabilities for Innovation and Competitiveness: research performance and patenting in small open economies. Report. Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI).
McNulty, Yvonne (2009) Measuring expatriate return on investment in global firms: industry report for participating firms and their expatriates. Report. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
McNulty, Yvonne (2007) Measuring expatriate return on investment in global firms: industry report for participating firms. Report. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
McNulty, Yvonne, De Cieri, Helen, and Hutchings, Katherine (2007) Measuring expatriate return on investment: empirical evidence from global firms. Working Paper. Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Wong, Caroline, Matthews, Judy, and DeFillippi, Robert (2015) Managing collaboration in co-production: the Serangoon Road case. In: Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand International Business Academy Conference. pp. 1-27. From: ANZIBA 2015: Australia and New Zealand International Business Academy Conference, 11-13 February 2015, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Bhati, Abhishek, Lee, Derrick, and Kairon, Harjinder (2014) "Underlining factors in deciding to pursue Australian higher education in Singapore": an International students' perspective. In: Procedia: social and behavioral sciences (116) pp. 1064-1067. From: 5th World Conference on Educational Sciences, 5-8 February 2013, Rome, Italy.
Wong, Caroline, and Millar, Carla (2013) Singapore: a knowledge based city in transition. In: [Presented at the EURA 2013 Conference]. From: EURA 2013 Conference: cities as seedbeds for innovation, July 4-6 2013, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Ma, Xufei, LI, Donghong, and Wang, Pengji (2012) What determines the establishment of Chinese multinational enterprises' Asia regional headquarters? In: Proceedings of the Academy of International Business Southeast Asia Regional (AIBSEAR) Conference . P019. pp. 1-37. From: 2012 Academy of International Business Southeast Asia Regional (AIBSEAR) Conference, 6-8 December 2012, Xiamen, China.
Wang, Pengji (2012) What determines the establishment of Chinese multinational enterprises' Asia regional headquarters? In: Proceedings of Euro-Asia Management Studies Association (EAMSA) 2012. From: The 29th Euro-Asia Management Studies Association (EAMSA) Annual Conference , 31 October - 3 November 2012, Singapore.
Wong, Caroline (2010) Managing creativity and its challenges: case of the film industry in Singapore. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Knowledge Cities World Summit. pp. 401-416. From: 3rd Knowledge Cities World Summit, 16-19 November 2010, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
McNulty, Y., and De Cieri, H. (2010) Determinants of expatriate return on investment in global firms: advancing the conceptual framework. In: Proceedings of the 2010 U.S. Academy of Management Annual Meeting. pp. 1-44. From: 2010 U.S. Academy of Management Annual Meeting, 6 - 10 August 2010, Montreal, Canada. (Unpublished)
Wong, Caroline, and Matthews, Judy (2007) Challenges of new technologies on the animation and film industry: the case of Singapore. In: [Presented at the British Academy of Management Conference]. From: BAM 2007: British Academy of Management Conference, 11-13 September 2007, Warwick, UK.
McNulty, Yvonne M., and Tharenou, Phyllis (2004) EXPATRIATE RETURN ON INVESTMENT. In: Academy of Management Conference Proceedings. From: Academy of Management Meeting, 6-11 August 2004, New Orleans, LA, USA.
Berrell, Michael M., and Wrathall, Jeff (2003) Changing attitudes to intellectual property rights in China: the nexus between Chinese culture and the rule of law. In: Proceedings o f the 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economic Studies Australia (ACESA). pp. 1-30. From: 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies Australia (ACESA), 2-3 October 2003, Melbourne, Vic.
Gloet, Marianne, and Berrell, Mike (2003) A model for examining the changing role of HRM in Chinese organizations: a knowledge perspective. In: Proceedings o f the 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economic Studies Australia (ACESA). pp. 1-23. From: 15th Annual Conference of the Association for Chinese Economics Studies Australia (ACESA), 2-3 October 2003, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Klimkeit, Dirk, and K., Thirumaran (2018) Management of Shared Service Centers in Asia: Examples from Malaysia and Singapore. GRIN Verlag, Munich, Germany.
Wong, Caroline (2010) Singaporean Film Industry in Transition: Looking for a Creative Edge. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken, Germany.
Zhang, Xinsheng, Wang, Yuan, Wrathall, Jeff, and Berrell, Mike (2002) International Management: managing in the era of globalization. China Renmin University Press, Beijing, China.
Whyte, Randall David (2011) Strategic windows: Australia- European Union "Open Skies" Agreement creates new entrant opportunity for longhaul low cost airline model. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
Al-Shboul, Mohammad (2008) An investigation into the effects of the use of financial and operational hedges on Australian corporate foreign currency risk exposure. PhD thesis, James Cook University.
This list was generated on Wed Jan 19 22:56:56 2022 AEST.


text:
Q: Changing the style of footfullcite item Currently \footfullcite{jdoe2014} for
@inproceedings{jdoe2014,
   author = {John Doe},
   title = {Some paper},
   url = {http://somelink.com/file.pdf},
   year = {2014},
   note = {Rarecon}
}

renders into:

John Doe (2014). "Some paper". In: Rarecon. URL: http://somelink.com/file.pdf

How I can change standard output of this into the

John Doe (2014). "Some paper". In: Rarecon.

where "Some paper" also is PDF link/url to http://somelink.com/file.pdf ?

A: The following is borrowed from Herbert in biblatex: Make title hyperlink to doi url (if available)
We use doi=false and url=false at load time to suppress DOIs and URLs, but that wont cut it for @online entries, so if we want to get rid of the URL there, we also need
\renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{}

Then we use Herbert's macro to typeset the title with the link (DOI is preferred to URL)
\newbibmacro{string+doiurl}[1]{%
  \iffieldundef{doi}{%
    \iffieldundef{url}{%
          #1%
    }{%
      \href{\thefield{url}}{#1}%
    }%
  }{%
    \href{http://dx.doi.org/\thefield{doi}}{#1}%
  }%
}

The format is applied to the title field
\DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\usebibmacro{string+doiurl}{\mkbibemph{#1}}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection]{title}{\usebibmacro{string+doiurl}{\mkbibquote{#1}}}

To get bibliography back to normal, we then issue
\AtBeginBibliography{
  \DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
  \DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection]{title}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
  \settoggle{bbx:url}{true}
  \settoggle{bbx:doi}{true}
  \renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{%
    \usebibmacro{url}%
    \iffieldundef{urlyear}
      {}
      {\setunit*{\addspace}%
       \usebibmacro{urldate}}}
}

To toggle on URLs and DOIs (and revert the old url macro) and return to the old title formatting without hyperlinks.
MWE
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[style=authoryear,doi=false,url=false]{biblatex}
\usepackage[colorlinks]{hyperref}

\renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{}

\newbibmacro{string+doiurl}[1]{%
  \iffieldundef{doi}{%
    \iffieldundef{url}{%
          #1%
    }{%
      \href{\thefield{url}}{#1}%
    }%
  }{%
    \href{http://dx.doi.org/\thefield{doi}}{#1}%
  }%
}

\DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\usebibmacro{string+doiurl}{\mkbibemph{#1}}}
\DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection]{title}{\usebibmacro{string+doiurl}{\mkbibquote{#1}}}

\AtBeginBibliography{
  \DeclareFieldFormat{title}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
  \DeclareFieldFormat[article,incollection]{title}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
  \settoggle{bbx:url}{true}
  \settoggle{bbx:doi}{true}
  \renewbibmacro*{url+urldate}{%
    \usebibmacro{url}%
    \iffieldundef{urlyear}
      {}
      {\setunit*{\addspace}%
       \usebibmacro{urldate}}}
}

\addbibresource{biblatex-examples.bib}

\begin{document}
Lorem\footfullcite{sigfridsson} ipsum\footfullcite{markey} dolor sit\footfullcite{cicero} amet.

\printbibliography

\end{document}


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Amongst quite possibly the most frequent electrical wiring issues is regarding how to wire a swap. When employing switches in your house is fairly simple, wiring just one may not be that uncomplicated for everyone. An ON-OFF switch is in fact quite simple to wire. You will discover different types of switches, but for this instance, let us say you might be setting up a single-pole toggle switch, a very common change (and also the most straightforward).
You can find 3 colors of wires inside a typical single-pole toggle switch: black, white, and inexperienced. Splice the black wire in two and hook up them over the terminal screws - a single on major as well as the other around the bottom screw with the change. The white wire serves to be a resource of uninterrupted power and is also generally linked to some light-weight coloured terminal screw (e.g., silver). Link the inexperienced wire on the ground screw of one's switch.
These methods would typically be ample to help make a typical change perform without having a problem. Nevertheless, in the event you aren't confident that you can carry out the undertaking thoroughly and safely and securely you greater allow the pros do it as an alternative. Following all, there's a explanation why this undertaking is amongst the commonest electrical wiring concerns asked by many people.
For some purpose, the best way to wire a ceiling fan can be considered one of probably the most frequent electrical wiring thoughts. To simplify this job, you should utilize only one change for any single ceiling fan. To wire the enthusiast, it really is merely a subject of connecting the black wire from the ceiling fan into the black wire with the switch. When there is a light-weight, the blue wire really should be related to the black wire with the switch in addition.
You will find factors why these are definitely probably the most generally questioned electrical wiring questions. A person, numerous feel it truly is uncomplicated to try and do, and two, they're the frequent electrical jobs in the home. But then you really mustn't put your protection in danger within your aim to save cash. The stakes could even be significantly larger in the event you try and spend less and do an electrical wiring career with no enough expertise or expertise.


text:
Q: AWS SAM - Config TOML File Working through a deployment on a stack using AWS SAM and deploying via GitHub actions and was trying to use the Config TOML file and specifying a config environment in the deploy command and I am running into the issue where it seems to be just ignoring what I am specifying in the deployment command.  Only thing I can only guess I am doing wrong is that I cannot actually use these or that I have it in the wrong location but I would greatly appreciate any help on the matter.  Not finding much out there in terms of similar examples or documentation.
sam deploy --stack-name mySuperAwesomeStuff \
--region ${{ secrets.AWS_REGION }} \
--confirm-changeset \
--config-file ./functions/function1/function1.toml \
--config-env nonprod \
--template-file ./functions/function1/template.yaml

Ideally I would love to get the region out of there and into the TOML file as well as the stackname.
My TOML file looks like this:
[nonprod.deploy.parameters]
stack_name="super-awesome-stack-name"
region="us-east-2"
confirm_changeset=true
cababilities="CABILITIES_IAM"

Once again, just seems to be completely ignoring me trying to use the config-file and I am not sure what I am missing here.

A: i am new to sam cli myself and came across this issue and figured it out about 2minutes ago. it's a bit confusing at first, but you should know that the samconfig.toml file is being read when doing sam deploy, the key thing you're missing is the environment that you want to deploy. in your case, you have named it nonprod([nonprod.deploy.parameters] based on this line). the command you should be running for deployment should now be sam deploy --stack-name super-awesome-stack-name --config-env nonprod.

A: My samconfig.toml also has a version at the top, like
version = 0.1
[nonprod.deploy.parameters]
region = "us-east-2"

I suspect this is the problem with --config-file attribute. I would suggest to rename the config to samconfig.toml and place it on the root, where you are running sam deploy to pinpoint the problem with --config-file.
Also, I found this which says that, --config-file is not implemented yet
https://github.com/aws/aws-sam-cli/blob/develop/designs/sam-config.md#not-implemented
PS: I have my samconfig.toml on the root where I run sam deploy and it works like a charm.

A: What worked for me was specifying the full path to the samconfig.toml (instead of the relative path)
sam deploy --config-file <ABSOLUTE_PATH_TO_CONFIG_FILE> --template-file <RELATIVE_OR_ABSOLUTE_PATH_TO_TEMPLATE_FILE>

And my config file (samconfig.toml)
version = 0.1
[default.deploy.parameters]
stack_name = "xxx"
s3_bucket = "xxx"
s3_prefix = "xxx"
region = "xxx"
confirm_changeset = false
capabilities = "CAPABILITY_IAM"
image_repositories = []

A: Please check if you have added this header [nonprod.deploy] and then the parameters
[nonprod.deploy]
[nonprod.deploy.parameters]
stack_name="super-awesome-stack-name"
region="us-east-2"
confirm_changeset=true
cababilities="CABILITIES_IAM"


LAHORE: Opposition Leader in the Punjab Assembly Hamza Shehbaz Sharif on Friday said that "For the first time I felt like we were like terrorists," stop threatening us; we have faced Musharraf's accountability process.
Talking to the media in Lahore, Hamza said, the team came to the house and tried to enter it to arrest me as I was a terrorist.
He said National Accountability Bureau (NAB) has violated the court orders when they conducted a raid at 96-H Model Town.
Hamza further said that every time he has received a call-up notice from the accountability bureau, despite his reservations he has shown up.
Punjab Assembly opposition leader added that, even the Supreme Court has said NAB has become politicised and because of their policies Brigadier (retd) Asad Munir committed suicide. A day earlier the Islamic Ideological Council also condemned the way they conduct raids and people in handcuffs.
Earlier in the day, the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) team returned after conducting a raid at the residence of Hamza Shehbaz Sharif.
The post Felt like we were terrorists, says Hamza Shehbaz appeared first on ARYNEWS.


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with Linda Mottram
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Copper plated NBN may be trickier than status quo
By: Simon Lauder
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Posted Tue 24 Sep 2013, 6:34pm
Updated Tue 24 Sep 2013, 7:00pm
Industry groups say by the time the degraded copper network is accounted for, it may be better value for the Government to stick with the current fibre rollout. It all depends on the quality of the copper.
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MARK COLVIN: In opposition, Malcolm Turnbull was given the job of destroying Labor's NBN plan. Now in Government some say he may be open to adopting it.
Industry groups say that by the time a transition to new technologies and an upgrade of the old copper network is taken into account, continuing with fibre to the home could turn out to be the Government's best value option.
Simon Lauder reports.
SIMON LAUDER: The Australian Industry Group has been a vocal critic of NBN Co's lack of transparency, saying that without a cost benefit analysis it's impossible to know whether Australia is getting good value for money from the national broadband network.
The chief executive of the group, Innes Willox.
INNES WILLOX: We believe there should be a cost benefit analysis done, and there should have been one from the very start so that everything's laid out and then some informed decisions can be made around pricing, around models, around rollouts and how it should be rolled out and where it should be rolled out.
And this announcement by the Government today at least gives us some comfort on that front that there will be some more rigorous analysis done around the costs and benefits of a high speed broadband network, and it's something we believe should be done on any major infrastructure project of this size.
SIMON LAUDER: Do you think it's at all possible that the best value might be just to proceed with what's already in place?
INNES WILLOX: I think we just need to see what this review comes up with. That may be an outcome of this review, but at least if that is the outcome there will have been, one would hope, a proper analysis with a lot of expert input to reach that decision and to make that determination.
This may come up with a mix of technologies; it may come up with continuing to push one single technology. Let's just let this process work out.
SIMON LAUDER: Before today's announcement, the group representing internet retailers had expressed concerns about uncertainty around the Government's plan.
The chairman of the Competitive Carriers Coalition, Matt Healy, welcomes today's announcement but says there are many questions the strategic review needs to address.
MATT HEALY: We have some clear air over the coming months to continue to roll out NBN and to be able to connect customers, but there is still the work that needs to be done between the Government, the regulator, NBN, and Telstra to give us clarity around how we're going to use the copper component under the Government's revised NBN.
SIMON LAUDER: The Government has asked NBN Co to consider using VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line) to bring broadband to smaller communities. VDSL is a technology which makes data flow faster over copper phone lines.
Mr Healy says that won't be an option for all households.
MATT HEALY: The challenge is that in a sense, everyone's copper is a little bit different. There are many different variables at play here in using the copper to provide faster broadband, or very fast DSL - VDSL - and that's the kind of work that NBN Co will now need to do to ascertain what are the real likelihoods of fast broadband for people over copper, or whether indeed it needs to be fibre to people's front door for the Government's commitment to be met.
SIMON LAUDER: So what's good value for your household isn't necessarily good value for your neighbour?
MATT HEALY: Correct. It might be that because of the degradation of the copper, maybe the way that it's corroded over time, means that your service will not perform up to the 24 megabits per second that the Government has set as a minimum.
SIMON LAUDER: Telstra has struck an $11 billion compensation deal with the Government for access to its old copper network. That will have to be renegotiated now that that network may be used to deliver broadband to homes. Some of the copper may also need to be repaired or replaced. Mr Healy says that will all have to be taken into account.
MATT HEALY: It is going to be tricky. Some areas are going to have it and some areas are not, and it's our understanding that it's not really until you start to deploy this network that you understand the full extent of its attributes. That is, how fast the speeds are available over the copper.
So it's something of a patchwork effect, in a sense.
SIMON LAUDER: Now if the status quo continues until everything new is in place, I guess there's no particular imperative for Telstra to hurry up on those negotiations?
MATT HEALY: Well, Telstra is currently getting payments for when NBN is connected to any house and the copper that was there gets turned off, so Telstra has factored in, as we understand it, those payments, and so in a sense its negotiations with the Government will take as long as Telstra needs to take, and in the meantime, Telstra will take that payment from the Government.
SIMON LAUDER: Do you think there's any chance that by the time you factor in a transition to different technology or a different mix of technologies, that the best value for money might be to just continue with fibre-to-the-premises until it's all done?
MATT HEALY: That's a possibility. If it turns out that the deployment using copper is very expensive and takes a long time, then it turns back to saying perhaps we stick with the current program.
MARK COLVIN: The chairman of the Competitive Carriers Coalition, Matt Healy, ending that report from Simon Lauder.
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Southwest corner from 3rd Avenue.
Exterior wall installation is underway at The Lindley, CBSK Ironstate's 20-story residential condo tower in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan. Designed by Rawlings Architects, the tower features a façade of brick and over-sized casement windows in keeping with the surrounding context. The project will offer 74 residential units ranging in size from studios to 3-bedrooms. Residents will have access to an array of amenities including a 24/7 concierge service, residents' lounge, fitness center, resident superintendent, bike and resident storage, and a roof garden with skyline views and dining areas.
Looking up at the southwest corner from 3rd Avenue.
Northwest corner from 3rd Avenue.
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View south from the penthouse terrace.


The Indiana Economic Development Corporation (IEDC) has approved Regional Cities Initiative funding to support improvements at the Potawatomi Zoo, which has been a major attraction in north central Indiana for more than 100 years.
Work will soon begin on the first phase of the $37 million master plan designed to upgrade Indiana's oldest zoo.
Founded in 1902, the Potawatomi Zoo occupies 23 acres of property north of Potawatomi Park at 500 S. Greenlawn Ave. in South Bend.
The first phase of the development will transform the existing front entry into a 3,690-sq.-ft., state-of-the-art plaza with, concierge-like guest experience to support increased attendance.
Construction, which is set to be complete by spring 2020, will upgrade the entry process for its guests and add new amenities like an ADA-accessible pathway, additional restrooms, vending areas and stroller and wheelchair rental space.
Additionally, the Potawatomi Zoo will build a new gift shop at the front entry complex.


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text:
Indian Winter- from Squaw, Ken Wilhelm
It's late fall and the Indians on a remote reservation in South Dakota asked their new chief if the coming winter was going to be cold or mild. Since he was a chief in a modern society, he had never been taught the old secrets. When he looked at the sky, he couldn't tell what the winter was going to be like. Nevertheless, to be on the safe side, he told his tribe that the winter was indeed going to be cold and that the members of the village should collect firewood to be prepared.
But, being a practical leader, after several days, he got an idea. He went to the phone booth, called the National Weather Service and asked, 'Is the coming winter going to be cold?' 'It looks like this winter is going to be quite cold,' the meteorologist at the weather service responded. So the chief went back to his people and told them to collect even more firewood in order to be prepared. A week later, he called the National Weather Service again. 'Does it still look like it is going to be a very cold winter?' 'Yes,' the man at National Weather Service again replied, 'it's going to be a very cold winter.' The chief again went back to his people and ordered them to collect every scrap of firewood they could find. Two weeks later, the chief called the National Weather Service again. 'Are you absolutely sure that the winter is going to be very cold?' 'Absolutely,' the man replied. 'It's looking more and more like it is going to be one of the coldest winters we've ever seen.' 'How can you be so sure?' the chief asked. The weatherman replied, 'The Indians are collecting a shitload of firewood'


This is part of a series I run here on my blog: Thursday's Travelogue. This week: Miami's South Beach - which is one of the stops on my January 2012 Florida Photo Caravan.
South Beach is grrrrreat for HDR! All these images are HDR.
For discounts on the HDR programs I use, Photomatix and Nik HDR Efex Pro, click here.


The National Allergy Strategy is pleased to announce that funding has been received from the Australian Government to continue to implement several initiatives in 2018-19. This funding has been received as an outcome of the work undertaken in 2016-17, and will allow us to undertake further work with the food service sector and teens and young adults. In addition, the National Allergy Strategy will also scope the development of a Shared Care Model for Allergic Diseases in Australia.
The National Allergy Strategy is very thankful for the funding support from the Australian Government, who have recognised the importance of supporting Australians living with allergic conditions. We are also very thankful for the funding support we receive from private donations and unrestricted education grants from industry.
The National Allergy Strategy is also thankful for the support we continue to receive from our Steering Committee, Working Groups and stakeholder organisations. Many people have donated their time and expertise allowing us to produce useful resources that are free of charge and well utilised.
This project is funded by the Australian government and aims to implement the ASCIA guidelines for infant feeding and allergy prevention. The project is progressing with the release of health professional resources planned for mid-July 2018. Resources for parents will be launched in WA (as the pilot region) in late August 2018. A range of resources will be available for health professionals and parents including an informative website specific to food allergy prevention, online training, free downloadable resources and videos.
Work on this project is progressing, with the resource currently being reviewed by key stakeholder organisations. This resource aims to assist EHOs in helping food businesses improve food allergen safety. This resource is funded by the Australian government and will be released in October 2018.
Funding from the Australian Government has been received to scope a Shared Care Model for Allergic Diseases in Australia, which aims to ensure patients receive the right care from the right person, at the right time, in the right place. This work will be undertaken in 2018-19 and will engage with all key stakeholder organisations.


The tour kicked off in Debrecen, a beautiful old town close to the border with Romania. We then played in Budapest to a large sell-out crowd. Everyone was in high spirits, the music gelled quickly and it was great to catch up with friends. Along with Djabe's own compositions involving virtuoso playing, extraordinary percussion, Indonesian angklungs and their wonderfully catchy Distant Dance, we played several of mine. This time, Please Don't Touch and Walking Away From Rainbows were added to the repertoire, along with The Steppes, Last Train to Istanbul, Ace of Wands and several Genesis numbers.
Our next stop was Lučenec, Slovakia. The venue was an active synagogue before World War Two. Virtually all the local Jewish population was wiped out by the Nazis, symbolised now by a multitude of stones in glass cases. We felt a strong spiritual atmosphere alongside the sadness in that place. It was recently renovated with the help of EU funding, preserving much of the old decoration and structure.
From the hills of Slovakia across the expansive Hungarian plain we headed for Szeged, an attractive old city on the River Tisza, which eventually meets the Danube in Belgrade, Serbia beside an ancient fort which Jo and I visited a couple of years back.
Swiftly on to Vienna, like Budapest on the beautiful Danube, with all its buildings standing tall and proud as ever, the sunlight bouncing off the tops of green domes and gold crested eagles... Again good to catch up with pals before a fun evening gig.
A big thank you to Attila Égerházi and all his team as well as Ben. We always look forward to the next Djabe adventure!
Steve with one of the glass cases in the synagogue. Each stone represents a Jewish person who died in WW2.


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text:
A Republican lawyer made a stunning admission to the Supreme Court about a voting rights case /
A Republican lawyer made a stunning admission to the Supreme Court about a voting rights case
President Donald J. Trump and Supreme Court Associate Justice Clarence Thomas listen as Justice Amy Coney Barrett delivers remarks during her swearing-in ceremony as Supreme Court Associate Justice Monday, Oct. 26, 2020, on the South Lawn of the White House. (Official White House Photo by Andrea Hanks)
At the U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday an attorney for the Republican National Committee admitted GOP candidates need voter suppression laws, especially those that target minority voters, to win.
The high court was hearing arguments related to the historic Voting Rights Act of 1965, which under Chief Justice John Roberts was gutted to be almost useless in 2013 when he infamously announced, "Our country has changed." The Guardian and HuffPost have written he was suggesting that racism is pretty much over.
Tuesday's arguments discussed the landmark Voting Rights Act and "an Arizona law that disqualified ballots cast in the wrong precinct," as Mother Jones reports.
The Brennan Center, as The Washington Post, reporting on today's Supreme Court hearing notes, is tracking over 250 bills Republicans are pushing in more than half the states across the country that are designed to take the "voter fraud" lies Donald Trump and his supporters have been pushing for nearly a year and turn them into "legal" voter suppression.
The Supreme Court has changed dramatically in the nearly eight years since it suggested racism isn't a big deal anymore – and not for the better.
But it was the court's newest member, and one of the most right-wing yet, who asked a revealing question.
"What's the interest of the Arizona RNC here in keeping, say, the out-of-precinct ballot disqualification rules on the books?"
That law forces the state to throw out voter ballots if cast in the wrong precinct.
The question was asked by Justice Amy Coney Barrett.
The answer stunned many.
"Because it puts us at a competitive disadvantage relative to Democrats," the lawyer, Michael Carvin, responded, as Mother Jones reports. "Politics is a zero-sum game," he added.
"It's the difference between winning an election 50-49 and –" he continued, but Justice Barrett wouldn't even let him finish his sentence, perhaps for fear of what else he would say.
"Republicans' intentions couldn't be any clearer," writes Mother Jones' Abigail Weinberg. "It's not about reducing fraud. It's about keeping minorities from voting for Democrats."
Listen as Carvin, a Federalist Society lawyer, very matter-of-factly, and almost condescendingly, admit what Republicans need to do to win:
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