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Biting into the beef market
March 12, 2013 Features
The swath grazing setup
December 12, 2012 Cow-Calf
A taste of drought
November 22, 2012 Features
Stop stressing over "wasted feed"
November 12, 2012 Beef Cattle
How much gain is left?
September 10, 2012 Features
By Debbie Furber
Nicole Lamb Photo: 4-H Alberta
Take a conscientious ranching family, add some grassfed beef-finishing know-how, season it well with business and marketing savvy, then garnish with a twist of slow-food philosophy and you have the perfect recipe for a new branded beef line — Bite Beef's slowgrown grass-fed beef.
The Bite Beef Company was started by managing partners Nicole Lamb (finance, logistics) and Carli Baum (marketing, sales). Completing the core team are Lamb's parents, John and Kim Lamb, who manage the day-to-day ranching operations from the home ranch near Balzac, Alta.
The price for serving alternative markets
After a year of preparation, Bite Beef officially opened for business online in October, 2011 with product also sold through Community Natural Foods' two Calgary locations. Within a year, Bite Beef was available from the Bear's Paw Farmers Market in Calgary, six Calgary restaurants, the Old Country Sausage Shop of Raymond, which sells its processed line through several retail chains in Calgary, Edmonton and Lethbridge, and most recently in retail portions from The Butcher Shoppe in Airdrie.
The idea behind slow-grown grassfed beef is to let the animals grow and mature to optimum marbling at their own pace on forage diets without the addition of grain, Lamb explains at the Western Canadian Grazing Conference in Red Deer.
Traditional grass-fed beef production systems typically target average daily gains of 1.5 to two pounds per day from birth through finishing with the goal of marketing the beef from cattle 18 to 20 months of age.
Bite Beef's slow-grown system aims to maintain a minimum rate of gain of one pound a day to promote muscle growth and give the animals time to naturally develop the capacity to marble while maintaining a moderate overall frame size. Rates of gain less than one pound a day or weight loss during any stage of development will have a negative effect on beef quality.
In the Canadian Prairie environment, limiting the rate of gain is necessary to align the finishing stage with access to high-quality fresh forage so that the finished animals can be delivered to the abattoir directly off pasture from August through October, by which time they average 29 months of age.
Both the additional age on the animals and harvesting off fresh pasture are key to the unique taste Bite Beef is offering. Lamb describes the flavour of slowgrown grass-finished beef as robust and beefy. It has a more grassy, earthy or fresh flavour than grain-finished beef, yet is mellower without the gamey tones that consumers sometimes associate with traditional grass-fed beef.
The inspiration for this new product line, which very well could be the first in Canada to be branded and marketed as such, came from the book, Steak: One Man's Search for the World's Tastiest Piece of Beef, by Toronto writer Mark Schatzker. His three-year globe-trotting quest to find and understand the perfect steak ended in Idaho on a grass-fed beef ranch. After reading the book, Lamb convinced her parents that their operation was perfectly positioned to fill the gap for this type of beef in the local market.
"It didn't take much convincing," says Lamb, who is the third generation on the family ranch. "My parents have always maintained the frame of mind that there is lots of opportunity for the next generation on the family farm, but to be able to support all of us, the farm needs to grow and diversify. That's where Bite Beef and I fit in."
Their 1,000-head cow herd and idyllic 22,000-acre land base in Alberta and Saskatchewan, with its rolling pastures, ample natural shelter and abundant natural water sources (the Saskatchewan ranch is also home to North America's largest duck-breeding site) provided a solid foundation on which to build the new company.
From the Alberta Farmer Express website: In search of late-season protein for beef cattle
To learn the best techniques for raising and finishing grass-fed beef, they turned to Dr. Allen Williams, a former professor and animal scientist with universities in Louisiana and Mississippi, who has been involved with several private initiatives related to grass-fed beef production and marketing. He was chief executive officer of Tallgrass Beef, which proved the modern-day, slowgrown grass-fed production system in the U.S. His doctorate and continuing interest in animal breeding and genetics led him to become a founding partner of The Jacob Alliance to pioneer the use of Beef Image Analysis (BIA), an ultrasound imaging and interpretation software program developed by Designer Genes Technologies of Harrison, Arkansas, that evaluates meat quality characteristics, including tenderness and stress, in live animals.
Williams is also a founding partner and president of Livestock Management Consultants, which assists clients with building natural-branded food programs and values-based value chain management.
Aside from identifying the need to change their production system to facilitate harvesting the animals directly off pasture, they learned the importance of managing pasture rotations to provide the proper ratio of nutrients at each stage of production.
During the last 100 days on feed, the cattle are moved to fresh pasture every three to seven days when plant photosynthesis activity is the greatest and sugar content in the leaves is at its peak, which is generally around midday. This has eliminated bloat issues associated with alfalfa.
It's really all about trying to manage protein intake because too much protein during finishing can result in a gamey, "off" taste, Lamb explains. They try to let the feeders graze the top 40 per cent of the plants, then come back in the fall with the pairs to clean up.
Experience has already shown that with their type of animals and production system, it's easier to get a consistent and timely finish on the heifers than on the steers. They always start the finishing period with a large group and narrow it down to the best of the bunch based on temperament and fleshing ability. The first year, they marketed 100 grass-finished steers and heifers though their slow-grown beef system and this past year, ended up with 189 heifers in the program.
Based on carcass quality of the finished stock and production data they collect on the cows and bulls, their herd has been gravitating from predominantly Simmental cattle toward an Angus base since they started exploring grass-fed beef production, through Lamb says it will remain a crossbred herd because of the greater yield potential in comparison with a straight-bred Angus herd.
The feeders are ultrasound tested, ideally when they are 10 to 18 months of age, by certified ultrasound technician, Clay Nash of Arkansas, who is the former manager of breeding and ultrasound programs at Tallgrass Beef. Nash uses the BIA ultrasound software program to measure backfat thickness, rib-eye area and shape, marbling, tenderness and stress. The scanning results presented in a spreadsheet format provide valuable information that helps the Lambs gain a better understanding of the type of animals that do best in a grass-fed system and how to adjust their breeding program accordingly.
Many grass-fed beef programs like Bite Beef also follow some form of natural beef protocol, which guides other aspects of production and generally calls for avoiding the use of hormones, antibiotics and feed additives that include animal byproducts and other types of growth-enhancing products.
Animal well-being is one of Bite Beef's top priorities, so animals in need of medication aren't left to suffer. Any cattle that do require treatment with an antibiotic are sold through other avenues. Salt and mineral supplements are provided and the herd is vaccinated according to their veterinarian's recommendations.
Other practices, such as low-stress handling methods, managing pastures to provide the most nutritious forage possible, and giving animals lots of space, go hand in hand to keep the incidence of disease in check.
Getting a foot in the door
"It's really important to identify your markets and know your consumers," Lamb says. Bite Beef identified the Calgary area as its prime market with the goal of reaching conscientious consumers who want to eat local, get to know farmers and are willing to pay a premium to cover the additional costs of bringing such a product to the marketplace.
Bite Beef retails for up to double the price of commodity beef from the retail chain stores.
In preparation for launching their brand, Lamb and Baum visited Montreal's vibrant farmers' market to gather ideas for marketing and promoting their new brand of beef.
Already they have received inquiries from people in the neighbouring provinces who would like to purchase their beef; however, regulations prohibit cross-border sales of meat from provincially inspected plants.
For more information call 403-613-0380 or visit www.bitebeef.com.
— Debbie Furber is a field editor for Canadian Cattlemen at Tisdale, Sask. This article appeared in the February 2013 issue of Canadian Cattlemen.
Beef image analysis
Beef Image Analysis (BIA), developed by Designer Genes Technologies of Harrison, Arkansas, is an automated, chuteside software system that captures ultrasound images from live animals and calculates rib-eye area, rib-eye area per hundredweight, rib-eye shape score, backfat thickness, per cent intramuscular fat, tenderness and stress.
The ability to predict tenderness and evaluate stress in live cattle from ultrasound scans is relatively new technology. Research to evaluate its feasibility star ted at the University of Mississippi in the late 1990s and advanced through private interests during the early 2000s to make sure the scores were accurate, repeatable and fully validated, explains Dr. Allen Williams of Livestock Management Services, Starkville, Mississippi.
The BIA system generates the tenderness score from ultrasound images of the longissimus dorsi muscle. The current correlation coefficient between the ultrasound score for tenderness in live animals and the actual Warner-Bratzler shear force test results on the resulting rib-eye steak at the 12th rib averages 0.85 to 0.87.
BIA tenderness scores are designated as 10 (very tender), 20 (tender), 30 (slightly tender), 40 (slightly tough) and 50 (tough). The ideal score is 25 or less, with 28 or less being acceptable for yearling bulls.
Stress scores range from 10 (no stress) through to 50 (severe stress) with the increments defined as 20 (slight stress), 30 (slightly moderate stress) and 40 (moderate stress). The ideal score is 20 or less.
Clay Nash, ultrasound technician and consultant to Bite Beef, explains how the scan detects stress and that it can actually be seen in the pattern of the marbling fat, which shows up as fine white flecks throughout the loin muscle.
Basically, the last fat on is the first fat off when an animal is stressed, he says. Animals that have been under significant stress, due to environmental conditions or illness for example, will have less marbling fat and it tends to be dispersed unevenly throughout the loin muscle because bits and pieces of fat have been drawn off to supply energy during the stressful event. A dark line void of fat is usually quite evident across the marbling pattern down the full length of the loin all along the back, and fat deposition will be null as he scans deeper into the loin. In most animals, that stress line never disappears.
If the stress and tenderness scores of animals in a group being scanned are consistently in the ideal range with nice even marbling fat distribution, but a few animals have higher scores or irregular marbling fat, the producer can then go back into the production records to determine whether those animals had undergone stressful events that affected them individually. If nothing seems apparent and all of the animals in the group were exposed to the same stresses without showing negative effects, then the producer may conclude that the genetics
of those particular animals is the underlying reason for their low tolerance to stress. When all animals score poorly, then there's more digging to do to determine what's at the root of the problem.
For more information, contact Nash at 870-897-3167 or Williams at 622-312-6826.
Debbie Furber's recent articles
Do RFI ratings predict cattle performance on pasture? May 28, 2018
X-ray beef grading May 22, 2018
First EPDs for udder and teat conformation in the works February 12, 2018
Rabies in livestock often forgotten
A tale of two calving systems
The ins and outs of stomach tubing calves
Manitoba cow-calf producer seeks to do things differently
Satellite ear tags for livestock coming to Canada
Jersey sale moves online
Drones and AI detect soybean maturity with high accuracy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Srinagar Mayor: SMC gears up for direct contest between Junaid Matoo, Sheikh Imran on July 14
BJP's Bandipora leader, his brother, father shot dead
'Election notification issued, stage set for high drama'
Srinagar, July 08: Mayoral elections in the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) will be held on July 14, a notification issued on Wednesday reads.
The announcement comes 23 days after the erstwhile Mayor Junaid Azim Mattoo lost the floor test and was removed from the post. The corporators had filed no confidence motion against the former Mayor (Mattoo) following which he failed to prove majority in the special session on June 16.
The notification for the elections of Mayor was issued by Secretary SMC under number SMC/CS/4300-4389, dated 08/07/2020
"In terms of Section 36 of the J&K Municipal Corporation Act, 2000 read with Rule 6 of J&K Municipal Corporation (Procedure and Conduct of Business) Regulations, 2005, the Election of Mayor, Municipal Corporation, Srinagar will be conducted as per the given notification," the notification, a copy of which lies with the news agency—Kashmir News Observer (KNO) reads
"Forms of nomination paper shall be obtained from the office of the Secretary, Srinagar Municipal Corporation between 1100 hours and 1600 hours from 9th July 2020 to 10th July 2020," it added.
"Nomination papers shall be delivered between 1100 hours in the morning and 1600 hours in the afternoon by a Candidate or his Proposer at the office of the Secretary, Srinagar Municipal Corporation on any day not later than 11th of July 2020", the notification mentioned.
"Notice of withdrawal of candidature shall be delivered by a candidate at any time before the election is proceeded within the meeting. In the event of an election being contested, the poll will take place on 14th of July, 2020 from 1100 hours onwards," it concluded.
Meanwhile, sources said that two candidates including the former Mayor Junaid Azim Mattoo and former Deputy Mayor Sheikh Muhammad Imran will be contesting the elections for the Mayor post.
Talking to KNO, Sheikh Imran said that a group of Corporators headed by Waheed Ahmad Dar has not taken any decision regarding the candidate.
"I have no mandate to speak anything in this regard. The decision to choose a candidate will be taken by the group," he said.
Waheed Ahmad Dar, however, said that the candidate by a group of 42 corporators will be announced on Thursday morning. "The candidate has not been chosen yet," he said.
However, the sources within the group said that they have already chosen Sheikh Imran as their candidate while the formal announcement will be made tomorrow.
Meanwhile, a close aide of Ex-Mayor Junaid Azim Mattoo said that former Mayor Mattoo will likely be contesting the elections for the post of Mayor again—(KNO)


text:
Q: URLSession downloadTask not getting to closure Swift I have downloadTask, I'm a trying to download a video using downloadTask but it doesn't seem to work; whenever I download small files likes pictures or small videos it works perfectly but the videos I am now trying to download are really long, I even type the URL Explicitly but it doesn't work. Adding some breakpoints I realized it never gets to the closure, goes directly to the .resume(), but this happens specifically with these long videos. Please help, any ideas? Here's my code
@objc func downloadVideo() {
    guard let urlString = lessons[currentLesson].video_url, let videoURL = URL(string: urlString) else { return }
    URLSession.shared.downloadTask(with: videoURL) { fileURL, response, error in
        if let error = error{
            print("error \(error)")
        } else {
            print("Our local URL = \(fileURL)")
        }
    }.resume()
}

And here's the code the code that's calling this function:
private func configureNavigationBar() {
    navigationItem.rightBarButtonItems = [
        UIBarButtonItem(title: Constants.Strings.download, style: .done, target: self, action: #selector(downloadVideo)),
        UIBarButtonItem(image: UIImage(systemName: "icloud.and.arrow.down"), style: .done, target: self,
                        action: #selector(downloadVideo))
    ]
}

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The Sherwood A&S Scrap Metal Falcons are well aware what's at stake tonight. The Falcons host the Kensington Moase Plumbing and Heating Vipers in a must-win game at MacLauchlan Arena on the UPEI campus at 8 p.m. The Vipers lead the best-of-seven final 3-2 in the Mark's Work Wearhouse Island Junior Hockey League. "This could very well be our last game of the year,'' said Falcons head coach Colin Hansen. "I hate to put it as bluntly as that, but that's basically what it is.
This is the top sports story right now from P.E.I.'s biggest newspaper.
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Jim Richardson, National Geographic, April 2010
I have always loved things, just things in the world. I love trying to find the shape of things.
he took it all too far / but, boy, could he play guitar
Bowie. I don't know a greater rock 'n' roll lyric.


text:
Jude Patrick Dougherty  (July 21, 1930 – March 6, 2021) was an American philosopher, Dean Emeritus of the School of Philosophy at the Catholic University of America, and Editor-in-Chief for 44 years of The Review of Metaphysics.

Personal life
Jude was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Edward Timothy Dougherty and Cecelia Anastasia Loew. His sister was Inez Juanita Bowling. While a student at Catholic University, Jude met Patricia Ann Regan, who was studying nursing. On December 28, 1957, Jude and Patricia were married at St. Anthony's Catholic Church in Hoopeston, Illinois, and were married 62 years before Patricia's death on December 8, 2020. Together, they had four sons and ten grandchildren. He died on March 6, 2021, in Potomac, Maryland. A Mass of Christian Burial took place on March 15, 2021, at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. The sermon was held by Msgr. Robert Sokolowski.

Career

In 1954, Jude earned his Bachelor's degree from Catholic University, followed by a Master of Arts in 1955. He was subsequently an instructor at Marquette University, as well as Bellarmine College. In 1960, Jude received his Doctor of Philosophy from Catholic University in Washington, D.C. Dougherty was an Assistant and Associate Professor at Bellarmine College from 1960 to 1966. From 1966-76, Dougherty was an Associate Professor, and a Professor from 1976 onwards at Catholic University. He was a Visiting Professor from 1974 to 1975 at Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven in Belgium. In 1967, Dougherty was named the first lay Dean of the School of Philosophy at the Catholic University of America, a position he held for over 30 years. In December 1971, Jude became Editor-in-Chief of The Review of Metaphysics, a position he held for 44 years. Over 900 articles were published during his tenure, one of the longest-running editorships of a prestigious journal in history.

Dougherty's acquaintance and subsequent friendship with Polish prelate Cardinal Karol Wojtyła, a fellow philosopher, led to an invitation for the Cardinal to lecture at Catholic University in July 1976. Cardinal Wojtyła would become Pope John Paul II (and later Saint) in 1978, and visited Catholic University again in 1979.

Dougherty's published works include The Logic of Religion; The Good Life and its Pursuit; The Nature of Scientific Explanation; Wretched Aristotle: Using the Past to Rescue the Future; Western Creed, Western Identity: Essays in Legal and Social Philosophy; Jacques Maritain: An Intellectual Profile; Briefly Considered; Interpretations; Approaches to Morality; The Impact of Vatican II; The Theological Directions of the Ecumenical Movement; Recent American Naturalism: An Exposition and Critique; and Religion - Gesellschaft - Demokratie: Ausgewählte Aufsätze. In addition,  Dougherty wrote numerous essays on various contemporary and philosophical topics over the years.

Dougherty held many leadership positions in multiple organizations. He was President of the American Catholic Philosophical Association (1974–75), President of the Society for Philosophy of Religion (1978–79) and President of the Metaphysical Society of America (1983–84). Dougherty was an emeritus member of the Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas since 1980. He was also a member of the American Philosophical Association (Program Chairman Eastern Division 1988, Executive Committee Eastern Division 1989-93), the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars (Executive Secretary 1994-97, Treasurer 1994-97), and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts since 1991. He was also the Founder and President-elect of the Kentucky Philosophy Association (1966), and President of the Washington Philosophy Club (1968–69). Dougherty was a trustee at Bellarmine College from 1972–75, and the University of Bridgeport from 1995 to 1999. He was also a member of the board of advisors for the Franklin J. Matchette Foundation since 1971.

Positions
 Emeritus member, Pontifical Academy of St. Thomas Aquinas, since 1980
President, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1974–75
President, Society for Philosophy of Religion, 1978–79
 President, Metaphysical Society of America, 1983–84
 Founder and President-elect, Kentucky Philosophy Association, 1966
President, Washington Philosophy Club, 1968–69
American Philosophical Association (Program Chairman Eastern Division 1988, Executive Committee Eastern Division 1989-93)
Fellowship of Catholic Scholars (Executive Secretary 1994-97, Treasurer 1994-97)
 General Series Editor, Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, The Catholic University of America
Trustee, Bellarmine College, 1972–75
Trustee, University of Bridgeport, 1995–99
Board of Advisors member, Franklin J. Matchette Foundation, since 1971
 Member, European Academy of Sciences and Arts

Honors
 Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, 1999
 President's Medal, The Catholic University of America, 1999
 Cardinal Wright Award, Fellowship of Catholic Scholars, 1994
Aquinas Medal, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1994
Cardinal Gibbons Medal, The Catholic University of America Alumni Association
Special Recognition Award, Graduate Student Association and the Undergraduate Student Government, The Catholic University of America, 1998
 Jacques Maritain Scholarly Excellence Award, American Maritain Association, 2000
Fides et Ratio Lifetime Achievement Award, American Maritain Association, 2005
 Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, The Catholic University of Lublin, 2000
 Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Thomas More College, 1995

Books
 Recent American Naturalism, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1960
 The Theological Directions of the Ecumenical Movement, Louisville, KY: Bellarmine College Press, 1964
 The Impact of Vatican II, St. Louis: Herder, 1966
 Approaches to Morality, with L. Dupré et al., New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966
 The Good Life and Its Pursuit, New York: Paragon, 1984
 Western Creed, Western Identity, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2000
 The Logic of Religion, Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002
 Jacques Maritain: An Intellectual Profile, Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2003
 The Nature of Scientific Explanation, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2013
 Interpretations: Reading the Present in Light of the Past, Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2018
 Religion - Gesellschaft - Demokratie: Augewahlte Aufsatze, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2003 (Band 16 of the series Soziale Orientierung)

Essays and Articles
 'Lessons from the History of Science and Technology', Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, vol. IV, ed. by John K. Ryan. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1969
 'The Finding of Law', Proceedings, American Catholic Philosophical Association, vol. XLIX, 1975, pp. 1–12
 'Determining Moral Norms', Proceedings, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1978, pp. 39–51
 'Potentiality: From Aristotle to Rescher and Back', Studies in Honor of Nicholas Rescher, Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Co., 1979, pp. 109–122
 'The Uses of History in Teaching Philosophy', Teaching Philosophy, 1979, pp. 13–21
 'The Work Ethic of John Paul II', Papal Economics, The Heritage Foundation, vol. VI, 1981, pp. 1–7
 'The Notion of "Entitlement" in Human Rights Debate', Human Rights: Abstracts of Papers from the Tenth Interamerican Congress of Philosophy, October 18–23, 1981, Tallahassee: The Florida State University
 'Intellectuals with Dirt Under Their Fingernails: Attitudes Toward Science and Technology and the Difference They Make', Communio, Fall 1982, pp. 225–237
 'Maritain on Church and State', Communio, Winter 1982, pp. 389–403
 'Toward a Thomistic Philosophy of Religion', Proceedings, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1983, pp. 105–115
 'Keeping the Common Good in Mind', Studi Tomistici, vol. XXV, The Ethics of St. Thomas Aquinas, Pontificia Academia di S. Tommaso, pp. 188–201
 'Von Ketteler, Leo XIII and John Paul II on the "Social Question"', Catholicism in Crisis, April 1985, pp. 24-31, also published in Servo Veritatis, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, vol. CCXXIX, 1988, pp. 179-196
 'The Thomistic Element in the Social Philosophy of John Paul II', Proceedings, American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1986; 'The Interior Life', Crisis, May 1987, pp. 19–23
 'Aquinas on Punishment', Studi Tomistici, vol. XXX, 1987, Libreria Vaticana, pp. 157–170
 'Separating Church and State', The World and I, vol. II, no. 12, December 1987, pp. 675–687
 'John Paul II's Global Village', The World and I, vol. III, no. 7, 1988, pp. 663–670
 'Episcopal Authority and the Teaching of Morality', Creative Love: The Ethics of Human Reproduction, ed. by John F. Boyle, Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1989, pp. 197–214
 'Shifting Philosophical Sand and Legal Structures', The Personalist Forum, vol. IV, no. 2, Fall 1989, pp. 1–19
 'Collective Guilt', The American Journal of Jurisprudence, vol. XXXV, 1990, pp. 1–14
 'Abstraction and Imagination in Human Understanding', L'atto aristotelico e le sue ermeneutiche, Roma: 1990, pp. 1–14
 'What Was Religion?', Modern Age, Vol. XXXIII, no. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 113–121, reprinted: Vital Speeches, vol. LVII, no. 10, March 1, 1991, pp. 316–320
 'On the Justification of Rights Claims', Collana Dialogo di Filosofia, no. 8, Herder Università Lateranense, Roma: 1991, pp. 1–14
 'The Necessity of Punishment', The World and I, vol. VIII, no. 1, January 1993, pp. 557–569
 'Accountability without Causality: Tort Litigation Reaches Fairy Tale Levels', Catholic University Law Review, vol. XXXXI, no. 1, Fall 1991, pp. 1–18
 'Christian Philosophy: Sociological Category or Oxymoron', The Monist, vol. LXXV, no. 3, 1992, pp. 283–290
 'Edith Stein: The Convert in Search of Illumination', Crisis, December 1992, pp. 39–43
 'Maritain at the Cliff's Edge: From Antimoderne to Le Paysan', Crisis, November 1994, pp. 40–45
 'One Hundred Years of Philosophy at The Catholic University of America', Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Newsletter vol. XIX, no. 1, December 1995
 'Thomism', Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, vol. 4, pp. 365–372, 1998
 'Professional Responsibility', The World and I, October 1996, pp. 321–333
 'The Failure of Positivism and the Enduring Legacy of Comte', in Recovering Nature, ed. by J.P. O'Callaghan, T.S. Hibbs, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999
 'Indestructible Islam', Modern Age, Fall, 2002, pp. 324–332
 'Wretched Aristotle', Homiletic & Pastoral Review, August–September 2003, pp. 20–27
 'Does National Identity Matter', The World & I, March 2004
 'The Fortunes of the Berlin (Humboldt) University in America and the Future of Western Philosophy', in Erfurter Universitatsreden, ed. Wolfgang Bergsdorf, 2004
 'The Ontology of the Artifact', Homiletic & Pastoral Review, February 2006, pp. 17–21
 'The Fragility of Democracy', Modern Age, Spring 2006, pp. 119–129; 'A Rational Preamble', Homiletic & Pastoral Review, June 2006, pp. 20–23
 'Aristotle in North America', Fenomenologia e Società, n. 1/2006 anno XXIX, pp. 135–142, 2006
 'Phenomenology as Ancilla Theologiae', Angelicum, Vol. 82 (No. 2), 2005, pp. 389–398
 'National Identity', in Nationale und Kulturelle Identitat im Zeitalter der Globalisierung, ed. Anton Rauscher, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2006, pp. 13–23
 'Newman vs. Humboldt and the Vision of Leo XIII', in Human Nature in Its Wholeness: A Roman Catholic Perspective, ed. Daniel N. Robinson et al., Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2006, pp. 182–193.
 'Property as a Condition of Liberty', in: Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly Summer 2011, pp. 10–13

Media
Dougherty was a friend of Pope John Paul II for 30 years. In 2005 upon his death, Dougherty discussed the legacy of Pope John Paul II on CNN's Larry King Live, Fox News Channel, BBC World television, WJLA-TV and was interviewed by the Washington Post, Newhouse News Service, Scripps Howard News Service, Knight Ridder Tribune News Service Voice of America radio, the Washington Blade, the Sunday Bulletin, and the Fresno Bee.

References

20th-century American philosophers
1930 births
2021 deaths
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Catholic University of America School of Philosophy faculty
Catholic University of America alumni
Academic journal editors
People from Cook County, Illinois
Presidents of the Metaphysical Society of America

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Trotsky knew how to party
Bradley Hughes
Review of Leon Trotsky and the Organizational Principles of the Revolutionary Party, by Dianne Feeley, Paul Le Blanc, and Thomas Twiss, Haymarket Books, 2014
Objectively capitalism is ripe for overthrow and we live in a period of mass movements--Occupy, the Arab Spring, Palestine Solidarity, climate justice movements. Yet there is an absence of activists who can connect these things to each other, to the system that is the problem, and to an alternative. We need to build organizations that are effective and united, but also diverse in the opinions the members hold. Choosing an effective course of action and uniting behind it requires lively democracy and a talented leadership.
Trotsky vs Stalin
This book is a fascinating account of many of Leon Trotsky's writings on democracy in a revolutionary party. Trotsky was a leading member of the Bolshevik party during the Rusian revolution in 1917. He never capitulated to the Stalinist counter-revolution that destroyed the party and the new workers' state. Trotsky led the Left Opposition which tried to win the Communist parties in Russia and elsewhere back to revolutionary politics.
After being expelled from the party and the country in the late 1920's, it was clear that that fight was lost and he devoted the rest of his life to helping to build revolutionary organizations around the world. His experience in the only worker's party to ever lead a successful revolution, his attempts to save that party, and the numerous small organizations he advised, leaves us with a wealth of writings on the question of how revolutionary organizations of all sizes can build a flourishing internal democracy.
The first two chapters deal with the party democracy as it was practised in the Bolshevik Party. The first chapter has some general comments on how the Party organized itself and conducted debate. In the second chapter this history is used a criticism of the absence of democracy in the Stalinized party. In contrast to a party of obedience to an uncountable leadership, Trotsky describes a member of the Bolsheviks as someone, "who in each case and on each question forges a firm opinion of his own and defends it courageously and independently, not only against his enemies, but inside his own party." (Please excuse the gendered language.)
This internal discussion is required to build an organization that can provide a lead at key moments: "The level of a revolutionary organization rises all the faster, the more immediately it is brought into the discussion of all questions, the less the leaders try to think, act and behave as guardians for the organization."
The dialectic of democratic centralism
The third chapter deals with Trotsky's correspondence with the leadership of many small organizations that were building a revolutionary alternative both to reformist social democracy and its evil twin the Stalinist communist parties. Much more of his writings in this period deal with the creation and role of a leadership within a revolutionary party.
The thing I found the most striking was how conciliatory he advised the leaders of small organizations to be. The Trotsky trying to organize uncompromising and implacable opposition amongst party members to Stalinist control gives way to the Trotsky of gentle persuasion, trying to help inexperienced revolutionaries keep together parties containing a heterogeneous membership that were frequently on the edge of splits.
He describes the flexibility of methods required: "The formula for democratic centralism must inevitably find a different expression in the parties of different countries and in different stages of development of one and the same party." In this period he is very demanding on both the leadership and the members of small organizations. He writes, "the maturity of each member of the party expresses itself particularly in the fact that he does not demand from the party regime more than it can give." At the same time he gives the similar advice to the leadership of the newly formed Socialist Workers Party in the United States. Trotsky argues with the leadership that simply having a formal majority is not enough to keep a small organization together. The leadership must give the minority every chance to make their arguments heard, and he suggests that some of the minority members be included on the executive committee.
He explains that authority in a revolutionary party doesn't come from formal elections but is earned over years of practice. "Since it is not only the leaders who educate the party but also the party that educates the leaders. Herein lies the salutary dialectic of democratic centralism."
Building a vibrant, welcoming, and flexible revolutionary organization is one of the hardest things anyone can do. There is much we can learn from the generations that have gone before us and tried to build such an organization. This book is an important contribution to that study.
If you like this article, join the International Socialists. If you are in Toronto, join the discussion "A rebel's guide to Trotsky", Saturday September 27, 2pm at Trinity St Paul (427 Bloor St West, Toronto).
Revolutionary Party
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Roger Stone Associate Andrew Miller Held in Contempt for Ducking Mueller Grand Jury
Andrew Miller's lawyers are challenging the legitimacy of the special counsel and how he was appointed
Published Aug 10, 2018 at 10:53 AM | Updated at 11:44 AM PDT on Aug 10, 2018
Getty Images for Politicon, File
This July 30, 2018, file photo shows Roger Stone in Pasadena, California.
Attorneys for Andrew Miller, a former aide of ex-Trump adviser Roger Stone, said that Miller has been held in contempt of court for refusing to appear in front of the grand jury hearing testimony in special counsel Robert Mueller's Russia probe, his lawyers said Friday.
Miller had earlier fought to quash a subpoena from the special counsel's office but was ordered to appear Friday morning. He did not, said his lawyer Paul Kamenar outside U.S. District Court in Washington, and was "held in contempt, which we asked him to be in order for us to appeal the judge's decision to the court of appeals."
His lawyers are challenging the legitimacy of the special counsel and how he was appointed. The U.S. District Court rejected the argument, and his lawyers are appealing.
Another Stone associate, Kristin Davis, is set to testify before the grand jury Friday afternoon. Known as the Manhattan Madam for providing prostitutes to New York's elite, Davis worked for Stone beginning in August 2017. She has done web design and office tasks for Stone's political consultancy and said she would have little to no information on the Trump presidential campaign as she was serving a prison sentence in 2016 for a charge unrelated to her role in providing escort services.
Trump Calls for Sessions to End Mueller Probe
For the first time, the president publicly called on the attorney general to end the Russia probe, tweeting "Attorney General Jeff Sessions should stop this rigged witch hunt right now."
(Published Wednesday, Aug. 1, 2018)


Saturday 8 July saw the inaugural WHPS PA Family Fun Day! The event was initially due to take place at the end of March, however with two days to go, a high probability of lightning and rain was forecast and the PA decided, for safety reasons, to postpone the event until the second term.
Of course, as is so often the case with Murphy's take on the weather, there was no lightning and no rain on the day – not a single drop! But, lo and behold, on the rescheduled date, 8 July, the weather brought rain! Yes, indeed it did, despite being winter. The day however forged ahead with a little bit of spatter and mud; and by lunchtime it was a coolish but dry day.
Regardless of this strange July weather families arrived with picnic blankets and baskets, chairs, helmets, running shoes and bicycles! It was a wonderful sight to see so many children's bikes and push-bikes in such a small area, with eager beaver little bodies anticipating their big races.
The day's events kicked off with the kiddies' training wheels or push-bikes race. This was enjoyed by Grade 0 and younger children; and was a bustling, excited scramble. Kudos to Kenny Maheso, who we all know is quite used to herding each and every one of us at the zebra crossings at the "circle", for managing the riders in this event and all the others on the day.
This was followed by a junior MTB (mountain bike) race for Grades 1 to 3. 4km was in no way daunting to this group of eager cyclists! The 8km MTB ride for Grade 4's and upward was just as eagerly completed by one and all. Of course there were the competitive few who raced to the finish-line but in this race, as in all the others, each participant who finished received a fun-filled goodie bag.
The last event of the day was the 4km trail walk/run. The young man who was to lead the way managed to take a wrong turn, which resulted in a much shorter version of the trail being completed by most of the participants. No-one seemed to mind however and this shortened route was completed with zeal. A small number of groups stuck to the correct route and completed it in leisurely time, enjoying the nature and beauty along the way. The Viney family were blessed enough to come across a baby giraffe on their travels. The boarding masters and boarders brought up the rear bargaining with Mr Buckley to play computer games when they got back to school. After the exercise this seemed like a reasonable end to an active day.
A mini-tuckshop was on offer with the usual offerings plus boerewors rolls and drinks. Whilst laser tag, jumping castles and face painters kept everyone entertained when they weren't off exercising in the reserve.
This event had an amazing response from the parent body and staff. A total of 584 tickets were issued. Thank you to each and every family that bought tickets and supported the event!
As you can see, the list is extensive. Our thanks to each and every sponsor for their generous donations!
All in all we believe it was a most successful day and one that we hope will become a regular in the WHPS diary!


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Home Blogs Big data sets – where to find and how to harvest them
Big data sets – where to find and how to harvest them
May 04, 2018 | By Chak Leung
Finding big data sets to work with isn't easy. People who'd like to share need to be wary of the sensitivity of the data they're sharing (e.g. social media data is very personal) and generally a lot of interesting data sets are off limits because of this.
I've detailed in this blog some repositories for data that you can collect yourself. Sites like Kaggle will offer static data sets, and some are of a decent size too (terabytes and up), but testing your models against new data is much more interesting and a vital part of machine learning.
I should note that the below examples are mostly "pull" data sets, where you only get the data when you request it. "Push" data sets would be interesting for streaming systems like Apache Kafka, but these are rather rare. Transport for London offers one but the process to get approved is much more involved than just signing up. The link to the TfL stream is here called "Live bus and river bus arrivals API (stream)" but you'll need to apply via email and describe your use case to them.
Transport API
Transport API website
This is a transport-based repository similar to the TfL API which provides data about the London transport network, but this one covers the whole of UK. It goes a bit further by including extras like Tweets for sentiment analysis, timetable comparisons to actuals and performance indicators. It's mostly used to build transport applications for use in the UK.
It uses the JSON file format and collecting is also similar to TfL's via URL manipulation. See some of the examples here in their documentation.
To harvest the data, I'd do something similar to my TfL collection using a bash script in a CRON job to pull the routes desired every n minutes and pushing it to a large store like an S3 bucket or HDFS.
London Air Quality
London Air website
This is also part of TfL's open data and provided by King's College London. It's a feed of pollution and air quality data provided in XML or JSON format. It includes data and maps at different levels like hourly, daily, annually etc.
To harvest this, I'd do something similar to the Transport API mentioned previously. It would certainly be interesting to combine them to find correlations like highly polluted areas and the number of late buses for example.
AWS Open data registry
Open data registry website
This is a repository of very different data sets in S3 buckets with periodical updates. Having them in S3 buckets relieves you of having to harvest them yourself and accessing them is very simple via something like the Kognitio S3 connector. I wrote about connecting to JSON in S3 in an earlier blog here and a quick reference guide to our S3 connector can be found here.
Keep an eye out on the update frequency as the more frequent it is, the more likely it is to be a large data set. For example this weather radar data is updated in real time.
For a nice simple example, this financial data set, that gets updated every minute during trading hours, has some sample SQL calls in github.
GDELT project
GDELT project website
This is a collection of news that monitors every medium including broadcast, print, and web news globally. In 2015 alone 2.5TB of was collected and it doesn't show any signs of slowing down especially with the growth of social media. It doesn't provide the data itself but links to it instead which makes the size even more impressive.
It comes in CSV format so reading it into a traditional row-based database is relatively simple.
To harvest this you can access it via Google Big Query if you just want to sample some data sets or use Google's implementation of it. But for different uses there's also an S3 bucket for this via the AWS Open data registry that gets updated daily.
Other big data sets
This gives you a good selection of data sets to get started with if you're wanting to experiment with big data analytics. Platforms like Kognitio perform at best with massive data sets, so we're always on the look out for data we can use to demonstrate Kognitio's impressive performance. If you have any examples of freely available big data sets, I'd love to hear about them, so add your thoughts into the comments below.
Your email address will not be published nor used for any other purpose. Required fields are marked *
Which data scientist type are you?
I attended the recent data science fest event in London and could write about the
How BMW uses big data to boost maintenance and customer service
With big data analytics now becoming a fixture across companies of all sizes and every


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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"Wayne D. Overholser is one of the greatest western novelists in American history. Every one of his books were researched for historical accuracy and realism. His books are a treasure." ~ Dick Symonds
Spur Awards
Wayne's Books
Stephen Overholser
The Short Biography Of Wayne D. Overholser
Wayne D. Overholser was born September 4, 1906 in Pomeroy, Washington. As a child he enjoyed stories of King Arthur, Greek legends, Scottish chiefs, and the works of G.A, Henty. "I've always felt that there's a strong connection between the tales of King Arthur and Western stories of our time. And that may be one reason I liked to read and write Western stories."
Wayne's father expected him to retrace his own steps through their Oregon barnyard, but the budding author had other goals in mind. He said, "It's a sad story. I think my dad didn't have the slightest idea where I came from or how I got into the family. I was a complete failure as a farmer and he didn't know what to do with me."
As a member of his high school debating team, Wayne was interested in social and political problems, which he carried with him to the University of Oregon in Eugene, majoring in history with a minor in English. He then taught at the elementary level, gradually working his way up through the grades to high school, where he specialized in social studies.
The deep-voiced novelist remembered writing "some wild short stories" while a sophomore in high school. "At the time, the Ku Klux Klan was pretty notorious in Oregon, as they were in many other states. But the bloody story he envisioned never got past the title he wrote in pencil.
FULL-TIME TEACHING, PART-TIME WRITING
Wayne began writing for Western pulp magazines in 1936 and published his first Western novel in 1947. The novelist remembered his first short story sale in 1936. "That's one of the highest points in a writer's life. I was teaching junior high school in Tillamook, Oregon, and school had just started in September. I had a few stories back in New York with an agent but had never made a sale. Along about eleven o'clock, the school secretary came down the hall and tapped on the door of my classroom. She stuck a check under my nose for $13.50, with a note from my agent that said, 'You are now an author.'"
Disillusionment with the school district's pay scale motivated him to quit his teaching job to write full time after ten years of part-time writing. He recalled being "looked down on, particularly by the English teachers, because pulp writing was not considered a very big thing."
MOVE TO COLORADO
Wayne moved his wife, Evaleth, and two small sons, John and Steve (Dan came later), to the town of Montrose, later buying a home in Boulder, where a group of writers lived. The move from Oregon to Colorado was an important one for the Overholsers, although risky at best. "At that time, we didn't know what a chance we were taking, but any writer's life is filled with gambles. I look back and wonder how I ever had the guts to leave a teaching job in Oregon to move to Colorado, where we knew nobody, to start writing without a friend in the whole state." However, it was there his career as a novelist was established.
Wayne's long-term association with literary agent, Gus Lenninger, was a happy and profitable one. The novelist sold a hundred books over 38 years. He had also written hundreds of short stories and novelettes before the short story market dried up. Books were then a pulp writer's salvation. Wayne had a number of pseudonyms, including Lee Leighton, John S. Daniels, Dan J. Stevens and Joseph Wayne, the last three combinations of his three sons' names. He won three Spur Awards from the Western Writers of America for the best western novel of the year. In 1989 he won the Saddleman Award, a lifetime achievement award for a life of contribution to western writing.
Wayne's writing career stopped in 1983, when his eyesight began to fail and his Westerns no longer sold. "The combination of the two stopped me dead," but he admitted that if market conditions and his eyesight improved he would have liked to have another "crack at the Western market." During his declining years, he wrote sporadic bursts of poetry. And a number of his books were purchased by PaperJacks for reprints. Wayne D. Overholser died August 27, 1996 in Boulder, Colorado.
© 2013-14, WDO Enterprises


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Looking for great Cuban food? Look no further than A Touch of Cuba! This cozy restaurant located in Hallandale Beach will make you feel like you have just landed in Havana for lunch. Authentic Cuban dishes are the specialty at this delightf eatery, which serves up a variety of vaca frita, crispy p led pork, citrus undertone and onions, black beans, rice and plantains. Save room for the desert, you will not regret it!


Announcing the arrival of the Queen of Hearts, this inviting musician has a very welcoming manner and will warm the hearts of all he greets. There will be 25 in this very limited bronze edition. This piece is a high quality bronze with a heavy pour.


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Hennehouwe
Hennish Republic
Hennische Republiek
Emblem of State
Eendracht Maakt Macht
Unity makes strength
Anthem:
De Musketier
Hennehouwe (dark green) in Euclea (light green and light grey) and in the Euclean Community (light green).
s'Holle
Hennish
Recognised regional languages
Gaullican, Estmerish
Hennish (73%)
Petois (9%)
Estmerish (4%)
Other (14%)
Demonym(s)
Federal parliamentary republic
• Stadtholder
Adriaan Wilhelm Paulus
• Premier
Rupert van Bleiswijk
• Deputy Premier
Eva Kaestel
• Upper house
• Lower house
Champer of Representatives
from Gaullica
• United Kingdom of Hennehouwe
• Partition
• Grand Duchy of Hennehouwe
• Annexation by Gaullica
• Second Republic
• Third Republic
• Founded the EC
75,828 km2 (29,277 sq mi)
• 2021 estimate
163.85/km2 (424.4/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)
2019 estimate
• Per capita
GDP (nominal)
Gini (2015)
HDI (2015)
Euclo (EUC (€))
Euclean Standard Time
mm-dd-yy
The Hennish Republic (Hennish: Hennische Republiek), commonly known as Hennehouwe (Hennish: Henehouwe), is a sovereign state and federal republic in eastern Euclea. It borders Gaullica to the south, Kesselbourg and Kirenia to the west, and Estmere to the north. It covers an area of 75,828 km2 (29,277 sq mi) and has a population of more than 12.4 million. The capital and largest city is s'Holle; other major cities include Zilverzee, Herxen and Emmen.
Weranic peoples have inhabited Hennehouwe since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Hennish and the Hoeltish. The region was a part of the Solarian Empire, making up the majority of the Province of Flamia. When the Solarian Empire collapsed in 418, the Verliquoian Empire retained control over much of Flamia. Northern regions of the province were lost due to lack of control and conquest by Weranic tribes. A number of Hennish kingdoms were established in the north, chiefly the kingdoms of Reek and Stegeren. It was conquered by the Verique and became a part of the Verliquoian Empire.
The modern-day state is descended from the United Kingdom of Reek and Stegeren, a medieval kingdom founded in 1352 in Zilverzee by delegates rebelling against Gaullica from the northern counties. The rebellion was part of the War of the Jeans, which saw the Verliquoian Empire collapse and evolve into the Empire of Gaullica. The northern kingdom were able to successfully secure their independence, establishing the United Kingdom of Hennehouwe in 1401. During the Amendist Reformation, the teachings of Johan Kasper became mainstream, particularly in the northern counties. The growing religious divide between the Amendist north and Catholic south culminated in the Hennish Civil War, after which the country was partitioned by sectarian lines. The Kasperist northern counties were organized into the Estmerish-backed First Hennish Republic while the Catholic southern counties became part of the Gaullican-backed Duchy of Flamia in 1537. In 1647, the First Republic was reformed into the Sotirian Commonwealth, a puritanical Kasperist theocracy.
Both Hennish nations engaged in the sprawling phenomena of colonialism during the 17th century, colonising Nuvania and Satavia in Asteria Inferior. Religious strife in Euclea eventually led to the Gilded Wars which led to the south's victory over the north and unification of Hennehouwe under the Grand Duchy of Hennehouwe. The Estmerish-Hennish War saw the Grand Duchy's defeat and the loss of Nuvania and Satavia to Estmere in 1747. Hennish independence would be lost in 1749, when Gaullica annexed the Grand Duchy outright. Hennish revolutionaries would assist the anti-Gaullican alliance during the War of the Triple Alliance, through the Hennish Revolution, which resulted in restored independence under the Second Hennish Republic.
In the lead up to the Great War, Functionalist Gaullica annexed Petois-majority areas in the south, in addition to neighbouring Kesselbourg. The Gaullicans installed a new independent government led by functionalists and Gaullican sympathizers. The legitimate Hennish government fled s'Holle for the northern counties, bringing the country's gold reserves with them. The government went into exile in Ashcombe after fleeing north into Estmere in 1927. Following the war's end Hennehouwe's government was restored under the Third Republic. In 1949, the country became a founding member of the Euclean Community. Economic and political reforms in the post-war era significantly aided Hennish reconstruction and development, seeing it become one of the wealthiest states in Euclea by per capita, with a high level of human development and low inequality.
The country has a tradition of democratic values and a long record of social tolerance, having legalised abortion, prostitution and with maintaining a progressive drug policy. Hennehouwe ranks among the highest in international indexes of press freedom, economic freedom, human development, and quality of life, as well as happiness. Hennehouwe is a founding member of the Euclean Community, a member of the Community of Nations, GIFA, NAC and the ITO.
1.1 Pre-classical
1.2 Solarian Flamia
1.3 Middle Ages
1.4 Kingdom of Hennehouwe (1452-1537)
1.5 Partition era (1537-1719)
1.6 Grand Duchy of Flamia (1719-1749)
1.7 Gaullican Hennehouwe (1749-1855)
1.8 Second Republic (1855-1926)
1.9 Great War (1926-1934)
1.10 Third Republic (1934-present)
3 Government and politics
3.1 Political culture
3.2 Administrative divisions
3.3 Law enforcement
3.4 Foreign Policy
3.5 Armed Forces
5.3 Urban areas
5.4 Healthcare
6.2 Arts and literature
Solarian Flamia
Kingdom of Hennehouwe (1452-1537)
Partition era (1537-1719)
See also: First Hennish Republic, Sotirian Commonwealth, and Duchy of Flamia
Following the death of King Adriaan-Willem I of Hennehouwe in 1537 and the lack of legitimacy and authority around his son, Adriaan-Willem II, the Kingdom fell into outright civil war, with the Kasperist north and Catholic south splitting into two separate camps, along the Zwartwater River. Moving to consolidate the division and establish a buffer zone, the Amendist Kingdom of Estmere assisted in the establishment of the First Hennish Republic in the Kasperist north, while Catholic Gaullica aided King Adriaan-Willem II proclaimed himself as the Duke of Flamia.
Soldiers of the Sotirian Commonwealth attacking Duchy forces during the War of 1666.
Between 1537 and 1600, the two Hennish states remained at peace and relatively prosperous. However, the Kasperist north was gripped by increasing religious fervour and an emergent new identity defined by its Kasperist religion. During the first half of the 17th century, the North would be further gripped by the rise and domination of the Puriteinen (translates into Puritans), a radical Kasperist movement that sought to free the North of real and percieved Catholic traditions, but also to ensure "Godly living". The north's States-General would see the infiltration of Puriteins, backed by the Fellowship of Saint Jacob, this culminated in the overthrow of the First Republic in 1642 and the establishment of the Sotirian Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth saw a theocratic regime emerge, which pursued the colonisation of Nuvania with great zeal and resources, while domestically it constructed a ultra-religious society, with numerous laws which banned music, Christmas and Easter celebrations, strict conditions on clothing and pursued often extremely violent repressions against non-conformists and Catholics. The intensity of the Commonwealth eventually led to conflict with the south during the Amendist Wars, which ultimately led to the unification of Hennehouwe by the Gaullican-backed South in 1719, which restored a monarchical government.
Grand Duchy of Flamia (1719-1749)
Gaullican Hennehouwe (1749-1855)
Second Republic (1855-1926)
Independence from Gaullica following the War of the Triple Alliance led to the establishment in Hennehouwe of a second republic. The second republic's constitution re-established the post of stadtholder as head of state and grand pensionary as head of government. The second republic was federal in its organisation, being based on the old duchies and regions that the nation's population had become attached to. The federal system also rationalised the old system of land distribution that led to the formal abolition of nobility in Hennehouwe. Most importantly secularism was imposed in the constitution, a controversial act which would come to define Hennish politics for the next few decades.
s'Holle central station in 1895.
The religious divisions in the nation were primarily between the Amendist north and Catholic south, the latter of which owing the Gaullophone Petois people was less sympathetic to the new Hennish states. The principle of laïcité in the constitution that restricted religious practice in particular was contentious being supported predominantly liberal and radical Amendists and opposed by more conservative Catholics. However as national unity was emphasised to protect the country from foreign encroachment Amendist and Catholic leaders emphasised the doctrine of "pillarisation" which adhered to the concept of sphere sovereignty. The three initial pillars were a Catholic pillar; an Amendist pillar which tended to be based on orthodox Kasperism; and a secular pillar aligned with liberal politics that tended to be supported by the Amendist bourgeoisie. The pillars were reflected in the political system; Catholics coalesced around the Catholic Party (KP), the Amendists the Party of the Right (RP) and the liberals the Hennish Freethinkers League (HVB). The RP however tended to dominate politics, as did the Amendists more generally.
Hennehouwe was one of the earliest countries in Euclea to industrialise, particularly in the coal-rich south of the country. With the introduction of a new currency, the guilder, Hennehouwe would see a fast development of industrial production around steel and coal exports to Estmere and Gaullica. Railways in particular saw massive expansion following independence connecting the nation closely to its neighbours and further fuelling industrialisation. By 1900 Hennehouwe maintained one of the highest industrial outputs in the world. This industrial expansion meant that the 1860's-1910's is often seen as a "golden age" for the country as it became involved in no wars and saw rising prosperity.
Industrial expansion led to the creation of a new working class which would soon campaign for political and workers' rights. By the early 1900's a new pillar, the socialists, had emerged around the Hennish Section of the Workers' International. Political pressure led to Hennehouwe to grant universal male suffrage in 1902.
The new state was officially neutral, being surrounded by two great powers (Estmere and Gaullica). Despite this Hennish leaders were closer to Estmere who they saw as their natural protectors against Gaullica, a fact biased by the Amendist elite who governed Hennehouwe. Sympathy with Gaullica was stronger in the south of the country amongst Catholics and particularly amongst Petois people.
The Great Collapse saw the industrial expansion and political stability Hennehouwe had enjoyed come to end as the country was severely effected by downturns in its major export partners Estmere, Gaullica and Werania. This led to one of the one hand the continued expansion of the HSAI but also of far-right organisations. A general strike in 1918 led to bloody repression by government forces that further polarised the country between the left and right.
Great War (1926-1934)
Gaullican troops entering Hennehouwe in 1926.
The 1919 election of the Parti Populaire in Gaullica had a profound effect in Hennish politics as far-right forces sought to emulate the PP's success. The most notable of these was the Hennish Parti Populaire which was powerful in Petois and its sister party the Bond van Nationaal-Solidaristen (League of National Solidarists, BvNS) which was prominent but less powerful in the rest of the country. In 1926 the Petois PP leader Jean-Yves Lemaître announced that Petois was succeeding from the country due to "Hennish repression"; the Hennish government under stadtholder Niels Cornelissen attempted to stop this from occurring by deploying the national guard to Petois. This action led to Gaullican Premier Rafael Duclerque to demand the Petois region be annexed into Gaullica to protect the Petois population, threatening a Euclean war if the Tripartite Agreement nations (Estmere, Werania and Etruria) intervened. A summit was called amongst the Four Powers Agreement nations (Gaullica, Estmere, Werania and Etruria) over the Petois issue; the Tripartite nations agreed to Gaullican demands to annex Petois as long as they refrained from annexing the entire country which would be kept a neutral buffer state per the Congress of Torrazza.
Hennish political leaders such as Cornelissen were dismayed at the decision and attempted to resist the annexation; Gaullican forces quickly overran the country in December 1926 and appointed a client regime under the BvNS in January 1927 which officially came to power after a "popular consultation" widely seen as rigged was organised by Gaullican authorities. This latter action whilst still being within the agreement signed between the four powers as it kept a nominally-independent regime in Hennehouwe outraged Euclea and led to Estmere and Werania to withdraw from the four-powers agreement. A government-in-exile was organised in Ashcombe stating the new BvNS government was illegitimate.
The new functionalist administration soon created a brutal police state with a secret police force being created to root out opposition, particularly that of socialists. The HSAI, the largest socialist organisation in Hennehouwe and which had led governments prior to 1926, was decimated by the repression with its top leadership imprisoned or executed by the BvNS regime. Despite the BvNS attempting to build popular support for the new regime, they were never regarded as anything other then Gaullican collaborators limiting their appeal.
Citizens of s'Holle welcoming Weranian troops during the liberation.
Although Hennehouwe was theoretically neutral this was in reality a legal fiction with Gaullican officials having de facto power. The start of the Great War saw Hennehouwe declare war on Estmere less then an hour after Gaullica allowing Gaullican troops to cross the border, with the BvNS justifying this move by falsely stating Estmere had violated its borders and thus neutrality. During the war Hennehouwe placed itself under the total subordination of Gaullica; Gaullican general Barthélemy Rodier was considered to be viceroy of Henneouwe in all but name. Hennish industry and food was shipped to Gaullica causing many Hennish people to be without their needs during the war. As well as this several increasingly repressive measures came into force that discriminated against the Hennish people and language in favour of Gaullican speakers.
During the war resistance to Gaullicans was common in Hennehouwe. The Free Hennish Army (VHL) was the largest of these organisations having over 60,000 members in 1932. Supported by members of the Grand Alliance the resistance forces nevertheless suffered divisions between liberals and conservatives wishing to revive the pre-war republic and socialists who called for a more radical regime to replace it.
In 1932 as the war turned against them and the collaborationist government seen to be increasingly ineffective the Gaullican high command abolished the collaborationist government and placed Hennehouwe under formal military occupation in order to better utilise the nations industrial resources. The short period of direct Gaullican occupation (1932-1933) was marked by an increase in violence and destitution by Gaullican forces in the nation, with some Hennish commentators referring to the period as the "rape of Hennehouwe".
Hennehouwe became the location of several large battles between Gaullica and predominantly Weranian forces in the latter stages of the war such as the Battle of s'Holle and battle of Zilverzee. It was liberated by Weranian-Estmerish forces in May 1933 when the last Gaullican troops in the country surrendered to Grand Alliance forces. The government-of-exile returned to s'Holle to create a provisional government until elections for a constituent assembly could be held.
Third Republic (1934-present)
Niels Cornelissen was an important Hennish politician both before and after the Great War, playing a key role in the creation of the Community of Nations and United States of Euclea.
In 1934 a constituent assembly was elected. The largest party to be elected was the HSAI which renamed itself the Socialist Labour Party with liberals also emerging as a prominent force. The new constitution was similar to that of the second republic but implemented further reforms such as weakening the power of the stadtholder, enshrining labour rights and giving women the vote. In the immediate post-war period power often alternated between coalitions of socialists, Catholics, Amendists and liberals with the socialists often being dominant thanks primarily to their role leading the wartime resistance. Petois was returned to Hennehouwe and some Hennish politicians promoted the idea of annexing large parts of northern Gaullica, but these plans were dropped after facing opposition from Werania.
Reconstruction efforts dominated the post-war governments. Rationing was introduced to deal with shortages whilst public works programmes saw an expansion of the economy and the gradual decline of the housing crisis that was afflicting the nation, although emigration would remain high throughout the 1930's and 1940's. International cooperation was also heavily emphasised; Hennish leaders saw only through supranational integration would the country avoid being abandoned again. To this end Hennehouwe became one of the strongest supporters of the newly-created Community of Nations with the pre-war stadtholder Niels Cornelissen becoming its first secretary-general. Hennehouwe also became a founding member of the United States of Euclea.
During the 1940's Hennehouwe thanks to sound fiscal policy saw a steady revival of its economy. Following the Solarian War growth started to become very high as rations were gradually scaled back with the last rations (on housing) being repealed in 1950 as the government created a large welfare state based on the doctrine of a social market economy. A post-war boom meant that the loss of income from the war was offset as the country entered its longest period of economic growth in its entire history. The new economy was based on industry emphasising an internationally competitive manufacturing sector of primarily large corporations and strong protections for Hennish workers'.
In 1948 Hennehouwe was one of the six founding members of the Euclean Community. The countries strong economic growth meant that during the 1950's and early 1960's there was strong social stability in Hennehouwe whilst labour shortages meant the government actively encouraged immigration from Etruria and Auratia at first and later from Zorasan and Senria, making Hennehouwe a multicultural country.
From the 1950's onwards Hennehouwe was dominated by predominantly conservative governments with the Catholic Sotirian People's Party and Amendist Party of the Right leading governments, helped by the continued dominance of pillarisation in society. However by the 1960's and 1970's this rigid system began to break down; de-pillarisation was accelerated as young people began to become more interested in women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. This led to a general secularisation and liberalisation in Hennish society. This reached its height during the mid-1970's when a series of social democratic-liberal government spearheaded important reforms in Hennish society such as the introduction of divorce, abortion and drug decriminalisation laws.
During the late 1970's and early 1980's the Hennish economy entered into a decline due to stagflation and deindustrialisation. A series of conservative governments in this period oversaw several economic reforms such as privatisations and public spending cuts as Hennehouwe moved from an industrial to a service-based economy. During the 1990's the two Sotirian parties merged to form the National People's Party (NVP), an expression of the increasingly cordial relations between Catholics and Amendists in Hennish society.
In 2005 the Hennish economy entered its worst recession since the war with the banking and housing system collapsing. Although the government narrowly avoided a bailout agreement with the EC it was forced to draft an austerity plan to be implemented, which was met with public protests. The 2000's and 2010's have seen public debate regarding immigration, secularism and multiculturalism particularly from Coius become far more pronounced. Hennehouwe remains however one of the wealthiest nations in the world with a very high standard of living.
Hennehouwe is located in northern Euclea, it is bordered by Estmere to the north, Kesselbourg and Swetania to the west, Gaullica to the south and the Gulf of Assionaire to the east. It has a total land area of XXXX km2 (XXXX sq mi), making it the Xth largest country in Euclea and the Xth largest in the World.
Tarweland fields.
Hennehouwe is dominated by low-lying flat plains and small rolling hills. While, some stretches of the coastal plain fall below sea-level. The interior is mostly dominated by farmland and forested areas, dissected by waterways and canals, to further aid fertile regions. Further inland lies a smooth, slowly rising landscape irrigated by numerous waterways, with fertile valleys and the northeastern sandy plain of the Tarweland (Wheatland). The thickly forested hills and plains of the Grotevlatke are more rugged and rocky with caves and small gorges. The highest point in Hennehouwe is Wachterspunt at 694 m (2,277 ft). Hennehouwe's only major waterway is the Zwartwater River, which disects the country from west to east.
A polder of coastal Hennehouwe.
The country has a maritime temperate climate with significant precipitation throughout all four, like most of northwest Euclea.
Hennehouwe is a constitutional federal parliamentary republic. Stadtholder Adriaan Wilhelm Paulus is the current head of state, whilst Premier Rupert van Bleiswijk serves as the head of the federal government. Hennehouwe's constitutional framework is laid out in the General Law (Algemene Wet), which has been in place since the formal creation of the Third Republic in 1936. Amendments to the General Law require a two-thirds supermajority in both houses of the General Assembly, or via a constitutional referendum. However, the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, republicanism and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.
Stadtholder Adriaan Wilhelm Paulus
Premier Rupert van Bleiswijk
The stadtholder is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. They are elected by the Federal Convention (Federale Conventie), an electoral college consisting of members of the General Assembly and regional legislatures, divided in equal number by regions, who elected one of a candidate to the office. The stadtholder is based on the historical position that emerged during the First Republic when the position was more akin to an elected monarch. However, in a trend that started with the Second Republic and more codified under the Third Republic. the position has become ceremonial in nature akin to the position of president in other Euclean republics. The stadtholder nevertheless continues to appoint ministers, including the Premier, that have the confidence of the General Assembly to form the federal government. The current statdholder is Adriaan Wilhelm Paulus who has been in office since the 19 March 2012 and re-elected in 2018. Stadtholders under the Second Republic held the position for life but since the inception of the Third Republic serve a six-year term that is renewable once. Stadtholders are required to serve in office as an independent but can previously have been a member of a political party.
Socialist Labour Party (21)
Progressive Democratic Party (16)
Confidence and supply (2)
Party for the Petois (2)
Opposition (21)
National People's Party (13)
Green Party (3)
Patriot's March (2)
People's Party for Sotirian Democracy (2)
The Left (1)
Chamber of Deputies
Confidence and supply (11)
Agrarian–Farmer's Party (5)
Patriot's March (16)
Green Party (11)
LIVE – The Liberal Union (4)
The Premier is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet. Premiers have to command the confidence of the General Assembly and often as such lead coalition governments. Premiers tend to be more a first-among-equals in Hennehouwe compared to other Euclean heads of government with collective cabinet responsibility heavily emphasised. The current premier is Rupert van Bleiswijk who has been premier since the 14 June 2018. Van Bleiswijk leads a coalition of his own Socialist Labour Party and the Progressive Democratic Party, nicknamed the "purple government".
Federal legislative power is vested in the bicameral General Assembly. It consists of the more executively powerful lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, and the upper house, the Senate. The 180 seats of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected via open-list proportional representation using the ten regions as constituencies. There is no electoral threshold, meaning the effective barrier varies depending on the size of the region (the largest region, Flamia, returns 40 members to the Chamber, whilst Oudkessel-Witburg, the smallest, returns seven). The 60 members of the Senate are indirectly elected by members of the Federal Convention on a region-by-region basis (with the exception of incumbent senators) via single non-transferable vote. Elections for the Chamber take place every four years, but may be dissolved earlier with a two-thirds supermajority in the Chamber. Elections for the Senate take place exactly twelve weeks after elections to the lower house.
Main article: List of political parties in Hennehouwe
Hennehouwe's political culture is noted both for its consensus-based approach as well as social tolerance, being one of the most historically progressive states in Euclea. Hennehouwe also has a culture of widely-encompassing political engagement and a lean towards open, respectful debate, contributing to often high turnout rates in elections and referendums.
During the Second Republic and the early days of the Third Republic, pillarisation played a large role in the development of Hennehouwe's political system. The three political 'pillars' that emerged in the pre-war years; the socialist, liberal and Sotirian pillars, re-emerged. Even after the gradual fall of pillarisation during the 1930's and 1940's, these parties remained dominant. The centre-left Socialist Labour Party, the largest party at present in the General Assembly, originated from the amalgamation of socialist movements in the late 1910's. The centre-right National People's Party, formed in 1960, was created from the merger of the formerly-segregated Amendist and Catholic parties of the former Sotirian pillar. The Progressive Democratic Party is considered to be the modern-day successor of the parties of the former liberal pillar. These three parties remain the largest and most influential parties in Hennish politics, though their combined share of votes and seats has declined steadily in recent decades.
Seven other parties are currently represented in the General Assembly, the largest of which are the far-right Patriot's March and the Green Party. Both parties are relatively new, and follow the trend of similar parties rising in popularity in other Euclean countries. The Left has also emerged in recent decades, borne out of a political alliance of left-wing and far-left parties including the HSAI. The Agrarian–Farmer's Party and the People's Party for Sotirian Democracy are both conservative, rurally-based parties. Also represented are the Petois minority-orientated Party for the Petois and the liberal LIVE. A number of other parties have seats in regional and municipal legislatures, as do local parties and lists.
Hennehouwe is a federal state consisting of ten regions (Hennish: regio's), two of which, s'Holle and Zilverzee, are classified as city regions (stadsregio's). Most states are sub-divided into counties (provincies), which are further divided into municipalities (gemeenten). The city regions are only sub-divided into districts (stadsdelen), which function as both second and third-level divisions.
Every region receives their powers directly from the the federal Basic Law, with each state having its own constitution. The government of each region consists of a regional assembly (regionale vergadering), regional government (regionale overheid) and governor (gouverneur), the latter of which is usually the leader of the regional government. In city regions, the title of mayor (burgermeester) is used for the head of the regional government instead. Municipalities have a smaller degree of autonomy than regions, governed by a municipal council who in turn elect a mayor. Similarly, districts in city regions are governed by a district council and a chairperson. The function of counties has become largely ceremonial since the 20th century, with executive powers vested in regions and municipalities. City regions have an overall greater level of executive power as they assume the role of both a region and a municipality. As such, the powers of a district council and its chairperson are more limited than regular municipalities. The term limits for regional governments vary by state, set at either four or five years. Municipal and district elections are held every four years, and are synchronised nationwide under a long-standing agreement between the regions.
Administrative centre
Flamia Herxen 2,771,104
Geeland Tongeren 641,695
Grotevlakte Wapenveld 1,281,040
Lower Stegeren Emmen 2,256,198
Molenburg Coevorden 907,482
Oudkessel-Witburg Terneuzen 424,649
Reekland Niersen 814,923
s'Holle s'Holle 1,413,551
Upper Stegeren Wissel 1,060,305
Zilverzee Zilverzee 852,851
Main article: Republican Hennish Armed Forces
Hennehouwe has one of the oldest standing armies and navies in Euclea; both first established as such by Albertus of Zilverzee in the early 1500s. Following unification under the Grand Duchy of Flamia, the Hennish army was used throughout the Flamian Empire, while the Navy was utilised to expand and trade routes. The failure of the Flamian Army during the Gaullican invasion and annexation in 1749 provoked strong feelings of nationalism and humiliation led to the Hennish Revolution during the War of the Triple Alliance. Following independence, the Second Republic turned to a conscripted army to defend the nation, however the army would be defeated by Gaullica in the Great War despite heavy resistance.
RLS s'Holle patrol vessel of the Republican Hennish Navy.
The Hennish saw action in the Solarian War aiding United Nations of Euclea forces against Etruria. In 1949, with the creation of the Euclean Community, the Hennish military became a partner in its defence. In 1999 conscription was suspended, and the Hennish armed forces was once again transformed into a professional force. Since the early 2000s, the Hennish Army has provided soldiers to Community of Nations and EC peacekeeping missions.
As of 2018, the Hennish Armed Forces had 111,583 active military personnel and 58,642 reservists.
Soldiers of the Republican Hennish Army during military exercises in Estmere.
The military is composed of four branches, all of which carry the prefix Republikeins (Republican):
Republikeins Landmacht (RL), the Republican Hennish Army;
Republikeins Marine (RM), the Republican Hennish Navy, including the Naval Air Service and Marine Corps;
Republikeins Luchtmacht (RLu), the Republican Hennish Air Force;
Republikeins Marechaussee (RMar), the Republican Marechaussee (Military Police), tasks include military police, domestic policing duties and border control.
Hennehouwe had an estimated population of 17,130,000 as of January 2018. It is one of the most densely populated country in Euclea, except for very small states like Montecara and Tibernium. It is the XXrd most populous country in the world. Between 1900 and 1950, the country's population almost doubled from 5.1 to 10 million. From 1950 to 2000, the population further increased, to 15.9 million, while in 2014 it reached 17 million, though this represented a lower rate of population growth. The estimated growth rate in 2013 is 0.44%.
The fertility rate in Hennehouwe is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate), which is high compared with many other Euclean countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. Hennehouwe subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 42.7 years. Life expectancy is high in Hennehouwe: 82.2 years for newborn girls and 79.9 for boys (2018 estimate).
The country has a migration rate of 2.0 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The majority of the population of Hennehouwe is ethnically Hennish. According to the 2014 census, the population was 81.1% Hennish, 8.1% Petois, 7.7% Hoeltish and 3.2% Other. Those who constitute Other are mostly drawn from Coius, Hyndana and Bahia.
Sint Johannus Cathedral in Zilverzee was a former Catholic church before being seized by Amendists in 1666. It is the largest Amendist church in Hennehouwe.
Hennehouwe's historic division along sectarian lines during the Amendist Wars continues to have a lasting effect to this day. As such, Hennehouwe remains split north-south by religion, with Amendism dominating the northern counties and Solarian Catholicism dominating the southern counties. Following independence in 1855, Hennehouwe became a largely secular country as the laicist constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respects this right in practice. Between 1855 and 1926, Hennehouwe's governments were mostly dominated by Amendists, though in the post-war era the religious makeup has generally equalised between Amendists and Catholics.
The Basilica of the Holy Virgin Mother in Hexen, is the largest Catholic church in Hennehouwe.
As of the 2014 Census, roughly 42% of Hennish identified themselves as Amendist; with the Amendist Union of Hennehouwe (Unie van Wijzigenisch Kerken; UWK) being the largest denomination, followed by the Kasperist Hennish Reformed Church (Hennische Hervormde Kerk; HHK). 33% of the population identified as Solarian Catholic, with the entire Catholic population being found south of the Zwarte River. 19% of the population identify themselves as Non-religious, among the lowest in Euclea. Of the remaining 6%, 2.9% identify themselves as Atudite, 1.99% identify themselves as Kwarker, the largest community found in Euclea and 1.11% as other; with 0.88% identifying as Irfanic and 0.23% as Krishinava, both were brought to Hennehouwe by immigration during the 1970s.
Largest cities or towns in Hennehouwe
Office for National Statistics population report for 16.11.2018
s'Holle (city)
Zilverzee (city) 1 s'Holle (city) s'Holle 3,586,990 11 Zandkant Niawier 348,606
Herxen
2 Zilverzee (city) Zilverzee 2,081,531 12 Hessum North Stegeren 300,052
3 Herxen Flamia 785,112 13 Strijen Grotevlakte 262,291
4 Wapenveld Grotevlakte 640,648 14 Stavenisse Flamia 214,019
5 Westernijtsjerk Tergracht 506,498 15 Heinkenszand Reek 200,724
6 Wissel Stedum 500,987 16 Baalhoek Stedum 202,888
7 Coevorden Niawier 492,003 17 Waarde Tergracht 194,764
8 Emmen South Stegeren 476,113 18 Kortgene South Stegeren 190,666
9 Tongeren Groenland 400,270 19 Langstraat Grotevlakte 179,806
10 Hilvarenbeek Flamia 369,445 20 Terneuzen Weijerswold 171,374
Healthcare in Hennehouwe is financed through both social security contributions and taxation. Health insurance is compulsory. Health care is delivered by a mixed public and private system of independent medical practitioners and public, university and semi-private hospitals. Health care service are payable by the patient and reimbursed later by health insurance institutions, but for ineligible categories (of patients and services) so-called 3rd party payment systems exist. The Hennish health care system is supervised and financed by the federal government, the County governments; have (indirect) oversight and responsibilities.
The University Hospital of Annasdorp, is one of the largest medical institutions in Hennehouwe.
The Hennish enjoy good health, with one of the lowest rates of obesity rates in Euclea. Death in Hennehouwe is mainly due to heart and vascular disorders, neoplasms, disorders of the respiratory system and unnatural causes of death (accidents, suicide).
Education in the Hennehouwe is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. If a child does not have a "startqualification" (HAVO, VWO or MBO 2+ degree) they are still forced to attend classes until they achieve such a qualification, further hinderances to education can incur some of the highest fines applied in education across Euclea.
All children in Hennehouwe usually attend elementary school from (on average) ages 4 to 12. It comprises eight grades, the first of which is facultative. Based on an aptitude test, the eighth grade teacher's recommendation and the opinion of the pupil's parents or caretakers, a choice is made for one of the three main streams of secondary education. After completing a particular stream, a pupil may still continue in the penultimate year of the next stream.
The Science Academy of Zilverzee is one of the oldest universities in Euclea.
Doctoral candidates in Hennehouwe are generally non-tenured employees of a university. All Hennish schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. Hennish universities had a tuition fee of about 2,000 euclos a year for students from Hennehouwe and the Euclean Community until 2017, when the Hennish government made university tuition free for Hennish students. The amount is about 10,000 euclos for non-EC students.
The Abyss of the Black River by Johannus van de Zwartewater depicts the sectarian divide of Hennehouwe, with the Amendists on the left bank and Catholics on the right.
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